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FHEATES PAOM
CORNELL
LAB of ORNITHOLOGY
LIBRARY
at Sapsucker Woods
oe
Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes
LABORATORY OF OF
TTHOLOGY
American Museum of Natural History
77th Street and Central Park West
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The original of this book is in
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BULLETIN
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XXXVI, 1917
Eprror, J. A. ALLEN
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD-LIFE IN COLOMBIA; A CONTRIB)-
TION TO A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH AMERICA
BY
Frank M. CHAPMAN
NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
1917
FOR SALE AT THE MUSEUM
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
SEVENTY-SEVENTH Srremr and CentraL Park West, New Yorx Crry.
Boarp oF TRUSTEES.
Presivent.
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.
First Vice-PresipEnt. Seconp Vice-PREsIDENT.
CLEVELAND H. DODGE. J. P. MORGAN,
TREASURER. SECRETARY.
HENRY P. DAVISON. ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr.
Ex-oFFIc1o.
JOHN PURROY MITCHEL, MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
WM. A. PRENDERGAST, COMPTROLLER OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
CABOT WARD, PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS.
ELEctTive.
GEORGE F. BAKER. WALTER B. JAMES.
FREDERICK F. BREWSTER. A. D. JUILLIARD.
R. FULTON CUTTING. CHARLES LANIER.
THOMAS DeWITT CUYLER. OGDEN MILLS.
JAMES DOUGLAS. PERCY R. PYNE.
HENRY C. FRICK. JOHN B. TREVOR.
MADISON GRANT. FELIX M. WARBURG.
ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON. ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES.
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS.
Direcror. ASSISTANT-SECRETARY.
FREDERIC A. LUCAS. GEORGE H. SHERWOOD.
ASSISTANT-T REASURER.
THE UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
ili
ScIENTIFIC STAFF.
Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director.
GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY.
Epmunp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Curator.
Cuester A. Rerps, Ph.D., Assistant Curator.
MINERALOGY.
L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator.
GerorcE F. Kunz, Honorary Curator of Gems.
WOODS AND FORESTRY.
Mary Cyntuta Dickerson, B.S., Curator.
BaRrRINGTON Moors, A.B., M.F., Associate Curator.
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY.
Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator.
Roy W. Miner, A.B., Associate Curator.
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Associate Curator.
L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator of Mollusca.
A. J. Murcuumr, Assistant.
Witiarp G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant.
Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant.
W. M. Wueeter, Ph.D., Hon. Curator of Social Insects.
A. L. Treapweti, Ph.D., Hon. Curator of Annulata.
.Cuartes W. Lene, B.S., Hon. Curator of Coleoptera.
ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY.
Basyrorp Dran, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus.
Joun T. Nicuoxs, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes.
Mary Cyntuta Dickerson, B.S., Associate Curator of Herpetology.
MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY.
J. A. Auten, Ph.D., Curator.
Frank M. Cuapman, Se.D., Curator of Ornithology.
W. DeW. Mitter, Associate Curator of Ornithology,
lv
Scientific Staff. .
Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Assistant Curator of Mammalogy.
H. E. Antuony, B.S., Assistant in Mammalogy.
HerBert Lane, Assistant in Mammalogy. ~
James P. Cuarin, A.B., Assistant in Ornithology.
Leo E. Miuter, Assistant in Ornithology.
VERTEBRATE PALAONTOLOGY.
Henry Fairrietp Ossorn, LL.D., D.Sc., Curator Emeritus.
W. D. Marttsew, Ph.D., Curator.
Water Granger, Associate Curator of Mammals.
Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Reptiles.
Wiiuram K. Grecory, Ph.D., Associate in Paleontology.
Cuartes R. Eastman, Ph.D., Research Associate.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Cuark Wisster, Ph.D., Curator.
Puny E. Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology.
Rosert H. Lowir, Ph.D., Associate Curator.
Hersert J. Spinpen, Ph.D., Assistant Curator.
N. C. Netson, M.L., Assistant Curator.
Cuartes W. Mean, Assistant Curator.
M. D. C. Crawrorp, Research Associate in Textiles.
GrorcE Birp GrinneELL, Ph.D., Research Associate in Ethnology.
J. H. McGrecor, Ph.D., Research Associate in Anthropology.
Louis R. Suurvan, A.M., Assistant in Physical Anthropology.
Lesuz Spier, B.S., Assistant in Anthropology.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
Ratpu W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator.
_ Cuartes F. Herm, Assistant.
ALESSANDRO Fassri, Research Associate in Physiology.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
CHARLES-Epwarp A. Winstow, M.S., M.A., Curator.
T. G. Hutt, Ph.D., Assistant. ;
PUBLIC EDUCATION.
Grorce H. Surrwoop, A.M., Curator.
G. Cuyps Fisusr, Ph.D., Associate Curator.
Ann E. Tuomas, Ph.B., Assistant.
BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.
Rautpu W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator.
Ipa RicHaRpson Hoop, A.B,, Assistant Librarian,
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD-LIFE IN COLOMBIA.
Hnitroduction:, fod Tasha oR t aalons Reeve nedanen eae aeeedeee sae
Acknowledgéments:. .2:¢:00cotseeadenenank gy it tec Gn cag ve enone geen Gey
A Review of Colombian Ornithology. ............00000 00 cece cece cece
Bogots, Collectionss . cra .serses see Gadus see ea kee eee Stee oka
The ‘Bogotdé’ Region. ........0....0.0.0 006. cee teen
Claude Wyatt’s Explorations....................500 000000 c ue :
Berlepsch on a Bucaramanga Collection................ ......0....
Wirt Robinson on the Magdalena......................00. 2 hide Rona
Salmon’s Collections in Antioquia.................. 0000 c cece e ee
DeLattre in Western Colombia.................00..00 cece eee, ;
The Michler Expedition to the Atrato.............0.....00 0000000004
Sundry West Colombian Expeditions...................0.000000.. :
Mervyn G. Palmer’s Collections............0..0.000 0660 e ees
The Santa Marta Region.......... 0.0000. c ccc cece eee eee 2
The American Museum’s Expeditions in Colombia........................
Expedition No. 1: Buenaventura to the Cauca Valley: Reconnaissance,
Cali to Giradot.................000. eae an adeky Buea i Beene Chey
Expedition No. 2: The Popayan Region...................0..00020..
Expedition No. 3: Lower end of the Cauca Valley, the Quindio Trail,
Cartago to San Juan River................. boca nate Bon Biante hee oteras
Expedition No. 4: Cali to San Agustin.................. ..00. 0005.
Expedition No. 5: San Agustin to the Caquetdé Region........... arses
Expedition No. 6: Tumaco-Barbacoas................-....000.00005.
Expedition No. 7: The Bogotdé Region...................0....00000.
Expedition No. 8: The Antioquia Region................... _
Auxiliary Collections.......00 000.002
An Outline of Colombian Topography......... 0... ...00 000s eee cece ees
Remarks on the Distribution of Forests.........0.0 0.0.0. e eee eee eee
Notes on Colombian Climatology............00 00.0. cece cece
The Life Zones of the Colombian Andes..........0.. 0.000 c cece eee ees
The Tropical Zone and its Faunas.....................0000, ee ere
The Colombian-Pacific Fauna........0.0.0 000.0000 cece vee cece e ves
The Cauca-Magdalena Fauna........ Sih iota Abana a anane eae haere
The Caribbean. Fauna: :; .0025 02) sepe nace hee a ekares ouegasbeeesee
The Orinocan Fauna...............0052020 eee tegany Ses fe ELE aA Ss
The Amazonian Fauna................ 6a Sacaivare oma Macha Gata ouaien a oy
vill Illustrations.
Pace.
The Subtropical Zone and its Faunas............0.000020 00 cee eee eee 135
The West Andean Subtropical Fauna...............0 00.00 eee eee eee 145 -
The East Andean Subtropical Fauna.............. beeen eee 149
The Central American Extension of the Subtropical Zone.................. 151
The Temperate Zone... 0.0... eee teeta 159
Lhe; Parana: LON: pices 94:4 B04. oa REN deo acstd Sodus spite eed dle dea, Bese go seb hed Bau 166
Tabular Synopsis Showing Zonal Distribution of Families of Colombian Birds 168
Part II
Classifications 26 c0ich ori cea peace pemisue ew mele err ew A Lane ee Gea Ee . 170
Number of Species Included... 0.2.0.0... 00000 cece eee eves 179
Forms Described as New... 200.0000 cece cece cece ce eneteneeennes 181
North American Migrants. ........0.0.0.0000 000 cece ccc ccc eee e ees 183
Sequence of Localities Cited........00.0.0.0.00 000 cece cece cece nas 185
PUCLCTEMCES fs Sellstac: d aitsd daca aes waded oaeetcawd-3 od SlasAn ogee, eonimen onde gd Galak des 185
English Names............... Eee Onle rene Han & te get acted idee BE Sean Sen Sater eee caibtt 186
Color: Terms 9 ices tess aio bare ik alee nee tein pide ok Peres ated Bea Tae oberon wt 186
Distributional List of Species and Subspecies......................00.005 187
Gazeteer of Colombia Collecting Stations.............0...0 0.0 0cc cee ee 640
Bib MOB a Phys xen. ct oat cts’ eae aap yesnad Alan MOAR ES ache KING Bee we ene A 657
CEO PM OIL g.3-cta dat Sah 3 ede ot sce omae ate eA em maw mh nae Oy wane ah ne 660
DANO iS nea Ca ag earns ey ane Reem tae Oa AU eas oo AEA eases nee Octet ale a 661
PuaTEs.
No. FACING PAGE
T.— Map of Colombia. ....00 cece eee ns Frontispiece
II.— Fig. 1. The Upper Dagua near Caldas; Fig. 2. Lower Dagua (Arthur ;
BN AMGTR) eel as stats rea aa tere ali ty ss Ba Png Gah Ot ctl 2 cel y le rater 8 20
IIl.— Fig. 1. Road between Caldas and San Antonio (Arthur A. Allen);
Fig. 2. Forest at San Antonio (Frank M.Chapman).................. 22
IV.— Eastern side of Western Andes from San Antonio (Frank M. Chapman) 24
V.— Fig. 1. Western slope of outer ridge of Central Andes; Fig.2. Eastern
slope of same ridge as above at same altitude (Frank M. Chapman)..... " 26
VI.— Fig. 1. Cauca River near Buga; Fig. 2. Forest on the Cauta River
at Rio Frio (Leo E. Miller).....00.0.00 0000.0 ce ce eeeee 26
VII.— Fig. 1. Santa Isabel from Laguneta; Fig. 2. Laguneta (Frank M.
Bae a Yt one a sch Ss oe g aoa egba aden now dean ees sores clnn 8 - 28
VIII.— Fig. 1. The Quindio Trail; Fig. 2. The Quindio Trail (Frank M.
: Cha pre ny > 2 x sq cree sorte ais a oeeare ed ads deen ona cae hos me Sch ak a ee 28
IX.— Fig. 1. Railroad between Honda and La Dorada; Fig. 2. Plains of
Tolima (Frank M.Chapman)..............00 00.00 cceeeeeseu cece. 30
X.— Fig. 1. Crest of Western Andes, west of Popayan; Fig. 2. La Gallera,
Western Andes (Leo E. Miller),........ 00. ce eee eer eves eee vanes 32
Illustrations.
No.
XI.— Fig. 1. Boquilla Valley from Salento; Fig. 2. Stream near pelento
(Arthur AyAllen yi is ean afi tad waa Pace Miacea whi oun mavawer ner ee
XJI.— Fig. 1. Chicoral Bridge; Fig. 2. Giradot, upper Magdalena River
(Frank M. Chapman)..........0.0.0 000000 c cece e eens
XIT.— Fig. 1. Paramo of Santa Isabel, Central Andes; Fig. 2. Paramo
of Santa Isabel, Central Andes (Leo. E. Miller).....................4.
XIV.— Fig. 1. Between Buenaventura and San José (Arthur A. Allen);
Fig. 2. Juntas de Tamand (Leo. E. Miller)......................005-
XV.— Map of Central Western Colombia.................0060 eevee eee
XVI.— Fig, 1. Near the Source of the Magdalena River; Fig. 2. Los Chor-
rillos, above Almaguer (Leo E. Miller)..................000 00 0c eee
XVII.— Fig. 1. Coast near Carthagena (Leo E. Miller); Fig. 2. Shores of
the Lower Magdalena River (Frank M.Chapman)..................-.
XVITI.— Fig. 1. Central Lower Magdalena River; Fig.2. A Wood Yard in
the Magdalena Forests (Frank M.Chapman).....................05.
XIX.— Fig. 1. Slopes above Bogotdé; Fig. 2. The Environs of Bogotd
(Frank M. Chapman).......... 000.0000 cece eects
XX.— Fig. 1. Eastern Andes between Bogoté and Chipaque; Fig. 2. Chip-
aque (Frank M. Chapman)............. 0.0 ccc cece cette ne
XXI.— Rio Negro from Monteredondo; Fig. 2. Junction of Rio Cdqueza
and Rio Negro (Frank M. Chapman)...................0020 eee eeee
XXII.— Fig. 1. Country near Sta. Elena, Central Andes; Fig. 2. Western
Andes near Antioquia (Leo E. Miller)................. 0.000 c eee ae
XXITII.— Fig. 1. The Paramillo, Western Andes; Fig. 2. Characteristic
Vegetation on the Paramillo (Leo E. Miller)........................
XXIV.— Fig. 1. Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio; Fig. 2. Rio Cauca at Puerto
Valdivia (Leo E. Miller).........0 0000. ccc ccc eens
XXV.— Distribution of Forests in Colombia..................000 00000
XXVI.— Life Zones and Faunas of Colombia...................0 000 eens
XXVII.— Western Slope of Central Andes from La Manuelita (Frank M.
(CHADIAN) 5. cAh os dansk he cect as AURA en eANels aed Ae Ae AG Rae eB inhae hG
XXVITI.— Fig. 1. Farallones of Cali, Western Andes; Fig. 2. Farallones
of Cali, Western Andes (Frank M. Chapman).....................00%
XXIX.— Fig. 1. Cauca Valley from San Antonio; Fig. 2. Cauca Volley:
from Miraflores (Frank M. Chapman)....................000 eee cues
XXX.— Fig. 1. Near Villavicencio; Fig. 2. Near Villavicencio (Frank M.
CHAPMAN) ciek Arca ae peatie tessa Cuca Ad Heck Ge Dance ciehen sawn ee oo
XXXI.— Subtropical Forest (Frank M. Chapman).................4... oe
XX XII.— Heart of the Central Andes (Frank M. Chapman)...............
XXXTIT.— Rio Negro Cafion near Monteredondo (Frank M. Chapman). .
XXXIV.— Fig. 1. Primeval Forest at Buena Vista; Fig. 2. Forest Interior
at Buena Vista (Frank M. Chapman)................ 0000s
XXXV.— Figs. 1 and 2. Characteristic Trees of Temperate Zone Forest
(Frank M. Chapman)......... 0.0.00: c cece eect eee n eee e eens
XXXVI.— Wax Palms (Frank M. Chapman)................... 0.6: ..008
XXXVII.— Fuertes’s Parrakeet, Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (Chapm.) (Drawn by
by As Puertes: hic aay coon bees aee cece oe See Ses BE PEE RE Dee BEE Eee
XXXVIII.— Bills of Toucans (Drawn from fresh specimens by L. A. Fuertes)
94
96
126
132
138
140
148
150
160
258
264
328
x List of New Names.
No. Pace.
XXXIX.— Miller’s Ant Pitta, Grallaria milleri Chapm.; Allen’s Ant Pitta,
Grallaria alleni Chapm. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes.)............0.2545- 396
XL.— Black-headed Finch, Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapm.; Yellow-headed
Finch, Allapetes flaviceps Chapm. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes.)......... . 574
XLI.— Key Map to Colombian Collecting Stations...................005. 656
Text FIGurss.
1. Life Zones of the Colombian Andes..............00.. 0000 cece eee ee 86
2. Ideal section through the Ecuadorian Andes to show zones of weiptation 87
3. IXnown range of Sapayoa enigma, a characteristic species of the Colom-
bian-Pacific Fauna of the Tropical Zone........................ 107
4. Range of Zarhynchus waglert... 0... eee 108
5. Known range of Osculatia...... 0000 lil
6. Distribution of the western races of Manacus manacus...... ......... 112
7. IJsnown range of Arremonops conirostris......... 000000 ee 113
8. Ranges of Capito squamatus and C. maculicoronatus................... 114
9. Known distribution of Micromonacha lanceolata..................0... 118
10. Known range of Thamnophilus nigriceps.......00.00.000000 06 cece 119
11. Range of Ostinops decumanus......0000 00000 120
12. Known range of Myrmeciza exsul..........0.00000 000 ee a? Bpegee 121
18. Range of Donacobius atricapillus........ 000.000. 00c cc Sieg E23
14. Range of Thraupis palmarum......00 00 eee 125
15. Distribution of the Cock-of-the-Rock.........0......00..0000 ccc cee 137
16. Distribution of Formicarius rufipectus..... 0.0.00... cee ee 147
17. Distribution of Buarremon brunneinuchus. 0.0.0.0... 000 00 cee eee 152
18. Distribution of Atlapetes gutturalis.....00 00000 eee eee 154
19. Semi-diagrammatic representation of the range of Scytalopus niger.... 162
20. Known distribution of Pyroderus scutatus.......0..0.00 cece cece. 177
21. A probable case of Hybridism. Ranges of Ramphocelus icteronotus and
AS ve UOS esas 20a. ons sntal aie cee Wosrattt aoe cits ersezy ty Meaeate Ahi geet .. §©611
LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED OR RENAMED
IN THIS VOLUME.
; Pace.
Zenaida ruficauda antioguie Chapman................. 0.00 cc cece cece eee 207
Phethornis striigularis subrufescens Chapman........................-... 283
Helianthea celigena ferruginea Chapman............... 0000. e ccc cece 298
Vestipedes paramillo Chapman..... 0.000.000. ccc ccc cece cece ee 301
Brachygalba fulviventris caquete Chapman.......................-----2.. 338
Pittasoma harterti Chapman....... 0.000.000.0000 cece cece cece. 392
Pipra leucocilla minimus Chapman........0...00. 000. c eee eee eee eee 480
Troglodytes musculus neglectus Chapman................00. 0000000200 520
Henicorhina prostheleuca albilateralis Chapman.........................-. 524
Cyclarhis flavipectus parvus Chapman.........0.0.00 00.00 ccc ccc eee ee cuee 540
BULLETIN
OF THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
VOLUME XXXVI, 1917.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD-LIFE IN COLOMBIA;
A CONTRIBUTION TO A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF SOUTH AMERICA.
By Frank M. CHapman.
Part J.
INTRODUCTION.
SYNOPSIS.
Part I.
Introduction
Acknowledgments
A Review of Colombian Ornithology
The American Museum’s Expeditions in Colombia
‘ Auxiliary Collections
An Outline of Colombian Topography
Remarks on the Distribution of Forests
Notes on Colombian Climatology
The Life Zones of the Colombian Andes
The Tropical Zone and its Faunas
The Subtropical Zone and its Faunas
The Temperate Zone
The Paramo Zone
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Parr II.
A Distributional List of the Birds Collected in Colombia by the American
Museum’s Expeditions
APPENDIX,
A Gazeteer of Colombian Collecting Stations
Bibliography
INDEX.
. ae
pe
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 3
Part I.
INTRODUCTION.
Our knowledge of the animal life of regions remote from the older centres
of learning has been acquired through essentially similar channels. The
casual specimens brought back, in whole or part, as curios by early ex-
plorers, missionaries, travelers and adventurers were, in some instances,
followed by shipments of the pelage or plumage of those species having a
commercial value. Material of this kind was generally collected by natives
and was lacking in data. Later came the exploring naturalists and profes-
sional collectors. When not members of an expedition designed to enter
some hitherto unknown region, they at first found near the pathways of
trade vast territories as yet zodlogically unknown. It was only when the
faunas of the regions reached by these long existing, if little traveled, routes
failed to yield further novelties, that naturalists penetrated into less accessible
places which, for some reason, had not lured the prospector, trapper or trader.
These purely natural history expeditions have, as a rule, gone out to
discover new species. Collections were made at widely separated localities
with the double object of avoiding duplication of material, and of securing
forms which had not before been taken.
_ As long as large areas remained unexplored it is natural that we should
desire a knowledge of their animal life. But having acquired this knowledge,
it is also natural that we should wish to solve the problems which arise from
its possession. Thus, through the sources mentioned, we now have so
complete a knowledge of South American bird-life that it is not probable
further*exploration will reveal any considerable number of distinct species.
Tn short, we have now reached that stage in our study of the South American
ornis, when, the search for species over, we may attempt to learn something
of the. habits, racial variations and geographic distribution of the between
four and five thousand birds known to inhabit that country.
Acting on this belief, the American Museum of Natural History in-
augurated in December, 1910, an intensive zodlogical survey of South
America. For the present the work of this survey is restricted to the col-
lecting of birds and mammals and of information concerning them and the
country they inhabit. Our ultimate object is the discovery of the geo-
graphic origin of South American life, but it is understood that this major
problem cannot be successfully approached until we have a far more definite
knowledge of faunal areas in South America than exists at present.
4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
This knowledge is not within our reach until we have a much larger num-
ber of specimens than our museums now contain. ‘These must be collected,
not at widely separated localities, but at as many stations as are necessary
to represent the principal physiographic and climatic areas contained in
the range of the species.
Our expeditions were instructed to make as complete a collection of the
birds at each station as circumstances permitted. The commoner, more
widely distributed species are more apt to reflect environmental influences
than rarer ones of limited distribution, and are often, therefore, of more
scientific value.
One unfamiliar with the problems involved might imagine that we have
accumulated an unnecessarily large number of specimens.!. But I regard
each specimen as standing for a concrete fact. It places beyond dispute
the occurrence of its species at a definite place on a certain date. The con-
dition of its sexual organs helps to determine the relation between season
and period of reproduction; its external characters enable us to distinguish
between individual variations of sex, age and season, and those which
result from environment and mark the nascent species.
The bird-life of Colombia is probably as well known as that of any
other part of tropical America of similar extent, but one has only to read
the ‘Review of Colombian Ornithology,’ presented beyond, to realize how
wholly inadequate for the ends in view, were the existing data in regard
to the distribution of birds in Colombia when we began our work there.
To determine the boundaries of zones and faunas as they are manifested
by birds and mammals is our first aim, and in the course of this work we
trust that our study of purely local conditions will at times so closely connect
cause and effect, that we may throw some light on the laws governing
1 Lest we be accused of needless sacrifice of life, it will be well to state that our collections are far
from sufficient satisfactorily to settle all the questions of speciation and distribution raised by our
studies. C .
From the standpoint of bird protection, the number of specimens taken has produced about as
much effect on Colombian bird-life as would the collecting of the same number of plants have on the
Colombian flora. The results of general collecting on the avifauna of a region as a whole are always
negligible. It is only when the collector’s attention is focused on a certain species that its numbers
are appreciably diminished. A milliner’s agent, for example, whom I met in Mendoza, Argentina,
told me that he, alone, had sent the wing and tail-quills of 16,000 Condors to Paris! All were killed
in the Argentine Andes where, in consequence, the species has become comparatively rare.
On the other hand, eighty years of general collecting for millinery purposes in the Bogoté region
has not, so far as we could observe, seriously affected the numbers of birds inhabiting it. Our expedi-
tion No. 7, in passing from the Magdalena Valley over the Eastern Andes to Villavicencio, and hence
through the heart of the Bogot4 region, secured over five hundred species of land-birds in some two
months’ collecting, a number which clearly indicates the richness of the avifauna. Nevertheless, from
this region, as stated above, hundreds of thousands, perhaps even millions, of birds have been shipped
to European dealers.
In view of these facts, it is hardly necessary to add that our average of twelve specimens per
species has not perceptibly reduced the bird-life of the wide area over which we worked!
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 5
the origin of species and the distribution of life. It is also hoped that
the technical reports on our large collections may be acceptable to the
systematic ornithologist.
Colombia was selected as our first field of operations, not because we
believed it to be zodlogically the least known part of South America. On
the contrary, so far as birds are concerned, the trade in native-made,
‘Bogoté skins’ has doubtless resulted in a greater number of specimens
being shipped from Colombia than from any other part of South America.
Colombia was chosen, therefore, because of its proximity, because cir-
cumstances! had already aroused our interest in its avifauna, because lying
at the base of ‘the Isthmus of Panama it is also at the crux of the problem
of intercontinental relationships, and because it possesses more diverse
physiographic and climatic conditions, combined with a greater variety
of animal life, than any other part of South America of similar extent.
The intensely humid Pacific, and arid Caribbean coasts, isolated Cauca
and upper Magdalena Valleys, widespreading Amazonian forests and no
less extensive llanos, three distinct mountain ranges and insular mountain
mass of Santa Marta, each with four zones of life, give exceptionally wide
scope for the manifestation of biogeographic phenomena in Colombia.
From December, 1910, to April, 1915, we have had from one to six
collectors in Colombia, crossing and recrossing the mountains and travers-
ing the intervening valleys in pursuance of a carefully planned survey,
designed to extend from sea-level to snow-line, and from the Pacific coast
to the tributaries of the Amazon and Orinoco.
At the outset we were impressed by the absolute necessity of determining
- the level, as it were, at which a species flows before we could hope to dis-
cover whence it came and whither it is going.
A study of the distributional problems presented by Colombian bird-
life, based on a collection of specimens from unknown altitudes, would lead
to as inaccurate and confusing results as would the study of a collection of
fossils from unknown geological formations.
The differences between the bird-life of the Tropical and Temperate
Zones, for example, are equally important whether occasioned by latitude
or altitude. No one would think of removing the labels from specimens
collected on the Amazon and in Argentina and then writing of them as
having all been taken at one locality. But it-would be no more improper
to do this than to write of the distribution of bird-life in the Eastern
Andes of Colombia on the basis of a collection of native-made ‘Bogota’
skins.
As a result of our labors, we are now in possession of approximately
| 1° 15,775 birds and 1600 mammals, all carefully labeled with locality and
6 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
altitude, as well as many field-notes on distribution.! To these data the
writer can add information gained on two expeditions which have led
him across the three ranges of the Colombian Andes, from Buenaventura
on the Pacific coast to Villavicencio at the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes. Not only does a field experience acquaint one with the country,
and all that such personally acquired knowledge implies, but it gives one a
supply of negative facts which the most extensive collections cannot fur-
nish. While specimens show where a species does occur, they fail to tell
where it does not occur, and the latter fact is quite as important as the
former. But when one is reasonably familiar with the appearance, espe-
cially in life, of the birds of a country, not only the presence but also the
absence of the more common or conspicuous species is noted. The alti-
tudinal ranges of those most easily observed can be determined with more
or less accuracy even from horseback as one travels slowly through the
mountains. Climbing to the summit of ridge after ridge, and descending
to the floor of the valleys between them, species appear and disappear
at certain altitudes with a regularity which enables one to predict with
more or less certainty when they will be found and when lost.
Satisfactory determination of our Colombian specimens, and a true
conception of the limits of those faunal areas lying only partly in Colombia
required field-work in contiguous regions. Richardson, was, therefore,
despatched to Ecuador where he collected some 4000 specimens, while with
Anthony and Ball he secured 1800 specimens in eastern Panama. The Smith
collection of birds from the Santa Marta region has also been of great
service for comparison with our material from other parts of Colombia.
The routes followed by our eight expeditions, and the localities at which
we, as well as others, have collected, are shown on the map accompanying
our Gazeteer of Colombian collecting stations; while full itineraries of each
expedition are given beyond.
It will be observed that our work has been restricted to what may be
termed Andean Colombia. We have not attempted to penetrate the
Amazonian forests beyond the upper Caquetd, or to explore the Ilanos
east of Villavicencio. The uniformity of environmental conditions to the
eastward of these points, in connection with our knowledge of Amazonian
and Orinocan bird-life, warrant the belief that we should not find eastern
Colombia to possess any marked faunal characteristics not shown by ad-
joining regions in the same zones.
The Sierras of the upper Uaupes and upper Inrida doubtless offer
habitats not afforded by the country from which they rise, but the explora-
tions of Rice fail to show a higher altitude in these mountains than 2850
1Cf. Bull. A. M. N. H.. XXXI, 1912, p. 189.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 7
feet, leaving their summits therefore, so far as known, in the Tropical Zone.
The zodlogical exploration of these Sierras, is, however, greatly to be desired.
We have done no collecting in the Eastern Andes north of Cundinamarca,
since the papers of Wyatt and Berlepsch indicate that this region has no
faunal features which are peculiar to it; but we do feel the need of exact
data, particularly in regard to the distribution of forests, from the extreme
northern end of this range.’
In Antioquia we have felt compelled to duplicate to some extent the
work of Salmon, especially in the Tropical Zone, which, lying in the region
where Pacific coast and east Andean faunal elements meet, occupies a posi-
tion of much importance.
The Santa Marta group affords a closely related but independent
problem to the one we have attacked, and its solution may well be left in
the experienced hands of Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., whose six years’ residence
in this region has given him exceptional opportunities for the continuous
study of its life.
Even with the restrictions named, the territory to be examined is so
large, its topography so varied, its fauna so rich, and much of it is so com-
paratively inaccessible, that we have covered it only superficially. But
the resources at our command, and the extent of our ultimate plan, have
made it imperative that we should make only a reasonably thorough recon-
naissance of this part of the field, if we would hope to advance our study
of the major problems involved in other parts of South America.
It was a constant source of regret to us that we were not accompanied
by a botanist who might have collected and identified at least the more
characteristic plants of each zone and fauna. I feel, however, that the
conclusions reached, based wholly on birds, have, in some respects, a greater
value than if they had been based on the combined study of birds and plants.
In their present form they constitute an independent contribution to zodgeo-
graphy, solely from the standpoint of ornithology. The final determination
of zonal, faunal and floral boundaries, will, in my opinion, be reached
by the combination of similar independent contributions from the botanist
and students of other branches of the animal kingdom. Meanwhile,
comparison of the results here presented with those given by Wolf (Geo-
grafia y Geologia del Ecuador; see beyond) based only on plants, shows
a most assuring agreement.
In this connection I desire to state with emphasis that the maps and
profiles accompanying this report are not assumed to possess more than
semi-diagrammatic accuracy. Colombian physiography is still too im-
perfectly recorded to supply a base map on which faunal data might be
entered. It is, indeed, so indefinitely diversified that our entire time in
Colombia might have been devoted to a single mountain range and still
’
8 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
not have given us the information needed to map its zones and faunas with
a thoroughness which would ‘begin to express all the facts and factors in-
volved.
We must, therefore, leave to future workers the task of filling in the details
of our work in Colombia, with a hope that they will find the zonal and faunal
boundaries here proposed at least fundamentally correct.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The American Museum gratefully acknowledges the courtesies extended
to it by the Colombian Government through its representatives in this
country, and its administrators at the ports of Barranquilla, Buenaventura,
and Tumaco. The consideration shown us by these gentlemen, and the
promptness with which our equipment and supplies have been admitted to
their country has materially advanced the objects of our expeditions.
To the representatives of our own country in Colombia we are also
indebted for many courtesies.
We have received so many favors from individuals that properly to
acknowledge them would require the enumeration of the names of the scores
of persons on whom, for one purpose or another, we have called for assistance.
Our requirements were often so unusual, or, to us, so pressing, that to meet
them was frequently not a matter of their money value, and we had then to
rely upon the generosity and good-will of those on whom we were in truth
dependent. In this connection we are particularly under obligation to
Mr. Chas. J. Eder, of the beautiful sugar estate La Manuelita, near Palmira
in the Cauca Valley. After entertaining our first expedition at his home,
Mr. Eder not only placed his bungalow ‘Miraflores,’ in the mountains,
and ranch ‘Guengiie’ at our disposal, but supplied us with mules to make
the journey from one to the other. We.have also to thank Mr. Eder for
many personal attentions which added materially to our comfort, and for
letters to his agents in various parts of Colombia.
Mr. Henry Eder, of the firm Eder & Co., at Cali, acted as our forwarding
agent during the year or more‘of our work in the Cauca region and through
his efficient service we completed our labors without the loss in transporta-
tion of a single specimen or item of equipment.
In Bogota, Mr. F. L. Rockwood has acted in a similar capacity for. cer-
tain small collections acquired since our expedition left that region. For
these we have mainly to thank Hermano Apolinar Maria, Director of the
admirably arranged museum of the Instituto de la Salle.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 9
Hermano Apolinar has presented us with numbers of specimens, and
has secured for us additional specimens of species. not satisfactorily repre-
sented in our own collections. Notably, Cistothorus apolinari and Asio
accipitrinus bogotensis.
We are also under obligations to Mr. D. C. Stapleton, Mr. Charles Miller,
Dr. Hamilton Rice, Gen. Rafael Santos, Sr. Jesus Velez, and Mr. Mervyn S.
Palmer. '
We should indeed be lacking a sense of appreciation if we did not express
our gratitude to the people of Colombia with whom at one time or another
and in a thousand nameless ways, we have come in contact. From the
peon by the wayside to the owners of haciendas one and all have shown us
‘the most courteous attention.
When traveling through remote, unsettled regions with a valuable
outfit and often considerable sums of money, we have felt as safe (possibly
safer!) than when in our own homes. When in camp or at hotels, country
inns or posadas, we made no special provision for guarding our equipment
and supplies; nevertheless, during the five years of our work we did not
suffer the loss of a single item by theft. Indeed, on passing through a
certain village where one of our party had previously worked, we were
stopped by a native bringing a needle and thread which had been left behind!
But especially do I desire, so far as mere words will permit, to pay a
tribute to the men with whom it has been my privilege to be associated on
our zodlogical explorations in Colombia: To William B. Richardson, Louis
A. Fuertes, Leo E. Miller, Arthur A. Allen, George K. Cherrie, Paul G.
Howes, Geoffroy O’Connell, Thomas M. Ring, and Howarth Boyle. To
their untiring enthusiasm and whole-souled devotion to the Museum’s
interests may be credited the most valuable collections of birds and mam-
mals which have been brought from any part of South America.
To Richardson, veteran among collectors in tropical America, was given
the exceptionally unhealthful stations on the Pacific coast. Here he suffered
from fever and from beri-beri, but with the amazing vitality which has
carried him through thirty years of exposure to tropical diseases, he con-
tinued work when most men would have succumbed.
Miller, a novice on our first expedition, showed such resourcefulness,
energy and persistence in overcoming the difficulties which are the neces-
sary accompaniment of collecting in the tropics, that he was subsequently
selected as one of the Museum’s representatives with the Roosevelt Brazilian
Expedition.
His work during the rainy season in the humid Amazonian forests of
the Caquet4, where with only unskilled native assistance he secured 830
birds and mammals in 30 days is a feat in tropical collecting; while his
10 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
ascent of the Paramillo is our most difficult and noteworthy piece of actual
exploration in Colombia. On this latter trip he was ably assisted by
Howarth Boyle.
Cherrie’s extended experience in South America made him an invaluable
associate on our trip in the Bogotd region. Particularly effective as a
collector he was no less efficient in dealing with those details of transporta-
tion and subsistance which form so important a part of field-work in thinly
settled regions. He, too, was chosen as a representative of the Museum
on the Roosevelt Expedition.
Allen’s admirable descriptions of the country which he explored show
how well qualified he was for work of this kind, and serve to double our
regret that an illness contracted in the unhealthful Chocé region, should
have necessitated his return to New York just as he was approaching the
most productive part of Colombia.
Howes, O’Connell and Ring made up in enthusiasm what, at first, they
lacked in experience, and to them we owe many specimens of birds and
mammals which would not otherwise have been obtained.
I am sure that no other member of our various Colombian expeditions
will feel that I am giving undue praise to any one member of it when I say
that the best qualities each one exhibited were all present in Fuertes.
Officially the artist of the expeditions with which he was connected, he filled,
in truth, whatever position seemed most to require his attention. In
looking for an opportunity to help others, he rivalled Cherrie, while his
unbounded enjoyment of the experiences of his associates, as well as his own,
made him an ideal companion.
To the fellow-workers who have rendered me assistance in the prepara-
tion of this paper, I am indebted no less than to those who have aided us
in the field. For the loan of specimens used in comparison, I have to thank
Dr. Chas. W. Richmond, of the United States National Museum, Mr.
E. W. Nelson, of the Biological Survey, Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, Mr. Thomas E. Penard, of Arlington, Mass., Mr.
L. A. Fuertes, of Ithaca, N. Y., Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie
Museum, and Mr. Charles B. Cory, of the. Field Museum. Mr. Phanor
Eder, author of the authoritative work on Colombia in the Fisher-Unwin
series, has supplied me with numerous references to the literature of Colom-
bian exploration and loaned me from his extensive Colombian library, a
number of works not elsewhere available. Professor Isaiah Bowman,
Director of the American Geographical Society, has given me access to the
Colombian maps in his charge, and supplied much of the data on which
the map of Colombia accompanying this paper is based.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 11
My assistant, Mr. Waldron DeWitt Miller has given me the benefit
of his advice in many knotty problems, and to Mr. David S. Ball and Mrs.
Alice K. Fraser, of the Department of Birds, I am also under many obliga-
tions. Mr. Ball made the preliminary identifications of the Hummingbirds,
while to Mrs. Fraser has fallen the clerical labor, comparison of refer-
ences, proof-reading, indexing, etc., incident to the preparation of a report
of this kind.
Additional assistance of a more specific nature is acknowledged in con-
nection with the instance in which it has been given.
A REVIEW OF COLOMBIAN ORNITHOLOGY.
‘ Bogoté’ Collections Eighty years had passed since the publication
of the tenth edition of Linnzus’ ‘Systema Natura’ before naturalists began
to draw on the ornithological treasures of Colombia which, after eighty
years more, are still unexhausted. It was apparently in 1838 or 1839 that
a French collector, resident in Bogota, began to send birds’ skins to Paris.
These came to the attention of Boissoneau, Lafresnaye, Des Murs and
Bourcier, who described many of them as new in the pages of the ‘Revue
Zoologique’ and ‘Revue et Magazin.’ Native collectors soon learned how
to prepare skins which, in increasing numbers, were sent to Paris, and,
apparently as early as 1840, reached London, since Fraser described several
new ‘Bogota’ birds in the Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society for .1840.
So large were the shipments of birds from Bogoté that in 1855 Sclater,
from whose paper we learn these facts, published in the Proceedings of the
Zodlogical Society, a list of 435 species personally known to him from the
Bogot& region. Many of these were species of wide distribution, others
were migrants from North America, but of the remainder no less than 180
had been described from “New Grenada,” as the country was then called,
chiefly from the Bogota region, and of these some seventy were first made
known by Lafresnaye. In, 1857 (P. Z. S., pp. 15-20) Sclater published an
addendum which added 52 species to his previous list making 487 which at
that time were known from the Bogota region.
Since that date hundreds of thousands, possibly even millions, of birds,
collected primarily for millinery purposes, have been shipped from Bogota,
in the main to London and Paris. This trade probably reached its maxi-
mum about 1885, when the fashion of wearing small birds on hats was
at its height, but with a change in style which created a demand for the
a
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 13
Bogota and in the Llanos to the east by T. H. Wheeler, but apparently no
special report has appeared on this gentleman’s labors, and I am unaware
of their scope, but it seems probable that many of his specimens were
collected by natives. In 1899 Dr. Witmer Stone published a report (Proc.
Acad. N. S. Phila., 1899, pp. 302-313) on some 77 species collected by Dr.
J. W. Detwiler, chiefly from Honda to Ibagiie, and this short paper appears
to be the only one which has been issued on scientifically collected birds
from the Bogota region; but even this collection evidently contains many
native;made skins.
There are doubtless few regions in the world where accuracy in labeling
specimens is of more importance than in that area whence came the so-
called ‘ Bogota’ skins. In its most restricted sense this area, extending
from the Magdalena Valley on the west to the base of the Andes on the east,
contains four life-zones and two distinct basal faunas. While a dataless
specimen may help indicate the character of the bird-life of the region as a
whole, it throws no light on faunal or.zonal limits or on geographic variation
under the strikingly different environmental conditions which prevail in
this part of Colombia. Not only does the absence of data, particularly
of altitude, make Bogot4 skins of no value in determining the limits of zones
and faunas, but in many instances it has been discovered by comparison
with fresh material, that the old, native-made skins have undergone so
striking a change in color that they fail to represent properly the species
to which they belong, and for purposes of exact comparison they are there-
fore not only worthless but misleading.
I shall make no attempt to list in detail the many papers consisting
merely of descriptions of new birds based on Bogoté skins. Our own brief
explorations show that new species are still to be found in sight of the
city of Bogota itself, and for many years there will no doubt continue to be
additions to the list of recognized species to which the type-locality ‘ Bogota’
is ascribed.
The Limits of the ‘Bogoté’ Region— While the known ranges of the
birds contained in even the earliest Bogoté collections make it evident that
the native collectors worked at comparatively great distances from the
city of Bogot4, so far as I am aware no definite information of the regions
visited by them has been published. The following facts were gathered
from dealers and collectors in the city of Bogoté during our seventh
Colombian expedition:
The majority of the birds’ skins brought in by natives are collected by
them within twenty-five miles of the city. Fusugasug4 to the south,
Anolaima, at the border of the Subtropical and Tropical Zones, to the
northwest, and Choachi and Fémeque on the eastern slope of the first
14 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI.
range of the Andes east of Bogot4, are localities from which many speci-
mens are now received.
At a greater distance, the region about Villavicencio has supplied a vast
number of skins. This city is the gateway of the trail to Bogota toward
which, in default of an eastern outlet, the current of trade from the Llanos
flows. Villavicencio thus draws on the region east to the Casanare, and’
south and east to the rubber producing forests of Amazonian Colombia.
Transportation facilities and commercial relationships, therefore, make
Bogoté the market for the products of the vast region lying to the east of
it, and for this reason eastern Colombia has supplied a far greater number
of birds’ skins than the region west of Bogota, where transportation to the
marts of the world may be secured without the passage through Bogoté
required by the products of the east.
Nevertheless, the demand for skins by the Bogoté dealers has brought
specimens from as far north as southern Santander, from west at least as
far as Ibagiie at the entrance to the Quindio trail over the Central Andes,!
and as far south as the head of the Magdalena Valley at San Agustin. It
was here, that in April, 1912, Leo E. Miller found a native collecting with
his blow-gun about forty Hummingbirds a day for a Bogotad dealer, as
above related.
It is apparent, therefore, that in exploring the Andes from base to sum-
mit and working both to the east and west of the Eastern Range, the Bogota
collectors have pursued their calling in four life-zones and two quite unlike
faunas. Nevertheless, for the past seventy-odd years, ornithologists have
used these Bogoté specimens in defining the characters and distribution of
birds without knowing whether they came from the Magdalena Valley or
the headwaters of the Meta, from the Tropic or the Temperate Zone.
Even when used in a broad sense, the locality ‘Bogot4’ has come to
have a far more definite meaning than, in view of the facts above recorded,
should be given it. With the wider-ranging species it is obvious that
Bogoté collections may contain specimens from far separated localities,
and, in default of labels, it is often impossible to distinguish between geo-
graphic and individual variation.
In a number of instances our collections show that birds inhabiting both
the western and eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, which have been sup-
posed to represent one form, belong in fact to two, while in the case of the
House Wren no less than three forms occupy the area which the most
recent reviser of this group believed to be occupied by one.
It seems not improbable that the least-known portion of the restricted
1 The type of Chamzpetes g. goudoli came from this region.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 15
Bogoté region is the Savanna of Bogota itself. The comparatively limited
number of birds found in this area has made it an unfavorable spot for the
resident collectors who have, naturally, been more attracted by the richer
avifauna of forested humid regions. Doubtless for this reason some of
the commonest of true Bogotd species are comparatively rare in Bogota
collections.
‘ During one morning I shot the types of new races of the Least Bittern,
Short-eared Owl, and Yellow-headed Blackbird at Suba, within sight of
the city. At the same locality Hermano Apolinar Maria secured for us
specimens of distinct forms of Cistothorus and Habrura, genera which had
not been previously reported from the Bogoté region. The Coot (Fulica)
of the Savanna also proves to be a well-marked, undescribed form which has
doubtless escaped the attention of earlier writers because of lack of material.
The forested portion of the Magdalena Valley, from La Dorada north-
ward, seems to have been but little visited by the Bogoté collectors who
prefer the more healthful localities in the mountains to the hot, fever-
infested river bottoms.
Claude Wyatt's Explorations.— Aside from the native collections and
the few birds secured by Wheeler and Detwiler, we have only three other
sources of information concerning the bird-life of the Eastern Andes and
country at their base. In January, February and March, 1870, Mr. Claude
Wyatt made an ornithological reconnaissance in Santander. He left the
Magdalena River at Puerto Nacional and proceeded thence by mule through
Ocafia, La Cruz and Cocuta Suraté to Bucaramanga. From this point he
ascended to the Paramo of Pamplona and returned to the Magdalena near
what is now Puerto Wilches. He gives an excellent description of the
country traversed, and the accurate data as regards locality and altitude at
which he secured specimens of the 210 species he lists, makes his paper (Ibis,
1871, p. 118 ef seg.) one of real scientific value.
Berlepsch on a Bucaramanga Collection.— In 1884 Count von Berlepsch
published in the Journal fiir Ornithologie (pp. 273-320) a report on a collec-
tion of some 800 bird skins, representing 150 species, which was sent him
from Bucaramanga. These skins. were made by natives and were without
data. It is probable that they came from the country immediately sur-
rounding Bucaramanga, but beyond indicating in a general way the faunal
affinity of this region with that of Bogoté, the collection possesses little
value for distributional problems.
Wirt Robinson on the Magdalena: —In 1895, Lieutenant (now Colonel)
Wirt Robinson published a list of ninety-one species collected or observed
by himself and his brother on a trip from Barranquilla up the Magdalena
to Honda and thence to Guaduas, distant a day’s journey on the road to
16 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Bogoté. He returned to Barranquilla over the same route. The expedi-
tion occupied but a month (June 20-July 21) and afforded neither time nor
opportunity for much field work. Nevertheless, the daily record of birds
observed tells us what species enter into the everyday bird-life of this part
of Colombia, and the records, as far as they go, are definite. It is to be
regretted that Col. Robinson did not continue his journey to El Vergel,
but two hours beyond Guaduas, where he would have found first-growth
forest and an interesting fauna.
Salmon’s Collections in Antioquia.— Proceeding to the west, we shall
find that beyond the occasional mention of specimens secured by native
collectors on the ‘Quindiu’ and in ‘Antioquia’, our exact knowledge of the
bird-life of central Colombia has rested solely on the collections made by
T. K. Salmon in the Department of Antioquia. These were reported on
by Sclater and Salvin (P. Z. S., 1879, pp. 486-550) in a list of 468 species
represented by about 3500 specimens.
Salmon was an Englishman in the employ of the Colombian Govern-
ment and lived at Medellin. His collections were made between 1872 and
1878, chiefly at and near Medellin, but he also visited the country as far
west as Frontino, Antioquia, and Concordia, and as far south as Jerico,
while to the north and east he reached Remedios, in the Tropical Zone, on
the headwaters of the Ité, which flows into the Magdalena. His field,
therefore, extended from the eastern border of the Atrato, to the western
border of thes Magdalena Valleys.
The locality “Sta. Elena’’ which appears so often in Sclater and Salvin’s
list, and which they were unable definitely to locate, is situated a few miles
east of Medellin, on the summit of the first ridge of the Central Andes
between that city and the Magdalena Valley.
Salmon was the first naturalist to make anything approaching a com-
plete collection of the birds of a stated area in Colombia and his work is of
high importance. Where his localities are not on or near the boundaries
of life-zones the data accompanying his specimens are sufficient. His records
from Remedios, for example, a station wholly in the Tropical Zone (alt.
2360 ft.) and at some distance from altitudes of sufficient height to support
life of the succeeding or Subtropical Zone, are of much significance and give
us our first, and, until the present time, practically only knowledge of the
extension of Pacific coast forms into the Magdalena Valley. From Reme-
dios, for example, Sclater and Salvin record Cyphorhinus pheocephalus,
Thryophilus nigricapillus, Orthogonys olivaceus, and Capito maculicoronatus.
When, however, his collections were made at localities where the precipitous
nature of the ground and height of the mountains produced marked changes
in altitude within short distances, Salmon evidently failed to appreciate
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 17
the necessity for exactness in labeling and his data, as published, are there-
fore most misleading. To illustrate: from “Sta. Elena” Sclater and Salvin
record among the Wrens alone, Thryophilus nigricapillus, Thryothorus
mystacalis, and Cinnicerthia wnibrunnea, species which, respectively, are
characteristic of the Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate Zones and
whose occurrence at one place, therefore, would be as remarkable as the
successful cultivation ‘of cacao and wheat in adjoining fields!
Many similar instances could be given; thus Troglodytes solstitialis, a
species of the Temperate Zone, is recorded from “ Nechi” (sic), a locality in
the Tropical Zone, and this inaccuracy destroys, in a measure, the value of
the paper for distributional purposes. Taken, however, with what we have
learned of the zonal distribution of Colombian birds, and particularly in
connection with Miller and Boyle’s work (Expedition No. 8), Salmon’s
paper gives us an excellent understanding of the avifauna of Antioquia.
His notes on nesting-habits and carefully made collection of nests and eggs
form a noteworthy contribution to our limited knowledge of the life-histories
of Colombian birds.
Delattre in Western Colombia.— In western Colombia small ornithological
collections were made at least as early as 1846, when Delattre and Bourcier
published in the Revue Zoologique descriptions of new Hummingbirds
secured by the first-named author on a journey from Buenaventura through
Juntas (= Cisneros) to Cali, Popayan and Pasto. Other birds collected
by Delattre were described by Lafresnaye, but the total number of specimens
secured by this early French traveller does not appear to have been very
large.
The Michler Expedition to the Atrato— Our first real knowledge of the
character of Colombia’s Pacific coast avifauna we owe to Chas. J. Wood
and Wm. S. Wood, Jr., who, as naturalists of the expedition under Lieut.
Michler to discover a possible route for a canal from the lower Atrato to the
Pacific, made a collection representing 144 species of birds on the lower
Atrato, the Truando, and Nercua Rivers. This collection was reported
on by Cassin in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia for 1860 (pp. 132-144, 188-197), and his paper still remains
practically our only source of information of the bird-life of this part of
Colombia. Of the four new species therein described by him, Pittasoma
michleri, type of a new genus, is the most noteworthy.
Sundry West Colombian Collectors.— In 1894, we learn from Hellmayr
(P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1084), W. F. Rosenberg visited the region east of Buena-
ventura working ‘chiefly at Juntas and Cali. His birds went to the late
Adolphe Boucard, who published a list of the Hummingbirds in ‘The Hum-
mingbird’ (Vol. V, 1895, pp. 5-7) but the bulk of the collection was never
18 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
reported on. In 1896 and 1897, Hellmayr writes, Gustav Hopke “sent a
fair series” from the same district to Count Berlepsch who described several
new species in the Ornithologische Monatsberichte, Vol. V, 1897, pp. 173-
176, and in Ornis, XIV, Feb. 1907, pp. 347, 361, 365. Mr. Eugene Andre,
in 1899, Hellmayr continues, “forwarded a large collection of birds from
the environs of Buenaventura and western slope of the Andes above that
town, to Comte de Dalmas of Paris. Unfortunately, the greater part of it
was subsequently destroyed by accident, and merely a list of Trochilide, by
Messrs. Simon and de Dalmas (Ornis, XI, 1901, pp. 216-224),” is the only
publication it produced.
In February, 1898, Walter Goodfellow and Claud Hamilton landed at
Buenaventura and traveled thence to Cali whence they proceeded, wa Popa-
yan, the Patia Valley, Pasto, etc., to Quito. Such collections as were made in
Colombia were lost in transit, but Goodfellow’s report (Ibis, 1901, pp. 300—
319; 458-480; 699-715; 1902, pp. 59-67; 207-233) on collections subse-
quently made in Ecuador, contains an interesting description of the journey
through Colombia with occasional observations on the birds observed.
Mervyn G. Palmer’s Collections — Prior to 1910, the most important
collections of west Colombian birds, however, have been made by Mervyn
G. Palmer who collected in the region between Buenaventura and Cali in
1907 and 1908 and on the Upper San Juan and its sources in the latter part
of 1908 and 1909.
The birds believed to be new in the first-named collections were described
by Outram Bangs in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
for 1908 (pp. 157-161) and 1910 (pp. 71-76), but the main collection has’ not
yet been reported on.
The San Juan collection, numbering some 700 specimens of 201 species,
: fortunately fell into the hands of Hellmayr whose paper on this material:
(P. Z. S., 1911, pp. 1084-1213), prepared with an exceptionally wide knowl-
edge of South American birds, is, if not the most extensive, at least the most
satisfactory treatise on the birds of any part of Colombia with which I am
familiar.
From June 19 to July 2, 1904, W. W. Brown, Jr., representing John E.
Thayer, collected vertebrates on Gorgona Island, which lies some thirteen
miles off the shore of southwestern Colombia. Birds were rare both in
species and individuals, examples of only fourteen species being secured.
These with two others are reported on by Thayer and Bangs (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zoél., XLVI, 1905, pp. 91-98) who describe as new Sula etesiaca,
Urubitinga subtilis, Thamnophilus gorgone, Cyanerpes gigas, and Cereba
gorgone.
The Santa Marta Region.— The Santa Marta mountains, because their
isolation and altitude promised biological results of exceptional interest,
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 19
have received more attention from exploring ornithologists than any other
part of Colombia.
They were first visited by F. Simons who, in 1878 and 1879, worked from
sea-level to as high as 17,000 feet, and on both northern and southern slopes.
His collections of 182 species formed the basis of papers by Salvin and God-
man in ‘The Ibis’ for 1879 (pp. 196-206) and 1880 (pp. 114-125, 169-178).
Simons was followed by the well-known American collector, W. W.
Brown, who, in the interests of E. A. and O. Bangs, collected during the
years 1897-99, approximately 2500 specimens representing some 242 species.
A series of papers based on this collection was published by Outram Bangs
in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, and of the
’ New England Zodlogical Club.
Before Brown had left the region Herbert Smith entered it in charge
of a party which planned to make a thorough study of its fauna. A seri-
ous illness and prolonged revolution so interfered with Smith’s plans that he
did little work above the Subtropical Zone. His collections, numbering
nearly 3000 specimens representing 304 species, were purchased by the
American Museum of Natural History and were reported on by J. A. Allen
in the Bulletin of the American Museum for 1900 (pp. 117-183). Dr.
Allen includes in this paper references to the 84 species secured by Simons
and Brown but not by Smith, bringing the total number of birds known
from the Santa Marta region up to 388.
Since the year 1911, M. A. Carriker, Jr., who has had prolonged experi-
ence in the American tropics, has been resident in the San Lorenzo moun-
tains of the Santa Marta group and in the adjoining country, where he has
made large collections of birds for the Carnegie Museum. W. E. Clyde
Todd has described some of the species secured, and it is to be hoped that
we may have a résumé of our knowledge of the exceptionally interesting
bird-life of this group of mountains in which Carriker’s field studies may be
employed to map its zones and faunas. No other part of the Andes has
received such long continued attention from a trained collector.
It appears, therefore, that aside from the Santa Marta group, and
omitting reference to ‘Bogot4’ skins as of no value in an attempt to deter-
mine with exactness the boundaries of life-zones and faunal areas, our
knowledge of Colombian birds rests, in the main, on Wyatt’s three months’
explorations in the Eastern Andes of Santander, Salmon’s extensive col-
lections in Antioquia, the work of the Michler expedition in the lower
Atrato, and of Palmer on the San Juan and Pacific slope west of Buenaven-
tura. It is obvious then, in view of these facts and the extent and topo-
graphic diversity of the area to be covered, that we had before us a task of
some magnitude when, in Noveimber, 1910, we began our field-work in
Colombia.
20 “Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM’S EXPEDITIONS IN COLOMBIA.
In planning our field-work in Colombia we experienced much difficulty
in securing definite information concerning means of transportation, routes,
and the character of the country we proposed to visit.
Aside from the use of the railways from Buenaventura to Caldas and
Puerto Colombia to Barranquilla, and La Dorada to Honda, and of
steamers and launches on the San Juan, Cauca, and Magdalena rivers,
our work in Colombia has of necessity been conducted solely with the aid
of pack animals and porters. Such limited transportation facilities in a
country where topography and climate further add to the difficulties of
travel, imply a lack of intercommunication between regions which, although
contiguous, are separated by high mountain ranges with but few passes.
We should not therefore, have been surprised often to find it impossible
to learn from the inhabitants of one district even the most salient features
of what to us seemed comparatively nearby districts.
For this reason it has seemed to me to be desirable to publish at some
length the itinerary of each of our eight expeditions in Colombia with a
general description of the routes followed and stations at which collections
were made. This information is presented not only for its bearing in the
present connection, but as a contribution to Colombian geography.
- Miller and Richardson in the Andes west of Popayan, Miller and Allen
in the Paramo of Santa Isabel and in crossing from Cartago to Névita and
Popayan to San Agustin; Miller in the Caqueté region and with Boyle on
the Paramillo, have visited regions about which little or nothing has been
published; while the narrative of those expeditions which followed more
beaten trails, may have a practical value to those who, for whatever pur-
pose, follow in our footsteps.
That our explorations may be extended to advantage, is beyond ques-
tion, for there still exist large areas in Colombia of which we know but little
or nothing. The bird-life of Amazonian Colombia, probably richer than
that of any other part of the republic, is known to us only through the
results of Miller’s one month’s collecting in the Caquetd region; in the
Llanos .proper there has been no scientific collecting; the character of the
bird-life of the northern end of the Eastern Andes we know only by inference;
no collections have been made in the Goajira Peninsula, and but few speci-
mens have been recorded from the arid coastal region west of the Magda-
lena. ‘The great Magdalena forests are still but imperfectly explored;
the Central Andes south of Antioquia have been visited only by our expe-
ditions; even the ornis of the Cauca Valley, as elsewhere stated, is not
Butretin A. M. N. H. VoL. XXXVI, Prate II.
Fig. i. Tar Upper Daaua near CaLpas
(Tropical Zone; arid portion of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
Fig. 2. Ture Lower Dacua
(Tropical Zone; Colombian-Pacific Fauna.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 21
satisfactorily known. Miller and Allen in their rapid crossing from Cartago
to Névita took species not found by us elsewhere, while work in Tatamé
Mountain and Cerro Torra in this region, the ‘Paramo’ of Frontino to
the north, and Farallones of Cali to the south, would be certain to yield
valuable results.
The Patia Valley with its unique tropical connection with the Pacific
coast, offers an unusual problem in zodgeography, while the Pacific coast
itself is ornithologically unknown from the Patia to the San Juan rivers.
Particularly, would I call attention to the need of further exploration in the
Chocé region, and especially in the Baudé range and mountains on the
Panama frontier.
Expedition No. 1. Buenaventura to the Cauca Valley; Reconnaissance, Cali
to Giradot over the Quindio Pass. November 10, 1910-June 4, 1911.
Personnel.— Frank M. Chapman, Louis A. Fuertes, Wm. B. Rich-
ardson, Leo E. Miller.
Itinerary Richardson reached Buenaventura on the Pacific -coast,
alone, on November 9, and proceeded at once to Caldas (alt. 2560 ft.)
distant forty miles at the end of the railway under construction from Buena-
ventura to Cali. He remained at Caldas until November 24, and thence
retraced his steps some fifteen miles to San José (alt. 600 ft.) collecting there
from November 27 to December 18. On the last-named date he left for
Cali, at the eastern foot of the Western Andes, and this large, attractive
city became our base of operations for the succeeding year. Collections
were made about Cali until December 31, when Richardson moved to.the
mouth of the pass (alt. 6600 ft.) in the Western Andes, 3100 feet above the
town, and established himself at a wayside posada surrounded by forest.
This locality is known as Las Cruces, from three large crosses which mark
the divide, and also as San Antonio, from a small settlement just below the
pass on the trail to Cali. It was at this point that Mervyn G. Palmer
made part of the important collections purchased by Mr. Bangs; and at
El Tigre, a ranch about 1500 feet below the divide and to the west, Eugene
Andre collected.
February 26, Richardson moved from San Antonio to Las Lomitas
(alt. about 5000 ft.), a ranch on the Pacific slope some five miles to the
northwest, and worked there until March 7.
In order to be near the coast while awaiting the arrival of the remainder
of the expedition, Richardson went to Los Cisneros (alt. 900 ft), also known
as Juntas, at the junction of the Dagua and Las Petitas rivers, and the head
22 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
of canoe navigation on the first-named stream, and remained there until
March 21. Two days later he reached Buenaventura where he was joined
by Chapman, Fuertes and Miller.
The whole party now went to Cali, and after depositing there a large
part of their equipment and supplies, established themselves, March 29,
very comfortably in a bungalow at San Antonio, immediately below. the
forest which crowns the crest of the mountain. The collections made by
us here in connection with those of Palmer, are believed to contain a large
proportion of the birds which occur in this locality.
April 8 we returned to Cali and on the 11th reached the sugar estate of
La Manuelita in the Cauca Valley, some five miles north of Palmira. Here
we were the guests of Mr. Charles J. Eder until the 18th, when with pack
animals supplied by Mr. Eder, we moved to his bungalow, Miraflores, situ-
ated on the western slope of the Central Andes, about 3000 feet above the
valley, or at an elevation of some 6100 feet.
May 1, Mr. Eder sent mules for us and, after a night at La Manuelita,
we crossed the valley to Cali by way of Florida and Guengiie, stopping at
the last-named rarich two days and reaching Cali on May 7.
Some collecting was now done in the marshes of the Cauca River near
Juanchito, the port of Cali. Fuertés, secured here our first specimen of
Aythya nationi, a practical rediscovery of the species previously known
only from a pair taken at Lima, Peru.
May 13, Fuertes and Chapman began their return journey to New
York in a reconnaissance down the Cauca to Cartago, thence over the
Quindio Pass to Giradot on the Magdalena, and down that river to Barran-
quilla, which was reached June 4.
On the same date Miller and dichatdson left on an expedition to the
Andes west of Popayan.
On the whole, the work of this first expedition is believed to have given
us a fair idea of the avifauna of the region covered. We regret now, how-
ever, that no attempt was made to reach the Farallones of Cali, the highest
point in the Western Andes, between the summit of the Micai Trail, west
of Popayan, and the Citaré of Antioquia. With an altitude of between
9000 and 10,000 feet, it is possible that we might have found there some
species of the Temperate Zone. Our Cauca Valley collections would also
have been more satisfactory if we had explored a tract of primeval forest
between Cali and Florida.
Description of Route and Collecting Stations — The rainfall of the Pacific
slope of Colombia is phenomenal. It has been known to reach 400 inches
in one year at San José (see beyond). There is no dry season on the Pacific
coast and it rains almost daily in this intensely humid belt.
CRUNey URopuy Is9AQ ‘UOT PeRordoayqnys) CRuney vUaTepSVTT-voneyD oy Jo uoMaod pre ‘auozZ [eordo1y)
SOATZ Jo} Udo JO IoT ay 7B LOG & JO ainsy oh puy Ulajso4, oO} JO sodojs usojysom soddn puv 4so10
pUL SYUNA}-001} PosSkoUd-SSOU OTL OY} SIVAOD YOTYM JSoIoy TRoIdoayqns oq} JO AMT, JaMmoyT ay} 9}ON
‘aT@os JO WON dsouoos out
“AVIPTUUNY, aud} XI OY 99
OINOLNY NVQ LY Lsanog OINOLNY NVQ GNV SVQIVO N
AMLAA AVOY
THL T4¥1gd ‘TAXNNN “TOA ‘HON CIN CV Nisatiog
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 23
As a natural consequence the region is, as a rule, densely forested from
the very margin of the sea to the summit of the Western Andes. Buena-
ventura lies at the head of the bay of the same name, some fourteen miles
from the sea. The shores here are lined with mangroves, and numerous
small streams and estuaries make a network of mangrove-bordered water-
ways.
Buenaventura to Caldas.— Shortly after leaving Buenaventura, on the
railway to Caldas, one reaches higher ground and enters the true coastal
forest. The trees are not of great height but the growth is luxuriant in the
extreme, the floor of the forest as well as limbs of trees being covered with
vegetation, making progress off trails or clearings impossible without the
aid of a machete. Richardson, who collected in this coastal forest at San
José and Cisneros, considered it the most difficult ground to work he had
encountered in a field experience of twenty-five years in the tropics. The
density of the vegetation limits one’s radius of action and makes it difficult
to shoot birds as well as to find them when shot; the high degree of humid-
ity prevents them from drying properly, while the abundance of mosquitoes,
as well as of other insect pests, makes the region extremely trying and
unhealthful. Both Richardson and his native assistant suffered severely
from fevers acquired in this low coast region, the avifauna of which is still
far from exhausted.
The Caldas Basin.— A short distance east of Cisneros, and some 1500
feet above it, the railroad, still following the shores of the Dagua, passes
through a narrow cafion worn by the river, and emerges in a surprisingly arid
basin or pocket in which lies the settlement of Caldas (alt. 2560 feet). The
floor of the valley, and at least lower slopes of the hills by which it is sur-
rounded, are covered with short grasses with occasional stands of low cac-
tus, acacia-like trees and agaves. The abrupt change in climate, indicated
by the striking difference in the vegetation of Cisneros and Caldas, is evi-
dently due to the presence of a ridge at the western border of the Caldas
Valley of sufficient height to protect the area lying east of it from the pre-
vailing western winds and, consequently, from receiving a share of the
moisture they carry. A part of this moisture is given up as the air-currents
strike the Pacific slope of the ridge which borders the Caldas basin on the
west, with the resulting heavy rainfall of the western slope. In passing over
or pouring down into the valley at Caldas, the temperature of the air is
doubtless raised rather than lowered and its moisture-carrying capacity
correspondingly increased. Consequently, further condensation does not |
occur until the higher mountains to the east are reached, and with the
increase in rainfall the forests reappear.
This treeless depression or valley on the Pacific slope of the Western
24 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Andes is therefore surrounded by forest and the character and origin of its
fauna is hence of much interest. It apparently cannot be derived from the
humid, heavily wooded slopes above or below it, and the height of the
mountains to the east is presumably sufficient to separate it from the
faunally similar Cauca Valley. Nevertheless, its bird-life has evidently
been derived from that valley. When, however, one observes that owing
to the aridity of the eastern slope of the Western Andes the Tropical Zone
ascends niearly to the San Antonio pass, it is clear that the Tropical Zones
of the Caldas and Cauca Valleys are separated only by the narrow belt of
timber which crowns the San Antonio pass. Hence we have numerous
Cauca Valley species occurring at Caldas but apparently not elsewhere on
the Pacific slope in this section.
Caldas to San Antonio.— At Caldas the trail leaves the banks of the
Dagua and winds gently up the slope toward the San Antonio pass. At an
altitude of 5700 feet we entered the clouds and, at the same time, the lower
order of the cloud forest which characterizes the Subtropical Zone. The
Caldas region now appeared as a treeless depression surrounded by forest-
crowned mountains. Everywhere the tree-line was as sharply defined as in
a fresh clearing’ The cloud-line coincided with es tree-line. Cloudless
hilltops were bare of trees.
The luxuriant forest of the Subtropical Zone continues to the summit
of the ridge and as far over it as the cloud’s-cap itself. Normally, this is
not more than a few hundred feet, but when ravines or barrancas slope
down toward the Cauca Valley the water they carry leads the forest to a
much lower level than it reaches without the encouragement of such natural
‘irrigation. These wooded barrancas are separated by grass-grown ridges
of the treeless eastern slope of the Western Andes. These ridges carry a
limited number of species of the Tropical Zone upward almost to the San
Antonio pass, Just as the forest’s arms stretching down the barrancas carry
some Subtropical Zone species well below the upper limits of the Tropical
Zone. The result is an inosculation of faunas occasioned by causes which
are obvious enough when seen, but which the most accurately labeled
specimens would not: reveal.
The crest of the range is here so narrow that the descent into the Cauca
Valley begins almost where the ascent from the Pacific ends. One has to
go only a few hundred feet ‘below the divide to pass from the forest into a
low, scrubby growth which quickly gives way to the brown, treeless slopes
leading down to the Cauca Valley.
Most of our collecting in this vicinity was done in the forests, but occa-
sionally work was done along its border and here certain tropical species
were secured, a fact which accounts for their being recorded from a locality
which in reality is in the Subtropical Zone.
Buuietin A. M.N.H VoL. XXXVI, Priate IV.
EASTERN SIDE OF WESTERN ANDES FROM SAN ANTONIO
Note descent of forest down a drainage ravine and ascent of arid zone of the
Cauca Valley up a treeless shoulder of the range.
(Interdigitation of Tropical and Subtropical Zones and West Andean Fauna
with arid portion of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 25
The Cauca Valley near Cali— The Cauca Valley from Cali to Cartago
has a uniform altitude of 3500 feet and an average width of possibly twenty-
five miles.
The rainfall is not high, ranging from thirty-five to fifty inches, and
forests apparently occur only where they receive natural subsurface irriga-
tion from the mountain slopes. The Cauca River, which is navigable for
small steamers from Cali to Cartago, except during very dry seasons, is
bordered by marshes, bamboo thickets and savannas and, in places, by
heavy forests. Approaching the mountains, on each side, dryer savannas
with acacias and large tracts of grazing and cultivatable land predominate
and extend to the bare, rounded foot-hills which lead upward to the lower
borders of the cloud forest of the Subtropical Zone.
About Cali we collected in the savannas and marshes; at La Manuelita
in the pastures, cacao groves and fallow fields grown with scrub and bordered
by trees. At neither place did we find first-growth forests such as exist
in the vicinity of Guengiie east of Florida, where, however, circumstances
shortened our stay. Miller and Allen later collected in primeval forest at
Rio Frio, but I feel that more work could be done to advantage in the forests
of the valley.
The Central Andes above Palmira.— Our location at Miraflores (alt.
6200 ft.) on the western slope of the Central Andes above Palmira, was much
like that in which we had lived at San Antonio. The comfortable bungalow
which Mr. Eder so kindly placed at our disposal is situated near the junction
of the Tropical and Subtropical Zones. Above us was the.lower border of
the luxuriant subtropical forest; below, the bush-grown or bare hills leading
to the valley. If, therefore, we went down the trail we encountered chiefly
tropical forms but if we climbed upward we were soon among the birds of
the subtropics. Where the change in fauna also implied change in haunt
the difference between the bird-life below and above our home seemed
natural. Thus Ground Doves and Seedeaters were to be expected in the
open grassy country toward the valley, just as Tanagers and Trogons were
to be looked for in the forests higher up the mountain side. When, however,
in the belt of timber bordering the Amina River, a thousand or fifteen-
hundred feet further down, one found Ostinops decumanus, a strictly tropical
° species, and in not dissimilar haunts a few hundred feet aboye the bungalow,
encountered Ostinops salmoni a strictly subtropical species, one was more
impressed by the influence of temperature in determining life-zones.
The summit of the ridge on which Miraflores is situated has an altitude
of 8000 feet, and the forest growth increases in luxuriance as one mounts
toward the crest. Nowhere have I seen a greater profusion of creepers,
parasitic and epiphytic growth. Tree ferns here were estimated to reach
a height of fifty feet.
26 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
The crest of the ridge is narrow and about 150 feet down the eastern
slope the character of the forest changed completely. Tree ferns, parasites,
and epiphytes largely disappeared and trees with small leaves replaced the
cecropias and other large-leaved species of the western and more humid
slope. There was little undergrowth and the woods bore a general resem-
blance to an open beech forest.
This growth persisted to the shores of a fair-sized stream at the bot-
tom of an almost V-shaped valley, 1400 feet below and west of the summit
of the ridge to the west. The succeeding ridge, or east wall of the valley, is
of apparently the same height as the first ridge and is densely wooded to
its summit. The trail, however, did not extend beyond the bottom of the
valley and we made no attempt to explore the uninhabited mountains. to
the east.
THE RECONNAISSANCE OVER THE QUINDIO.
_ Cali to Cartago.— The journey from Juanchito, the port of Cali, to
Cartago was made by steamer on the Cauca River. The river is narrow
enough (averaging one hundred and fifty to two hundred yards in width)
to permit one to see the details of both banks; the water was high, the cur-
rent about three miles an hour. The distance in an air-line between Cali
and Cartago is ninety miles, by the river 172 miles; but if the winding
course of the steamer increases the length of the journey, it also adds to the
charm of it.
The Cauca flows on the western side of the valley, its waters occasionally
washing the foothills of the Western Andes. The country through which
it passes is most diversified and attractive. Broad marshes flanked by
dryer savannas, bamboo forests, patches of plumed wild cane, cacao groves
and stretches of plantains near the small settlements or ports of the larger
towns which, like Cali, were some miles from the river, made a pleasing and
varied panorama of river scenery. Later we encountered heavy, primeval,
bottomland forest, such as surrounds the port of Rio Frio, selected as a
locality for subsequent investigation by Miller and Allen. These forests;
- however, are not to be compared in extent to those which border the Magda-
lena River, for example; and are doubtless limited to areas where they re- *
ceive sufficient subsurface irrigation to nourish them.
Large White and Snowy Egrets, the latter much the less common,
Gray-green and Night Herons, Wood Ibis, Roseate Spoonbills, Cormorants,
Jacanas, Pigeons (Columba rufina) a few Ducks, including an occasional
Muscovy, and Cassiques (Ostinops, decumanus) were the birds most
commonly seen from the steamer, while mammals were represented
‘
CRUNRY URAPUP Iso '9UOZ [TRoIdorjqns) Ceuney ueapuy jsaA4 ‘auUO0Z [eotdomqns)
“‘o.INSOdXa + ‘UOTTEJOZVA JURLIMXNT pue
dGQRIOARJUN BULMOTLOJ p ATJUepLia uoHeydiooid AABOY ST aJoY} ‘A[Joysam oe SPpULM Suyrersad ay,
YIMOIS oTpIseied i luloo Y 1OJ OULL
Cla QOO'S “LI¥) sauotayUIyy
Md SY GDGIY ANVS JO AdO1Q NUALSY A AAOMY SHQNY IuMLNAQ a0 at
YW UALAGQ Ao aAdo1g NUGALSA MAM
“A SLVId ‘TAXNX “IOA “HON CIN V Nisgating
Buvtetin A. M,N. H., Vou. XXXVI, Prare VU.
Cauca River Near Buaa
Note the treeless eastern slopes of the Western Andes. A flock
of white Herons is feeding on the marsh.
(Tropical Zone; arid portion of Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
Forest on THE Cauca River at Rio Frio
(Tropical Zone; a humid island in the arid portion of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 27
by a few Capybaras on the banks, and red Howling Monkeys in the
bamboos.
Fresnado, the port of Cartago, like Juanchito, the port of Cali, is distant
three miles from the town it serves. The intervening country, again like
that at Cali, is a dry, open plain or potrero. Here small, scattered acacias
are the characteristic trees, and Mockingbirds, Vermilion and Tyrant Fly-
catchers (Tyrannus melancholichus), Anis, Lapwings and Milvago Hawks
the characteristic birds.
At Cartago, thanks to the assistance of Senor Jesus Velez, we secured
riding and pack animals without delay and began our journey across the
Quindio the day of our arrival.
Cartago to Giradot.—— The trail which crosses the Central Andes over
the Quindio Pass has been travelled for centuries. Up to the lower limits
of the Temperate Zone (about 9000 ft.) the country through which it passes
is more or less settled and under cultivation, and its primitive character is
therefore not always obvious to one en route. However, Dr. Allen’s descrip-
tion of the stations at which he and Miller subsequently collected, supply
the essential details, and I give here only the generalized view which one
may gain from the saddle.
For the first seven or eight miles, the trail, after leaving Cartago, passes
over the low ridge which lies between Cartago and: Piedra Moler on the
Vieja River, one hundred feet above Cartago. The country is rather arid,
and more or less covered with a scrubby growth. From the summit of the
ridge a view is had of a well wooded valley which opens into the Cauca
Valley, now much constricted and set with hills which mark its termina-
tion as a valley and passage into the more mountainous country north of
Cartago.
After crossing the Vieja the trail, for the succeeding ten or twelve miles,
passes through a comparatively level depression known as El Hoyo de
Quindio. Itis bordered by a bushy scrub and some first-growth, with much
fine bamboo, which reaches its upper limit at about 5500 feet. There is
no outlook until, at the end of about ten miles, the trail gradually ascends
and takes to the ridges. The depression through which we have passed
is now seen behind us with the Western Andes in the distance, and on each
side well-wooded valleys open. A few miles further the picturesque town
of Finlandia (6400 ft.) is seen and beyond it we had our first view of the
main Central Andes with the snow-fields of Santa Isabel.
Finlandia was reached at 4 P. M. after eight hours’ travel by mule
from Piedra Moler, a distance of about twenty-five miles with an ascent,
always gradual, of about three thousand feet. We were still in the foothills,
which, in softly rounded, green, grassy billows, rolled downward toward
28 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
the Cauca Valley and flowed indefinitely north and south along the base
of the main range of the Central Andes, which arose impressively across
a plain-like valley to the east. From this point we had superb but brief
views of Santa Isabel and Tolima.
We passed the night at Finlandia and the following morning crossed
the valley to the east. At the end of an hour we entered the first primeval
forest through which the trail had passed and from this point to the summit
of the ridge which overlooks the Quindio River, with the Boquilla at its
base, there is much Subtropical Zone forest. Here we saw Hypopyrrhus
pyrohypogaster for the first time. After fording the Quindio River, a rapidly
flowing stream, at the Boquilla (alt. 6100 ft.), the trail rises steeply through
an open country to Salento, which is reached in a thirty-minute climb of
900 feet.
Salento (alt. 7000 ft.), standing on a shelf at the base of the main range
of the Central Andes, is the last town through which the traveller to the
Magdalena Valley passes until he reaches Ibagiie at the eastern base of the
chain.
Although one has gained an altitude of about 3500 feet above Cartago,
the grade is so low that one has done no real climbing, and the ascent of the
Andes may be said to begin definitely at Salento or, to be more exact, at
the Quindio River, 900 feet below Salento.
In an hour after leaving Salento we felt that we were in the heart of
the Andes. Below lay the Quindio Valley, carpeted with grass and with a
scattered growth of tall palms fringing the stream which winds through it;
above was an endless array of mountains leading up to the brown paramo
and gleaming snowfields of Santa Isabel.
Until we reached an altitude of 9000 feet there was little growth near
the trail and Allen’s detailed’ description of the collecting station near
Salento must be consulted for information in regard to the nature of the
primitive vegetation at this point. At the altitude named, we reached the
lower limits of the Temperate Zone and coincidentally the upper limits at
which the land had been cleared for agricultural purposes. In consequence,
forests now bordered or were near the trail. At first they were composed
of large, open-branched trees among which fine oaks were conspicuous.
As we ascended they became much lower and more finely branched, with
small, close-set rigid leaves, and a profusion of white moss.
This Temperate Zone forest thickly covered the mountains to the
mouth of the Pass. At Laguneta (10,000 ft.) it was fully developed and
the abundance of bird-life induced us to select this place as a collecting
station for Miller and Allen who, three months later, made a most valuable
collection there particularly noteworthy for the number of Grallarias it
contained.
Butvtetin A. M.N. H. Vot. XXXVI, Pratre VIL.
Santa IsapeL, rrom LAGuNE
Note the continuous forest.
(Temperate Zone.)
LAGUNETA
A stopping-place on the Quindio Trail near the camp of Expedition No. 3.
An ox pack-train is resting.
(Temperate Zone.)
Butietin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Prater VIII.
THe Quinpio TRaiIL
A scene in the Central Andes between Volcancito and Rio Tochecito, showing wax palms.
(Subtropical Zone; West Andean Fauna.)
THe Quinpio TRAIL
Rio Tochecito. Compare with preceding picture to illustrate differences between vegetation,
along the trail, of ridges and intervening valleys.
(Subtropical Zone.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 29
At 9000 feet we secured a specimen of Myioborus chrysops, the first
indication of an eastern slope fauna, and the following day it was found to be
abundant on the Tochecito. At Laguneta, distant only three hours by
mule from Salento, the bird-life had completely changed. The Subtropical
species were left behind and in their places such characteristic Temperate
Zone birds as Semimerula gigas gigantodes, Atlapetes schistaceus, and Psttto-
spiza rieffert were seen commonly by the wayside.
After crossing the Divide (11,500 ft.) the descent toward Volcancito
is through a country from which the forest has been recently cut, but the
evidence indicated that it had covered the mountain sides, as at a distance
from the trail it still does.
About 1000 feet below the summit wax palms (discovered on the Quindio
‘Trail by Humboldt and Bonpland in 1801) were, first encountered and
these stately trees, in scattered groups or densely growing masses, were the
most abundant aboreal form, from this point to the Toché River. They
attained a height of at least 180 feet and were of especial interest to us as the
home of the fine Yellow-eared Parrot (Ogonorhynchus icterotis). In places
nearly every palm was occupied by a pair of these birds whose nest-holes
opened just below the lowest leaves.
The trail now descends by steep zig-zags to the Tochecito River (alt.
‘9000 ft.), a rushing mountain stream some ten feet in width with banks
bordered by a luxuriant undergrowth and some small parasite-covered
trees. Beyond these banks the mountain sides were covered with wax-
palms with some bushy lower growth. Birds were not numerous.
Essentially similar conditions exist to the Toché Valley: (7100 ft.) of
which a most impressive view is obtained from a point on the trail, at least
2000 feet above it. To the right the eye follows the course of the beautiful
foaming Rio Toché, here about eighty feet in width, the home of Torrent
Ducks (Merganetta columbiana) and Ousels (Cinclus leuconotus); to the left
at some distance, the floor of the valley is covered with a heavy forest
growth which, unfortunately, we have not explored. Specimens of wide-
ranging, plastic species taken at this point are, as might be expected, refer-
able to the Magdalena Valley, rather than Cauca Valley form.
~ We had now returned to the Subtropical Zone. There is a small settle-
ment on the Toché and from this point onward to Ibagiie the country border-
ing the trail is, or has been, largely under cultivation. Small patches of
the original forest growth were found at intervals, notably near El Eden,
but the work of man near the trail and heavy clouds which often obscured
all but the immediate landscape, made it difficult to gain a very clear idea
of primitive conditions over this part of the trail, though distant mountain
sides generally appeared to be wooded.
30 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Ibagiie (alt. 4850 ft.), a city of several thousand people, is situated at the
definite junction of the Magdalena Valley plains with the mountains. From
this. point to the Magdalena River the road passes through a grass-covered,
grazing country with more or less scrubby tree growth bordering the streams,
but with no real forest. Highly eroded, castellated buttes, arising abruptly
several hundred feet from the plain, are characteristic features of this part
of the Magdalena Valley and at least as far north and east as the vicinity
of La Dorada on the river, where the semiarid upper valley merges into the
humid forest region.
The descent is not noticeable, but at Chicoral on the Coello River and
distant some thirty miles from Igabiie, we have dropped to an elevation of
only 1800 feet, and Honda, on the river, is but 600 feet above the sea.
The country lying between Honda and Barranquilla is described under
Expedition No. 7.
Expedition No. 2.— The Popayan Region. May 18, 1911-July 21, 1911.
Personnel.— Leo E. Miller; W. B. Richardson.
Itinerary On May 13, 1911, a few hours after Chapman and Fuertes
started their homeward journey in reconnaissance over the Quindio Pass,
Miller and Richardson with their pack mules left Cali for Popayan. They
reached that city on the 17th, and three days were consumed there in making
preparations for a trip to the Western Andes. On May 20 they left Popayan
for Cerro Munchique, making their first collecting station May 22, at an ele-
vation of 8325 feet on this mountain. They remained at this station until
June 4, when they left for Cocal on the western slope reaching that place
June 6, and working there until June 18 when they returned to Popayan
for. supplies. June 24 they again left Popayan for the Western Andes
working at Gallera from June 26 to July 4; La Florida July 5 to 9, and on
the summit of the first ridge of the Western Andes (10,340 ft.) from July
10 to 23. At this point they found a typical Temperate Zone fauna, this
being the first time this fauna has been discovered in the Western Andes.
July 27 they returned to Popayan and at once left for their base at Cali.
Description of Route and Collecting Stations.— “The country ‘through
which we passed on the road to Jamundi is level, covered with excellent
grass and given up largely to cattle ranches. Two hours beyond J amundi
the country became rolling and here the lomas, or hill country, begins.
At 2 P. M., May 14, we crossed the Cauca, here practically as wide as at
1 From the reports of Leo E, Miller.
Ceuney euaeps¥y-eoukO Jo uomsod ple ‘auo0z peoidoay) f Ceuneg vuaepsefy-voney jo uoysod pe ‘auoz jeordoay)
“aygnq pepoia “9¢ ea < : ; eu:
YIM [RIOT pue enseq] Ueemjoq AoyveA wuatepseyy ssddgQ SHANA PEROT, TOMA: BUUBARS “BUSTEDABIAL: deddiy. “OUsiHeseTeUO
yavuoqd VW] GNV VaNOW NaGMLaA avOoUTIV'
YNITOL 40 sNivig dad v1 H UY
“XT 81V1d “IANNX “TOA “HON CW CY Nisaiing
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 31
Juanchito. We passed through a heavy growth of bamboo, creepers and
brush about a mile before reaching the river and heard here several howling
monkeys.
“After leaving this bottom-land the country again became rolling.
The hills are bare except for a wiry grass. There were no cattle.
“May 15, we continued to pass through a bare, rolling country and at
4:30 P. M. reached an elevation of 5900 feet. The following day the
country began to look more attractive. The road generally ran along the
top of a ridge and we could see for many miles. Everywhere the hills were
covered with low trees and dense shrubbery. At an altitude of 6400 feet
we saw Green Jays (Xanthoura), Blue Swallows (Pygochelidon), Andean
White-throats (Brachyspiza) and heard Compra Pans (Grallaria ruficeps).
There were also Black Thrushes (Merula gigas gigantodes)..”
Popayan to Munchique— “At first the country is comparatively level
with small clumps of trees and large cornfields. There were also groves of
oranges, apples of rather poor quality, fair peaches and good bananas and
plantains. A very little cacao and a great deal of coffee is grown.
“The second day out (May 21) the country was rolling and barren
except for a few clumps of trees and brush. Many Black Merulas and Green
Jays were seen. After leaving Chappa, on May 22, the road became very
bad, rough and steep. At an altitude of 7200 feet we entered the forest and
at 4 P.M. that day made camp at 8325 feet, on the eastern slope, in a
small old clearing entirely surrounded by virgin forest in which we collected.”
Cerro Munchique to Cocal.— “One hour after leaving camp we reached
the top of the ridge (alt. 8800 ft.). Below was a sea of clouds, over which
the Pacific could be dimly distinguished. It is distant fifty miles, but owing
to the numerous ravines and ridges the natives take eight days to reach the
coast. There is but a narrow trail through the dense forest which here is
like that on the crest of the ridge above Miraflores.
“The trail is like a stairway down which one goes with much difficulty,
some of the steps being six feet or more. We-camped by the Rio Tambito,
a narrow, swift stream running through a 20-foot gorge, and after crossing
another ridge (alt. 6900 ft.) through the forest, reached Cocal (alt. 4000 ft.)?
at 4 P. M. the next day.
“Cocal is a settlement of negroes who are practically savages. They
live in miserable huts and wear no clothes. The mountain sides are very
steep and the jungle all but impenetrable. I estimate that fully thirty
1 Indicating the arid Subtropics, to which the Temperate Zone Black Merula descends.— F. M. C.
2 The collections from Cotal include species which we have not elsewhere found at so low an eleva-
tion, but Mr. Miller tells me that some of the birds labeled Cocal were taken at a higher altitude than
the settlement.
32 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Hislory. [Vol. XXXVI,
percent of the specimens shot were lost in the undergrowth. We found
our first Cocks-of-the-Rock in the tall palms here.”
Popayan to Gallera.— “For the first day the country is rough and bare.
On the morning of the second day we reached virgin forest on the eastern
slope of the Western Andes at an elevation of 7500 feet. After reaching
the crest of the range (alt. 10,340 ft.) the road runs for about four miles
along it. . From this point one may see the Pacific faintly. The vegetation
is scarce, scrubby and stunted. Here we worked under difficulties, living
in the small tent. The wind blew almost constantly and there were a
number of severe electrical storms, during which it blew, rained and hailed
with great violence. These storms are preceded by dense fog, so that it
was not possible to go any distance from camp without danger of falling
hundreds of feet off the trail.
“The new government road runs down the west side in zig-zags. ‘Two
thousand feet down we struck the heavy forest. Gallera (alt. 7000 ft.)
is a camp of road laborers in the very heart of the forest. There is not
one side trail. The forest is impenetrable and we found few birds.”
Expedition No. 3.— Lower end of the Cauca Valley, The Quindio T: rail,
Cartago to San Juan River. August 22, 1911-January 7, 1912.
Personnel.— Leo E. Miller; Arthur A. Allen.
Itinerary.— Miller and Allen sailed from Cali on a Cauca River steamer
August 22, 1911, and arrived at Cartago on the 25th. Cartago was left
on the 27th and Laguneta, just below the Quindio Pass, reached on the 28th.
Here they pitched their tent at an altitude of 10,300 ft. and remained until
September 11, when they retraced. their steps as far as Salento and, the fol-
lowing day, began the ascent to Santa Isabel through the Boquilla Valley.
They reached the Paramo, at an altitude of 12,700 feet, on September 13,
and camped there unti! the 20th, then moved to a point about a thousand
feet lower and collected there for three days.
_ September 25 they returned to Salento and on October 3 they began a
trip over the Quindio Trail, to Chicoral in the Magdalena Valley, with the
object of collecting the more characteristic species at a number of localities
and thus determining zonal and: faunal limits. Chicoral was reached
October 6 and collections were made there until the 13th, when they began
their return journey, stopping at El Eden October 17-21, Rio Toché
October 23-27, and returning to Salento October 31. Collections were
made in the vicinity of Salento until the 13th when they returned to Car-
tago en route to Rio Frio on the Cauca. Here they worked in the heavy
Buuvetin A. M.N. H. Voi. XXXVI, Puate X.
Crest or WeEsTERN ANDES, WEST OF POPAyANn.
Scene near camp of Expedition No. 2; alt. 10,340 ft.
(Temperate Zone.)
La GaLuERA, WESTERN ANDES ;
Near camp of Expedition No. 2.
(Subtropical Zone; West Andean Fauna.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 33
forest until December 2, when again they went to Cartago to make prepara-
tions for the crossing of the Western Andes, the most difficult journey thus
far undertaken.
Cartago was left December 7, and, through a misunderstanding, the
journey to the San Juan Valley was made as rapidly as possible without
pause for collecting. The few specimens secured en route indicate that the
fauna differs in some respects from that of a section through the same chain
from Cali to Buenaventura, and we cannot but regret the absence of speci-
mens from this region.
Juntas de Tamana was reached December 14 and left December 20;
and collections were also made at Névita from December 21 to 27. During
these two weeks 277 birds and 39 mammals were collected under the unfav-
orable conditions of the rainy season. Doubtless this over-exertion made
both men more than usually susceptible to the pernicious type of malaria
which prevails in this unhealthful region. Both contracted severe attacks
of fever, and on returning to Cali, January 7, were under a physician’s care
for several weeks.
Description of Route and Collecting Stations.— A general account of the
route between Cali and Cartago and Giradot, based on the reconnaissance
made by Chapman and Fuertes in May, 1911, will be found under ‘ Expedi-
tion No. 1.’ The following detailed descriptions of the stations on the
route at which collections were made were prepared by Allen, who also
writes the report on the ascent to the Paramo of Santa Isabel and on the
journey from Cartago to the San Juan region.
Rio Frio. “Most of our collecting here was done in the forest on the
east bank of the river except for two trips to a rather extensive marsh some-
what south of the Rio Frio, and about an eighth of a mile back from the
Cauca. Some collecting was also done along the northerly edge of the
forest, the country becoming more open in this direction, the forest extend-
ing to a much greater distance south from the port.
“The forest reminds one considerably of our northern deciduous forests
in which the giant oaks are replaced by ceibas and the maples by cecropias.
‘There are comparatively few ferns, orchids or epiphytes of any kind except
a few “pines” (bromelias) and very little moss. The forest floor is covered
with dead leaves and with little undergrowth except about clearings and
more open spots in the forest where it is very dense. But it was in such
places that the birds were most abundant, as we found here a greater abun-
dance of individuals than anywhere else, though the number of species was
perhaps more limited than in the ‘cloud’ forest.
1 That is, forest of the Subtropical Zone.— F. M. C.
34 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
“T did not attempt to explore the marsh to its full extent because of its
evident treachery and the difficulty of progress through it. It was appar- -
ently surrounded on all sides. by forest, although toward the south this
seemed to thin out and was perhaps no more than a fringe about the edge.
The marsh appeared as though it sometimes might be a lake although at
this time of year (November) there was little open water. The predominant
vegetation was a coarse sedge, the tangled roots of which furnished the only
‘support for one attempting to walk through it, for elsewhere, and below
these roots, was bottomless black muck. About the edge of the marsh,
fringing the forest, was a rank growth, almost impenetrable, of thorny
bushes and growing out into the marsh were scattered bushes of marsh
mallows (Hibiscus?). Where the sedges had not yet established themselves,
were extensive rafts of the water hyacinth and a plant that looks like coarse
lettuce. On these rafts were flocks of Jacanas and Spurwings, White Ibis,
Roseate Spoonbills, and White Egrets. In the small patches of open water
floated Muscovy Ducks, Cinnamon Teal, Fulvous and Black-bellied Tree
Ducks. In the sedges Rails skulked and there were many Screamers. The
‘Black Marsh Hawk (Circus) skimmed low over the sedges just like our
northern bird, and a few King Vultures sailed high overhead. It was a
wonderful spot, I should like to have spent a month in studying it alone.”
El Roble.— “El Roble, at an altitude of 7100 feet, is the last posada
before descending into the valley of the Boquia. The collecting here was
‘done in two kinds of places: the comparatively level forest at the altitude
given, and the forest at a considerable lower level filling the valley of one
of the tributaries of the Boquia. The level forest was not much less humid
‘than that at Laguneta, with correspondingly less moss on the trees and on
the forest floor. That along the stream was just as humid, if not more so
‘than at Laguneta. Along the trail and about clearings, etc. the plants and
‘birds were similar to those about Cali, but in the forest and particularly
along the stream, the forms were those of the Subtropical Zone. The
‘feentury plant’ and the tree fern seemed to me to reach their greatest
luxuriance here, the tree fern in the forest, the yucca in the open country,
along roadsides, ete.”
Salento.— “Most of our collecting near Salento was done along the
‘Boquia River at an altitude of 6500 feet. The flora and fauna of the open
-ecountry of the Boquia Valley and about Salento is similar to that of El
Roble with a somewhat larger amount of the Cauca Valley element such as
‘the Spanish bayonet, yuccas, plantains, a few bananas and oranges. Com-
1 To prevent confusion with a station of the same name above FusugasugA, in the Eastern Andes,
specimens taken at El Roble are listed under Salento, the Salento collecting ground being nearby and
in the same zone.— F. M. C.- s
Ceuneg ueepuy jsaM ‘euoz reordo14qng)
‘eyMbog oy} 07Ul SuLMoy wWra4s ¥ (‘euney uvapuy JseaAA ‘9UOZ Teotdo1.qng)
OLNTIVG WOU AGTIVA VITIINDOG
OLNGIVEG YVAN
1X F1V1d ‘IAXXX “10A “ACN CW 'V Nigeria g
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 35
paratively little of this open-country fauna was collected and most of the
birds came either from the narrow strip of woods along the river, or from
Santa Rita, a small tributary with well-wooded banks, entering from the
west. The Santa Rita is a beautiful dashing mountain stream, cutting
through the rock in narrow gorges or pouring over huge boulders and arched
over by luxuriant vegetation, rich in moss and epiphytes; perhaps the most
luxuriant that we found except in parts of the Western Andes. Here lived
the Cock-of-the-Rock and Pharomacrus.”
Laguneta.— “The forest in which we pitched our tent at Laguneta, at
an altitude of 10,300 feet, is fairly open. The vegetation includes a few
“small palms, tree ferns, orchids and epiphytes of many kinds but gives one
the general effect of some of our denser northern forests. The large trees,
of which some are oaks, are rather sparingly branched and thinly leaved so
that sunlight reaches the ground in most places. The orchids, ‘pines,’
moss and other epiphytes on the branches are responsible for as much shade
as the trees themselves. The undergrowth is not dense except in the clear-
ings —it being the vines and ‘climbing bamboo’ that makes the forest
impenetrable. The forest floor is remarkably bare with very few herbaceous
plants (due to season ?), few ferns, and no moss (on the ground). The
leaves are mostly thick and heavily glutinized or covered with down and,
though some are large, the average is small. The clearings resemble our
northern clearings in general appearance — grown up to bushes and small
trees. Here occurs a pokeberry upon which certain birds feed. The under-
brush is always extremely dense and almost impenetrable without a knife.
“We remained in this camp from August 30 until September 11. During
this time we had very favorable weather with but little light rain. For
several days, however, we had very high winds. The temperature was very
uniform averaging 48° at 6: 30 A. M. and 64° at noon (the nearest to maxi-
mum and minimum that we could get).”
Rio Toché.— “Most of the collecting here was done along the river
where there was a sparse growth of trees, but two trips were made up the
river to where it was heavily forested, humid and luxuriant, resembling the
banks off Santa Rita near Salento. A few birds, notably Atlapetes flaviceps,
were taken from the brush covering the cleared mountainsides of the open
valley not far from the trail.”
El Eden.— “The country about El Eden at an altitude of 8500 to 9000
feet, seemed intermediate between the valley type, such as was found at
Salento, and the cloud forests of Laguneta. This is due, I suppose, to the
large amount of clearing and the comparatively small extent and isolation
(?) of the forest. In the forest, birds were very scarce and in the open
country bitds were also less abundant than elsewhere. We were disap-
36 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
pointed in the collecting here since forms were neither abundant nor dis-
tinctive.”
Chicoral.— “Chicoral is on the west side of the Magdalena Valley at an
altitude of 1200 feet. The Valley at this point is very arid, even along the -
streams, although this was probably emphasized by the fact that it had not
rained for five months when we arrived. There were many more cacti
and palmettos than in the Cauca Valley, with few epiphytes or orchids on
the trees. Most of the collecting was done in the sparse woods along the
river and scrubby places about the pastures and a little on the open plain
which was covered with coarse dry grass. Along the river birds were very
plentiful, including many migrants from North America.”
Salento to the Paramo of Santa Isabel. “The Valley of the Boquia leads
northeast past Salento and the trail to the Paramo follows this valley to
the very headwaters. The valley, which we crossed at Boquia on our way
to Laguneta, at an altitude of 6100 feet, rises gently until, where we left it,
it’ was 8300 feet. It is broad and open with little vegetation, except a
narrow girth along the stream and a scattered growth of magnificent palms.
These continue to the head of the valley and up on the mountainside to
at least 9500 feet.
“Leaving the valley of the Boquia at 8300 feet, the trail leads almost
due north up the mountainside at a very sharp angle. The trail is poor
and in some spots practically obliterated. The lower mountainside is
very bare except for the scattered palms, having been burned and cleared.
Corn and wheat are growing in spots but most of the country is closely
cropped by cattle. The open country continues to an altitude of 9300 feet;
here the forest begins, and so far as we could observe resembles very closely
that of Laguneta. The trail now becomes slightly more marked so that one
has no difficulty in finding the way. At 4:20 P. M. we reached the second
house above the valley, at an altitude of 10,550 feet, where we stopped for
the night. The next morning we continued on our way to the Paramo.
The trail leads through large clearings and patches of woods similar to that
of Laguneta until the 12,000-foot mark is reached where the forest appears
quite different. The trees are large, the woods more open with an abun-
dance of moss even on the forest floor —less of the ‘climbing bamboo,’
which has been replaced by another species more like huge grass. The
moss itself is very different in appearance being almost black. A few yellow
orchids were in bloom. The appearance of this woods leads us to decide
to stop and investigate it for a few days on our way back. ‘This forest
continues to from 12,400-12,600 feet where a decided change takes place.
The large trees disappear and smaller, more or less recumbent species,
take their place, resembling large bushes. Large bushes are intermingled
Burierin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Pirate XII.
CuicoraL BRIDGE
Collecting ground of Expedition No. 2.
(Tropical Zone; arid portion of Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
GIRADOT, UPPER Macpautena River
(Tropical Zone; arid portion of Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 37
with them and sphagnum, gentians, dwarf lupines, yellow-eyed grass, a
yellow sorrel, similar to ours but larger, a buttercup, a peculiar fern, and
numerous composites, mostly dwarfed rosettes but one a very showy purple
and yellow species, called “arnica” by the natives. The wet places, along
streams or in sink holes, give one the impression again of our northern bogs
only here there is very little or no sphagnum. Its place is taken by a peculiar
daisy whose thick set rosettes of short stiff leaves form great hummocks
over soft places. Blueberries were plentiful but bitter, woody, and inedible,
except for the birds.
“When we reached the Paramo, we made for the top of the ridge and
looking over found a beautiful little valley suspended there in mid-air.
The lower end of it was wooded at the sides but the centre and upper end
was open Paramo. Down the centre rushed a sparkling mountain stream
which made up in sound what it lacked in size. On either side of the valley
the ridge rose from 13,500-15,000 feet and the valley itself lay at about
12,700.
“We descended into the valley and pitched our tent at the edge of the
woods. In this valley was done most of the collecting. We later explored
up to an altitude of 15,200 feet (nearly the limit of vegetation and above
the base of the snowline on the peaks) and found the vegetation practically
the same and the fauna identical, except that it was much more condensed
in the valleys, especially along the stream. The vegetation extended to
about 15,500 feet and above that all was bare, frosted rock. At this altitude
and open situation, birds were very few but without exception were identi-
cal with those in the valley. The woods which cover the mountainside
below, and the nature of which has already been described, extend up the
sides of the valley for aboyt a half mile to an altitude of 12,600 feet.
The centre of the valley is open from 12,400 feet up but the typical Paramo
does not begin until 12,600 feet.
“The birds of the open Paramo are comparatively few in species and
not extremely abundant in numbers, especially on the ridges. They are
most abundant along the stream and in the swamp which occurs mostly
along the stream.
“The birds of the woods bordering the Paramo were of course very
different and consisted mainly of Laguneta species with a few others of like
nature. ae
“We remamed at this camp for just a week and collected 200 birds.
The weather was very pleasant although the nights were cold, several times
ice forming in the water-pail. The temperature at 6 A. M. varied from 37°
to 45°, dependent upon whether it were cloudy or not, and at noon got up
as high as 76°. The mornings were generally more or less clear but shortly
38 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
after noon clouds usually rolled up the valley surrounding us in fog; the
ridge at the end of the valley was seldom seen in the afternoon.
“From the Paramo, on September 2, we retraced our steps through the
12,000 foot woods to a vacant house at 11,500 feet, intending to remain
several days and work the woods. We left on the third day, however,
after making 75 skins, for we found that the fauna was not strikingly differ-
ent from that of Laguneta.”
Cartago to Novita.— “We left Cartago December 7, Miller having been
fortunate enough to locate some oxen going to Salencio. Crossing the
river the valley is more rolling than on the other side, but just as arid.
Forty minutes brings one to Anserma but the trail branches off just before
reaching the town and soon winds up a long ridge to an altitude of 6800 feet,
drops across a valley to 5800 feet, and then rises again to 7800 feet. This
country is much like that across the valley on the Quindio Trail, and the
birds, so far as observed, likewise. There is little sign of humidity until
6800 feet is reached where moss on the trees and an abundance of ferns
bespeak of the ‘cloud zone.’ There was little or no bamboo except along
one stream low-down (3800 ft.) and no apparent change in the birds until
this upper zone (above 6800 ft.) was reached. This humid forest reached
its greatest development on the western slope of the ridge although it was
very distinct on the eastern slope down to 6800 feet. On the western slope
it extended down to perhaps 6000 feet. (I have not this altitude exactly.)
On the top it is extremely rank and luxuriant — far more than we had met
before, although perhaps not more so than at San Antonio. Birds were
very scarce, as usual in this humid forest; the trail descends very steeply
from this forest through more or less cleared country to Salencio, at an alti-
tude of 5,500 feet. Here we staid two days while Miller engaged the peons
for the rest of the trip. In the river valley (5000 ft.) below is a heavy
growth of bamboo. Between this and humid forest (at a little distance
from: town) is a good forest growth of an intermediate nature.
“Leaving Salencio the trail follows up the river Bueltas, a small, dashing
mountain stream — much like the Santa Rita near Salento — with luxuriant
woods or mossy cliffs on either side, much moss, epiphytes, ete. It is a
typical Cock-of-the-Rock stream, and we had not waded many miles over
its slippery rocks or on its mossy logs before I got a nice male of Rupicola
sanguinolenta. After leaving Salencio we knew scarcel dry moment
till we reached Juntas.. The first night at an altitude of feet, it rained
all night, and we had neither tent nor blankets, for the peon carrying them
deserted us without our knowing it.
“The trail follows up the Bueltas to its very headwaters (alt. 6,600 ft.)
where it leads sharply up the mountain through deep crevices or gulleys,
Bouruetin A. M.N. H. Vou. X
CXVI, Prats XII.
Paramo or Santa Isapev, CenTRAL ANDES
Collecting ground of Expedition No. 2.
(Paramo Zone.)
Paramo or Santa Isapet, CenTRAL ANDES
Near camp site of Expedition No. 2; alt, 12.500 ft.
(Paramo Zone.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 39
in places grown over above by the luxuriant vegetation forming tunnels,
until an altitude of 7,400 feet is reached. The forest now is very luxuriant,
similar to that on the top of the first ridge. Here was an assemblage of
birds mostly new to me. I should like to have been able to work it thor-
oughly, but of course we could not stop even for a day on account of the
scarcity of food.
“This extremely humid forest extends down the western slope of this
second ridge until 4000 feet is reached where the change, which is coiplete
at 3,500 feet, begins. The moss and epiphytes gradually disappear, the
forest floor becomes dryer, the bamboo appears and becomes abundant,
and the forest takes on much of the character of the Rio Frio vegetation.
The change in the birds is likewise very noticeable. This forest continues
down and across the valley and up the east side of the third ridge to practi-
cally the same altitude, it being only on its very top that the humid zone
prevails. The trail coming down the west slope of the second ridge follows
the ridge which separates the Ingaré from the Avita, which flow together
at El Puente to form the Tamandé. El Puente is a collection of some half
dozen bamboo houses filled with shiftless, long-legged negroes where one
can get but a few expensive plantains by way of supplies. The fauna of
the valley contains a large percentage of the coast forms, birds which we
saw for the first time, but found very common in the Chocé proper.
“The top of the last ridge compares favorably with the similar altitude
of the second ridge, and is not nearly so humid as the higher altitude, though
strikingly different from the bamboo zone below. The west slope of this
last ridge is different from any I have before described. There is but little
bamboo or none. It is more humid than that zone and yet there is no moss
and comparatively few epiphytes. The coast fauna, I believe, there extends
nearly to the top —at least to about 3,500 feet. The forest at Juntas,
Névita and Noanam4 seemed practically the same in nature as this western
slope and though we took different birds at each place I presume it was due
to the short time spent in each.”
Juntas de Tamané:— “ Altitude 400 feet. Except for the clearing in
which the small village is located, the entire country is covered with a rich,
humid, steaming forest of large trees and comparatively little undergrowth
except that formed by the giant vines hanging down from the branches and
occasional patches of fern. There are many epiphytes and but little moss,
reminding one of Rio Frio, only much more humid. Birds were abundant
along the edge of the clearing and along the forest trails but, as elsewhere,
scarce in the deep woods.”
Névita:— “Altitude (150 feet). Although Ndévita has the reputation
of being one of the wettest spots in Colombia, the forest seemed less humid
40 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
than that at Juntas de Tamané and not very different from that at Rio Frio.
The clearing in which the town lies is of much greater extent than at Juntas
de Taman, and as a result more of the open country birds such as the little
Black and White Finches, Blue Tanagers, etc. were found. In the forest
birds were most abundant about small clearings or plantain patches which
filled these small clearings, especially about flowering trees.
“We left Névita in a canoe hoping to make good connections with the
steamer at Noanamd which however did not appear. Fortunately Mr.
D. C. Stapleton was passing up the river in his launch which was to return
in a few days, and he offered to ship us back to Buenaventura, an invi-
tation we gladly accepted.
“The country seems about the same along the San Juan until one gets
to sea-level where there is a great increase in the number of species of palms,
and from the little we could see from the launch, the forest appears much
denser and more luxuriant.”
Expedition No. 4.—Cali to San Agustin. February 27- April 7, 1912.
Personnel. L. E. Miller and A. A. Allen.
Itinerary.— Proceeding to Popayan over the route followed by Miller
and Richardson in May, 1911 (See Expedition No. 2), Miller and Allen,
accompanied by J. T. Lloyd, left Popayan on foot February 27, 1912, and
traveled southward to La Sierra (Feb. 29-March 4) and Almaguer (March
9-18). At the last-named point they turned to the east to cross to the
Magdalena Valley, stopping at Valle de las Pappas (March 22-April 4),
and reached San Agustin April 7, after a difficult and trying journey.
Allen suffered much from a recurrence of fever acquired in the Chocé and
shortly after arriving at San Agustin his condition became so serious that he
was obliged to go to Bogoté for treatment and subsequently was invalided
home.
Description of Route and Collecting Stations.— The following notes are
supplied by Dr. Allen:
Popayan to San Agustin.— “Leaving Popayan (Feb. 27) the country
continues very similar to that to the north of the city ranging, from 4700
to 6800 feet in altitude and sparsely covered with vegetation except in the
immediate vicinity of the rivers. (The haze or the fog was always so dense
that observations of distant ranges or peaks was impossible so that the
notes must of necessity be restricted to the country in the immediate vicin-
ity of the trail).
“The fauna and flora likewise. continues practically the same, being
similar to that of the open country just below El Roble which I have called
Butretin A. M,N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Plate XIV.
Between BUENAVENTURA AND San JOSE
(Tropical Zone; Colombian-Pacific Fauna.)
Junras pe TAMANA
Typical Chocé Country
(Tropical Zone; Colombian-Pacific Fauna.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 41
‘Transition.’ It_is probably the lower edge of the transition, however, as
along the streams the large bamboo is prevalent and several of the bamboo
zone birds noted. Eight miles (approximately) to the south the town of
Timbio is reached, situated on a small riversof the same name. We are
now on the headwaters of the Patia and the streams lie in very deep valleys
in places with almost perpendicular sides, averaging a thousand feet in
depth. Were it not for these valleys the country would be fairly level, but
the steep descents and ascents in crossing these streams makes the travelling
slow and difficult. A day and a half journey from Timbio lies the town of
La Sierra situated on a saddle-back ridge just before the trail drops into
the cafion of the Patia proper. Just before coming to the town small
groves of rather open forest occur and here we stopped for three days to
collect, securing sixty-six birds and ten mammals. To the east a trail
follows the ridge up the sides of Sotar4, which is not visible from the trail
but which shows considerable forest growth, commencing at what I should
judge to be between 8000 and 9000 feet. We camped at 6800 feet; having
been told there was no water higher up nor pasturage for the mules. The
forest in which we collected at La Sierra was comparatively dry and open,
and very limited in extent. Birds were scarce both as to numbers and
species, and but a very few new to our former collections were taken.
Here was seen the only Condor of the expedition, and it was flying rather
high over the ridge toward Sotaré.
“Leaving La Sierra (where very few supplies can be secured) the trail
is very poor and probably nearly impassable in the wet season, descending
steeply to the Patia which here flows at 4700 feet, a rushing, rocky torrent
similar to the Toché in size, but crossed by a strong brick bridge which leads
one to believe the trail has degenerated. Along the river is a jungle of low
trees, but elsewhere the country is covered by coarse grasses and sedges
with no higher vegetation. A steep and then gradual ascent brings one to
the town of San Miguel, a row of some forty houses straddling the ridge.
It is supposed to be but four hours from La Sierra, but our pack mules re-
quired a full day. Here we learned for the first time the truth concerning
the trail from Almaguer to San Agustin, and the one that continued on to
Pasto, and had to alter our plans accordingly. The trail next soon strikes
into the valley of the Rio La Vega which is, I believe, another tributary of
the Patia and quite similar to it in its precipitous sides. The trail follows
a niche in its side for the rest of the day until the town of La Vega is reached
at an altitude of 7500 feet. Hereabouts are greater signs of industry than
noted elsewhere in most parts of the country, the precipitous mountain
sides being covered with corn-fields or wheat, and neatly marked off with
beautiful hedges; no forest as yet, however, and the fauna still “ transition.”
“Leaving La Vega, the trail continues up the river for about thirty
42 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
minutes and then cuts steeply up the mountain-side, winding much until
the very top of the ridge is reached at an altitude of 10,350 feet. The trail
then follows this ridge for about two miles and then descends on the other
side two hours’ distant to Almaguer. This ridge extends approximately
northeast and southwest, and shows evidences of timbering along the lower
line of forest growth. At present, the whole crest of the ridge is covered
with most luxuriant forest but it extends downward for but a few hundred
feet (altitude). From evidences on the south side of the ridge, I should
judge that this forest may have originally extended down as low as 9500
feet, this lower stretch now being covered with high bushes of the “ole-
ander”’ type, and with occasional trees of size. The forest itself is a most
luxuriant one of the ‘cloud [= Temperate] zone’ type, being much more
luxuriant and mossy than that at Laguneta at Santa Isabel. Here we col-
lected nine days — March 9-18. Although the rainy season was not sup-
posed to have set in, it rained every day and the forest was always draped
with fog. The trail along the ridge has been recently widened which, to-
gether with several side trails, made excellent collecting grounds. As usual;
however, birds were scarce, and a considerable number of species were
found with nests in the process of construction, a few with eggs, and a few
with young on the wing; and the majority of all birds with enlarged repro-
ductive organs.
“The present lower limit of this forest is about 10,000 feet, the upper
limit under 11,000, for in following up a ridge which leads off at an angle
from the one of the trail, open places with stunted trees and numerous
paramo species of shrub and herbaceous plant were encountered as low as
10,600 feet, although the ridge did not extend high enough for real paramo.
These open areas were similar, Miller stated, to the crest of the Andes on
which he and Richardson had collected west of Popayan. The flora and
fauna of this moss forest was very similar to that at Laguneta and Santa
Isabel, comparatively few species new to our former collections being taken.
“March 18, we broke camp to start for San Agustin. One long day’s
travel, or a day and a half, as we had to travel, brings one to the town of
San Sebastian. The trail from Almaguer crosses the ridge to the north-
east at 9600 feet, which is below the present lower edge of the moss forest,
and then descends steeply into the Valley of the Caquiona at 7700 feet.
The trail then follows down this valley for about an hour and crosses another
ridge into the valley of the San Sebastian, at the head of which is the town
of San Sebastian (alt. 7600 ft.). It is a small town of some fifty or sixty
houses, where the necessities can be secured on market day; that is, bread,
meat, rice, beans and sugar,:but at other times it is rather devoid of life.
The fauna of these last two valleys appeared similar to that of La Sierra,
BULLETIN D Y .X
LLETIN A. M.N.H, VoL XXXVI, Prare XV
Zardgoz Reet
“Ae clPtedra 5
lier
1S)
N
By B.San mi
Ln,
La Torres
eet
(re
Manuela,
f
Se)
au
Sway
an
ahr
HS
en enna
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Scale of Miles
° 10 20
eat
ERAT eleva
ULLAL evation in feet
76°
Map or CENTRAL WESTERN COLOMBIA
(Drawn by F. Miiller under the direction of Frank M, Chapman.)
Dotted red line indicates routes of the Museum expeditions. — Collections were made at
localities underlined in red.
1917, Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 43
transition, with innumerable Black Merulas and the common Song Sparrow
(Brachyspiza). The trail next crosses two ridges at 8000 and 9000 feet
respectively, the nature of the. country and paramo remaining practically
the same. It then ascends the third and last ridge very steeply to the Pass
at 10,500 feet, and then descends more gradually into the Valle de Pappas
at 9900 feet. This last ridge is covered with the moss forest similar to the
one above Almaguer; the forest extending down to 9600 feet with its flora
and fauna the same so far as observed.
“From the Pass, the valley appears perfectly flat, with patches of forest
and open meadow through which endlessly winds a fair-sized stream. The
valley is perhaps a mile and a half wide, and the mountains all about it so
far as could be seen through the clouds covered with dense forest. Above
this forest again on all the higher peaks and ridges was another area of
strict Paramo covering their tops, at this time now covered with snow.
The stream was called by the Indians the “Cosiacu”’ and said to be the head-
waters of the Caquetd.
“Descending into the valley, the vegetation is found to be similar to
that of the Paramo of Santa Isabel, although here at an altitude of but
9900-11,000 feet, long sedges with numerous similar herbaceous plants and
bushes, and numerous “ frailejones” were scattered about; at intervals occur
small clumps of forest similar to that at the edge of the Paramo of Santa
Isabel. The trail, where it has been repaired with brown soil and guide
logs, is very good, but in other places. where composed of black muck, the
natural soil, it is almost impassable for the mules. Here we staid ten days,
finding quarters in one room of a finca, to which we had been recommended
by its owner in Almaguer.
“The fauna of this valley, while containing very few new forms, is very
interesting. As contrasted with Almaguer, where the birds were just
commencing to nest, here nidification was about completed for most species.
Trees had ceased flowering, and most of the Hummingbirds had disappeared.
“We left the Valle April 3, on the trail for San Agustin. The trail leads
practically northeast upward steeply in places, and very rocky, until the
top of the Paramo is reached at 12,300 feet. It was extremely rainy and
foggy so that we could not see far, but it was very noticeable that there
was no sharp line to tree growth as at Santa Isabel. One looks down into
narrow valley covered with Paramo vegetation, while all about the moun-
tains are heavily forested in places probably up to 13,000 feet; but even
on these wooded slopes the forest is not continuous, but here and there occur
patches of the Paramo vegetation scattered about rather miscellaneously —
their presence perhaps determined by the nature of the soil rather than the
altitude alone. Most of these ‘Paramo Valleys’ appear to me to be the
44 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
basins of ancient lakes which have, in some way, broken through their
barriers and left behind them only those broad flat-bottomed beds of loose
muck, which have gradually been covered over with the growth of coarse
sedges, except where the small stream still meanders.
“Just below timber-line the forest is extremely dense with a great deal
of moss, caladiums, etc., and with a tree of the banyan type quite prevalent;
the fringe of stunted trees is restricted. The trail continues along the ridge
for a short distance fringed by low growth, and then begins a steady descent.
At. 11,000 feet a fair-sized mountain stream is crossed, and then the trail
follows approximately down its valley, extremely rocky and stony in parts,
and ever very wet with a stream flowing down it. When a level stretch is
reached, it is generally very marshy, making progress difficult. In places
great cliffs rise perpendicularly for hundreds of feet at either side of the
valley, and waterfalls tumble uninterrupted from the top to the river
below — at least’ a thousand feet. These walls could be seen, however,
only at intervals when the fog parted for an instant; at other times one could
not see fifty feet in advance. Thus the trail descends to Santa Marta at an
altitude of 9000 feet. Santa Marta is a rather large but unfinished building
used as a general posada by all the Indian packers. It is situated in a
beautiful amphitheatre of perhaps a half-mile in diameter, whose perpen-
dicular walls are pierced only by the ingress and egress of the stream (and
trail). The river even here is a swollen torrent and called the Magdalena
by the Indians; all about is the luxuriant moss forest. It would make an
ideal collecting spot.
“A long day’s trip over a trail which is comparable only with that .
between Cartago and Névita, brings one to Los Monos which is nothing
but a small lean-to situated at the edge of a small clearing. Three hours
further, ascending and descending, brings one to Pefiaseca, a niche. in a
perpendicular cliff under-cut so as to be perfectly dry, and no shelter of any
kind has been erected or is necessary. A few hundred feet below, almost
straight down, rushes the Magdalena, here a mad torrent. The altitude
is but 7000 feet, but the moss forest extends uninterrupted down its course
and covers its sides,— a wonderful country! I was sorry not to be in a
better position to appreciate it. This country between Santa Marta and
Pefiaseca was the most inviting of the whole trip, and the trail the worst.
From Pefiaseca to San Agustin, two days, the trail is much better though
not good. Leaving the Magdalena at Pefiaseca the trail winds up the
opposite ridge until an altitude of 7800 feet is reached, and then commences
a gradual descent. All of this is strangely enough covered with a luxuriant
moss forest, though less so than that across the valley at the same altitude.
It extends down to about 7000 feet where a decided change is noticeable,
(ouo0z a),e10dw9,L) Couog 9} vr1odtu9,L)
*499J 00O'OL JO OpNI}V UY 7B Ysa1OJ JURLINXNE$ ATTRUOTdaox Gq ‘seddeg St] op a8 A 2} UT aua0g
UANOVNIY AAOWY ‘SOTTINHOH,) So'T YUAAIY VNAIVGOV]Y AHL 40 GOUDOG AHL UVaAN
a
TAX TLVIG “TIAXXX “TOA ‘HON CIN V Nisaiiag
1917,.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 45
and though still heavily wooded is more second growth and much less moss.
The trail descends again to the river at 6500 feet and follows it to 6100 feet;
it then ascends another ridge rather steeply up to 6800 feet (Las Cham-
bas — stop for night) and descends again to 6100 feet, and the river which it
follows for but a short distance rising abruptly and then gradually until
7000 feet is reached and a long gradual descent begun to San Agustin.
This latter country is much more open than that first reached at 7000 feet,
but there is abundant evidence of deforestation until the last descent is
commenced to San Agustin, which seems naturally more arid and less for-
ested except along tributary streams which are forested even down below
the altitude of San Agustin (6000 ft.). None of these are in the near vicin-
ity of the town, however, the country being semi-arid and more or less like
that about Cali. Here I was laid up completely and unable to do any col-
lecting whatever. Here we met Sefior Nieto of the Bogoté engineers and
discovered that our barometer was reading 900 feet too high, so that the
altitude of San Agustin should be 5000 feet. When this error commenced
I do not know.
“The country from San Agustin to Neiva and thence to Giradot in
general, is very similar to that about the headwaters of the Cauca, being
semiarid (more so than the Cauca) except along the streams, where con-
siderable coffee and cacao is raised.”
Expedition No. 5.— San Agustin to the Caqueté Region. April 7 - Sept. 1,
1912.
Personnel.— L. E. Miller.
Itinerary.— Illness having compelled Allen to leave the country, Miller
carried out the plans of the original expedition, assisted only by natives.
From April 7 to 25, and again on May 19 to 21, he worked in the vicinity of
San Agustin going far enough from the city to reach the virgin forest. It
was during this period that he discovered a nesting colony of the Cock-of-
the-Rock. April 27 to May 5 he was resident at La Palma, and from May
7 to 19 at La Candela, both in the forest respectively south and west of
San Agustin.
Returning to San Agustin May 20, preparations were made for the trip
over the new government trail to the Caqueté Region.
The Eastern Andes were crossed at Andalucia (7000 feet) and some col-
lecting was done on both eastern and western slopes (May 30-June 20).
Florencia was reached June 24, and collections made there until July 6,
while at La Morelia the work was pushed vigorously from July 8 to July 26.
Mr. Miller is, so far as I am aware, the first ornithologist to enter Amazonian
46 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Colombia, and his collections from Florencia and La Morelia add many
species to the known avifauna of Colombia.
Description of Collecting Stations The following notes are supplied
by Mr. Miller:
La Palma.— “La ‘Palma is the name given a place about one day south
of San Agustin, on the same trail we came on from the Cauca. There are a
number of clearings and large fields of corn; also some pastureland. Around
these extends the virgin forest; altitude 5500 feet. The place is not far
from the junction of the Magdalena and Mulales.
“The forest is very dense. There are many palms; much large timber
and a great deal of moss. Ferns, also, are abundant. The country is
mountainside, cut by numerous ravines. Paths there are none, and it was
invariably necessary to follow along a small rivulet or ravine. Birds in
general were scarce.”
La Candela. “A small Indian ranchito, a day west of San Agustin
(with pack animals) bears this name. There is a comparatively small
clearing, surrounded on all sides by giant forest. The altitude is 6500 feet.
The trail for first half of the way leads through the open country that
surrounds San Agustin, and then through the forest, and is fair, but narrow
so that the pack mules pass with difficulty.
“The lower growth of the forest consists almost exclusively of palms
which reach a height of perhaps thirty feet. The trees are immense, being
the thickest, tallest and straightest I have seen in Colombia, and include
giant ‘cedars.’ The forest floor is littered with dried palm leaves, but open
and easy to traverse. Birds are not abundant, but more plentiful than at
La Palma.
“The climate was cool and delightful with but little rain. There is
very little moss in the forest.” .
Andalucia.— “Before attempting to cross the Eastern Andes, it was
thought necessary to make a short survey of the western slope. It had been
absolutely impossible to get any reliable information as to the road, etc. to
Florencia, and the only way to learn the conditions was to work near the
trail and find out from the travellers who chanced along that way. A trip
was therefore undertaken to the top of the range, one day from Guada-
loupe, the place being called Andalucia, alt. 7000 feet. The altitude of
Guadaloupe is 2500 feet.
“ Andalucia is a single, very large, boarded house, owned by the Govern-
ment, situated on a narrow ridge with a large clearing on each side. At
least during this season (May-June) the weather was most severe; fog,
strong wind, almost continuous rain and very cold, almost recalling condi-
tions on a paramo. Also, the forest was dense, and the vast number of
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 47
fallen trunks and branches rendered the greater part of it impenetrable.
Birds were scarce, but small mammals were plentiful. After three days a
camp was established further down on the western slope where conditions
were more favorable.
nS It was our intention to remain only a week at most, but a series of mis-
sions in Guadaloupe attracted everybody for miles around including the
peons, so I was left alone and of course could not leave until their return,
two weeks later.
“On the western slope, the great forest extends down to 3,500 feet, and in
the cafions and ravines, down to 3000 feet. -The lower part is comparatively
open, with numerous ferns and palms, and as one reaches higher altitude
there is much moss, many ‘pines,’ parasites, creepers, etc., similar to forests
of the same altitude previously described. Birds are not plentiful, and
maromals scarce.
“Up to 3500 feet there are large areas of wild cane and bamboo along
the streams, and in these the most successful trapping was done.”’
The Magdalena Valley. to the Caquetaé Region.— “ About an hour’s ride
from Altamira, over a nicely constructed gravel road, takes one to the
town of Guadaloupe. Just before reaching the town it is necessary to cross
the Rio Saraza, which at this season (June to August) was a swift, muddy
stream over a hundred yards wide. The town has a population of about
one thousand, numerous small stores, weekly market, etc. All around are
thickets of bamboo and wild cane; the altitude is 2450 feet. This zone
extends up to nearly 3500 feet.
“The new government road follows closely along a small ‘quebrada,’
the name of which I could not ascertain, but it is probably the Imaya or
Matayna, and a full day’s travel with packs takes one to Andalucia, altitude
7000 feet, which is practically the top of the range. The forest up to this
point has been described elsewhere, and is continuous over the eastern side
until Sucre, altitude 2800 feet, is reached, the second night. The only
difference here is that one finds less moss and epiphytes. Sucre is a large
board house constructed by the government, and contains the telegraph
office, the present end of the line which is being constructed by the govern-
ment to Florencia.
“From Sucre one continues gradually downward until shortly after
noon, to an altitude of 1500 feet. Then there is a sharp hill about 500 feet
high, called Llegua Gorda. This was the only bad part of the trail, and, ‘on
account of the deep mud, two of the three pack mules had to be unloaded
and the packs carried to the top. About two hours beyond we camped at a
small hut called La Recluta where there is a large clearing, fine pasture,
corn, yuccas and other farm products. It is only a half day to Florencia
48 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
from here, over a fairly good road, level, with the exception of a small rise
or two which, however, are of no consequence.
“Florencia is a small town, with a few hundred inhabitants, but growing
rapidly. The altitude is 675 feet. The whole Department of the Caqueta
contains but two thousand souls not including Indians, according to the
alcalde of Florencia. Provisions can be had at Florencia, but prices of
everything but meat and corn are very high.
“Our first work was done a short distance above the town, at an eleva-
tion of 1000 feet, at the ranch of one Don Blas. The clearing was the
largest I had seen in this locality, there being fodder, plantains, cacao and
corn. In this open country birds were abundant. The surrounding forest
was comparatively open, and not far away. From the elevated position
one has a good view of the Caqueta country, a perfect ocean of forest stretch-
ing out ahead as far as the eye can see, which on clear days is many miles.
The sight is most impressive. There is not a single rise visible and the forest
is of uniform height.
“The forest is comparatively open, that is, free from dense undergrowth.
The trees are tall and there are a few tree ferns, many climbing lilies and
also many palms. There is not much moss and along the streams there is
much bamboo and also wild cane, often mixed with dense clumps of creepers,
tall grass and thorny bushes. In places there are small clumps, perhaps a
few acres in extent, of dense low trees resembling cecropias and called
“estrojo.”” Streams and rivers are numerous and one is at once impressed
with their large size and depth. Also, while swift, they are so silent that
one may be near a large river and not know of its presence until at the
very edge.
“Clouds hang low, often descending to the ground, especially in the early
morning and late night, causing a dense fog. We happened to strike the
country in the height of the rainy season, but there were frequently intervals
of three bright days with not a drop of rain. On other days the showers,
which were heavy, were confined to early morning, the afternoon, after
4 P. M., and night. It rarely rained all day long. About 4 P. M. a cool
wind invariably sprang up. At noon the heat was rather intense but not
nearly so great in the Magdalena Valley (as I later discovered) below Neiva.
The nights were cold so that two blankets were none too many. The ex-
pedition was without a thermometer so no observations as to temperature
could be made. It is said that during the dry season (December, Janu-
ary and February) the heat is terrific and there is much fever owing to the
clouds of mosquitoes that emerge from the pools left by the receding water.
“La Morelia is two days’ southeast from Florencia, between the Bodo-
quera and Pescado. It seems as if the elevation should be greater than
1917:] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 49
Florencia, but the aneroid registered 600 feet. The trail is bad and all
but impassable to mules. There is practically no difference in the forest,
but probably there are more streams. There is a ridge of low hills near by,
to the east, not over 500 feet higher than the surrounding country, and also
heavily forested. Some of the larger birds taken here are said to have
been common around Florencia some years ago, but to have retreated with
the approach of civilization.”
Expedition No. 6.—Tumaco-Barbacoas. J uly 26-Oct. 18, 1912.
Personnel.— W. B. Richardson.
Itinerary.— Richardson reached Tumaco by steamer from Panama,
July 26. He left there July 30, arriving at Barbacoas August 3. In this
unhealthful locality he worked until September 10, when an attack of beri-
beri forced him to seek a higher altitude and he continued up the trail
toward Pasto to Ricaurte, at an elevation of about 4500 feet. He remained
at Ricaurte until September 30, and then returned to Barbacoas, stopping
on the way down, as he had on the way up, at Buenavista on the Pasto
Trail. Barbacoas was left about October 8, and Tumaco reached October
13. From this point Richardson sailed for Esmeraldas, Ecuador, and for
the following year collected in that country.
Description of Route. and Collecting Stations — The following informa-
tion is taken from Richardson’s letters and reports:
“The island of Tumaco is dry, sunny, and sandy with only stunted
vegetation; and, on one side, mangroves. There are only a few common
birds there. On reaching the mainland at Sala Honda, at the mouth of the
Patia, everything changes and the next one hundred miles is through a dense
swamp of flooded forests. It is inhabited only by negroes who live on the
river banks and cultivate patches of rice and plantains and cut wood for
the steamer. Their huts are built of bamboo on poles five to eleven feet
above the ground, and they last only a few years. When abandoned their
thatched roofs are soon converted by nature into veritable ‘roof’ gardens;
a mass of vines and parasites, ferns, mosses, and even corn and bananas
growing on top of them until they cave in.
“ After four days by steamer and canoe, I managed to reach Barbacoas.
The surrounding country is much like that which exists between Buena-
ventura and Cisneros on the road to Cali, thick, heavy forest and impene-
trable jungle all matted together with vines and undergrowth.
“Nothing is cultivated but plantains. The only paths through the forest
lead to gold washings. For that reason I did much collecting from a canoe.
50 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
“T arrived at Barbacoas (a town of 4000 negroes and 50 whites) in what
was supposed to be the dry season, but it rained about twice a day during
my stay. Nine months of the year it is said to pour, and even zinc roofs
corrode. The climate is like a Turkish bath.
“The journey from Barbacoas to Ricaurte is about a 75-mile gradual
climb over a good road. The intervening country is very broken and uncul-
tivated and is inhabited only along the road, over which hundreds of Indians
and mules laden with freight from Pasto and the interior pass daily.
“Ricaurte, with an elevation which I believe to be between 4000-4500
feet,!-is on the upper edge of the forested zone which extends to this point
from the coast. The country above Ricaurte is open, bare and grassy
and through it one may pass over steep ascents to the paramo.
“At Ricaurte it is dryer, the forest is less luxuriant and dense than
further down, but the country is very broken except along the gradually
winding road. I found there many of the birds of San Antonio, Munchique,
and Miraflores.
~ “At Buenavista (alt. 1200 ft.) between Barbacoas and Ricaurte it rained
steadily for six days. Only once did I get a glimpse of the snow cap of
Mt. Cumbal in Ecuador.”
Expedition No. 7.— The Bogoté Region. January 19- April 16, 1913.
ey
Personnel.— Frank M. Chapman, George K. Cherrie, Louis A. Fuertes,
Paul G. Howes, Geoffroy O’Connell, Thomas M. Ring.
Ttinerary.— On January 19, 1913, we sailed from Barranquilla up the
Magdalena, and by taking advantage of stops for fire-wood and cargo,
collected 300 birds during our twelve-day voyage to La Dorada, the port
of Honda.
At Honda (alt. 600 ft.) we remained from February 2 to 9, collecting in
the immediate vicinity of the city, at the hacienda El Triunfo, a few miles
to the north, and at the beautifully situated posada, El Consuelo (alt. 3300
ft.) distant four hours’ ride on the mule trail to Bogoté.
February 10, we left Honda on mules over this trail for Bogoté. No
collecting was done en route during the three-day journey to Facatativé,
where a train was taken to Bogoté, but our familiarity in life with many of
the more common species observed, permitted us to make notes on their
altitudinal distribution as we rode slowly through their respective zones.
1 Mr. Richardson’s barometer not having reached him he was unable to learn accurately the eleva-
tion of Ricaurte. His collections, however, show that it is in the Subtropical Zone.— F. M. C.
Butretin A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXVI, Puate XVII.
Coast NEAR CARTHAGENA
(Tropical Zone; Caribbean Fauna.)
Suores oF THE Lower MacpaLena RIVER
The neighboring savannas support many cattle.
(Tropical Zone; Caribbean Fauna.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 51
We remained in Bogoté from February 12 to 20 buying mules and sup-
plies for our proposed journey to Villavicencio, distant some ninety miles
by trail, at the eastern base of the Andes, and during this period collected
on the Savanna in the vicinity of the city.
In order to simplify the problem of transportation and to avoid over-
taxing the limited resources of wayside posadas, our party was divided
into two sections for the journey to Villavicencio. This plan necessitated
the use of only three saddle- and three pack-mules. At the end of a day’s
journey of twenty to twenty-five miles, the first section stopped. After
resting a day the mules were sent back for the second section. On its
arrival the first section advanced another day’s journey. Relayed in this
manner we collected to a limited extent en route, at Chipaque (alt. 9000 ft.),
Quetame, (alt. 4600 ft.) and Monteredondo (alt. 4500 ft.). The first party
reached Buena Vista (alt. 4500 ft.), on the summit of the last ridge of the
Andes (the first ridge above Villavicencio) February 28, the second, March 2.
March 5, the first party left for Villavicencio, where it was joined by the
second party March 10. The first party remained at Villavicencio until
March 15, while the second party returned to Buena Vista March 13.
In all, therefore, we had nearly two weeks’ collecting at Buena Vista
and Villavicencio.
March 16, we all left Buena Vista for Bogoté. Additional mules were
hired to avoid delay and the journey was accomplished in the regulation
pack-train time of three days.
March 19, we left Bogota for Fusugasugé, distant about 35 miles to the
south at the upper border of the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley.
Collections were made in the vicinity of Fusugasuga (alt. 5464 ft.) and
at Aguadita (alt. about 6500 ft.) March 25 to 31, at El Roble (alt. 8100 ft.)
in the Subtropical Zone, April 1 to 4, and at El Pifion (alt. 9600 ft.) in the
Temperate Zone April 1 to 5.
April 5 to 9 was devoted to packing, and on April 10 we left Bogota on
our homeward journey, during which no birds were collected.
Barranquilla to Honda via the Magdalena River.— The Caribbean coast
of Colombia, both because of a low and irregular rainfall and the character
of the soil is comparatively arid. Acacias, cacti and other xerophytic
forms are the prevailing types of vegetation. This region, however, is so
remote from Bogota that, so far as I am aware, none of the birds which, in
Colombia, are restricted to it are found in Bogota collections.
It is not until one has passed Calamar and reached the vicinity of Banco,
about 150 miles from the mouth of the Magdalena, that the humid, forested
region is reached. More favorable soil and increased rainfall, doubtless
following condensation attributable to the proximity of the Eastern Andes,
52 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
presumably are responsible for the change from the open, scrubby vegetation
of the arid coastal area to the luxuriant forests which now almost continu-
ously line both shores of the river. Away from the border of the river,
however, at least on its eastern bank, the arid zone continues as far as
Puerto Nacional whence, according to Wyatt (Ibis, 1871, p. 117) “the first
few miles” of the road to Ocafia runs through “small savannas, tracts of
open grassy country sprinkled with a few stunted trees, or through woods.”
In the more northern part of this humid region tributary streams may
make their contribution to the muddy waters of the Magdalena through
marshy or low-lying land, but farther up the river the banks are higher and
the shores of entering streams are forested.
The humid zone of the floor of the Magdalena continues with no diminu-
tion in the luxuriance of the vegetation as far up the river as La Dorada,
about 600 miles from its mouth. Between this place and Honda a marked
change occurs. Strongly eroded buttes with castellated outlines appear,
the soil is thinner and less fertile, and although the rainfall is not so low as
at Barranquilla (Mr. Miller, the manager of the railway between La Dorada
and Ambalema, tells me that at Mariquita, a few miles east of Honda,
it has ranged in a few years observation from 85 to 100 inches annually)
the vegetation suggests that of an arid or semi-arid region. The heavy
forests are replaced by a more stunted growth and there are large tracts of
open country devoted to grazing. This condition apparently prevails to
the head of the Magdalena Valley. é
Honda to Bogoté.— In a region which has been inhabited by white man
for as many years as that lying between Honda and Giradot, and between
these towns and the plateau of Bogoté, it is often difficult to determine just
what changes man has wrought in the character of the country. At present,
however, in following either the mule trail from Honda or the railroad from
Giradot, one sees but little forest growth between the Magdalena river and
the Savanna of Bogota. In the upper Magdalena Valley proper, the absence
of heavy forest, as has been remarked, is doubtless due to the character of
the soil, but on the mountain slopes the first-growth timber has no doubt
disappeared in many places before the agriculturist. Remains of this
forest were discovered between El Consuelo and El Alto de Sargento on the
first ridge -of the Andes east of Honda, where at an altitude of some 4000
feet, we found such characteristic species of the Tropical Zone as Formicarius
analis and Myrmelastes immaculatus.
At El Vergel (alt. 5500 ft.), on the summit of the second ridge, or that
lying east of Guaduas, there is a small area of apparently primeval forest
in which oaks, some 75 feet in height, were prominent and the presence
here of Xanthoura yncas galeata, Brachyspiza capensis, Melanerpes flavi-
Buuietin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Prare XVIIT.
CentraL Lower MaapaLtena River
The country is heavily forested.
(Tropical Zone; Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
sr
A Woop Yarp In THE MaGpaLeNna Forests
Many birds were collected at such localities when the steamer stopped for fuel.
(Tropical Zone; Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 53
gula and Grallaria ruficapilla indicated that we had reached the second or
Subtropical Zone.
Beyond this place the country is again more or less thickly settled and
coffee plantations have replaced the forest which probably once existed
here. Certain birds were abundant but the conditions were obviously
unnatural and far from satisfactory to one who would study animal life in’
an undisturbed environment. Possibly owing to the absence of the luxuri-
ant forest which usually occurs at an altitude of from 6000 to 9000 feet,
such birds of the Temperate Zone as Semimerula gigas and Sturnella
magna meridionalis were encountered as low as 6000 feet.
At an altitude of 7300 feet, on the line of the railroad from Giradot to
Facatativé, one passes through a broad belt of superb first-growth forest,
such as doubtless once occupied the slopes now given to agriculture on the
Honda trail, but at no other place was primeval forest observed from the
railway. Aside, therefore, from the few days at El Consuelo and obser-
vations made from mule-back on the road to Facatativaé, we did no work
in the country lying between Honda and the Bogoté Savanna. In the
country above Fusugasugé, however, to be presently described, primeval
conditions were found and representative collections made of the birdlife
of the Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the western slope of the Eastern
Andes. |
The Bogoté Savanna.— Bogota, a locality to which so many species of
birds have been attributed, has, as a matter of fact, a comparatively restricted
avifauna. Situated at an elevation of 8600 feet, near the southern end of
the great Savanna which is so striking and unusual a feature of Colombian
Andean topography, and at the western base of the chain which encloses
the Savanna at the east, it is in the arid portion of the Temperate Zone.
The word arid, as used here, does not necessarily imply sterility, but indi-
cates the existence of conditions which prevent forest growth in a zone
where, under favorable circumstances, such growth should occur. For
example, at the altitude of Bogoté on the trail from that city to Fusugasuga
beyond Cibaté, luxuriant forest growth is found and, in consequence, the
upper limit of the Subtropical Zone here reaches upward to somewhat over
9000 feet, or nearly, if not quite, to the divide at El Pifion.
This forest is obviously due to the heavy rainfall which prevails at that
point, just as on the Savanna of Bogoté the lack of forest is possibly attribut-
able to insufficient rainfall! However this may be, practically the only
tree we saw on the Savanna between Facatativé and Cibaté, is the intro-
1 The rainfall at BogotA is given by Petre (‘The Republic of Colombia,’ London, 1906) as 42
inches for the six months’ wet season.
54 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
duced eucalyptus, and the existence here of a peculiar race (O. a. peregrina)
of such a plains-loving species as Otocoris alpestris implies that the region
is naturally treeless.’ ;
So far as we observed, every available square foot of the Savanna is
used for pasturage or agricultural purposes, chiefly the growing of wheat
and corn, the grazing area, however, prevailing. The Bogoté River, as it
winds through the Savanna, in places widens into small pools the banks of
which are bordered by reeds and cat-tails. In the rainy season depressions
of from a few square yards to others of several hundred acres or more become
lagoons, and it is in these restricted localities that the resident, as well as
winter visitant water-birds of the Savanna are found.
To the North American ornithologist the bird-life of the Savanna holds
so many familiar forms that it was difficult for us to realize that we were
.. within 300 miles of the Equator.
By ascending the mountains Guadalupe or Mont Serraté one may reach
‘the Paramo Zone, at an elevation of between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. Our
plans to visit this zone with its restricted avifauna, did not, however,
mature, and we touched this upper life-zone only at its lower border on the
higher parts of the trail between Bogota4 and Chipaque. ,
Bogoté to Villavicencio.— The trail from Bogota to Villavicencio and the
Llanos of eastern Colombia leads directly over that ridge of the Eastern
Andes at the western foot of which the city lies. A few squares south of
the Central Plaza one turns eastward and the ascent begins before the city
limits are reached: The country is rolling rather than precipitous, and for
a considerable distance the trail leads over comparatively level country. The
actual divide is situated at the extreme eastern edge of the ridge, some ten
miles from Bogoté, where from the mouth of the pass, at an altitude of
approximately 10,700 feet, one looks down the extremely steep eastern slope
to the valley of Chipaque two thousand feet below. The average height of
that part of the ridge traversed by the trail is about 10,000 feet, and nowhere
does it rise higher than 10,300 until the pass is approached. In limited
areas well-developed Temperate Zone forest exists, but the country for the
greater part is covered with a bushy scrub, or with low ferns. Both to the
north and south cones or spurs of the ridge rise at a sharp angle to as much
as 2000 feet above the trail. On the slopes with a northerly exposure, timber-
line extended to approximately 11,000-11,500 feet. On southerly slopes it
was about 500 feet lower and under these conditions, frailejons, one of the
most characteristic paramo plants, grew abundantly almost down to the
level.of the trail. The pass, using this term in the broad sense to cover the
higher parts of the trail between Bogota and a point where the descent to
Chipaque begins, lies in the Temperate Zone and though it is frequently
Bouuuetin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Prate XIX.
SLOPES ABOVE Bocota
Junction of Temperate and Paramo Zones.
Tur Environs or Bocora
View of the Savanna from the beginning of the trail to Villavicencio.
(Temperate Zone.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 55
referred to as paramo, it barely reaches the level at which true paramo be-
gins. The prevailing winds are easterly and the clouds which have passed
over the lower ridges to the east here give up their moisture, producing a
climate marked by chilling winds with driving mist and rain.
The upper portions of the eastern slope above Chipaque are covered
with dense, but rather poorly developed Temperate Zone forest, the last
forest-growth through which the trail passes until one reaches the eastern-
most ridge in the range. :
As one descends to Chipaque the forest, doubtless partly because of
natural conditions and partly because of the demands of agriculture, gradu-
ally disappears. We were favored in securing quarters at an hacienda about
a mile west of the town of Chipaque and some five hundred feet above it.
The avifauna here was characteristic of that of the Temperate Zone,
.a single specimen of Gallinago nobilis and one of Cistothorus equatorialis
taken at approximately ten thousand feet, indicated our proximity to the
Paramo Zone above, while a single specimen of Henicorhina leucophrys
guttata taken in the dense undergrowth bordering a deep ravine cut by the
C4queza, illustrated the tendency of a lower zone fauna to penetrate the
zone above along the protected banks of barrancas.
The absence of forests between the summit of the range above Chipaque
and the most eastern ridges of the range, or approximately between 9500
and 4500 feet altitude, was a great disappointment to us, since it prevented
us from securing a collection in the Subtropical Zone forests of the range.
This is the most serious gap in our field work in the Bogoté region. Such
forest doubtless exists in other parts of the range, but in the region traversed
by us it was restricted to the summits of the higher mountains and ridges
where, under the circumstances, it was not accessible. That its exploration
would yield most interesting results for comparison with those obtained
near Fusugasugé is indicated by the discovery of a new form of Ostinops
sincipitalis, taken by Ring with much difficulty from a forest-crowned
summit rising to 1000 feet above Monteredondo, and by the striking differ-
ence found to exist between the Jays of the genus Xanthoura inhabiting
opposite slopes of the range.
At Quetame (alt. 4800 ft.), our next station, the trail continues to pass -
through an arid, treeless region with some tree-growth along the water-
courses in ravines or lateral barrancas, and occasionally a crown of forest
on some rounded crest high enough to receive moisture.
The first evidences of Amazonian bird-life were observed just east of
‘C4queza, and about thirty miles from Bogota where, at an altitude of 5500
feet, Tanagra episcopus was noted, and from this point it became increas-
ingly common as we journeyed toward the Llanos.
56 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
The scarcity of arborescent vegetation at Quetame necessarily limited
the numbers of species of birds found there. Altitudinally in the Sub-
tropical Zone, only the scanty growth of timber along streams flowing into
the Rio Negro itself furnishes a haunt for the tree-inhabiting species of this
zone, but in such localities the few species secured were members of the zone
in which Quetame is situated. Examples are Xanthoura cyanodorsalis,
Grallaria ruficeps, and Cinclus.
But mingled with these birds were outlying representatives of the Tropic
Zone below; for example Planesticus ignobilis and Tanagra. episcopus, while
on the grassy hillsides or along the hedge-rows such characteristic species
— of the Temperate Zone as Sturnella meridionalis and Planesticus gigas found
) their lower limit. At Quetame, then, although the avifauna was in the main
that of the Subtropic Zone, representatives of both the zone below (Tropic)
and zone above (Temperate) met, a condition we have not found elsewhere.
At Monteredondo, some five miles east of Quetame, but at about the
‘same altitude (4800 ft.), arborescent vegetation was somewhat more
‘developed and from this point it increased steadily in size and abundance.
Ten miles further east the mountain slopes rising from the southern side of
the Rio Negro were heavily forested from base to summit, here a matter
of about 3000 feet, but the slopes on the northern side, or those having a
southerly exposure, were still comparatively bare; a condition possibly due
to the fact that the prevailing winds are northeast rather than southeast.
As we traveled_eastward the forested areas continued to increase, the
most eastern ridge of the range being covered with superbly developed
primeval woods from the Llanos at their base to their crest (alt. 4500 ft.).
On the western side, where the slopes reached the Rio Negro, now
some 2500 feet below, the forest continued to the water’s edge. In this
region we made our base at the posada of Buena Vista, situated at the side
of the trail on the summit of the ridge directly above Villavicencio lying
some 3000 feet below at the base of the Andes.
Buena Vista was our most productive station. From the surrounding
region have come many Bogoté skins. Within two hundred yards of the
posada lie as finely developed tropical forests as I have ever entered; the
trees are of exceptional height (averaging over one hundred feet), the forest
floor is comparatively open. Numerous trails greatly facilitate the. passage
of the collector and I recall with unalloyed pleasure our experiences in this
delightful locality.
The fauna of Buena Vista is mainly that of the Tropical Zone, with the
addition of some species from the zone above. The fact, however, that the
ridge reaches an altitude of only 4500 feet, and that there are no higher
ridges nearby, evidently limits the number of Subtropical Zone representa-
tives.
Bouuuetin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Piare XX.
EasTERN ANDES BETWEEN BoGotTa AND CHIPAQUE
(Temperate Zone.)
CHIPAQUE
View looking west.
(Temperate Zone.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 57
As has been remarked, the eastern slope of the eastern ridge of the Andes
is forested from summit to base. At the foot of the ridge which rises
abruptly from the level plain at its feet, the forest of the mountain gives
way to the grasses of the Llanos.
The environs of Villavicencio, to which our collecting was confined,
are largely under cultivation. The original llano grasses have given way
to Para and Guinea grass; various crops are cultivated; trees border the
byways and are found in clumps on small areas in the bottom-lands.
Somewhat farther east stretches of forest occur. The differences between
the bird-life of Buena Vista and that of Villavicencio are due to the char-
acter of the country rather than to altitude. Doubtless had we collected
in the forests at the base of the mountain, we should have found many
species which we secured only at Buena Vista.
Bogoté to Fusugasugé4.— Our disappointment in finding so little undis-
turbed, primeval country along the trail from Honda and the railroad from
Giradot to the tableland was forgotten when we discovered the admirable
conditions for collecting which exist between Bogoté and Fusugasugé.
As aregion to which Bogotafios repair for climatic change, Fusugasuga is
often thought of as a suburb of the larger city, a conception which is fostered
by the apparent proximity of the two cities as seen on maps. It is probable,
however, that, excepting a few raptorial species, not two birds are common
to both places. Beginning our journey at Cibaté, at the southern end of
the Savanna, it is doubtful if, even in Colombia, one could encounter more
pronounced faunal changes than occur in the fifteen miles lying between
that place and Fusugasuga.
Cibaté has the same altitude as Bogoté and, except to the south, the
surrounding country, and doubtless its bird-life, are essentially similar;
but within a few minutes after leaving the railway station, which marks
the terminus of the twenty-miles of track constituting the Ferrocaril del
Sur, one begins to climb the low hills which form the southern rim of the
Savanna. Where not under cultivation, the ground is covered with a
scrubby second growth which, within three miles, is gradually replaced
by the low, stunted, moss-covered forest of the humid Temperate Zone.
The ascent is now barely perceptible but it continues to the posada of El
Pifion, at the extreme southern edge of the ridge dividing the Savanna of
Bogota from the slopes below it.
At this point the trail drops abruptly into the almost gorge-like valley
which leads to Fusugasug4. On each side, and separated by less than a
mile, stand the precipitous walls which flank the valley. Heated air from
the broad, radiating surfaces of the semi-arid | Magdalena plains below is
_ drawn ‘up ‘this slit in the mountains and at El Pifion meets the cooler
58 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
atmosphere of the tableland. Condensation ensues and in consequence the
rainfall here, and in the valley immediately below, is doubtless unusually
high.
Evidently for this reason, the forest of the Temperate Zone at El Pifion
is more luxuriant than we have found it elsewhere, while the floor and
where circumstances permitted, the sides of the valley below were clothed
with heavy, subtropical forest broken only by artificial clearings until one
reached a point some 1500 feet above Fusugasugé. From this point down-
ward the forest has been cleared and replaced by the coffee plantations which
surround the town of Fusugasugé.
Our nearest collecting station to El Pifion was El Roble, a posada 1000
feet lower down on the trail to Fusugasugé. Nowhere in Colombia have
we found so great a faunal change in so short a distance as that which occurs
between these two points. Indeed one has to go only a few hundred feet
below El Pifion to pass from the Temperate, completely into the Subtropical
Zone. So steep is the trail that one seems to be descending a flight of stairs.
Within a dozen steps the rolling ground of the dividing ridge is lost to view,
and one is at once protected from the chill winds of the tableland. Very
quickly a striking change is observed in the vegetation as the larger, more
open-limbed, liane-draped trees of the Subtropical Zone replace the smaller,
thickly branched, moss-covered ones of the Temperate Zone.
About 1200 feet below. El Roble, we collected at a way-side posada known
as Aguadita. The valley is here somewhat wider, but the heavy subtropi-
cal forest, essentially like that found at El Roble, and broken only by occa-
sional clearings, still prevails.
A short distance below Aguadita the primeval forest ends and the coffee
plantations begin and continue to and beyond Fusugasugé. While climati-
cally in the Subtropical Zone, the clearing away of the original forest-growth
has permitted a number of species characteristic of the semi-arid Tropical
- Zone of the Magdalena Valley to extend their range up the mountain slope.
Examples are Mimiis, Tanagra cana and T. palmarum.*’ Our party was
stationed only a day or two at Fusugasug4, collections being made from this
-point in the forests 1500 feet above the city.
Expedition No. 8.—The Antioquia Region. November, 1914— March 26, 1916.
Personnel.— Leo E. Miller; Howarth Boyle.
Itinerary— Miller and Boyle reached Medellin via the Magdalena
River to Puerto Berrio, November 11, 1914. After establishing their base
‘in this city they proceeded at once to Sta. Elena, one of Salmon’s most
‘important collecting stations,.on the summit of the first ridge of the Central
Buiietin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Pirate XXI.
<3
Rio Necro rrom Montrereponno
Upper limits of arborescent vegetation in the Rio Negro Valley;
Bogota-Villavivencio Trail at the right.
(Tropical Zone; Orinocan Fauna.)
JuNncTIon oF Rio Caqueza ano Rio Necro
A scene near Caqueza. Bogota-Villavicencio Trail leaves the floor of the valley at the right.
(Fusion of Temperate, Subtropical, and Tropical Zones.)
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 59
Andes east of Medellin. Here they worked from December 15 to 23, and
then proceeded twelve miles further east to Barro Blanco remaining there
from November 25 to 29. Returning to Medellin they collected for three
more days (Dec. 1-4) at Sta. Elena and arrived at their base December 5.
In order to determine to what extent the fauna of the lower Atrato has
reached the heavily forested portions of the lower Cauca region, the expedi-
tion left Medellin December 9 and reached Puerto Valdivia at the head of
navigation on the Cauca five days later. Collections were made here until
December 26, when the party retraced its steps to La Frijolera, some 5000
feet higher, working there from December 29 to January 4. About 600
birds were secured on this lower Cauca trip. These, in connection with
Salmon’s records from Remedios, Miller and Boyle’s later work at Malena
near Puerto Berrio, and some 300 specimens collected chiefly by the Bogota
expedition along the lower Magdalena, doubtless give a fair indication of
the extent to which Pacific coast forms have entered this region. Return-
ing to Medellin preparations were made for the ascent of the zodlogi-
cally unknown Paramillo, at the northern end of the Western Andes, the
most important and most difficult piece of exploration planned for this
expedition. :
Medellin was left January 14, and Peque reached on the 19th. Here
the mules were replaced by Indian porters, and after four days, which evi-
dently made exceptional demands on the strength and perseverance of the
explorers, the Paramo was reached January 23. Between this date and
February 1, over 150 birds were secured. Several were new to science
and the collection as a whole very clearly shows the character of this, the
highest point found by us in the Western Andes. Most of the species belong
to the upper Temperate rather than the Paramo or Alpine Zone; such char-
acteristic Paramo species as Phrygilus and Upucerthia were apparently
wanting. On the other hand, a number of species were taken which had
been previously found on the crest of the Andes west of Popayan, the only
other point at which we have discovered a Temperate Zone in the Western
Andes. Chief among these is an excellent series of Diglossa gloriosissima,
hitherto known only from the specimens secured by Richardson and Miller
at an elevation of 10,300 feet west of Popayan. A fine series was also
taken of Diglossa brunneiventris, previously found in Colombia only by
Salmon at Sta. Elena, showing that the Colombian form is not separable
from the Peruvian race.
The final work planned for this most successful expedition was on the
Atrato slopes of the Western Andes. From the Paramillo, Miller and Boyle
returned February 9 to Buritica, left this place on the 9th and reached
Dabeiba, their first station, on the 11th. Collections were made here from
60 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
February 12 to 14, when they moved ten miles further down the river to
Alto Bonito where, between February 16 and 23, they secured 255 birds.
A two-day stop (Dec. 25-26) was made at Dabeiba in returning to Medellin.
Only two stations now remained to be visited; Malena near Puerto
Berrio, selected by Miller as a favorable point on his way into Medellin,
and La Playa, near Barranquilla. One hundred birds were taken at the
first-named place March 9-11; and one hundred and five at the latter,
March 23-26.
Description of Route and Collecting Stations The following notes are
supplied by Mr. Miller:
La Playa:—“At La Playa, a few miles from Barranquilla, one enters a
typical stretch of the Arid Coastal Zone. The country is level or gently
undulating, sandy, and covered with a sparse growth of cacti and thorny
shrubs. Toward the river vast shallow salt lakes, swamps and mangrove
thickets abound.
“‘T was greatly surprised to find that the dry, sand-dune country con-
tained an abundant and varied bird-life, while the green mangrove jungles
were practically uninhabited. In the lagoons, Pelicans, Black Jacanas,
Herons, Sandpipers and Anhingas are very abundant, and Terns occasion-
ally pay them a visit.
“Tn the dry brush, large Wrens, Synallazis, Pigmy Owls, Mockingbirds,
Thamnophilus, Ground Doves, Sycalis, Orioles and Honey Creepers (sugar
birds) form the characteristic avifauna; and occasionally one meets Buccos,
Piculets, Woodpeckers and Herons, Parrots and Parrakeets. Many of
the bushes are loaded with bulky nests; but they are well protected by the
thorny branches, in spite of the fact that they are most conspicuous. One
visit was made at the end of the breeding season, though some species were
still with eggs and small young (March 23-26.) ”
Malena:—“ The first stop on the railway line beyond Puerto Berrio is
the village called Malena, and as the locality appeared to offer ideal facili-
ties for collecting, the expedition moved to that point March 10th and spent
four days collecting in the surrounding forest.
“Malena contains perhaps forty huts, and is situated in the heart of the
immense Magdalena forest. The forest is high consisting mainly of giant
ceibas, with comparatively little undergrowth; the tagua palm is abundant.
There is also an abundance of bamboo.
“ Bird-life fairly teems along the edge of the forest, but in the woods
there is little life except clouds of mosquitoes.
“During our visit there was but little rain and everything was dry.
Birds seemed to adhere to the banks of the small streams and, with few ex-
ceptions, did not band together in flocks.”
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 61
Puerto Berrio to Medellin:—‘ Coming up from Puerto Berrio, the heavy
Magdalena forest extends up until only about 1500 feet, although patches
of it ascend much higher, to the top of the lower foothills several thousand
feet high; beyond the forest belt begins open brush and scattered forest
country. Wild cane and bamboo jungles grow in profusion up to Cisneros,
alt. 3700 feet, which is the end of the eastern stretch of railroad. Beyond
Cisneros rocks appear — sandstone and granite, in boulders and outcrop-
ping ledges. By the time the highest point is reached (carriage road) at
La Quiebra, altitude 5425 feet, the hills are practically bare. Coming down
from La Quiebra toward Medellin the country is the same. The railroad
again begins at Botero and follows the Medellin River to the city; the valley
of this river is covered with a tall, slender willow growth which I have not
seen in any other place in Colombia. The trees are like some seen about
Popayan where a few have been planted along a driveway; but here they
form a pretty compact forest.”
Santa Elena and Barro Blanco:—‘ Santa Elena, is an interesting place
with an elevation of 9000 feet, which is the top of the ridge, although there
are a few peaks near which reach to 9500 feet. The temperature ranged
between 40° and 62°, and the vegetation reminds me much of the crest of
the Andes west of Popayan. There are, however, a few patches of forest,
but most of the country is grassy and brush-covered.
“Continuing toward Rio Negro (a large town) from Sta. Elena, a good
trail goes gently downward into an immense, practically level plateau from
7000 to 8000 feet high. All of this is pretty well settled, devoid of forest, and
‘cultivated; corn fields cover practically the whole region, with an occasional
pasture and small area of brush. Beyond the plateau the peaks again rise
about a thousand feet, with open or brush-covered sides and tops fringed
with low forest. Barro Blanco (our camp) was at the foot of this hemming-
in ridge. Although the altitude is 7200 feet, the heat at mid-day is intense.
‘Tall fan palms grow, though in small numbers, and there are clumps of feath-
ery bamboo. The fauna is quite different from that at Sta. Elena although
some forms such as Planesticus gigas and Brachyspiza are abundant. It
does not seem possible that this part of the Central Range was ever forested,
that is, as heavily as the jungle we found at San Antonio, above Cali,
although there are evidences that vast tracts have been cleared. All indica-
tions are that the mountainsides were to a large extent brush-covered with
bushes, ferns, and climbing bamboo up to fifteen feet high, with clumps of
low, rather open forest on the peaks. The soil for the main part is clay
and rocky. December, January and February, June, August and Septem-
ber are the dry months; March, April and May, July, October, and No-
vember are the ‘winter’ months, during which it rains. Our experience
62 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
is that there are pretty heavy showers in the late afternoon and rarely a
rainstorm at night; the mornings were bright and cloudy, with low-hanging
clouds until shortly after sunrise. Occasional gusts of clouds blew in during
the mornings, but lasted a few minutes only. The prevailing wind was from
the east.”
Medellin to Puerto Valdivia:—‘ From Medellin we took the train to
Barbosa, an hour and a half away; then we took mules. The trail at first
goes up very abruptly from 4625 feet to 8100 feet, which point we reached
at noon, three hours after starting. The country is barren of forest,
although there are a few small patches of brush. The high plateau is rough
and broken with many granite boulders strewn about. Santa Rosa, 9200
feet, seven leagues from Barbosa is a town of a few hundred houses, situated
in almost desert country; there are numerous mines in the vicinity, and
many diggings and tunnels are visible from the trail. This dry, desert
country continues for about two leagues beyond Santa Rosa; then small
patches.of open, rather stunted forest begin and continue for three leagues,
interspersed with llanos; this forest has little undergrowth, but the trunks
and branches are covered with short yellowish moss; apparently there is
not much rainfall. Woodpeckers (Melanerpes) abound in this semi-
forested zone. Now follow two mere leagues of almost barren country
until the town of Yarumal, 7000 feet, is reached. Yarumel is a good-sized
town, nearly as large as Santa Rosa. It rests on a steep hillside, so steep,
in fact, that it is difficult to walk on the streets.
“About a league beyond Yarumal magnificent first-growth forest begins,
and continues with minor interruptions only until Valdivia, six leagues
away. This forest reminds me much of that at San Antonio, above Cali,
and there is doubtless an abundance of rain; small torrents are also numer-
ous. The altitude of Valdivia is 4200 feet. In the immediate vicinity of
the town the forest has been cut away, but a mile beyond it again starts and
continues down to the Cauca River. This lowland forest is as tall or taller,
but has less moss, ete. than the high country forest. The distance from
Valdivia to Puerto Valdivia is one and a half leagues. We made the trip
from Medellin to the port in four and a half days.
“The Cauca, at Puerto Valdivia (alt. 360 ft.), flows directly between the
Western and Central Ranges, without any valley whatever. The mountains
slope up sharply right from the water’s edge on both sides and are heavily
forested except for a few small clearings where corn and cacoa grow, but
the clearings are too few.and far between to amount to anything.
“The climate was hot, the temperature often reaching 85°, but a daily
breeze in the afternoon, blowing up the Cauca, cooled the atmosphere con-
siderably. We had comparatively little rain. The rainy months are April,
Buuuetin A. M.N. H. Vout. XXXVI, Pirate XXII.
CountTRY NEAR Sta. Evena, CENTRAL ANDES
The original forest has largely disappeared.
(Fusion of Subtropical and Temperate Zones.)
WestTeRN ANDES NEAR ANTIOQUIA
(Tropical Zone; arid portion of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colomiia. . 63
June, July, August, October and November, with violent wind and hail
storms in July. The bird-life is abundant and interesting.
“On the return trip we stopped at a place called Frijolera (alt. 5000 ft.)
just this side of the town of Valdivia, principally to collect mammals for
which the country looked promising; here we took many more fine birds, :
and a good many mammals of numerous species.”
Exploration of the Paramillo— “The name Paramillo is applied to that
lofty spur of the Andes jutting out of the western range slightly below lati-
tude 7°. To explore this section the expedition left its base at Medellin
on January 14, 1915, with equipment sufficient for about three weeks’
actual field-work.
“The very good trail strikes toward the northwest, ascending the moun-
tainside rapidly, so that four hours after starting we had reached the top
of the range. A great cleft forms a natural pass 8750 feet high, and saves
a climb of at least an additional 1000 feet. The slope on the other (western)
side is more gentle. *
“We were immediately impressed with the barren nature of the country
for, with the exception of a few patches of low brush and the clumps of
withered grass, no vegetation was to be seen; and an occasional glimpse of
the Cauca River far below suggested the picture of a broad yellow ribbon
lying upon a brown, rocky plain.
“That night we reached a small town called San Geronimo, elevation
3200 feet. Near the town small patches of ground are irrigated with water
brought from mountain brooks and distributed through a network of arti-
ficial ditches; in these spots rice, corn and pasturage grow but rather
scantily on account of the rocky nature of the soil.
“Next morning we were on, the road before six; a few hours later, on
crossing the top of a small ridge, we came suddenly upon the town of Sope-
trén completely hidden in a fertile little valley filled with palms, mangoes,
and other beautiful trees; the cluster of some hundreds of neat white houses
with red tile roofs, the well-kept streets, and the multitude of birds flutter-
ing among the deep green foliage rendered Sopetrdn quite the most attractive
town of its size I have seen in Tropical America. At noon we reached the
Cauca and crossed that sluggish, muddy stream on a well-built suspension
bridge probably 800 feet long. Gravel: banks flank the sides of the river,
and bare sandy islands divide its waters; the elevation at this point is
approximately 2000 feet. One league beyond the Cauca lies the town of
Antioquia, altitude 2600 feet. The valley of the Cauca is here five to ten
miles wide, rolling; and supports no vegetation except occasional clumps of
mimosas and cacti which rather add to its desert-like appearance. The
high ranges of the Western and Central Andes hem it in like huge walls
of pink clay and sandstone.
64 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
“January 16, we reached Buriticé. Immediately after leaving Antio-
quia, a mere ledge of a trail begins the ascent of the Coast Range, and
while the safety of the two pack animals caused a good deal of anxiety,
it was nevertheless a relief to escape from the intolerable heat of the low
country. The altitude of Buritied is 6200 feet.
“On account of the jaded condition of the animals, we spent the morn-
ing of January 17, at Buriticdé; we took advantage of this time to divide the
equipment, leaving such material as we expected to use on our subsequent
visit to the.Rio Sucio. Leaving at noon, we reached a small settlement
known as Tabocal, altitude 5400 feet, at 5 P. M. We could now no longer
see the Cauca, our view having been shut off by a ridge of mountains sev-
eral thousand feet in height which rises out of the valley between the-ridge
we were on and the river. A slight change was perceptible in the character
of the country; extensive areas covered with low brush dotted the other-
wise barren landscape, though far apart; and on the extreme tops a both
ranges a thin fringe of greeil could be distinctly seen.
“Beyond Tabocal the country is extremely broken, there being frequent
rises and descents of 2000 feet; and several separate mountains, not con-
nected with the main ranges, stand here and there like huge monuments,
rising from a basal elevation of 3000 feet to 8000 or 9000 feet, which natur-
ally magnifies their already impressive proportions.
“Late in the afternoon of the 18th, we reached an altitude of 8000 feet
and entered a fine strip of forest, the first we had seen since leaving Medellin;
this is the beginning of the forested zone, which examination showed to be
at an equal height:on both the Central and Western Ranges, and to con-
tinue to the tops, which appear to rise to an altitude of 9000 feet or more.
The night was spent at an Indian hut called La:Meseta, altitude 7900 feet,
just below the forest belt, and situated in the midst of an extensive strip of
maize.
“Peque, the end of the journey by mule, was reached at noon on the 19th.
After leaving La Meseta the trail goes down abruptly; the town has an
altitude of only 5000 feet.
““Peque boasts of about fifty decaying mud huts and its population is
mostly of Indian descent, including some pure-blooded Indians; one of the
latter, Julian David, received us most cordially and rendered us every pos-
sible assistance in securing the porters for the ascent of the Paramillo.
“Some of the country surrounding Peque once doubtless bore a light
forest growth, with heavier forest in the ravines; but by far the’ greater
part is naturally bare or covered with a dense growth of brush. I was told
that at: the time of the Spanish Invasion, 40,000 Indians inhabited this
region; and as there are several mountain streams supplying an abundance
Buiietin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Plate XXIII.
Tue ParaMILLO, WESTERN ANDES
Camp of Expedition No. 8 at left; alt. 12,500 ft.
(Paramo Zone.)
CHARACTERISTIC VEGETATION ON THE PARAMILLO
(Paramo Zone.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 65
of fresh water and the soil responds fairly well to cultivation, there seems to
be no reasion why it should not have supported an extensive population. -
“The forest zone which, as stated before, begins at La Meseta, at 8000
feet, gradually extends its limits downward as we go farther north, until at
Peque it reached as low as 5000 feet in the deeper and well-watered ravines;
and as previously reported, at Puerto Valdivia it reaches the very edge of
the Cauca.
“We secured four half-breed porters to carry the equipment; and as there
was no trail to the Paramillo, a fifth man was secured to go in advance and
clear an opening with his machete.
“On the 21st we started at 6 A. M., following a short trail that led to a
lonely hut known as El Madeiro; this three hours’ walk took us through
country covered with large areas of tall brush, blackberry briars and guavas,
with occasional patches of forest, some of which had recently been burnt.
Arriving at El Madeiro (8000 ft.) we plunged into the magnificent forest,
going in a due westerly direction; it was our plan to follow along the top
of an undulating ridge, which one of the men said was the shortest and
easiest route.
“ At first the forest was fairly penetrable, but soon it assumed the charac-
ter of the well-known San Antonio (above Cali) jungle, being composed of
a solid wall of moss, ferns, creepers and epiphytes which burdened every
tree-trunk and branch.
“On account of the long climb, we made camp at 3 P. M., at an altitude
of 10,000 feet, having ascended 5000 feet in eight hours actual marching.
Water was obtained in a ravine over 1000 feet lower down on one side of
the ridge, and I may here add that this was the only water we had until
reaching the Paramillo, so that we went nearly two whole days without
drinking.
“The second day’s march we had hoped would be over a gentler slope;
but it was soon discovered that our ridge was composed of a succession of
knolls rising from 500 to 1000 feet above the main level, and the forest grew
denser constantly. We had to cut practically every foot of the way. In
places we actually walked over the top of the masses of vegetation; the
branches were a solid tangle of creepers, climbing bamboo, bromelias and
mosses, and formed spongy aérial bridges; more often it was easier to bur-
row through, and frequently ‘tunnels’ many yards long were cut through
which the carriers ctawled on hands and knees. The tops of some of the
hills were void of trees, their place being taken by a dense growth of
grass-like bamboo, wild oleander, thick-leaved shrubs, and thickets of
a tall, coarse grass with leaves eight feet tall and six inches wide. We
camped this night 11,350 feet up; the men eagerly cut down clumps of
66 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
bromelias hoping to obtain water, but all the leaves contained were a few
drops of liquid mud, utterly unfit for use. Although we travelled steadily
for ten hours, I doubt if we covered more than three miles. ;
“ A few hours after starting on the morning of January 23, we emerged
suddenly from the dark forest; instead of the tall, overburdened trees,
there were extensive areas of bushes, evergreens, stunted pines, and plants
with thick, round, rubbery leaves, interspersed with clumps of tall, rank
ferns. Beyond:stretched the bleak; wind-swept surface of the Paramo.
“The Paramillo region is composed of a series of sharply inclined peaks,
the highest of which attains an elevation of 13,000 feet, interspersed with
ravines and deep fissures. The surface consists mainly of dark sandstone
which in many places has been shattered so that a thin litter of the particles
cover the basal rock; occasionally a thin vein of white quartz crops out,
especially where, as often occurs, the strata stand in a perpendicular posi-
tion. Water there is none; we discovered but one small trickling brooklet;
but at the bottom of one of the crevices several pot-holes were found, each
containing several hundred gallons, and apparently remaining perpetually
full.
“Each night the temperature fell to 28°, and ice formed in our pails half-
an-inch thick; in the morning the ground was white with frost. On the
evenings of January 28, 29 and 30, there fell very slight, short showers of
rain. The prevailing wind came from the west.
“The vegetation is of a typical paramo character, consisting of low
clumps of ‘frailejones,’ blueberry bushes and tough grass. In the ravines
there are thick bushes and stunted trees, all heavily moss-covered.
“The vast expanse of level grazing country, and the broad marshes and
sphagnous areas so common to Sta. Isabel and El Valle de las Pappas were
conspicuously absent.
“Naturally, country of this character is not very well adapted to the
support of an extensive fauna. Birds were extremely scarce, and strange
to say, exceedingly wary.
“On all sides, excepting a break toward the west, the Paramillo is sur-
rounded by ridges, some reaching an elevation of 12,000 feet, the tops of
which are covered with dense forest, so that it stands like a mountainous,
brown ‘island amid the sea of green. The Paramo of Frontino could be
seen about twenty or twenty-five miles to the southwest, in a separate ridge,
not directly connected with the Paramillo.”
Buiritica to the Rio Sucio.— “ After completing the work on the Paramillo,
we returned to Buritica, which place was reached February 7, and on the
9th we began the trip to the Atrato drainage.
“Crossing the Western Range was comparatively easy, as the trail is
excellent; we reached the top four hours after leaving Buritica, the altitude
Buiuetin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Puate XXIV.
ALTO Bonito, Rio Sucio
(Tropical Zone; Colombian-Pacific Fauna.)
Rio Cauca at Puerto VaALpivIA
View looking north, near the southern limit of forest on the lower Cauca. The Central
Andes arise from the right hand bank, the Western Andes from the left. At no
other place do these ranges so closely approach each other.
(Tropical Zone; Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 67
of the pass being 8000 feet. Then the trail winds steadily downward,
adhering closely to the sides of the Rio Cafiasgordas (Rio Sucio). We spent
the first night at the town of Cafiasgordas, altitude 5000 feet, a settlement
of Perhaps 5000 people, and next day reached a house called Orobajo,
altitude 3225 feet. The river which begins as a small spring just this side
of the summit of the range, here attains a width of two hundred feet and is a
Taging torrent, the muddy water leaping and dashing over a bed strewn
with huge rounded boulders of granite. Along the banks grow strips of
dense bamboo, wild cane and brush interspersed with small patches of culti-
vated ground; these strips of verdure do not exceed a few hundred yards
in width, and beyond that the country is bare or covered with short, thin
grass. This was a surprise to me as I had expected to find the whole west
slope heavily forested.
“We reached Dabeiba late on the 11th; as we reached the summit of the
last little knoll, a beautiful panorama was spread before us; a perfectly
level valley several miles long and a mile wide, covered with light green
vegetation lay at our feet; in the center stood a cluster of forty or fifty
white huts — the town of Dabeiba. Here and there a white area contrast-
ing strongly with the green, marked the location of a cotton field; and
through the center of the valley flowed the Sucio, now swollen to a rapid,
muddy stream a few hundred feet wide. The sides of this valley are hemmed
in by successive bluffs of sandstone, rising one above the other and at some
distance apart, and I could never quite convince myself that this region
had not once been covered by a good-sized lake.
“‘Dabeiba marks the beginning of the coastal forest zone; the change
from open country to forest is not gradual, but sharply marked. After col-
lecting in this locality three days we accepted the invitation of an acquaint-
ance and moved to his house, called Alto Bonito, ten miles down the river
from Dabeiba. At the latter place the altitude is 2000 ft.,! and Alto Bonito
is 1500 ft. Primeval forest covers all the surrounding country and the
abundance of bromelias, ferns, and parasites indicates an abundant rainfall,
although there is little underbrush.
“Right days were spent at Alto Bonito, and a great many specimens
secured that were new to us; but a large percentage were identical with
those collected at Puerto Valdivia.
“The work at Alto Bonito provided the last link in the chain of facts
regarding the forested areas of northwestern Colombia, together with facts
concerning the extension of the mountain ranges.
““The Western Cordillera terminates in the Cerro Aguila, just below
1] am convinced that our aneroid registers at least 500 ft. too high; but I have given its readings
throughout, except at Puerto Valdivia and at La Playa (Barranquilla).
68 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
9°, on the Golfo de Urab4, altitude less than 1000 feet. Gradually, north
of the Paramillo, the range becomes lower and lower; in lat. 73°, the highest
peak, called Alto Esmeralda, does not exceed 4000 feet; and the Abibe, a few
roiles further north, attains an altitude of only 3600 feet. Beyond this the
range is described as being mere hills.
“A new road has just been completed from Turbo on the Gulf of Uruba
(Darien) to Monteria, on the Rio Sint. This cuts right across the country
about which we know the least, and I was interested to learn two facts:—
the highest point in the road is 800 feet, and, every mile of the distance was
cut through heavy, primeval forest. This, it would seem, provides for an
easy passage for Atrato forms to the Cauca, at least to such forms (forest)
which can ascend up to 800 feet; and this the collections from Puerto Val-
divia and Alto Bonito should prove. However, I believe that forms which
adhere strictly to the coast country, that is to the forest growing in the
perpetual rain-belt, would be barred to a great extent from entering the
Cauca, for, from all I can learn, the Cerro Aguila extends to the very coast
notwithstanding that it is not so marked on our map.!
“* After having entered the forests of the Cauca, there should be no ob-
stacle to prevent birds entering the Magdalena forests, via the mouth of the
Cauca and the San Jorge which furnish a natural connecting link.”’
AUXILIARY COLLECTIONS.
Satisfactory determination of the specimens secured by our expedition
in Colombia has been greatly facilitated by comparison with collections
already existing in the Museum, or with others which have been recently
made primarily for use in this connection. Under the first head should be
mentioned the Lawrence Collection with its numerous types, and, particu-
larly, the H. H. Smith Santa Marta collection. This contains some 3000
specimens of about 300 species collected chiefly in the Tropical and Sub-
tropical Zones of the Santa Marta mountains.
Under the second head, a collection made in 1912-1913, in Ecuador by
W. B. Richardson, is deserving of first place. This contains some 4000
specimens including much topotypical material. Second place is accorded
to a collection of some 1800 specimens made in eastern Panama by Rich-
ardson, H. E. Anthony and D.S. Ball. These collections have been of the
utmost value in identification and in distributional problems.
1This information was given to me by Sr. Cspinos, Director of the School of Mines in Medel-
lin; and also by Ernesto White who was building the road I wrote you about.— L. E. M.
1917.J° Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 69
When our own collections lacked the specimens needed to answer the
question at issue, an appeal to allied institutions or to collectors has rarely
failed to produce them.
‘The Batty Collection.— In 1898, the American Museum purchased from
the late J. H. Batty 290 bird skins which had been collected by him in the
region about Cali. The specimens are fully labeled, but I have been able
definitely to locate only a few of the places at which they were taken, and
with some exceptions they are therefore not listed in this paper. It should
be added that the collection contains only one or two species not obtained
by our Museum expeditions. It was through this collection and informa-
tion secured in many long talks with Mr. Batty that I was first attracted
to the Cauca Valley.
The Mrs. Kerr Collections — In 1908 the American Museum purchased
from an American woman, Mrs. Elizabeth L. Kerr, one hundred and ninety-
four bird skins which she had collected in Colombia west of Honda, in the
Magdalena Valley, and on the eastern slopes of the Central Andes up to an
altitude of 3000 feet.
Later Mrs. Kerr was commissioned to collect specimens in the Atrato
Valley, and the two hundred skins secured by her and listed under the locali-
ties she visited are the only ones we have secured from this region, except
those taken by Miller and Boyle at Dabeiba and Alto Bonito.
The Hermano Apolinar Maria Collections— Through the cordial rela-
tions established by our Expedition No. 7 with Hermano Apolinar Maria,
Director of the Instituto de la Salle of Bogotd, we have since received from
him a number of small lots of birds from the Bogot4. Some have been col-
lected at our request, some have been sent for identification, some in ex-
change, others as a donation. They have included a large proportion of
rare and interesting species. Brother Apolinar’s codperation has been
especially valuable in securing specimens of species but poorly or not at
all represented in the collections made by our Expedition No. 7.
The Gonzales Collections — Manuel Gonzales, a native of Bogota, while
employed as a general helper by our Expedition No. 7, was taught to prepare
bird skins. A collecting outfit was left with him and he subsequently
sent us some six hundred specimens, chiefly from the region about: Bogota,
but including also seventy-nine from Barrigon at the head of navigation
on the Meta. The localities visited by Gonzales, with the number of speci-
mens collected at each are listed in the Gazeteer.
70 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
An OUTLINE OF COLOMBIAN TOPOGRAPHY.
Detailed descriptions of Colombian topography, so far as we are familiar
with it, are given im the itineraries of our various expeditions and in the
characterization of the zones and faunas proposed. The physical, and
zodgeography of the country is also presented in the accompanying maps.
But at the risk of some repetition, it is proposed to present here an outline
of Colombian physiography emphasizing those features which are of special
importance in the study of the distribution of its life.
It should be observed that in Ecuador the Andean system is, faunally,
composed of but one range with, consequently, but one Pacific and one
Atlantic slope, and one Temperate Zone bordered on each side by the Pa-
ramo Zone islands of the higher peaks. But shortly after crossing the
Colombian boundary this great range branches into three clearly defined
ranges, each one of which is separated from its neighbor by a valley which
descends to the Tropical Zone. The Magdalena Valley, lying between the
Eastern and Centra] Andes, is never less than thirty miles in width and, in
its lower part, much wider. The Cauca Valley, lying between the Central
and Western Andes, from somewhat north of Popayan to north of Cartago
has a width of twenty to thirty miles, but in Antioquia it is contracted to
the width of the Cauca River from the eastern and western banks of which
the Central and Western Andes respectively arise.
Except in this region, therefore, the three ranges of the Andes in Colom-
bia nowhere approach one another, and at no place do their upper life-
zones — Subtropical, Temperate, and Paramo— come into contact with the
corresponding zone of the neighboring range.
It should further be noted that all three ranges terminate in the Tropical
Zone, the Western and Central in Colombia, the Eastern in Venezuela.
. It follows, therefore, that their three upper zones end, as it were, in the air;
that is, at their most northern part, they have no such connection, through
gradual descent of zonal boundaries with increasing south latitude, as, for
example, exists between the Temperate Zone in Colombia at from 9500 to
12,000 feet, and the Temperate Zone in Argentina at sea-level.
The Western Andes have no peaks reaching to snow-line, and we know
of only four points at which they enter the Temperate Zone, one of which,
the Paramillo, is near the northern end of the range. There appear to be
no passes below 4900 feet (Cresta de Gallo, 4924 ft.), the average elevation
is approximately 7000 feet, and the summit of the range is therefore usually
in the Subtropical Zone.
The Central Andes have a number of snow-crowned peaks; Paramo
1917.] : Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 71
Zone islands are not infrequent, I know of no pass below 10,000 feet, the
average height of the range may be said to be about 11,000 feet, and its
summit is therefore largely in the Temperate Zone.
The Eastern Andes also possesses several snow peaks and numerous
Paramo Zone islands. So far as we have learned, at only one point, until
one approaches the northern extremity in Colombia, do they fall below the
Temperate Zone, the pass at Andalucia between the upper Magdalena Valley
and the Caqueté region having an altitude, as determined by Miller, of only ,
7000 feet.
In addition to these main branches of the Andean system, all of which
are connected at their base north of the Ecuadorian boundary, Colombia
possesses three other mountainous areas; the Baudo-Panama, what may
be called the Amazonian, and the Santa Martan. The Baudo mountains,
lying west of the upper Atrato form the true Pacific Coast Range. They
are said to attain an altitude of 5500 feet, making’ their summit subtropical.
In discussing the northward extension of the Subtropical Zone into Central
America, evidence is presented which is believed to indicate that this range
once possessed a greater altitude connecting it with the mountains of the
Panama boundary at the north, and Western Andes at the south, at which
time it formed a fourth Colombian branch of the Andean system on which
the Subtropical Zone was carried into eastern Panama.
Little is known about the mountains lying east of the Eastern Andes on
upper Amazonian drainage (as before remarked), but I can find no evidence
of their having an altitude of over 3000 feet, and if this be true, they do not
reach above the Tropical Zone. Hamilton Rice! writes that the Sierra
Chiribiquete “may be a counterfort thrown out from the Suma Paz, and
is a chain of crag-like peaks and hog-backs rising to an altitude of over
2800 feet.” He doubts the existence of the Tunahi or Padavida range,
shown by Codazzi.
The zodlogical evidence supports the geological belief that the Santa
Marta mountains are of independent formation and have had no connection
with the Andes. As such, the life of this group above the Tropical Zone,
is insular and the study of the geographical origin of its forms is a clearly
circumscribed problem, supplemental to that presented by the life of the
main Andean chain.
Aside from these smaller mountain groups, it is obvious that the exten-
sion, almost the entire length of Colombia, of three distinct, high mountain
ranges, effectively cuts up the Tropical Zone through which they pass into
several sections each of which is more or less segregated from the other.
1 Geog. Journ., 1914, p. 144.
72 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Thus, the great region lying east of the Eastern Andes, the western ex-
tension of the Amazonian and Orinocan basins, is separated by this range
from the Magdalena Valley.
This valley, in turn, is walled about by the Eastern and Central Andes
and, so far as tropical life is concerned, is accessible only at its northern end.
The Cauca Valley is similarly isolated and is open only at the north,
while the Pacific coast region is shut off at the south by the deserts of south-
ern Ecuador and Peru, and at the east by the entire Andean system. Like
the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys it, too, is apparently to be entered only at
the north. Tropical Colombia, therefore, may broadly be spoken of as
consisting of the western portion of the Amazon-Orinoco Basins and three
cul de sacs which debouch on its northern coast.
To what extent existing faunal conditions are dependent on existing
topography, and to what extent they have been brought about by what
may be called pre-Andean topography, remains for us to determine.
REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS.
The detailed information which we gathered in relation to the distribu-
tion of forests in Colombia will be found in the descriptions of the routes
traversed by our expeditions, as well as in the Gazeteer. We covered,
however, so comparatively little ground, and conditions change so abruptly,
that data are lacking for anything but the most generalized statements in
regard to the extent of the forest areas of Colombia as a whole. The pres-
ence or absence of forests, however, has so important a bearing on the
boundaries of faunal areas, that from the zodlogist’s point of view, even
generalized statements are of value.
The Forests of the Tropical Zone.— The Tropical Zone possesses five large
areas of heavy, humid forest. Named in order of their importance they
are (1) the Amazonian; (2), the Pacific coast; (8), the lower Cauca-Mag-
dalena; (4) the Maracaibo Basin, only the western portion of which enters
Colombia, and (5) the Santa Martan.
The Amazonian forest region occupies all that part of Colombia lying
east of the Andes and south of the Rio Guaviare. Its northern boundary,
therefore, lies‘just north of the divide between Amazonian and Orinocan
drainage. It forms, in fact, the northwestern corner of the vast forests
of upper Amazonia which, southward, reach to Bolivia.
Miller (Expedition No. 5), writing from an elevated position near
Florencia says “one has a good view of the Caqueté country,.a_perfect ocean -
of forest stretching out ahead as far as the eye can see, which, on clear days,
Burt. A. M. N. H.
Vor. XXXVI, Prate XXV
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Mountain Forest
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DISTRIBUTION OF
(-~] Unrorestep AREAS
LT} Lranos
FORESTS IN COLOMBIA
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 73
is many miles. The sight is most impressive. There is not a single rise
visible and the forest is of uniform height.”
Dr. Hamilton Rice writing from a point west of the Sierra Chiribiquete
(Lat. 1° 10’ 16”; Long. 72° 12’ 34” and therefore slightly south of east
from Miller’s station) says:' “From this high land the Chiribiquete was
seen to extend southeast as far as the eye reached, the rest of the country
being undulating and forest-covered. ...Occasionally the forest gave place
to a dense growth of bush (rastrojo), a wild tangled thicket, difficult to get
through, on a bottom of black, boggy mud, and especially hard on the
carriers.” The same writer (i. c., p. 144) also refers to the densely forested
plains of the Inirida and Uaupes, while his description of the transition
from the Llanos north of the Guaviare to the forested region south of it (I. c.
p. 145) I quote in full:
“Tn passing from north to south across such a stretch of country as that
between San Martin and the Caqueté district, one may note differences of
Amazonian vegetation characteristic of each different level of land. First
there are the grassy savannas or campos with their knolls, glades, thickets,
and scattered scrub; then the vegetation of the lowlands or rebalsa edging
the rivers and inundated in the wet or winter season; next the forests of the
low plains or monte bajo, which when seen from above appear more evenly
topped and lighter than the woods on land above the highwater mark
(monte alto), which are known as Virgin or Primeval forest. On closer
inspection the trees of the low plain are seen to be lower and more scattered
than those of the high land, without any great abundance of palms or lianas,
but with a profusion of ferns. In the Virgin forest the trees are densely
packed and high, from which emerge solitary individuals still more lofty,
overtopping even the highest palms, and from whose massive masts are
spread diverse forms of crowns and summits, dome, pyramidal, and cande-
labra, the whole interwoven by an intricate meshwork of lianas and vines.
The vegetation of the rebalsa near the river bank is often low and bushlike,
but gradually increases in height, the further it is from the bank, until, at
the point to which the highest floods reach, it almost rivals the trees of the
monte alto in height.”
The Pacific coast forest extends from northwestern Ecuador northward
to eastern Panama, and from the shore-line eastward to the forests of the
Subtropical Zone, or to the summits of outlying ridges. Under the condi-
tion first-named the entire Pacific slope of the Western Andes from sea to
summit is covered with unbroken forest, such, for example, as Allen and
Miller (Expedition No. 3) found on their section from Cartago to Névita.
1 Geog. Journ. August, 1914, p. 150.
74, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Under the second-named condition, the continuity of the forest is broken
by such an arid pocket as we found at Caldas, or Miller and Boyle encount--
ered above Dabeiba.
At the northeast, on the right side of the lower Atrato, the Pacific coast
forest apparently connects with that of the Cauca-Magdalena, and this is
the only connection of which we definitely know between any of the forested
areas of the Tropical Zone. Mr. Douglas Fyfe, an American engineer, sit-
uated in northern Colombia, writes me of the country at the border of the
Colombian-Pacific forests and the Caribbean Savannas: “The Sint is‘a
wide, sluggish stream meandering through a broad plain of very deep allu-
vium. Along its banks are situated beautiful grass-covered cattle ranges.
The river is carrying a vast amount of sediment and gradually setting up a
large area at its mouth forming deltas and reed swamps. Numerous water-
fowl seem to inhabit these swamps the year around. The country lying
east of the Sind for about twenty miles is low-lying and under water part
of the year; cienagas in fact. Beyond this lie the savannas. The country
west of the Sind is entirely forested to the Pacific coast, the forest beginning
at the Atlantic sea shore and extending inland without a break to the
interior.”
The differences between the forest of the lowland and that of the foot-
hills are well described by Allen in the narrative of his journey with Miller
just alluded to. In connection with the change in gradient, character of
the soil, etc., we have here two widely varying types of environment which
doubtless account for the fact that some species appear to be confined to
the bottomlands.
The Cauca-Magdalena forest is contained chiefly in the Department of
Antioquia. Miller’s exploration and inquiries show that it extends from
the northeastern border of the Pacific coast forest northward to the Carib-
bean coast and thence eastward to the shore of the Rio Sinu, when it meets
the western border of the marshes which pass into the Caribbean savannas.
Thence it extends southward up the lower Cauca, and doubtless also the
Neché, to about Lat. 7°, and up the Magdalena Valley to La Dorada on the
Magdalena River, where, on the valley floor, it terminates abruptly and is
succeeded by the Savannas of the upper Magdalena. Along the foothills
of both the Eastern'and Western Andes, the forest extends south of La
Dorada. Northward, in the Magdalena Valley, it is bounded on the west
by the San. Jorge and on the east by the foothills of the Eastern Andes,
while its northern limit lies near Banco. Eastward of this point, it may
occupy the foothills of the Sierra de Motillones and Sierra del Valle de Upar,
at the northern end of the Eastern Andes, but I have no definite information
in regard to this region. Whether the Cauca-Magdalena forest is connected
with that of the Maracaibo Basin, remains therefore undetermined.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 75
The presence of heavy tropical forest in the southern part of the Mara-
caibo basin has been made known to me by W. H. Osgood and Ned Dearborn,
both of whom have visited this region in the interests of the Field Museum.
As above remarked, J do not know whether this forest is connected with
that of the lower Magdalena Valley by a belt of foothill forest, such, for
example, as we found above Villavicencio; but at the east it appears to be
bordered by the arid coastal region and Venezuelan Andes. It seems,
therefore, to be an isolated area; nevertheless, it lies at the door through
which many species have entered the Cauca-Magdalena fauna. Its con-
nections to the eastward are of much importance, but I have no information
concerning thein.
Of the Santa Marta forest, M. A. Carriker, Jr., our authority on that
region, writes me that on the Carribbean or northern side, from about
Cabo de San Juan de Guia, to a point known as Camarones, the forest of
the Sierra Nevada extends right to the coast. He adds: ‘Whether there
is any forest connection between the Sierra Nevada and the Cerros Negros
(Eastern Andes) on the watershed between the Rio Hacha and Rio Cesar,
I do not know; most likely there is some such connection, although I am
not of the opinion that it is heavy forest. This watershed is very low.”
The forest west of the Sierra Nevada, Carriker writes, “extends west-
ward to the shores of the Cienaga Grande. ...The region between Cienaga
Grande and the Magdalena is swampy and contains many sluggish water-
ways and is inundated frequently... .”
Unforested Tropical Areas.— That part of the Tropical Zone in Colombia
not covered by heavy forest growth may be grouped under four heads: (1),
the Llanos; (2), the Caribbean; (3), the upper Magdalena and (4) the
upper Cauca or Cauca Valley proper. Aside from these major divisions
there are semi-arid pockets like the upper Dagua on the western slope of
the Western Andes, bare foothills such as exist above Dabeiba, or brush-
grown valleys like that of the lower Rio Negro, but these and similar local
variations do not affect the general truth of our classification.
The Llanos occupy that part of Colombia lying east of the Andes and
north of the Rio Guaviare. Of them Rice (J. ¢., p. 139) writes: “The Llanos,
extending from the Cordillera to the Orinoco river, and from the Arauca
to the Guaviare, are covered with denise, tall grasses, from which here and.
there rise groups of palms and bushes and belts of trees. They are well
watered by innumerable streams, varying in volume and size from immense
rivers to rivulets, which in winter season overflow the lower lands.”
Of the Llanos of San Martin the same author writes: “To the east they
are broken by swales, swamps, and eminences of mesa and scarp formation
which push the Humadea river northeast and deflect the Ariari southeast.
The high Llanos, at the foot of the forested hills are usually rocky, and semi- ie
76 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
arid, covered with wild dense jungle growth,-and so deeply ravined as to-be
impassable. These merge into the low Llanos, over which are scattered
Savannas, immense meadows of fine succulent grasses, dotted with high
bushes, clusters of palms, and thickets of other trees. During the wet or
winter season, much of the land is subject to inundation, and consequent
fertilization, by the swollen rivers.”
Hettner,! writing of the country lying at the eastern and western bases
of the Eastern Andes in the Bogota region, describes the Llanos and accounts
for their lack of forests as follows:
“The two lowlands which take in the western and eastern foot of the
Cordilleras, bear altogether different plants; the lowland of the Magdalena
River below Honda is covered with a thick, primeval forest; the eastern
low-lands, the so-called Llanos, are on the other hand, wide grassy plains,
which are only interrupted by a line of forests on the banks of rivers. This
difference of plant growth has a relation with the rainfall, for the lowland
of the middle part of the Magdalena River has two rainy and two dry
seasons, which are, however, of short duration; in the Llanos, on the other
hand, the one dry season shrinks together to a few weeks, while that of the
other is extended to from five to six months. With so long a dry season
near the equator, the forest growth is out of the question. If we should
travel southward in the Llanos and reach the territory of the equatorial
rains, we should find here likewise a luxuriant forest, and vice versa, at the
lower part of the Magdalena River, somewhat north of 8 degrees, where
the tropical rains begin, the forest is gradually crowded out by grassy plains,
interspersed with single trees, or in other words, by savannas.”
The Caribbean forestless region corresponds to the Caribbean faunal
area. It is a semi-arid or arid region in which the absence of forest-growth
is presumably due to insufficient or irregular rainfall with long periods of
drought.
The coast region itself, from the Rio Sint to the Goajira Peninsula,
except for the mangrove-bordered lagoons, and the section of forest-covered
shore north of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, may be described as arid.
Cacti, thorn-bearing bushes and other xerophilos forms comprise its char-
acteristic vegetation. (Farther inland we pass to the semi-arid savannas,
a grazing country with scattered mimosas and acacias and frequently
marshes.
Carriker writes: “The semi-arid coast belt begins a few miles south of
Cienaga (town on the Santa Marta Railway) and extends around the coast
1‘Die Kordillere von Bogota,’ Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Erganzungsband, 22, p. 76. I am
indebted to Dr. Chester A. Reeds for this and following abstracts from Hettner’s valuable paper.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 77
to somewhere about Cabo de San Juan de Guia, where the forest of the
Sierra Nevada (as above quoted) extends right down to the sea all along
the coast to a point known as Camarones, from which point to Rio Hacha
is a region of scrub and cactus, along the coast, but opening out into savanna
and scattered woodland toward the south, and continuing on around the
Sierra Nevada to the region of the Valle de Upar and Rio Cesar Valley...
The whole of the Goajira Peninsula, from Rio Hacha east, is an arid region
of cacti and thorny scrub.” ,
Hettner’s reference to the savannas of the lower Magdalena, “some-
what north of 8 degrees or just north of the region of tropical rains” has
been given in connection with his description of the Llanos quoted on a
preceding page.
The two remaining unforested areas, the upper Magdalena and upper
Cauca Valleys, are described both in our itineraries and in connection with
the characterization of the Cauca-Magdalena fauna of which they form
arid sections. —
Hettner (I. c., p. 79) referring to the upper Magdalena region writes:
“ Another interruption of the forest was probably formed by the strata
of sand and gravel, whose porous soil, destitute of nutriments, is not suffi-
* cient for the forest; the mesa of Fusugasugé, for instance, probably always
consisted of thorny underbrush and grass. Similar, although still more
adapted to the drought, because it lies in a warmer climate, are the strata
of sand and gravel of Medina or the tuff plains on the Magdalena River
above Honda.”
The same author (I. c., p. 80) describes the vegetation of this and similar
semi-arid localities in this part of Colombia as follows:
“Tn many places, the bushy vegetation shows plainly its adaptation to
drought, and this is generally the case in the vicinity of the lighter mimosa
forest, which probably took in the place of this brush originally. It is
small-leaved and thorny and generally shows the acacia form; the agaves
with their sword-shaped, sharp-edged, fleshy leaves, and the most varied
forms of cacti, whose juicy trunks give them the ability to overcome drought,
are numerous and often form impenetrable thickets, while at different spots,
they stand singly, and leave the bare earth between them. In such places
the land almost bears the appearance of a desert, and only the donkey finds
a meagre meal. This vegetation, adapted to the drought, occurs in almost
all the altitudes, on the banks of the Magdalena River above Honda, as
well as in the valley of the Rio Bogoté between Tocaima and Jiradot, or
in the vicinity of Cicuta, and at Neiva, or at Soacha in the southern part
of the plateau of Bogoté, but it is, however, more extensive and more devel-
oped in the lower, warmer parts than in the cooler altitudes.”
wa
78 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
The Cauca semi-arid region, begins slightly south of the head of navi-
gation in the Cauca river, in Antioquia and extends up that much con-
stricted region lying between the Western and Central Andes, through
which the Cauca flows, to the Cauca Valley. The topographic isolation
of this valley is therefore faunally increased by the aridity of the region
which lies between it and the humid lower Cauca-Magdalena region.
The Cauca Valley, as elsewhere remarked, is far from arid. Neverthe-
less, its forests are largely restricted to the banks of streams and low-lying
areas where a natural subsurface irrigation gives them the water the insuffi-
cient rainfall does not directly provide.
It must, however, be remembered that the Cauca region has been
settled for many years, and that deforestation to create grazing for cattle
has long been ‘practiced. It is probable, therefore, that the forested area
was formerly more extensive than it is at present.
Mountain Forests— Under the general head of Mountain Forests we
may include the forests of the Subtropical and Temperate Zones. Both
may be classed as cloud forests, the lower limit of the first being determined
by the altitude of condensation, the upper limit of the second by that of
the temperature at which tree-growth ends.
Depending for their continuity on topography, or the relation between
slope exposure and prevailing air currents, on the relative altitude of con-
tiguous ridges and other comparatively local conditions, a detailed survey
would be required to make anything approaching an accurate map, showing
the distribution of mountain forests in Colombia. It may, however, be
said in a general way that Subtropical forests, or those lying between approx-
imately 5000 and 9500 feet, because of their lower altitude, are more or less
continuous on one slope or both, of all three ranges of the Colombian Andes.
Temperate Zone forest, both because of the higher altitude required,
and also because of the lower rainfall which usually prevails on this zone,
is less continuous than that of the Subtropical Zone.
Unforested Mountain Areas.— As indicated by the statements just made,
the forestless tracts above the tropics are found largely in the Temperate
Zone, where on the Bogoté Savanna, or in that region lying south of Popa-
yan, for example, there are wide areas which are treeless.
What is believed to be an approximation to existing facts is expressed,
semi-diagrammatically, in the accompanying map in which the yellow color
employed represents not only the arid coast region, the savannas, and
plains of the Tropical Zone, but also treeless, grass-covered slopes and
paramos of the higher summits.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 79
NotEs ON COLOMBIAN CLIMATOLOGY.
Temperature:— The temperature of any given locality in Colombia
shows so little fluctuation throughout the year that the seasons are marked,
not by increase of cold or heat, but by rainfall. To demonstrate the narrow
and regular path travelled yearly by the thermometer in Colombia, and as a
contribution to the unfortunately limited amount of published meteoro-
logical data from that country, I append a summarized record of the tem-
perature for the year 1907 at the sugar estate of La Manuelita in the Cauca
Valley near Palmira. These records were made by Mr. Chas. J. Eder and
are selected as an average from a series covering a period of ten years. It
will be observed that there is only a difference of six degrees in the average
weekly temperature for the entire year.
Temperature for the year 1907 at La Manuelita, Col.
Week ending Highest Lowest Average for week.
Jan. 4 85 66 744
11 86 63 743.
18 86 63 75
25 84 65 73
Feb. 1 86 64 7A
8 86 67 73
15 86 64 73
22 85 64 73
March 1 86 62 72
8 86 64 75¥
15 86 64 75
22 88 66 76
29 85 64 743
April 5 86 64 755
12 87 66 75
19 86 66 76
26 86 67 763
May 3 86 65 75
10 85 67 75
17 85 64 734
24 86 66 73
31 83 63 74
June 7 85 62 74
14 86 64 75s
21 86 66 75
80 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Week ending Highest Lowest Average for week.
July 5 86 63 742
12 86 64 74h
19 85 65 74
26 89 59 743
August 2 87 65 76
9 91? 66 veh
16 90? 61: 76
23 90? 66 78
30 80 64 773
Sept. 6 89 65 76
13 91 64 764
20 89 64 763
27 90 65 763
Oct. 4 88 67 76
11 86 64 763
18 89 65 77
25 88 64 753
Nov. 1 87 66 75
8 87 66 76
15 87 68 774
22 86 66 75
29 86 66 76
Dec. 6 86 65 76
13 85 65 75
20 87 64 76
27 90 66 774
The preceding observations were made in the Tropical Zone, but an
equal stability in the yearly range of temperature is shown at localities in
the Subtropical as well as Temperate Zones. Thus, Regel states that the
lowest monthly average recorded at Bogota is 57° (July, 1880), while the
highest, 61°, occurred in the same month of the succeeding year.
This surprisingly small annual range in the temperature of any one
locality doubtless accounts for the comparatively small variation in the
limits of life-zones, the boundaries of which are primarily isothermal.
It is, therefore, of importance for us to know to what extent temperature
is affected by altitude and I insert here the following pertinent observations
from Robert Blake White’s ‘Notes on the Central Provinces of Colombia’
(Proc. R. G. S., V, 1883, pp. 263, 264).
“From a numerous series of observations of the mean temperatures at
different altitudes in the cordilleras, collected from a great many observers,
I have formed a table of mean temperatures corresponding to a series of
altitudes from sea-level up to 16,400 feet in height, which will be found
very generally applicable over the whole of the Colombian territory. These
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 81
mean temperatures are derived from observations made on distinct systems,
but as a rule the temperature of the earth, in a part sheltered from the sun
and rain, at a depth of 30 inches from the surface of the ground, will repre-
sent in these latitudes the mean temperature of the locality. In tropical
regions, where vegetation is not exposed to great variations of temperature,
the most important point to which the agriculturist should look is the mean
temperature, if he would judge correctly of the climate of any locality.
“Table of Mean Temperatures in the U. 8. of Colombia, between 2° and 6° N.
Lat., compiled from observations by Humboldt, Caldas, Boussingalt, Mosquera,
Reiss, Stubel, and White.
Height above Mean Height above Mean
Sea-level. Temperature. Sea-level. Temperature.
Feet. Fahr. Feet. Fahr.
0 324° 9,020 55.4°
820 80.4 9,840 53.6
1,640 78.4 10,660 50.9
2,460 76.3 11,480 48.2
3,280 74.3 12,300 45.5
4,100 71.2 13,120 42.8
4,920 68.0 13,940 40.1
5,740 65.3 14,760 37.4
6,560 62.6 15,580 32.0
7,380 59.9 16,400 30.2
8,200 57.2
“The mean in the greater altitudes varies somewhat according to the
greater or less extent of snow-covered mountains, and in the lesser altitudes
the temperature is affected by the open or inclosed character of the valleys
and by the presence or absence of vegetation. Generally, however, it will
be found that the above means are sufficiently near the truth to be of
practical utility.”
Rainfall: — As before remarked, the seasons in Colombia are charac-
terized by dry and wet periods rather than by variations in temperature.
It is, therefore, to be regretted that data in regard to rainfall are even less
satisfactory than those relating to temperature. Furthermore, variations
in rainfall, both at the same locality and at neighboring stations, are so
great that the statistics available merely demonstrate the need for additional
observations before even the most conservative generalizations can be made
on this branch of Colombian meteorology.
Two types of the seasonal distribution of rain are commonly recognized
in Colombia. In one, a wet season of six months duration is followed by a
dry season of equal length. In the other, wet seasons each of three months
duration are separated by dry seasons of equal length.
82 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. . (Vol. XXXVI,
Under the first-named condition, rain usually falls from May or June
to November or December, and the season is termed “invierno”’ or winter;
while the months from November or December to May or June are dry and
the season is known as “verano” or summer.
North of latitude 8° the seasons are characterized by one dry and one
rainy period; south of this latitude two rainy and two dry seasons are the
rule. The comparatively arid Caribbean Fauna possesses therefore but
one rainy season, while the humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna has two,
annually. There is, however, much irregularity both north and south of
latitude 8°, while the amount of variation in annual precipitation at stations
separated by only a few miles may exceed 300 inches!
For example, at San José, thirty-seven kilometers from Buenaventura, the
observers of the Pacific Railway recorded a deposit in 1912 of 400.88 inches,
while during the same year Caldas, distant 45 kilometers from San Jose,
received only 54.46 inches, a difference of 346.42 inches. The topographic
conditions responsible for this remarkable variation will be found described
under the description of the route followed by our expedition No. 1.
Ocean currents, comparative temperatures of the air over land and sea,
prevailing direction of the wind in relation to mountain slopes, relative
height of ranges in the same chain of mountains are among the more im-
portant local causes affecting rainfall in Colombia. The subject is inti-
mately related to the distribution of life and particularly to the breaking
up of zones into faunal areas, but, as already remarked, few exact data exist
and I therefore merely present those I have obtained through the courtesy
of others, without further comment.
Record of Rainfall at Pato Mines on the Rio Neché, Antioquia, from August,
1918, to July, 1914.
1913.
August
September
October
November
December
1914.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Pee erp e
OROCO HO Nonon
NPR WOORMMON WANWA
|
143.6
1917.]
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
Record of Rainfall at certain Stations on the Pacific R. R.
Contributed by R. Alvarez Salas.
Stations.
Buenaventura
San José Km.
Caldas Km.
Palmar Km.
Lomitas Km.
Yumbo Km.
1910.
1911.
1912. 1913.
83
323,96 248,66 265,10 234,90 262,86
37 270,00 277,37 400,88 296,10
82 57,08 46,66 54,56 50,11 31,09
98 34,06 25,41
109 33,34
158 37,73 ——-
Annual Rainfall at La Manuelita, Cauca Valley, 1900-1910.
Year.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
Amount.
37.97
45.21
33.80
56.38
87.74
83.79
39.96
47.80
54.94
55.13
48 .50
Days on which Rain Fell.
123
136
148
131
141
113
126
144
177
172
160
Average Monthly Rainfall at La Manuelita, Cauca Valley, 1900-1910.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Amount.
3.19
3.10
4.16
6.09
5.37
2.92
1.50
1.49
2.98
5.81
4.78
3.20
+
44.59
84 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
THE LIFE ZONES OF THE COLOMBIAN ANDES.
The ascent of a lofty mountain on which, faunally, several hundred feet
of altitude may represent several hundred miles of latitude, is a profoundly
impressive and fascinating experience for, the zodgeographer. One is amazed
by the distinctness of the life-zones encountered and is led to speculate on
the origin of their strongly characterized floras and faunas. That the alti-
tudinal distribution of plants should conform closely to belts or zones, the
limits of which are determined primarily by temperature, is not surprising;
but that such mobile creatures as birds should be confined within certain
more or less definite boundaries by these invisible barriers is a convincing
evidence of their potency as well as of the sensitiveness of the organisms on
which they act.
It does not follow that every species will occur in only one zone, it appar-
ently being a general law that wide latitudinal or faunal distribution implies
also great altitudinal or zonal range. Examples may be found among birds
as widely apart in relationships and habits as the Turkey Vulture and House
Wren. Both range at sea-level from the South Temperate to the North
Temperate Zone; both are found from the tropical lowlands to the temper-
ate uplands of the Colombian Andes.
These birds, and a few others like them, are, however, marked exceptions
and while a species may advance a small distance beyond its true zone, a
surprisingly large number of species are found in only one zone. The zones
themselves are not, of course, more sharply defined than the ranges of the
species which characterize them.
No one can stand at the foot of a snow-crowned mountain in the tropics
without at once realizing that temperature, as it is influenced by altitude,
is obviously the dominant factor in producing the floras and faunas en-
countered between base and summit. Where humidity, and in certain
instances, character of the soil, add their influence, the boundary lines
between life zones are often very sharply defined. One may pass, for
example, from the upper border of the arid tropics on the eastern slope of
the Western Andes at San Antonio into the dense forests of the humid
subtropics on their crest in less than two minutes, and experience a complete
change in bird-life. But even where temperature alone is active, and there
is no marked difference in rainfall, the forest being continuous, an alti-
tudinal difference of 1000 feet may bring one into an essentially new avi-
fauna. Such a phenomenon we observed when traveling from El Pifion
(alt. 9600 ft.) to just above El Roble (alt. 8600 ft.), on the trail between
Butt. A. M. N. H.
Vor. XXNVI, PratE XXVI
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FAUNAS FAuNAS
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\
[7] Cauca-Macpaena 2 ZONE \ Gag East Anpean
TROPICAL 5 ee
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[5 Ortnocan Paramo GHB Zone And Fauna
(CZ Amazonian
LIFE ZONES AND FAUNAS IN COLOMBIA
1 The dotted area is the arid portion of this Fauna.
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 85
Bogota and Fusugasugé. The first-named locality has a highly developed
Temperate Zone life; while at the second, the fauna of the Subtropical Zone
is equally well represented.
A study of the bird-life of the Colombian Andes, shows, therefore, that
it is distributed in four zones, and since the lower zone lies wholly within the
tropics it follows that the remaining zones are all altitudinal. While I
have been tempted to use names for them which seemed especially descrip-
tive locally, it has been deemed far more desirable to accept existing terms
which are generally applicable. These zones with their altitudinal bounda-
ries are as follows:
Tropical Zone sea-level to 4500-6000 ft.
Subtropical Zone 4500-6000 ft. to 9000-9500 ft.
Temperate Zone 9000-9500 ft. to 11,000-13,000 ft.
Paramo Zone 11,000-13,000 ft. to snow-line (15000 ft.).
These divisions correspond to the ‘Tierra Caliente,’ ‘Tierra Templada,’
‘Tierra Fria,’ and ‘Paramo’ of other authors, but the altitudes here given
are higher than those based on temperature alone.
Basing the limits of his divisions upon an apparently purely arbitrary
assignment of isotherms to zonal boundaries, Hettner! places the upper
limits of the Tierra Caliente [= Tropical Zone] at 1000 metres; the Tierra
Templada [= Subtropical Zone] between 1100 and 2000 metres; the Tierra
Fria [= Temperate Zone] between 2100 and 3000 metres, and the Paramo
between 3100 and 4000 metres. It will be observed that the limits of only
the upper zone conform to those determined on the distribution of bird-life.
It is reassuring, therefore, to find a much closer agreement between the
zonal boundaries here given, based on the distribution of birds, and those
based upon the distribution of vegetation presented by Wolf,? who, as a
result of his studies of the flora of Ecuador, gives for both the Western and
Eastern Andean slope four zones of life as follows:
Tropical sea-level to 1600 metres.
Subtropical 1600 to 3000 metres.
Subandine [= Temperate] 3000 to 3400 metres.
Andine or Paramo 3400 to 4600 metres.
The limits of the two lower zones, for which Wolf employs names I had
independently adopted, are essentially the same as those IJ here give for
Colombia. The third, which Wolf calls the Subandine, but for which a
continental-wide view of the subject suggests the name of Temperate Zone
1 Kordillere von Bogoté, p. 70.
2 Geographia y Geologia de Ecuador, p. 435 et. seq.
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86
1917, Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 87
as more appropriate, is somewhat less extensive altitudinally than in Colom-
bia, and the fourth, or Paramo, is correspondingly larger. Local conditions,
including the much greater superficial area of the Paramo Zone in Ecuador,
and the isolation of the temperate interandine region from Subtropical
influences, are no doubt responsible for these differences.
Wolf’s zones, as well as the comparatively simple topography of the
Andean system in Ecuador, are shown in the accompanying diagram from
his standard work (I. c., p. 441).
The extent, general, and ornithological characters of the zones herein
proposed are presented in detail beyond, but here I offer several general
considerations in regard to Andean zonal life as a whole.
Any attempt to explain existing conditions must be preceded by an
effort to picture to ourselves the effect on the fauna of a tropical region of
the uplift in it of a mountain system to snow-line. If at some point in the
heart of the humid tropics, let us say upper Amazonia, progressive cooling
000 m oe BIE EEN Eee IS LANNE RENCE COS eee te L Oe SECRET
: 3 .
Fig. 2. Ideal section through the Ecuadorian Andes to show zones of vegetation.
2. Llanos. 3. Tropical and Subtropical Forests. 4. Interandean Region [= Temperale Zone].
5. Andean Region [= Paramo Zone]. 6. Perpetual Snow. (From Wolf, 1892.)
should eventually produce a snow-covered area surrounded by successive,
concentric, climatic belts leading gradually to the surrounding tropics, we
should have no more striking climatic change than has been brought about
by the elevation of the Andes.
Geologists, I believe, are agreed that this great mountain system is of
Tertiary origin, and that there have been pronounced uplifts as late as the
Pleistocene. Perhaps, therefore, we are warranted in assuming that the
range had not acquired sufficient elevation to become an effective barrier ’
to the distribution of tropical life prior to the latter half of the Tertiary.
However this may be, one’s imagination is stimulated by an attempt to
follow the course of events as a gradually increasing elevation, with its
subsequent changes, brought into existence new habitable areas of the earth’s
surface with strikingly different climates from that of the base out of which
they had arisen.
88 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Where such an uplift created a mountain system as continuous as the
Andes now are, these new areas were doubtless populated by latitudinal
extension of range from regions having similar climates, and by altitudinal
extension as the pressure of life from immediately contiguous regions below
forced species upward, the more adaptable of which survived.
Although having the shorter journey, the change of environment would
be greater for those species coming from another zone in the same latitude
than for those coming from the same zone in a perhaps distant latitude.
We should, therefore, expect to find greater variation in what may be called
zonal representatives than in altitudinal representatives.
A study of the existing fauna supports these theories of the origin of
zonal life and the degree of variation it presents. Thus the birds of the
Subtropical Zone have been almost wholly derived from the zone below;
those of the Temperate Zone came in part from the Subtropical, in part from
the same zone at sea-level, while nearly all those of the Paramo Zone have
come from the sea-level equivalent of this zone in southern South America.
It follows, then, that the birds of every zone above the tropics have been
derived from a lower level. There are some exceptions to this rule but they
do not affect the general truth of the statement. In comparative varia-
bility the fauna of the Subtropics differs more from the ancestral stock in
the tropics than do the altitudinal forms of the Temperate and Paramo
Zones from their distant sea-level derivatives of the South Temperate Zone,
with which indeed they are often specifically identical. Hence it follows
that uniformity of life increases with altitude, while as a corollary, the
number of species decreases; uniformity of environment being apparently
the underlying cause.
The sometimes marked difference in the character of alluvial bottom-
lands and slopes arising from them, even when both are wooded, exerts a
strong influence on the range of some species of the Tropical Zone. Certain
terrestrial birds, like Pittasoma, for example, are confined to the muddy
shores of slow-flowing streams. Others, like Opisthocomus, do not leave
the growth along the borders of such streams. Still others frequent the
floor of the lowland forest.
Such restrictions of range, however, appear to me to be of habitat rather
than of zone, and do not, in my opinion, require’a subdivision of the Tropical
Zone.
We obtained no evidence of altitudinal migration among Colombian
birds, though it is probable that Hummingbirds range up and down moun-
tain sides in search of certain flowers.
We cannot of course expect to find conclusive evidence of the geographic
origin of all the species of a given zone. Possibly the ancestral forms and
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 89
point of origin of only those it has acquired most recently may be determina-
ble, while the derivation of the earlier arrivals may forever be unknown to us.
Consequently we have a large group of species whose history is lost to us
and which, therefore, we can only assume have entered their zone under the
influences which are still active, and the cumulative effects of which they
exhibit.
Aside from creating areas where, under the influence of a new environ-
ment, evolution has evidently proceeded at a highly accelerated pace, the
topographic changes incident to the elevation of the Andes have profoundly
affected the distribution of life in the Tropical Zone.
A comparison of the bird-life of the Pacific coast of Colombia and north-
ern Ecuador with that of the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Andes
in southeastern Colombia and eastern Ecuador, induces the belief that we
have here, in part, a pre-Andean fauna, the Pacific portion of which has been
cut off from that of upper Amazonia by the Andean uplift. The specific
identity of many birds common to both areas is evidence that but little
change has taken place in their surroundings since their ranges were dis-
connected, and in such cases evolution has, so to speak, been at a standstill.
But the elevation of the intervening territory to snow-line has brought into
play most of the environmental influences one finds between the equator
and the poles, and where in an unchanged basal zone species remained as
constant as their habitat, in the new region they sprang forward in an
evolutionary race. The evidence on which this theory of the Amazonian
origin of Pacific coast life is based is presented in detail beyond. The
strongly marked characteristics of the Colombian Pacific Fauna, however,
indicate that even in the Tropical Zone evolutionary influences. have been
active since the isolation of the Pacific coast region.
The bird-life of the Cauca Valley and upper Magdalena Valley appears
to have been acquired under existing topographic conditions. The fact
that the forests of the Pacific coast compare in Juxuriance with those of
upper Amazonia, while forests are of small extent in the Cauca Valley and
are wanting in the upper Magdalena Valley, may in part explain the marked
difference in the bird-life of these valleys and that of the Pacific coast.
Heavy forest, however, exists in the lower Cauca-Magdalena region,
the bird-life of which has evidently been acquired in part from the Pacific
coast, in part from east of the Andes, suggesting that this region was not
above sea-level prior to the Andean uplift. These, however, are faunal
rather than zonal problems, and they will be discussed more fully in the
succeeding pages.
Our studies of the faunal effects of the appearance of the Andes must
not be restricted to those changes wrought by the uplift of this system, but
90 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
must also take into consideration the subsequent modifying factors of
glaciation, subsidence and erosion.
In ‘Die Kordillere von Bogota’ Dr. Alfred Hettner! gives the results
of his studies of glaciation in the Eastern Andes showing that at their maxi-
mum development glaciers which are now retreating were, in at least one
instance, 460 meters lower than at the time his observations were made.
He writes (p. 74):
“During the last years and decades the boundaries of the snow and the
glaciers have probably retreated to a large extent. All the people who
served me as guides here agreed to the same opinion; and that the retreat
must have been quite marked, may be gathered from the words of a peddling
Indian tradesman, who expressed his lively ill-will for the visits of strangers
in the mountains, for he thought they were to blame for the disappearance
of snow. Upon the snow-covered mountain of San Paulin, the smooth
nature of the strata on the western side for several hundred meters below
the present snow line clearly shows that it was until recently covered with
snow. We have previously heard that from the foot of the Sugar-loaf
Glacier to a distance of 700 to 800 m. and a difference in height of 80 m.,
a great amount of end moraines are found, upon which no plant growth has
yet been able to settle, which must, therefore, be of a very recent origin.
About contemporaneous with the retreat of the snow-line of the Alps and
that of many mountains, the snow-line of the Colombian Andes also re-
treated.”
On the succeeding page (75) he adds:
“In more ancient times the glaciers must have been much larger, the
climate consequently cooler, for I noticed on the slope of the valley, to a
distance of at least four or five km. from the present foot of the glacier,
about 460 m. lower, a row of plain end moraines grown over, and it is possible
that they extend down further.
“Even if the observation that is taken in general delineations and in
text-books does not possess any proof, the fact of the existence of an ice
age in the Andes of Colombia, and supposedly also of Venezuela, may be
considered as certain. Regarding the appearance of two ice ages, no
intelligence has yet been gathered from the equatorial Andes up to the
present time.”
' It seems evident, therefore, in view of the different climatic conditions
which must have prevailed in the Andes during the period of maximum
glaciation, that the existing zonal boundaries are post-glacial. Without
1 Petermann’s Mittheilungen Erganzungsband 22, pp. 74, 75. I have to thank Dr. Chester A.
Reeds for these references and the accompanying translation.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-lfe in Colombia. 91
a more detailed knowledge of the Andean Ice Age, and of the variation in
altitude with latitude, of Andean life-zones, we can only speculate on the
extent to which the zones were affected by the rise and fall of a glacial period.
We may with some hesitation suggest that so pronounced a boreal type
as Otocoris is a recent bit of glacial diift stranded on the Savanna of Bogota.
But on the other hand, with far more confidence, we may believe that the
undoubted northward extension of South Temperate Zone species along the
Andes, with increasing altitude, to the mountain crests of Colombia, has
been coincident with the retreat of the glaciers; and the often close rela-
tion of these birds with their sea-level, ancestral form supports this view.
Whether or not this be true there can be no question of the southern origin
of most of the species of the Paramo and Temperate Zones.
The trend of life in the Tropical Zone is less susceptible of determination.
One cannot say that life does not radiate from an equatorial center and
flow north, and south, to the limits of the Tropical Zone; though the north-
ward current in America is now not only stronger but reaches farther.
In the Subtropical Zone with its extremities reaching into Mexico, the
evidence also indicates a current setting toward the north. If, however,
this northward bound current is of post-glacial origin, it apparently follows
that the former subtropical bridge, which carried the numerous subtropical
species now found in Costa Rica to that country from Colombia (as suggested
beyond), has disappeared since the Glacial Period.
It is in this connection that we find our best illustration of the biogeo-
graphic effects of the two other modifying factors,— subsidence and erosion.
The retreat of the glaciers to higher altitudes with the resulting upward
extension of life-zone boundaries, is accountable for the formation of Paramo
Zone islands separated by Temperate Zone areas. Again Temperate Zone
islands have apparently been formed by erosion of the mountain crests
which at one time connected them. This appears to have happened in the
Western Andes where the close relation now existing between the life of the
Temperate Zone of the Andes west of Popayan and that of the Paramillo at
the northern end of the range, suggests the former continuity of the Temper-
ate Zone on the crest of that range.
Apparent proof of subsidence, doubtless accompanied by erosion, is
found in what I have termed the ‘Panama fault’ in the Subtropical Zone
which, after terminating at the northern end of the Western Andes, reap-
pears again on the crest of the higher mountains of eastern Panama and of
western Panama, though in the intervening areas it is widely separated by
the Tropical Zone. The evidence on which this theory of the former con-
tinuity of the Subtropical Zone from Colombia to Costa Rica rests, is pre-~
sented beyond.
92 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
The whole question of the origin of Andean life-zones is, from the orni-
thological point of view at least, a new one, and I cannot at this stage of
our knowledge hope to do much more than open it for discussion.
The fundamental factors in zone formation, and the conclusions reached
from our studies in Colombia, may be stated as follows:
Factors.
Rise of the Andes
Past Glaciation
Erosion
Subsidence
Temperature
Present ; Humidity
; } Environmental factors.
Soil
Conclusions.
1. Existing faunal conditions in the Tropical Zone are, in part pre-
Andean, in part post-Andean. The humid Pacific coast, for example,
contains many species which appear to have occupied this region prior to
the Andean uplift. The life of the Cauca Valley, on the other hand, seems
to be of post-Andean origin, its analysis supporting the geological evidence
that this valley was occupied by a lake until post-tertiary time.
2. The Subtropical Zone nowhere reaches sea-level. Its life has been
derived from the Tropical Zone. Because of its greater age and because
altitudinal extension of range may imply greater environmental change
than occurs in latitudinal extension, its life varies more widely from that
of the ancestral area than does the life of the remaining two zones.
3. When a Colombian Subtropical Zone form differs from its Ecuadorian '
representative, there is usually one race in the East Andean Fauna and
another in the West Andean Fauna. In some instances, however, the
Colombian form is alike in all three branches of the Andes, though these
three arms of its range are separated by the intervening tropical areas,
indicating that the same characters have been developed in the individuals
of each mountain chain by parallelism. | -
4. Receding glaciers, erosion, and subsidence have produced zonal
islands and zonal ‘faults.’ The distributional evidence on which, for
example, the Panama ‘fault’ is shown to have occurred indicates that the
Andes of Colombia and the higher mountains of western Panama and Costa
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 93
Rica were, until comparatively recent geologic times, connected by a range
having an altitude of not less than five thousand feet.
5. The Temperate Zone reaches sea-level in the South Temperate Zone.
Its life is derived in part by zonal, in part by latitudinal extension and is
more recent than that of the Subtropical Zone.
6. The Paramo Zone reaches sea-level in southern South America.
Its life is derived by altitudinal extension and is more recent than that of
the Temperate Zone.
7. The present trend of the distribution of life is northward. Few
boreal species have entered Colombia in recent geologic times.
8. With rare exceptions (e. g., Brachyspiza capensis peruviana) no
species extends its range from an upper to a lower zone.
9. Wide latitudinal range usually implies wide altitudinal range.
10. Uniformity of life increases with altitude. v
Tue TropicaL ZoNE AND ITS FAUNAS.
The Tropical Zone in Colombia occupies all that part of the country
lying approximately below an altitude of 5000 feet. In some few places
it does not extend much above 4500 feet; in others it reaches to about
6000 feet. Its limits are determined primarily by temperature, but they
are further dependent upon humidity, as humidity itself affects temperature
through radiation.
On the heavily forested Pacific slope of the Western Andes the lack of
favorable radiating surfaces is conducive to a lower temperature than is
found at a corresponding level on the barren eastern slopes of the same range.
In consequence, the upper margin of the Tropical Zone is at least 1000 feet
higher on the eastern than on the western side of these mountains.
Unfortunately no exact data on temperature are available in this con-
nection, but the influence of radiation was observed in a marked manner
in the succeeding or Subtropical Zone at the San Antonio Pass (alt. 6800 ft.)
where the road from Buenaventura to Cali crosses the Western Andes.
With a regularity which has given it the name of the “San Antonio
Wind,” at two o’clock each day a strong, cold, westerly wind, usually with
a driving mist, sweeps over the crest of the range.
This phenomenon is apparently attributable to decreasing barometric
pressure following radiation from the comparatively open floor of the Cauca
Valley, when, already urged by the prevailing westerly wind, air from the
coast rushes into the area of lower pressure and is condensed as it reaches
the higher parts of the range.
94 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Where zonal boundaries are determined not only by altitude (= tem-
perature) but also by humidity, they are more clearly defined than when
attributable to temperature alone. As with faunas, suitability of haunt
or habitat here plays an important part.
The upper limits of the Tropical Zone in the Cauca Valley, for example,
are arid and meet the lower borders of the Subtropical Zone at the lower
limit of condensation. In journeying from west to east one therefore passes
from the dripping, cloud-wrapped forests of the western slopes and crest
of the Western Andes to. the arid, treeless eastern slope of the range. The
forest-inhabiting birds of the Subtropical Zone stop as suddenly as the
forest itself and they are succeeded by certain species of the arid Tropical
Zone which find a suitable haunt on these treeless slopes, whence they have
extended their range upward from the dry savannas of the Cauca Valley
below.
Descending to and crossing this valley, we ascend the bare foothills of
the western slopes of the Central Andes only to reverse the experience, as at
the cloud line (about 6500 ft.) one leaves the arid Tropical Zone and enters
the forests of the Subtropical Zone.
On both sides of the valley, however, an extremely interesting interdigita-
tion of zonal boundaries is observed as the arid Tropical Zone climbs up
the barren ridges or crests-of the spurs of the foothills, while the forests of
the Subtropical Zone seem to flow down the drainage areas or arroyos be-
tween them. Under such conditions Tropical Zone species are found at
higher altitudes than Subtropical Zone species on the same mountain slopes,
and the importance of a personal knowledge of the local factors is obvious.
-The altitude to which the Tropical Zone ascends is determined, there-
fore, primarily by temperature, but, as with faunal boundaries, humidity
may exert an important influence not only as it increases the temperature
but provides an environment better adapted to the wants of certain species
of the arid Tropical Zone than to those of the Subtropical Zone.
Our experience at Buena Vista, in the Eastern Andes, made it apparent
that the altitude of the upper margin of the Tropical Zone may also, to
some extent, depend on the altitude of the range or ridge concerned. Here
a heavily forested spur rises from the Llanos, with only gallery forests, to
an altitude of 4500 feet. Its direct physical connections are therefore with
the Tropical Zone, and in spite of the favorable environment and the alti-
tude, very few Subtropical Zone species were secured.
-- Accessibility may therefore be a factor in fixing zonal boundaries. It
is accessibility which chiefly distinguishes the Tropical Zone from zones
above it. ‘Life may enter it wherever it comes in contact with areas lying
below an altitude of approximately 5000 feet; and a glance at an orographic
on qoId 9} JO IYSL ol} Xa ot} Tau OUT] JSOIOJ BY} 9B ST‘ TON UOMIpedxg| Jo UOMs B‘solOpRIlyY “AoT[VA ay} oAOGe YdJ QOO'S JO 9pNINTe
UL OF SpUIISR OLY OUOZ [RITdOIL Pv oy, ‘SopUY UslOJSO A, 9} UL SUOTJIPUOD ALTIUS JO [IeJOpP B AO] AT OVI OSTR aag “WMOYS APART
OF PLI dot} OYP AN svorw ouoZ [eRotdory, ple JO JUoIse PU SAUTARI OFLUTeIP dT]? UMOP YSaIOJ aTOZ [RoIdoayqng JO WWaosep 9IL
VLITHONY JT VY] NOUd SAGNY IVULN
) 40 FdIOTg NugLseT AQ
IIAXX 38£V1q ‘IAXXX “TOA ‘HON CIN CV Nisading
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 95
map will at once show how much more of the earth’s surface lies below
than above this level. Within its latitudinal limits the Tropical Zone may
therefore be spoken of as a sea of life in which the upper zones are mere
islands.
The comparison fails, however, when one examines the conditions under
which life exists in the Tropical Zone, for instead of finding that uniformity
of aspect which characterizes the sea, we find a diversity of environment
far beyond that shown by any of the upper life zones. Shore-line, marsh,
savanna, llano, plain, and forest afford homes for a correspondingly wide
variety of forms, and, in connection with the extent of the area, go far to
account for the richness of its life.
Returning again to our simile of the sea, when as in Colombia, the upper
zone islands assume the rank of peninsulas or are numerous enough to be
likened to archipelagos, more or less land-locked bays are formed which,
chiefly through their isolation, become centers for the development of new
types.
All these characteristics of the Tropical Zone, as compared with those of
the zones above, are present in Colombia, and an attempt to define its
faunal areas results in the recognition of no less than five more or less clearly
defined Faunas, as follows:
1. The Colombian-Pacific.
The Cauca-Magdalena, including both humid and arid sections.
The Caribbean.
The Orinocan.
. The Amazonian.
Of these the first, or Colombian-Pacific, is the most important since in
connection with a high degree of humidity, not equalled elsewhere on the
tropical Pacific coast, or indeed in the western hemisphere, it combines an
isolation which has made it the principal local area of adaptive radiation
in Colombia.!
To: a limited extent the Cauca-Magdalena region, both in its humid
lower Cauca and upper Cauca portions, has produced some new forms, and
the Caribbean Fauna, with its extension on the Venezuela coast, appears to
have been the birth-place of some of the species which are confined to it.
‘Orinoecan’ and ‘Amazonian’ are terms provisionally applied to the
respectively semi-arid and intensely humid portions of the Orinocan and
Amazonian basins, which find their western borders at the base of the East-
ern Andes. They are merely small parts of much larger faunas and possess
no distinctive features of their own. With these general remarks on the
St
1 Cf. Osborn, The Age of Mammals, 1910, p. 22.
96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Tropical Zone in Colombia as a whole, we may attempt to describe and define
its faunas.
The range of temperature throughout the zone is so small that this
factor has not to be considered in determining faunal boundaries. Humid-
ity, character of the soil, and ease of access are the agents which have been
active in faunal development in Colombia. Of these the first is by far the
most important. The arid upper Dagua basin, on the western slope of the
Western Andes, is surrounded by the humid forests of the Colombian-
Pacific Fauna and Subtropical Zone. Nevertheless, its life was derived
through the Cauca Valley from east of the Andes, suitability of environ-
ment as it is controlled by rainfall, here proving far more potent than ease
of access from immediately contiguous regions, which do not possess species
adapted to, an arid habitat.
Birds of the Tropical Zone.
Family Tinamide. Colinus cristatus parvicristatus !
Tinamus major ruficeps Odomtephorus eens marmoratus
“ “ ; param
« « hoe cali Rhynchortyx cinctus australis
Cryparus arlepeant Family Columbide
e soul soui Columba speciosa
. “ caquetee © rufina
ee “ cauce « goodsoni
« “ modestus « subvinacea berlepschi
€ adspersus yapura - plumbea propinqua
De variegatus salvini Zenaida auriculata
« . kerrie “« — ruficauda robidsoni
Famalne \Ovaaie Chrsmepelia pasventien a
Crax alector . se nana,
“ panamensis “ minuta eleodes
“ alberti rufipennis rufipennis
Penelope ortoni “ « caucee
: jacqdagu Claravis pretiosa livida
Ortalis columbiana columbiana ! Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi
be & caucee } 6 rufaxilla dubusi
k “ guttata m « pallidipectus
Fe « garrula se plumbeiceps
Pipile cumanensis i pallida
a < « eo
Family Odontophoride. Osculatia ee
Colinus cristatus decoratus Oreopeleia veraguensis
Q « ~ leucotis+ . montana +
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
Buvuietin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Puatre XXVIII.
FaRALLONES OF Cai, WESTERN ANDES
View across the Cauca Valley from La Manuelita, near Palmira, distant about twenty miles.
FARALLONES OF CALI, WESTERN ANDES
View up the Cali River, from the town of Cali. The summit of this part of the Western
Andes is unexplored. It may reach the Temperate Zone.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
Family Opisthocomide
Opisthocomus hoazin
Family Rallide
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans
Aramides cajanea cajanea
« wolfi (vide Hellmayr)
Amaurolimnas concolor guatemalensis
Anurolimnas castanciceps
¢ hauxwelli
Porzana flaviventris
Creciscus senops
= albigularis
Neocrex columbianus
Gallinula chloropus pauxilla
Ionornis martinicus
Family Heliornithide
Heliornis fulica
Family Podicipedide
Podilymbus podiceps 2
Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus
Family Laride
Phaétusa chloropoda
Rhynchops nigra cinerascens
Family Charadriide
Belonopterus cayennensis 1
AXgialitis collaris
Himantopus mexicanus
Gallinago brasiliensis
Family Parride
Jacana spinosa
«“ ~ melanopygia
nigra
Family Edicnemide
Burhinus bistriatus
“
Family Zurypygide
Eurypyga major
Family Psophiide
Psophia napensis
Family Ibidide
Theristicus caudatus
Harpiprion cayennensis
Phimosus berlepschi
Family Plataleide
Ajaia ajaja
, Family Ciconiide
Jabiru mycteria
Family Ardeide
Ardea cocoi
Herodias egretta
Egretta candidissima
Florida cerulea,
Hydranassa tricolor tricolor
Agamia agami
Nycticorax nycticorax nevius *
Cochlearius cochlearius #
Pilherodias pileatus
Butorides striata
Tigrisoma lineatum
& salmoni
Ixobrychus erythromelas
Family Palamedeide
Palamedea cornuta
Chauna chavaria
Family Anatide
Cairina moschata
Dendrocygna discolor
& bicolor #
Querquedula cyanoptera
Marila nationi
Nomonyx dominicus
Family Phalacrocoracide
Phalacrocorax vigua vigua
Family Anhingide
Anhinga anhinga
Family Cathartide
Gypagus papa
Catharista urubu 2
Cathartes aura aura *
97
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
2 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
v
98 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Family Falconide
Polyborus cheriway !
Tbycter americanus
Milvago chimachima!
Circus cinereus +
« — buffoni }
Micrastur guerilla interstes !
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 1
Accipiter superciliosus
4 ventralis
8 bicolor
Tachytriorchis albicaudatus exiguus
Asturina nitida
Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris !
« . ruficauda !
Busarellus nigricollis
Urubitinga urubitinga
ee schistacea,
plumbea
Leucopternis semiplumbea,
« plumbea (vide Hellmayr)
Lophotriorchis isidorii ?
Spizaétus ornatus
ie tyrannus
Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans
: . fulvescens
“
Rostrhamphus sociabilis
Leptodon uncinatus
oe palliatus
Harpagus bidentatus
Ictinia plumbea !
Falco fusco-ceerulescens 1
« rufigularis !
Cerchneis sparveria cauce 2
« “ intermedia ?
Family Bubonide
Otus choliba
“ watsoni
Lophostrix cristatus stricklandi
Ciccaba virgata virgata
“ ~ nigrolineata
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum
brasilianum phaleenoides
Tyto perlata subsp.
[Vol. XXXVI,
Family Psittacide
Ara ararauna
“ macao
“ chloroptera
“ militaris militaris
“ severa
Aratinga wagleri 1
eruginosa zruginosa,
Pyrrhura melanura pacifica
Psittacula conspicillata conspicillata
a - caucee
“ spengeli
sclateri
Brotogeris jugularis
© devillei
Amazona inornata
= amazonica
ochrocephala ochrocephala
« f panamensis
salvini
Pionus menstruus
Eucinetus pulchra
Pyrilia pyrilia ?
Family Alcedinide
Megaceryle torquata torquata !
Chloroceryle amazona
« americana americana
« inda
Family Momotide
Urospatha martii martii
s “« semirufa
Electron platyrhynchus platyrhynchus
“ “ minor
ss i pyrrholzmus
Momotus subrufescens subrufescens
mn “ reconditus
momota ignobilis
Hylomanes momotula obscurus
“
Family Caprimulgide
Nyctibius longicaudatus
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis
es texensis
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
2 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution
Uropsalis lyra,
Hydropsalis climacocerca
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis !
Stenopsis cayennensis cayennensis
$ & monticola
Antrostomus rosenbergi
Family Cypselide
Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta +
-Cheetura spinicauda fumosa
£ cinereiventris sclateri
“ # occidentalis
Cypseloides brunneitorques brunneitor-
ques ?
Family Trochilide.
Androdon equatorialis
Threnetes cervinicauda
« ruckeri fraseri
Glaucis hirsuta affinis
«“ eenea
Pheethornis yaruqui sancti-johannis
“ fraterculus moorei
“ hispidus oseryi
oe anthophilus
griseogularis
striigularis striigularis
os nee subrufescens
Eutoxeres condamini
« aquila aquila
“ “ salvini
heterura
Campylopterus equatorialis
Florisuga mellivora mellivora
Agyrtria viridissima subsp.
“ fluviatilis
Polyerata amabilis
« rosenbergi
Lepidopyga goudoti
s celina
Saucerottea saucerottei
- viridigaster
Amizilis tzacatl tzacatl
a “ — jucunda
Hylocharis grayi !
& humboldti
“ «
of Bird-life in Colombia. 99
Damophila julie julie
Chlorostilbon gibsoni
. heberlini
melanorhynchus !
s poortmani poortmani
Thalurania fannyi fannyi
é nigrofasciata
Chalybura buffoni buffoni !
« ceruleogaster
. urochrysa
Colibri delphinz
Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis
Chrysolampis elatus
Boissoneaua jardini
Heliothrix barroti
Anthoscenus superba stewarti
Calliphlox mitchelli
Popelairia conversi
Family Trogonide
Pharomacrus pavoninus
Trogonurus strigilatus strigilatus
. strigilatus chionurus
« curucui cupreicauda
a bolivianus
Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus
s ramonianus
Curucujus melanurus melanurus
s e macrourus
massena australis
Family Cuculide
Coccyzus melacoryphus
Piaya cayana columbiana ?
“ — mesura }
nigricrissa 1
“ rutila rutila
« « gracilis
Neomorphus salvini
Tapera nevia +
Crotophaga ani 2
se major
Family Capitonide
Capito aurovirens
“ ~ maculicoronatus rubrilateralis
«“ “
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
2 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
100 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis
« squamatus
hypoleucus
quinticolor
auratus auratus
Family Ramphastide
Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus
“ swainsoni !
ambiguus abbreviatus
cuvieri
culminatus
citreolamus
Pteroglossus pluricinctus
- castanotis castanotis
a torquatus nuchalis
sanguineus
flavirostris flavirostris
s humboldti
Selinidera reinwardti a
oe spectabilis
Family Galbulide
Galbula ruficauda ruficauda
is . pallens
melanogenia
“ tombacea tombacea
« albirostris chaleocephala
Brachygalba salmoni (vide Scl. & Salv.)
a fulviventris fulviventris
e x caquetze
Galbaleyrhynchus leucotis
a“
rig
“
“
Family Bucconide
Bucco capensis
Notharcus pectoralis
S hyperrhynchus leucocrissus
o tectus subtectus
Argicus macrodactylus
Nystactes noaname
Nystalus radiatus
Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis
Malacoptila fusca
& mystacalis
& panamensis poliopis
€ panamensis
Micromonacha lanceolata
[Vol. XXXVI,
Nonoula frontalis
Monasa flavirostris
« morphceus peruana
pallescens pallescens
« sclateri
“ ~ nigrifrons
Family Picide
Chloronerpes xanthochlorus
« litee
Chrysoptilus punctigula punctipectus
at . guttatus
f « striatigularis
. i. ujhelyii
Melanerpes cruentatus
i pucherani pucherani
rubricapillus rubricapillus
Veniliornis fidelis
e ruficeps hematostigma
& kirki cecilii
Celeus loricatus loricatus
“« mentalis
Campephilus rubricollis
a melanoleucus
. malherbi
Cniparchus hematogaster splendens
Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus
Picumnus cinnamomeus
as squamulatus squamulatus
olivaceus olivaceus 1
£ * harterti
granadensis granadensis
“ a antioquensis
Family Conopophagide
Conopophaga aurita
ss castaneiceps castaneiceps 1
os i chocoensis
Family Formicariide
Cymbilaimus lineatus lineatus
« « fasciatus
Taraba unduliger
« transandeana transandeana
# € granadensis
Thamnophilus nigriceps
s punctatus punctatus
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
1917.]
Thamnophilus punctatus atrinucha
canadensis pulchellus
“ doliatus doliatus
- radiatus albicans
£ tenuipunctatus
multistriatus 1
Thamnistes equatorialis
. anabatinus intermedius
Clytoctantes alixi
Dysithamnus puncticeps puncticeps
“ “ flemmingi
leucostictus
capitalis capitalis
ardesiacus ardesiacus
Thamnomanes glaucus
Myrmotherula pygmea
e surinamensis pacifica
Myrmopagis fulviventris
« hematonota
ornata ornata
axillaris melena
«
“
« ~ albigula
€ schisticolor schisticolor !
i interior
i cinereiventris pallida
Herpsilochmus rufomarginatus frater
Microrhopias grisea intermedia
s boucardi consobrina
Ramphocenus melanurus trinitatis
e rufiventris griseodorsalis
Microbates cinereiventris cinereiventris
«“ “ magdalenz
« collaris
Cercomacra sclateri
$ tyrannina tyrannina!
‘ nigricans
€ berlepschi
Anoplops bicolor zequatorialis
“ « dague
e « ~ bicolor
Myrmeciza melanoceps
. maculifer maculifer
“ “ cassini
« lemosticta nigricauda
& longipes boucardi
se «“ panamensis
Myrmelastes immaculatus immaculatus
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 101
Myrmelastes immaculatus berlepschi !
Gymnocichla nudiceps sancte-marte
Dichrozona cinctus
Hypocnemis cantator peruviana
ft hypoxantha,
Hylophylax lepidonota
« nevia theresre
« « ~ neevioides
Myrmoborus leucophrys leucophrys
i myiotherinus elegans
Phenostictus macleannani macleannani
Rhopoterpe torquata torquata
Formicarius colma nigrifrons
. analis connectens
« nigricapillus destructus
~ analis saturatus
Chamezxza brevicauda columbiana
£ & nobilis?
Pittasoma harterti
£ rosenbergi
y, michleri (vide Cassin)
Grallaria brevicauda minor
& modesta
“ guatimalensis chocoensis
Hylopezus dives barbacor
€ “~ fulviventris
« perspicillata periopthalmica
: ss perspicillata
Family Dendrocolaptide
Furnarius agnatus
Synallaxis mcesta meesta
e « ~ obscura
es albescens albigularis
¢ pudica pudica
“ « ~ nigrifumosa,
a « caucee
& gujanensis columbianus
& cinnamomea fuscifrons
« candzi candsi
. rutilans caquetensis
Xenerpestes minlosi (vide Berlepsch)
Hyloctistes subulatus subulatus
“
is assimilis
Automolus melanorhynchus
a ochrolemus turdinus
dorsalis
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
102
Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis
€ infuscatus infuscatus
s nigricauda saturatus
i cinnamomeigula
Philydor rufipileatus consobrinus
« pyrrhodes
¢ ruficaudatus
Ancistrops strigilatus
Xenops genibarhis littoralis
Sclerurus brunneus
£ albigularis albigularis
mexicanus obscurior
Glyphorhynchus cuneatus subsp.
i. castelnaudi
pectoralis
Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei
. . phzochroa
zeiphorhyrcls guttata guttatoides
zequatorialis equatorialis
lachrymosus lachrymo-
sus
lachrymosus alarum
nanus nanus
insignis
Dendroplex picus picus
a “ picirostris
Picolaptes albolineatus
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris procur-
voides
trochilirostris
zuelensis
thoracicus
pusillus +
Dendrocolaptes validus validus !
sd sancti-thome sancti-
thom
sancti-thome radiolatus
a“
“ «“
e vene-
“
“
Family Tyrannide
Ochthornis littoralis
Fluvicola pica
Arundinicola leucocephala
Copurus colonus fuscicapillus
“ ~ leuconotus
Machetornis rixosus flavigularis
Platytriccus albogularis !
Placostomus coronatus
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXVI,
Craspedoprion xquinoctialis
a pacificus
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens asemus
& si assimilis
f i exortivus
« marginatus marginatus
« viridiceps
~ flaviventris aurulentus
klagesi
Todirostrum cinereum cinereum 1
e sclateri
e nigriceps
a latirostre
schistaceiceps superciliare
Euscarthmus striaticollis zosterops
“ septentrionalis
Lophotriccus spicifer
. squamecrista minor
Orchilus atricapillus
Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris
Hapalocercus meloryphus
Serpophaga cinerea cana !
Inezia caudata intermedia
Mionectes olivaceus hederaceus
« olivaceus pallidus
Hipnamoryhe oleaginea oleaginea
3 parca
Leptopogon superciliaris poliocephalus
s amaurocephalus
Capsiempis flaveola leucophrys
Pheomyias murina incompta
Camptostoma pusillum pusillum
“ « napeum
« cauce
Microtriccus brunneicapillus brunnei-
capillus
Tyrannulus elatus reguloides
Tyranniscus chrysops chrysops !
Elenia flavogaster flavogaster 1
« gigas
parvirostris
Myiopagis viridicata accola
“pallens
“
Legatus albicollis
Sublegatus glaber
Myiozetetes cayennensis cayennensis
= similis columbianus
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
Myiozetetes granadensis
« similis connivens
Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis
a « caucensis
sulphuratus subsp. -
i lictor
Sirystes albocinereus
Myiodynastes maculatus nobilis
Megarhynchus pitangua
Myiodynastes luteiventris
“
Onychorhynchus coronatus castelnaudi
Cnipodectes subbrunneus (vide Hell-
mayr)
minor
Myiohuie barbatus barbatus
§ atricaudus \
a
villosus
sulphureipygius aureatus
fasciatus fasciatus
Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularis
Myiotriccus ornatus stellatus
a phcenicurus
Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus
« “ ~ heterurus
Empidochanes cabanisi
Mitrephanes berlepschi eminulus
Sayornis nigricans cineracea
Myiochanes brachytarsus
Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus
fortirostris
(ferox) panamensis
(ferox) venezuelensis
apicalis
« tuberculifer tuberculifer
“ “ nigriceps
“
Tyrannus niveigularis
melancholicus satrapa 1
Muscivora tyrannus
Family Pipride
Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala
berlepschi
“ mentalis minor
velutina
coronata
Cirrhopipra filicauda
Macheropterus striolatus
“
«“«
Allocopterus deliciosus
Chloropys holochlora holochlora
€ litee
Chiroxiphia pareola napensis
Corapipo leucorrhoa
“ altera altera
Manacus manacus abditivus
¢ interior
s « bangsi
< « ~ flaveolus
vittellinus vitellinus
7 . milleri
Scotothorus turdinus rosenbergi
i “ stenorhynchus
Sapoyoa enigma
Family Cotingide
Tityra cayana
“ ~ semifasciata semifasciata
i ¢ columbiana
. ee esmeralde
“ ~ buckleyi
“« a. albitorques (vide Hellmayr).
Platypsaris homochrous homochrous
ff minor
Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus
. magdalenze
castaneus saturatus
polychropterus niger
atricapillus
“
Lathria cinerea
“, unirufa castaneotincta
Lipaugus simplex
ew holerythrus holerythrus
“ ee rosenhergi
Attila citreopygus citreopygus
Euchlornis jucunda
Cotinga nattereri
Carpodectes hopkei
Querula purpurata
Cephalopterus ornatus
Family Hirundinide
Tridoprocne albiventris
Progne chalybea chalybea
Pheoprogne tapera immaculata
Atticora fasciata
1 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
103
104
Neochelidon tibialis
sieledopion® ruficollis ruficollis
« — equalis!
uropygialis +
Family Sylviide
Polioptila livida plumbeiceps
‘ “« daguee
schistaceigula
Family Troglodytide
Heleodytes minor bicolor
zonatus brevirostris
nuchalis nuchalis
turdinus hypostictus
albobrunneus harterti
Thrgephilne leucotis
galbraithi galbraithi
albipectus bogotensis
rufalbus cumanensis
leucopogon
nigricapillus schotti
Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris fasciato-
ventris
hypospodius
Troglodytes musculus striatulus
£ neglectus
“ «
«
«
Henicorhina inornata
€ leucosticta
prostheleuca albilateralis
Leucolepis salvini
q phzocephalus pheocephalus
Microcerculus marginatus marginatus
« . occidentalis
squamulatus antioquensis
ri
~ &
Family Mimide
Mimus gilvus tolimensis !
a “ columbianus
Donacobius atricapillus albovittata
Rhodinocichla rosea rosea,
Family Turdide
Planesticus pheopygus
¢ gymnopthalmus
tristis daguee
: ignobilis ignobilis
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Planesticus ignobilis goodfellowi !
« « — debilis +
- obsoletus columbianus
€ albiventer ephippialis
“Family Vireonide
Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis
as chivi cauce
Pachysylvia semibrunnea *
. flavipes flavipes
minor
Cyelathis flavipectus canticus
parvus
“
Family Mniotiltide
Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans }
« pacifica
Dendroica petechia zquatorialis
Geothlypis semiflava
€ sequinoctialis
Basileuterus bivittatus chlorophrys
if auricapillus olivascens
rufifrons mesochrysus
fulvicauda semicervinus
i s fulvicauda
a“
Family Fringillide
Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens
cyanea caucse
Oryzoborus angolensis
< crassirostris crassirostris
funereus
Sporophila grisea grisea 1
minuta minuta !
castaneiventris
aurita aurita
. “ — opthalmica
muralle
& gutturalis +
Tiaris olivacea pusilla +
“ bicolor omissa
Volatinia jacarini splendens
Pitylus grossus
Saltator maximus
« ~ olivascens
cerulescens azare
striatipectus striatipectus !
“
“ “
“
“
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
[Vol. XXXVI,
1917]
Astragalinus columbianus 1
Sicalis flaveola
« arvensis minor
Ammodramus savannarum cauce
Myiospiza manimbe columbiana
Md cherriei
“ aurifrons
Arremenops conirostris conirostris
€ € inexpectata
« te chrysoma
Emberizoides sphenurus
Paroaria gularis
Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus
i. € occidentalis 1
ff axillaris
Family Cerebide
Ceereba luteola luteola
«mexicana columbiana 1
mexicana cauce
Dacnis cayana cayana
. “ ~ ecerebicolor
« angelica
egregia egregia
venusta fuliginata
leucogenys
Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus
« cerulea microrhyncha
Chlorophanes spiza exsul
# “ cerulescens !
Family Procniatide
Tersina viridis occidentalis 1
Family Tanagride
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala !
« aurea pileata
« xanthogastra chocoensis !
i e brevirostris 1
“
concinna
saturata
a olivacea humilis
“ fulvicrissa purpurascens
« omissa
& crassirostris crassirostris
melanura
« ehrysopasta
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
Tangara, chilensis
« ~~ schranki
johannze
xanthogastra
florida auriceps
vitriolina !
lavinia lavinia
palmeri
mexicana boliviana
inornata,
larvata fanny
Buthraupis rothschildi
Thraupis episcopus leucoptera
ceelestis ccelestis
cana cana
glaucocolpa
palmarum melanoptera
Ramphocelus nigrogularis
: dimidiatus dimidiatus
carbo carbo
& “ unicolor
flammigerus
chrysonotus
icteronotus
Chlorothraupis olivacea
£ stolzmani
Pheenicothraupis gutturalis
Heterospingus xanthopygius
Tachyphonus rufus !
¢ luctuosus
« surinamus surinamus
i delattri
Eucometis cristata cristata
Mitrospingus cassini
Erythrothlypis salmoni
Hemithraupis peruana
ee guira guirina
Cissopis leveriana minor
Schistochlamys atra
Family: Icteride
Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri
Gymnostinops guatimozinus
“ yuracares
Ostinops decumanus
ba angustifrons
Cacicus cela,
1 Ranging upward to the Subtropical Zone.
106 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Cacicus vitellinus Leistes militaris
“ heemorhous affinis Icterus auricapillus
“ uropygialis pacificus « — mesomelas salvini
Amblycercus solitarius « — hondee
s holosericeus flavirostris ? « — xanthornus xanthornus
Cassidix oryzivora violea * Megaquiscalus major assimilis
Molothrus bonariensis atronitens . :
“ “ cabanisi Family Corvide
« & eequatorialis Cyanocorax affinis affinis
Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus s violaceus ,
THE FAUNAS OF THE TROPICAL ZONE.
The Colombian-Pacific Fauna.— Th: fauna for which I propose this
name is one of the most circumscribed and sharply defined, and possibly
the most strongly characterized of any fauna of tropical South America.
Certainly no other area of similar extent in the Tropical Zone has so many
birds which are peculiar to it.
In brief, this fauna occupies the entire humid Pacific coast region of
tropical South America. This includes the whole extent of the Colombian
coast and the more northern portions of the coast region of Ecuador. Its
southern limits are marked by the northern limit of what may be termed the
Equatorial Arid Fauna.
The boundaries of these faunas remain to be determined. Roughly
speaking they may be found in the Province of Manavi, where the Arid
Fauna finds its northern limit near Bahia Caraque. The humid Colombian-.
Pacific here recedes from the coast and extends south of Bahia Caraque in the
region of heavier rainfall near the base of the Andes.
Northward, the Colombian-Pacific Fauna contributes an important
element to the composite life of the lower Cauca-Magdalena district, which
it enters through the forested region at the end of the Western Andes; north-
westward it continues into the Tuyra region of eastern Panama, where it is
also associated with Cauca-Magdalena species, which, like Ostinops decu-
manus and Donacobius atricapillus albivitta, are of purely eastern origin.
Many Central American species appear to have been derived from this
small but important area, and its influence may be traced even into southern
Mexico; but as a fauna, we may perhaps set its northern boundaries in the
Tuyra River system of eastern Panama.
Climatically, the Colombian-Pacific Fauna is distinguished by an excep-
tionally heavy rainfall. Exact meteorological data are lacking, but, as else-
1 Ranging upward to Subtropical Zone.
2 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 107
where stated, the precipitation at San José, east of Buenaventura, on the
Colombian coast, reached 400.88 inches in the year 1912, an amount doubt-
less not equalled in any other part of the Western Hemisphere.
There is no marked dry season in those portions of this region with which
we are familiar and, as might be expected, it is everywhere covered with
luxuriant tropical forests.
107
Fig. 3. Known Range of Sapoyoa enigma, a Characteristic Species of the Colombian-Pacific
Fauna of the Tropical Zone. ‘a
The arid pockets, like the upper Dagua basin, which lie between the
coastal forests and those of the Subtropical Zone, have nothing in common
with the Colombian Pacific Fauna, their life evidently having been derived
from the dryer country lying to the east of the Western Andes.
Some 150 species and subspecies are now known from Colombia which
are largely or wholly restricted to the Colombian-Pacifie Fauna. Others,
108 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
known as yet only from Ecuador, doubtless occur in it; for it must always
be remembered that not only are there portions of this fauna which have
never been visited by an ornithologist, but also that.in no other part of
tropical America is the collector confronted by more unfavorable conditions
than those which prevail in the humid coastal district of Colombia.
Of the 150 species and subspecies which are known to characterize this
‘B0°
7o° 60°
Sewer
Fig. 4. Range of Zarhynchus wagleri.
northward to Mexico.
A Tropical Zone species of the Pacific Coast which ranges
fauna in Colombia, less than fifty can be classed as representative races of
widely distributed species, leaving therefore approximately one hundred,
or two-thirds the known characteristic forms, as autocthonous.
This remarkably large proportion for a continental area of such com-
paratively limited size indicates that the environment is unusual, the isola-
tion effective, and possibly also that the region was formerly more extensive.
1917.]- Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 109
It is not probable that the environment differs appreciably from the densely
forested region lying at the eastern base of the Andes; but that this humid
Pacific coastal region is isolated from other regions of essentially similar
character is evident.
To the south, the arid coasts of Peru and northern Chile extend far
below the limits of the Tropical Zone. To the east the Andes form an
evidently impassable bulwark three zones high, the upper two of which are
largely or wholly devoid of forest growth. To the west, lies the Pacific
Ocean and, consequently, under existing topographic conditions, these
luxuriant coastal forests of northern Ecuador and western Colombia..ean
have received their life only from the north.
That some of their forms have entered it from this direction is obvious;
but they are to be found among the fifty races which represent widely
distributed and chiefly Amazonian species. Examples are Cymbilaimus
lineatus fasciatus, Myrmotherula surinamensis pacifica, Tityra semifasciata
esmeralde, Stelgidopteryx r. uropygialis, Basileuterus fulvicauda, Arremon e.
occidentalis, and other birds which have what may be called a completed
distribution, that is, occupy all the territory in which they might be expected
to occur.
Once having reached the forested, lower Cauca-Magdalena district, in
which they are all represented, there is nothing to prevent these species
from ranging southward to western Ecuador through the Colombian coastal
forests.
We cannot, however, regard this Cauca-Magdalena district as the gate-
way into the Colombian-Pacific Fauna for those west coast species which
are unknown in the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna. Many of these, as has been
said, advance westward and northward into Central America and it may be
suggested that the autocthonous Colombian-Pacific forms have originated
in Central America, since access from other areas seems to be impossible
under existing conditions.
Possibly some of them may have been so derived, but the fact that a
large part of them are unknown north of eastern Panama prohibits a, belief
in their northern origin. Even those species which like Neomorphus salvini
and Selinidera spectabilis are found as far north as Nicaragua, assuredly
cannot be considered to have entered the Colombian-Pacific Fauna from the
north. Both belong to Amazonian groups, and both, in South America, are
known west of the Andes only in the humid coast region; neither having
been recorded from the lower Cauca-Magdalena district or from western
Venezuela. Other species fall into this same class, that is, they are repre-
sented in the Colombian-Pacific Fauna and also east of the Andes, but at the
north their ranges are apparently not connected. A list of certain species
110 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
in this interesting group is given at the end of this section. In their distri-
bution I believe that we have a clue to the origin of many species of the
humid Ecuador-Colombian littoral whose presence in that region may not be
otherwise accounted for. Briefly, these forms appear to have been derived
from upper Amazonia before the Andes had acquired a sufficient altitude
effectually to separate, as they do now, the Tropical Zones at their eastern
and western bases.
A strong affinity exists also between the fresh-water fishes of these two
regions. Scharf remarks: “The fresh-water fish fauna of the Pacific slopes
of southern Ecuador still exhibits such affinity to that of the Amazon, that
the Ecuador mountains could only have had a slight elevation until com-
paratively recent geological times.” 4
Henn, in confirmation of these statements, writes that “the fishes of the
Pacific slope are in general widely distributed Amazonian types; none of
them would cause surprise if taken at Manaos.”’ ?
Wolf states that the flora of humid western Ecuador is essentially like
that of Panama and the Chocé region of western Colombia, and adds many
species are identical with or belong to the same genus as those found on the
eastern slopes of the Andes. (Geographia y Geologia del Ecuador p. 439.)
Having in mind the possibility of the Amazonian origin of the Pacific
humid fauna, W. B. Richardson in 1913, after his explorations for the
American Museum on the Ecuador coast, made, at our request, a section
across the Andes from Santa Rosa, south of Guayaquil, through Zaruma
and Loja to Zamora in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Andes.
It is proposed to report on his collections and notes in a subsequent paper,
but in this connection it may be said that the results of his journey strongly
suggest, as the topography of the region indicates, that this section was one
of the latest to be closed to the passage of Tropical Zone forms from one
side of the Andes to the other.
In journeying from Loja to Zamora, Richardson crossed the intervening
mountains, which here attain an altitude of 11,500 feet; but the Rio Zamora,
rising in the Loja Valley breaks through these mountains at a much lower
elevation, below of course, that of Loja, which is given by Richardson as
7260 feet.
This theory of the transandean origin of the Pacific humid fauna affords
a satisfactory explanation for the presence in western Ecuador and south-
western Colombia of a number of common species which are also represented
in eastern Panama, or the Cauca-Magdalena district, but are unknown on
1 Distribution and Origin of Life in America, 1912, p. 360.
2 Arthur Henn, Science, N. S., XL., 1914, p. 603.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 111
90° 80° 70° 60°
Fig. 5. Known Range of Osculatia.
Osculatia sapphirina occurs in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Andes (probably north to
the latitude of the Guaviare River). Osculatia purpurata inhabits the Colombian-Pacific Fatima of the
Tropical Zone at the western base of the Andes, their ranges apparently being separated by the Andes.
112 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
the west coast of Colombia north of the Patia River. Reaching western
Ecuador, before the Loja region had attained its present altitude, they have
also advanced westward around the northern end of the Andes in Colombia,
but have not as yet completed their distribution either by ranging north-
ward from Ecuador or southward from northern Colombia.
30° 80° 70° 60°
Fig. 6. Distribution of the western races of Manacus manacus. Illustrating the apparent absence .
on the Pacific coast north of the Patia River of a common, widely distributed Amazonian species
which is found in western Ecuador and northern Colombia.
M, -M, he 4
1. 2. M purus. 3. Manacus manacus interior.
AA, fl, i} M;, r
bangsi.
4, Manacus manacus abditivus. 5. J 6.
'
7 Me lanochlamys.
@
Mil
ie
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 113
Doubtless the absence of some of these species from western Colombia
may be apparent rather than real, but such common, conspicuous species
as Manacus manacus, and Arremenops conirostris are not likely to escape
the collector, if present. Possibly the heavy forests of the Colombian-
Pacific may have prevented the entrance of Arremenops into this region,
but this explanation cannot be offered to account for the absence of Curu-
90° 70° ~ G0"
°°
Pe,
2 12d
. on eo
“BRITISH oo ve @
T HONDURAS 6,
90° 70° 6o
Fig. 7. Known range of Arremonops conirostris. Illustrating the apparent absence on the
Colombia-Pacific coast, north of the Patia River, of a species represented in Panama and northern
Colombia by the same or an allied species.
1. Arremenops conirosiris chrysoma. 2. Arremenops conirostris inexpectata.
8. Arremenops conirostris richmondt. 4, Arremenops conirostris conirostris.
cujus melanurus, while the theory of transandean origin will explain why. the
west Ecuador form of this species should agree with that of Amazonia (C.
melanurus melanurus) rather than with that of the Cauca-Magdalena
district (C. m. macrourus).
114 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Even within the restricted limits of the Colombian-Pacific Fauna and
under the uniform conditions which prevail in it, considerable racial varia-
tion has occurred. Note, for example, the distribution of the Capito-
squamatus-maculicoronatus group as mapped herewith. Forms from the
Atrato River not infrequently differ more or less from those from the San
“
—" BRITISH
“tut NDURAS
60°
Fig. 8. Ranges of Capito squamatus and C. maculicoronatus — to illustrate the breaking up
of a characteristic Colombian-Pacific Fauna group into a distinct species south of the Patia River and
three races north of it.
1. Capito squamatus. 2. Capito maculicoronatus rubrilateralis.
3. Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis. 4. Capito maculi tus li t
Juan River and southward, and others living south of the Patia differ from
those found north. This river indeed appears to form the northern limit
of a number of species, but in view of the lack of knowledge of the coast
region lying between the Patia and Buenaventura, it is not well to be
positive in this connection.
1917,]
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
115
List of Species and Subspecies which Characterize the Colombian-Pacific Fauna.
Tinamus major latifrons 1
Crypturus kerriz
© berlepschi
soul modestus
Crax panamensis
Penelope ortoni
Odontophorus parambe
Rhynchortyx cinctus australis
Columba goodsoni
Columba subvinacea berlepschi
Leptotila plumbeiceps
e pallida
a cassini 2
Osculatia purpurata
Oreopeleia veraguensis
Aramides wolfi
Creciscus albigularis
Leucopternis plumbea
« semiplumbea
Herpetotheres cachinnans fulvescens
Pyrrhura melanurus pacifica +
Eucinetus pulchra
Electron platyrhynchus platyrhynchus
Antrostomus rosenbergi !
Androdon equatorialis
Threnetes ruckeri fraseri
Glaucis enea
Pheethornis yaruqui sancti-johannis
i striigularis subrufescens
Eutoxeres aquila salvini
ef “ ~heterura
Polyerata rosenbergi
i amabilis
Amazilis tzacatl jucunda
Hylocharis humboldti
Thalurania fannyi fannyi
Chalybura urochrysa
Boissoneaua jardini
Heliothrix barroti
Trogonurus strigilatus chionurus
Curucujus massena australis .
Neomorphus salvini
“
Capito maculicoronatus rubrilateralis
“ ~ squamatus 1
“ — quinticolor
Ramphastos swainsoni
« ambiguus abbreviatus
Pteroglossus sanguineus
Selinidera spectabilis
Galbula melanogenia
Notharcus pectoralis
Nystactes noanamz
Nystalus radiatus
Malacoptila poliopis poliopis *
ff « panamensis ?
Micromonacha lanceolata +
Monasa pallescens pallescens ?
Chloronerpes lite
Melanerpes pucherani pucherani
Celeus loricatus loricatus 3
Celeus loricatus mentalis *
Cniparchus hematogaster splendens
Picumnus olivaceus harterti 1
Cymbilaimus lineatus fasciatus
Thamnistes anabatinus intermedius
Dysithamnus puncticeps puncticeps ?
i i. flemmingi !
Myrmotherula surinamensis pacifica
Myrmopagis fulviventris
€ axillaris albigula
Microrhopias boucardi consobrina
Microbates cinereiventris cinereiventris
Cercomacra berlepschi
Anoplops bicolor bicolor ?
«“ « daguze 4
sequatorialis !
Myrmelastes immaculatus berlepschi
Phenostictus macleannani macleannani
Myrmeciza maculifer maculifer *
i Me cassini 2
f lemosticta nigricauda
Hylophylax nevioides
Formicarius nigricapillus destructus
Pittasoma harterti !
“ “a
1 Known only from south of the Patia River.
2 Known only from north of the San Juan region.
3 Known only from south of the San Juan region.
4San Juan River Region.
116
Pittasoma rosenbergi *
« michleri 2
Grallaria guatimalensis chocoensis
“ perspicillata perspicillata *
ee periopthalmica !
Hylopezus dives barbacoz !
Synallaxis pudica nigrofumosa
Automolus nigricauda saturatus *
Hyloctistes subulatus assimilis
Xiphorhynchus equatorialis equatorialis
ee lachrymosus lachrymosus
Campylorhamphus thoracicus !
Craspedoprion pacificus
Rhynchocyclus marginatus marginatus
Todirostrum sclateri 1
Lophotriccus squameecrista minor 3
Cnipodectes subbrunneus
Myiobius villosus
“3 sulphureipygius aureatus
Myiobius lite
Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularis
Mitrephanes berlepschi eminulus
Tyrannus niveigularis !
Pipra mentalis minor
Allocopterus deliciosus 4
Chloropipo holochlora litz
Corapipo altera altera
Manacus manacus bangsi !
# vitellinus vitellinus
Scotothorus turdinus rosenbergi
Sapoyoa enigma
Tityra semifasciata esmeraldz }
Lathria unirufa castaneotincta
Lipaugus holerythrus holerythrus ?
€ * rosenbergi ?
Euchlornis jucunda !
Cotinga nattereri
Carpodectes hopkei
Neochelidon tibialis
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXVI,
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis
Poliptila livida dague
« ~ schistaceigula
Heleodytes albobrunneus harterti
Thryophilus nigricapillus schotti
fe leucopogon
Henicorhina inornata
Leucolepis pheocephalus phzocephalus
Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis
. squamulatus antioquensis
Planesticus tristis dague
Pachysylvia minor
Dendroica petechia equatorialis 1
Basileuterus fulvicauda semicervinus
£ bivittatus chlorophrys !
Sporophila aurita aurita ?
‘ “ — ophthalmica ?
Arremonops conirostris chrysoma +
Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis
Dacnis cayana ccerebicolor
Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus
Tanagra xanthogastra chocoensis
Tanagra saturata
Tangara florida auriceps
« — johannee
« ~ palmeri
& lavinia lavinia
Buthraupis rothschildi
Ramphocelus icteronotus
Chlorothraupis olivacea
f stolzmani !
Heterospingus xanthopygius
Tachyphonus delattrii
Mitrospingus cassini
Erythrothlypis salmoni
Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri
Cacicus uropygialis pacificus
Molothrus bonariensis zequatorialis '
1 Known only from south of the Patia River.
2 Known only from north of the San Juan region.
3 Known only from south of the San Juan region.
4San Juan River Region.
1917.]
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
117
List or Species on REPRESENTATIVE Forms Founp IN THE Tropical ZoNE
oF SoUTHEASTERN COLOMBIA AND EasTERN Ecuapor AND WESTERN
CoLomBia anp NortTawesTeRN Ecuapor, THE RANGES OF
Waicu, SEPARATED BY THE ANDES, ARE NoT KNowN
To BE CoNNECTED.!
Eastern or Amazonian
Leptotila rufaxilla pallidipectus
Osculatia sapphirina
Pyrrhura melanura melanura
Electron platyrhynchus pyrrholemus
Curucujus melanurus melanurus
Selinidera reinwardti
Micromonacha lanceolata
Thamnistes sequatorialis
Microrhopias quixensis
Microbates collaris
Hylopezus dives fulviventris
Hyloctistes subulatus subulatus
Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome radiolatus
Myiotriccus phoenicurus
Hapalocercus meloryphus ?
Cnipodectes subbrunneus minor
Chloropipo holochlora holochlora
Manacus manacus interior
Cephalopterus ornatus
Leucolepis salvini
Sporophila aurita muralle
Arremonops conirostris conirostris
Tanagra schranki
Cacicus cela
Western or Pacific
Leptotila rufaxilla dubusi
Osculatia purpurata
Pyrrbura melanura pacifica
Electron platyrhynchus platyrhynchus
Curucujus melanurus melanurus
Selinidera spectabilis
Micromonacha lanceolata
Thamnistes anabatinus intermedius
Microrhopias boucardi consobrina
Microbates cinereiventris cinereiventris
Hylopezus dives barbacoze
Hyloctistes subulatus assimilis
Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome
thom
Myiotriccus ornatus stellatus
Hapalocercus meloryphus
Cnipodectes subbrunneus subbrunneus
Chloropipo holochlora, lite
Manacus manacus bangsi
« « melanochlamys
Cephalopterus penduliger
Leucolepis phzeocephalus phzeocephalus
Sporophila aurita ophthalmica
Arremonops conirostris chrysoma
Tanagra florida auriceps
Cacicus flavicrissus
sancti-
The Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.— The faunal area to which I would apply
the name Cauca-Magdalena embraces that part of the Tropical Zone which
is drained by the Cauca and Magdalena River systems from their source
northward to the arid coastal region, or Caribbean Fauna.
It is divisible into arid and humid sections.
The former embraces the
entire Cauca Valley and extends northward into Antioquia nearly to the
upper limits of navigation on the lower Cauca, and,also the upper Magda-
__ Re.
1In a future paper on the distribution of bird-life in Ecuador it is proposed to treat more fully of
the origin of the avifauna of the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast. In this connection I present only
some of the more striking instances of Tropical species common to both the Pacific Coast and eastern
Ecuador and Colombia, whose range appears to be separated by the Andes.
2S, W. Ecuador, Magdalena Valley, and Amazonia, but unknown on Pacific-Colombian coast.
118 Bulletin American Musewm of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
lena Valley from its head northward to the upper limits of heavy forest
growth near La Dorada. The latter includes the lower Cauca-Magdalena
forests which cover the bottomlands and lower slopes of the mountains
from La Dorada northward to the vicinity of Banco. To the northeast the
country bordering the Rio Cesar is of the open, savanna type, and belongs
to the Caribbean Fauna, but it is possible that a belt of Tropical Zone
90°
Fig. 9. Known distribution of Mier ha I lata, a species of the Tropical Zone which
is found at both the eastern and western bases of the Andes.
forest skirts the Eastern Andes and crosses its northern end to connect
with the forests of the southern Maracaibo district... This connection,
however, is not known by me to exist. In any event, it is not probable
that the association of species forming the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna extends
far into the Cesar Valley.
To the west, the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna reaches at least to the Tuyra
1 Compare Simons’s map of the Goajira Peninsula (Proc. R. G. S., 1885) where a considerable
area at the northeastern end of the Eastern Andes bears the name “Montes de Oca (woods).”
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 119
district of eastern Panama, but from the lower Atrato Valley westward it
merges so completely with the Colombian-Pacific Fauna that any attempt
to map their respective boundary lines in this region must be purely arbi-
trary. :
The Cauca-Magdalena Fauna possesses comparatively few species pecu-
liar to itself, its life consisting chiefly of forms received from the Ama-
zonian region on the east and Colombian-Pacific Fauna on the west. The
“BRITISH
J] ! HONDURAS
107
Fig. 10. Known range of Thamnophilus nigriceps Scl. A species of the humid Colombian-Pacific
Fauna of the Tropical Zone.
result is a composite group to which neither of the above names ‘could
properly be applied. The region, however, is more than a meeting ground
for species originating elsewhere. It contains a number of such strongly.
marked indigenous forms as Capito hypoleucus, Xenerpestes minlosi, and
Gymnostinops guatamozinus, and for this reason, as well as for convenience
in descriptive zodgeography, it is deserving of faunal rank.
120 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
70° 0°
go?
“BRITISH
! HQNOURAS
9a° 80°
Fig. 11. Range of Ostinops decumanus. A Tropical Zone, Amazonian species which enters Colombia
from the east, extends southward up the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys and westward to western Panama,
but is unknown on the Pacific Coast of Colombia except on the lower Atrato. Dotted area — General South
American range. Black area — Range west of the Andes.
a“
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 121
The humid portion of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna lies chiefly in the
Department of Antioquia. It is largely covered with heavy, primeval
forest, and is connected with the forests of the Colombian-Pacifie Fauna
by the forested area at the northern end of the Western Andes. This
continuous forest growth has made the lower Cauca-Magdalena district
easy of access to Pacific coast forms, which have entered it in such large
90°
70°, Gi
90°
Fig. 12. Known range of Myrmeciza exsul. A species which enters the Cauca-Magdalena
Fauna from the west.
numbers that it might well be considered a part of the Colombian-Pacific
Fauna, had not invasion from the east given the Amazonian region even
greater claims upon it.
When, however, one compares the narrow strip of country lying to the
west with the vast area lying to the east, the proportion of western to east-
122 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
ern forms is surprisingly large. It is, however, to be especially noted that
whereas many of the Amazonian forms have crossed the Cauca-Magdalena
district and entered Panama and even Central America, no distinctly
Pacific coast species appears to have gone east over the route at the northern
end of the Eastern Andes by which Amazonian speciés have traveled west-
ward. This fact might indicate that in spite of the proximity of the district
whence it has been derived, the west coast element is of more recent origin,
but a comparison of the changes which have occurred in both groups since
their establishment in the humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna does not con-
firm this theory, species of western origin showing as much racial variation _
as those from the east.
The abrupt cessation of forest growth on the floor of the Magdalena
Valley at La Dorada marks the southern limit of the range in that valley of
the forest-inhabiting species which characterize the humid Cauca-Magda-
lena Fauna. Tropical Zone forest extends at least as far south as the lati- _
tude of Honda, on the slopes of the mountains, carrying with it such forest-
loving species as Myrmelastes immaculatus and Formicarius analis saturatus,
but beyond this the avifauna of the Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena
Valley is composed of species which frequent plains, thickets and low scrubby
woods. Examples are Colinus cristata leucotis, Ortalis columbiana
columbiana, Psittacula conspicillata conspicillata, Thamnophilus radiatus
albicans, Myrmeciza l. boucardi, Arremenops conirostris conirostris and A. c.
inexpectata, Thraupis c. cana, Thraupis palmarum melanoptera, etc. With
but few exceptions all the Tropical Zone species inhabiting the upper
Magdalena Valley have evidently entered it from the north passing the
forested area lying between Banco and La Dorada. Its life, therefore,
resembles that of the arid lower Magdalena or Caribbean Fauna, rather
than that of the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in
the same latitude.
Not only have these mountains proved a barrier to extension of range
directly over them, but of equal, or in view of the low altitude of the Anda-
lucia Pass (7000 ft.) of possibly greater importance, is the lack of forests
in the upper Magdalena which would afford a favorable home for the spe-
cies inhabiting the densely wooded region at the eastern base of the moun-
tains.
In several instances, however, notably with species not so strictly con-
fined by zonal boundaries as is customary, it is evident that forms of the
extreme upper Magdalena Valley have entered it from the east over the
mountains. The known examples are Piaya cayana mesura (upper Mag-
dalena specimens agreeing with those of the eastern slope of the Andes in-
stead of with those of the vicinity of Honda), Conopophaga castaneiceps
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 123
90°
Fig. 138. Range of Donacobius atricapillus. An Amazonian species which enters Colombia from the
east, ds the Magdal Valley to at least Honda, crosses the lower Cauca-Magdalena district to the
lower Atrato and Tuyra district in eastern Panama, but is unknown in the Cauca Valley.
Dotted area — general South American Range.
Black area — Colombia range.
124 Bulletin: American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
castaneiceps (found.in the forests on the west slopes below Andalucia),
Myiotriccus 0. phenicurus, Tanagra chilensis, and Schistochlamys atra. ,
It should be added that our work has been done about the borders of
this upper Magdalena district. Of the fauna of the floor of the valley, I —
feel that we have still much to learn.
The second southward extending arm of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna
enters the Cauca Valley from Antioquia and reaches almost to Popayan.
It seems highly inaccurate to speak of so fertile a district as the Cauca
Valley as arid, nevertheless, in the light of our present knowledge, it must
be ranked as an arid branch of the Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.
The marshes and bayous of the Cauca River support a variety of aquatic
and palustrine species unknown to the dryer upper Magdalena, but aside
from this difference there is a marked similarity in the Tropical Zone life
of each.
There is more forest growth in the Cauca than in the upper Magdalena
Valley, in spite of widespread deforestation. Localities like those visited
by Allen and Miller at Rio Frio, and the country through which we passed
about Guengiie, seem well-adapted to the needs of forest-haunting species;
nevertheless, we have thus far failed to find in the Cauca Valley a single
representative of the families Momotidae, Trogonide, Galbulide or Buc-
conide, and but one species of Ramphastide, the widely distributed Aulaco-
rhynchus hematopygius.
Possibly the comparatively limited amount of forest-growth may account
for the apparent absence of those species of these groups which inhabit the
lower Cauca region, and might therefore be expected to occur in the Cauca
Valley. But it is evident that its isolation, and the fact that the Tropical
Zone enters it at the north where it is separated from the forests of the lower
Cauca by long stretches of treeless, truly arid country, are all factors which
must be taken into consideration in accounting for its apparently limited
life. That this life is actually limited I believe to be a fact, but I also
believe that further collecting in the forests of the valley will result in the
discovery of species which have not thus far been taken there.
In spite, therefore, of the physical differences between the upper Mag-
dalena and Cauca Valleys, their land-bird life is much the same. In both
instances it has been derived indirectly from east of the Andes by a current
which appears to have flowed northward around the end of the Eastern
Andes, and thence southward up to the heads of the valleys.
The upper Magdalena, being far more accessible geographically, and
having a narrower belt of humid tropical forest at its mouth, has received
the greatest number of species. The following common birds for example,
of the upper Magdalena are as yet unknown from the Cauca Valley: Broto-
o\3
: BUENOS AIR
“100° 90! go* 60°
Fig. 14. Range of Thraupis palmarum. A widely distributed South American Tropical species which
enters Colombia from the east; ranges southward to the head of the Magdalena and westward through the
lower Cauca-Magdalena district to the Pacific coast, north to Costa Rica, and as far south at least as
Buenaventura, but is unknown from the Cauca valley.
Dotted area — General South American range.
Black area — Range in Colombia and adjoining territory.
125
126 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
geris jugularis, Galbula ruficauda, Myrmeciza longipes, boucardi, Furnarius
agnatus, Atalatriccus p. pilaris, Hapalocercus meloryphus, Manacus manacus
flaveolus, Heleodytes m. bicolor, H..brevirostris, Planesticus a. ephippialis,
Saltator maximus, Arremenops conirostris, Thraupis palmarum melanoptera,
Cyanocorax affinis, etc.
To this list others might be added. Doubtless further field work in the
Cauca Valley will result in the discovery of some of them, but it seems clear
that there will still remain a goodly number whose absence can be accounted
for only by the isolation of the valley. I dwell on the fact for, it seems
clearly to indicate that the life of the Cauca was acquired under existing topo-
graphic conditions.
Notwithstanding its nearness to the Pacific coast and the comparatively
low altitude of the Western Andes, few species have entered the Cauca
Valley from the Pacific coast. This cannot be wholly due to the differences
in the physical characteristics of these two districts, since there are many
species of the Pacific coast which would find a congenial home in the Cauca
Valley, but which have evidently been prevented from entering it by the
intervening mountains.
In the appended list of nineteen species common to the Pacific coast
and Cauca Valley, at least thirteen are of East Andean origin, and are more
likely to have entered the Cauca Valley from the lower Cauca-Magdalena
district than from the Pacific coast. Marila nationi is a duck of unknown
origin, Leptotila plumbeiceps occurs as far north as Central America and is
doubtless found in the lower Cauca-Magdalena district, where Pachy-
rhamphus dorsalis is also found, leaving therefore only two species, Tanagra
saturata and Manacus vitellinus vitellinus which with any certainty can be
said to have entered the Cauca Valley from the Pacific coast.
The life of the Cauca Valley has been therefore derived, with surpris-
ingly few exceptions, from that part of South America lying east of the
Andes, and has but slight affinity with that of the Pacific-Colombian
Fauna.
But if the Pacific coast has given but little to the life of the Cauca Valley,
the valley has made noteworthy contributions to the arid upper Dagua
Basin lying in thé Tropical Zone on the western slope of the Western Andes.
Of thirty-three species taken by Richardson at Caldas on the upper Dagua,
sixteen are common to the Pacific coast and the Cauca Valley, thirteen are
known from the Cauca Valley but not from the Pacific coast, while only one,
Sayornis n. cineracea, is recorded from the Pacific coast but not from the
Cauca Valley, where, however, it may occur. This case clearly illustrates
the necessity of giving due consideration to suitability of environment in
any attempt to solve distributional problems. The Pacific-Colombian
Faunal area, an intensely humid district, cannot be expected to’ enter
Butietin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Prare XXIX.
Cauca VALLEY FROM SAN ANTONIO
The Cauca Valley lies below and the Central Andes arise behind the clouds. Trail to Cali in
the foreground. Taken from the lower border of bushy vegetation near the San Antonio Pass.
(Junction of Tropical and Subtropical Zones.)
re MORE Sintec
Cauca VAaLLey rrom MIRAFLORES
Note the level valley floor. The Western Andes appear in the background.
(Junction of Tropical and Subtropical Zones. )
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 127
largely into the Cauca Valley, a comparatively arid district; but the tropical
life of the valley, on the other hand, has crossed the Subtropical Zone of
the Western Andes and entered a favorable environment on its western
slope.
It should be noted, however, that on the treeless lower slopes of the
eastern side of the Western Andes, the Tropical Zone extends to a greater
altitude than it does on the humid western slopes. At San Antonio and
Cresta de Gallo, for example, it practically reaches the divide from which
one can almost see the Dagua basin, the upper margin of which lies not more
than 1200 feet below. Only a small barrier, therefore, prevents the passage
of species from the Cauca Valley to the upper Dagua Valley.
On the western slopes of the Western Andes, the humid Tropical Zone
does not attain so great an altitude as does the arid Tropical Zone on its
eastern side, and the Subtropical Zone to be crossed is correspondingly
wider.
In spite of its isolation from other regions possessing similar character-
istics, the Cauca Valley has given rise to but few geographical forms, and
this fact in connection with its apparently limited life suggests that the
existing fauna has been acquired at a comparatively recent date.
It had occurred to me that possibly the floor of the Cauca Valley is an
ancient lake-bed but with no geological evidence to support this theory, I
had hesitated to advance it, but on re-reading Robert Blake White’s ‘ Notes
on the Central Provinces of Colombia’ (Proc. R. G. §., V, 1883, p. 250) after
the preceding observations had been written, I find this exceedingly inter-
esting statement: “Directly to the eastward of this group [Supia and
Tad6 Moros] of igneous rocks lies the great volcanic centre of Herveo,
Tolima and Santa Isabel, and there, can be no doubt that the valley of the
upper Cauca was for some time in the post-tertiary period converted into a
lake, owing to the upheaval of the flanks of the volcanoes mentioned.
However, their action also produced a fracture parallel to the opposing
western cordillera, and the waters of the Cauca at last worked their way
northwards and now run through one of the grandest ravines imaginable.”
Here then, we have an apparently satisfactory explanation of the charac-
ter of the Cauca Valley fauna, which appears indeed to be of post-Andean
origin.
List of Species and Subspecies which Characterize the Humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna.
Crax alberti Capito hypoleucus
Amazona salvini Ramphastos citreolemus
Pyrilia pyrilia Brachygalba salmoni
Momotus subrufescens subrufescens Campephilus malherbi
“ reconditus Thamnophilus nigriceps
128
?Clytoctantes alixi
Xenerpestes minlosi
Gymnocichla nudipes sanctee-martz
Todirostrum nigriceps
Corapipo leucorrhoa
Pachyrhamphus magdalene
Heleodytes zonatus brevirostris
Thryophilus leucotis
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXVI,
Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris fasciato-
ventris
Tanagra concinna
Tangara inornata
Pheenicothraupis gutturalis
Gymnostinops guatimozinus
Cacicus vittellinus
Tropical Zone Species which enter the Humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna from the West.
Crypturus ‘‘boucardi” (vide Scl. & Salv.)
Leptotila cassini
Oreopeleia veraguensis
Creciscus albigularis
Leucopternis semiplumbea
Electron platyrhynchus minor
Cheetura spinicauda fumosa
Androdon equatorialis
Polyerata amabilis
Heliothrix barroti
Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis
Trogonurus strigilatus chionurus
Capito maculicoronatus rubrilateralis
Ramphastos swainsoni
Notharcus pectoralis
Nystalus radiatus
Malacoptila panamensis panamensis
Monasa pallescens sclateri
Melanerpes pucherani pucherani
Celeus loricatus mentalis
Cniparchus hematogaster splendens
Dysithamnus puncticeps puncticeps
Myrmopagis fulviventris
Microrhopias boucardi consobrina
Microbates cinereiventris magdalene
Myrmelastes immaculatus immaculatus
Phenostictus macleannani macleannani
Myrmeciza maculifer cassini
Myrmeciza lemosticta nigricauda
“ longipes panamensis
Hylophylax nevia nevioides
Hylopezus perspicillata perspicillata
Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus alarum
Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome sancti-
thome
Cnipodectes subbrunneus
?Rhynchocyclus marginatus marginatus
Pipra velutina
Manacus vitellinus milleri
Lathria unirufa castaneotincta
Lipaugus holerythrus holerythrus
Cotinga nattereri
Neochelidon tibialis
Polioptila schistaceigula
Thryophilus nigricapillus schotti
Leucolepis phzocephalus pheocephalus
Oryzoborus funereus
Dacnis venusta fuliginata
Dacnis egregia egregia
Tanagra saturata
Tangara larvata fanny
Ramphocelus icteronotus
Chlorothraupis olivacea
Heterospingus xanthopygius
Tachyphouus delatri
Mitrospingus cassini
Erythrothlypis salmoni
Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri
Cacicus uropygialis pacificus
Cyanocorax affinis affinis
Tropical Zone Species which enter the Humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna from the East.
Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus
Aramides cajanea cajanea
Phaétusa chloropoda
Rhynchops nigra cinerascens
Jacana nigra
Phimosus berlepschi
Jabiru mycteria
Agamia agami
1Qnly species which are unknown in western Ecuador, and whose eastern origin is therefore
undoubted, are here included.
1917.]
Pilherodias pileatus
Ixobrychus erythronotus
Chauna chavaria
Aratinga wagleri
Psittacula conspicillata conspicillata
Brotogeris jugularis
Amazona amazonica
Amazona ochrocephala panamensis
Uropsalis lyra
Glaucis hirsuta affinis
Lepidopyga ccelina
Chrysolampis elatus
Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis
Galbula ruficauda ruficauda
?Jacamerops grandis (= anna?)
Nonnula frontalis
Chrysoptilus punctigula striatigularis
Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus
Ceophleeus lineatus mesorhynchus
Conopophaga castaneiceps
Myrmeciza longipes boucardi
Formicarius analis saturatus
Synallaxis albescens albigularis
?Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis
Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris vene-
zuelensis
Fluvicola pica
?Euscarthmus septentrionalis
Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris
Inezia caudata intermedia
Pipramorpha oleagina parca
Phzomyias murina incompta
?Microtriccus brunneicapillus brunnei-
capillus
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
129
Myiozetetes similis columbianus
Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis
« lictor ;
Myiodynastes maculatus nobilis
Myiobius fasciatus fasciatus
Myiarchus ferox panamensis
Tyrannus melancholichus satrapa
Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala
Machaeropterus striolatus
Manacus manacus abditivus +
Tridoprocne albiventris
Progne chalybea chalybea
?Mimus gilvus columbianus
Donacobius atricapillus albovittatus
Planesticus ignobilis ignobilis ‘
" albiventer ephippialis
Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus
Geothlypis equatorialis
Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes
Sporophila grisea grisea
“ minuta minuta
Tiaris olivacea pusilla
“ bicolor omissa
Saltator striatipectus striatipectus
Arremonops conirostris conirostris *
Emberizoides sphenurus
Tanagra olivacea humilis
& crassirostris crassirostris
Thraupis palmarum melanoptera
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus
Eucometis cristata cristata
Hemithraupis guira guirina
Schistochlamys atra
Ostinops decumanus
Icterus xanthornus xanthornus
List of Species and Subspecies Known only from the Cauca Valley.
Ortalis columbianus cauce
Chamepelia rufipennis cauce
Psittacula conspicillata cauce *
Stenopsis cayennensis monticola
Synallaxis pudica cauce
Camptostoma caucze
Pitangus sulphuratus caucee
Planesticus ignobilis goodfellowi *
Vireosylva chivi cauce
Cyanocompsa cyanea cauce *
Ammodramus savannarum cauce
Ccereba, mexicana cauce
Ramphocelus fammigerus
1 Represented in western Ecuador by M. m. melanochlamys and in southwestern Colombia by
M. m. bangsi, but unknown on Pacific coast north of Patia River.
2 Represented in western Ecuador by A. c. chrysoma, but unknown on Pacific coast north of Patia
River.
3 Occurs also in the arid upper Dagua Valley.
130 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
List of Species and Subspecies of the Colombian-Pacific Fauna which have entered the
Cauca Valley.
4
Leptotila plumbeiceps !
Marila nationi ?
Micrastur guerilla interstes *
Rupornis magnirostris ruficauda *
Piaya rutila gracilis *
Piaya cayana nigricrissa 3
Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus *
Taraba transandeana transandeana *
Myrmopagis schisticolor schisticolor *
Xenops genibarbis littoralis 5
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens asemus 3
Myiopagis viridicata accola *
Myiobius barbatus atricaudus *
Myiarchus tuberculifer nigriceps °
Manacus vitellinus vitellinus +
Tanagra xanthogastra chocoensis ?
Tanagra saturata 1
Ramphocelus flammigerus !
‘List of Species and Subspecies Collected in the arid Upper Dagua Basin on the
western slope of the Western Andes, showing how large a proportion of them has been
derived from the Cauca Valley.
Colinus cristatus leucotis °
Cheemepelia passerina nana °
Leptotila plumbeiceps ®
Belonopterus cayennensis ®
Psittacula conspicillata cauce ®
Saucerottea saucerottei ®
Hylocharis grayi *
Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus °
Tapera nevia ®
Crotophaga ani §
Synallaxis albescens albigularis ®
Todirostrum cinereum cinereum °
Myiopagis viridicata accola °
Myiobius fasciatus fasciatus
Pyrocephalus rubineus heterurus °
Sayornis nigricans cineracea ”
Myiarchus apicalis 5
Muscivora tyrannus ©
Troglodytes musculus striatulus °
Mimus gilvus tolimensis
Planesticus ignobilis >
Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans §
Geothlypis semiflava °
Cyanocompsa cyanea cauce >
Sporophila grisea grisea ®
é minuta minuta 5
gutturalis °
Tiaris olivacea pusilla ®
Saltator striatipectus striatipectus °
Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala
« saturata ®
Tangara vitriolina >
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus §
£ chrysonotus
Tachyphonus luctuosus ®
Molothrus bonariensis cabanisi ®
“
The Caribbean Fauna.— The Caribbean coast of Colombia (except for
a small section of the base of the central part of the Santa Marta group)
1 Unknown east of the Andes.
2 Known, elsewhere only from the vicinity of Lima, Peru.
3 Represented east of the Andes.
4 This species appears to be the only Tropical Zone species of the Pacific coast which has entered
the Cauca Valley over the Western Andes. A representative, but strongly marked form, Manacus
vitellinus milleri, occurs on the lower Cauca River at Puerto Valdivia, on the route by which this species
might have been expected to enter the Cauca Valley.
5 Recorded from the Cauca Valley but not from the Pacific coast.
6 Recorded from Pacific coast and Cauca Valley. .
7 Recorded from Pacific coast but not from Cauca Valley.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 131
from the mouth of the Sinu River to the end of the Goajira Peninsula is
arid. Farther east the arid coastal strip extends into Venezuela but I have
not at hand exact data from which to determine its eastern limits.
In Colombia, in addition to the coastal district, this arid area occupies
the valleys lying between the Santa Marta groups and the Eastern Andes
and extends southward up the Magdalena Valley to the northern limits of
the forested, humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna at approximately the junction
of the rivers from which this fauna takes its name.
In those parts of this region with which we are familiar, the rainfall is
said to be small and irregular. In consequence there are no forests, the
Open Savannas supporting a scanty growth of acacias, mimosas, occasional
cacti and other xerophytic forms.
In the vicinity of rivers, marshes and bayous afford a home for numer-
ous aquatic and palustrine forms, and near the coast there are vast expanses
of red mangroves bordering the bodies of tidal water. These might
indeed be set aside as constituting a small but distinct faunal area. We
have, however, done no collecting in them and I am unable to treat of their
fauna, but as a rule, aside from water birds, such regions contain few char-
acteristic species.
In addition to such widely distributed scrub and savanna-inhabiting
species as Pyrocephalus r. heterurus, Muscivora tyrannus, Saltator olivascens,
Thraupis cana cana, etc., all of which appear to be of eastern origin, this
arid district possesses enough forms of its own to warrant, in my opinion,
its being distinguished as a distinct faunal area, for which the name
Caribbean seems appropriate.
Some of the characteristic species of the Caribbean Fauna have crossed
the forests of the Magdalena and reached the arid upper Magdalena Valley.
Examples are Colinus cristatus, Brotogeris jugularis, Furnarius agnatus,
Heleodytes m. bicolor and H. brevirostris, but such distinctive species as
Psittacula spengeli, Picumnus cinnamomeus, and Synallaxis candeit do not
appear to be known beyond the confines of the Caribbean Fauna.
List of Species and Subspecies which Characterize the Caribbean Fauna.
Ortalis garrula + ?Brotogeris jugularis
Colinus cristatus decoratus Galbula ruficauda pallens
Cheemepelia passerina albivitta Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis.
Chlorostilbon heberlini Chloronerpes xanthochlorus
Aratinga xruginosa #ruginosa Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyi
Psittacula spengeli Picumnus cinnamomeus
1 Recorded only from the Santa Marta district.
132 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Thamnophilus canadensis pulchellus Heleodytes nuchalis nuchalis
Microrhopias grisea intermedia "y zonatus brevirostris
Furnarius agnatus Troglodytes musculus atopus
Synallaxis cinnamomea fuscifrons Mimus gilvus columbianus
e candei candei Thraupis glaucocolpa
Empidochanes cabanisi Ccereba luteola luteola
Heleodytes minor bicolor
The Orinocan Fauna. — In our work at Buena Vista and Villavicencio,
as well as at Florencia and La Morelia, we merely touched the western
margin of a major faunal region which reaches to the eastern border of the
continent. To define its minor divisions, even were data at hand, would
take us far beyond the limits of our subject. It will, however, answer our
present purpose to apply, at least provisionally, the term Orinocan Fauna
to that. part of this region with which we are concerned and restrict our
comparison of its life to that of the contiguous areas here under review.
As has been stated elsewhere (see Expedition No. 7), the llanos or
plains of the Meta, at Villavicencio, come directly to the base of the Andes.
They bear no large forested areas, but the banks of streams are sometimes
wooded, and where the streams overflow there are usually patches of forest
growth. But the slopes of the outermost ridge of the Andes are heavily
forested from base to summit.
Our collecting about Villavicencio, was done in the open fields and in
the strips of woodland. At Buena Vista, some 3000 feet higher, we col-
lected only in the forests and about their borders. Nevertheless there was
a surprising similarity in the arboreal tropical bird-life of these apparently
quite different localities. Thus, of one hundred and fifty species (chiefly
Passeres), forty-eight were found only at Buena Vista, fifty-eight only at
Villavicencio, while fifty were common to both places.
The Amazonian element is apparently quite as strongly shown at Vil-
lavicencio as at Buena Vista; twenty-three Amazonian forms collected by
Miller at La Morelia and Florencia, being also taken about Villavicencio,
and eighteen at Buena Vista. It seems obvious, therefore, that the life of
these two localities as it is represented in our collections, may be treated
collectively. 7
Compared with that of the Amazonian Fauna of southeastern Colombia,
it contains a much smaller number of pure Amazonian forms, and much
larger number of wide-ranging species characteristic of the arid and semi-
arid portions of northern South America. There are also several so-called
Guianan species which have not as yet been recorded from upper Amazonia.
Indicating doubtless a lower humidity, several species common to both the
Florencia and Villavicencio districts are represented at the last-named
Butrerin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Piatra XXX.
Near VILLAVICENCIO
Junction of Llanos with Andes.
(Tropical Zone; Orinocan Fauna.)
Near VILLAVICENCIO
Exit of Rio Guatequia from the Andes.
(Tropical Zone; Orinocan Fauna.)
1917.| Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 133
locality by paler forms. Examples are: Crypturus soui soui, Leptotila
rufaxilla pallidipectus, Brachygalba fulviventris fulviventris and Synallaxis
masta mesta.
List of Species and Subspecies found at Villavicencio and Buena Vista which have not
been Recorded from the Amazonian Fauna of Colombia or from eastern Ecuador
and which, therefore, Characterize the westward extension of the Orinocan Fauna.
Crypturus soui soui Todirostrum superciliare superciliare
Crax alector Leptopogon superciliaris poliocephalus
Colinus cristatus parvicristatus ie amaurocephalus
Columba rufina Pheomyias murina incomta
Leptotila rufaxilla pallidipectus Myiozetetes granadensis
Stenopsis cayennensis cayennensis Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus
Brachygalba fulviventris fulviventris Thryophilus albipectus bogotensis
Chelidoptera tenebrosa e rufalbus cumanensis
Veniliornis fidelis Pheugopedius hypospodius
Thamnophilus doliatus doliatus Troglodytes musculus neglectus
es tenuipunctatus Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes
Ramphocenus melanurus trinitatis Geothlypis sequinoctialis
Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina Oryzoborus angolensis
Grallaria modesta a crassirostris crassirostris
Synallaxis mcesta moesta Sporophila grisea grisea
& gujanensis columbianus. Myiospiza cherriei
Automolus turdinus Arremonops conirostris conirostris
Selerurus albigularis albigularis Arremon axillaris
Glyphorhynchus cuneatus Ceereba luteola luteola
Dendroplex picus picus Tanagra aurea pileata
Picolaptes albolineatus Tangara vitriolina
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris vene- Thraupis episcopus leucoptera
zuelensis Ramphocelus carbo unicolor
Machetornis rixosa flavigularis Icterus xanthornus xanthornus
Amazonian Fauna.— When we enter that vast territory lying east of
the Andean system, we leave behind us the more distinctive features of the
Colombian fauna. We stand now, as it were, on the shores of a great ocean
of life which stretches far beyond the boundaries of Colombia. No adequate
analysis of its affinities can be based on the study of a restricted part of it.
The problem is as wide as the combined Amazonian and Orinocan basins.
It should, therefore, be understood that in applying the term Amazonian
Fauna to that portion of tropical Colombia included in the Amazonian
drainage system, it is not intended to imply that we have here a definite
faunal area, but that the faunal affinities of this southeastern section of the
republic are with that wide-spreading region to which the name Amazonia
is commonly, if somewhat vaguely, applied.
134 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
So far as I am aware, no attempt to map the faunal areas of Amazonia
has as yet been made, but it is evident that in spite of its enormous extent
the comparatively uniform climatic and topographic conditions which
prevail throughout its forested portions have produced correspondingly
uniform faunal characteristics.
Such small, sedentary species as, for example, Dichrozona and Rhopoterpe
range, unchanged from the base of the Andes through two thousand miles
of forest to the lower Amazon, and the local differences in flora occasioned
_by the wide variations between low and high water on the larger streams
are often more pronounced than those existing in districts at opposite
borders of the region.
The distinctive feature of Amazonia is its forests, so well described by
Wallace, Bates, Spruce and others. As elsewhere remarked, the northern
limit of this Amazonian forest coincides approximately with the Guaviare
River, beyond which lie the Llanos, but a heavily forested belt extends
much farther north along the lower slopes of the Andes. According to Rice,
as already quoted, the Sierra Chiribiquete lying south of the Guaviare,
reaches an altitude of 2850 feet. Judging by our work at Buena Vista
(alt. 4500 ft.), on the outermost spur of the Eastern Andes above Villa-
vicencio, this is not sufficient altitude to produce a marked change in fauna.
It remains, however, to be discovered to what extent the apparent isolation
of these mountains and the possibly different environmental conditions
they may offer, has modified the forms inhabiting them.
As might be expected, there is a close resemblance between the bird-life
of Amazonian Colombia, as it is revealed by Miller’s work at La Morelia
and Florencia, and that of eastern Ecuador as that has been made known by
the so-called ‘Napo’ specimens.
It goes without saying that notwithstanding the large collections secured
‘by him in a limited time, Miller’s month at La Morelia and Florencia
enabled him to get only enough material to show the faunal features of the
region, and their Amazonian character is indicated by the appended list of,
distributionally, the more significant species.
List of the More Characteristic Amazonian Species collected at Florencia and La Morelia,
in Southeastern Colombia.
Penelope jacqtagu Creciscus enops
Ortalis guttata Psophia napensis
Pipile cumanensis Otus watsoni
Opisthocomus hoazin Psittacula sclateri
Anurolimnas castaneiceps Electron platyrhynchus pyrrholemus
hauxwelli Hydropsalis climacocerca
1917,]
Pheethornis fraterculus moorei
Eutoxeres condamini
Campylopterus obscurus equatorialis
Agyrtrina fluviatilis
Pharomacrus pavoninus
Trogonurus bolivianus
Chrysotrogon ramonianus
Curucujus melanurus melanurus
Capito aurovirens
“auratus auratus
Ramphastos cuvieri
Pteroglossus pluricinctus
. castanotis castanotis
flavirostris flavirostris
« humboldti
Selinidera reinwardti
Galbula tombacea tombacea
Bucco capensis
Argicus macrodactylus
Malacoptila fusca
Monasa flavirostris
“ morphceus peruana
nigrifrons
Veniliornis ruficeps hematostigma
Campephilus melanoleucus
Dysithamnus capitalis capitalis
¢ ardesiacus ardesiacus
Cercomacra sclateri
Rhopoterpe torquata
Dichrozona cincta
Myrmeciza melanoceps
“
«
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 135
Hypocnemis cantator peruviana
# hypoxantha
Hylophylax lepidonota
as neevia theresse
Synallaxis rutila caquetensis
Automolus infuscatus infuscatus
Philydor ruficaudatus
Ancistrops strigilatus
Sclerurus brunneus
Xiphorhynchus guttatoides
insignis
Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome radiolatus
Ochthornis littoralis
Todirostrum latirostris .
Lophotriccus spicifer
Pipra coronata
Cirrhopipra fulicauda
Macheropterus striolatus
Chiroxiphia pareola napensis
Lathria cinerea
Lipaugus simplex
Cephalopterus ornatus
Myospiza aurifrons
Paroaria gularis
Tanagra chilensis
e schranki
f xanthogastra
Ramphocelus nigrogularis
Cissopis liveriana minor
Gymnostinops yucares
THE SUBTROPICAL ZONE AND ITS FAUNAS.
The Subtropical Zone lies approximately between the altitudes of 5000
and 9000 feet, or from the average upper limits of the Tropical Zone to the
lower limits of the Temperate Zone. Its inferior boundary is consequently
as variable’ as the superior boundary of the Tropical Zone, and hence may
vary from 4500 to 6500 feet in accordance with the conditions mentioned
in outlining that zone. The altitude at which it meets the Temperate Zone
is also governed by humidity. Apparently, however, it never exceeds
9500 feet, but in the absence of the forest which distinguishes the Subtropical
Zone it descends to the level at which forest is encountered. Should the
forest be entirely wanting, the zone, so far as birds are concerned, is also
missing or but suggested by the occurrence of the few scrub-haunting
species like Xanthoura, which are found in it. With them will be associated
b
136 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
both Tropical Zone and even Temperate Zone species whose habits fit them
to life in more or less open, bushy places. Such an association was found
at Quetame (alt. 4500 ft.) in the Eastern Andes, where in the scanty growth
of low trees bordering the Rio Negro and its tributaries we found Xanthoura
yneas cyanodorsalis, Schistochlamys atra and Thraupis episcopus leucoptera,
while in the immediately adjoining fields was Sturnella magna meridionalis,
and in bordering hedgerows, Semimerula gigas gigas and Brachyspiza capensis
peruviana.
Usually, however, the Subtropical Zone is as clearly defined as the condi-
tions to which it owes its characteristic features. It is pre-éminently a
zone of forests, the product of the heavy rainfall and high degree of humidity
prevailing at the altitude in which the Subtropical Zone is found.
In the field, we termed it the ‘Cloud Zone,’ so closely does its lower
border coincide with the height to which clouds descend on the mountain-
sides. This term, however, may be also applied to the two upper zones,
Temperate and Paramo, though cloud forests exist only in the Subtropical
and Temperate Zones, the temperature of the Paramo Zone being evidently
too low to permit of forest growth. Furthermore, the rainfall decreases
as the altitude increases.
The forests of the Subtropical Zone, particularly on windward slopes,
present a luxuriance of growth not equalled even in the Tropical Zone. The
lower zone produces nobler, taller trees (we saw nothing in the subtropics
to approach the ceibas of the basal zone), but in profusion of undergrowth,
of parasites and epiphytes which thrive in this region of clouds, the Sub-
tropical Zone excels. It is the zone in which we found tree ferns attaining
their maximum height of approximately fifty feet, in which a climbing
bamboo grows in impenetrable tangles, in which orchids, bromelias and
plants of similar habit occupy every available point of vantage, clustering
thickly on the limbs and even trunks of trees; while every spot not occupied
by some other form of plant-life, is cushioned with moss. From each leaf
and limb water is constantly dripping, the bromelias are usually full to
overflowing, the moss is like a saturated sponge. Even when, at intervals,
the sun penetrates the clouds, the falling drops suggest a shower.
In view of the altitude attained by the Subtropical Zone, far higher
mountains are required to act as effective barriers to its extension across
the ranges on the slopes of which it lies. This fact, in connection with the
exceptional continuity of the Subtropical Zone forests, gives to the life of
this zone a uniformity which, when one considers its length and the distance
which its arms are sometimes separated, is surprising.
Latitudinally, the Subtropical Zone extends from central Venezuela
and Mexico at the north southward through Colombia to western Ecuador
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 137
90° 80°
Fig. 15. Distribution of the Cock-of-the Rock. A Subtropical Zone species represented in the West Andean
Subtropical Fauna by one form (Rupicola peruviana sanguinolenta), and in the Central and Eastern Andes by
a closely related but distinct species (R. peruviana aurea), the ranges of which are separated by the Temperate
Zone of the higher intervening mountains. ,
138 Bulletin American Museum ef Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
on the Pacific slope of the Andes, and, on the Atlantic slope, to eastern
Bolivia, where Miller and Boyle found its southern end between the Yungas
of Cochabamba and the mountains above Santa Cruz.
Throughout approximately 2500 miles of its length, that is, from Vene-
zuela to Bolivia, the bird-life of this zone is so remarkably uniform in charac-
ter that, as with the Amazonian and Orinocan elements in the Colombia
fauna, one cannot arbitrarily segregate any part of it and study it satisfac-
torily to the exclusion of the rest.
Our field work is now chiefly directed toward the acquisition of adequate
collections of ‘the birds and mammals of this exceptionally interesting zone
of life, and until our work is completed, it will be impossible to speak of the
zone as a whole or ofits altitudinal boundaries outside of Colombia. A
study of the northward extension of the Subtropical Zone into Costa Rica
reveals what may be termed a ‘zoological fault’ in Panama, while a compari-
son of the Costa Rican representatives of Colombian species with those
recorded from the Santa Marta group gives some significant results which
will be presented later.
Data are unfortunately lacking for a satisfactory comparison of the
Subtropical Zone bird-life of the Andes with that of the mountains of south-
ern Venezuela, the Guianas, and southeastern Brazil.
The birds of the Subtropical Zone, as might be expected, are almost
exclusively: forest-dwellers; the Green Jay (Xanthoura) is found about
forest-borders and is one of the few Subtropical species inhabiting semi-
arid places. The Dipper (Cinclus) and Torrent Duck (Merganetta), while
confined to mountain streams, do not require that the shores be forested.
But exceptions of this kind are rare. Tanagers are the most numerous in
species as well as in individuals, the family Tanagride being the only one
which, in Colombia, has more species in the Subtropical Zone than in the
Tropical Zone. The Thrushes, while far less numerous in species, have
almost as large a proportionate representation. Guans, Trogons, Capitos,
Toucans, Dendrocolaptids, Cotingas and Wrens are all characteristic of
the Subtropical Zone and, in the Colombian Andes, have about half as
many species. in it as in the Tropical Zone. The Flycatchers are about
one-half as numerous in the subtropics as in the tropics. Families of forest-
inhabiting Tropical Zone birds which have a comparatively poor representa-
tion in the Subtropical Zone! are the Pigeons, Parrots, Woodpeckers and
Orioles, of which there are about four times as many species in the tropics
as in the subtropics, and Formicarians, of which we found only seventeen
1It should be understood that these statements refer only to the results obtained by us in the
Colombian Andes.
Butvretin A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXVI, Puate XXXI.
SUBTROPICAL FOREST
Characteristic scene in the forest at San Antonio, summit of the Western Andes.
Note the profusion of parasitic growth.
(Subtropical Zone; West Andean Fauna.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 139
species in the subtropics as compared with eighty-two in the tropics. Many
species of this last-named group, it is true, are scrub haunters, nevertheless,
their abundance in heavy tropical forests is shown by the fact that Miller
secured twenty-four species in the Amazonian Fauna in a month’s collecting.
As might be expected, few true Finches inhabit the Subtropical Zone,
but the Tanager-Finches of the genus Atlapetes are almost restricted to it.
The Bucconide are represented by the only one of the eighteen tropical
species which ranges upward to the subtropics; the Motmots by but one,
while the Galbulidz appear to be wholly absent.
Satisfactory data are wanting for a study of the origin of the bird-life
of the Subtropical Zone. Our work in Colombia merely touched a portion
of the vast area in which field studies and carefully labeled collections must
be made before one can treat of the zone as a whole, and, as before stated,
its life is too uniform to permit of conclusions being based on the study of a
part.
It appears, however, that so far as birds are concerned, the Tropical
Zone differs from the Temperate and Paramo Zones in two important
respects — one of which is the corollary of the other. First, the Subtropical
Zone, latitudinally, does not extend beyond the limits of the Tropical Zone
with which, when altitude permits, from Bolivia to Mexico, it is practically
coterminous. Second, the Subtropical Zone, as a faunal area, does not
descend to sea-level. Consequently it follows that the Subtropical Zone
is always an altitudinal zone, and it also follows that its life, as a whole,
was derived from the tropics. a
To what extent the altitude of the Subtropical Zone is affected by lati-
tude, I am not as yet prepared to say. Brachyspiza capensis peruviana, a
species of the Subtropical and Temperate Zones, is found at sea-level on the
Island of Curacao. It descends the Rio Negro east of Bogoté to Quetame
(alt. 4500 ft.) but was wanting at Buena Vista. It, however, occurs at
Caicara on the Orinoco. This species is really most characteristic of the
Temperate Zone, but is also common in the arid subtropics. Its further
descent to the Tropical Zone forms, therefore, an exception to the rule that
the life of any zone is derived from a lower level.
Assuming that species found in all three ranges must have had a com-
mon point of origin south of the latitude where these ranges leave the
Ecuadorian Andes, it is interesting to ascertain the results following their
isolation. In most instances when there is appreciable racial variation,
two races develop, one of which is found in the East Andean Fauna, the
other in the West Andean Fauna. Where only one race is evolved it is
generally found in the East Andean Fauna, while the West Andean form
resembles that inhabiting western Ecuador. In some few instances the
140 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
form of each range is alike, all consequently differing from the Ecuadorian
form in the same manner; indicating, therefore, that their characters have
arisen independently and hence by parallelism. Examples are Ocreatus
underwoodi underwoodi and Boissoneaua flavescens flavescens.
Usually, however, specific cases of variation in altitudinal distribution
show a tropical species ascending to the subtropics rather than the reverse.
Thus, Leptotila verreauxi verreauxt is a form of the Tropical Zone in the
Magdalena Valley and eastward, but L. v. occidentalis in the Cauca region
is found in the Subtropical Zone. Colwmba subvinacea berlepschi of the
tropics also grades into C. s. bogotensis of the subtropics. Lophotriccus
squamecrista squamecrista inhabits the Subtropical Zone in all three ranges
of the Colombian Andes, but in southwestern Colombia and western Ecua-
dor’ L. s. minor is found at sea-level. Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens
is a subtropical form of the tropical T. n. schotti; Cacicus uropygialis uro-
pygialis is a subtropical form of C. n. pacificus. These are all intergrading
forms and as such evidently illustrate how subtropical species are derived
from tropical species. The inosculation of the upper limits of the Tropical
Zone with the lower limits of the Subtropical Zone make it difficult to undér-
stand how, under existing conditions, these intergrading, representative
forms could become specifically separated. When, however, we attempt
to explain the origin of the numerous wholly distinct species and genera
now restricted to the Subtropical Zone we must take into consideration
the profound climatic changes caused by elevation of the Andes, and by
subsequent periods of glaciation which have produced wide fluctuations
in zonal levels. We must also consider points of origin and subsequent
zonal dispersion followed by complete geographic segregation from the
parent form.
For example, the basal, or tropical ancestor of Rupicola peruviana is
possibly Rupicola rupicola; but the former has extended its range through
the Subtropical Zone to Bolivia, while the latter is restricted to the Guianan
region. Again, Pyroderus scutatus granadensis is now found in the Tropical
Zone of the Eastern Andes of Colombia, but P. s. scutatus, the probable
parent form, is found only in southeastern Brazil and eastern Paraguay.
‘But until we have a far more detailed knowledge of the geological
history of the Andes and especially of the extent to which these mountains
have been glaciated, we shall not be in a position to discuss satisfactorily the
origin of its Subtropical Zone life. Meanwhile, as an ornithologist, I present
further data in regard to its Colombian elements.
The sharply defined topography of the Andean system in Colombia
gives an equally clear definition to the zones of subtropical life which lie
on its slopes. In all three Andean ranges, north of Popayan, they are
widely separated below by Tropical Zone slopes and valleys, except at the
Buuvetin A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXVI, Puate XXXII.
Heart or top Crnrray ANDES
View of the Rio Toché from above El Pie de San Juan. Torrent
Ducks and Dippers were common on this stream.
(Subtropical Zone; East Andean Fauna.)
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 141
northern ends of the Western and Central Andes. In the Central Andes the
Subtropical Zone of the western slope is prevented from coming in contact
with the same zone on the eastern slope by the Temperate Zone until the
northern end of the range is reached in Antioquia. In the Eastern Andes
the zones of eastern and western slopes doubtless also meet where decreasing
altitude near the northern end of the range permits them to cross the divide,
and Miller’s work in the southern part of this range shows that the pass at
Andalucia (alt. 7000 ft.) is in the heart of the Subtropical Zone which here,
as in the greater part of the Western Andes, occupies both slopes and the
crest of the range.
Notwithstanding these, chiefly terminal, connections it is evident that
the three branches of the Subtropical Zone in Colombia are sufficiently
isolated from one another to become centers of local, adaptive radiation.
The life of the Subtropical Zone as a whole, however, is remarkably uni-
form, more than half of its characteristic species being distributed throughout
its greater part.
Thus of the 230 distinctively Subtropical Zone species found by us in
Colombia, 121 are present either as unchanged or intergrading forms in
all three Andean ranges. The remaining 109 species may be distributionally
classified as follows:
Peculiar to the Western Andes 31 species
a“ “ “ Central “ 9 “
“ “ « Eastern a“ pA “
Common to the Western and Central Andes ! 14 ¢
is « « Eastern and Central Andes ? 33 -
The facts expressed by this analysis ‘appear to require the recognition
of at least two subdivisions of the Subtropical Zone of the Colombian Andes
which I suggest be known as:
1. The West Andean Subtropical Fauna.
2. The East Andean Subtropical Fauna.
Before treating of these minor divisions of the Subtropical Zone it seems
desirable to give a list of the species we collected in it.
Birds of the Subtropical Zone.
Family Tinamide Family Cracide
Tinamus tao Penelope cristata
Nothocercus bonapartei & perspicax
f intercedens (vide Hellmayr) Aburria aburri
1 Chiefly the western slope.
2 Chiefly the eastern slope.
142 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Chamepetes goudoti goudoti +
Family Odontophoride
Odontophorus hyperythrus
« strophium
Family Columbide
Columba albilinea albilinea *
aS subvinacea bogotensis
Leptotila verreauxi occidentalis
Oreopeleia montana
bourcieri
" linearis linearis
Family Anatide
Merganetta columbiana
Family Bubonide
Glaucidium jardini
Family Psittactde
Ognorhynchus icterotis
Pyrrhura calliptera
“. souancei
Amazona mercenaria
Pionus chalcopterus
Hapalopsittaca amazonina
Family Momotide
Momotus equatorialis equatorialis
Family Caprimulgide
Lurocalis rufiventris
Stenopsis ruficervix 1
Family Trochilide
Doryfera ludovicie ludoviciz
Pheethornis guyi emiliz
“ syrmatophorus syrmato-
phorus
“
Campylopterus falcatus
Agyrtria viridiceps
Uranomitra francize
Thalurania colombica colombica
i fannyi verticeps
Colibri cyanotus
“ — iolata
Simonula berlepschi
syrmatophorus columbianus
Phaiolaima rubinoides rubinoides
en ‘ eequatorialis
Heliodoxa leadbeateri
Helianthea torquata !
S coeligena columbiana
« — ferruginea
Lafresnayea lafresnayei !
Ensifera ensifera ensifera !
Boissoneaua flavescens !
Vestipedes aurelize aureliz
“ caucensis
Ocreatus underwoodi underwoodi
Urosticte benjamini benjamini
Adelomyia melanogenys melanogenys
“ « cervina !
Heliangelus exortis 1
Cyanolesbia kingi kingi
. mocoa mocoa
emma
“ coelestes
Schistes geoffroyi
« ~ albogularis
Cheetocercus mulsanti
a heliodor
Klais guimeti
Family Trogonide
Pharomacrus antisiensis
- auriceps
Trogon personatus
Trogonurus collaris
Family Capitonide
Eubucco richardsoni granadensis
“_ bourcieri bourcieri
fs £ occidentalis
Semnornis ramphastinus
Family Ramphastide
Ramphastos ambiguus ambiguus
Andigena nigrirostris nigrirostris
¢ e spilorhynchus
occidentalis
Aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta
& “« — pheolemus
griseigularis
hematopygius
& “
“ “
1 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
[Vol. XXXVI,
1917.]
Family Bucconide
Malacoptila mystacalis
Family Picide
Chloronerpes rubiginosus gularis
“ s buenavista
Melanerpes flavigula
Veniliornis oleaginus fumigatus
& s aureus
¢ dignus
Campephilus pollens 1
Family Hylactide
Scytalopus micropterus micropterus
Family Conopophagide
Conopophaga castaneiceps castaneiceps
Family Formicartide
Thamnophilus unicolor
multistriatus
Dysithamnus semicinereus semicinereus
“ extremus ?
Myrmopagis schisticolor schisticolor
oe ss interior
Drymophila caudata caudata
Terenura callinota
Pyriglena picea
Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri
Chamezza turdina
Grallaria alleni
we hypoleuca
a ruficapilla ruficapilla
Grallaricula costaricensis
- nana
“ cucullata
Family Dendrocolaptide
Lochmias sororia
Synallaxis azaree media!
. pudica pudica
a unirufa !
Siptornis antisiensis
“ erythrops griseigularis
# striaticollis
Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti boisson-
neauti
Automolus ignobilis
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
143
Automolus holostictus
Philydor montanus striaticollis
Thripadectes flammulatus
virgaticeps sclateri
Xenicopsis subalaris subalaris
“ . mentalis
Sclerurus mexicanus obscurior
Margarornis perlata +
“7 stellata
Premnornis guttata
Xenops rutilus heterurus
Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens
Dendrocinela tyrannina tyrannina
Xiphorhynchus triangularis
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus !
Picolaptes lacrymiger lacrymiger 1
: warscewiczi
Campylorhamphus pucherani
Family Tyrannide
Ochthceca cinnamomeiventris
sa gratiosa +
Mecocerculus poecilocercus
Platytriccus flavigularis
Craspedoprion fulvipectus
Peecilotriccus ruficeps ruficeps
. “ — rufigene
Euscarthmus granadensis !
Pseudotriccus annectens
$ pelzeni pelzeni
Ceenotriecus ruficeps ruficeps +
Lophotriccus squamecrista squameecrista
Hapalocercus acutipennis
Pogonotriccus peecilotis
e opthalmicus
Oreotriccus plumbeiceps
Mionectes striaticollis poliocephalus
Leptopogon erythrops
Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps
ff cauce
Acrochordopus zeledoni
Tyranniscus nigricapillus nigricapillus }
« cinereiceps ¢
Elenia chiriquensis chiriquensis
Elenia pudica brachyptera
« “ pudica
Conopias cinchoneti
1 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
2 Found also in the Cauca Valley.
144 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus minor
Hirundinea sclateri
Myiobius flavicans
villosus
cinnamomeus pyrrhopterus
pulcher pulcher
" « ~ bellus
Myiotriccus ornatus ornatus
Empidochanes peecilurus
Myiochanes ardosiacus ardosiacus
Myiarchus cephalotes
Family Pipride
Pipra leucocilla minimus
« a“ coracina
isidorei isidorei
Chloropipo flavicapilla
Piprites tschudi
Masius chrysopterus
“ ~ corunulatus
Family Cotingide
Pachyrhamphus versicolor
e dorsalis
Lathria fuscocinerea fuscocinerea
“ ~ eryptolopha
Attila brasiliensis parambze
Rupicola peruviana aurea
4 “ sanguinolenta
“
_ Stictornis cinctus
Euchlornis riefferi riefferi
“ “ ~ occidentalis
lubomirski
aureipectus (vide Scl.& Salv.)
Heliochera rufaxilla
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis
a occidentalis
Cephalopterus penduliger
«“
Family Hirundinide
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Family Troglodytide
Cinnicerthia olivascens !
Odontorhynchus branicki
Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens
Pheugopedius spadix
e mystacalis mystacalis
[Vol. XXXVI,
Pheugopedius mystacalis amaurogaster
« sclateri
Troglodytes solstitialis pallidipectus !
Henicorhina prostheleuca eucharis
leucophrys guttata
© = brunneiceps
Leucolepis dichrous
Family Cinclide
Cinclus leuconotus
Family Turdide
Myiadestes ralloides venezuelensis
Planesticus serranus
i fuscobrunneus
leucops
if cauce
Catharus birchalli
- phzopleurus
€ dryas
Family Vireonide
“
Vireosylva josephe josephe
Pachysylvia semibrunnea
Cyclarhis nigrirostris
Family Mniotiltide
Myioborus verticalis verticalis
Basileuterus cinereicollis
cabanisi
tristriatus tristriatus
coronatus +
Family Catamblyrhynchide
Catamblyrhynchus diadema ?
Family Fringillide
Sporophila luctuosa
Saltator atripennis atripennis
" caniceps
Spinus xanthogaster
Brachyspiza capensis peruviana *
Pseudochloris citrina antioquize
Lysurus castaneiceps
Atlapetes flaviceps
eS fusco-olivaceus
gutturalis gutturalis
latinuchus latinuchus
“
“«
1 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 145
Atlapetes latinuchus elzoprorus
io albifrenatus
Bs crassus
« semirufus
Buarremon brunneinuchus
" atricapillus
Family Cerebide
Diglossa sittoides similis
~ albilateralis 1
personata !
cryptorhis
Diglossopis cerulescens czrulescens
Conirostrum albifrons
y atrocyaneum
“
“
Family Tanagride
Chlorophonia pretrei
Tanagra xanthogastra brevirostris
Chlorochrysa, calliparsea bourcieri
e pheenicotis
nitidissima
Pipreidea melanota venezuelensis
Procnopis vassori !
Tangara guttata tolime
« « ~ bogotensis
“
“« — rufigula
aurulenta aurulenta
si Be occidentalis
«“ ~ icterocephala
«“ gyroloides gyroloides
o bs catharine
a ¢ bangsi
« — nigroviridis nigroviridis
« cyaneicollis ceruleocephala
a ‘3 granadensis
& ruficervix ruficervix
as labradorides’
melanotis
parzudaki
Tangara venusta
i atricapilla
Iridosornis porphyrocephala
Buthraupis cucullata cucullata +
. edwardsi
s melanochlamys
= aureocincta
Compsocoma somptuosa victorini
« od antioquiz
- as cyanoptera
. notabilis
Dubusia temiata 1
Sporathraupis cyanocephala auticrissa,
Calochetes coccineus
Piranga testacea testacea
« ~~ rubriceps !
Phoenicothraupis cristata
Tachyphonus rufus
Creurgops verticalis
Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps
: flavipectus
e canigularis
. flavigularis flavigularis
. semifuscus
Hemispingus frontalis oleagineus
€ atropileus !
# melanotis
Oreothraupis arremonops
Family Icteride
Ostinops salmoni
“ alfredi sincipitalis
“ « ~ neglectus
Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis
Icterus giraudi
Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
Family Corvide
Xanthoura yneas galeatus
ay “ — eyanodorsalis
THE FAUNAS OF THE SUBTROPICAL ZONE,
The West Andean Subtropical Fauna.— The West Andean Subtropical
Fauna occupies that part of the Subtropical Zone which extends along the
Western Andes from southern Ecuador, or at the northern end of the arid
1 Ranging upward to the Temperate Zone.
146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Peruvian region, northward through Colombia. To it should doubtless be
added the subtropical western slope of the Central Andes which, while far
from possessing all the forms that characterize. the West Andean Subtropical
Fauna, has a closer affinity with that fauna than it has with the East Andean
Subtropical Fauna. This is indicated by the presence of such distinctive
West Andean species as Geotrygon bourciert, Formicarius rufipectus carrikert,
Chlorochrysa nitidissima and Ostinops salmont. Furthermore, with species
which have representative races in the West Andean Fauna and the East
Andean Fauna, the form of the western slope of the Central Andes usually
agrees with that of the Western Andes, that of the eastern slope with that
of the Eastern Andes. Taking the Central Andes, as a whole, however,
the East Andean Subtropical element is much stronger than that received
from the Western Andes, a fact obviously attributable to existing topography
and to the humid connection at the head of the Magdalena Valley.
On the Pacific slopes of the Andes this faunal belt stretches continuously
from its southern end to northern Colombia. Whether it exists on the
summit of the Baudo range unfortunately is not known. It reappears in
dilute form on the crests of the higher mountains of eastern Panama and
Costa Rica, and its influence extends even to southern Mexico. Its appar-
ent absence between the higher portions of eastern and western Panama has
already been mentioned and will be referred to in detail later.
While apparently always present on the western slope of the Western
Andes, it is developed on the eastern slope of this range only above an eleva-
tion of 6500 feet; the altitude of condensation, as explained in writing of the
Tropical Zone, being higher on the eastern than on the western slope of this
range.
Its forests stretch, apparently without a break, along the western slopes
of the Central Andes above the Cauca Valley, are wanting in southern
Antioquia, but reappear in the more northern part of that department.
Here the Western and Central Andes are separated only by the Cauca River
from opposite banks of which they respectively arise. At this point the
subtropical forests of these ranges are within a short distance of one another.
Doubtless for this reason forms elsewhere restricted to one range may in
some few instances here be found in both. Further south, these ranges are
separated by the increasingly wide Cauca Valley until one reaches the ‘ knot’
of Popayan, but although this attains the altitude of the Subtropical Zone
it is lacking in the heavy forests which characterize it and the West Andean
Subtropical Fauna is, therefore, not connected here with its Central Andean
branch, a fact which presumably accounts for the comparatively small
number of West Andean forms found in the Central Andes.
The distinguishing characteristics of the West Andean Subtropical
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 147
Fauna are those of its zone. It cannot be said to have arid sections. When
the humidity falls below the point required to produce the forests which’
Subtropical Zone species require, the zone practically disappears and its
place is taken by an upward extension of the Tropical Zone and a downward
extension of the Temperate Zone.
Aside from representative forms of species of general Subtropical distri-
90° 80° = 70° 60°
Fig. 16. Distribution of Formicarius rufipectus. A species of the West Andean Subtropical
Fauna which occurs in eastern Panama, western Panama and Costa Rica but is unknown in the inter-
vening Tropical Zone. It is represented in the Subtropical Zone of eastern Ecuador by F. thoracicus.
1. Formicarius rufipectus rufipectus. 2. F.r. carrikeri.
bution in Colombia, we have taken thirty-one species peculiar to the West
Andean Fauna, but only twenty-two peculiar to the East Andean Fauna.
Nevertheless, as we have seen, the West Andean Fauna occupies a compara-
tively restricted, isolated area, and at the south, whence it seems evident
subtropical life was derived, it is entirely cut off from corresponding areas.
.
148 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
‘The East Andean Fauna, however, is but the more northern portion of a
‘belt of forest which extends southward to central Bolivia. Expressed in
miles, the West Andean Fauna measures from north to south about 850
miles, the East. Andean, with its subdivisions, nearly 2500 miles.
Something more than isolation is required to explain the presence in the
Western Andes of so large a number of species in proportion to its area.
The Subtropical Zone of the Central Andes, with its narrow basal connection
with the East Andean Fauna and long peninsula-like projection, is almost
insular in its isolation; but it has few indigenous species. If this fact is
attributable to its inaccessibility, one may reply that the subtropics of the
Western Andes are even less accessible. It therefore seems reasonable for
us to believe that the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes, as well as the
Tropical Zone at its western base, received its life in part from what is now
upper Amazonia, before the Andes were sufficiently elevated to act as an
effective barrier between the Subtropical Zones lying on their eastern and
western slopes. Since, however, this was obviously at a-later date than
that.at which the Tropical Zones of the eastern and western slopes were
separated, there is a closer relation between the life of the upper than
between that of the lower zones.
List of Species and Subspecies which Characterize the West Andean Subtropical Fauna.
' Nothocercus intercedens Veniliornis oleaginus aureus 1
Penelope perspicax !' Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri +
Geotrygon bourcieri ! Grallaricula costaricensis
Leptotila verreauxi occidentalis + Synallaxis azare media *
Pheethornis syrmatophorus syrmato- Siptornis erythrops griseigularis
phorus Automolus ignobilis ro
Agyrtria viridiceps Xenicopsis subalaris subalaris 2
Thalurania fannyi verticeps Margarornis stellata
Phaiolaima rubinoides sequatorialis Picolaptes warscewiczi
Helianthea cceligena ferruginea Campylorhynchus pucherani
Vestipedes aureliee caucensis Peecilotriccus ruficeps rufigene #
Adelomyia melanogenys cervina. Pseudotriccus annectens
Cyanolesbia emme Elenia pudica brachyptera !
ga coelestes. Myiarchus cephalotes
Schistes albogularis Masius corunulatus
Eubucco bourcieri occidentalis + Attila brasiliensis parambe:
Semnornis rhamphastinus Rupicola peruviana sanguinolenta
Andigena, nigrirostris occidentalis, Euchlornis riefferi occidentalis —
Aulacorhynchus albivittatus pheolemus Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis
Chloronerpes rubiginosus gularis ? Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens
1 Found also on the western slope of the Central Andes.
2 Found also on both slopes of the Central Andes.
Bouuietin A. M.N.H. Vov. XXXVI, Prats XXXII.
Rio Negro Canon NEAR MONTEREDONDO
A scene near the western limit of arborescent vegetation on the Rio Negro. Trail at the left.
(Junction of Tropical and Subtropical Zones.)
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 149
Pheugopedius spadix Tangara gyroloides bangsi
mystacalis mystacalis ? Tridosornis porphyrocephala 2
Henicorhina prostheleuca eucharis Buthraupis cucullata cucullata
Leucolepis dichrous 2 5 edwardsi
Planesticus fuscobrunneus ! a melanochlamys
Saltator atripennis atripennis a aureocincta
Lysurus castaneiceps Compsocoma somptuosa cyanoptera
Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus e notabilis
. crassus Pheenicothraupis cristata
Diglossa cryptorhis Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus
Chlorochrysa phcenicotis « semifuscus
nitidissima 1 Oreothraupis arremonops
Tangara rufigula Ostinops salmoni 2
af aurulenta occidentalis 1 Cyanolyca pulchra
« icterocephalus
The East Andean Subtropical Fauna.— The Subtropical Zone in the
Eastern Andes, like the Tropical Zone at their eastern base, is merely a part
of a much larger region. Our work in Colombia, therefore, can be con-
sidered merely as a contribution to the general subject. Even with this
limitation it must be confessed that our explorations covered so small a
part of the range that we are sadly lacking in detailed information concern-
ing its altitude, the distribution of its forests, and its bird-life.
Miller’s section across the Eastern Andes from the upper Magdalena
Valley to the Caquetaé region (see Expedition No. 5) showed, as has been
elsewhere stated, that the Andalucia Pass has an altitude of only 7000 feet,
and that both slopes of the range are here forested, the western down to an
altitude of 3000 feet, the eastern continuously. In other words, at this
point, the Subtropical Zone occupies both eastern and western slopes as
well as the crest of the range. It is at this point, and possibly also further
south, that the subtropical life of the Amazonian slopes of the Andes enters
the upper Magdalena and thus gains access to the Central Andes. The
Subtropical Zone evidently extends nearly to the northern end of the Eastern
Andes in Colombia, where Cerro Pintado has an elevation of about 8600 feet.
Here it is separated from the Santa Marta group by the valley of the Rio
Cesar. The zodlogical as well as geological evidence indicates that there
has been no connection between these mountains, and the Santa Martan
portion of the Subtropical Zone should doubtless rank as a faunal area.
It is also probable that the Venezuelan branch of the Subtropical Zone
is deserving of recognition as a distinct faunal area, though it has close
relations with the East Andean Fauna of Colombia.
1 Found also on the western slope of the Central Andes.
2 Found also on both slopes of the Central Andes.
150 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
As stated in outlining the boundaries of the West Andean Fauna, the
subtropical portion of the Central Andes, as a whole, is more closely related
to that of the Eastern, than to. that of the Western Andes, but the West
Andean element on its western slopes is sufficiently strong to make it seem
desirable to place that slope in the West Andean Fauna, while the eastern
slope may unquestionably be placed in the East Andean Fauna.
In the latitude of Bogotd, the Eastern Andes have a width of about one
hundred miles, and it is not improbable that the subtropical eastern slopes
may have forms either not found on the western slopes or ‘representative of
them. Ostinops alfredi neglectus and O. a. sincipitalis, and Xanthoura
yncas cyanodorsalis and X. y. galeatus, are evidently representative races of
this kind, the first named of each species being found on the eastern, the
second, on the western subtropical slope of the range.
As stated in the itinerary of our expedition (No. 7) to the Bogotd region,
our route on the eastern slope of the range between Bogoté and Villavicencio
did not take us into the humid subtropics and we are not therefore in a
position to compare the subtropical life of both sides of the range.
The East Andean Fauna of Colombia has but few species which are
restricted to it; its practical physical identity with those portions of the
Subtropical Zone to the north and south prevent that isolation which
renders cumulative the effects of environment on an organism. While
none of the species in the appended list are found in the Western Andes,
most of them range beyond the Colombian portion of the Subtropical Zone.
List of Species and Subspecies which Characterize the East Andean Subtropical Fauna.
Nothocercus bonapartei ! Vestipedes aureliz qurelise
Penelope cristata ! Adelomyia melanogenys melanogenys
Odontophorus strophium Cyanolesbia kingi kingi
Geotrygon linearis linearis ! mocoa mocoa
Ognorhynchus icterotis * Schistes geoffroyi
Pyrrhura calliptera Eubucco richardsoni granadensis
as souancei 2 “ ~ bourcieri bourcieri 1
Hapalopsittaca amazonina Ramphastos ambiguus ambiguus !
Lurocalis rufiventris Andigena nigrirostris nigrirostris
Pheethornis syrmatophorus columbianus Aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta }
Phaiolaima rubinoides rubinoides Chloronerpes rubiginosus buenaviste
Heliodoxa leadbeateri Veniliornis oleaginus fumigatus
Helianthea cceligena columbiana Terenura callinota
Lafresnayea lafresnayi Pyriglena picea !
1 Found also on the eastern slopes of the Central Andes.
2 Found also on both slopes of the Central Andes.
Butietin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Prater XXXIV.
PrimevaL Forest ar BuENA Vista
Photographed with a 14-inch lens at a distance of about five hundred yards. The eastern
slope of the Eastern Andes is here heavily forested.
(Tropical Zone; Orinocan Fauna.)
Forest [Interior at Buena Vista
A detail of the preceding picture.
(Tropical Zone; Orinocan Fauna.)
1917.]
Chamezza, turdina 2
Grallaria hypoleuca !
Grallaricula nana 2
Lochmias sororia 2
Siptornis antisiensis !
a striaticollis 1
Xenicopsis subalaris mentalis 1
Platytriccus flavigularis !
Pseudotriccus pelzelni pelzelni
Hapalocercus acutipennis 2
Leptopogon erythrops
Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps
Acrochordopus zeledoni
Elenia pudica pudica ?
Conopias cinchoneti ?
Hirundinea sclateri
Pipra leucocilla coracina
“ isidorei isidorei
Piprites tschudi 2
Masius chrysopterus !
Lathria fuscocinerea fuscocinerea #
« ~ eryptolopha
Rupicola peruviana aurea ?
Euchlornis riefferi riefferi ?
“ aureipectus 2
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis !
Pheugopedius sclateri 2
& mystacalis amaurogaster
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 151
Planesticus serranus
ne leucops !
Catharus birchalli
« dryas !
Basileuterus cinereicollis cinereicollis
Sporophila luctuosa 2
Saltator atripennis caniceps
Atlapetes albifrenatus
. semirufus
Chlorochrysa calliparza bourcieri }
Pipridea melanota venezuelensis
Tangara guttata bogotensis
Tangara aurulenta aurulenta !
« gyroloides catharine
“ ¢. ceruleocephala, !
s melanotis 1
« parzudaki 3
Compsocoma somptuosa victorini +
Calochetes coccineus
Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps ”
- flavipectus
as flavigularis flavigularis
Hemispingus melanotis
£ superciliaris superciliaris
Ostinops alfredi sincipitalis
= « ~ neglectus
Xanthoura yneas cyanodorsalis
Tue CENTRAL AMERICAN EXTENSION OF THE SUBTROPICAL ZONE AND THE
Panama ‘Fautt,’
The range of several Subtropical Zone species extends as far north as
Mexico. Conspicuous among them is the Towhee-Tanager, Buarremon brun-
neinuchus which is found from southeastern Peru to the mountains of the
State of Vera Cruz, a distance of over 2500 miles, doubtless a more extensive
distribution than is shown by any other subtropical species. Aflapetes
gutturalis, a common Colombian subtropical bird, is found as far north as
Guatemala, but, as a rule, South American subtropical species do not go
further north than Costa Rica. Here, apparently, judging from the data
supplied by Mr. Carriker’s valuable work, they sometimes descend to lower
1 Found also on the western slope of the Central Andes.
2 Found also on both slopes of the Central Andes.
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXVI,
90° sf
B
Eg ‘MA
4
Pa 4 yee, | r°
i eer ee
M CO dvénrsn er,
J] | HONDURAS, ‘Le
Rea ic: : "ot
are a e
Set 9
Evty ed
<
“Be € o
)
10" RAT VT egal
2d
90°
=
Fig. 17. Distribution of Buarremon brunneinuchus.
A common species of the Subtropical Zone
which ranges from southeastern Peru to Mexico but is unknown in the area between eastern and western
3
Panama.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 153
levels than we have found them in Colombia, possibly in response to local
conditions peculiar to that miniature transcontinental republic. The close
relation existing between Colombia and Costa Rican subtropical bird-life
is most striking. In many cases, the same species is common to both
countries. In others, slightly differentiated races of the same species occur,
and in others still, unquestionably representative, but now distinct, non-
intergrading species are found. A list is appended of the species which may
properly be considered as belonging to these classes. It shows that some
sixty-odd species of Colombian subtropical birds are present or represented
in Costa Rica, and usually also in western Panama. About twenty-three
of these are found on the subtropical crests of the mountains of eastern
Panama, but between these localities these species are not known to occur.
An orographic map shows that the Subtropical Zone of the northern end of
the Western Andes is separated from the subtropical crests of the mountains
on the Colombian-Panama boundary by a tropical area of approximately
seventy-five miles in width; while the Subtropical Zone of eastern Panama
is separated from the same zone in western Panama by not less than three
hundred and fifty miles. Doubtless some of the species in the following
list will be found in the intervening area. Thus far, however, not one of the
species included in the appended table has been recorded from between
eastern and western Panama and more than two-thirds of them are unknown
from between the northern end of the Western Andes and western Panama.
In other words, there is an apparent hiatus in their range of somewhat over
four hundred miles. This statement is based not alone on published data,
but on the examination of numerous specimens, including those contained
in Goldman’s fine collection from the Canal Zone and adjoining territory
and eastern Panama which, through the courtesy of the Biological Survey,
I have been permitted to see. Goldman reached the subtropical Zone on
Mt. Pirri' and found there most of the subtropical species listed under
Eastern Panama in the subjoined table. None of these, however, was
taken elsewhere, though in his work in and near the Zone he collected on
Cerro Azul at an altitude of 3000 feet.
Anthony and Ball, of the American Museum Panama Expedition of
1915, discovered a number of subtropical species (including the distinct
Scytalopus panamensts) on the crest of Mt. Tacarcuna, at an elevation of
about 4500 feet. But Richardson’s extensive collections from the Tropical
Zone of eastern Panama, as might be expected, contained none of the species
which characterize the higher, subtropical altitudes. If then these sib-
tropical species are not found in the tropics immediately below the zones in
which they occur, it is of course not to be expected that they will occur in
the tropics elsewhere. Consequently, the absence of subtropical altitudes
154 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
between those of eastern and western Panama is in itself evidence of the
absence of subtropical species in this area.
If the facts then are as stated, it remains for us to explain what we
may term this Panama ‘fault’ in the Colombian-Costa Rica subtropical
stratum of life. To one familiar with the influences governing the distribu-
tion of birds, the occurrence of so large a number of species, including many
et
77 BRITISH
1 HQNOURAS
.
Fig. 18. Distribution of Allapetes gutturalis. A common species of the Subtropical Zone in
Colombia (A. g. gutturalis) and from western Panama to Guat la (A. g. br ) but which is
not known in the intervening area.
of sedentary habit, at two such widely separated localities, is conclusive
proof that the localities themselves were connected. The fact that they
are joined by the comparatively low land between them has no bearing on
the case. The barriers which confine subtropical species to their zone are so
effective that these birds could no more cross the Tropical Zone separating
the areas they inhabit, than they could an intervening sea. Some of these
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. ' 155
species, indeed, are so eminently terrestrial that they rarely fly more than
a few yards, and a continuous flight of several hundred miles would for them
be impossible.
It is true that birds populate remote oceanic islands, but we do not find
among island forms such sedentary species as Formicarius rufipectus, Gral-
laricula flavirostris, and Siptornis erythrops, etc., which in but slightly differ-
entiated races are common to the Subtropical Zones of Colombia and Costa
Rica. Nor do we find species establishing themselves in regions which are
already occupied. Early arrivals on oceanic islands encounter no opposi-
tion, but the mainland offers no such favorable opportunities for settlement.
The available space is taken and the emigration of even a score of species
from one mainland home to settle in another mainland home, at a distance
of several hundred miles, is an unknown phenomenon in the distribution of
bird-life.
In this connection it is quite to the point for us to compare the Subtropi-
cal Zone bird-life of the Eastern Andes with that of the Santa Marta moun-
tains. The subtropical portions of these mountains are separated by not
more than forty miles; nevertheless, of the one hundred and ninety-eight
species received by us from the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes only
fifty-odd have been recorded as present or represented in the Santa Marta
group. On the other hand, as we have seen, some sixty species of
Colombian subtropical birds are present or represented in Costa Rica,
though here their ranges are separated by four hundred miles, or ten times
as great a distance as that lying between the northern end of the Eastern
Andes and the subtropical Santa Marta slopes. Geologists are, however,
agreed that the Santa Marta mass is of independent origin and has never
been connected with the Andean system. Zodgeographically, its life zones
“above the Tropical Zone are, therefore, as much islands as though they stood
out in the Caribbean Sea. The absence from these zones of many common,
widely distributed species is doubtless to be accounted for by the fact that
they have never been connected with the corresponding zones in the Andean
system.
If, therefore, so small a proportion of East Andean subtropical species
have crossed the forty miles lying between that range and the subtropical
slopes of Santa Marta, we certainly cannot account for the presence in a
continental area, distant four hundred miles, of a larger proportion of West
Andean subtropical species under the assumption that they have reached
Costa Rica fortuitously or by emigration.
To my mind, the existence respectively in Colombia, Costa Rica and
eastern Panama of these two ends and a fragment of the Subtropical Zone,
is conclusive proof of a former physical connection of the areas concerned,
156 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Hsitory. [Vol. XXXVI,
at which time this zone stretched’ more or less continuously from north-
western Colombia through Panama to Costa Rica.
If this be true, it follows that the mountain system of Panama must
have had an elevation of not less than five thousand feet. The ornithologi-
cal evidence also indicates that this range could not have had a greater
elevation than nine thousand feet. This statement anticipates a treatment
of the Temperate Zone, which, as will be shown, is present at the northern
end of the Western Andes, above an altitude of 9000 feet. The higher
mountains of western Panama and Costa Rica also exceed this altitude but
there is no such close relation between the bird-life of the Colombian and
Costa Rican Temperate Zones as exists between that of their Subtropical
Zones.
The Temperate Zone avifauna of Costa Rica, so far as one can trace its
origin, appears to have been derived largely from the north, while that of
Colombia has been derived chiefly from the south.
We apparently are therefore justified in assuming that there has been no
actual connection between the Temperate Zones of these two regions and
this, in turn, implies that the intervening mountains have not exceeded an
elevation of 9000 feet. ie
Subsidence, of which there is abundant geological evidence, and erosion
are the factors which have doubtless brought the mountain system of
Panama below the subtropical level, except at its eastern and’ western
extremities. In the effort to picture to ourselves this region as it existed
when, as we believe, the Subtropical Zone extended from Colombia to Costa
Rica, we may try also to imagine the fate of those individuals of representa-
tive subtropical species which inhabited that part of the zone which sub-
sequently disappeared. As their home gradually contracted in extent, only
two lines of retreat were open to them. They could go downward into the
Tropical Zone, or they could go horizontally toward that part of their zone
which had not sunk into the zone below.
Species of the Tropical Zone extend their range into the Subtropical
Zone, but I recall only one instance of the reverse occurring. Not only are
upper zone forms held by those environmental bonds which determine
their zone, but the causes which prevent an island form from taking root
on the mainland doubtless also prohibit a bird from extending its range to a
zone below the one it occupies. In both instances the ground is occupied.
So we find none of the species which we believe to have occupied the former
Panama Subtropical Zone in the Tropical Zone of that country.
Successful retreat toward either end of the disappearing zone would be
even more difficult than to the zone below, for here the resulting over-
crowding would bring them into competition with species of similar habits.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 157
I conclude, therefore, that those individuals of subtropical species which I
believe inhabited the Subtropical Zone of Panama went out of existence
with their zone.
The student of living species, unlike the paleontologist, has no means
of determining geologic time. When the Panama ‘fault’ occurred cannot
therefore be determined from zodlogical evidence alone. The absolute
identity of many of the birds inhabiting the two widely separated ends of
the zone implies that they have undergone no change since their ranges
were disconnected. But neither degree of variation nor stability afford a
measure of time.
Still one may believe that under the influence of isolation the more
plastic species would show some differentiation from one another and the
fact of the continued close resemblance of forms, which elsewhere vary
geographically, indicates that this ‘fault’ in the subtropical stratum took
place at a comparatively recent period.
The facts in the case suggest that the subsidence which has occurred in
Panama, and made parts of its southern coasts the islands of the Gulf of
Panama, has also involved the littoral of Colombia. The trend of the
Western Andes and the existence of the Atrato valley, make it improbable
that this range was connected with the range on the Colombian-Panama
boundary. If this be true, we may ask how so many subtropical species
could cross from the Western Andes to eastern Panama, and so few go from
the Eastern Andes to the much nearer Santa Marta group. The Baudé,
or true coast range, through a more southern connection with the Western
Andes might, however, have formed the bridge between the main Andean
system and the mountains of eastern Panama. We should then have had
four, instead of three ranges of the Andes in Colombia. The evidence in
support of this theory is far from conclusive, but includes the apparent
necessity of a larger tropical area than now exists at the Pacific base of the
Andes for the development of the Colombian-Pacific Fauna, and the strong
probability, as shown by its fauna, that Gorgona Island was once a part of
the mainland. ,
Our attempts to reach the summit of the Baudé range have unfortunately
failed; but such collections as have been made there by Mrs. Kerr appar-
ently show that some Central America species rare, or not found by us in
the Western Andes, were common in the coast range. Our data, however,
are far from satisfactory, and further exploration in this range would, in
my belief, result in the discovery of facts of much significance to the
zodgeographer.
158
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXVI,
Species of the Subtropical Zone * of Colombia with their Representatives in this Zone in
Eastern Panama, Chiriqui and Costa Rica.
Colombia
Nothocercus intercedens
Columba albilinea albilinea
Claravis mondetoura ?
Geotrygon linearis linearis ?
Glaucidium jardini ?
Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ”
Doryfera ludovice ludovice
Eutoxeres aquila salvini
Saucerottia sophie saucerrottei
£ cyanifrons
Chlorostilbon gibsoni
Colibri cyanotus
Heliodoxa jacula jamesoni 4
Calliphlox mitchelli
Lophornis delattrei
Pharomacrus auriceps
Trogon collaris
Capito bourcieri occidentalis
Semnornis rhamphastinus
Aulacorhynchus albivittus pheolemus
Chloronerpes rubiginosus gularis
Melanerpes flavigula
Veniliornis oleaginus aureus
Scytalopus micropterus micropterus
Dysithamnus semicinereus
a puncticeps puncticeps
Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri
Grallaricula flavirostris costaricensis
Siptornis erythrops griseigularis
Pseudocolaptes boissoneauti
Thripadectes virgaticeps sclateri
Lochmias sororia 3
Philydor panerythrus ?
« montanus striaticollis
Xenicopsis subalaris subalaris
Sclerurus albigularis albigularis *
Margarornis squamifera,
Eastern Panama
LTT
E. a. salvini
H. j. henryi
L. delattrei
P. auriceps
T. collaris subsp.
C. b. salvini
A. ceruleigularis
cognatus
|
V. o. aureus
8. panamensis
D. mentalis suf-
fusus
F, r. carrikeri
G. f. brevis
S. e. griseigularis
L. sororia
X. s. subalaris
Chiriqui-Costa Rica
N. frantzi
C. a. crissalis
C. mondetoura
G. chiriquensis
G. jardini
B. lineolus
D. veraguensis
E. a. salvini
8. s. sophize
C. e. alfaroana
C. caniveti salvini
C. cyanotus
H. j. henryi
C. bryante
L. helene
P. moccino costaricensis
T. puella
C. b. salvini
Tetraganops frantzi
A. c. ceruleigularis
C. r. uropygialis
M. formicivorus striati-
pectus
V. o. sanguinolentus
8. argentifrons
D. m. septentrionalis
D. p. puncticeps
F. r. rufipectus
G. f. costaricensis
8. e. rufigenis
P. lawrencei
T. rufo-brunneus
P. panerythrus
P. variegaticeps
X. s. lineatus
8. canigularis
M. rubiginosa
1 With exceptions as marked all occur in West Andean Subtropical Fauna.
2 Eastern Andes,
3 Central Andes.
4Ecuador; unknown as yet from Colombia.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. . 159
Colombia Eastern Panama Chiriqui-Costa Rica
Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens __P. b. brunnei- P. b. brunneicauda
cauda,
Sittasomus zequatorialis 2 — 8. sylvioides levis
Picolaptes lacrymiger lacrymiger = P. affinis neglectus
Cephalopterus penduliger —— C. glabracollis
Pachyrhamphus versicolor versicolor — P. v. costaricensis
Acrochordopus zeledoni 3 — A. zeledoni
Pseudotriccus pelzelni ! P. pelzelni
Myiochanes ardosiacus
Elenia pudica pudica
M. lugubris
E. frantzi frantzi
Lophotriccus squamecrista squaame- _ L. s. minor L. s. minor
crista
Myiadestes ralloides venezuelensis M. coloratus M. melanops
Catharus birchalli
“
C. m. costaricensis
fuscater fuscater =— C. f. hellmayri
Cinelus leuconotus C. ardesiacus?
Henicorhina leucophrys guttata H. 1. guttata H. 1. collina
Troglodytes solstitialis T. festinus T. ochraceus
Vireosylva josephe josephe V. j. costaricensis
Myioborus verticalis verticalis M. v. verticalis M. aurantiacus
Compsothlypis pitiayumi C. p. speciosa
Sturnella magna meridionalis 1 8. m. alticola
Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps C. novicius novicius
Piranga leucoptera ardens P. 1. latifasciata
“
testacea, “ testacea
Buthraupis melanochlamys B. ceruleigularis
Euphonia cyanocephala * E. elegantissima,
Saltator olivascens S. grandis
Buarremon brunneinuchus
Atlapetes gutturalis gutturalis
Lysurus castaneiceps
Brachyspiza capensis peruviana
Spinus xanthogaster
B. brunneinuchus
A. g. brunnescens
L. crassirostris
B. ¢. peruviana
S. xanthogaster
ATELY
THE TEMPERATE ZONE.
The Temperate Zone lies between the upper limit of the Subtropical
Zone and the lower limit of the Paramo Zone, or, approximately, between
the altitudes of 9000 and 12,000 feet. In humid regions its upper boun-
daries coincide with timber-line.
Where the Subtropical Zone is arid and treeless, certain Temperate Zone
species may descend to the upper borders of the Tropical Zone. Where a
1 Eastern Andes.
2 Central Andes.
160 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
mountain peak or range does not enter far into the Paramo Zone, the
Temperate Zone may reach a higher than average level. This is especially
true if the zone is forested; but in the absence of forests the Paramo Zone
encroaches upon the upper border of the Temperate Zone which may not
then exceed 11,000 feet.
In Colombia, except when interrupted by the Paramo Zone, the Tem-
perate Zone occupies the crest and both slopes of the ranges on which it
occurs. There is, therefore, no such difference in the life of its eastern and
western slopes as is found, for example, in those of the Subtropical Zone of
the Central Andes.
In the comparatively low Western Andes, the Temperate Zone north
of Popayan is present only at a few disconnected localities. Richardson
and Miller found it west of Popayan, and Miller and Boyle discovered it on
the Paramillo at the northern end of the chain. At both places Dzglossa
gloriosissima was common, but the species has yet to be taken elsewhere.
Doubtless the Temperate Zone is also present on the “Paramo’’ (so-
called) of Frontino, and on the other higher peaks of the northern part of
the Western Andes.
In the Central Andes it is probably continuous as far north as Sta.
Elena, east of Medellin, and, except for the subtropical break at Andalucia,
the Temperate Zone appears to occupy most of the summits of the Eastern
Andes, though I am unable to state its northern limits in Colombia.
In Venezuela this zone reaches the vicinity of Merida. In the Santa
Marta group, if one may judge from Dr. Allen’s summary of our knowledge
of its bird-life, the Temperate Zone holds comparatively few representative
species. Of seventy-three species which I list as characteristic of the
Temperate | Zone in the Eastern Andes, only § seven are specifically, and only
eleven are generically represented in this zone in the Santa Marta moun-
tains. Further field-work will doubtless add to the list of Santa Martan
Temperate Zone species, and perhaps explain certain anomalies in distribu-
tion contained in Allen’s paper. For example, Buarremon assimilis, which
we have found commonly in the Temperate Zone of all three ranges but
never below, is recorded from Bonda (2 adults, 2 juv. in nestling plumage),
a locality near sea-level. Again, Myospiza manimbe, which we have never
found above the Tropical Zone, is recorded on the authority of Bangs from
the Paramo of Macotama (alt. 11,000-15,000 ft.).
Southward, the Temperate Zone increases greatly in area in the inter-
andine valleys of Ecuador, and on the tablelands of Peru and Bolivia. In
Argentina and Chile it descends to sea-level at a latitude not yet determined.
Unlike the Subtropical Zone, the fauna of which is almost wanting in
arid, treeless regions, the Temperate Zone has strongly marked humid_and
Buuuetin A. M.N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Plate XXXV.
CHARACTERISTIC TREES OF TEMPERATE ZONE ForEs?.
(Photographed near Laguneta, Central Andes.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 161
_arid divisions. The first is characterized by a dense low forest of thickly
branched, sturdy trees on which grow numerous epiphytes and parasites,
including a great variety of mosses. Allen’s description of the Laguneta
region (Expedition No. 3) gives an excellent idea of Temperate Zone forest.
The arid portions of this-zone include bush-grown or treeless slopes, and
the Sar Savanna of Bogota, with its exceptionally favorable haunts for plains-
nd marsh- loving Species.
7 interesting Sbnaion of species obviously derived from lower zone forms
of the same latitude and from forms inhabiting the same zone at a different
Thus, Zenaida ruficauda ruficauda, Z. r. antioquie, Troglodytes musculus
columbe, and Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis are racial, intergrading
representatives of Tropical forms of the same latitude. While, though
now specifically distinct, Penelope montagni, Trogonurus assimilis, Andigena
hypoglaucus appear respectively to be zonal representatives of P. cristata,
T. personatus, and A. nigrirostris, all of which are found in the adjoining
lower zone.
' Of the second group, or true Temperate Zone species which have ex-
tended their range to the higher parts of the Andes from a latitude where
this range reaches sea-level, Porphyriops melanops bogotensis is but a slightly
differentiated form of P. m. melanops of Paraguay, Scytalopus niger is found
unchanged at sea-level in Chile, and Catamenia analis schistaceifrons is an
intergrading form of C. analis analoides which is found on the coast of Peru.
One of the most interesting results of our study of zonal life is the dis-
covery that two forms of Streptoprocne zonaris inhabit the Andes; one, S. z.
albicincta, occurring in the Tropical and Subtropical Zones; the other, S. z.
altissima, in the Temperate Zone. Although these closely related forms,
when feeding, are doubtless associated, we have found no intergrades be-
tween them. The latter indeed, more closely resembles S. z. zonaris of
southern Brazil than it does S. z. albicincta, and it is not improbable that it
has been derived from zonaris through extension of range with increasing
altitude in the Andes, rather than from albicincta. The latter, however, is
also a racial representative of zonaris. Hence apparently two forms having
a common ancestor with which both intergrade, meet as species.
We must look not only to more southern, but to more northern latitudes
if we would discover the ancestral type from which certain species of the
Temperate. Zone in Colombia were derived. Possibly no more convincing
proof of the ‘northern origin of a Colombian Temperate Zone race could be
asked for than is furnished by Otocoris alpestris peregrina, a common species
of the Bogoté Savanna, to which it appears to be restricted.
es
Fig. 19. Semi-diagrammatic representation of the Range of Scylalopus niger, a Temperate Zone species.
which ranges from the sea-level in Chile to 10,000 feet in the Colombian Andes, without showing racial
variation. Its range is not known to be as continuous as the diagram indicates.
162
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 163
Fulica americana columbiana, Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis and Asio
flammeus bogotensis are also Savanna forms of presumably northern origin
which have reached Colombia under climatic conditions no longer existing,
and are now associated there with species of southern origin, which have
apparently arrived during prevailing conditions.
Characteristic forms of the Temperate Zone whose origin is not now
determinable, are species of the genus Grallaria, Ochtheca, Diglossa and
Buthraupis, while the Hummingbirds, of which we found some sixteen
species, are more numerous than the members of any other family.
The more uniform climatic conditions of higher altitudes, as well as of
higher latitudes, tends to create corresponding uniformity in their life.
Unlike the zones below it, the Temperate Zone of Colombia cannot be
divided into smaller faunal areas. Even when Temperate Zone islands
of the same range are as widely separated as are those of the Western Andes,
there is striking similarity in their bird-life. Hence we conclude that as
with the Subtropical Zone of Colombia and Costa Rica, they were at one
time connected, and owe their present isolation to erosion in the interven-
‘ing area. This belief is strengthened when we compare the life of what we
believe to be a true “oceanic” Temperate Zone island in the Santa Marta
group, with that of the same zone in the Eastern Andes, and find how few
Andean species have crossed to the Santa Martan Zone.
In the Central and Eastern Andes the Temperate Zone is too continuous
to permit of isolation with subsequent differentiation.
In defining the boundaries of the Subtropical Zone we have seen that
when the Andean system of Ecuador and southern Colombia develops into
three distinct ranges, the Subtropical Zone of the Pacific slope is continued
northward in the Western Andes, that of the Amazonian slope in the East-
ern Andes, while the Central Andes, having an indirect connection with
both Western and Eastern ranges, has received a certain amount of life from
each, but has little of its own.
When, however, we examine the topographical relations of the Temperate
Zone, we find that the Central Andes carries a direct northward extension
of the great Ecuadorian interandine temperate region, and as such it has
some species, particularly at its southern end, unknown elsewhere in Colom-
bia. Examples are Angaretes p. equatorialis, Conirostrum fraseri, and
Urothraupis stolzemant.
the: he study of peers is forcibly illustrated i in the Colombian Temper-
ate Zoné by the bird-life of the the Bogota Savanna.
pparently no other part of this zone in Colombia possesses the physical
characteristics of of that area. Though evidently ‘much modified by cultiva-
“Le
164 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
tion it still may be described as a flat, treeless plain suitable for the wants
of such plains-loving species as Horned Larks and Pipits, dotted with
sloughs and reedy marshes, ideal haunts for Coots, Rails, and Bitterns.
Nowhere else in the Temperate Zone of Colombia do these and certain
other species find the conditions they require. The Savanna, therefore,
constitutes the entire range of such forms as Rallus semiplumbeus, Porphy-
riops melanops bogotensis, Fulica americana columbiana, Ixobrychus exilis
bogotensis, Asio flammeus bogotensis, Habrura pectoralis bogotensis, and
Otocoris alpestris peregrina, when it follows that, lacking this favorable
locality, none of these species would be represented in Colombia.
Various other species, generally wide-ranging tropical and subtropical
forms, are found more or less regularly in the Savanna, but are unknown
elsewhere in the Colombian Temperate Zone. Examples are Egretta candi-
dissima, Florida cerulea, Gallinula galeata, all of which have been found in
the Savanna by Hermano Apolinar Maria, whom I have to thank for this
information.
So small a part of the Andean Temperate Zone is contained in Colombia
that what has been written here can be considered only as a contribution
toward the solution of a very large problem.
Birds of the Temperate Zone.
Family Tinamide
Nothocercus julius
Family Cracide.
Penelope montagni
Family Columbide
Zenaida ruficauda ruficauda
“ as antioquix
Family Rallide
Rallus semiplumbeus
Porphyriops melanops bogotensis
Fulica americana columbiana
Family Bubonide
Asio flammeus bogotensis
“ stygius
Family Psittacide
Pionus seniloides seniloides
Hapalopsittaca fuertsi
Family Cypselide
Streptoprocne zonaris altissima
Family Trochilide
Helianthea helianthea
id bonapartei
£ lutetia lutetia
Lafresnayea saiil saiil
Agleactis cupripennis cupripennis
Vestipedes vestitus vestitus
. “« smaragdinipectus
mosquera
derbyi longirostris
Metallura tyrianthina tyrianthina
Chalcostigma herrani
Ramphomicrom heteropogon micro-
rhynchus
Opisthoprora euryptera
Psalidoprymna victoria victoriz
© gouldi gouldi
Family Trogonide
Trogonurus assimilis
“
“
Family Ramphastide
Andigena hypoglauca
1917.]
Family Picide
Hypoxanthus rivoli rivoli
“ brevirostris
Veniliornis nigriceps equifasciatus
Family Hylactide
Scytalopus niger
* griseicollis
infasciatus
Myornis senilis
Acropternis orthonyx
ri
Family Formicariide
Chamzza mollissima
Grallaria squamigera
. ruficeps
rufocinerea
monticolor
milleri
Oreopezus rufula rufula
“
“
“&
Family Dendrocolaptide
Schizceaca fuliginosa
Synallaxis a. elegantior
“ gularis gularis
, subpudica
Thripadectes flammulatus
“
Family Tyrannide
Ochthodieta fumigatus
Ochtheeca cenanthoides fumicolor
brunneifrons
frontalis
lessoni
Mecocerculus leucophrys setophagoides
# stictopterus
uropygialis
Aneretes parulus equatorialis
. agilis
Family Cotingide
Euchlornis arcuata
Heliochera rubricristata
a“
«“
«
Family Hirundinide
Orochelidon murina
Family Troglodytide
Cinnicerthia unirufa
ie unibrunnea
Cistothorus apolinari
Troglodytes musculus columbe
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
165
Family Turdide
Semimerula gigas gigas
© “ gigantodes
Family Mniotiltide
Myioborus ornatus
chrysops
Myiothlypis nigrocristatus
Basileuterus luteiviridis
. richardsoni
Family Motacillide
Anthus bogotensis
Family Alaudide
Otocoris alpestris peregrina
Family Fringillide
Pheucticus uropygialis uropygialis
Catamenia inornata minor
f analoides schistaceifrons
homochroa
Spinus spinescens
“ ~ nigricauda
Spodiornis jardini
Atlapetes schistaceus
“ pallidinuchus pallidinuchus
€ « papallacte
“
Buarremon assimilis
Family Cerebide
Diglossa gloriosissima
< brunneiventris
lafresnayei
aterrima
Conirostrum sitticolor
a rufum
fraseri
9
a“
e
Family Tanagride
Tridosornis dubusia dubusia
6 “ — ignicapillus
ceruleoventris
Peecilothraupis lunulata lunulata
e palpebrosa palpebrosa
< « olivaceiceps
« “
Buthraupis cucullata gigas
e eximia chloronota
ad «“ — eximia
Sericossypha albocristata
Hemispingus atropileus
166 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis
Pseudospingus verticalis - Sturnella magna meridionalis
Urothraupis stolzmanni Microgleus subalaris
Psittospiza riefferi niefferi Family Corvide
Family Icteride Cyanolyca armillata armillata
Cacicus leucorhamphus « : quindiuna
Tue Paramo ZONE.
The name ‘Paramo’ is locally applied to any treeless region lying above
10,000 feet. Thus, the road from Bogota to Chipaque is commonly said
to pass over the Paramo of Boqueron whereas, faunally, it nowhere extends
above the Temperate Zone.
The true Paramo Zone extends from the upper limit of trees to the lower
limit of snow. On Santa Isabel, in the Central Andes, Allen and Miller
found this zone between the altitudes of 12,500 and 15,200 feet, but where
the upper border of the Temperate Zone is arid and lacking in forest the
paramo appears to reach a lower level. Thus, on the range east of ‘Bogota,
the mullein-like ‘frailejon’ so characteristic of the Paramo Zone, grows
abundantly at 11,000 feet, and some plants of this species are found even
lower. .
Where, however, on peaks which do not rise to snow-line, humid condi-
tions prevail, the tree-line may reach 13,000 feet and the lower level of the
Paramo Zone be correspondingly higher.
Miller and Boyle reached this altitude on the Paramillo, the highest
point in the Western Andes, but found there but few species which may be
considered as representative of this zone, including Orodynastes striaticollis
striaticollis. We have elsewhere found this bird only on the Paramo of
Santa Isabel, but I observe that Bangs records it from an altitude of 8000
feet in the Santa Marta group, and it possibly may not be a true Paramo
Zone form.
Conditions on the Paramillo seem favorable for the presence of species
which are common on Santa Isabel, and their absence can only be attribut-
able to the isolation of this peak and may be considered to indicate that. at
no time has it been connected with areas having the life of the Paramo
Zone. This zone in its full development is therefore, apparently absent in
the Western Andes.
In the Central Andes it occurs in at least twelve places between the
Paramos of Las Pappas and Santa Isabel. Both these localities were
visited by our expeditions (Nos. 3 and 4) and Allen’s careful description of
the country traversed should be read in this connection.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 167
In that part of Colombia lying south of Popayan, where the Andean
system retains much the same character it possesses in Ecuador, there
are no less than twenty mountains which rise above the lower level of the
Paramo Zone. ,
The Eastern Andes possesses some twenty mountain summits of suffi-
cient altitude to support a Paramo Zone fauna, but few of them have been
explored. This zone also exists in the Andes of Merida, Venezuela, and in
the Santa Marta group.!
The proportion of paramo species in the last-named range is higher than
that of any of the three lower zones, a fact which possibly is due to the open
nature of the haunts of paramo birds and their consequent exposure to
storms which may transport them considerable distances.
If we except so cosmopolitan a genus as Gallinago, the species of the
Paramo Zone of Colombia are all of southern origin. All the genera repre-
sented reach sea-level in the south Temperate Zone and most of them are
absent from the Tropical Zone. Cinclodes, Upucerthia and Muscisaxicola
are admirable examples of South Temperate Zone genera which, with
increasing altitude, have extended their range northward to the very limits
of the Paramo Zone. Even the Condor, a sea-level bird of Patagonia,
makes what we think of as his true home on the summits of the Northern
Andes, where the factors which determine zonal boundaries keep him to his
true level quite as effectively as they do a diminutive Marsh Wren. Like
that of the Temperate Zone, the life of the Paramo Zone in Colombia re-
quires no faunal subdivisions. Allen and Miller’s work on Santa Isabel
shows that the Central Andes, as the topography of the region indicates,
is the main northward extension of the Andean system. Muscisaricola
columbiana and Upucerthia excelsior columbiana, both representing genera
hitherto unknown in Colombia, were found by them in numbers. Doubtless
additional work in the Paramo Zone of the Central Andes would reveal the
presence of other southern forms.
Birds of the Paramo Zone.
Family Charadriide Family Cathartide
Gallinago nobilis Sarcorhamphus gryphus
“ jamesoni Family Trochilide
Family Anatide Pterophanes temmincki
Nettion andium Vestipedes paramillo
1 The occurrence of Cinclodes in the Paramo Zone of the Santa Marta group and of the Andes
near Merida, Venezuela, is surprising. No other species of this genus is known from nearer than
Ecuador. Possibly the genus will still be discovered in the Colombian Andes.
168 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Metallura williami Siptornis flammulata quindiana
O abelli
xypogon stiibelli Family Tyrannide
Family Hylactide
Scytalopus canus
" sylvestris
Orodynastes striaticollis striaticollis
Muscisaxicola alpina columbiana
Family Formicariide Family Troglodytide
Upucerthia excelsior columbiana Cistothorus equatorialis
Family Dendrocolaptide Family Fringillide
Leptasthenura andicola Phrygilus unicolor grandis
Siptornis fammulata multostriata . “ geospizopsis
Tabular Synopsis by Families of Zonal Distribution of Colombian Birds Collected by
the American Museum’s Expeditions.
Zones
Sub- Tem-
Families Tropical | tropical perate Paramo
1
141}
PIMA MAIO vs 2s c2 se oe dae eet Gah nea Rake fe
CTACIDB ssh. c.e ieee be oe wd meee ee MRSA
Odontophoride......... 0.0.0.0. eee
Colum bidiees & since seins coins ag 'y eee see
Opisthocomide......... 0.6.00. cee ee eee
Pallide a iss asenis e-cas whune-swahea'e aw duns vented
Podicipedide: » . 2.4 dace. e0noeg eeu eune ves
Heliornithide.. 2... 0... kee eee eee
Tyaridatts. ee 2:cie nex Bes vee Noms te Kae es
Charadriide sc. 4.22 cee cis wns eee ota sews
i 22g (6 Laer ee ea ae
Eurypygide.......: Sinha ania Hideaway ae aanees
Cidicnemide.. 2.1.1... eee eee ee
PSOphiidee ns. soe. ns shal od Rawle aoa waa ONhas
Tbididits. ssa. ne oar Orie aes ewe ees oan s
on > wy
2+11
3
11
CLCONM Es pease. Ghee ee area pane ga a Rae RRS
Arceidte 5:54 2462 sa nankle's on cthty aaeet aki ne Se Me Ao
Palamedeide................... beak eSO Ne
Amhin Gide, os siceaiie se bards svt nee suena wa dares
Cathartide... 0.0.0... ccc ccc cee eee
BR i) ee
(OH RaAN|®ArR AMER OPRNE pa ENnaon
wo
22 21 1
1 Ranging upward from the Subtropical Zone.
? Ranging upward from the Tropical Zone. .
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 169
Zones
Sub- Tem-
Families Tropical | tropical perate Paramo
Balconidee scsi. 0a tues eee none Seas 33, 11? 1+5?2
Bub ON da sisi nce 5 sic agaee de wierd dhe ede ne wens 8 1 2412
PSIttAGd B's. 2.4 se 4.ca peso isine ee Be din wee aoe RAS 22 6+1? 2
Alcedinids' jess saeerex needa ene. 4
Momotide sxe sede os deteac dice ie sce licesecacnd 9 1
Caprimulgide.............00. 0. cece ee 9 2+1? 1
Oo 5 22
MeO CHUA coc oe has ceasoaeaetsce eens pees 48 37+32) 16+61! 4
Trogonide:. <3... gos ce ves va eres ep enee en ane 10 4 1
CUCU Seeks a eacbo ws did Vek pee os eae ae 9 42
Capitonide sc:55-4 2 wien aateas Abe canes ene 7 4
Ramphastide.... 0.0.0... cece eee eee 17 7+1?2 1+11
Galbulide. 0... eee eee ee 8
H 3300E(s10) 11 (oF: ar a ne ve a 19 12
PICU soecatee stausrdea cd oss a weal ae Sage bscrased SOES 25 7+1 3+11
Conopophagide..............00.ce eee ee 3 12
Hylactide........ siidsld pag pteady wad fea as 1 5 2
Formicariide......... 0.0.0. e cece cece eee 82 17+5? 7 1
Dendrocolaptide....................-00. 48 27+32) 5451 3
SEY PANN hex feiss ¥ did 258 soe dade Sie iad Beaubien 90 38+5?) 10+51 2
PUDTVG SS 62 iat deestidoirdaar sci eand dala aaa deed 22 7
Cotingide .......... Biscay A Sits d nays ditties 24 15 2
Hirundinide................ Tata senaader a ca 8 142? 1
OYlVid Bc aceak aa cccanay Head oa aen’s owe eee 3
Troglodytide......... 00. e cece eee eee 23 12 4421 1
Cinch seisecaauch evade sieeve eee helen 1
Maid i560: er aaisa 4 cates band aauans 4 1?
dL 6 Fs eer re oe 8 8+32 2
WIPCONID2:. 0.5 ce vie SAK BA OVA Mare tance wads 7 3+12 5
Mnhiotiltide.. 0.0.00... eee ee eee 10 5+12 5
Motacillide... 0.00... 0... cece eee eee 1
AlaUdidssi2 .iaucs qui heae ox meee Xe oes mone 1
Catamblyrhynchide.................00005 ‘1 1
Prin uli ee s.2:s ves coceataucia s gee ath aaneea ecoen 35 17+72 | 11411 2
(Coprebidass ss sists dc sacgs eva val ote dale ei haley aus 13 74+22} 8421
Procniatide.. 0.00. ccc cece awe euee 1 12
Tanagridie... i000 ccs once ea cee eee aoe ve 51 51+72 | 15+51
TCberidas ss Seis oaks cunts arate n west eal ns ses 22 6412] 4411
Cornvidee js. es eee y HOS FHS ees Ea 2 2 2
1 Ranging upward from the Subtropical Zone.
2 Ranging upward from the Tropical Zone.
Part II.
A DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED IN
COLOMBIA BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM’S EXPEDITION.
Classification.— It is greatly to be regretted that no one system of
classification is accepted as authoritative by writers on South American
birds. Everyone who has experienced the annoyance of referring to faunal
papers, the writers of no two of which may have adopted the same system
of classification, and which as authors’ ‘separates,’ are usually without an
index, should admit that convenience of reference is here of first importance.
The writer has seen too many systems of classification accepted and
rejected to have much faith in the stability of any now, in greater or less
measure, current. So far as he personally is concerned it is immaterial
which one of half a dozen now in use be followed, but it is material that we
use that one consistently. ij
If we except Sclater and Salvin’s ‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium’
(1873), which included the birds of Mexico and Central America as well as
those of South America, only one list of South American birds, as such, has
ever been published. This, Brabourne and Chubb’s ‘Birds of South
America,’ is not only as authoritative in the present,state of our knowl-
edge, as, we can perhaps expect such a general work to be, but it conforms
tothe Classification of Sharpe.
From the standpoints of both scientific excellence and expediency it.
seems therefore eminently desirable to accept the classification of this work,
and I have adopted it in the present paper. The numbers in parentheses
preceding each name in the systematic portion of this paper are those of
Brabourne and Chubb’s work.
Nomenclature-— The nomenclature in Brabourne and Chubb’s list is
binomial, the authors, having deferred an expression of opinion of the
subspecific relations of the forms listed until these forms were treated at
length in succeeding volumes of their work, a plan, which, owing to the
unfortunate death of the senior author, will now never be realized.
It is, of course, out of the question to use binomial nomenclature in the
present paper, and the trinomials employed follow current usage, or express
the author’s views as they have been formed through a study of the material
at hand and under the requirements stated below. ~
Aside from this necessary change from binomialism to trinomialism,
I have followed the nomenclature of Brabourne and Chubb’s list, except
170
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 171
in a limited number of cases where additional material has led to other
conclusions. From the standpoint of nomenclature, pure and simple, I
have made no attempt to revise the names they present.
Treatment of Genera.—I do not approve of the present-day excessive
multiplication of genera. I believe that we should treat what we term
genera much as we treat species, and when the variations from a given
generic type do not result in actual segregation, but simply mark the con-
necting stages, then such variations should be considered of subgeneric
value.
We all exhibit a tendency to forget that a genus is, in a large measure,
an artificial creation, and that the characters on which it is based are ill-
defined, unstandardized, and arbitrarily employed. In the hands of the
systematist whose talent, often highly developed for analysis, leads him to
magnify the importance of minor characters, classification becomes an end
rather than a means. Accepting the doctrine of evolution he nevertheless
seems determined to prove the theory of special creation. It is his business
to assort, arrange and pigeon-hole certain facts as these facts are repre-
sented by specimens. The necessity for drawing up diagnoses, keys and
descriptions for the identification of these specimens leads him to search
for differences rather than resemblances. To these differences he gives
names, and to these names we apparently cannot avoid attributing a signifi-
cance they are often far from possessing. As a result, nomenclature over-
shadows classification and facts are obscured or wholly disguised by names.
There is unquestionably. urgent need for a thorough generic revision of
many groups of South American birds, but the reviser should not feel com-
pelled to found a new genus on every species showing a departure from the
set of artificial characters he has assigned to the so-called type. Further-
more, in order to determine whether the differences observed are of generic
or subgeneric value, his revision should be based on all, not a part, of the
species of the group concerned.
It was first intended in the preparation of the following list of species
collected by us in Colombia, to use currently accepted generic terms, and
when recent authorities differed to attempt to reach an independent de-
cision based on original investigation. I soon found, however, that the
instances in which authorities differ are so numerous, that a proper con-
sideration of the points at issue would require both far more time and
material than were available, and I was forced to abandon this plan. I
have, consequently, followed sometimes one author, sometimes another,
and the results here presented I frankly confess to be both inconsistent and
unsatisfactory. I feel that there is no hope for uniformity in the treatment
of this question of genera, until systematists reach some agreement in
172 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
regard to what constitutes a generic character. At present we are without
such a standard. The genus of one author is the subgenus of another, and
is not recognized at all by a third. In many instances, therefore, a genus
becomes merely a personal expression of opinion concerning the taxonomic
value of certain admitted characters. The same species may be referred
to a dozen or more different genera by as many writers, all of whom may
agree on the details of structure and relationships involved, and disagree
only on questions of nomenclature.
If the ultimate object of systematic zodlogy were classification based
only on analysis, we might be warranted in carrying dissection and descrip-
tion to their utmost limit and applying to the results as many names as the
most minute differences discovered seemed to require. It is, however,
commonly agreed among biologists that the primary object of systematic
zodlogy is to provide a nomenclature which can be used with some degree
of precision, and which shall be based not wholly upon analysis but to a
degree upon synthesis as well. =,
So far as species and their geographical races are concerned, the trinomial
system of nomenclature permits the systematist to recognize but slightly
differentiated forms by name without obscuring their more essential rela-
tionships. He may not express lines of descent, even if they are known, he
may indeed name first the most recent offshoot of a certain stock, but in
the naming of a subspecies he does not disguise its group relationships.
In our treatment of species, intergradation, known or probable (see
beyond under Treatment.of Subspecies) is the test which determines sub-
specific status. But in our treatment of genera, this test is largely ignored.
We have, it is true, subgenera, but so far as practical nomenclature is
concerned we are trinomial with species and binomial with genera. In
consequence, many of our generic terms are just as false, just as misleading,
just as far from conveying an idea of actual relationships, as though we
were to use a binomial for every subspecies. They are, indeed, more
misleading since in the latter case the name employed would indicate at
least generic relationship, while in the former all suggestion of relationship
may be lost.
I am aware that the two cases are not wholly comparable, and that
strictly to apply the test of intergradation to generic groups, would, in
some cases, place in the same genus species, which in the light of our current
understanding of what constitutes a genus, could not be considered as
generically ‘related; and thereby lead to nomenclatural results as undesirable
as those based on excessive analysis. But I am also aware of how erroneous
an impression may be given by unduly emphasizing differences which are
obviously of less importance than resemblances, and then, chiefly for con-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 173
venience in classification, labeling them with a name to which’ we can no
more help attaching the attributes of an entity, than we can avoid think-
ing of political boundaries as physical facts.
Two species, for example, may be ninety-five percent alike, and five
percent unlike, in their so-called generic characters. The five percent of
unlikeness is‘made the basis of a generic division, a new name is given and
the ninety-five percent of resemblance is thereby effectually concealed by
the combined results of analysis and nomenclature. I will illustrate with
the following examples:
The American Quails to which the name Bob-white is commonly applied,
are by most authors placed in two genera, Colinus (or its nomenclatural
equivalent Ortyx) and Eupsychortyx. The ‘generic’ differences between
Colinus virginianus of the United States and Eupsychortyx cristatus of
northern South America, structurally as well as geographically the most
widely separated species of the group, are found in the feathers of the head
and wings; ‘Eupsychortyx’ having the central crown-feathers elongated and
forming a well-defined crest, while the first (outer) primary is slightly
shorter than the eighth, rather than longer, as in Colinus. There is also a
well-marked difference in pattern of coloration, though both are obviously
quails.
Current standards in ornithology would accept these differences as of
generic value, and if the two species mentioned were the only ones concerned,
the appropriateness of the generic distinctions mentioned would not be
questioned. But in Central America, from Yucatan to Costa Rica, or in
other words, from the southern limit of the range of true Colinus in Guate-
mala to the northern limit of the range of Eupsychortyx in western Panama,
there are found several species in which a crest is evident, in which the
wing-formula is sometimes that of the northern bird, at others that of the
southern, and which also approach the type of coloration shown by the
South American species.
In short, so far as the characters mentioned are concerned, these Central
American species are intermediate or connecting forms. Practical evidence
of the truth of this statement may be found in their treatment by various
recent authorities, some of whom refer them to one ‘genus’ some to the
other. In spite of their superficial unlikeness, it is apparent, therefore, that
a line generically separating North American Bob-whites from South
American Bob-whites cannot be drawn, and hence it follows that’ a nomen-
clature which recognizes generic distinction between them, conceals the
biologically significant fact of their group relationship.
Evidence of the closeness of this relationship not found in the birds’
skins is supplied by their notes. The calls of all the species have not as
174 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
yet been recorded, but I can affirm from personal experience that the call of
Colinus nigrogularis of Yucatan and of Colinus cristatus leucotis of Colombia
is essentially the familiar “ Bob-white ” of Colinus virginianus. The voice
of the southern bird lacks the volume of that of the northern one, but the
notes and their peculiar quality are the same in all three. In view of all
these facts, I feel that the actual relationships of the species of this group
are more nearly expressed by referring them all to the genus Colinus.
To illustrate further what I feel. to be the evils of unwarranted generic
separation, there is found in southern South America (Bolivia, southern
Brazil, Argentina and Chile) a group composed of those species of small
black and white woodpeckers, the close relationship of which to the Downy
Woodpecker is obvious, and which have generally been considered as con-
generic with that species. They all have the back barred as in Dryobates
scalaris, of the southwestern United States and Mexico, and the more
western species (lignarius) has the underparts. heavily streaked. Since,
however, in this respect it differs from the south Brazilian species cancellgtus,
more than does that species from scalaris, this cannot be considered a charac-
ter of generic importance. The southern birds, it is true, have all, instead
of only the lateral tail-feathers barred as in our northern species; but
although. I believe that pattern of coloration is often a much better generic
character than differences of degree in the shape of bill, relative length of
wing, etc., no one, I think, would claim that this difference in the pattern of
tail-marking would warrant generic separation. The only ‘structural’
differences said to exist between the North American and South American
species of these Woodpeckers, are to be found in the relative length of the
primaries and secondaries, which results in giving the southern birds a more
‘rounded’ wing. On the basis of this character it is, therefore, proposed
to segregate them in the genus Dyctiopicus Bonap., a proceeding which
would conceal what I believe to be the generic relationships of the Downy
Woodpeckers of South America and North America, a relationship of high
importance zodgeographically since in the territory lying between Bolivia
and western Panama no form of this group is known to occur.
Dysithamnus puncticeps Sauv., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 72 (Veragua).
Ten specimens from the Atrato and upper San Juan are intermediate
between puncticeps and flemmingi. Some are nearer one, some the other,
but as a whole, the series is referable to the Panama race.
Baudo, 1; La Vieja, 1; Névita, 1; Alto Bonito, 6; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(1944) Dysithamnus leucostictus Sci.
Dysithamnus leucostictus Scu., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 66, pl. cxl, @ ad. (R. Napo, Ec.);
Tacz. & Buru., Ibid. 1885, p. 99, &.
Two females from Buena Vista agree essentially with Sclater’s plate
and description. Although these birds were taken in the heart of the east
Bogotaé region, this species does not appear to have been before recorded
from Colombia.
Buena Vista, 2.
(1951) Dysithamnus capitalis capitalis Scl.
Dysithamnus capitalis Sc., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 65 (Rio Napo).
Found by us only in Amazonian Colombia. I have no material for
comparison. As before stated, I have followed Brabourne and Chubb, in
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 373
their allottment to genera of certain Formicarian birds, pending a thorough
revision of the groups concerned, based on adequate material of the known
species. The present species, for example, is obviously not referable to
Dysithamnus, but in most cases the purposes of this paper, are, in my opinion,
best served by using the nomenclature of a standard Check-List rather
than by the expression of individual opinion based on only a partial survey
of the field.
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
(1953) Dysithamnus ardesiacus ardesiacus Sci.
’ Dysithamnus ardesiacus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1867, p. 756 (Rio Napo).
Found in the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. Our specimens
differ from lower Orinoco and British Guiana specimens of D. a. saturinus
in the smaller amount of black on the throat of the male.
La Morelia, 4; Florencia, 3.
(1959) Thamnomanes glaucus Cab.
Thamnomanes glaucus Cas., Arch. fiir. Naturg. 1847, p. 230 (Cayenne).
Found in the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. Four males are
slightly darker than recently collected specimens from British Guiana.
La Morelia, 5; Florencia, 1.
(1961) Myrmotherula pygmea (Gmel.).
Muscicapa pygmea GMBt., Syst. Nat. I, 1789, p. 933 (Cayenne).
Myrmotherula pygmea Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (R. Truando).
We have specimens of this wide-ranging species from the Tropical Zone
of the Pacific coast and from Amazonian Colombia. They agree with others
from British Guiana.
San José, 1; Florencia, 1; La Morelia, 1.
4% fod
# (1963) Myrmotherula surinamensis pacifica Hellm.
Myrmotherula surinamensis pacifica Heti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1159 (Type from
Buenaventura; also specimens from Rio Calima; Sipi; near Naranjo, 2800 ft.).
Myrmotherula surinamensis Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (Turbo);
Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 525 (Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward to the
Magdalena. Comparison of our specimens from this region with a recently
874 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
collected series from British Guiana confirm the characters ascribed to it
by Hellmayr (I. ¢.).
Alto Bonito, 4; Dabeiba, 7; Quibdé, 2; Névita, 2; Névita Trail (2000
ft.), 1; Juntas de Tamand, 1; Noanam4, 3; Buenaventura, 6; Los Cisneros,
5; Tumaco, 4; Barbacoas, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 3; Malena, 1.
(1972) Myrmopagis fulviventris (Zawr.).
Myrmotherula fulviventris Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 468
(Panama); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 531 (Naranjo); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p.
525 (Remedios).
Myrmotherula ornata Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 191 (R. Truando).
Myrmotherula viduata Hart., Nov. Zool., 1898, p. 492 (Cachabi, n. w. Ecuador).
Myrmotherula fulviventris viduata Heuim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1162 (El Tigre;
Névita; Noanamé4).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, the eastern slope of the
Western Andes and west slope of the Central Andes. Fifteen specimens
(6 males, 9 females) from this region agree with eight (6 males, 2 females)
from Ecuador. Hellmayr (/. c.) has already alluded to this resemblance
between western Colombia and western Ecuador birds. I am, however,
unable to separate them from true fulviventris of which I have seen seven
(3 males, 4 females) Panama specimens, including the type.
Alto Bonito, 3; Juntas de Taman4, 4; Barbacoas, 3; Puerto Valdivia,
4; La Frijolera, 1; Miraflores, Cen. Andes, 1 2; Salencio, Névita Trail,
e. slope, 1.
(1975) Myrmopagis hematonota (Sci.).
Formicivora hematonota Scu., P. Z. §., 1857, p. 48 (Chamicuros).
An adult male from La Morelia agrees with others from the Orinoco.
(1977) Myrmopagis ornata ornata (Scl.).
Formicivora ornata Scu., Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 480. (New Grenada).
Our four specimens were taken at Buena Vista at the upper limit of
the Tropical Zone in the Eastern Andes. They are doubtless topotypical.
Buena Vista, 4.
(1984) Myrmopagis axillaris melena (Sci.). .
Formicivora melena Scu., P. Z.8., 1857, p. 130 (Bogota).
Our specimens from the eastern Andes agree on the whole with a ‘Bo-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 315
goté’ skin. This form is intermediate between the gray M. a. avillaris of
Guiana, etc., and the black M. a. albigula (Lawr.) of the Pacific coast.
Florencia, 6; La Morelia, 2.
(1984a) Myrmopagis axillaris albigula (Lawr.).
Myrmotherula albigula Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 131.
Types Nos. 43401 and 43402, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., females, Panama R. R. line;
McLeannan and Galbraith.
Myrmotherula axillaris melena Heuu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1162 (Névita).
Myrmotherula melena Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 191 (R. Truando) ;
Sci. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 525 (Neché).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecua-
dor and extends northward to Honduras and eastward into Antioquia.
This form is characterized by excessive blackness. In the adult male
the black areas are shining jet black instead of slate-black as in melena
‘(Sel.). This character is well shown by two Panama males, seven from
western Colombia and nine from western Ecuador.
Lawrence’s inappropriate name of albigula, based on two females from
Panama, now in the American Museum, is obviously available for this race.
Seven males from Trinidad represent the extreme of grayness and are
materially lighter than six males from the Potaro River, British Guiana.
Alto Bonito, 3; Dabeiba, 1; Baudo, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 1; Névita,
1; San José, 2; Barbacoas, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(1985) Myrmopagis schisticolor schisticolor (Lawr.).
Formicivora schisticolor Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 172 (Costa Rica).
Myrmotherula schisticolor schisticolor Heuu., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1163 (Rio Siaté).
Inhabits chiefly the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes and western
slope of the Central Andes ranging southward to southwestern Ecuador
and northward to Guatemala.
Alto Bonito, 1; La Frijolera, 3; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 3; Ri-
caurte, 1; Miraflores, 3.
(1985a) Myrmopagis schisticolor interior Chapm.
Myrmopagis schisticolor interior Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914,
p. 614 (Buena Vista, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Male like the male of M. s. schisticolor (Lawr.), female very
different from the female of that race, the back slate-gray, not brownish or buffy
376 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
olive, the crown grayer, the tail and wings grayish margined externally with oliva-
ceous instead of russet; size somewhat larger.
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Central
Andes and of both slopes of the Eastern Andes in Colombia, and eastward
through the Tropical Zone to the Orinoco.
La Palma, 2; La Candela, 4; Aguadita, 1; Buena Vista, 12; La Mo-
relia, 1.
(1993a) Myrmopagis cinereiventris pallida (Berl. & Hart.).
Myrmotherula cinereiventris pallida Beru. & Hart., Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 74
(Nericagua, Ven.)
Comparison with British Guiana specimens shows that a male from La
Morelia possesses the characters on which this race is based.
La Morelia, 1.
(2006) Herpsilochmus rufomarginatus frater Scl. & Salo.
Herpsilochmus frater Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1880, p. 159 (Sarayacu, Ecuador).
Buena Vista, 1 ad. @.
2013 (part) Microrhopias grisea intermedia (Cab.).
Flormicivora] intermedia Cas., Arch. fir Naturg., 1847, I, p. 225 (Cartagena);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Bucaramanga).
Formicivora grisea Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (Carthagena).
Microrhopias grisea honde Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXIII, 1914, p. 616
(Chicoral, Col.).
Known from the arid coastal zone at Cartagena and eastward to the
Magdalena, and up the Magdalena Valley to its head.
Assuming that our large series (18 males, 29 females) from near Santa
Marta represented intermedia, I described the Upper Magdalena Valley
bird as new on the basis of the striking difference between the females from
these regions, those from Santa Marta having the breast conspicuously
streaked with black, while the upper Magdalena female has the underparts
whitish more or less washed with buffy and wholly without spots.
Now, however, Miller and Boyle send four females and a male from La
Playa, near the mouth of the Magdalena, which are inseparable from the
Upper Magdalena birds to which I have applied the name honde; that is,
the females are unspotted below, and the male has the tail more narrowly
tipped with white than in the Santa Marta and Venezuela male. I still
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 317
lack topotypes of intermedia, but there is small probability of there being
any difference between La Playa and Cartagena birds. In any event, it
is far from likely that specimens from Cartagena would resemble those from
Santa Marta rather than those from the intervening locality of La Playa.
It is true that Cabanis describes the female of intermedia as having the
breast spotted, but since he had a specimen or specimens from Venezuela
as well as Cartagena it is possible he may have described a female from
Venezuela under the belief that it belongéd to the same species as that
found at Cartagena. However this may be, his name is applicable only
to the Cartagena form, which in view of our recently acquired specimens
from La Playa, I believe to belong to the species in which the female has
no spots on the breast. It therefore most nearly resembles true grisea of
the Guianas in which the female is more washed with ochraceous-rufous
below than in intermedia, but, like the latter, is without spots on the un-
derparts.
Apparently these two forms are entirely cut off from each other by
others in which the female is conspicuously spotted below. The Orinoco
form is orenocensis of Hellmayr, and seems to be specifically distinct. The
form occupying the Caribbean coast region from Santa Marta to north-
eastern Venezuela, to which the name intermedia has been commonly ap-
plied, should apparently bear the name of cano-fumosa Cherrie. I have
not seen Cherrie’s type, but in describing cano-fumosa (Bull. Bklyn. Inst.
Arts & Sciences, 1909, p. 388) from Las Barrancas on the lower Orinoco,
this author remarks: “Specimens in the American Museum collection from
Santa Marta, Colombia, San Antonio and Cumanacoa, Bermudez, Vene-
zuela, all seem to belong to this form.” Hellmayr and Seilern (Archiv.
fir Naturg. 1912, p. 126) also share this view, though they fall into the
common error of using the name intermedia for the species in which the
female has the breast streaked.
The specimens in our museum, including thirty-four females of cano-
fumosa from Bonda, Santa Marta; Puerto Cabello, San Antonio, and
Cristobal Colon, Venezuela, and six males and six females of orenocensis
from Maripa on the Orinoco, lead me to believe that these forms are spe-
cifically distinct from each other and from grisea on the east and intermedia
on the west. The two latter, although most closely related of any in the
group, would therefore be separated by a wide area occupied with repre-
sentative but not intergrading races. The case is an exceptionally interest-
ing one and deserves a study which neither my time nor material will permit
me to give it. ;
La Playa, 17,4 2 2; Calamar, 2 oc"; Honda, 8 oo", 4 2 2; Chico-
ral, 5 17,3 99.
378 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2026) Microrhopias boucardi consobrina (Scl.).
Formicivora consobrina Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 279 (Babahoyo, s. w. Ecuador);
Scx. & Sav., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 525 (Pocune). :
Formicivora quizensis Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (R. Truando).
Formicivora quixensis consobrina Hetim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1163 (Bahia del Choco;
Névita; Sipi).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast and Antioquia. Co-
lombia specimens agree with those from Ecuador and differ from those
from Panama. and northward in the broader white tips to the rectrices and
deeper color of the female. :
Alto Bonito, 2; Névita, 2; San José, 3; Puerto Valdivia, 2.
(2021) Drymophila caudata caudata (Sci.).
Formicivora caudata Scu., P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 254, pl. 74 (Bogotdé); Scu. & Saty.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 524 (Sta. Elena).
Drymophila caudata striaticeps Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 145
(Salento, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Found by us in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes.
We did not secure it in the Bogota region. In the absence of topotypical
specimens I was led to believe, both by Sclater’s original description and
plate (J. c.), as well as by his description in the British Museum Catalogue
(XV, p. 253), in which it is said the “centre of the cap is black,” that true
caudata had the cap black and, consequently, that Santa Marta males,
in which the cap is black represented this form. Hence the birds from
western Colombia with a striped crown were described under the name
striaticeps (I. c.).
Hellmayr, however, writes me that the type, as well as other Bogota
specimens which he has examined, have the crown striped, and are not
separable from Ecuadorian specimens. It follows, therefore, that striatz-
ceps becomes a synonym of caudata, from which the black-crowned Santa
Marta bird is separable.! :
Las Lomitas, 1; Cocal, 3; Gallera, 2; Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 4; El
Eden, 1.
(2036) Terenura callinota (Scl.).
Formicivora callinota Scu., P. Z.8., 1855, p. 89, pl. xevi (‘Bogota’).
Two females from Aguadita in the Subtropical Zone above Fusugasugé.
Aguadita, 2.
1 Since the above was written the Santa Marta race has been described as Drymophila caudata
hellmayri Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash , 1915, p. 80).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 379 |
(2043) Ramphocenus melanurus trinitatis Less.
Ramphocenus trinitatis Luss., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 42 (Trinidad).
A female from Buena Vista agrees with Trinidad specimens.
Buena Vista, 1.
sa
(2047a) Ramphocenus rufiventris griseodorsalis Chapm.
Ramphocenus rufiventris griseodorsalis CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912,
p. 145 (Miraflores, Col.).
* — Ramphocenus rufiventris Scu. & Satv., P. Z.§., 1879, p. 525 (Sta. Elena).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Ramphocenus rufiventris rufiventris Bp., but with the
back slaty smoke-gray, the head less rufous gray, slightly tinged with cinnamon,
which is stronger, more ochraceous on the forehead; sides of the head less strongly
ochraceous-buff; but ochraceous-buff of underparts, particularly of abdomen,
deeper.
Known only from the northern end of the Western Andes, and Sub-
tropical Zone of the Central Andes.
Dabeiba, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 1.
(2048) Microbates cinereiventris cinereiventris (Scl.).
Ramphocenus cinereiventris Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 76, pl. Ixxxvii (Pasto, Col.);
Ramphocenus cinereiventris cinereiventris Hetim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1164 (Névita;
Sipi; Rio Colima; Buenaventura).
Probably restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast of Colom-
bia. The Antioquian form east of the Western Andes is doubtless JM. c.
magdalene. Hellmayr (I. c.) has called attention to the obvious error in
the alleged type-locality. It is probable that Pasto, whence the type is
said to have come, is, in a limited way, the ‘ Bogota’ of southern Colombia.
In other words, as the commercial center of that part of Colombia, it is the
shipping point for the products of the surrounding country. Consequently
the specimens recorded below from Barbacoas on the trail from the Coast
to Pasto, may doubtless be considered as topotypical.
Alto Bonito, 1; Juntas de Tamand, 2; Névita, 1; Buenaventura, 1;
San José, 1; Barbacoas, 4; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(2048a) Microbates cinereiventris magdalene Chapm.
Microbates cinereiventris magdalene Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915,
p. 642 (Puerto Berrio, Col.). :
‘Char. subsp.— Differing from both M. c. cinereiventris and M. c. torquatus in
380 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
having the tail tipped with whitish, the color both above and below paler, the tail
and particularly bill, longer; differs from cinereiventris, its nearest geographic ally,
and agrees with torquatus in having no postocular spot. Wing, 55; tail, 30; tarsus,
24; culmen, 21.5 mm.
Known only from the type-locality in the Magdalena Valley.
(2049) Microbates collaris (Pelz.).
Rhamphocenus collaris Pauz., Orn. Bras., 1869, p. 84 (Marabitanas).
A female from Florencia adds this species to the avifauna of Colombia.
Florencia, 1.
(2051) Cercomacra sclateri Hellm.
Cercomacra sclatert Hetim., Nov. Zool., 1905, p. 288 (Chyavetas, e. Peru).
I refer to this species, of which J have seen no authentic specimens, a
pair of birds from Florencia and a male from an altitude of 2000 ft., on the
mountain slopes above Florencia.
Florencia, 3.
(2053) Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina (Scl.).
Pyriglena tyrannina Scu., P. Z.8., 1855, pl. xeviii, p. 90 (Bogota).
Cercomacra tyrannina rufwentris Heui., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1165 (Boca de Calima;
Rio Calima; Névita; Pueblo Rico).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the greater part of Colombia.
After a study of some thirty-four males and thirty-four females, in-
cluding topotypical series of tyrannina and crepera, I follow Ridgway (Bull.
U.S. N. M., 50, V, p. 95) in referring central and eastern Panama and Co-
lombian specimens to tyrannina. Cauca Valley specimens agree exactly
with those from the Bogota region, but males from southwestern Colombia
and western Ecuador average darker than true tyrannina but, on the whole,
are nearer to that form than to the blacker crepera. Females from Panama,
southwestern Colombia, and western Ecuador agree in the color of the
underparts and average deeper rufous than tyrannina but not so deep as
crepera. Above, however, they agree with the former rather than the
latter, erepera having the back and particularly tail, often with a rufescent
suffusion wanting in tyrannina.
Barbacoas, 1 male, 3 females; Puerto Valdivia, 5; La Frijolera, 3;
Salencio, 1 male; Rio Frio, 1 male; Miraflores, 2 males; near Honda, 1
female; Buena Vista, 6 males, 3 females; Villavicencio, 3 males, 2 females.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 381
e (2058) Cercomacra nigricans Scl.
Cercomacra nigricans Scu., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 245 (Santa Marta); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 526 (Remedios); Hetimayr, Ibid., 1911, p. 1166, (mouth of Calima,
Rio San Juan).
Apparently inhabits the entire Tropical Zone of Colombia except the
arid coastal region from which it was described. Immature birds of both
sexes are slaty-gray washed with olivaceous above with a concealed white
dorsal patch; less olivaceous below with the throat and center of the breast
and abdomen streaked and margined with white. The adult female is
clearer and darker slate above, the underparts are much blacker and the
white markings are confined mainly to the throat. The adult male is jet
black above and below with no white marks on the body other than the
dorsal patch.
Cali, 2; Rio Frio, 3; Algodonal (lower Magdalena), 2; Banco, 1; Nare,
1; Puerto Berrio, 3; Malena, 5; Honda, 4; Chicoral, 2; Buena Vista, 1;
Villavicencio, 3.
gh
(2061) Cercomacra berlepschi (Hart.).
Pyriglena berlepscht Hart., Bull. B. O. C., VII, 1898, p. xxix (co ad. Cachabi,
n. w. Ecuador).
Thamnophilus cachabiensis Hart., l. c:, p. xxix (9 Cachabi, n. w. Ecuador).
Cercomacra berlepschi Hetim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1167 (near Sipi, San Joaquim).
Apparently restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Of
our ten specimens six sexed as “male,” are wholly black, save for the con-
cealed dorsal patch, while the four sexed as “female” have also the throat
and breast and, to a lesser degree, the wing-coverts spotted with white.
Bagado, 1; Baudo, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 5; Buena-
vista, Narifio, 1.
(2063a) Pyriglena picea Cab.
as Pyriglena picea Caz., Arch. fiir Naturg., XIII, 1847 (pt. 1), p. 212.
’ We have taken this species only at the head of the Magdalena Valley.
Our specimens agree with one from Bolivia.
La Candela, 12; Anolaima (3000-5000 ft.), 4.
(2071) Anoplops bicolor equatorialis ( Hellm.).
Pithys bicolor equatorialis Hetum., Orn. Monats., X, 1902, p. 33 (Lita, n. w.
Ecuador).
382 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Six specimens from southwestern Colombia are typical of this Ecua-
dorian form (compared with 16 specimens from Ecuador) and in their
bright rufous crown show no indication of intergrading with A. b. dague.
Barbacoas, 5; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(2072) Anoplops bicolor dague (Hellm.).
Gymnopithys bicolor dague Hruo., Bull. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 83 (near Buena-
ventura, Col.).
Anoplops bicolor dague Hrtim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1170 (Névita; Juntas de Ta-
mandé). :
Restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and thus far known
only from Buenaventura northward to the head of the Atrato. Speci-
mens from Barbacoas, as above recorded, are typical of equatorialis, while
those from the lower Atrato are referable to A. b. bicolor.
Bagado, 1; La Vieja, 1; Baudo, 1; Névita, 4; Noanaméa, 1.
(2072a) Anoplops bicolor bicolor (Lawr.).
Pithys bicolor Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 484 (Lion Hill, Pana-
ma).
Specimens from both sides of. the lower Atrato, in comparison with
Lawrence’s type, are clearly referable to bicolor rather than to dague. No
less than three well-marked forms of this species are therefore found in the
Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Their characters are clearly defined
by Hellmayr (P. Z. S. 1911, p. 1171).
Rio Salaqui, 1; Alto Bonito, 3.
(2084) Myrmeciza melanoceps (Spix).
Thamnophilus melanoceps Spix, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 28, pl. xxxix, fig.-1
(“in Sylvis Pare’’).
Three males and three females from Amazonian Colombia agree with
descriptions of this species, of which I have seen no authentic specimens.
The species appears not to have been previously recorded from Colombia.
Florencia, 5; La Morelia, 1.
(2091) Myrmeciza maculifer maculifer (Hellm.).
Myrmelastes exsul maculifer Hutim., Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, p. 340 (Paramba,
n, w. Ecuador); P. Z. 8. 1911, p. 1169 (Sipi; Rio Cajon; Névita; Noanamé).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 383
This appears to be a very common bird in the humid Tropical Zone of
the Pacific coast of Ecuador and Colombia from at least Naranjo, Prov.
Guayas, north to Bagado at the head of the Atrato. Further north, both
males and females are paler below and less rufescent above than Ecuador
specimens, and thus establish the validity of Myrmeciza maculifer cassint
(see also remarks under that race).
While Myrmelastes exsul, of the Canal Zone and northward, is obviously
the representative of maculifer, existing material (including a large series
from eastern Panama) indicates the non-intergradation of these birds, and
this view is supported by the fact that M. m. cassini, the most northern
form of maculifer is, in general coloration, further from ersul than is true
maculifer of Ecuador. Of the latter form I have twenty specimens (15 males,
5 females) from Ecuador.
Bagado, 1; Baudo, 1; Névita, 6; Juntas de Taman4, 7; San José, 4;
Los Cisneros, 6; Barbacoas, 6; Buenavista, Narijio, 1.
(2091a) Myrmeciza maculifer cassini (Ridgw.).
Myrmelastes cassini Ripaw., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p. 194 (Turbo,
Col.).
Myrmeciza exsul Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (Turbo); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z. 8.1879, p. 526 (Neché).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the lower Atrato eastward through Antio-
quia to the Magdalena and northward to eastern Panama.
With a large series (sixty-six males, twenty-eight females) before me
I find no difficulty in separating birds from western Ecuador and south-
western Colombia (Barbacoas) from those from the northern end of the
range of this species (Puerto Valdivia and Rio Salaqui, Col., El Real and
Tapaliza, eastern Panama). The latter are decidedly paler; the male
has the back and flanks more olivaceous less intensely rufescent, the head
and underparts paler gray, the throat less blackish and usually clearly de-
marked from the gray breast. The differences in the female are similar
in character but are less pronounced.
Intergradation between these extremes is absolute and intermediate
specimens occur in so large a part of the intervening area, that it is wholly
impossible to assign definite geographic boundaries to the range of either
form. Specimens fairly topotypical of maculifer and others which might
with equal truth be referred to cassini are found at the same locality, but,
on the whole, the former may be said to be the prevailing form as far north
as the upper Atrato, while beyond this cassinz occurs.
Our eastern Panama specimens show no sign of intergradation with M..
exsul exsul of the Canal Zone and westward.
384 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Rio Salaqui, 2; Alto Bonito, 9; Dabeiba, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 7; Ma-
lena, 1.
(2091b) Myrmeciza immaculatus immaculatus (Lafr.).
T |hamnophilus] immaculatus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 340, (Bogota).
Found by us in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley, at Mira-
flores, above Palmira in the Central Andes and at La Frijolera on the
lower Cauca. Two females from the last-named locality are typical of
immaculatus while three males from Alto Bonito on the western slope of
the same range are referable to berlepschi. It may be distinguished from
the Pacific coast race (M. 7. berlepschi) by the comparatively small amount
of white in the lesser wing-coverts of both sexes and by the duller, grayer
underparts of the females.
La Frijolera, 2; Miraflores, 1 ad. 2; Fusugasugé, 1; Honda, 3; El
Consuelo (above Honda, 3200 ft.), 3.
yl
: (2091c) Myrmeciza immaculatus berlepschi Ridgw.
Myrmeciza berlepschi Ripaw., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXTI, 1909, p. 74 (Chimbo,
w. Ecuador); Banas, Ibid. 1910, p. 73 (Palmar; Paras; La Maria, Col.)
Myrmelastes immaculatus immaculatus Hetim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1168 (Pueblo
Rico; Primavera). :
Comparison of fourteen males and eleven females from the Pacific
Tropical Zone of Colombia with four males and seven females from western
Ecuador (Rio d’Oro, Naranjo, Santa Rosa) shows that birds from western
Colombia and western Ecuador agree. From true immaculatus they may
be distinguished by the larger amount of white in the lesser coverts and by
the deeper, more richly colored underparts of the female. M. 7. zeledoni of
Costa Rica, of which I have only a pair of adults, appears to agree with
immaculatus in the amount of white in the lesser coverts, but in the colora-
tion of the underparts of the female, it resembles berlepschi.
Alto Bonito, 3; Bagado, 1; Baudo, 2; Névita, 5; Novita Trail (3500
ft.), 1; Salencio, 1; San José, 5; Las Lomitas, 1; Barbacoas, 6; Buena-
vista, Narifio, 1.
(2107) Myrmeciza longipes boucardi Berl.
Myrmeciza boucardi Brru., Ibis, 1888, p. 129 (Bogota).
This race appears to be restricted to the Tropical Zone of the upper
Magdalena Valley. The males have the crown and nape with little or no
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia 385
rufous and are thereby easily distinguished from M. 1. panamensis, which
extends from the Caribbean coast of Colombia at least as far up the Mag-
dalena as Algodonal.
Vicinity of Honda, 9; El Consuelo (alt. 3300 ft.) above Honda, 1;
Chicoral, 1; Andalucia (5000 ft.), 1.
(2107a) Myrmeciza longipes panamensis Ridgw.
Myrmeciza boucardit panamensis Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p.
144 (line Panama R. R.).
Myrmeciza boucardi AuuEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 160 (Bonda;
Cacagualito).
The capture of a typical male of this form at Algodonal on the Magda-
lena River is especially interesting as indicating how far up the river the
coastal fauna, extends.
Algodonal, 1.
(2108) Myrmeciza lemosticta nigricauda Salv. & Godm.
Myrmeciza nigricauda Satv. & Gopm., Biol. Cent. Am., II, 1892, p. 280 (Intac,
Ecuador). .
An evidently not common inhabitant of the Tropical Zone of the Pacific
coast which, in slightly modified form, extends in to Antioquia. The Buena-
vista, Narifio, female may be considered as topotypical, and two females
from San José essentially agree with it. A female from Puerto Valdivia
has the marks on the throat whiter and, with three males from the same
locality, the tail more rufous. These four birds thus approach specimens
from eastern Panama. I have, however, seen no authentic specimens of
lemosticta, and if the eastern Panama specimens should prove to repre-
sent an undescribed form, doubtless.it would be desirable to refer the Puerto
Valdivia specimens to it rather than to nigricauda.
San José, 2; Buenavista, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 4.
(2092) Gymnocichla nudiceps sancte-marte Ridgw.
Gymnocichla nudiceps sancte-marte Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1908, p. 194
(Santa Marta).
A female from Nare, near Puerto Berrio on the Magdalena, is doubt-
less to be referred to this form. It is decidedly less rufescent, more oli-
vaceous above than a Panama female.
Nare, 1.
386 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2104) Dichrozona cinctus (Pelz.).
Cyphorhinus cinctus Peuz., Orn. Bras., 1868, p. 47 (S. Joaquim, Borba).
Dichrozona zononota RivG., Proc. U. 8S. N. M., X, 1887, p. 524 (Santarem,
Brazil; type examined).
A pair from Florencia and a female from La Morelia add this species
to the fauna of Colombia. ‘The male agrees with the type of Dichrozona
zononota Ridgw. of Santarem, but is much deeper above (cinnamon-brown
rather than dark ochraceous-tawny or buckthorn-brown), the flanks are
grayer and the breast less heavily spotted. The females have the crown
and back essentially the same shade as the male and are consequently also
darker above than the Santarem bird.
Florencia, 2; La Morelia, 1.
(2121) Hypocnemis cantator peruviana Tacz.
Hypocnemis peruvianus Tacz., Orn. Perou, II, 1884, p. 61 (Chamicuros, Peru).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. I have no Peru-
vian specimens but our birds are much nearer six specimens from Zamora,
southeastern Ecuador, than they are to twenty-three recently collected
examples from the Potaro River, British Guiana. The difference is particu-
larly marked in the females, true cantator apparently never having pro-
nounced dorsal stripes in this sex, while the female of peruviana (as it is
represented by our Colombian and Ecuadorian series) is never without them.
The same comment holds good of our males of peruviana, but several of the
Guiana birds show well-marked dorsal streaks.
La Morelia, 4.
- (2124) Hypocnemis hypoxantha Sci.
Hypocnemis hypoxantha Scu., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 578, pl. xliii (Upper Amazons).
A female from La Morelia agrees with Sclater’s plate of this species
(P. Z. S., 1868, pl. xliii) which appears not to have been previously recorded
from Colombia. .
La Morelia, 1.
(2129) Myrmoborus leucophrys leucophrys (T'sch.).
Pithys leucophrys Tscu., Fauna Peruana, 1845, 6, p. 176, pl. xi, fig. 2 (“Fluss
Tullumayo’’).
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 387
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
There is much variation in the width of the frontal band of the male and
in the intensity of color in the female, but on the whole I can see no racial
differences in our series of thirty-five specimens, including examples from
Bolivia, eastern Ecuador, and the upper and lower Orinoco. A specimen
from the delta of the Orinoco has the frontal band narrow, but no narrower
than in one from Villavicencio. I have seen no British Guiana specimens.
Buena Vista, 5; Villavicencio, 7; La Morelia, 3. °
(2131a) Myrmoborus myiotherinus elegans (Scl.).
_Hypocnemis elegans Scu., P. Z. 8., 1857, p. 47 (Bogota).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. Our
females agree with an old ‘Bogoté’ skin. I have seen no topotypical speci-
mens of M. m. mytotherinus.
La Morelia, 4; Florencia, 4.
2128. Hylophylax lepidonata (Sci. & Salv.).
Hypocnemis lepidonota Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1880, p. 160 (Sarayacu).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. One of our two
females is brighter, the other agrees with two essentially topotypical fe-
males from Zamora, Ecuador.
La Morelia, 3.
(2143) Hylophylax nevia therese (Des Murs).
Conopophaga therese Drs Murs, Voy. Cast., Ois., 1855, p. 51, pl. xvi, fig. 2 (Rio
Javari).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia. Two
males differ from two others from La Union on the Lower Orinoco, in having
the head grayer, the lores black, instead of white, and the throat solid
black instead of white or black marked with white.
La Morelia, 7.
(2146) Hylophylax nevioides (Lafr.).
Conopophaga nevioides Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 69 (no locality; Hellmayr
proposes Panama).
Hypocnemis nevioides Cass., Proe. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 190 (Falls of Tru-
ando); Hettu., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1167 (Condoto; Guineo; Calima).
388 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward to the
Magdalena. Our Pacific coast specimens agree with others from Panama
which Hellmayr (J. c.) fixes as the type-locality, but a female from the
Magdalena Valley (Malena) is much paler below than any one of eight
females from Panama and western Colombia.
Baudo, 1; Upper Atrato, 1; Barbacoas, 6; Malena, 1.
(2150) Phenostictus macleannani macleannani (Lawr.).
Phlegopsis macleannanit Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 285 (Pan-
ama).
Found at one station in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and also
on the lower Cauca. The Puerto Valdivia specimen agrees essentially
with the type and other Panama specimens. Those from Barbacoas have
a less well-defined, unspotted, chestnut-rufous area posterior to the breast.
Puerto Valdivia, 1; Barbacoas, 2.
(2152a) Rhopoterpe torquata torquata (Bodd.).
Formicarius torquatus Bopp., Table Pl. Enl., p. 43 (Cayenne).
A pair from the Amazonian Tropical Zone adds this species to the known
avifauna of Colombia. The male differs from two lower Orinoco (Suapure)
males in having the breast and abdomen centrally barred with black, the
female differs from a lower Orinoco female in having the hazel-brown throat
area more restricted and less definitely bordered by a black line. These
differences may be racial but the material at hand is not, in my opinion,
conclusive (see Cherrie, Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXV, 1916, p. 185). Rhopo-
terpe torquata tragicus Cherrie (J. c.) based on a female from the Rio Roosevelt
appears to differ from torquata chiefly in its wider and more extensive white
wing-bar.
La Morelia, 2.
(2155a) Formicarius colma nigrifrons Gould.
Formicarius nigrifrons Goutp, Ann. Mag. N. H., Ser. 2, XV, 1855, p. 344 (Chami-
curos, e. Peru).
Four specimens were secured in the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Co-
lombia. Three have the forehead black while in the third (immature?)
it is rufous of the same color as the back. All four specimens may be easily
distinguished from any one of twelve specimens of colma from the lower
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 389
Orinoco (La Union), British Guiana and Cayenne by the greater inten-
sity and greater extent of the black of the underparts, and their much
darker ventral region and under tail-coverts. They also have the tail
broadly black terminally and raw umber basally, while in most specimens
of colma it is more olivaceous basally and more narrowly tipped with black.
The material at my command, therefore, indicates the validity of a
black-bellied form for which the name nigrifrons Gould is probably available.
(Consult, however, Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, p. 390.)
Formicarius nigrifrons glaucoptera Ridgw. (Proc. U. S. N. M., XVI,
1893, p. 673), the type of which, from British Guiana, is in the American
Museum (No. 43536) is apparently not separable from F. c. colma.
La Morelia, 3; Florencia, 1.
(2156a) Formicarius analis connectens Chapm.
Formicarius analis connectens Cuapo., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXITI, 1914, p. 173
(Villavicencio, Colombia).
Char. subsp.— Most nearly related to F. a. saturatus Ridgw., but cinnamon at
the sides of the throat wholly absent or but faintly indicated; upperparts less rufes-
cent, more olivaceous, breast slightly darker, throat-patch less sharply defined,
size smaller, o’, wing 86; tail, 52; tarsus, 31.5; culmen, 18 mm.
This well-marked race is known only from the Tropical Zone at the
base of the Eastern Andes. Specimens from La Morelia are somewhat
darker above than those from Villavicencio.
La Morelia, 3; Villavicencio, 3.
(2157) ‘ Formicarius nigricapillus destructus Hart.
Formicarius destructus Hart., Nov. Zool., V, 1898, p. 493, (Paramba, n. w.
Ecuador).
Formicarius analis destructus Heti., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1173 (Névita).
A female from San José is duller than the type of F. n. nigricapillus and
can be matched by several of our fourteen Ecuadorian specimens of des-
tructus. The occurrence of nigricapillus and a second form of this group
(“ Formicarius umbrosus”’ Ridgw.) in the same zone (Caribbean Tropical)
in Costa Rica indicates their specific distinctness. Ridgway (Bull. 50, V,
p. 118) evidently holds this view but ranks nigricapillus as a subspecies of
analis, while umbrosus with allied forms is placed under F. moniliger as
Formicarius moniliger umbrosus. To my mind, however, the derivative re-
lationships of umbrosus are with analis, while nigricapillus and destructus,
its closely allied representatives in the Tropical Zone of western Colombia
390 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
and western Ecuador, form a small and distinct group, distinguished mainly
by its jet black head, wholly black or blackish, not basally olive-brown,
black-tipped, tail, ete. It is probable that both have a common origin but
one appears to have entered Central America from the east, the other from
the south. The discovery of a form (Formicarius analis connectens) at
the foot of the Eastern Andes in Colombia, to some extent bridges the gap
between the Bolivian analis and the northern saturatus. We have also a
specimen from Zamora in southeastern Ecuador which in the blackness of
its tail and breast approaches destructus; the head, however, is olivaceous
and the upperparts, while somewhat darker, are more as in connectens.
This specimen suggests the specific identity of the entire group, but the
impossibility of this Tropical Zone bird’s crossing the Andes and the con-
sequent isolation of the black-headed type, together with the occurrence
of this type and another representative of the group in the same faunal
region, indicates their specific distinctness.
San José, 1.
(2159) Formicarius analis saturatus Ridgw.
Formicarius saturatus Ripew., Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1898, p. 677 (Trinidad).
Formicarius hoffmanni Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 526 (Remedios).
Occurs in the Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena Valleys. Our specimens
agree with eleven from Trinidad but have the under tail-coverts slightly
deeper, while the white loral spot, present in all the Trinidad birds, is ab-
sent in four of the Colombian specimens and barely distinguishable in the
other five.
Upper Atrato, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 2; Rio Frio, 1; Malena, 3; Puerto
Berrio, 2.
(2160a) Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri Chapm.
Formicarius rufipectus carrikert CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 146
(San Antonio, Col.).
Formicarius rujipectus rufipectus Heuio., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1174 (Pueblo Rico).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Formicarius rufipectus rufipectus Saly., but back, sides
and flanks pronouncedly grayer; wings somewhat grayer, breast paler, averaging
nearer orange-rufous than chestnut, as in rufipectus, the center of the abdomen
much paler, ochraceous rather than chestnut.
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes.
La Frijolera, 1; Salencio (Névita Trail), 1; San Antonio, 3; Andes w.
of Popayan (alt. 10340 ft.), 1; Miraflores, 6; Salento, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 391
(2164) Chameza brevicauda columbiana Berl. & Stolz.
Chameza columbiana Brru. & Stouz., P. Z. §., 1896, p. 385 (Bogot4). (= Cha-
meza bogotensis Auct. nomen nudum).
This appears to be a species of the Tropical Zone. It was common in
the heavy forests at Buena Vista, but was not found at Villavicencio at
the base of the Andes, doubtless because of the lack of suitable haunts.
In the primeval forests about La Morelia (alt. 600 ft.), however, it was
represented by a form which I provisionally refer to C. b. nobilis.
The striking difference in the song of this species and that of C. turdina
has been well described by Fuertes (Bird-Lore, 1914, p. 180).
Buena Vista, 9.
(2167) Chameza brevicauda (nobilis?) Gould.
Chameza nobilis Goutp, Ann. & Mag. N. H., Ser. 2, XV, 1855, p. 344 (Chami-
curos, Peru).
Three specimens from La Morelia appear to represent this form of
which, however, I have no specimens for comparison. They have the tail
tipped with white rather than with “pale fulvous” and may be separable,
but I hesitate to take this step without direct comparison with authentic
specimens of nobilis.
La Morelia, 3.
(2169) Chameza turdina Cab. & Hein.
Chameza turdina Cas. & Hew., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 6 (Bogota).
Probably not uncommon in the upper part of the Subtropical Zone of
the Central and Eastern Andes, where the density of the vegetation and
the bird’s elusive habits make it exceedingly difficult to secure specimens.
We did not see or hear this species in the vicinity of Bogota, but in the
Central Andes above Miraflores at an altitude of 8000 feet, its singular,
prolonged whistle was not infrequently heard and Fuertes secured one
specimen. Two others were taken by Miller, one at La Palma, the other
at Andalucia (alt. 7000 ft.) on the crest of the Eastern Andes. The latter
specimen being from the range from which the type was secured is probably
typical of the species. It agrees closely with the Miraflores bird, but the
La Palma specimen is more olivaceous above; probably an individual
variation.
From C. brevicauda this species is readily distinguished by the absence
392 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
of the subterminal black tail-tip and by other characters as has been shown
by Hellmayr (Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1912, p. 133).
Miraflores, 1; La Palma, 1; Andalucia, (7000 ft.) 1.
(2171) Chameza mollissima Sci.
Chameza molissima Scu., P. Z. §., 1855, p. 89, pl. 95 (Bogotd).
Found by us only in the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes. Speci-
mens from Laguneta are larger than the type (wing, o’, 90; 9, 85 mm.) and
more narrowly barred below than Sclater’s figure of it. An Almaguer speci-
men is decidedly more rufescent above approaching in this respect a specimen
from “ Ambato,” Ecuador. I have seen no topotypical specimens.
Almaguer, 1; Laguneta, 2.
(2173) Pittasoma rosenbergi Hellm.
Pittasoma rosenbergi Hruu., Rev. Franc. d’Orn., II, 1911, p. 51; P. Z. 8., 1911,
p. 1175 (Rio Sipi, 150 ft., w. Col.).
Of this interesting bird, hitherto known only from the male type, we
have two adult males and one adult and one immature female, all from the
low Pacific coast region to which the species appears to be restricted. The
males agree with Hellmayr’s (J. c.) description.
The adult female differs from the male mainly in having the broad,
black superciliary striped with white. The belly is more fulvous but this
feature appears to be individual rather than sexual since it is not shown by
the immature female. In that specimen the superciliary is barely evident,
this part of the head being much like the crown which is dull chestnut
bordered with blackish. The tips to the coverts are ochraceous, of the
color of the throat; the belly has a slight ochraceous tinge but is by no
means so deeply colored as in the adult female. A few soft downy, black-
ish feathers of the juvenal plumage are on the flanks. The ingrowing
» whitish feathers at the sides of the abdomen exhibit a faint but unmis-
takable trace of cross-bars, and this character is present but in an even
fainter degree on the remaining three specimens.
Baudo (3500 ft.), 1; Névita, 2; Noanamé, 1.
(2173a) Pittasoma harterti sp. nov.
Char. sp.— Most nearly related to Pittasoma rufopileatum Hart. and P. rosenbergi
Hellm., but male with the entire underparts. ochraceous-orange; the superciliary
stripe in the female ochraceous-orange and black.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 393
Type.— No. 117,876, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. @ ad. Barbacoas, Narifio, Colombia,
August 25, 1912; W. B. Richardson.
Description of Male.— (Four specimens). Crown and nape bright rufous-chest-
nut slightly paler laterally; lores and a broad superciliary extending to the nape
black; back light brownish olive, slightly browner than in P. rosenbergi, the feathers
widely margined with black; rump browner, unstriped; the feathers much elongated
and ‘fluffy’; tail raw umber; wing-quills black margined externally with Brussels-
brown, this color increasing in extent inwardly and occupying the entire outer web
of the inner secondaries and both webs of the tertials which have a rounded buffy
terminal shaft-spot, and a slightly blackish edging; primary coverts blackish, un-
marked; remaining wing-coverts of much the same brown as the exposed surface
of the wing, with conspicuous buffy whitish terminal spots occupying most of the
end of the feather which is narrowly margined with black; under wing-coverts black-
ish with some mixture of rusty, those at the base of the outer primaries broadly
, tipped with white forming a conspicuous white patch; throat and sides of the head
deep, clear orange-rufous somewhat richer than in P. rosenbergi, the feathers without
any indication of spots as in P. rufopileatum, on three specimens, but with two basal
concealed lateral black spots on one feather in one specimen; rest of the underparts
of the same tone of color as the throat but less intense, especially medianly, the sides,
flanks and tibie brownish olive, the ventral region and under tail-coverts more buffy;
in one of four males the underparts from the posterior margin of the throat to, and
ineluding the upper part of the tibie and under tail-coverts, but excluding the thighs
and flanks, are more or less regularly and evenly barred with black; in the remain-
ing three males the bars are wanting in some places, and faint or but merely suggested
by detached spots in others, no regularity being shown by their distribution except
on the ventral region and under tail-coverts where they are present much as in the
fully barred specimen; feet brownish black; maxilla black; mandible wholly black
in the barred specimen; gonys terminally horn-color in the three comparatively
unbarred specimens.
Description of Female.— (Two specimens). Resembling the male but the lores
blackish with a whitish supraloral stripe, the superciliary strongly streaked with
ochraceous-rufous, the spots on wing-coverts more ochraceous, the under wing-
coverts and white patch at base of primaries tinged with rufous; the throat as in
the male, the remainder of the underparts with but mere suggestions of broken bars
much as in the least barred male.
Measurements.
Place Sex Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
Barbacoas, Col. rou 89 32 46 28
me € rot 89 30 45 28
i & Sf 90.5 30 45 27
‘ € rofl 88.5 30.5 47.5 26.5
a is 9 92 29.5 45 27.5
& fs fo) 92 32 48 28
It is assuredly surprising to find two evidently representative but appar-
ently distinct species of birds at localities in the same fauna, as closely
situated as are the ranges of Pittasoma rufopileatum and the bird described
394 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
as P. harterti. It should be remembered, however, that in this fauna,
though at more widely separated stations, we already have three species of
Pittasoma, namely, P. rufopileatum of northwestern Ecuador, P. rosenbergi
of the headwaters of the San Juan, and P. michleri of the lower Atrato and
eastern Panama. It is evident, therefore, that this genus, which is restricted
to the Colombian-Pacific Fauna, has a marked tendency to break up into
distinct species in an area wheré many other species do not show even sub-
specific variation. Possibly therefore, it is not much more remarkable to
find different though representative species of Pittasoma in northwestern
Ecuador and southwestern Colombia, than it is to find them in central
western Colombia and northwestern Colombia.
Of P. rufopileatum I have seen no specimens, but Hartert’s excellent
plate! of this species forms an admirable substitute for skins. It should be-
added, however, that Hellmayr (P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1176) has shown that the
bird figured by Hartert as young, is an adult female. Hellmayr remarks:
“This is quite evident from the large series, partly in the Tring Museum,
partly in the possession of Mr. Rosenberg, which I have examined.”
I take pleasure in naming this bird for Dr. Ernest Hartert, in recognition
of his important contributions to ornithology, and particularly to our knowl-
edge of the ornis of the Pacific coast region. y
(2175) Grallaria squamigera Prev.
Grallaria sguamigera Pruv., Voy. Venus, Zool., 1849, p. 198, pl. 3, (Bogota).
Four specimens from the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes are
much deeper plumbeous above than an old ‘Bogot4’ skin. The difference,
if actual, would constitute a well-marked race of the Central Andean bird,
but it is doubtless due to fading in the Bogoté bird. In the Central An-
dean specimens the throat averages whiter, but this is probably individual.
Laguneta, 2; Santa Isabel, 2.
by
(2178a) Grallaria guatimalensis chocoensis subsp. nov.
Char. subsp.— Resembling Grallaria guatimalensis princeps (Scl. & Salv.) in
general color but crown more olive, back richer, wings more olive less rufous, lores
mixed rusty and blackish rather than whitish; size very much smaller. Wing, 89;
tail, 28; tarsus, 42; culmen, 22 mm.
Type.— No. 128, 351, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. #, Baudo (alt. 3000 ft.), Chocé,
Colombia; July 13, 1912; Mrs. E. L. Kerr.
1 Nov. Zodl., IX, 1902, pl. viii.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 395
Remarks.— This form known only from the type, is a diminutive of
Grallaria guatimalensis from which it is possibly specifically distinct. Gral-
laria regulus Scl. of Ecuador, resembles guatimalensis above but is much
paler below and its white throat-patch and strongly white or buff-streaked
olivaceous breast, more olive wings, etc. show that it is quite a different
species, which the form here described does not approach.
(21824) Grallaria alleni Chapm. (Plate XX XIX.)
Grallaria allent Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 148 (Salento, Col.).
Char. sp.— Allied to,Grallaria varia (Bodd.) but distinguished chiefly by its
darker upperparts, whitish, unmarked belly, black markings in the malar streaks,
and other characters.
Known only from the type, taken at Salento.
(2187) Grallaria ruficeps Sci.
Grallaria ruficeps Scu., P. Z.8., 1873, p. 729 (Medellin, Antioquia); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 526 (Medellin; Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes. It
was common in the first-named range but a specimen collected by Fuertes
was the only one observed in the Bogota region. This closely agrees with
other birds in our series which, as a whole, is uniformly colored and shows
no approach toward the Ecuadorian G. nuchalis. An old ‘Bogota’ skin
agrees with a fresh one above but is decidedly browner below.
Laguneta, 8; Almaguer, 5; El Pifion (above Fusugasuga), 1.
(2188) Grallaria rufocinerea Sci. & Salv.
Grallaria rufo-cinerea Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 526 (Sta. Elena, Antioquia).
Our five specimens were taken in the Temperate Zone of the Central
Andes near the Quindio Pass. I have no material for comparison but the
locality in question is not far distant from the type-locality.
Laguneta, 4; above Salento, 1.
(2189) Grallaria monticola Lafr.
Grallaria monticola Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 68 (Bolivian Andes).
Common in the upper Temperate Zone of the Central Andes. We
have not met with it elsewhere. Our Colombian specimens agree with four
396 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
recently collected birds from Mt. Pichincha but differ markedly from an
old ‘Bogota’ and an old Ecuador skin. The latter are almost exactly alike
in color. Below they are less ochraceous, more orange; above, less olive
more rufous in tone. The difference as a whole is very pronounced and
the older skins appear to be the most richly colored. I have no Bolivian
specimens for comparison.
Santa Isabel, 9; Valle de las Pappas, 7.
(2193a) Grallaria milleri Chapm. (Plate XXXIX.)
Grallaria milleri CaarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 147, (Laguneta, Cen.
Andes.)
Char. sp.— Apparently most nearly related to Grallaria erythrotis Scl. & Salv.,
but ear region brownish ochraceous not ochraceous-orange; breast tawny olive, not
ochraceous, back raw-umber, not grayish olive, etc.
This species is known only from the Temperate Zone of the Central
Andes at and near Laguneta, whence came our seven specimens. Grallaria
-erythrotis of Bolivia, presumably its nearest described relative, is known to
me from one Yungas, Bolivia specimen.
Laguneta, 7.
(2194) Grallaria hypoleuca Scl. RTE on Bl
Grallaria hypoleuca Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 88 (Bogotd). 7
Secured only in the lower part of the Subtropical Zone on the western
slope of the Eastern Andes and at head of the Magdalena. Our specimens
are very uniform in color, a bird taken at La Candela on May 10, being
somewhat more deeply colored than the others.
Near San Agustin, 1; La Candela, 1; Fusugasugd4, 4; Aguadita (6500
ft.), above Fusugasuga4, 2.
(2199) Grallaria ruficapilla ruficapilla Lafr.
Grallaria ruficapilla Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 333 (Bogotd); Sci. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 527 (Concordia, Sta. Elena).
We have found this to be the commonest and most widely distributed
bird of its genus. It inhabits mainly the Subtropical Zone but ranges as
low as 4500 feet and rarely reaches upward to the lower border of the
Temperate Zone. It frequents rather more open, scrubby and arid places
than the other birds of the group, and its loud, double-noted whistle, trans-
lated by the natives as “compra pan”’ is one of the most characteristic bird
calls. There is considerable variation in the intensity of color above, and
Butt. A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXVI, Pirate XXXIX
MILLER'S ANTPITTA. Grallaria milleri (Chapm.)
ALLEN’S ANTPITTA. Grallaria allent (Chapm.)
(About one-half natural size)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 397
heaviness of the stripes below, but it appears to be individual and I can
detect no racial difference between topotypical (Bogoté region) skins and
those from the Western and Central Andes. Old ‘Bogoté’ skins have the
back notably browner, less olivaceous above than our recently collected
ones.
San Antonio, 4 (one in nestling plumage); Cerro Munchique, 2; La
Florida, 2; Cocal, 1; Ricaurte, 3; Miraflores, 2; Salento, 4; Rio Toché, 1;
El Eden, 3; Fusugasugdé, 1; El Roble, 2; El Pifion, 1.
(2202a) Grallaria brevicauda minor Tacz.
Grallaria minor Tacz., P. Z.S., 1882, p. 33 (Peru).
Two specimens from La Morelia and two from Florencia in the Tropi-
cal Zone of Amazonian Colombia, show on comparison with a specimen of
brevicauda from British Guiana, the characters attributed to the Peruvian
race by Taczanowski. The posterior parts of the upper surface, and the
exposed portion of the inner wing-quills, are decidedly less rufous and more
olivaceous, the breast is more heavily margined and the size considerably
less, as the appended measurements of males show:
Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
G. b. brevicauda 81 37 45.5 19
G. b. minor 76 35 36.5 18
s 77 34 40.5 18
(2204) Grallaria modesta Scl.
Grallaria modesta Scu., P. Z. §., 1855, p. 89 (Bogota).
Found only at Villavicencio where Fuertes shot two specimens and
Cherrie one. This appears to be a representative of G. b. brevicauda with
which it doubtless intergrades.
Villavicencio, 1.
(2196) Oropezus rufula rufula (Lafr.).
Grallaria rufula LaFr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 99 (Bogota).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of all three ranges. Our series of fifteen
specimens (including four from Mt. Pichincha) shows much variation in
color, some being rich ochraceous-tawny, others nearer ochraceous-buff
below with a corresponding difference above. This variation, however,
appears to be individual rather than racial. Both types of color are found
398 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
in the Bogoté district. An old ‘Bogoté’ skin which has been compared
with the type and is marked typical, is much like a male specimen collected
by us at Chipaque but is somewhat richer in color.
I have seen no specimens of the Peruvian G. r. obscura Berl. & Tacz.
(P. Z. S., 1896, p. 385).
Paramillo, 1; Andes west of Popayan (alt. 10340 ft.),2; Laguneta, 1;
Santa Isabel, 3; El Pifion, 1; Chipaque, 1.
(2206a) Hylopezus dives barbacoe Chapm.
Hylopezus dives barbacoe CHarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 617
(Barbacoas, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to H. d. dives Salv. but crown darker, its color extending
little if any on to the back, which is dark olivaceous rather than slaty; back, as a rule,
without fulvous shaft-streaks, exposed margins of the wing-quills averaging less
cinnamomeus, Dresden-brown rather than tawny.
Known only from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. It is evidently:
an intermediate between H. d. dives and H. fulviventris from the eastern
base of the Eastern Andes.
There is no geographical reason why dives and barbacoe should not in-
tergrade, and although fulviventris is effectually isolated from the latter by
the intervening Andes, it is evidently a representative form.
Alto Bonito, 4; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 4.
(2207) Hylopezus dives fulviventris (Sci.).
Grallaria fulviventris Scu., P. Z.8., 1858, pp. 68, 282 (Rio Napo).
A male from La Morelia is evidently to be referred to this race of which
I have seen no authentic specimens. It closely resembles H. d. barbacoe
of western Colombia, but has the back more olivaceous, the lores whitish
instead of ochraceous-orange, the forehead with no trace of ochraceous,
the wings edged with rufous-brown; it is also somewhat larger. Wing, 80;
tarsus, 39; culmen, 20 mm.
La Morelia, 1.
(2212) Hylopezus perspicillata periopthalmica Salvad. & Festa.
Grallaria periopthalmica Sauvap. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XIII, No. 330,
1898, p. 2 (w. Ecuador).
Confined to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, from the upper
San Juan southward. Specimens from Baudo and Barbacoas differ from
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 399
Panama (topotypical) specimens of perspicillata in their darker crown, more
ochraceous (rather than fulvous) lores and orbital region.
Baudo (3500 ft.), 4; Barbacoas, 1.
(2212a) Hylopezus perspicillata perspicillata Lawr.
Grallaria perspicillata Lawrz., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 303 (Lion
Hill, Panama).
Evidently occupies the lower Atrato region and eastward into Antio-
quia. In its generally paler colors, a specimen from the Rio Salaqui agrees
with Panama specimens rather than with periopthalmica. A Puerto Val-
divia male has the fulvous markings still paler while its olive-green back
is more like that of G. p. lizanot than of true perspicillata.
Rio Salaqui, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(22134) Grallaricula costaricensis Lawr.
Grallaricula costaricensis Lawz., Ann. Lye. N. H., N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 346 (Bar-
ranca, Costa Rica).
A male from Cocal and a female from San Antonio are more extensively
washed with ochraceous below than five of six specimens of costaricensis.
The male has the entire underparts ochraceous; the female has the abdomi-
nal region white; above they agree in color with costaricensis but they
are somewhat larger. Doubtless the west Colombian bird will be found
to be separable but this species is so variable in color that I should prefer
to see a much larger series before adding to the number of described races.
Grallaricula vegeta Bangs, the type of which I have examined, appears to
me to be inseparable from costaricensis. ,
Grallaricula flavirostris brevis Nels., of which I have seen the type and
three topotypes, has the back more olivaceous, the crown grayer than in
costaricensis. This form may be confined to the Subtropical Zone of Mt.
Pirri. In the absence of authentic specimens of flavirostris I cannot com-
ment on its relationships to that race, but it is apparent that all the speci-
mens examined from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, represent but
one species. Two specimens from Zaruma, Ecuador, which may be flavi-
rostris, are more yellow below than costaricensis and have the maxilla as
well as mandible yellow.
Cocal, 1; San Antonio, 1.
400 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Measurements.
Sex Wing Tail Tarsus Ex. Cul.
Cocal, Col. of 68 24.5 21 15
San Antonio, Col. Q 67 25 23 15.5
Mt. Pirri, Panama rots 63.5 21 22 16
a A ou 62.5 25.5 24 15.5
a 9 63 23 23 15
s e ie) 63 23 21.5 14.5
Chiriqui, Panama * Q 63.5 24.5 — 15.5
Chitra, Veragua ? 62.5 — 22 _—
Sarapiqui, Costa Rica 9 62 22 21 14
Costa Rica 2 63 24 20 14
Zaruma, Ecuador’ ofl 65.5 27 23 15
“ fou 68 27 19 =
(2215) Grallaricula nana (Lafr.).
Grallaria nana Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 334 (Bogoté).
Grallaricula nana Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 527 (Sta. Elena).
A specimen from Laguneta and another from above Salento in the Cen-
tral Andes are the only ones we secured. They agree fairly well with two
birds from Merida and with one from ‘ Bogot&’ loaned me by Mr. Bangs.
Laguneta,1; above Salento, 1. *
(2218) Grallaricula cucullata (Sci.).
Conopophaga cucullata Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 29, pl. cxix, (Bogoté).
Grallaricula cucullata Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 527 (Sta. Elena).
Two specimens from La Candela (alt. 6500 ft.) in the Central Andes
at the head of the Magdalena River are evidently to be referred to this
species of which we have no other specimens.
La Candela, 2.
Famity DENDROCOLAPTIDZ. WoopHewers, OvENBIRDS.
(2240) Furnarius agnatus Scl. & Salv.
Furnartus agnatus Scu. & Sarv., Nomencl. Neotrop., 1873, p. 159 (Santa Marta) ;
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 159 (Bonda; Santa Marta).
Inhabits the arid coastal zone and ranges up the Magdalena River, at
least to Puerto Berrio and probably further. The more northern speci-
1 Type of Grallaricula flavirostris brevis Nels.
2 Type of Grallaricula vegeta Bangs.
3 Grallarioula flavirostris Scl.?
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 401
mens agree with a series from Santa Marta, but specimens from Puerto
Berrio and Malena are more deeply colored than typical agnatus. It would
not be surprising if the upper Magdalena bird should prove to be separable
from the one inhabiting the more arid coastal region.
Turbaco, 2; Calamar, 2; Boca de Chimi, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1; Malena, 2.
abd ’ é :
(2255a) Upucerthia excelsior columbiana Chapm.
Upwcerthia excelsior columbiana CHarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p.:148
(Paramo of Santa Isabel, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Upucerthia excelsior excelsior Scl., but bill stouter and
longer, superciliary and light areas of underparts whiter, brownish areas below hair-
brown rather than broccoli-brown.
Found by us only in the Paramo of Santa Isabel in the Central Andes
where Allen and Miller secured twenty specimens. In the British Museum
Catalogue (XV, p. 19) Sclater lists specimen “a. 9 ad. SK. Pichincha,
Ecuador (Fraser) ” and specimen “b @ ad. SK. Panza [Chimborazo], Ecua-
dor, (Fraser)” as types of Upucerthia excelsior. Accepting the locality
first-named as the type-locality I made my original comparison with Mt.
Pichincha specimens. I find, however, that in the original description
(P. Z. S., 1860, p. 77), Sclater made no mention of Pichincha but gave as
the habitat of the species: “In Monte Chimborazo, reipubl. Equator, ad.
alt. 14,000 ped.” It follows, therefore, that Chimborazo, not Pichincha, as
stated by me, is the type-locality of the species. Fortunately we have
since received an excellent series of fourteen specimens collected by Richard-
son on Chimborazo which confirm the characters ascribed to the Colombian
bird.
Paramo of Santa Isabel, 20.
(2280a) Lochmias sororia Scl. & Salv.
Lochmias sororia Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1878, p. 511 (Venezuela).
An adult male from Miraflores in the Central Andes agrees with an adult
female from Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, and is evidently to be re-
ferred to this species. A young female from Miraflores has the spots on
the underparts fewer and less distinct.
Lochmias obscurata Cab., to which I refer two specimens from Inca
Mines, Peru, is much darker, less rufous above and below, and has fewer,
less evident spots on the underparts, those which are present being con-
fined largely to the median line.
Miraflores, 2; Buena Vista, 1.
402 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI
(2285) Schizeeaca fuliginosa (Lafr.).
Synallazis fuliginosa Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Colombia).
Inhabits the Paramo of the Central and Eastern Andes, descending to
the upper border of the Temperate Zone. Specimens from the Central
Andes appear to average slightly darker in color. While evidently a repre-
sentative of the Ecuadorian S. griseo-murina (Scl.) a specimen from Al-
maguer shows no approach toward that form.
Almaguer, 1; Santa Isabel, 4; Tocaimito above Bogotd, 2; El Pifion, 1.
(2295) Leptasthenura andicola Sel.
Leptasthenura andicola Scu., P. Z. 8., 1869, p. 636, pl. xlix, fig. 2 (Panza, Ecuador)
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 159 (Sierra Nevada).
Met with only on the Paramo of Santa Isabel in the Central Andes.
Four specimens agree in color with a topotypical series from Chimborazo
but average more narrowly streaked above.
Paramo of Sta. Isabel, 4.
(2305) Synallaxis azare elegantior Sel.
Synallazis elegans Scu. (nec Less.) P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 25 (Bogota).
Synallaxis elegantior Scu., Cat. A. B., 1862, p. 151.
Synallazis azare elegantior Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 618
(crit.).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes. In view of the
occurrence of S. a. media at Quito, it might be expected that specimens
from south of Quito would be intermediate between media and azare, but
the distributional problem is much involved by the fact that seven speci-
mens from Zaruma (6000 ft.), one from Loja (7000 ft.), and one from Na-
ranjo (2000 ft.) in southern Ecuador, are all clearly referable to elegantior
of Bogoté! It is sufficiently surprising to find in this group identical forms
occupying the Temperate Zone in the Bogota region and the Tropic Zone
near Guayaquil, but the case is rendered still more puzzling by the occur-
rence between these points of another form with which, at least from the
north, intergradation with the first-named form appears to be proven.
Chipaque, 5.
(2309a) Synallaxis azare media Chapm.
Synallaxis azare media Coarm., Bull. A. M. N.H., XX XIII, 1914, p.618 (Salento,
Col.).
Char. subsp.— Most closely resembling S. a. azare d’Orb. of Bolivia and south-
east Peru, but underparts generally paler, abdomen, particularly, whiter, flanks
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 403
grayer, frontal band grayer and wider. Similar to S. a. elegantior Scl., of the re-
stricted Bogotd region, but lores gray, not white, postocular stripe grayish olive,
not pale ochraceous-buff; underparts less white, the breast gray, not white, with or
without a faint grayish wash; throat showing more black, flanks and under tail-
coverts grayish olive rather than buffy olive; back averaging more ochraceous.
Inhabits the upper parts of the Subtropical and lower parts of the
Temperate Zone (7000 to 10,500 ft.) in the western and Central Andes and
southward into Ecuador (Pichincha).
Cerro Munchique, 6; Valle de las Pappas, 7; Miraflores, 4; Salento, 5;
Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 3; Barro Blanco, 1; El Eden, 6; above Ibagiie
(7000 ft.), 1; La Candela, 2; La Palma, 3.
(2310) Synallaxis moesta meesta Scl.
Synallaxis mesta Scu., P. Z.8., 1856, p. 26 (Bogotd).
Common in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
In the heavy forest of Amazonian Colombia, further south, it is replaced
by a darker form which I have described as Synallaxis mesta obscura.
Buena Vista, 9; Villavicencio, 2.
(2310a) Synallaxis mesta obscura Chapm.
Synallaxis mesta obscura Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 620
(La Morelia, Col.). ;
Char. subsp.— Similar to S. m. mesta Scl. but darker throughout, the upperparts
browner, the white streakings of the throat more restricted, the remainder of the
underparts nearly one color, the breast of the same olivaceous shade as the sides and
flanks instead of being grayer, the abdomen with little or no grayish.
Known only from the Tropical Zone in Amazonian Colombia.
La Morelia, 2.
(2317) Synallaxis albescens albigularis Scl.
Synallazis albigularis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 63 (Rio Napo).
Synallazis albescens Scu. & Sauv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 521( Medellin).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone from Caldas eastward. In Cauca Valley
specimens the breast averages paler than in those from Villavicencio (which
doubtless are typical) but the difference is entirely bridged by individual
variation in both series.
_ La Frijolera, 1; Caldas, 1; Cali, 3; La Manuelita, 4; Guengiie, 1;
Rio Frio, 1; Calamar, 3; Puerto Berrio, 2; Fusugasugé, 1; Quetame, 2;
Villavicencio, 4.
404 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2319) Synallaxis subpudica Sel.
Syndilaxis subpudica Scu., P. Z. 8., 1874, p. 10 (Bogoté); Strong, Proc. Acad.
N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Ambalema).
We met with this species only on the Bogoté Savanna, and hence in
the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes, but Stone records it from Am-
balema, in the Magdalena Valley.
Bogota Savanna, 7.
(2320) Synallaxis pudica pudica Scl.
Synallaxis pudica Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 191 (Bogoté); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S.,
1879, p. 521 (Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley and westward
into Antioquia, ascending in clearings or along trails into the lower border
of the Subtropical Zone.
Near San Agustin, 2; Andalucia (3000 ft.), 6; Fusugasugé, 1; Ano-
laima, 1; La Frijolera, 1.
(2320a) Synallaxis pudica nigrifumosa Lawr.
Synallaxis nigrifumosa Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 181 (Grey-
town, Nicaragua).
Synallazis pudica Heui., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1148 (Sipi; Pueblo Rico).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast of Colombia. Speci-
mens from this region average somewhat larger than those from Nicaragua
and are slightly grayer below and less intensely olivaceous above. They
are, however, nearer to true nigrifumosa in the color of the parts named
than they are to pudica, while the tint of chestnut-rufous of the crown and
wings is alike in Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, and west Colombian specimens.
In short, while not wholly typical, specimens from the Pacific coast region
of Colombia are nearer to the Central America, than to the Bogota form.
Alto Bonito, 6; Dabeiba, 2; Iguamiando, Chocé, 1; Bagado, 1; Chocé,
1; Noanamé, 2; Névita, 1; San José, 3; Los Cisneros, 2; Barbacoas, 4;
Ricaurte, 2.
(23206) Synallaxis pudica cauce Chapm.
Synallaxis pudica cauce CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 622 (La
Manuelita, Cauca Valley).
Char. subsp. Similar to S. p. pudica Scl., but the crown is paler, cinnamon-
rufous rather than chestnut-hazel; the back mouse-gray without the olivaceous
wash of pudica, the rump and upper tail-coverts dark grayish olive, paler than in
pudica.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 405
This, the palest form of the group, appears to be restricted to the Cauca
Valley. It is one of the comparatively few races confined to that region.
La Manuelita, 3; below Miraflores, 2; Cali, 1; Guengiie, 1.
(2321a) Synallaxis gujanensis columbianus Chapm.
Synallazis gujanensis columbianus Cuapm., Bull. A. M.-N. H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 620 (Buena Vista, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to S. g. gujanensis (Gm.), but the forehead grayer the
underparts much whiter, the breast very faintly tinted with grayish instead of
strongly washed with warm buff; the sides and flanks rather warm grayish olive
instead of tawny-olive; auricular region grayer.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
Buena Vista, 6; Villavicencio, 7.
(2332a) Synallaxis cinnamomea fuscifrons Madar.
Synallazis fuscifrons Mapar., Orn. Monatsber., 1913, p. 22 (Aracatuca, Santa
Marta, Col.).
Leptoxura cinnamomea Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Paturia).
Synallaxis cinnamomea ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 158 (Cienaga).
This is evidently a form of the northern coastal region, which, however,
extends up the Atrato to Bagado. It may easily be distinguished «from
true cinnamomea by its much brighter color and olive-gray forehead.
Bagado, 2; Atrato, 1; La Playa, 2; Calamar, 2.
(2335) Synallaxis unirufa Lafr.
Synallazis unirufa Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Bogotdé); Scr. & Satv.,
P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 521 (Dept. Antioquia); Hxim., Jbid., 1911, p. 1148 (Tatamad
Mt., 6700 ft.).
Apparently of local distribution in the Subtropical and Temperate
Zones. We did not meet with it in the Central Andes. Specimens from
‘the Western Andes have stouter bills but otherwise agree with those from
the Eastern Andes.
San Antonio, 1; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 5; Cocal, 6000 ft., 3;
4000 ft., 1; Fusugasuga, 2; El Roble, 4; El Piiion, 2.
(2338) Synallaxis candei candei Lafr. & d’Orb.
Synallaxis candei Larr. & d’Ors., Rev. Zool., 1838, p. 165 (Carthagena — type ex-
amined); Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 193 (Carthagena); Srons, Ibid.,
1899, p. 312 (Carthagena); ALLEN, Bull. A. M.N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 158 (Valencia).
406 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
‘This species appears to be restricted to the arid northern coastal zone.
La Playa, 2; Calamar, 1; Remolino, 1.
(2345) Synallaxis gularis gularis Lafr.
Synallaxis gularis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Colombia).
Synallazis gularis rufipectus CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 149
(Laguneta, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone in all three ranges. A male collected at
El Pifion just south of Bogot4, is much less rufescent above and more ru-
fescent below than two ‘Bogota’ skins in the Museum collection. The
latter are bright amber-brown above with the jugulum and center of the
breast grayish, while the El Pifion specimen is uniform ochraceous-buff
below. It thus more nearly resembles S. g. rufipectus in general color than
it does the Bogoté specimens which I assume represent true gularis. One
of the latter has indeed been compared with Lafresnaye’s type which it
resembles but has the breast somewhat paler. Not one of eight specimens
from the Western and Central Andes in Colombia and three from near
Quito are so bright as these two ‘ Bogota’ specimens, but the occurrence at
El Pifion, in the heart of the Bogota region, of a specimen which ig essen-
tially like those of the Western Andes indicates either that two forms occur
in the Eastern Andes or that the two Bogota skins are not normally colored
and have perhaps undergone some change in color since collected. I in-
cline to the latter rather than the former theory and therefore enter my
Synallaxis gularis rufipectus as a synonym of S. g. gularis.
Paramillo, 1; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 4; Laguneta, 2; El
Pifion, 1. .
(2348a) Synallaxis rutilans caquetensis Chapm.
Synallazis rutilans caquetensis Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 621
(Florencia, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to S. r. amazonica Hellm., but the rufous areas much
deeper (mahogany-red rather than cinnamon-rufous) less extensive below and more
extensive above, where they occupy most of the crown and back; flanks and abdomi-
nal region olive-fuscous with a slight tint of the color of the breast, rather than buffy
brown.
This well-marked race is known only from Amazonian Colombia.
Florencia, 3. ,
(2358) Siptornis antisiensis (Sci.).
Synallaxis antisiensis Scu., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 457 (Cuenca, Ecuador).
Siptornis antisiensis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 158 (Valparaiso).
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 407
Found by us only on the subtropical slopes arising from the Magda-
lena Valley. Our specimens average considerably darker and more oli-
vaceous below and have smaller caps than four from Zaruma, Ecuador.
La Candela, 1; El Roble, 1; Fusugasugé4, 1.
(2366) Siptornis erythrops griseigularis (Ridgw.).
Acrorchilus erythrops griseigularis Ripaw., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909,
p. 72 (San Antonio, Col.).
Synallaxis erythrops Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 521 (Frontino).
Stptornis erythrops griseigularis Hntim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1149 (Pueblo Rico;
Siat6; Loma Hermosa.)
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. An immature
‘bird from Ricaurte has the middle pair of tail feathers chiefly of the
color of the back and, therefore, approaches the Ecuadorian erythrops, of
which I have no specimens. This specimen is in the plumage of the type
of S. e. rufigenis, having the superciliary, sides of the head and underparts
rich ochraceous.
San Antonio, 5 (topotypes); Gallera, 1; Ricaurte, 1.
(2367) Siptornis striaticollis (Lafr.).
Synallaxis striaticollis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Bogota — type examined).
Inhabits the subtropical slopes above the Magdalena Valley. A speci-
men from La Palma is decidedly more fulvous below than one from Fusu-
gasugé and two Bogotd skins. Doubtless this interesting little species will
some day be generically separated from Siptornis.
La Palma, 1; Fusugasuga, 1.
(2401) Siptornis flammulata multostriata (Sci.).
Synallazis multostriata Scu., P. Z.S., 1857, p. 273 (‘Bogota’).
Choachf, 1.
(2401a) Siptornis flammulata quindiana Chapm.
Siptornis flammulata quindiana CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p. 643
(Paramo of Sta. Isabel, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to S. f. flammulata (Jard.) of Ecuador but upperparts
browner, the front part of the crown richer and deeper in tone, hazel rather than
ochraceous-tawny, with, as a rule, the shaft-streaks broader, the margins corre-
408 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
spondingly narrower; superciliary ochraceous and less clearly defined; throat
deeper in tone, ochraceous-buff rather than buff, its color spreading to the breast,
the sides of the head and auricular region; flanks and abdominal-region more
ochraceous. Differs from S. f. multostriata (Scl.) of the Bogotd region, in being less
heavily margined with black below, the margins more even in outline, the throat-
patch much larger and paler, the upperparts browner, the frontal region less chest-
nut and less distinctly streaked.
Occupies the Paramo Zone of the Central Andes.
Paramo of Santa Isabel, 15.
(2408) Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti boissonneauti (Lafr.).
Anabates boissonneauti Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 104 (Bogotd).
Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti Sci. & Saty., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 521 (Frontino; Sta.
Elena).
Ranges from the higher parts of the Subtropical Zone through the
Temperate Zone in all three ranges. Immature birds have the head black,
unstreaked.
La Florida, 3; Cerro Munchique, 3; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.),
3; Almaguer, 2; Laguneta, 4; Santa Isabel (12,000 ft.), 2; Sta. Elena, 1;
La Candela, 1; El Roble, 1.
(24387) Hyloctistes subulatus subulatus (Spiz).
Sphenura subulata Sprx, Av. Bras., 1, p. 82, pl. Ixxxiii, fig. 1, 1824 (“in sylvis flum.
Amazonum’’).
A single specimen froni Florencia represents this form of which I have
no other examples.
Florencia, 1.
(2488) Hyloctistes subulatus assimilis (Berl. & Tacz.).
Automolus assimilis Beru. & Tacz., P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 561 (Chimbo, Ecuador).
Hyloctistes subulatus assimilis Hetio., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1150 (Sipi; Noanamé;
Tad6).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Our ten specimens
differ from a single specimen of what I assume to be H. s. subulatus in their
deeper, more olivaceous underparts and the absence of shaft-streaks in
the crown and foreback.
Juntas de Tamand, 1; Névita, 2; Barbacoas, 6; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 409
(2434) Automolus holostictus Sci. & Salv.
Automolus holostictus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1875, p. 542 (Frontino, Col.); Ibid.,
1879, p. 522 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Subtropical and Temperate Zones. Our specimens of
this species weré taken in the Central and Eastern Andes.
Accepting Wied’s “ Anabates leucopthalmus” as the type of Automolus
it is clear that the present species is not properly referable to that genus.
Its affinities appear rather to be with Thripadectes. As in similar cases,
where generic separation should, in my opinion, be based only on a study
of all the species concerned, I follow Brabourne and Chubb’s list.
Salento, 1; Sta. Elena, 5; above Ibagiie, 1; Choachi, 1
(2435) Automolus ignobilis Scl. & Salv.
Automolus ignobilis Sci. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 522 (Frontino, Antioquia).
A male from Cocal and a female from Cerro Munchique indicate that this
species (which, obviously, is far from being a true Automolus) inhabits the
Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. We have not found it elsewhere.
Cocal, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1
(2436) Automolus melanorhynchus (Tsch.).
Anabates melanorhynchus Tscu., Arch. fiir Naturg., 1844, I, p. 295 (Peru).
Represented only by a single specimen collected at Buena Vista, above
Villavicencio. I have no material for comparison.
Buena Vista, 1
(2441) Automolus ochrolemus turdinus (Peéiz.).
Anabates turdinus Pruz., Sitz. Akad. Wien, XXXIV, 1859, p. 110 (Rio Negro).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes. Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, p. 365) refers Bogoté birds ip
the form here given. I have no material for comparison.
Buena Vista, 4; Villavicencio, 1.
(2445) Automolus dorsalis Sci. & Salv.
Automolus dorsalis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1880, p. 158 (Sarayacu, Ecuador).
Two specimens from La Morelia and one from Florencia agree with two
from Zamora near the type-locality. A third Zamora specimen has the
410 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Hsitory. [Vol. XXXVI,
superciliaries and nuchal region ochraceous and the underparts are washed
with this color. It agrees more nearly with the description of the type but
is evidently immature. .
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
(24452) Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis Lawr.
Automolus pallidigularis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 465 (Lion
Hill, Panama); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 522 (Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone in Antioquia and the Magdalena Valley.
It has been recorded from northwestern Ecuador (Hart., Nov. Zool., 1901,
pp. 369, 241) as A. p. albidior, an apparently invalid form, but is unknown
from the Pacific coast of Colombia.
Our specimens, particularly those from Malena and Honda, are less
rufous above, less ochraceous below, and have the throat whiter than the
type, but differ little from east Panama (Tacarcuna) specimens.
Puerto Valdivia, 2; Malena, 2; Honda, 1.
(2447) Automolus infuscatus infuscatus (Scl.).
Anabates infuscatus Scu., Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2), XVII, 1856, p. 468 (eastern
Peru).
Three specimens from La Morelia and two from Florencia differ from
two specimens of A. cervicalis (Scl.) from La Union, Caura River, Venezuela
(= Automolus sclatert in part of authors; see Hellm., Nov. Zool. XIII,
1906, p. 335), having the upperparts more olivaceous. I have no Peruvian
specimens for comparison.
La Morelia, 3; Florencia, 2.
(2450a) Automolus nigricauda saturatus Chapm.
Automolus nigricauda saturatus CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p. 644
(Alto Bonito, Antioquia, Col.).
« Char. subsp.— Similar to A. n. nigricauda Hart. but very much darker; the back
deep blackish bay instead of between raw-umber and mummy-brown, the crown
and nape only slightly darker than the back, with more of a claret-brown tinge,
which is clearer on the sides of the head; wings externally of the same color as the
back, tail black; breast somewhat deeper than in nigricauda the rest of the under-
parts darker brown, less olivaceous, the sides and particularly flanks much darker,
nearly the color of the back.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone in the lower Atrato Valley and northward
to eastern Panama.
Alto Bonito, 5.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 411
" (2454) Automolus cinnamomeigula Hellm.
Automolus cinnamomeigula Heim., Bull. B. O. C., XV, 1905, p. 55 (‘Bogoté’ —
I propose La Morelia, alt. 600 ft., Rio Bodaquera, Caquetd, Col.).
This species appears. to be the Amazonian representative of A. n. nigri-
cauda Hart., from which, however, it differs materially in its rufous tail,
browner upperparts, more ochraceous belly, etc. I have not seen the
type in the Museum at Tring.
Two females and a male from La Morelia.
(2463b) Philydor rufipileatus consobrinus Scl.
Philydor consobrinus, Scu., P. Z. §., 1870, p. 328 (““Bogoté’”’; I propose Villa-
vicencio). ;
Philydor rufipileatus consobrinus HELLM., Verh. Ges. Wien., 1908, p. 220.
Found only in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
I have no specimens of true rufipileatus and follow Hellmayr (J. c.) in
the arrangement of names given above.
Villavicencio, 8.
(2464) Philydor pyrrhodes (Cab.).
Anabates pyrrhodes Cas., in Schomb. Reise Guiana, 1848, p. 689 (British Guiana).
A specimen from La Morelia adds this species to the known fauna of
Colombia. It agrees essentially with specimens from Napo and the foot
of Mt. Duida.
La Morelia, 1.
(2468) Philydor ruficaudatus (d’Orb. & Lafr.) subsp.
Anabates ruficaudatus p’OrB. & Larr., Syn. Av., II, 1838, p. 15 (Yuracares,
Bolivia).
Two specimens from La Morelia, evidently represent this species and
are doubtless separable from it, but my material is not sufficiently satis-
factory to warrant this step. They are decidedly darker, less olive above
than a specimen from near the junction of the Gy-Parana and Madeira
rivers, and less buffy below than three specimens from Zaruma, Ecuador,
which I assume are Philydor subfuluus Scl. These Zaruma birds, however,
seem to be only subspecifically distinct from ruficaudatus, nevertheless
412 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Sclater records (Cat. B. M. XV, p. 101) both ruficaudatus and subfulvus
from Gualaquiza, essentially the locality in which our Zaruma specimens
were taken. I do not, therefore, feel that I am in a position to separate
the Colombian bird without having seen authentic specimens of both rufi-
caudatus and subfulvus.
La Morelia, 2.
(2473) Philydor montanus striaticollis (Scl.).
Anabates striaticollis Scu., P. Z.S., 1857, p. 17 (‘Bogoté’ — I suggest Fusugasug4).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Specimens from the
mountains about the Cauca Valley average deeper in color below; and
thus more nearly resemble P. m. anazius (Bangs) of Santa Marta than do
those of the Bogoté region. The Santa Marta form, however, is less rufous
above and has the throat fulvous. The Peruvian form, P. m. montanus,
is decidedly more rufous above than striaticollis and has the crown rufous
but little darker than the back, instead of olivaceous, distinctly unlike the
back.
Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 4; Miraflores, 7; Salento, 2; La Sierra,
2; near San Agustin, 1; La Candela, 7; Fusugasugd, 1; Aguadita, 1; EI
Roble, 1.
(2477) Thripadectes fammulatus (Eyton).
Anabates flammulatus Eyton, Cont. Orn., 1849, p. 131 (Bogoté).
Thripadectes flammulatus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 521 (Frontino); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 158 (El Libano).
We have met with this species only in the Temperate Zone of the Central
Andes.
Laguneta, 2.
(2480) Thripadectes virgaticeps sclateri Beri.
Thripadectes sclateri Beru., Proc. IV Int. Cong., 1905, p. 365, 1907 (St. Pablo,
w. Colombia, 4500 ft.); Hmzum., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1149 (Crit.).
Fhopoctites alogus Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 72 (Pavas,
w. Colombia, 440 ft.). Type examined.
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. Hellmayr’s
(I. c.) statement that Rhopoctites alogus Bangs is identical with this species,
is confirmed by the examination of Bangs’ type. Comparison with the type
of Thripadectes virgaticeps Lawr., further indicates that sclateri is a sub-
species of that form. The differences between the two consist only of size
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 413
and intensity of coloration, virgaticeps being larger and with the back and
underparts more suffused with rufous. In pattern of coloration, that is,
width of shaft-streaks, markings of throat, etc., the two forms are exactly
alike.
Lawrence’s type is a trade skin labelled “Quito” and hence may have
come from the Subtropical Zone of either the eastern or western slope of
the Ecuadorian Andes. A specimen collected by Richardson at Ricaurte
(5000 ft.) in extreme southwestern Colombia suggests that the latter slope
may be the true type-locality. It is nearer to virgaticeps than to sclateri
in size, agrees with the latter in the color of the upperparts, but below is
less richly colored than either of the other two. Nevertheless, I am in-
clined to the belief that it is an actual intermediate between them. I
append measurements of all the specimens in our collection, including two
of Thripadectes rufobrunneus (Lawr.) which appears to be a northern repre-
sentative of the group.
Sex Wing Tail Culmen
T. v. virgaticeps (type) ‘Quito’ 104.5 92 28
T. v.-sclatert, Ricaurte, Col. Q 100 95 27
« « «San Antonio, Col. ro 95 90 25.5
“a & “ «“ “ “ oe 97 94 26
“oe ry “ “ “ fou 95 92 R 5 26
« « — « ~ §alencio, fe 9 95 90 26
T. rufsbrunneus, Costa Rica z 91 90 23
« Irazu, Costa Rica of 90 89 24
(2481) Ancistrops strigilatus (Spiz).
Thamnophilus strigilatus Sprx, Av. Bras., 1825, p. 26, pl. xxxvi, fig. 1 (e. Peru).
A single specimen from La Morelia adds this species to the recorded
fauna of Colombia.
La Morelia, 1.
(2487) Xenicopsis subalaris subalaris (Scl.).
Anabates subalaris Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 141 (Pallatanga, Ecuador).
Xenicopsis subalaris subalaris Heiim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1151 (Loma Hermosa,
W. Andes).
Xenicopsis subalaris columbianus Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XT, 1912, p. 150
(Miraflores, Cen. Andes).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the western Andes and western slope
of the Central Andes. The receipt of additional material from southern
Ecuador (six specimens from Zaruma) shows beyond question that my pro-
414 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
posed separation of the west Colombian bird (J. c.) was not warranted by
the facts in the case.
La Frijolera, 1; Salencio, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 1; Cerro
Munchique, 1; Gallera, 1; Miraflores, 2.
(2487a) Xenicopsis subalaris mentalis (Tacz. & Berl.).
Anabazenops mentalis Tacz. & Buru., P. Z.8., 1885, p. 96 (Machay, e. Ecuador).
Three specimens from the Subtropical Zone above the Magdalena
Valley and one from Buena Vista appear to be referable to this form to
which Hellmayr (P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1151) refers Bogoté specimens. The
intermediate characters shown by one of the La Candela examples indicate
the probability of complete intergradation with true subalaris. From that
form mentalis may be known by its blacker head, darker, more olivaceous
back, the generally broader shaft-streaks of the upperparts which extend
well down the back, while the streaks on the underparts reach posteriorly
to the ventral region.
La Candela, 2; Fusugasugé, 1; Buena Vista, 1.
(2490) Xenops genibarbis littoralis Sci.
Xenops littoralis Scu., P. Z.8., 1861, p. 379 (Esmeraldas, Ecuador).
Xenops genibarbis Scr. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 523 (Remedios).
Xenops genibarbis littoralis Heti., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1152 (Noanam4; Tad6).
_ Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast eastward through An-
tioquia to the Magdalena Valley and up the Cauca to the Cauca Valley.
The Malena specimen agrees with west Ecuador birds. We have not met
with true gentbarbis.
Novita Trail (4000 ft.), 1; Buenaventura, 1; Barbacoas, 1; Rio Frio, 2;
Puerto Valdivia, 2; Malena, 1.
(2493) Xenops rutilus heterurus Cab. & Hein.
Xenops heterurus Cas. &. Huin., Mus. Hein., I, 1859, p. 33 (Colombia).
Xenops rutilus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Canta); Scu. & Sanv., P. Z. S., 1879,
p. 522 (Sta. Elena); Atuen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 158 (Las Nubes).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. True rutilus, as
represented by a series from Chapada, Matto Grosso, is brighter above,
more broadly striped below and has only one pair, instead of two pairs of
rectrices with the inner web largely black (Cf. Hellm. Nov. Zodl., XV, 1908,
p. 62).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 415
San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; Miraflores, 3; Salento, 2; Sta.
Elena, 3; Rio Toché, 2; San Agustin, 1; Fusugasuga, 2; El Roble, 2.
(2499) Sclerurus brunneus Scl.
Sclerurus brunneus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1857, p. 17 (‘Bogotd’).
Met with only in Amazonian Colombia. Doubtless, as Hellmayr states
(Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, p. 58), a representative of S. caudacutus.
La Morelia, 4; Florencia, 1.
(2501) Sclerurus albigularis albigularis Swainson.
Sclerurus albigularis Swainson, Birds of Brazil, 1841, pl. 78 (——?); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z.8., 1868, p. 630 (Caracas).
Seven specimens from Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, agree closely
with seven from Cristobal Colon on the Paria Peninsula, and are doubtless,
therefore, typical of this species for which, following Hellmayr (Nov. Zool.,
XIII, 1906, p. 28), I accept Sclater and Salvin as the describers and Caracas
as the type-locality. Four Trinidad specimens are smaller, with shorter
bills, and average brighter above.
Buena Vista, 7.
(2504) Sclerurus mexicanus obscurior Hart.
Sclerurus mexicanus obscurior Hart., Nov. Zool., VIII, 1901, p. 370, (Lita,
n. w. Ecuador).
?Sclerurus caudacutus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 520 (Frontino).
Sclerurus mexicanus andinus Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 622
(Buena, Vista, Col.).
Found, with one exception, in the Subtropical Zone of the Western
and Eastern, and doubtless also, the Central Andes. Specimens collected
by Miller and Boyle on the Western Andes are not separable from Buena
Vista specimens and in connection with three recently acquired birds
from Tacarcuna indicate that although the eastern birds average lighter in
color than the western ones, there is but one valid form of this species in
Colombia.
For this I accept the name applied by Hartert to the Ecuador race. Of
this I have but one specimen. It has the rump duller than the remaining
birds in the series, but this, Hartert’s description leads me to believe, is not
a constant character.
As a whole these birds chiefly differ from true mexicanus in being darker
416 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
above, with the rump deeper, the abdomen and especially lower tail-coverts
less rufous.
Specimens of S. m. pullus are not now available for comparison but in
view of the individual variation to which this species is subject, it is evident
that they are very close to S. m. obscurtor.
Puerto Valdivia, 1; La Frijolera, 1; San Antonio, 1; Buena Vista, 3.
(2508) Margarornis perlata (Less.).
Sittasomus perlatus Less., Echo du Monde Sav., 1844, p. 275 (‘Bogotd’; I pro-
pose El Pifion, above Fusugasuga, alt. 9600 ft.).
Margarornis perlata Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 523 (Sta. Elena).
Common in the Temperate Zone of all three ranges. Specimens from
the Central and Western Andes average somewhat yellower below than
those from the Bogota region and thus show a slight approach toward M.
squamigera. Old Bogota skins are paler and hence brighter above and less
olivaceous below than our recently collected ones.
Cerro Munchique, 8; Almaguer, 5; Valle de las Pappas, 6; Laguneta,
6; Santa Isabel, 5; El Pion, 3.
4
(2509) Margarornis stellata Sci. & Salv.
Margarornis stellata Scu. & Satv., Nomen. Av. Neotrop., 1873, p. 160 (Quito).
A specimen from the Névita Trail (7000 ft.) and one from San Antonio,
indicate that this is a species of the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes.
It appears to have been recorded, heretofore, only from western Ecuador,
whence I have seen no specimens.
Noévita Trail (7000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 1.
(2511) Premnornis guttata (Lawr.).
Margarornis guttata Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 168 (Quito).
Our seven specimens represent localities in the Subtropical Zone of all
three ranges. Immature specimens from San Antonio and Fusugasugé
agree with Lawrence’s type, which is in similar plumage. I have no other
Ecuador specimens.
San Antonio, 3; La Candela, 1; La Palma, 1; Aguadita, 2.
(2512) Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens (Sci.).
Margarornis brunnescens Scu., P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 27, pl. exvi (‘Bogoté’; I suggest
Aguadita above Fusugasugé, alt. 6500 ft.); Scr. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 523 (Sta.
Elena).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life.in Colombia. 417
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Specimens from
the Central and Western Andes average somewhat darker below than those
from the Bogoté region; some of them closely approaching Santa Marta
specimens of P. b. coloratus Bangs.
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 2; Cocal, 2; Cerro Munchique, 4; Gal-
lera, 1; La Florida, 1; Miraflores, 2; Salento, 3; La Palma, 1; Aguadita, 1;
Buena Vista, 5. :
(2516) Glyphorhynchus cuneatus subsp.
Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Licur., Abh. Akad. Berl., 1820, p. 204 (Bahia).
A specimen from Villavicencio cannot be satisfactorily referred to any
of the recognized forms of this species. It has the throat ochraceous-buff,
with barely perceptible margins, and is thus unlike true cwneatus in which
the throat is but faintly tinged with buff and distinctly margined. The
underparts have a more olivaceous cast than in the other forms. Identi-
fication of this specimen would not alone require additional examples from
Villavicencio, but a revision of the entire group, which appears, from a
casual examination of the specimens in our collection, to contain several
undescribed forms.
Villavicencio, 1.
(2517) Glyphorhynchus cuneatus castelnaudi Des Murs.
Glyphorhynchus castelnaudi Drs Murs, Voy. Casteln. Ois., 1855, p. 47, pl. xv,
fig. 2, (Santa Maria, Peru).
Seven specimens from the Tropical Zone in Amazonian Colombia, agree
essentially with one from Pebas, Peru, and are apparently, therefore, typical.
Together with four specimens from the foot of Mt. Duida they possess the
cinnamon-rufous throat which characterizes this form.
Florencia, 4; La Morelia, 3.
Zof
(25172) Glyphorhynchus cuneatus pectoralis Scl. & Salv.
Glyphorhynchus pectoralis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1860, p. 299 (Chocttim, Vera
Paz, Guatemala).
?Glyphorhynchus cuneatus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Canuto); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 523 (Remedios).
Glyphorhynchus cuneatus castelnaudi HELLM., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1152 (Noanamé).
Seventeen specimens from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast agree,
on the whole, with six specimens from Panama to Mexico and differ from
A418 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
twelve specimens of castelnaudi in having the feathers of the throat ochra-
ceous-buff rather than cinnamon-rufous and, as a rule, with more evident
blackish margins. Two specimens from Gallera (5700 ft.) in the Subtropi-
cal Zone, are more olivaceous below and less rufous above than those from
the coast region.
Alto Bonito, 3; Chocé, 1; Salaqui, 1; Noanamé, 1; San José, 2; Gal-
lera, 2; Cocal, 1; Barbacoas, 4; Buenavista, Narifio, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
ah (2519) Dendrocincla tyrannina tyrannina (Lafr.).
Dendrocops tyranninus La¥Fr., Rev. Zool., 1851, p. 328 (Bogotd).
Dendrocincla tyrannina Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 523 (Sta. Elena).
Found by us in the Temperate Zone of the Western and Central Andes
and in the upper part of the Subtropical Zone of the last-named range.
Six specimens are less rufous than an old Bogota skin, a difference doubt-
less due to fading of the Bogota bird.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Almaguer, 1; Salento, 1; Laguneta, 1; El Eden, 1.
(2521) Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei Ridgw.
Dendrocincla lafresnayei Ripew., Proc. U. S. N. M., X, 1887, p. 492 (‘‘Upper
Amazon?” — locality doubtless incorrect; Hellmayr substitutes ‘Colombia’ —
I suggest adding Valparaiso, Santa Marta).
Dendrocincla olivacea lafresnayi ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XITI, 1900, p. 156
(Minca; Onaca; Las Nubes; Valparaiso; Palomina; Chirua; La Concepcion;
Santa Marta).
Dendrocincla meruloides lafresnayet Hutim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1155 (Noanamé;
Sipi).
Dendrocincla lafresnayet inhabits the Tropical Zone of Colombia west
of the Eastern Andes. Specimens from the Cauca Valley (Rio Frio) agree
with one from Honda and with seven from Santa Marta, but four speci-
mens from the Pacific coast (Névita to Barbacoas) are perceptibly darker
both above and below. Nine specimens from western Ecuador (Manavi)
agree with Santa Marta specimens in color, but have the bill blacker; a
difference due, in part, but not wholly to the fact that they were collected
more recently.
Possibly the variations exhibited by these twenty-two specimens may
be in a measure racial, but I see nothing to be gained by applying names to
differences so minute that their subsequent application becomes largely
a matter of opinion. I have, for example, a specimen of this species from
Panama which can be matched by several specimens in the series under
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 419
consideration, which Lawrence, Sclater, Ridgway, Oberholser, and Chap-
man have each determined differently! Allen, Ridgway, Hellmayr and
Oberholser agree in referring Santa Marta specimens to this form, and in
default of a more definite place it may be well to accept Valparaiso, Santa
Marta, as the type-locality.
Novita, 2; Baudo, 1; Barbacoas, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Rio Frio, 2;
Honda, 1.
(2526) Dendrocincla lafresnayei pheochroa Berl. & Hart.
Dendrocinda [sic] pheochroa Brru. & Hart., Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 67 (Mun-
duapo, Orinoco).
To this form I refer three specimens from Villavicencio. They agree
essentially with five specimens from the middle and upper Orinoco but the
throat is not quite so pale. They vary markedly in size but the largest
about equals average specimens of pheochroa.
Villavicencio, 3.
(2539) Xiphorhynchus guttata guttatoides (Lafr.).
N[asica] guttatoides Larr., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1850, p. 387 (Loreto, Peru).
A specimen from Florencia agrees with a ‘Napo’ and also a ‘ Bogota’
specimen, both localities whence Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, p. 59)
records this form.
Florencia, 1.
(2542) Xiphorhynchus equatorialis equatorialis (Berl. & Tacz.).
. Dendrornis erythropygia equatorialis Ber. & Tacz., P. Z.S., 1883, p. 563 (Chimbo,
alt. 1000 ft., w. Ecuador).
Dendrornis triangularis equatorialis Heuim., P. Z. 8. 1911, p. 1153 (Névita; El
Tigre, 320 ft.)
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope and eastward into An-
tioquia. Our specimens have been compared with a series from western
Ecuador. The occurrence of typical specimens of X. triangularis at Cocal
on the western slope of the Western Andes at an altitude of 4000 feet (the
lower border of the Subtropical Zone) in connection with the constancy
in color maintained by: that species throughout its wide range, induces me
to believe that it does not intergrade with equatorialis. The differences
between the two species, described by Hellmayr (I. c.) are shown by our
large series of both forms.
420 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
Xiphorhynchus equatorialis insolitus+} (Ridgw.) of which I have ex-
amined the type and a specimen from the Rio Truando, is more deeply
colored than any of our Colombian specimens (though approached by one
from Baudo and another near Quibd6) and appears to be more unlike equa-
torialés than is the more northern punctigula (Ridgw.), some specimens of
which are very close to equatorialis.
Near Quibdé, 1; Baudo, 1; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 4; Buenavista,
Narifio, 1; La Frijolera, 1.
(2543) Xiphorhynchus triangularis (Lafr.).
Dendrocolaptes triangularis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 134 (Bogotd; cf. Hellmayr,
P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1153).
Dendrornis triangularis Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 523 (Sta. Elena).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I detect’ practi-
cally no racial variation in our series of forty-eight specimens, though those
from the Western and Central Andes may average slightly more rufescent
above. The white area along the cutting-edge of the central part of the
maxilla to which Hellmayr (P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1154) calls attention is present
in all but five of our specimens. Two of these are from Cocal, one from
Anolaima, near Bogota, one from Fusugasug4, and one from Buena Vista.
I do not regard the absence of this character in the Cocal birds as indicating
intergradation of triangularis with equatorialis, which doubtless occurs at
a few hundred feet below Cocal. In other respects these two Cocal birds
are typical triangularis having the throat feathers margined or ringed in
squamate pattern, the crown with shaft-streaks. Furthermore, in three
other specimens from Cocal the whitish mark on the maxilla is conspicuous,
while its absence in specimens from the Bogotd region shows that it is not
a constant character.
Las Lomitas, 3; San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; Cocal, 5; Mira-
flores, 3; Salento, 3; Laguneta, 1; El Eden, 1; La Candela, 13; La Palma,
3; near San Agustin, 1; Andalucia, 3; Fusugasugdé, 2; Aguadita, 4; Ano-
laima, 1; Buena Vista, 3.
(2544) Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus lachrymosus (Lawr.).
Dendrornis lachrymosus Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 467
(Panama, type examined).
Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus rostratus Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909,
p. 73 (Rio Dagua). . ;
Dendrornis lachrymosa rostrata Heti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1153 (Condoto; Noa-
nam4).
1 Bull. U.S. N. M., 50, V, 1911, p. 257 (Coclé, e. Panama).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 421
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. After comparison of
our Colombian series with four Panama specimens of lachrymosus, includ-
ing the type, I find no ground for the separation of a west Colombian form.
Baudo, 1; Névita, 1; Névita Trail (2000 ft.), 1; Noanama, 2; Dabeiba,
2; Alto Bonito, 5; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 4.
Table of Measurements.
Sex Wing Tail Culmen
Panama _ 119 92 40
e = 110 92 37
. _ 118 96 40
Truando fot 113 85 37
Baudo 9 113 95 35
Noanam4 rou 124-5 102 « 41
y ou 126 105 40
Novita 9 119 97 40
San José 9 115 91 39
»Barbacoas a 122 97 40
“ of 118 113 40
is ou 111 97 40
(2544a) Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus alarum Chapm.
Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus alarum Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV,
1915, p. 642 (Puerto Valdivia, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to X. l. lachrymosus (Lawr.), but buffy guttate spots
on the back smaller and narrowly margined with black and more widely with Dresden-
brown rather than broadly margined with black; spots below averaging smaller;
lesser wing-coverts with much less black, the outer greater coverts margined ‘exter-
nally with brownish above instead of black.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca River and doubtless
also the adjoining areas on the Magdalena Valley.
Puerto Valdivia, 12.
= (2545a) Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus (Lawr.).
Dendrornis nana Lawr., Ibis, 1863, p. 181 (Lion Hill, Panama; type examined);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XITI, 1900, p. 157 (Cacagualito).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone in the Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena Val-
leys. Specimens from the Magdalena Valley average paler than those from
Rio Frio and the Atrato, but the difference is fully covered by a series of
specimens from the Panama Canal Zone, including the type.
Atrato River, 2; Rio Frio, 4; Manuelita, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Opon, 1;
Honda, 1.
422 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2553) Xiphorhynchus insignis (Hellm.).
Dendrornis insignis Heutm., Bull. B. O. C., XV, 1905, p. 56 (Samiria, n. e.
Peru). .
On comparison with X. elegans and X. occellata a specimen from Floren-
cia shows the distinguishing features on which this species is based, but
two males and a female from Buena Vista are decidedly paler throughout.
Florencia, 1; Buena Vista, 3.
(2559) Dendroplex picus picus (Gmel.).
Oriolus picus GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 384 (“‘Gujanz arboribus”’).
Three specimens from Villavicencio agree with two others from Maipures
and San Fernando de Atabapo, in having the throat slightly whiter than
specimens from Cayenne, British Guiana, Santarem, and Bahia. Possibly
the difference may be due to the freshness of the skins, which, in other re-
spects, are typical.
This form appears not to have been previously reported from the Bogoté
region, in which, as recorded below, D. p. picirostris also occurs.
Villavicencio, 3.
(2561) Dendroplex picus picirostris (Lafr.).
Dendrocolaptes picirostris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 76 (Rio Hacha, Colombia).
Dendroplex picirostris Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Santa Marta); Sronsz, Proc.
Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Ambalema); AtLEn, Bull. A.M. N.H., XIII, 1900,
p. 157 (Bonda).
Inhabits the arid coastal Zone and southward up the Atrato and Mag-
dalena Valleys. Our seven specimens agree with a large topotypical series
from Bonda, near Santa Marta. In this form the bill averages stouter
than in picus but, aside from the fewer black margins on the feathers of
the throat, I observe no constant difference in color between the two forms.
Turbaco, 1; R. Atrato, 2; La Playa, 1; Magangiie, 1; Banco, 2; Puerto
Berrio, 2; Malena, 2; Honda and vicinity, 4; Chicoral, 1.
(2570) Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Less.).
Dendrocolaptes promeropirhynchus Luss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 270 (Colombia).
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 523 (Sta. Elena 7
Remedios).
Found only in the Central and Eastern Andes in both the Subtropical
and Temperate Zones. Fourteen specimens show much variation in in-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 423
tensity of color and extent of black markings in the underparts, immature
.birds being apparently more deeply colored and more conspicuously barred
and margined with black below.
Salento, 2; Laguneta, 1; Rio Toché, 1; La Candela, 3; La Palma, 1;
Fusugasug4, 2; Aguadita, 2; El Pifion, 2; Subia, 3.
(2586) Picolaptes lacrymiger lacrymiger (Des Murs).
Dendrocolaptes lacrymiger Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1849, pl. 71 (Bogota).
Picolaptes lacrymiger Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Ocafia to Bucaramanga); Scu. &
Satyv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 524 (Medellin; Sta. Elena; Envigado; Frontino).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I can detect no
racial differences in our series of forty-eight specimens. This constancy
of coloration indicates, in my opinion, the specific distinctness of the form
(P. warscewiczi) found at Ricaurte.
Paramillo Trail, (10,000 ft.), 1; Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 7; Cerro
Munchique, 3; Popayan, 1; La Sierra, 2; Almaguer, 3; Miraflores, 5;
Salento, 3; Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 2; Rio Toché, 1; La Palma, 1; La
Candela, 6; Andalucia (7000 ft.), 1; Aguadita, 2; El Roble, 2.
(2589) Picolaptes warscewiczi (Cab. & Hein.).
Thripobotus warscewicat Cas. & Hein., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 39 (Peru).
A single specimen from Ricaurte agrees with three others from Gualea,
Ecuador. All differ from a specimen from Yungas, Bolivia, in being
slightly darker, more rufous above and in having the ground color below
slightly brighter, the stripes narrower and more fulvous. From P. lacry-
miger the Ricaurte and Ecuador specimens differ in being darker, more
rufescent above and below with the stripes of the underparts narrow, more
linear, less guttate in form and more fulvous in color. In pattern the Ri-
caurte and Gualea specimens more nearly resemble P. |. sancte-marte
but the latter has the streaks below much broader and white, and is conse-
quently more like the Bolivia specimen mentioned above.
Ricaurte, 1.
(2594) Picolaptes albolineatus (Lafr.).
Dendrocolaptes albo-lineatus Larr., Rav. Zool., 1846, p. 208 (““Colombie ou du
Mexique’’); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 524 (Remedios; Sta. Elena).
Picolaptes lineaticeps Larr., Rev. et Mag., 1850, p. 277 (locality unknown).
I accept Lafresnaye’s name albolineatus for a species of Picolaptes which
ranges throughout the greater part of the Tropical Zone in Colombia, ex-
424 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
tends southward into western Ecuador, northward to Panama and east-
ward at least to Venezuela. After examining Lafresnaye’s type in the
Paris Museum, Sclater (Cat. Bds. B. M. XV, p. 152) refers ‘Bogota’ and
Antioquia specimens to the species it represents and there can therefore
be little doubt that the bird here under consideration is the Picolaptes al-
bolineatus of Sclater’s monograph. I can, however, detect no difference
between Colombia and two Panama R. R. Line specimens which have been
compared with the type of Picolaptes lineaticeps Lafr. and which differ from
it only in having the bill slightly smaller and darker.
If, therefore, the Colombia birds are rightly referred to albolineatus it
follows that lineaticeps is synonymous with that species.
R. Salaqui, 1; Tumaco, 3; Barbacoas, 5; Puerto Valdivia, 2; Rio
Frio, 1; Cali, 1; Honda, 4; Buena Vista, 1; Villavicencio, 4.
(2605) Campylorhamphus trochilirostris procurvoides (Lafr.).
X[iphorhynchus] procurvoides La¥r., Rev. et Mag., de Zool. (2), II, 1850, p. 376
(Cayenne).
I provisionally refer to this form a female from La Morelia which agrees
with a specimen from British Guiana in having the back without shaft-
streaks. It is, however, paler and more rufescent in color and has the
shaft-streaks of crown and breast broader.
La Morelia, 1.
(2606) Campylorhamphus trochilirostris venezuelensis (Chapm.).
Xiphorhynchus venezuelensis CHarM., Bull. A. M. N.H., II, 1889, p. 156, ex. Lafr.
MS. (Venezuela ?).
Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris Scu. & Sauv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 524 (Remedios).
A female from. Villavicencio resembles one from Cumanacoa, Venezuela,
but is somewhat darker and has the black margins of the crown and throat
more pronounced. It differs from the specimen from La Morelia, referred
provisionally to procurvotdes, in the larger white throat area, more streaked
breast and dorsal shaft-streaks and darker crown. A male from Alto
Bonito is also to be referred to this species.
Alto Bonito, 1; -Villavicencio, 1.
(2607) Campylorhamphus thoracicus (Scl.).
Xiphorhynchus thoracicus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 277 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).
A specimen from Buenavista, Narifio, agrees with specimens from west-
ern Ecuador. Two types of coloration are shown by our series of eleven
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 425
specimens from Esmeraldas, Chone, Naranjo, and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. .
In one (four specimens) the color, particularly below, is more rufescent and
the black markings of the crown and underparts are less pronounced: The
other (seven specimens) is more olivaceous, the median stripes of. crown
and underparts are somewhat paler and their borders blacker. Both types
are present at Esmeraldas and both contain representatives of both sexes.
The Buenavista specimen belongs to the darker type as does also the speci-
men from Santa Rosa. The variation appears therefore to be_individual.
While doubtless a representative of the trochilirostris type this form
appears to me to be now specifically distinct. The form of trochilirostris
(C. t. procurvoides or a near ally) nearest to it geographically resembles it
least, while the occurrence of pusillus at Barbacoas in the same faunal zone
as Buenavista, whence comes our Colombian specimen of thoracicus, indi-
cates its distinctness from that species.
Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(26072) Campylorhamphus pusillus (Sel.).
Xiphorhynchus pusillus 1 Scu., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 278 (“In Nov. Granada int.” =
Bogotd, Cf. Cat. B. M. XV, p. 101); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 524 (Concordia).
?Campyloriamphus chapmani Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909, p. 74
(“unknown locality”’).
This well-marked species is typically represented by a specimen from
Fusugasugé and by a ‘ Bogota’ skin. A female from Miraflores in the Cen-
tral Andes agrees with these skins, but a male which I shot from the same
tree is less rufescent and more olivaceous both above and below. A male
from Salencio, in the western Andes west of Cartago, is, in general coloration,
between the male and female from Miraflores. A male from San Antonio
is somewhat more richly colored than the Miraflores male and has the bill
stouter. A male from Cocal on the whole resembles the San Antonio bird
but has the bill even heavier. A male from Barbacoas has the bill as heavy
as that of the Cocal specimen, the plumage is still deeper in tone and the
markings on the crown are darker and are reduced to shaft-streaks. Both
the characters it exhibits, and the zone it inhabits, indicate that this Barba-
coas specimen represents a well-marked race of pusillus.
The material at my command does not permit me to reach a satisfac-
tory conclusion concerning the status of this west Colombian form. The
case is further complicated by the interesting fact that the Salencio speci-
men above mentioned, is essentially a duplicate in color and size of the type
of Campylorhamphus chapmani Ridgw. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII,
1 See also Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 616.
426 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
1909, p. 74). The type of chapmani differs only in having the crown and
nape somewhat more broadly striped. The latter is without locality but
the ‘make’ of skin resembles that of specimens from Antioquia. If this
really be the region whence it came, its identity with the Salencio speci-
men is explained. It would follow, therefore, that geographically as well
as in characters, chapmani is intermediate between pustllus and the dark
coast form represented by the Barbacoas specimen. Whether it may stand
for that race or whether, as the two birds from Miraflores indicate, it is not
separable from pustllus remains to be determined.
Campylorhamphus pusillus is omitted from Brabourne and Chubb’s
list doubtless through an oversight. Its brownish bill without the reddish
tinge shown by members of the trochilirostris group, and its cinnamon-buff
throat readily serve to distinguish it.
San Antonio, 1; Cocal, 1; Barbacoas, 2; Miraflores, 2; Fusugasugé, 1.
(2611) Campylorhamphus pucherani (Des Murs).
Xiphorhynchus pucherani Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1849, pl. 69 (Bogotd).
Apparently a rare species. It is represented only by a male from Cocal.
I have no authentic material for comparison.
Cocal, 1.
(2616) Dendrocolaptes validus validus Tsch.
D{endrocolaptes] validus Tscu., Arch. fiir Naturg., X, I, 1844, p. 296 (‘Wald-
region von Peru zwischen 10° und 12° Sude Breite’’); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879,
p. 523 (Concordia; Medellin; Frontino; Sta. Elena); Arun, Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XIII, 1900, p. 156 (Valparaiso; El Libano; Las Nubes).
In the absence of material typically representing the various races of
this species, I provisionally refer our Colombian specimens as above.
The species ranges from the Tropical Zone in Amazonian Colombia to
the Subtropical Zone in the Western Andes.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 2; La Candela, 3; Agua-
dita, 1; Villavicencio, 1; Florencia, 1.
(2618) Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome sancti-thome (Lafr.).
Dendrocops sancti-thome Larr., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1852, p. 466 (Santo Tomas,
Honduras, cf. Ridgw., Bull. U. 8. N. M. 50, V, p. 231).
Dendrocolaptes sanctithome Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 331 (Naranjo).
Two specimens from Puerto Valdivia appear to be inseparable from three
from Nicaragua. They are somewhat more broadly barred below and Jess
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 427
barred above, and in one the head is more nearly concolor with the back.
In’the other, however, the crown is pronouncedly more rufescent than the
back. A similar variation is shown in a small series from E] Real, eastern
Panama, one of which has the crown brightly rufescent, while in another
it is nearly like the back. Both are males. I have seen no authentic speci-
mens of D. s. hesperius Bangs.
Puerto Valdivia, 2.
(2619) Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome radiolatus Sci. & Salv.
Dendrocolaptes radiolatus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1867, p. 755 (Yurimaguas, Peru).
A male from Florencia is apparently to be referred to this species which
appears not to have been before recorded from Colombia.
Compared with D. s. sancti-thome, the differences exhibited by this
specimen are obviously of only subspecific value.
Florencia, 1.
Famity TYRANNIDA. Tyrant FLycaTcHERs.
(2637) Orodynastes striaticollis striaticollis (Sci.)
Tenioptera striaticollis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 193, pl. xlii (Ecuador).
Inhabits the Paramo Zone of all three ranges. A male from Santa
Isabel, apparently in ‘first winter’ plumage, has only an incomplete ter-
minal tail-band. In other respects our specimens agree essentially with
others from Ecuador.
Paramillo, 1; Santa Isabel, 1; ‘Fémeque,’ 1.
(2647) Ochthodieta fumigata (Boiss.).
Tyrannula fumigatus Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 71 (Bogot4).
Ochthodicta fumigata Scu. & Sanv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 511 (Sta. Elena).
Restricted to the Temperate Zone where it is of evidently local occur-
rence in all three ranges. It was not common at Laguneta in the Central
Andes, and we did not encounter it at all in the Bogota region where, how-
ever, we secured three skins with data from a local collector, taken at Choa-
chi, about twenty miles northeast of Bogoté and north of Chipaque.
Old ‘ Bogota’ and old ‘Quito’ skins show a much redder tone than fresh
ones from these localities, the former being mummy-brown, the latter sepia
above.
428 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Andes w. of Popayan (alt. 10340 ft.), 1; Almaguer, 1; Laguneta, 5;
Santa Isabel, 2; Choachi, 3.
(2652) Ochtheca cnanthoides fumicolor Sci.
Ochtheca fumicolor Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 28, pl. 117 (Bogoté).
Common about the borders of scrubby growth in the Temperate Zone
of the Eastern Andes. Old Bogoté skins fairly represent the species.
Choachi, 2; Chipaque, 12; El Pifion, 2; Palo Hueco, 1; La Mar, 2;
Pradera, 1.
(2654) Ochthoeca enanthoides brunneifrons Berl. & Stolz.
Ochtheca enanthoides brunneifrons BERL. & Srouz., P. Z.8., 1896, p. 355 (Maray-
nioc, cen. Peru).
Ochtheca fumicolor Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 511 (Sta. Elena).
One of the most common and characteristic species of the Temperate
Zone of the Central and Western Andes.
Specimens taken from November to March are in fresh plumage and
are much more richly colored than those taken in September.
Paramillo, 17; Andes w. of Popayan, 1; Valle de las Pappas, 7; Santa
Isabel, 13; Sta. Elena, 4. ,
(2661) Ochtheca albidiedema (Lafr.).
Setophaga albidiadema Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 8 (Colombia).
Represented by only a single specimen taken by Fuertes at Tocaimito
near the border of the Temperate Zone and Paramo on the trail between
Bogoté and Chipaque.
Tocaimito, 1.
ae (2662) Ochtheca frontalis (Lafr.).
Tyrannula frontalis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 70 (Pasto).
Ochtheca frontalis Stonn, Auk, 1899, 78 = Ochtheca citrinifrons Scu., P. Z. 8.,
1862, p. 113 (Ecuador).
Represented by only three specimens taken in the Temperate Zone at
Santa Isabel in the Central Andes. They agree, essentially with a ‘Quito’
example.
Sta. Isabel, 3.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 429
(2667) Ochtheeca lessoni Sc.
Ochtheca lessoni Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 28 (Bogoté); Scu. & Satv., [bid., 1879,
p. 511 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of all three ranges. A satisfactory study
of our thirty-six specimens is prevented by the fact that only one of them
is from the Bogota region, the type-locality. This specimen, taken for us
by a native collector on May 12, 1913, at Palo Hueco, Cundinamarca, near
Bogota, cannot be matched by any of our thirty-four specimens from, the
western and central ranges. From more western specimens of the same
season it differs in being more olivaceous above, and should the differences
exhibited prove constant, the birds of the Central and Western Andes may
be separated and with them may probably be placed birds from Ecuador,
since a single specimen from Pichincha, while darker, is obviously nearer
to west Colombian specimens than to the Bogoté bird.
Comparison of this fresh Bogoté skin with three old ‘Bogota’ birds
shows a surprising difference in color since the old birds are much ruddier
above, the back being snuff-brown, while that of the recently collected skin
is olive buffy-brown.
Paramillo Trail (10,000 ft.), 1; Andes, west of Popayan, 10; Laguneta,
15; Almaguer, 3; Valle de las Pappas, 1; Palo Hueco, Cundinamarca, 1.
. | (2669) Ochtheca cinnamomeiventris (Lafr.).
Muscicapa cinnamomeiventris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 291 (Colombia).
Ochtheca cinnamomeiventris Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 511 (Envigado; Sta.
Elena).
This species appears to be found chiefly in the upper part of the Sub-
tropical Zone, since we have failed to secure it at such localities as San
Antonio and Miraflores, where our work has been more or less thorough.
I can detect no racial differences in our series of fifteen specimens from the
three ranges, but comparison of new with old skins from the Bogota region
shows striking differences in color, the old birds being fuscous, the fresh
ones slate-black above, and on the breast, while the abdomen in old birds
is russet, in fresh ones, it is deep chestnut.
Novita Trail (alt. 6000 ft.), 1; Cerro Munchique, 3; Salento, 1; Rio
Toché, 1; La Palma, 4; Aguadita, 2; Chipaque, (alt. 8500 ft.), 3.
(2675) Ochtheeca gratiosa gratiosa (Scl.).
Mecocerculus gratiosa Scu., P. Z. 8., 1862, p. 113 (Ecuador).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone and upper portion of the Subtropical
Zone of all three ranges. Comparison of our specimens with six recently
430 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
collected birds from Gualea, Ecuador (which are doubtless typical of gratz-
osa) shows that specimens from the Andes west of Popayan are true gratiosa,
those from the Central Andes differ in having the rufous wing-bars narrower,
while two from the vicinity of Bogoté show an appreciable approach toward
Ochtheca gratiosa jesupi (Allen) (of which we have four specimens, includ-
ing the type) in their somewhat yellower less olivaceous underparts, less
rufescent back, less blackish crown, and particularly, in their more nar-
rowly tipped wing-coverts, the last-named character being barely evident
in jesupi. Specimens from the Bogota region are, therefore, intermediate
and, though nearer gratiosa, indicate probable intergradation with jesupt.
Old ‘Bogot&’ skins have the yellow areas paler than in fresh ones, and, it
may be added, that an old ‘Quito’ specimen of gratiosa, while paler below,
is much more rufescent above than those secured by us at Gualea.
Cerro Munchique, 2; Andes w. of Popayan, 1; Cocal, 3; Almaguer, 2;
Laguneta, 4; Sta. Elena, 1.
(2678) Mecocerculus leucophrys setophagoides (Bonap.).
Tyrannula setophagoides Bonar., Atti Sesta Riun. Sci. Ital. Milan, 1845, p. 405
(Bogota).
Abundant and conspicuous in scrubby growths in the Temperate Zone
of all three ranges. Having no Peruvian specimens I am unable to make
comparison with true leucophrys. Specimens from the Western and Cen-
tral Andes average slightly larger, and are perceptibly darker and with
the ochraceous wing-markings richer and wider than others from the Bogot&
region. They are, however, wholly unlike the brown-backed Ochtheca
rufomarginata of Lawrence, assuming that the type and one topotype of
this species in the American Museum properly represent the species. Con-
sequently, while I agree with von Berlepsch! that rufomarginata is better
placed in Mecocerculus than in Ochtheca, I cannot believe with Hellmayr ?
that it is subspecifically related to M. leucophrys.
Old ‘ Bogota’ skins are much browner above than the fresh ones obtained
by us, and their faded condition, not realized at the time, is responsible for
my description of Mecocerculus nigriceps* from Las Palmales, eastern
Venezuela, the type of which agrees closely with the birds collected by us
at Chipaque. .
Paramillo, 4; Andes west of Popayan, 7; Valle de las Pappas, 7; Lagu-
neta, 3; Santa Isabel, 12; El Pifion, 5; Chipaque, 13.
1 Proc. 4th Int. Cong., 1905, 489.
? Hellmayr, Archiv. ftir Naturg., 1912, 74.
3 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, 154.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 431
(2679) Mecocerculus stictopterus (Scl.).
Elainia stictoptera Scu., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 554, pl. 146, fig. 2 (Matos, &c.).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of all three ranges. I have seen no speci-
mens from Ecuador. An old ‘Bogotdé’ skin is somewhat browner than
freshly collected ones.
_ Andes w. of Popayan, 3; Almaguer, 5; Laguneta, 4; Santa Isabel, 1.
(2682) Mecocerculus pecilocercus (Sci. & Salv.).
Serpophaga pecilocerca Sci. & Satv., Nomen. Neotrop., 1873, p. 158 (Puellaro,
Ecuador). :
Found in small numbers in the upper part of the Subtropical Zone of
all three ranges. Our eight specimens show some seasonal variation in
the color of the wing-coverts which vary from whitish to buff but on the
whole agree with two birds from Gualea, Ecuador, which doubtless typi-
cally represent the species.
Cerro Munchique, 2; Salento, 1; El Eden, 1; Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 3.
(2685) Ochthornis littoralis (Pelz.).
Elainea littoralis Peuz., Orn. Bras., 1869, p. 108 (Borba, Rio Madeira, Brazil).
Two specimens from La Morelia extend the known range of this species
to Amazonian Colombia.
(2686) Fluvicola pica (Bodd.).
Muscicapa pica Bovp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 42 (Cayenne).
Fluvicola pica Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Lake Paturia); Rosinson, Flying Trip,
p. 160 (Barranquilla; R. Magdalena); Auien, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 151
(Cienaga). :
Common throughout the Tropical Zone. Doubtless occurring at the
eastern base of the Andes, though we did not obtain it there.
Turbaco, 2; Cali, 12; La Manuelita, 3; Rio Frio, 1; Honda, 1; Cala-
mar; 1; La Playa, 1.
(2690) Arundinicola leucocephala (Linn.).
Pipra leucocephala Linn., Mus. Ad. Frid., II, 1764, p. 33 (Surinam).
Arundinicola leucocephala Wyatt, Ibis., 1871, p. 332 (Lake Paturia; Cienaga).
432 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Our three specimens are evidently far from representing the range of
this species, in Western Colombia, but it seems nevertheless to be wanting
in the Cauca Valley.
Turbaco, 2; Calamar, 1.
(2714) Copurus colonus fuscicapillus Sci.
Copurus fuscicapillus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1861, p. 381 (‘“Bogoté”’ I suggest Villavi-
cencio).
Found only in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes.
Buena Vista, 3; Villavicencio, 4.
(2715) Copurus leuconotus Lafr.
Copurus leuconotus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 335 (‘Habitat in Bolivia’ —
errore; HELLMaYR “substitutes Bogoté, Colombia,” I emend to Honda, Colombia);
Wyart, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Bucaramanga to Magdalena River up to 3000 ft.); Scu.
& Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 511 (Remedios); Hexim., bid. 1911, p. 1125 (Guineo;
Noanamé4; Névita).
An inhabitant chiefly of the Tropical Zone occurring in the Chocé, on the
Pacific coast, and in the upper Magdalena Valley, but we have not taken
it in the Cauca Valley. At the eastern base of the Andes it is replaced by
C. c. fuscicapillus.
Alto Bonito, 3; Névita, 2; Noanam4, 1; San José, 4; Los Cisneros, 3;
Cerro Munchique (alt. 6000 ft.), 2; Barbacoas, 4; Buenavista, Narifio, 1;
Puerto Valdivia, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1; Honda, 5.
(2717) Machetornis rixosus flavigularis Todd.
Mazhetornis rixosus flavigularis Topp, Ann. Carn. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 210
{Tocuyo, Venezuela).
Machetornis rizosus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 151 (Cacagualito).
This is a bird of the open country which ascends the Magdalena Valley
to at least the southern limit of the arid coastal strip, and is also found on
the Ilanos at Villavicencio. :
La Playa, 3; lower Magdalena, 1; Villavicencio, 1.
23% (2719a) Muscisaxicola alpina columbiana Chapm.
Muscisaxicola alpina columbiana CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 152
(Paramo of Santa Isabel, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar. to Muscisazicola alpina alpina (Jard.) but averaging
slightly smaller, the upperparts darker, more fuscous, the breast grayer.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 433
Five specimens of this form were collected at the type-locality. The
genus had not before been recorded from Colombia and its restriction to
the Central Andes indicates the close connection which exists between that
chain and the main Andean system of Ecuador. Upucerthia excelsior co-
lumbiana furnishes a similar case.
Santa Isabel, 5.
(2746) Platytriccus flavigularis (Scl.).
Platyrhynchus flavigularis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1861, p. 382 (Bogotd).
Five specimens from the Subtropical Zone of the Central Andes agree
with descriptions of this species of which I have seen no authentic specimens.
La Candela, 5.
i
(2751) Platytriccus albogularis (Sci.).
Platyrhynchus albogularis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 68 (Pallatanga, Ecuador);
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 150 (La Concepcion).
Platytriccus mystaceus albogularis Heti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1125 (Pueblo Rico).
Our five specimens are from the Tropical and Subtropical Zones. -They
are somewhat less richly colored below and less brown above than a series
from western Ecuador.
Las Lomitas, 2; La Manuelita, 1; Rio Frio, 1; La Candela, 1.
(2752) Placostomus coronatus (Sci.).
Platyrhynchus coronatus Scu., P. Z. §., 1858, p. 71 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador).
Two specimens from La Morelia are doubtless typical of this species
which appears not to have been before recorded from Colombia.
La Morelia, 2.
(2755) Craspedoprion equinoctialis (Scl.)
Cyclorhynchus equinoctialis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 70 (Rio Napo, Ecuador).
Apparently restricted to the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the
Eastern Andes. I have seen no Napo specimens but our four birds are
doubtless fairly typical.
La Morelia, 3; Florencia, 1.
434 Bulletin American’ Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2755a) Craspedoprion pacificus Chapm.
Craspedoprion pacificus CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXII, 1914, p.174 (Jun-
tas de Taman4, Col.). ;
Cyclorhynchus brevirostris Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (R. Tru-
ando). ;
Craspedoprion equinoctialis Hetim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1127 (Névita; Noanamé4,
Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to C. olivaceus in size but color brighter above, the margins
to wing-coverts and inner wing-feathers deeper, more tawny, the breast much darker,
the belly deeper yellow.
Appears to be restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast.
Alto Bonito, 2; Juntas de Tamand, 1; Chocé, 1; Névita, 1; Barba-
coas, 2.
(2756) Craspedoprion fulvipectus (Sci.).
Cyclorhynchus fulvipectus Scu., P. Z.8., 1860, p. 92 (Nanegal, Ecuador).
Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 513 (Frontino).
Our seven specimens are from the Subtropical Zone of the Western and
Eastern Andes. Specimens from Ricaurte in southwest Colombia are.
smaller (males, wing, 73.5 as compared with 78 mm.) than those from the
Eastern Andes. A male from Aguadita (above Fusugasuga, alt.-6500 ft.)
has the breast much_ paler than in the remaining birds. I have seen no
Ecuador examples.
Ricaurte, 3; Cerro Munchique (6000 ft.), 1; Andalucia, 2; Aguadita, 1.
(2757) Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens asemus Bangs.
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens asemus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII,
1910, p. 73 (Pavas, alt. 440 ft., W. Andes, Col.).
Four males, one each from Dabeiba, Cali, Rio Frio and Miraflores,
agree in color with the type and two other specimens of asemus, loaned me
by Mr. Bangs, but are smaller, the wing averaging 66.5, the tail 58.5, as
compared with wing, 70; tail, 59 in asemus.
This form is evidently an offshoot of sulphurescens of northern Colombia,
and specimens from the middle Magdalena Valley in their grayer crown,
are evidently intermediate between it and Santa Marta specimens (R. s.
exortivus Bangs). Although in its grayer throat and breast it suggests
cinereiceps, it does not, in my opinion, stand as a connectant between that
species and sulphurescens, since representatives of both Rhynchocyclus .
sulphurescens flavo-olivaceus Lawr. (Type, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 42669) -
and R. marginatus Lawr. (Type, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 42672) were
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 435,
collected by Galbraith on the line of the Panama Railroad. Furthermore,
we have a specimen of R. marginatus from Névita, in the same faunal region
as Jimenez (alt. 1600 ft.) whence came two of Bangs’ specimens of asemus.*
The two groups are distinguished chiefly by the yellowish breast and
throat and greenish head of sulphurescens, and grayish breast, throat and
head of cinereiceps. Apparently cinereiceps does not intergrade with mar-
ginatus since five Costa Rican specimens show no approach to our two speci-
mens of marginatus from Panama.
Dabeiba, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1 (int.); Rio Frio, 1; Cali, 1; Miraflores, 1.
(2759) Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens assimilis Pelz.
Rhynchocyclus assimilis Puuz., Orn. Bras., 1869, p. 110 (Borba, Brazil, fide
Hellmayr in litt.).
Four specimens from Villavicencio and Buena Vista, in the Tropical
Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes, are brighter green above
and somewhat yellower below than a specimen from Florencia and another
from Mt. Duida, near the headwaters of the Orinoco, but in other respects,’
including the well-developed gray crown, which chiefly distinguishes them,
these birds all agree.
Dr. Hellmayr writes me that in his forthcoming paper on the genus
Rhynchocyclus he will show that the type-locality of assimilis is Borba on
the Madeira. Possibly therefore five specimens from the headwaters of
the Rio Roosevelt may be considered as fairly topotypical of that race. All
have the gray crown but they are brighter than the Colombian birds and
have the wing-quills and particularly coverts more widely margined with
greenish yellow. No doubt the Colombian bird is separable but such sepa-~
ration to be satisfactory requires a more thorough study of the group than
my material permits.
Villavicencio, 2; Buena Vista, 2; Florencia, 1.
(2760) Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens exortivus Bangs.
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens exortivus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908,
p- 163 (La Concepcion, Santa Marta).
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 146 (Min-
ca; Bonda). :
Specimens from the Magdalena and lower Cauca valleys are intermedi-
ate between exortivus and asemus. Thus one from Opon on the lower Mag-
1 Since writing the above, Miller and Boyle send specimens of both sulphurescens and mar-
gina‘us from Puerto Valdivia. :
436 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
dalena is nearer the former while another from Chicoral in the more arid
region above Honda is nearer the latter. Specimens from Malena and
Puerto Valdivia have the crown grayish, but the throat yellowish and might
be referred to either form. On purely faunal grounds I therefore place the
Magdalena Valley bird under exortivus, the Puerto Valdivia one with asemus.
Opon, 1; Malena, 1; Chicoral, 1.
(2764a) Rhynchocyclus marginatus marginatus Lawr.
Rhynchocyclus marginatus Lawr., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1868, p. 429 (Panama,
Lion Hill).
Rhynchocyclus cinereiceps flavotectus Hutim., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1126 (Névita;
Noanamé).
Allowing for a very slight difference possibly due to the fading in the
older specimen, specimens from western Colombia agree with the type of
R. marginatus Lawr., from the line of the Panama R. R. While its gray
head and grayish breast indicate that marginatus is apparently a repre-
sentative of cinereiceps, it seems not to intergrade with that species (Ridgw..,
Bull. 50, IV, p. 392). As in some other instances, forms of Guianan and
Ecuadorian origin evidently meet at Panama in Rhynchocyclus sulphures-
cens flavo-olivaceus on the one hand and R. m. marginatus on the other.
A specimen from Barbacoas and another from Buenavista, Nariiio,
closely resemble the type and cotype of R. marginatus from Panama, from
which they differ only in being slightly darker above and in having the edg-
ing to the wing-coverts more ochraceous in tone. The first-named dif-
ference is doubtless due to the fading of the types, while the second is
seasonal since it is shown by a specimen from Puerto Valdivia which, in
the color of the wing-coverts as well as in other respects, agrees with the
birds from Barbacoas and Buenavista.
A specimen from Esmeraldas and three from Guayaquil agree and differ
from marginatus in having the crown grayer with no admixture of green, the
throat and breast yellower, with grayish only on the chin, the wing-coverts
less widely margined. They evidently are racially different from the Barba-
coas, Buenavista and other Colombian specimens and possibly may repre-
sent flavotectus Hart. (Nov. Zool., IX, p. 608, San Javier, n. w. Ecuador).
Puerto Valdivia, 1; Névita, 1; Barbacoas, 1; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(2768) Rhynchocycelus viridiceps Scl. & Salv.
Rhynchocyclus viridiseps Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1873, p. 280 (Pebas, Peru).
A single specimen from Florencia extends the known range of this species
northward from Peru. I have, however, no Peruvian specimens for com-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 437
parison. In size and in the color of the bill this species agrees with R.
klagesi, which Miller also found at Florencia, but the uniformly greenish
underparts, including the throat and chin, and green crown, of the same
color as the back, distinguish viridiceps.
Florencia, 1.
(2770) Rhynchocyclus flaviventris aurulentus Todd.
Rhynchocyclus flaviventris aurulentus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913,
p. 171 (Mamotoco, Santa Marta, Col.).
Rhynchocyclus flaviventris ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 146 (Bonda;
Cacagualito).
Found by us only in the lower Magdalena at Varrud. Wied’s types
are too faded to be of value for subspecific determination, but a series from
Santa Marta is brighter than two specimens from Bahia. Our bird is of
course referable to the Santa Marta form.
Varrud, 1.
(2770a) Rhynchocyclus klagesi Ridgw.
Rhynchocyclus klagesi Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XTX, 1906, 115 (Maripa,
Venezuela).
After comparison with the type, I refer two specimens from La Morelia
and three from Florencia, in the upper Caqueté region, together with one
from Mt. Duida, near the head of the Orinoco to this species. It is charac-
terized by small size, (wing, o', 55 mm.), a gray crown, and chiefly by a
dark, horn-color mandible which, basally, is paler, and is therefore quite
unlike the uniformly colored, brownish mandible of sulphurescens. The
specific distinctness of klagest and sulphurescens is attested by the fact that
at Florencia and Mt. Duida we have found both klagesi and sulphurescens
assimilis.
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 3.
eee (2773) Todirostrum cinereum cinereum (Linn.).
Todus cinereus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 178 (Surinam).
Todirostrum cinereum Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (Carthagena);
Wrartr, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Cocuta Valley; San Nicholas); Sci. & Satv., P. Z. &.,
1879, p. 512 (Medellin; Sta. Elena; Remedios); Auuen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 150 (Cienaga).
Todirostrum cinereum cinereum Huti., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1128 (Guineo).
Ranges throughout the larger part of the Tropical Zone of Colombia.
Specimens from the Atrato and San Juan regions average smaller in size,
438 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
and thus approach the Central American form T. c. finitimum to which,
indeed, some of them might readily be referred. As a rule, however,
finittmum has the back greener, the head blacker than cinerewm, and, in
color, the western Colombia birds are more nearly like the latter.
Turbaco, 1; Dabeiba, 5; Alto Bonito, 3; Peque, 1; Bagado, 1; Juntas
de Taman4, 1; San José, 1; Caldas, 1; Las Lomitas, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 2;
Cali, 5; Rio Frio, 1; below Miraflores, (6300 ft.), 1; below Andalucia (3000
ft.), 4; Fusugasuga, 2; Chicoral, 2; Honda, 4; Malena, 1; Calamar, 3;
Villavicencio, 1.
(2775) Todirostrum sclateri Cab.. & Hein.
Todirostrum sclatert Cas. & Hein, Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 50 (Peru).
Six specimens from extreme southwestern Colombia agree with a series
of eight birds from Rio de Oro and Chone, Manayi, Ecuador, and thus in-
troduce this Ecuadorian form into Colombia.
While obviously a representative of Todirostrum cinereum, its grayer
upperparts, paler underparts, and whitish throat are not approached by
specimens from the Chocé region, a fact which suggests the complete de-
tachment of the more southern form. In size, sclateri agrees with the small
Central American race, 7. c. finitimum, five males, having an average wing-
measurement of 42 mm., but the comparatively small amount of gray on
‘the upperparts of this form, make it less like sclateri in color than is true
cinereum.
Tumaco, 2; Barbacoas, 3; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(2779) Todirostrum nigriceps Sci.
Todirostrum nigriceps Scu., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 66, pl. 84, fig. 1 (Santa Marta, Col.);
Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (Turbo); Auten, Bull. A.M. N.H., XIII,
1900, p. 150 (Bonda). : -
A male from Malena near Puerto Berrio agrees with Santa Marta
specimens.
a7)
(2787) Todirostrum schistaceiceps superciliare Lawr.
Todirostrum superciliaris Lawr., Ann. ‘Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1874, (Carthagena, Colom-
bia, not “Venezuela” as stated in original description).
Of general distribution throughout the greater part of tropical Colombia.
In addition to Lawrence’s type we have five specimens from Bonda near
Santa Marta, four of which essentially agree with it, while the fifth, in the
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 439
grayness of its breast and obsoletely streaked throat, approaches T. s.
griseolum Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1913, 170, El Hacha, n. Venezuela).
-The last-named form, as it is represented by four specimens including the
type, loaned me by Mr. Todd, is very near superciliare, but has a smaller
bill and averages darker above and grayer on the breast and throat.
From true schistaceiceps, of Central America, superciliare differs in hav-
ing less yellow on the flanks and particularly abdomen, the latter being in
some specimens with scarcely a tinge of yellow.
The differences between-topotypical specimens: of the three races of
this species are so slight that the satisfactory identification of specimens
from other localities is attended with some difficulty, nevertheless all our
‘remaining nine Colombian specimens were taken as far apart as Los Cis-
neros on the western slope of the Western Andes to Villavicencio at the
eastern base of the Eastern Andes appear to be referable to I. s. superciliare.
A female from the last-named locality is somewhat darker above than typi-
cal birds but has the throat and belly as white, the breast as pale as any
bird in the series.
Los Cisneros, 1; La Manuelita, 1; Rio Frio, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Honda,
2; Chicoral, 1; Villavicencio, 1.
(2793) Todirostrum latirostre (Pelz.).
Euscarthmus latirostris PEuz., Orn. Bras., 1869, p. 173 (Borba, Brazil).
Two males from Florencia appear to represent this species of which,
however, I have seen no authentic specimens.
Florencia, 2,
(2794) Pecilotriccus ruficeps ruficeps (Kaup).
Todirostrum ruficeps Kaup, P. Z.8., 1851, p. 52 (Mexico ”’= Colombia); Scr. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 512 (Frontino).
Our specimens are all from the Subtropical Zone of the Central Andes.
Specimens from the more southern part of this range in Colombia and from
the Western Andes are referable to P. ruficeps rufigene.
Salento, 3; Sta. Elena, 1; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 6.
(2795) Poecilotriccus ruficeps rufigene (Scl. & Salv.).
Todirostrum rufigene Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 522 (Mongi, Ecuador).
Specimens from the Subtropical Zone in the southern part of the West-
ern and Central Andes are referable to this form, though when compared
440 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
with our Ecuador specimens they show a distinct approach toward ruficeps
in the darker crown-cap, grayer nape and in two specimens (one from each
locality represented) blackish margin at the posterior border of the crown,
while one has some black at the side of the throat.
Cerro Munchique, 3; La Palma, 2
(2800) Euscarthmus striaticollis zosterops Pelz.
Euscarthmus zosterops Pruz., Orn. Bras., 1869, p. 173 (Maribitafias, Brazil).
In default of authentic specimens I refer two males from Florencia
to this form which has been accredited by Salvadori and Festa (Boll.
Mus. Tor., XIV, 1899, p. 5) to southeastern Ecuador. It is described by
Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, p. 290) as “duller green” above than
striaticollis, whereas my birds are brighter, having the upperparts oil-green
rather than yellowish oil-green. In other respects, however, they agree
with Hellmayr’s description.
Florencia, 2.
(2812) Euscarthmus granadensis (Haril.).
Todirostrum granadense Hartu., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 289 (New Grenada).
Euscarthmus granadensis Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 512 (Retiro; Envigado;
Sta. Elena); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 150 (El Libano).
Occurs chiefly in the Temperate, but also in the Subtropical Zone. We
found it only in the Western and Central Andes, but its presence in Bogot&
collections indicates that it also inhabits the Eastern Andes.
Salencio, 1; Andes w. of Popayan, 2; Cocal (6000 ft.), 3; Dhnaguer, 33
Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 2
(2814a) Euscarthmus septentrionalis Chapm.
Euscarthmus septentrionalis Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 176
(Honda, Col.).
Char. sp.— Similar to Euscarthmus impiger Scl. & Salv. but upperparts much
grayer, the bill slightly smaller, more subulate, and blackish brown.
Found by us only in the Magdalena Valley at Honda, but occurring also
at Anzoategui (alt. 4750 ft.) on the Caribbean slope of the Venezuelan
mountains about 100 miles southwest of Puerto Cabello.
Honda, 2
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 441
(2818) Pseudotriccus pelzelni pelzelni Tacz. & Berl.
Pseudotriccus pelzelni Tacz. & Brru., P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 88 (Machay, e. Ecuador).
After comparison with a topotype of P. p. berlepschi Nels. loaned me
by Mr. Nelson, I have no doubt that a specimen taken at Buena Vista is
essentially typical of this species, the type of which came from the same
slope of the Andes at approximately the same altitude. The bird was
flushed from the ground in the dense growth which had sprung up in
the bed of a brook and flew to a perch but a few inches from the ground
on the side of the barranca. This circumstance suggests that the species
is more or less terrestrial, a theory of some interest in connection with its
long tarsi.
The affinities of this genus seem to me to be with Cenotriccus rather
than with Mytobius or its related genera or subgenera (Myiophobus, Pyr-
rhomyias, etc.). In its more rounded wing, more graduated tail, character
of the tail-feathers, and long tarsi it is not unlike Cenotriccus. In color-
pattern there is a strong resemblance between the young of Cenotriccus
ruficeps and Pseudotriccus and while the bill in P. pelzelnz is broader than
in C. ruficeps the difference is slight and of degree rather than character.
Buena Vista, 1.
(2819) Pseudotriccus annectens (Salvad. & Fest.).
Pseudomyiobius annectens Sauvap. & Frst., Boll. Mus. Tor., XV, 1899, p. 12
(Gualea, w. Ecuador).
Four adults from the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes agree in
generic and specific characters with the description of the type of this species
which it is important to note, was taken in the same life-zone in a neighbor-
ing part of Ecuador.
The color differences between Pseudotriccus pelzelni pelzelni and P. an-
nectens are so largely bridged by the much browner P. p. berlepschi Nels.
of eastern Panama, it seems not improbable that the latter is a represen-
tative and possibly conspecific form of annectens. It goes without saying,
therefore, that I am unable to discover any generic differences: between
Pseudotriccus and Pseudomyiobius. Compared with a topotype of ber-
lepschi, annectens differs only in its larger size and color, the crown being
darker, back more olivaceous, less fulvous.
Cerro Munchique, 2; Cocal, 2.
442 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2820) Cenotriccus ruficeps ruficeps (Lafr.).
Muscicapa (Todtrostrum) ruficeps Larr., Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291 (Colombia).
Occurs from the upper part. of the Subtropical to the Temperate Zone
in all three ranges. Specimens from the Central and Western Andes have
the head slightly paler than those from near Bogoté. Old ‘ Bogota’ skins
are not unlike fresh ones. Two immature specimens taken at Cocal, June
16 and 17, 1911, respectively, differ from adults in lacking the rufous head,
the crown being but slightly browner than the back, the chin like the throat.
‘One of these birds has several rufous feathers in the crown showing its un-
mistakable relations to ruficeps, which we have also taken at Cocal. The
other, differs only in lacking these rufous feathers and bears, therefore, so
strong a resemblance to Cenotriccus simplex Berl. (of which I have one
specimen, the type of my Ochtheca keaysi, identified as C. simplex “ or
subsp.” by von Berlepsch!) as to suggest that simplex is based on an im-
mature example of C. r. hapalopteryx, the southern form of ruficeps. Our
specimen of simplex differs from the young of ruficeps much as hapalopteryx
is said to differ from it. That is, the back is browner, the margins of the
wings and tail less brightly rufous. In size, the specimen of simplex is
slightly larger and the mandible is darker than in the young of ruficeps.
The bill is larger than in most specimens of ruficeps but can be matched by
examples in our series. In short, if Cenotriccus simplex is not synonymous
with Cenotriccus ruficeps hapalopteryx, the young of the latter is practically
identical with it!
Cocal (alt. 6000 ft.) 3; Andes w. of Popayan, 5; Almaguer, 1; above
Salento (9000 ft.), 1; Salento, 2; Santa Isabel, 1.
(2824) Lophotriccus spicifer (Lafr.).
Todirostrum spiciferum Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 363 (‘Brasilia’).
La Morelia, 1.
(2825) Lophotriccus squamecristatus squameacristatus (Lafr.).
Fllege T. = Todtrostrum] squamecrista Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 363 (Bogota).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I can detect no dif-
‘ference between birds from Las Lomitas in the Western Andes and Buena
Vista in the Eastern Andes. The species has not been reported from the
1 Cf. Berl. & Stolz., P. Z. S., 1896, 361.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 443
coast region of Colombia but near the Ecuador border at Barbacoas and
Ricaurte it is represented by the small Costa Rican form L. s. minor Cherrie.
La Frijolera, 1; Salencio, 2; Las Lomitas, 5; San Antonio, 1; Mira-
flores, 2; La Candela, 1; near San Agustin, 1; Fusugasugé, 1; Buena
Vista, 4.
(2825a) Lophotriccus squamecristatus minor Cherrie.
Lophotriccus squamecristatus minor CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8. N. M., XIV, 1891, p.
337 (Grecia, Costa Rica).
In southwestern Colombia, at sea-level and upward to 2500 ft., and south-
ward in the humid coast region of Ecuador, L. s. squamecristatus of the Sub-
tropical Zone, is represented by a small form which agrees in size with the
Costa Rican race. The crest, however, appears to be less developed than
in the Bogota form. The differences in color between squamecristatus and
minor are so slight that without reasonably comparable specimens, color .
characters are not to be depended on. Our Ecuador birds are not taken
at the same season as those from Chiriqui and hence satisfactory compari-
son of their colors cannot be made. However, as the appended table shows,
Ecuador birds resemble Costa Rican ones in size, though in color they do not
differ appreciably. It should be noted that no representative of this species
has been recorded from the coast region of Colombia north of Barbacoas.
Ricaurte, 1; Barbacoas, 2.
Measurements of Males of Lophotriccus squamecrisiatus.
Wing Tail
Lophairiccus 8. squamecristatus, Buena Vista, E. Andes, 51 43
« “ “ “ “ “ 50 41
e a . Fusugasugé, E. Andes, 52 44.5
i i La Candela, Cen. Andes, 52 44.5
ss * Miraflores, “ oy 52 42
« e € San Antonio, W. anaes 50.5 41
‘ “ a Las Lomitas, “ 51 40
“ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50 40
“ « “ “ “ “ “ 51 40
“ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50 40
Lophotriccus s. minor Ricaurte (alt. 2500 ft.) 48.5 36
« " « « Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 48.5 37
“ « “ « “ 48 7 37
“ “ «“ « “ 48 7 5 36
K “ “ “ «“ 48 : 5 37
& « —« ~Chone, Manavi, “ 48 38
cS « « — Chiriqui, Panama 50 38
“ « “ « « : 47: 35
444 Bulletin Amercan Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2829a) Orchilus atricapillus Lawr.
Orchilus atricapillus Lawr., Ibis, 1875, p. 385 (Costa Rica).
Our four specimens are from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific. This
species has been recorded from Ecuador by Hartert (Nov. Zool., TX, 1902,
p. 607) but has not before been reported from Colombia. In default of
material representing all the forms concerned in the case of Orchilus vs.
Perisotriccus I here follow Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, p. 22).
Alto Bonito, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 1.
(2831) Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris (Cab.).
_ Colopterus pilaris Cas., Arch. fiir Naturg., XIII, 1847, p. 253, pl. 5, fig. 4 (Cartha-
gena); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 150 (Bonda; Minca; Cacagualito).
Todirostrum exile Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (Carthagena).
Found by us only in the Magdalena Valley. Three specimens from
Honda and Chicoral are darker than a good series of birds taken at the
same season near Santa Marta, which doubtless typically represent pilaris.
They thus approach A. p. venezuelensis Ridgw. (Type No. 73454 A. M.
N. H.), but are smaller.
La Playa, 1; Honda, 2; Chicoral, 1.
(2843) Hapalocercus meloryphus (Wied).
Euscarthmus meloryphus Wisp, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., III, 1831, p. 947 (Campo
Geral, Prov. Minas and Bahia).
Hapalocercus meloryphus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Savanna of Bucaramanga).
Hapalocercus paulus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 150 (Chirua; San
Miguel; La Concepcion).
A female from Chicoral in the upper Magdalena Valley appears to me
to be inseparable from H. meloryphus, which, however, is too poorly repre-
sented in our collection to permit of satisfactory identification of the Chico-
ral specimen. The type of meloryphus is too faded to be of value in this
connection, so far as color is concerned, and in addition to it I have but one
specimen from Matto Grosso and one from the Parana (U. S. N. M., 20993).
The differences between our specimen, which is in worn plumage, and those
from Matto Grosso and the Parana, which are in fresh plumage, are ap-
parently seasonal. This view finds support in a series of eight specimens,
including the type of Hapalocercus paulus, loaned me by Mr. Bangs, most
of which closely match the more southern birds in color, and if the latter
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 445
typically represent meloryphus it would seem that paulus can be distin-
guished from it only by its slightly shorter wings and tail.
A specimen from Carupano, Venezuela, agrees with the Chicoral bird.
Comparative measurements of females are appended.
Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
S. E. Brazil (Type of hapalocercus) 46 41 broken broken
Chapada Brazil (no sex) 43.5 42 19 11
Chirua, Santa Maris, cee (Type of paulus) 45.5 37 19 11
. 41 39 19 10
La Concepcion © 41 35.5 17 10
< “ 44 37 19 imperfect
Chicoral, « 44 39 19 11’
(2847) Hapalocercus acutipennis Sci. & Salv.
Hapalocercus acutipennis Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1873, p. 187 (Bogotd); Ibid.,
1879, p. 572 (Medellin).
Salento, 1.
(2852a) Habrura pectoralis bogotensis Chapm.
Habrura pectoralis bogotensis Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p. 646
(Subia, Bogoté Savanna, Col.).
Similar to H. p. pectoralis but more richly colored throughout, the buffy areas of
pectoralis largely ochraceous-tawny; the lores, margins to frontal feathers, auricular
region, rump, wing-bars and quill margins ochraceous-tawny, the foreback blackish
brussels-brown; crown black, margined with ochraceous-tawny; underparts largely
ochraceous-tawny, the throat and center of the abdomen yellowish buffy; a band of
ochraceous-tawny crossing the breast; size between that of pectoralis and brevipennis.
Wing, 44. 5; tail, 40; tarsus, 17; elliien: 10 mm.
This is the fourth new bird taken in the marshes where I had the good
fortune to shoot the types of Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis and Agelaius ictero-
cephalus bogotensis, and from which Brother Apolinar secured the type of
Cistothorus apolinart.
Evidently the native collectors who, during the past eighty years, have
been shipping birds’ skins from Bogoté, have collected chiefly on the forested
slopes of the Andes, neglecting the country at the city’s gates.
Geographically, the nearest species of the genus Habrura to the one
here described, is Habrura pectoralis brevipennis Berl. & Hart. (Nov. Zool.,
IX, 1902, p. 40). This is a small form of pectoralis, which it is said to re-
semble in color, of the lower Orinoco and British Guiana and hence of
the Tropical Zone. It follows, therefore, that as with Agelaius icterocepha-
lus bogotensis, we have in the bird here described a form of a Tropical
Zone species apparently isolated on the Temperate Zone Savanna of Bogota.
446 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
This fact, in connection with the bird’s degree of differentiation, sug-
gests its specific distinctness, but although I believe that actual intergra-
dation does not occur I feel that the bird’s relationships are best expressed
by a trinomial. We are indebted for the type and only specimen of this
new form to Brother Apolinar Maria, Director of the Instituto de la Salle,
of Bogota, whom we have to thank for invaluable codperation in our study
of the birds of that region. 3
(2858) Pogonotriccus pecilotis (Scl.).
Leptopogon pecilotis Scx., P. Z.8., 1862, p. 111 (Bogoté); Scr. & Satv., P. Z.8.,
1879, p. 512 (Concordia).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. An old ‘Bogota’
skin is essentially like a fresh one from near Fusugasugé with which the
remaining birds in the series agree.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 2; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 3; Rio
Toché, 1; La Candela, 2; Aguadita, 1
(2860) Pogonotriccus opthalmicus Tacz.
Pogonotriccus opthalmicus Tacz., P. Z. S., 1874, p. 185 (Amable-Maria, cen..
Peru).
Pogonotriccus alleni Opmru., Proc. U. 8. N. M., XXV, 1903, p. 65 (Rio Cauca).
Occurs in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes in-
cluding the eastern slope of the last-named range. I have seen no Peru-.
vian specimens and follow Hellmayr, who has examined Oberholser’s type
(A. M. N. H. No. 71758), in referring the bird of the Cauca region to opthal-
micus.
Salencio, 1; Las Lomitas, 3; San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1;
Gallera, 3; Salento, 2; Rio Toché, 1
’
(2863) Oreotriccus! plumbeiceps (Lawr.).
Pogonotriccus plumbeiceps Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., [X, 1870, p. 267
(Bogoté).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of all three ranges. Seven specimens agree
with a ‘ Bogota’ cotype in the Lawrence collection (A. M. N. H., No. 42480).
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 1; Gallera, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 1
La Candela, 2
2
1 Replacing Oreomyias, preoccupied. Cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVIII, 1915,
p. 180.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 447
(2872) Serpophaga cinerea cana Bangs.
Serpophaga cinerea cana Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVII, 1904, p. 113
(Santa Marta); Hetum., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1130 (Pueblo Rico, 5200 ft.).
Serpophaga cinerea Watt, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Canuto); Sov. & Satv., P. Z. 8.,
1879, p. 512 (Envigado; Frontino).
Serpophaga cinerea grisea ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 149 (Chirua;
San Miguel; La Concepcion).
Occurs in both Tropical and Subtropical Zones throughout Colombia,
frequenting small streams and rivers. In default of typical specimens of
cinerea I follow Hellmayr in referring Colombian birds to cana.
San José, 2; Caldas, 2; Ricaurte, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 5; Rio
Toché, 3; Andalucia (3000 ft.), 6; near San Agustin, 2; Aguadita, 2;
Quetame, 2.
(2877a) Inezia caudata intermedia Cory.
Inezia caudata intermedia Cory, Field Mus. Pub., 167, 1913, p. 289 (Rio Aurate,
15 m. east of Maracaibo, Venezuela).
A specimen from Algododonal on the Lower Magdalena, differs from a
Surinam example in being more olive above, having the breast less buffy
and chin whiter, and is evidently to be referred to this subspecies.
A satisfactory solution of the problem of the generic relationships of’
this species is doubtless best reached by accepting the genus that Cherrie !
has proposed for it.
Algodonal, 1.
(2880) Aneretes parulus equatorialis Berl. & Tacz.
Aneretes parulus equatorialis Baru. & Tacz., P. Z. 8., 1884, p. 296 (Cechce, w.
Ecuador). ;
Specimens from the southern part of the Central Andes agree with
others from Mt. Pichincha and extend the known range of this species into
Colombia.
La Sierra, 1; Valle de las Pappas, 2.
\ Cf. Bull. Mus. B’klyn. Inst., I, 1909, 390.
448 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2885) Aneretes agilis (Sci.).
Euscarthmus agilis Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 28, pl. 118 (Bogota).
Apparently restricted to the upperpart of the Temperate Zone. In
addition to our specimens from the Central and Eastern Andes we have
also a series from the vicinity of Quito.
Valle de las Pappas, 1; Paramo of Choachi, 1.
(2888a) Mionectes striaticollis poliocephalus Tsch.
M [ionectes] poliocephalus Tscu., Fauna Peruana, 1845-6, p. 148, pl. ix, fig. 1
(Peru, ‘‘tiefern Waldregion’’).
Mionectes striaticollis Sci. & Saty., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 512 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of-all three ranges. The Colombian
bird is not for a moment to be confused with true striaticollis (of which I
have one specimen from Yungas, Bolivia), from which it differs conspicu-
ously in its more narrowly streaked throat, and the restriction of the breast-
stripes, but in default of topotypical examples of poliocephalus J am unable
to say whether our specimens are properly referred to the Peruvian form.
Birds from the Bogoté region have the head appreciably greener than those
from the Western Andes, and it is probable that they, at least, are separable
from poliocephala.
San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; La Manuelita, 1; Salento, 2;
Sta. Elena, 1; La Candela, 4; near San Agustin, 1; Fusugasuga, 2.
=
(2890) Mionectes olivaceus hederaceus Bangs.
Mionectes olivaceus hederaceus Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 73
(Pavas, 4400 ft., w. Col.); Hetim, P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1181 (San Joaquim; Calima;
Névita).
This form of Mionectes olivaceus inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific
coast, and extends eastward at least to the lower Cauca Valley. At the
eastern base of the Eastern Andes it is represented by a form (M. o. palli-
dus) which, while far removed geographically, is nearer hederaceus in ap-
pearance than any other race of the olivaceus group.
Névita Trail (1800 ft., w. slope), 1; Juntas de Tamand, 1; San José, 2;
Los Cisneros, 1; Las Lomitas, 1; Cocal, 1; Barbacoas, 5; Puerto Val-
divia, 1.
(28902) Mionectes olivaceus pallidus Chapm.
Mionectes olivaceus pallidus Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H, XXXITI, 1914, p. 177
(Buena Vista, Col.).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 449
Char. subsp.— In general coloration most nearly resembling M. 0. hederaceus
Bangs, but with less yellow in the plumage, the back, therefore, bluer green, the
breast-streaks whiter, the belly paler.
Known only from two specimens collected at Buena Vista.
(2892) Pipromorpha oleaginea oleaginea (Licht.).
Muscicapa oleaginea Licut., Verz. Doubl., 1823, p. 55 (Bahia).
Specimens from Florencia and Villavicencio agree and represent the
dark-bellied, Brazilian form which is markedly different from the more
northern parca. I have, however, no topotypical Bahian birds for com-
parison. Suapure, Venezuela, birds agree with those from eastern Colom-
bia, but Trinidad examples appear to be intermediate.
Villavicencio, 2; Florencia, 2.
v
: (2892a) Pipromorpha oleaginea parca (Bangs).
Mionectes oleagineus parcus Banas, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, 1900, p. 20 (Panama).
Mionectes oleagineus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 512 (Remedios); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 149 (Bonda; Minca; Cacagualito; Santa Marta).
Specimens from the Lower Cauca and Magdalena Valleys agree with
those from Panama and Santa Marta, and are much paler, especially below,
than ‘those from the eastern base of the Andes which are referable to true
oleaginea.
Puerto Valdivia, 2; Honda, 1; Chicoral, 2; Andalucia, 1.
(2896) Leptopogon superciliaris poliocephalus Cab. & Hein.
Leptopogon poliocephalus Cas. & Huin., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 55 (Bogoté).
Leptopogon superciliaris poliocephalus Huui., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 11382 (Névita;
San Pablo, 4500 ft.).
Occurs in all three ranges and in both Tropical and Subtropical Zones,
but our material does not satisfactorily determine its zonal distribution.
In default of topotypical (Peruvian) specimens, I follow von Berlepsch
(Int. Orn. Cong., 1907, p. 492) in recognizing the Colombian bird as sub-
specifically distinct. From a Yungas, Bolivia, example, our Colombian
birds differ in being much brighter yellow throughout, the belly being canary
instead of yellowish gray. Two birds from Guacharo, northeast Venezuela,
agree with Colombian specimens, but two Guatemalan specimens are much
smaller.
Alto Bonito, 1; Dabeiba, 2; Peque, 1; Cocal, 1; Miraflores, 2; Buena
Vista, 2; Villavicencio, 2.
450 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
(2899) Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cab.
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cas., Arch. fir Naturg., 1847, p. 251 (Brazil);
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1906, p. 149 (Bonda).
‘Leptopogon amaurocephalus diversus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1913, p. 171
(Santa Marta, Col.). :
A specimen from Chicoral and another from Villavicencio agree with
two examples from Santa Marta, while the latter can be closely matched
with specimens from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Having but one
specimen from Rio Janeiro and none from either Paraguay or Peru, satis-
factory determination of these Colombian birds is not at present possible.
Chicoral, 1; Villavicencio, 1.
(2901) Leptopogon erythrops Sci.
Leptopogon erythrops Scu., P. Z. 8., 1862, p. 111 (Bogotd); Scu. & Sanv., bid.,
1879, p. 512 (Sta. Elena; Medellin).
Found by us only in the Subtropical Zone of the Central and East-
ern Andes. Birds from these two ranges agree in color. I have no old
‘Bogot&’ skins for comparison with our recent ones from the Bogoté region.
Salento, 3; Sta. Elena, 2; La Palma, 6; La Candela, 3; Aguadita,
(above Fusugasuga), 4.
(2905) Capsiempis flaveola leucophrys Berl.
; Capsiempis leucophrys Brrt., Proc. 4th Int. Orn. Cong., 1907, p. 360 (Bogotd).
Two specimens from Chicoral are evidently typical of this form. They
differ from two Bahia examples of flaveola in having broader wing-bars, a
larger bill, a grayish frontal band and loral stripe and a whitish chin.
Four specimens from Cumanacoa, Bermudez, Venezuela, have the bill
as large as in leucophrys but in color are perhaps near flaveola. They are,
therefore, fairly intermediate between the Bahia and Bogoté forms.
Chicoral, 2.
(2910) Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps (Scl.).
Tyranniscus griseiceps Scu., P. Z. 8., 1870, p. 841 (Babahoyo, Ecuador); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 148 (Minca; Santa Marta).
A specimen from Cunday, in the Bogoté region, agrees in size and with
the description of this form of which I have seen no authentic specimens.
Two specimens from Minca, Santa Marta, resemble the Cunday example.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 451
If, as I assume, the Cauca Valley bird is separable, the west Ecuador form
in this instance ranges northward in the Eastern Andes.
Bogota region, 1.
(2910a) Phyllomyias griseiceps cauce Chapm.
Phyllomyias griseiceps cauce Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915,
p. 645 (e. of Palmira, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to P. g. griseiceps (Scl.) but upperparts much darker, the
back olive washed with blackish and not clearly defined from the crown; size larger.
Known only from the Subtropical Zone above the Cauca Valley.
Miraflores, 2.
(2916) Acrochordopus zeledoni (Lawr.).
Pogonotriccus ? zeledoni Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, 1868, p. 144
(Dota, Costa Rica).
Tyranniscus leucogonys Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1870, p. 841 (Bogotd).
Acrochordopus leucogonys Brru. & Hart., J. f. O., 1905, p. 26.
Idiotriccus zeledoni Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, 1905 (Sept. 2), p. 210.
A single specimen from Buena Vista, above Villavicencio in the east
Bogoté district agrees, in all respects with authentic specimens of “Jdio-
triccus”’ zeledont from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, a fact which suggested
the specific identity of this species and -‘Tyranniscus leucogonys Scl. & Salv.,
based on a Bogoté skin. This suspicion was confirmed on the discovery
that leucogonys was referred to their new genus Acrochordopus by Berlepsch
and Hartert, because, among other characters, it possesses a pyenaspidean
tarsus (fully developed in our specimen). Acrochordopus has some months’
priority over Idiotriccus just as zeledoni has over leucogonys, and if, as stated
by Berlepsch and Hartert, this species is congeneric with Acrochordopus
subviridis (Pelz)., the type of the genus (a species I have not seen), it should
apparently stand as above.
Buena Vista, 1.
(2918) Pheomyias murina incomta (Cab. & Hein.).
Elainea incomta Cas. & Hein., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 59 (Cartagena, Col.).
Occurs throughout most of the Tropical Zone of Colombia.
Cisneros, 1; Cali, 5; Calamar, 2; Chicoral, 1; Honda, 3; Fusugasugé,.
1; Villavicencio, 1.
452 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2922) Cainptostoma pusillum pusillum (Cab. & Hein.).
M[yiopatis] pusilla Cas. & Hetn., Mus. Hein. II, 1859, p. 58 (Cartagena).
Ornithion pusillum ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 148 (Bonda; Santa
Marta).
A Tropical Zone species which in one form or another occurs through-
out Tropical Colombia, except on the Pacific coast. Specimens from Banco
and Algodonal in the lower Magdalena Valley are typical, but one from
Chicoral, in the upper Magdalena Valley, is darker above than any of the
eight Santa Marta examples which doubtless typically represent this form,
and it thus closely approaches C. 0. napeum. A much worn example from
the Atrato River (exact locality, not stated) appears to be fairly typical of
pusillum but has the crown somewhat darker.
R. Atrato, 1; Banco, 1; Carpintero, 1; Algodonal, 1; Chicoral, 1.
(2923) Camptostoma pusillum napeum (Ridgw.).
Ornithion napeum Riwa., Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1887, p. 520 (Diamantina, near
Santarem,, Brazil).
A specimen from Villavicencio is darker than true pusillum and resem-
bles specimens from the Orinoco region and Trinidad.
Villavicencio, 1.
(2923a) Camptostoma cauce Chapm.
Camptostoma cauce CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 178 (Rio Frio,
Cauca Valley, Col.),
Char. sp.— Most nearly resembling C. pusillum, but darker above and paler
below, the crown with a sooty cap clearly defined from the grayish olive back; the
throat and breast gray, quite unlike the sulphur-yellow belly.
Kknown only from the Tropical Zone in the Cauca Valley.
Rio Frio, 2; Miraflores, 2.
(2926a) Microtriccus brunneicapillus brunneicapillus (Lawr.).
Tyrannulus brunneicapillus Lawr., Ibis, 1862, p. 12 (Panama R. R. Line).
This apparently uncommon bird inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pa-
cific coast and eastward through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley.
Pacific coast specimens are brighter than the type and cotype from Pan-
ama, while a specimen from Puerto Berrio on the Magdalena is slightly
1917.], Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 453
paler and may show an approach toward M. b. dilatus Todd (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913, p. 171) of Venezuela. ;
Alto Bonito, 1; Buenaventura, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1.
(2927a) Tyrannulus elatus reguloides Ridgw.
Tyrannulus reguloides Ripaw., Proc. U. 8. N. M., X, 1887, p. 521 (Diamantina,
near Santarem, Brazil).
Tyrannulus elatus Sci. & Sauv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 512 (Remedios); AuuEeN, Bull.
A. M.N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 148 (Bonda). ; .
Ranges throughout tropical Colombia inhabiting both extremely humid
and arid or semi-arid parts of the Tropical Zone without apparent response
in color characters to its widely varying environment. Our specimens
agree with two from the lower Amazon, but I have no topotypical speci-
mens of true elatus and follow Ridgway in referring Colombian specimens
to reguloides; though for distributional reasons I feel that this author’s
expressed doubt as to the validity of this form is well-founded! A single
example from La Morelia in the Caqueta region is slightly duller above
and more olivaceous below, and has a smaller bill than other birds in the
series. -
Quibdé, 1; Buenaventura, 1; Barbacoas, 4; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Cali, 2;
Rio Frio, 1; Calamar, 1; Honda, 1; La Morelia, 1.
(2929) Mecocerculus uropygialis Lawr.
Mecocerculus uropygialis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., IX, 1870, p. 266
(Ecuador).
A specimen sent by Brother Apolinar from Choachi in the Temperate
Zone east of Bogota agrees with Lawrence’s type when due allowance is
made for fading in the last-named specimen.
3)
(2928) Tyranniscus nigricapillus nigricapillus (Lafr.).
Tyrannulus nigro-capillus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 341 (Bogoté).
Tyranniscus nigricapillus Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 512 (Sta. Elena).
Our specimens are from the Western and Central Andes chiefly from
the. Temperate Zone. Old ‘Bogotd’ skins have the crown, wings, and tail
browner.
Andes w. of Popayan, 1; Almaguer, 1; Salento, 1; Sta. Elena, 1.
454 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2930) Tyranniscus cinereiceps (Scl.).
Tyrannulus cinereiceps Scu., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 69 (Pallatanga, Ecuador).
I refer to this species, of which I have seen no authentic specimens,
four specimens from the Central Andes. One from below Salento and
one from Sta. Elena agree with each other and descriptions of the species,
being as bright below and somewhat brighter above than 7. nigricapillus.
But one from above Salento, and one from El Eden, are much duller more
grayish below and much darker, more olive-grayish above. The El Eden
specimen is obviously immature, the other appears to be adult; and al-
though it agrees with the two birds first mentioned in every detail of pat-
tern and size, differs so conspicuously in its less yellow more grayish color,
that it is difficult to believe they are conspecific. Nevertheless, I pro-
visionally refer it and the El Eden specimen to cinereiceps.
Below Salento, 1; above Salento, 1?; Sta. Elena, 1; El Eden, 1?
(2937) Tyranniscus chrysops chrysops (Sci.).
Tyrannulus chrysops Scu., P. Z.8., 1858, p. 458 (Gualaquiza, Ecuador).
Tyranniscus flavifrons Cas. & Hein., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 58 (New Grenada =
Bogoté).
Tyranniscus chrysops Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (Herradura; Pirico; Naranjo);
Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 513 (Retiro; Concordia; Sta. Elena).
Appears to be rare on the Pacific Coast but occurs throughout most
of the remaining territory explored by us chiefly in the Subtropical Zone,
but ranging upward to 9000 ft. at Sta. Elena. Our series of forty-six speci-
mens confirms the existence of a small race (7. c. minimus, Bull. A. M. N.
H., 1912, p. 153) of this species but indicates that it is not confined to the
Santa Marta region but may occur in the Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca
and Magdalena Valleys. We have not, however, a sufficient number of
specimens to solve this problem in distribution which is rendered compli-
cated by the large amount of sexual variation in size shown by this species.
This makes accurate sexing of specimens of the first importance and in
default of a satisfactorily sexed series from the Caribbean region as well
as from Ecuador, I can make no attempt to define the ranges of the large
and small forms of this species. Specimens from the west Bogota region
are somewhat larger than others from Ecuador and appear to have the
frontlet brighter yellow, but four birds from what we may call the east
Bogota region (Villavicencio) agree with the Ecuadorian examples both in
color and size. There seems, therefore, to be no reason for recognizing a
Bogota form.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 455
Los Cisneros, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 7;
Gallera, 1; Ricaurte, 3; Rio Frio, 1; La Sierra, 4; Miraflores, 2; Sta.
Elena, 10; near San Agustin, 1; La Palma, 1; Fusugasugd, 3; Aguadita, 3;
Honda, 2; Buena Vista, 3; Villavicencio, 1.
(2938) Elenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thun.).
Pipra flavogaster TaunBera, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., VIII, 1822, p. 286 (Brazil).
Elainea pagana Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 513 (Medellin); ALien, Bull.
A. M.N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 147 (Bonda; Minea; Onaca; Sta. Marta; Cacagualito).
Occurs throughout the greater part of tropical Colombia. Specimens
from the Pacific slope show some approach toward E. f. semipagana and
two from Barbacoas agree with west Ecuador birds in the color of the crest,
but the throat is more as in eastern Colombian specimens.
Barbacoas, 2; Los Cisneros, 1; Caldas, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San An-
tonio, 1; Cali, 3; Rio Frio, 1; Popayan, 1; Miraflores, 1; La Palma, 1;
w. slope below Andalucia, 2; Chicoral, 1; Honda, 3; Remedios, 1; Cala-
mar, 1; Boca de Chimi, 1; Quetame, 5.
(2942) Elenia gigas Sc.
Elainea gigas Scu., P. Z. 8., 1870, p. 831 (Rio Napo, Ecuador).
This species is apparently restricted to the eastern side of the Eastern
Andes.
La Morelia, 1; Villavicencio, 2.
(2947) Elenia chiriquensis chiriquensis Lawr.
Elainia chiriquensis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1867, p. 176
(Chiriqui, Panama).
Elenia albiverter BERL., Proc. 4th Int. Orn. Cong., 1907, p. 400.
Elenea pagana sororia Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 147 (Santa
Marta).
Of general distribution throughout the Subtropical Zone but apparently
not common in the Cauca region. In the Santa Marta group it is recorded
from the Tropical Zone.
San Antonio, 2; La Florida, 1; Miraflores, 1; near San Agustin, 11;
La Candela, 1; Andalucia (7000 ft.), 1; Fusugasugé, 1; Monteredondo
(near Quetame), 1.
456 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2951) Elenia pudica brachyptera Berl.
Elenia brachyptera Beru., Proc., IV, Int. Orn. Cong., 1907, p. 407 (San Pablo,
w. Col.).
A series of birds from southwestern Colombia occupies the range
assigned to this species, and in color differs from Elenia griseigularis as
brachyptera is said to differ from it. Our males, however, have the wing
ranging from 71 to 74 mm. instead of from 56.5 to 69.2 mm., the measure-
ments given by von Berlepsch; but Hartert (Nov. Zool., V, 1898, p. 487)
records four males from Ecuador as measuring, Wing, 79 mm. Since this
is the only form of Elenia secured by us in the Subtropical Zone of south-
western Colombia, I assume in spite of this apparent discrepancy in size
that our specimens should be referred to brachyptera.
Compared with a specimen from Marcapata, southern Peru, labelled
by von Berlepsch “ Elenia pallatange,” they are decidedly more olivaceous,
less brownish above and have black wings and tail; but the outer margin
of the outer pair of rectrices is usually yellowish or grayish as in pallatange.
We have a specimen recently collected by Richardson at Zamora in
southeastern Ecuador which agrees with the specimens listed below, ex-
cept that the outer web of the outer rectrices is of the same color as the
inner web.
The distributional facts involved in connection with the close resem-
blance existing between the two forms, strongly suggests the conclusion
that brachyptera is a southern form of pudica. Both occupy the same zone,
pudica in its more northern, and brachyptera its more southern part; thus,
like representative races, one replaces the other and at no point have we
found them together. Aside from the fact that brachyptera has a concealed
white crest which pudica is without, the differences between the two birds
are of a purely racial nature, brachyptera being very slightly darker above
and somewhat yellower below. However, three specimens of pudica from
the northern Central Andes (Barro Blanco and Rio Toché) have a distinct
indication of white in the crown and to this extent approach brachyptera
with which I believe pudica intergrades.
Andes w. of Popayan, 1; Cerro Munchique, 6; Florida, 1; Ricaurte, 2;
La Sierra, 2.
(2955) Elenia parvirostris Pelz.
Elainea parvirostris Peuz., Orn. Bras., 1869, pp. 107, 178 (Curytiba, Brazil).
Five specimens from Florencia agree with four from Bermudez, Vene-
zuela, one of which (type of Elenia albiventris Chapm.) has been identified
by von Berlepsch as parvirostris.
Florencia, 5.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 457.
(2957) Elenia pudica pudica Sci.
Elainia pudica Scu., P. Z. 8., 1870, p. 833 (‘Bogotd’).
Elenia frantzi Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 513 (Medellin; Sta. Elena).
Elenia browni Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 158 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa
Marta Mts., alt. 8000 ft., Col.); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 147 (El
Lorenzo; El Libano; Valparaiso).
Elenia frantzi pudica Beru., Proc. 4th Int. Cong., 1907, p. 416.
Taken only in the Subtropical Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes.
Comparison of seven specimens, including ten from near Bogota which may
be considered typical, with twelve from the Santa Marta Mts. confirms
von Berlepsch’s (J. c.) belief that birds from that region (E. browni Bangs)
are not separable from pudica Scl.
The Bogota birds average darker but the difference is slight and wholly
bridged by individual variation. I agree with Ridgway that this bird is not
specifically related to E. frantzi (cf. Bull. U. S. N. M. 50, IV, p. 897), but
as stated below, suspect that it does intergrade with E. brachyptera Berl.
Barro Blanco, 4; Salento, 1; Laguneta, 1; Rio Toché, 2; Fusugasuga,
3; Sta. Elena, 10; Choachi, 4; Subia, 2; Pradera, 1.
a (2965a) Myiopagis viridicata accola Bangs.
Myiopagis placens accola Banas, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, ITI, 1902, p. 35 (Boquete,
Pan.).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of western Colombia from the Pacific coast
to the Cauca Valley. The determination of our specimens of this group
has involved a prolonged study of topotypical material of all the forms con-
cerned. The conclusions reached in regard to the distribution of M. ».
accola and M. v. pallens are at variance with those presented by previous
authors, and also apparently with the laws of distribution, but they are
evidently supported by the specimens examined.
These indicate that accola, described from western Panama, ranges
northward at least through Nicaragua, and although Panama Canal Zone
(Lion Hill?) specimens are referable to pallens of northern Colombia, accola
appears again in western Colombia.
The absence of records from Panama, east of Chiriqui, may be due to lack
of specimens, to a hiatus in the range of this form, or to parallelism. Ifit oc-
curs in the Canal Zone it must necessarily be restricted to the southern slope
since specimens collected by McLeannan and Galbraith, doubtless at Lion
Hill, are unquestionably referable to pallens. If it is not found in Panama
east of Chiriqui we have not to resort to the theory of parallelism to account
for its reappearance in Colombia, since we have numerous similar cases,
though, it is true, they are chiefly among species of the Subtropical Zone.
* However this may be, the fact remains that ten specimens from Chiri-
458 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
qui, Costa Rica and Nicaragua are not separable from fourteen specimens
from western Colombia, while three from the Canal Zone are not separable
from an equal number from Bonda, near Santa Marta, Colombia.
The characters by which accola may be distinguished from pallens are
more grayish, less greenish borders to the yellow crown-patch, darker up-
perparts, and greater extension posteriorly of the grayish on the breast.
The significant character, is, in my opinion, the color of the sides of the
crown. In this respect pallens agrees with true viridicata, of which we have
five specimens from Paraguay, while accola resembles implacens, of which
we have four specimens from western Ecuador. This is in accord with the
distribution of the two groups. That is, the green-headed birds from east
of the Andes might be expected to occur in the Santa Marta region whence,
as in many other species, they have evidently ranged westward to Panama,
while the gray-headed birds are West Andean and range from the Pacific
coast of Ecuador north to Central America.
Specimens from the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys are intermediate.
The former are nearer accola, the latter, pallens. Myiopagis viridicata im-
placens (Scl.) of western Ecuador is a somewhat smaller bird than accola
with the gray of the head more pronounced and darker. We have taken
it in the same localities (vicinity of Guayaquil and Puna Island) as M. sub-
placens, a larger bird with a decidedly longer tarsus (tarsus 20-22 mm.),
a well-defined superciliary and obscurely streaked throat and breast.
In some Colombian specimens of accola the tarsus might fairly be called
pycnaspidean, the tarsal envelope being incomplete with, in several speci-
mens, an indication of tubercles or papille, on its hinder margin. Others
appear to be fairly exaspidean. If my diagnosis of this character is correct
its variability in a single species strongly impugns its value in classification.
Los Cisneros, 3; Caldas, 2; Jiminez, 5; Pavas, 1; Rio Frio, 2.
Measurements of Males.
Name Place Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
M. »v. accola Matagalpa, Nic. 68 65 18 6 *
oe 8 Rio Grande, “ 68 62 18 6
a Boquete, Chiriqui 71 61 19.5 6
SO a Cisneros, Col. 69 64 19 6.5
“ “ “ ia “ 70 63 18 6 ‘ 5
£ MGS of Jiminez “ 72 67 18 7
Ge Ee Se as « 70 60 18.5 6.5
He a? oe Pavas 4 72 63 18.5 6
aD eo ee Rio Frio “ 71.5 68 18 5.8
M. v. pallens Panama (Lion Hill) 68 61 19 6.1
M. v. implacens Puna, Ecuador 66.5 58 17.5 6.2
«& “ “ “« “a 67 59 18 6.2
M., v. viridicata Rio Negro, Paraguay 66 61 18 5
ee Trinidad 65.5 60 17 5.2
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 459
Measurements of Females.
Name Place Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
M. »v. accola W. Nicaragua 69 66 17 6.5
BB « 65 59 18.3 6.5
oe El General, Costa Rica 64 57 17 6
oe oe Los Cisneros, Col. 64 58.5 18 6.1
Boe Caldas, « 68 61 17.5 6
Cio Me Jiminez - 64 60 18 6.3
ee Os Rio Frio « 63 54 19 6
M. v. pallens Panama (Lion Hill?) 63 57 18 6.2
ec Ne Bonda, Col. 63 54 18 6.5
Ee a = 63 57.5 17.3 6
M. v. implacens Manavi, Ecuador 64 53 17.5 6.8
i “ Daule, « 62 54 17.5 6.2
M, »v. viridicata Trinidad, Paraguay 62.5 57 17 5
(2966) Myiopagis viridicata pallens Bangs.
Myjiopagis placens pallens Bangs, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, ITI, 1902, p. 85 (Santa
Marta, Col.).
Mytopagis placens Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 148 (Bonda; Minca;
Santa Marta).
Of two adult specimens from Honda one is wholly typical of pallens,
the other, in its somewhat darker color above shows a slight approach
toward accola. 'Topotypical specimens of pallens are very near Paraguayan
specimens of viridicata but are slightly paler above and have larger bills.
Both races agree in having the sides of the crown oil-green.
One of our Santa Marta specimens has distinct tubercles on the back
of the tarsus, in others the tarsal envelope is essentially entire.
Honda, 2 ad., 1 juv.
(2977) Legatus albicollis (Vieill.).
Tyrannus albicollis Vim1tu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXXV, 1819, p. 89
(Paraguay).
Legatus albicollis Stonp, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Ambalema);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 147 (Bonda; Minca; Jordan).
Legatus albicollis albicollis Hnuu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 184 (Tad6).
Occurs in the Tropical Zone and upward to the lower border of the
Subtropical Zone.
Los Cisneros, 1; Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 6; Cunday, Bogota
region, 1.
460 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2978) Sublegatus glaber Sci. & Sal.
Sublegatus glaber Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 171 (Venezuela); Wvart, Ibis,
1871, p. 333 (Santa Marta); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 147 (Bonda;
Santa Marta).
Found by us only on the lower Magdalena River.
La Playa, 2; Algodonal, 1.
(2981) Myiozetetes cayanensis cayanensis (Linn.).
Muscicapa cayanensis Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 327 (Cayenne).
Elenia cayennensis Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (Turbo).
Myjozetetes guianensis Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (between Canta and R. Mag-
dalena).
Myiozetetes texensis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 513 (Envigado; Medellin).
Myjiozetetes cayennensis RoBinson, Flying Trip, p. 160, (Barranquilla to Honda}.
Guaduas). :
Myiozetetes cayennensis cayennensis Hellm., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1134 (Névita;
Calima).
We have found this to be a common species throughout tropical Co-
lombia except at the eastern base of the Andes.
Dabeiba, 3; Quibdé, 2; Bagado, 4; Andagueda, 2; Baudo, 1; Juntas
de Tamané4, 1; Novita, 2; San José, 2; Tumaco, 3; Barbacoas, 1; Puerto
Valdivia, 3; Caldas, 2; San Antonio, 2; Cali, 1; Rio Frio, 1; Miraflores, 1;
San Agustin, 3; w. slope below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 2; Fusugasuga, 1;
Honda, 2; Puerto Berrio, 4.
4
(2983) Myiozetetes similis columbianus Cab. & Hein.
Myiozetetes columbianus Cas. & Hetn., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 62 (Carthagena).
Myjiozetetes texensis colombianus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 146
(Bonda; Minca; Sta. Marta; Cacagualito; Palomina).
Specimens from the Magdalena Valley agree with those in a large series
from Bonda in the Tropical Zone near Santa Marta which may be con-
sidered as typically representing this form, since it was based on specimens
from the Caribbean coast both to the east and west of Santa Marta (Puerto
Bello, Venezuela; Carthagena, Colombia). Although we have specimens of
columbianus from Esmeraldas and southward in the coast region of Ecuador,
it does not appear to have been recorded from the Pacific coast of Colombia.
Some specimens from the vicinity of Merida, Venezuela, mark the first
steps of intergradation between columbianus and similis in the slightly
rufous edgings to the central wing-quills and buffy tint of the wing-linings,
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 461
and a further approach toward the Brazilian form is found in specimens
from Villavicencio and La Morelia. Mytozetetes similis therefore, as pre-
vious authors have already suggested, evidently ranges from Brazil to
Mexico and the northern form should stand as Myiozetetes similis texensis.
Remedios, lower Magdalena, 1; Chicoral, 2; w. slope below Andalucia
(alt. 3000 ft.), 1.
(2983a) Myiozetetes granadensis Lawr.
Mytozetetes granadensis Lawnr., Ibis, 1862, p. 11 (Panama, R. R.).
Not common but doubtless occurs throughout the greater part of tropi-
cal Colombia. An immature male, lacking the orange and scarlet crest,
from Villavicencio and a female from the Cunucunuma River (near the head
of the Orinoco) are darker than Panama birds (including the types) above
and deeper yellow below, while the crown is more strongly striped. In
color they agree with a specimen from Barbacoas (cf. von Berlepsch, Nov.
Zool., 1902, p. 46).
Alto Bonito, 2; Bagado, 1; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 1; Calamar, 1;
Villavicencio, 1.
(2984) Myiozetetes similis connivens Berl. & Stolz.
Myiozetetes connivens Bern. & Stouz., Ornis, XITI, 1906, p. 87 (La Merced,
Chanchamayo, Peru).
Specimens from the eastern base of the Andes are clearly not to be re-
ferred to the form which occupies the entire Caribbean coast and westward
to Costa Rica. The central wing-quills are more rufous, the wing-lining
more cinnamon, and in the coloration of these parts they are nearer Bahia
specimens than to true columbianus. These characters are particularly
well shown in a freshly plumaged bird taken at La Morelia, July 11, but the
more worn condition of birds taken at Buena Vista and Villavicencio in
March, has left but little rufous on the external-margin of the quills, though
the cinnamon color of the inner margins is sufficiently pronounced to dif-
ferentiate them from colwmbianus. The freshly plumaged Morelia bird
differs from a comparable specimen from eastern Brazil in having the back
more olive, the throat more yellow and apparently therefore agrees with
the form from eastern Peru to which, in the absence of Peruvian specimens,
I have provisionally referred it.
La Morelia, 1; Buena Vista, 1; Villavicencio, 3.
462 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(2990) Conopias cinchoneti (Tsch.).
Tyrannus cinchonett Tscu., Faun. Per., 1844-5, p. 151, pl. viii, fig. 2 (Peru).
A not common species in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. In
default of material, our birds have not been compared with specimens from
Peru.
La Frijolera, 1; Rio Lima, 1; Miraflorés, 1; Aguadita, 1.
(2991) Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis (Lafr.).
Saurophagus rufipennis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1851, p. 471 (Caracas, Venezuela).
Pitangus rufipennis Wxatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (Cienaga; Barranquilla).
Piiangus derbianus rufipennis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 146
(Bonda; Santa Marta; Valle Dupar).
Specimens from the Magdalena Valley average somewhat darker than
those from the coast of Colombia and Venezuela but are clearly to be re-
ferred to rufipennis.
La Playa, 2; Calamar, 4; Honda, 2; Chicoral, 1; w. slope below An-
dalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 1.
(2992) Pitangus sulphuratus subsp.
Lanius sulphuratus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 137 (Cayenne).
Two specimens of Pitangus sulphuratus from Villavicencio, at the east-
ern base of the Andes, do not agree exactly with any described form of
this variable species. They are intermediate between true sulphuratus
and rufipennis and thus are near trinitatis, from which indeed they differ
only in having the rufous and fuscous areas of wings and particularly tail
more sharply defined. The character is obvious enough, and, if constant,
would warrant the ‘separation of the Villavicencio bird. A specimen from
Maripa on the lower Orinoco and another from the Orinoco delta agree
with the two from Villavicencio, while three from Trinidad are alike in
their ill-defined tail-pattern. |
Villavicencio, 2. . '
, 2992a. Pitangus sulphuratus caucensis Chapm.
Pitangus sulphuratus caucensis Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 179
(Cali, Col.).
Char. subsp.— In the extent of rufous markings most nearly resembling P. s.
rufipennis; in general color nearer P. s. sulphuratus.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 463
This form appears to be restricted to the Cauca Valley. Occupying
a region in which the humidity more nearly resembles that of Trinidad and
the Guianas than it does that of the arid coastal zone of northern South
America, the characters of caucensis in a degree parallel the resemblance
in climatic conditions existing between the Cauca Valley and northeastern
South America.
Cali, 6; Florida, 1; Rio Frio, 1.
(2996) Pitangus lictor (Licht.).
Lfanius] lictor Licut., Verz. Doubl., 1828, p. 49 (Pard).
Saurophagus lictor Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (R. Atrato; R.
Truando). :
Pitangus lictor ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 146 (Cacagualito).
Boca de Chimi, lower Magdalena, 1.
(3001) Sirystes albocinereus Sci. & Salv.
Sirystes albocinereus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1880, p. 156 (Bogota).
Barrigon, lL.
(3003) Myiodynastes maculatus nobilis Sel.
Myiodynastes nobilis Scu., P. Z. §., 1859, p. 42 (Santa Marta); Wvarr, Ibis,
1871, p. 333 (Bucaramanga).
Mytodynastes audaz Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 514 (Sta. Elena; Frontino).
Myjiodynastes audaz nobilis Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 145 (Bonda;
Minca; Cacagualito; Manaure; Valle Dupar; Santa Marta).
A common species in the Tropical Zone. Our specimens have been
compared with a large series from Santa Marta, the type-locality.
Alto Bonito, 1; Dabeiba, 3; Puerto Valdivia, 3; La Manuelita, 2;
Chicoral, 3; Puerto Berrio, 2; Malena, 1; Calamar, 2.
(3005a) Myiodynastes luteiventris Scl.
Myiodynastes luteiventris Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 42 (Orizaba, Mexico).
A female taken at Chicoral in the upper Magdalena Valley, October 11,
is apparently typical of this species. It is interesting to note that Myiody-
nastes maculatus nobilis was also taken at Chicoral on October 11.
Chicoral, 1.
464 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(83007) Myiodynastes chrysocephalus minor Tacz. & Berl.
Mytodynastes chrysocephalus minor Tacz. & Brru., P. Z.8., 1885, p. 91 (Machay;
Mapoto, Ecuador).
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 514 (Concordia).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. While somewhat
larger than true minor of Ecuador, the Colombian birds essentially agree
with it in color.
La Frijolera, 2; Las Lomitas, 21; San Antonio, 3; Miraflores, 1; Sa-
lento, 3; near San Agustin, 3; La Palma, 2; Andalucia (3000 ft.), 3; Buena
Vista (above Villavicencio), 1.
(3006) Megarhynchus pitangua (Linn.).
Lanius pitangua Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1766, p. 136 (Brazil).
Megarhynchus pitangua ALLEN, Bull. A. M: N. H., XIII, p. 145 (Bonda; Minca;
Atanques; Santa Marta; Palomina).
Our collection contains only a single specimen of this common and widely
distributed species. It was taken at Chicoral.
Chicoral, 1.
(3008a) Onychorhynchus coronatus castelnaudi Dev.
Onychorhynchus castelnaudi Drv., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1849, 56 (Sarayacu, Rio
Ucayali, e. Peru).
An adult male collected by Ring at Villavicencio differs from a British
Guiana specimen in being smaller (wing, 73 mm.), the back is browner,
the belly deeper ochraceous, the tail more rufescent basally, and the upper
tail-coverts are practically unbarred. An immature specimen from “ Napo”
agrees with the Villavicencio bird in size, and in lacking the conspicuous
bars on the tail-coverts which characterize coronatus. I have no Peruvian
specimens but the type-locality of castelnaudi lies in the same faunal zone
as Napo, and it is therefore more than probable that the Villavicencio bird
agrees with the Peruvian form.
Villavicencio, 1.
(3013) Hirundinea sclateri Reinh.
Hirundinea sclatert Reinu., Fuglef. Bras. Camp, 1870, p. 337 (Peru).
A pair of birds of this apparently not common species was collected on
an arid part of the trail between Quetame and Buena Vista, in the Eastern.
- 1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 465
Andes, at an altitude of about 4600 feet. No others were observed. I
have no Peruvian specimens for comparison.
(3016) Cnipodectes minor Scl.
Cnipodectes minor Scu., P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 654 (Chamicuros, Peru).
Two specimens from La Morelia represent this species of which I have
seen no Peruvian specimens. They measure as follows.
Sex Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
oly 84 75 18 16
Q 74 65 17 14
(3017) Myiobius barbatus barbatus (Gmel.).
Muscicapa barbata GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 933 (Cayenne).
Inhabits the humid Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes. Four specimens agree with a series from British Guiana.
Florencia, 3; La Morelia, 1.
(3018) Myiobius barbatus atricaudus Lawr.
Myiobius atricaudus Lawr., Ibis, 1863, p. 183 (Panama R. R. Line; type ex-
amined).
Myjiobius barbatus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 514 (Sta. Elena!).
This well-named race evidently occupies all of the humid Tropical
Zone west of the Eastern Andes and penetrates the Cauca Valley at least
as far as Rio Frio. I detect no racial differences in a series of twenty-nine
specimens (including the type) from Costa Rica south to near Guayaquil.
Dabeiba, 1; Caldas, 2; Barbacoas, 3; Rio Frio, 1; Malena, 1.
(3020) Myiobius villosus Scl.
Myjiobius villosus Scu., P. Z.8., 1860, p. 93 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador).
I refer to this species three specimens from the lower part of the Sub-
tropical Zone in the Western Andes of southwest Colombia. They agree
with Sclater’s original description and differ from the form of the Tropical
Zone, which I call Myitobius sulphuretpygius aureatus Bangs, in its larger
size, darker back, browner head (particularly in the female, which has the
crown largely buckthorn-brown) brownish instead of yellow under wing-
coverts, and especially, in the color of the underparts, which are olive old-
466 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
gold or light orange-citrine, more olivaceous, therefore, than the breast of
aureatus. This color covers not only the breast but the sides and flanks
and to some extent under tail-coverts and is consequently much less re-
stricted than the corresponding color in aureatus, the yellow being confined
to the upper throat and chin, and center of the abdomen. Sclater’s
original description (J. c.) reading in part “pilei cristati plumis rufis, medi-
aliter aureis: Subtus fulvo-brunneus, gutture et ventre medio flavescen-
tionbus” clearly applies to this bird rather than to the Tropical Zone form
in which the whole abdomen and a large part of the flanks are yellow. Fur-
thermore, as the appended table indicates his measurements fit the sub-
tropical rather than tropical bird, and it is also of importance to note that
his type came from the first-named zone.
Although this bird seems clearly a zonal representative of awreatus it
nevertheless appears to be specifically distinct. Specimens from localities,
which like Barbacoas and Ricaurte are in approximately the same latitude
and are separated by only a few miles of space but by some 5000 feet of
altitude, show no sign of intergradation. On the other hand we have a
Bogota skin, labeled by Sclater villosus, which agrees with our Ricaurte
specimens in pattern, but has the brown of the underparts of the same
shade as in aureatus. It would be most interesting to know whence this
specimen came. A male from Inca Mine, Peru, resembles the Ricaurte
specimen but is duller below and has the rump paler yellow.
Cocal, 1; Ricaurte, 3.
Measurements.
Name Locality Sex Wing Tail
M. sulphureipygius aureatus Alto Bonito, Col. of 65 52
“ “ “ Névita, “« ot 64 52
& ef & Barbacoas rou 58 47
& i s Manavi, Ecuador fou 65 55
o Alto Bonito, Col. g 61 49
a i i Juntas de Tamané, Col. 9 59 47
“ e s Novita, Col. co} 58 48
e i ee Manavi, Ecuador g 61 49
M., villosus Ricaurte, Col. rot 69 58
“«& “ “ “ We 65 57
o a Coeal, Col. Q 67 57
‘ . Nanegal, Ecuador ! ? 71 62
(3020a) Myiobius sulphureipygius aureatus Bangs.
Mytobius xanthopygus aureatus Banas, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, IV, 1908, p. 27
(Divala, Chiriqui, Panama).
1 Ex Sclater.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 467
Myiobius sulphureipygius Cass., Proc. Acad. N. §., Phila., 1860, p. 144 (R.
Truando).
Myjiobius villosus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 514 (Frontino).
Mytobius sulphureipygius villosus Hutum., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1135 (Névita).
This form appears to be restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific
coast ranging northward to Costa Rica and southward to southwestern
Ecuador. After close examination of our thirty-six specimens from this
region, including seven from Costa Rica’ and six from Ecuador, I feel that
they should all be referred to one race. The more southern specimens
average somewhat more richly colored but the difference is slight and re-
peatedly bridged by individual variation.
Hellmayr (/. ¢.) applies the name willosus to a specimen from Novita
(whence we also have specimens), but I have given above what I trust will
be accepted as conclusive reasons for believing that that name should be
used for a quite different bird. Our specimens from Alto Bonito lead me to
believe that Sclater and Salvin’s record of M. villosus from Frontino should
be placed under this form.
Alto Bonito, 4; Chocd, 3; Baudo, 2; Névita, 2; Juntas de Taman, 2;
San José, 1; Barbacoas, 2.
(3022a) Myiobius cinnamomeus pyrrhopterus JHaril.
Myiobius pyrrhopterus Hartu., Rev. Zoél., 1848, p. 289 (New Grenada).
Mytobius cinnamomeus Scu. & Saty., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 514 (Concordia; Sta.
Elena).
A common species in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Com-
parison of our forty-eight Colombian specimens with six from Bolivia and
Peru shows that the former differ constantly from the latter in the smaller
size, paler, narrower rump-band and greener. back. Thus, as Hartlaub
(I. c.) put it some seventy years ago, the Colombian bird is “voisine de la
Muscipeta cinnamomea, d’Orb. et Lafr., mais bien differente.” Old
‘Bogotdé’ skins do not appear to differ from recently collected ones.
San Antonio, 6; Cerro Munchique, 7; Crest of Andes, w. of Popayan, 1;
Cocal, 3; Almaguer, 2; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 5; Sta. Elena, 5; Laguneta,
1; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 1; La Palma, 8; La Candela, 3; Andalucia, 1;
Aguadita, 3; El Roble, 4; Chipaque (8500 ft.), 1.
(3033) Myiobius flavicans Scl.
Myjiobius flavicans Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 464 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); Scu. &
Satv., [bid., 1879, p. 514 (Sta. Elena).
468 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I can detect no
racial differences in our series of nineteen specimens. Old ‘Bogotad’ skins
are somewhat browner above and paler below than recently collected ones
from the Bogoté region. Five specimens from Zaruma, southern Ecuador,
which doubtless are typical of flavicans, are somewhat more olivaceous and
slightly deeper yellow below, and a little browner above and average slightly
smaller than Colombian birds.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 2; La Florida, 1; Cocal, 1; Gallera,
1; Salento, 3; Sta. Elena, 5; Tochecito, 1; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 4;
Fusugasugé, 1; El Roble, 2.
(3035) Myiobius lite Hart.
Myjiobius lite Hart., Bull. B. O. C., XI, 1901, p. 40 (Lita, n. w. Ecuador).
A male from the Névita Trail agrees with the description of this species
of which I have seen no authentic specimens. It seems not to have been
previously recorded from Colombia.
Novita Trail, 1.
(3037) Myiobius pulcher pulcher Sci.
Myjiobius pulcher Scu., P. Z.8., 1860, p. 464 (Quito).
Specimens from the Western Andes have the head grayer, but otherwise
agree with others from Quito, and differ from Bogota region birds in having
the margins to the inner wing-quills less ochraceous in color, the breast paler.
Gallera, 1; Cocal, 2.
(8038) Myiobius pulcher bellus Sci.
Myjtobius bellus Scu., P. Z.S., 1862, p. 111 (Bogoté).
Specimens from Aguadita and El Roble doubtless typically represent
this form which is but slightly differentiated from M. pulcher of Quito and
western Colombia, the breast being somewhat more fulvous, the wing-
bars and margins to the inner quills more ochraceous. Old ‘ Bogota’ skins
are essentially like fresh ones.
Aguadita, 2; El] Roble, 2.
(3040) Myiobius fasciatus fasciatus (J/iill.).
Muscicapa fasciatus P. L. 8. Mutu, Syst. Nat., Suppl., 1766, p. 172 (Cayenne).
Myiobius nevius Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (Ocafia); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879,
p. 514 (Medellin); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 145 (Minca; Pueblo
Viejo; Palomina).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 469
An inhabitant of scrubby growth in the Tropical Zone which ranges
upward to the lower border of the Subtropical Zone. Colombian speci-
mens agree in averaging yellower below than those in a good series from
Trinidad and thus approach the Panama form, M. f. furfurosus.
Caldas, 2; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 1; Salento, 1; Andalucia
(w. slope, 5000 ft.), 1; Honda, 1; Quetame, 1.
(3026) Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularis (Salv. & Godm.).
Mytobius fulvigularis Satv. & Gopm., Biol. Cen.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, p. 58.
(Santa Fé, Panama).
Myjiobius erythrurus fulvigularis Heuim., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 11386 (Juntas, Rio
Tanamé4).
Occupies the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward into An-
tioquia. Our specimens agree with others from Panama.
Alto Bonito, 2; San José, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 2.
(3029) Myiotriccus ornatus ornatus (Lafr.).
Tyrannula ornata Larr., Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 57: (Colombia).
Specimens from Fusugasug4, Subia, and from the Central Andes twenty
miles west of Honda are typical of this form. Specimens from the lower
Cauca approach stellatus in their smaller size but are nearer ornatus. Old
‘Bogota’ skins differ from recently collected ones in having the yellow areas
paler.
La Frijolera, 4; Fusugasuga, 4; Subia, 1; west of Honda, 1.
oes (3030) Myiotriccus ornatus stellatus (Cab.).
Myjiobius stellatus Caz., J. f. O., 1873, p. 158 (Ecuador).
Specimens from the Pacific Coast region, chiefly from the Tropical
Zone, appear to be referable to this form, but-the variation shown by three
specimens from Ecuador leaves me somewhat in doubt as to the true char-
acters of stellatus. A specimen from Lita, northwestern Ecuador, secured
through the Tring Museum is labelled ‘stellatus,’ and one from ‘western
Ecuador’ received from von Berlepsch is similarly named. Both have the
breast olive-green, as broadly so in the Lita specimen as in any example of
true ornatus. Butabird collected by Richardson at Rio de Oro, Manavi, has
almost no olive-green on the breast, at least centrally, where the gray of the
throat and yellow of the belly are in contact. If the Lita specimen is true
470 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
stellatus our western Colombia examples may be properly referred to that
form; if the Rio de Oro specimen is true stellatus then our western Colombia
specimens are intermediate between stellatus and ornatus. They agree with
stellatus in size and in the absence of a continuous white frontal band, but
in their olive-green breast and amount of rufous in the tail are like ornatus.
Chocé (probably either Bagado or Andagueda), 1; Novita Trail (alt.
4000 ft.), 1; Gallera, 2; Cocal, 2; Buenavista, Narifio, 6.
Measurements.
Wing Tail
Fusugasugé, Col., 3 males 61-66 45-47
as ee 57 41
La Frijolera, “ 3 males 59-62-5 44
* ae: 58.5 39.5
Chocé, fe 54 39
Névita Trail, “ o@ 58 41
Gallera, « 2 males 58-59 39
i SG 53.5 36
Cocal, « 2 males 57 38-41
“ ie 54 36
Buenavista, “3 males 53-57 37-38
e u 8 53 35
Lita, Ecuador, “ of 56 37
Rio de Oro, s 9) 54 36
(3031) Myiotriccus phenicurus (Scl.).
Tyrannulus phenicura Scu., P. Z.8., 1854, p. 113, pl. 66, fig. 1 (Rio Napo, Ecua-
dor).
A single specimen from the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes (alt.
2500 ft.), below Andalucia.
(3044) Pyrocephalus pyrocephalus rubinus (Bodd.).
Muscicapa rubinus Bopp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 42 (Brazil).
In its heavily streaked white underparts, showing no trace of pink (the
crissum being yellow); a female from La Morelia agrees with this race.
La Morelia, 1.
(3046) Pyrocephalus rubinus heterurus Berl. & Stolz.
Pyrocephalus rubineus heterurus Brru. & Stouz., P. Z. 8., 1892, p. 381 (Lima).
Pyrocephalus rubineus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 515 (Medellin); Srons,
Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Ambalema).
Pyrocephalus rubinus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 144 (Valencia),
e
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 471
A common inhabitant of arid, semi-arid or cleared and bush-grown
places in the Tropical Zone, throughout the greater part of Colombia. We
have taken it at Tumaco but at no other point on the Pacific coast, Caldas,
being faunally a part of the Cauca Valley rather than of the coast region.
Topotypical (Lima) specimens of heterurus are larger, and the female ap-
pears to be more richly colored than specimens from Ecuador and western
Colombia, but I have not sufficient Peruvian material to reach satisfactory
conclusions in this connection.
Although this Flycatcher doubtless occurs at Villavicencio we did not
secure specimens, and I am unable therefore to state whether birds from
that part of Colombia show any approach to the well-marked P. r. saturatus
of Orinocan Venezuela.
Tumaco, 5; Caldas, 3; San Antonio, 1; Cali, 9; La Manuelita, 2;
Miraflores, 1; Popayan, 1; w. slope (alt. 3000 ft.) below Andalucia, 2;
Chicoral, 2; Honda, 1.
(83050) Empidochanes cabanisi (Léot.).
Empidonaz cabanisi Léot., Ois. Trin., 1866, p. 232 (Trinidad).
Empidochanes cabanisi ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 144 (Valparaiso).
Boca de Chimi, lower Magdalena, 1.
(3051) Empidochanes pecilurus Scl.
Empidochanes pecilurus Scu., P. Z. §., 1862, p. 112 (Bogotaé).
Knipolegus columbianus Cparm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XT, 1912, p. 151 (Andes.
west of Popayan). ;
The receipt of additional specimens of this bird from a locality far re-
moved from that whence I had described “Knipolegus columbianus’’, in-
duced the belief that, although the type of that “species” had been examined
by and was unknown to most of the leading ornithologists of this country,
it represented a species which had been previously described. Specimens
were therefore submitted to Count von Berlepsch who revealed its true
identity.
I still fail, however, to appreciate the bird’s relationships to typical
members of the genus Empidochanes and as before suggested (J. c.) feel
that it deserves generic separation. This species evidently occurs in the
Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
Andes west of Popayan, 1; Santa Elena, 1; La Candela, 1; La Palma, 2;
near San Agustin, 1.
472 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(30572) Mitrephanes berlepschi eminulus Wels.
Mitrephanes eminulus Nets., Smith. Misc. Coll., LX, No. 3, 1912, p. 13 (Cana,
e. Panama).
After comparison with five essentially topotypical specimens of eminulus,
from Tacarcuna, eastern Panama, I refer to that form a specimen from
Monquido, a station in the Atrato Valley visited by Mrs. Kerr which I
have not been able to locate, and a fully adult male from Alto Bonito on
the western slope of the Western Andes above this valley. The first-named
specimen has somewhat less fulvous on the breast than the Panama speci-
mens, and in the Alto Bonito bird there is a still further reduction of this
color, the breast being largely olive, while the abdomen is a brighter yellow.
I have no doubt that this bird is separable from eminulus, but in the ab-
sence of specimens of the western Ecuador form, berlepschi, of which emi-
nulus appears to be merely a race, I provisionally refer it to the Panama
form.
The affinities of this species appear to me to be with M. aurantziventris
of western Panama and Costa Rica, which differs chiefly through an in-
crease in the intensity and extent of the fulvous coloring, rather than with
M. olivaceus of eastern Peru, a much larger bird with olivaceous breast
and abdomen.
Monquido, Chocéd, 1; ? Alto Bonito, 1.
i (3058) Sayornis nigricans cineracea (Lafr.).
Tyrannula cineracea Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 7 (Caracas, Venezuela).
Sayornis ardosiacus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 144 (Truando).
Sayornis cineracea Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 332 (Ocafia; Cocuta Valley); Scu. &
Sauv., P. Z. S:, 1879, p. 511 (Medellin; Frontino); Aten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 151 (Cacagualito; Onaca).
Sayornis nigricans Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Ibagiie).
Sayornis cineracea cineracea Heuio., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1125 (Pueblo Rico).
An inhabitant of the Tropical Zone but working up the streams to the
lower border of the Subtropics. It appears to be locally distributed through-
out the greater part of tropical Colombia, though we have taken no speci-
mens in the Cauca Valley. The smallest birds come from the eastern slope
of the Eastern Andes, the largest from the Pacific Coast.
San José, 1; Los Cisneros, 2; Caldas, 1; Salento, 2; Rio Toché, 4;
near San Agustin, 1; w. slope below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 8; Quetame, 7.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 473
(3066) Empidonax virescens (Veiil.).
Platyrhynchus virescens Vintuu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXVII, 1818, p. 22
(near Philadelphia, Pa.).
Empidonaxz virescens Heim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1136 (Pueblo Rico; Sipi); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 143 (Bonda; Valparaiso).
Taken only west of the Central Andes. December specimens are much
yellower below than those taken in February and March.
Juntas de Tamana, 2, Dec. 18, 20; Los Cisneros, 1, Mch. 20; Las
Lomitas, 3, Feb. 27-Mch. 6; San Antonio, 2, Feb. 16, 21; Rio Frio, 1,
Nov. 24; Puerto Valdivia, 1, Dec. 14.
(30642) Empidonax trailli alnorum Brewst.
Empidonaz traillii alnorum Brewst., Auk, XII, 1895, p. 161 (Upton, Me.).
Found only in the Tropical Zone. Two of our specimens might as
readily be referred to tratllt as to alnorum, and few represent the extreme
type of alnorum, but the series as a whole is nearer to alnorum than to trazllt.
Dabeiba, 1, Feb. 26; Turbaco, 1, Aug. 15; Calamar, 2, Nov. 4, Jan. 21;
Puerto Berrio, 1, Jan. 29; Honda, 3, Feb. 6-8.
(3069) Myiochanes ardosiacus ardosiacus (Lafr.).
Be G
Tyrannula ardosiaca Larr., Rev. Zodl., 1844, p. 80 (Colombia).
Contopus ardesiacus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 515 (Medellin; Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. J can detect no
racial differences.
Paramillo Trail (10,000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 1;
Gallera, 1; Ricaurte, 2; Buenavista, Narifio, 1; Salento, 1; Rio Toché, 1;
La Palma, 1; near San Agustin, 2; La Candela, 2; Fusugasuga, 4; Agua-
dita, 3; El Roble, 1; Palo Hueco, 1. :
(3071) Myiochanes virens (Linn.).
Muscicapa virens Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 327 (Carolina).
Contopus virens ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 142 (Valparaiso;
Cacagualito; Santa Marta). ;
A specimen taken at Dabeiba, one at San Agustin, May 4 (a surprisingly
late date), and two from Villavicencio are typical of this species.
We have also a specimen from La Frijolera, Jan. 3, one from Salencio
474 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(Dec. 10), and two from Buenavista (Mch. 1 and 18), which are so fairly
intermediate between wirens and richardsoni that neither Mr. Waldron
Miller nor I can refer them with certainty to either of these species.
Dabeiba, 1, Feb. 13; San Agustin, 1, May 4; Villavicencio, 2, Mch. 11,
13.
(83072) Myiochanes richardsoni (Swains.).
Tyrannula richardsoni Swatns., Fauna Bor.-Am. II, 18381, p. 146, pl. 46 (Cumber-
land House, Saskatchewan).
Myjiochanes richardsonii richardsoniti Hetim., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1136 (Loma
Hermosa).
Four specimens which can unquestionably be referred to this species
show that it doubtless occurs throughout tropical Colombia. As remarked
under the preceding species, in addition to the specimens listed below, we
have two from Buenavista and one from Salencio which neither Mr. Wal-
dron Miller nor I can refer satisfactorily either to richardsont or virens.
Chocé, 1; Buenavista, Narifio, 1, Sept. 28; near San Agustin, 1, Apl.
16; Buena Vista (above Villavicencio), 2, Mch. 1 and Mch. 7.
(3072a) Myiochanes brachytarsus (Sci.).
Empidonasx brachytarsus Scu., Ibis, 1859, p. 441 (Mexico).
Contopus brachytarsus ALLEN, Bull A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 143 (Minca;
Cacagualito; Santa Marta).
A single specimen from El Consuelo above Honda.
(8079) Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.).
Turdus crinitus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 170 (Carolina).
Myiarchus crinitus Heui., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1187 (Névita; Noanam4); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 142 (Bonda).
Noanamé, 1, Dec. 30; Puerto Valdivia, 3, Dec. 14-22; La Manuelita,
1; April 12.
(3080) Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Miill.).
Muscicapa tyrannulus Miu., Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, p. 169 (Cayenne).
A specimen in excessively worn plumage from La Playa represents
this species.
La. Playa, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 475
(8085a) Myiarchus fortirostris Todd.
Myjiarchus fortirostris Topp., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1918, p. 171 (Prov.
del Sara, Bolivia).
Mr. Oberholser identifies a male from Florencia as agreeing essentially
with a National Museum specimen from “E. Peru” which has been com-
pared with the type. The Peruvian specimen is somewhat faded, a fact
which doubtless accounts for its being slightly paler than the Colombian
bird. This record materially extends the known range of this recently
described species.
Florencia, 1.
(8086) Myiarchus (ferox?). venezuelensis Lawr.
Myjiarchus venezuelensis Lawr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 38 (Vene-
guela).
Count von Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 1902, p. 51) has identified as Myizar-
chus ferox venezuelensis Lawr., certain specimens of Myiarchus from the
middle lower Orinoco and comparison of our specimens from the same
region with Lawrence’s type confirms his views, so far as subspecific rela-
tionship is concerned, but in the absence of material I am unable to make
comparison with true feroz.
I now refer to this form five specimens from Villavicencio and three from
La Morelia and Florencia which, although they average darker above than
the Orinoco birds and have the bill shorter and broader, the belly deeper
yellow than the type, are evidently the representatives of venezuelensis
which, having been described merely as from ‘Venezuela,’ would appear
to come from the Orinoco region of that country and to range westward
through Colombia to the Andes. The La Morelia and Florencia birds are
somewhat darker than those from Villavicencio. The difference is in part
due to their fresher plumage and is in part no doubt racial. &
Villavicencio, 5; La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
(3087) Myiarchus (ferox?) panamensis Laur.
Myiarchus panamensis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 284
(Panama).
Myiarchus ferox Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (Falls of Truando);
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XTII, 1900, p. 142 (Bonda; Santa Marta).
Myjiarchus erythrocercus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (Santa Marta).
Myjiarchus tyrannulus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 515 (Retiro; Concordia;
Sta. Elena).
476 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Our birds agree with panamensis but in default of a topotypical series
of ferox I am unable to discuss their relation to that form. Ridgway (Bull.
50, IV, p. 612) makes panamensis a subspecies of ferox; von Berlepsch (Int.
-Orn. Con., 1907, p. 477) treats it as a species. It doubtless occurs through-
out the greater part of the Tropical Zone west of the Eastern Andes,
frequenting open or semi-arid places. Two specimens from Tumaco are
grayer above than average Panama specimens, but are nearly matched
by a specimen from La Chorrera, near the southern end of the Canal Zone.
Tumaco, 2; Bagado, 1; Malena, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Chicoral, 1;
Turbaco, 1.
(3088) Myiarchus cephalotes Tacz.
Myiarchus cephalates Tacz., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 671 (Tambillo, Peru).
Fourteen specimens, all from the Subtropical Zone of the Western and
Central Andes, should apparently be referred to this species, which appears
not to have been previously recorded from north of Ecuador. For com-
parison I have only a single specimen of cephalotes from the province
of Huanuco, Peru, with which, allowing for differences due to the worn
condition of the Peruvian bird, our series agrees. Seventeen specimens
from the Tropical Zone of western Ecuador are all referable to M. pheo-
cephalus, easily distinguished from cephalotes by its olive-gray back, and
blackish crown.. It is possible that this species may be a zonal repre-
sentative of ferox, but all the birds in our series can readily be distinguished
from ferox panamensis (which occurs in the Tropical Zone of the same
range of the Andes whence came our specimens of cephalotes), by their
blacker mandibles, darker wings and tail, and, particularly, by the con-
spicuous, whitish margins to the outer vanes of the tertials and outer pair
of tail-feathers.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Miraflores, 3; Salento, 4; Sta. Elena, 2; Rio
Toché, 1; El Eden, 2; La Candela, 1; La Palma, 1.
(3092) Myiarchus apicalis Sci. & Salv.
Mytarchus apicalis Scu. & Satv., Ibis, 1881, p. 269 (Bogota).
This is an inhabitant of the Tropical Zone from Caldas to the Magda~-
lena Valley. Birds from the Cauca region are materially larger and have
larger bills than those from the Bogoté region.
Caldas, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 3; Cali, 2; Chicoral, 1; Honda,
4; El Consuelo (above Honda), 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 477
(3093) Myiarchus tuberculifer nigriceps (Sci.).
Myjiarchus nigriceps Scu., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 68 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 333 (Ocafia to Bucaramanga); Aten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900,
p. 143 (Minca; Onaca; Las Nubes; Cacagualito; Valparaiso); Hruim., P. Z. §.,
1911, p. 1137 (Pueblo Rico, 5200 ft.; Noanamé4).
Without a series of eastern Bolivian birds typical of tuberculifer (Lafr.
& d’Orb.) I cannot satisfactorily treat our Colombian series of small, black-
headed Flycatchers of the tuberculifer-nigriceps group. It seems unques-
tionable, however, that the bird of which we have forty-five specimens from
western Ecuador, western Colombia, Cauca and Magdalena Valleys, Pan-
ama, Santa Marta, Buena Vista (above Villavicencio), Merida and north-
western Venezuela and Trinidad belongs to a single species.
The Ecuador specimens are topotypical of nigriceps, while those from
Venezuela and Trinidad are referred by Hellmayr! to tuberculifer. Ac-
cepting birds from these localities, therefore, as respectively representing
nigriceps and tuberculifer, and aside from slight differences in size, which
doubtless would be paralleled in a series of tuberculifer taken from Bolivia
to Venezuela, the Trinidad and Venezuela birds (8 specimens) may be
distinguished from the Ecuador birds (5 specimens) by having the crown
fuscous-black instead of pure black, the back grayish olive-green, instead of
olive-green while the crown is less clearly defined from the back; the belly
averages paler, but there is here much variation. In the size and shape of
the bill, color of the wing-bars, and extent of cinnamon on the inner wing-
quills, individual variation is so great that geographical variation, if it exists,
is obscured.
Accepting, then, these two series as standards for comparison, it ap-
pears, as might be expected, that specimens from the Pacific Coast of
Colombia are typical of nigriceps and a single old skin from the Panama
R. R. line is evidently also nigriceps. It is surprising, however, to find
the form of the humid Pacific Coast in the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys,
but specimens from Cali, Rio Frio and below Andalucia unquestionably
belong to it.
Alto Bonito, 2; Dabeiba, 3; Juntas de Taman4, 1; San José, 3; Rio
Frio, 2; Cali, 1; w. slope below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.) 3. .
(3098a) Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer (Lafr. & d’Orb.).
Tyrannus tuberculifer Larr. & D’OrB., Syn. Av. I, Mag. de Zool., 1837, p. 43
(Guarayos, e. Bolivia).
1 Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, pp. 26, 323.
478 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Two specimens from Buena Vista, near the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes are intermediate between nigriceps from Ecuador and tuberculifer
from Venezuela and Trinidad; the back is less green than the former and
not so gray as in the latter, and the crown while lacking the intense black
of nigriceps is not as fuscous as in the birds from Venezuela and Trinidad.
On geographical grounds, however, these birds should be referred to tu-
berculifer rather than to nigriceps.
Santa Marta birds (19 specimens) agree with those from eastern Vene-
zuela and Trinidad.
Buena Vista, 2.
(3100) Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.).
Lanius tyrannus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 94 (Carolina).
Tyrannus pipiri Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 515 (Medellin).
Tyrannus tyrannus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 142 (Santa Marta).
Our specimens are from the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys, and from
near Quetame. On April 15, 1912, we saw loose flocks containing hundreds
of Kingbirds on the Magdalena River near Puerto Wilche. They’ were
presumably migrating.
Miraflores, 1, Apl. 20; San Agustin, 1, Apl. 17; Susumuco, 1, Mch. —.
(3101) Tyrannus niveigularis Scl.
Tyrannus niveigularis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 281 (Babahoyo, Ecuador).
A specimen from Ricaurte agrees with topotypical examples from Daule.
This western Ecuador species has not before been recorded from Colombia.
Ricaurté, 1.
(3102) Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmel.).
Lanius dominicensis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 302 (Santo Domingo).
Tyrannus dominicensis Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, pl. 143 (Carthagena).
Tyrannus griseus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XITI, 1900, p. 142 (Bonda).
Found only on the San Juan and Lower Magdalena.
Noanamé, 2, Dec. 29, Jan. 1; Banco, 2, Jan. 24; Varrud, 2, Nov. 5.
(3104) Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa (Cab. & Hein.).
Laphyctes satrapa Caz. & Hetn., Mus. Hein., II, 1859, p. 77 (Paraguay).
Tyrannus melancholichus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (Cartha-
gena; Turbo; Truando); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 (Bucaramanga region up to
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombja. 479
9000 ft.); Sci. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 516 (Retiro; Medellin); Rosinson, Flying
Trip, p. 160 (Barranquilla to Honda; Guaduas).
Tyrannus melancholichus satrapa Heui., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1188 (Tad6); Auten,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 142 (Bonda; Minca; Onaca; Cacagualito; Val-
paraiso).
Abundant throughout tropical Colombia. While in the main an in-
habitant of the Tropical Zone this wide-ranging species apparently follows
trails and clearings up the mountains and it is thus locally common in the
Temperate Zone, for example on the Bogota Savanna.
Dabeiba, 1; Bagado, 1; Quibdé, 2; Névita, 1; Noanam4, 1; San
José, 3; Caldas, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; Ricaurte, 4; Tumaco, 2; Puerto Val-
divia, 1; San Antonio, 2; Munchique, 1; Cali, 2; Guengiie, 1; La Manu-
elita, 2; Rio Frio, 1; Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 2; Barro Blanco, 4; La Sierra,
1; San Agustin, 2; Andalucia (3000 ft.), 2; Chicoral, 1; Honda, 1; Cala-
mar, 2; La Playa, 2; Turbaco, 1; Aguadita, 1; Bogot4 Savanna, 2; Subia,
2; La Olanda, 3; Quetame, 1; Florencia, two specimens in juvenal plumage.
Ak (3107) Muscivora tyrannus (Linn.).
Muscicapa tyrannus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 325 (Surinam).
Milvulus tyrannus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 (Ocafia region up to 5000 ft.);
Sci. & Satyv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 516 (Retiro; Medellin); Roxsinson, Flying Trip, p.
160 (Guaduas; Honda); Stowe, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Honda);
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 142 (Bonda; Valparaiso; Manaure; San
Sebastian; Santa Marta; Palomina).
Generally distributed throughout the arid Tropical Zone and in open or
cleared areas in the hunid parts of this zone; ranging upward to 7200 feet.
Turbaco, 1; Caldas, 1; Cali, 6; La Manuelita, 2; Barro Blanco, 4;
Chicoral, 1.
Famity PIPRIDA. Mawnakins.
(3116) Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala (Linn.).
Parus erythrocephalus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1759, p. 191 (Surinam).
Pipra auricapilla Cass., Proc. Acad. N: 8. Phila., 1860, p. 191 (Turbo); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 516 (Remedios; Neché); Rosinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p.
161 (R. Magdalena); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIIT, 1900, p. 156 (Bonda; Onaca;
Minca; Agua Dulce; Las Nubes; Valparaiso).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific, Coast, Atrato, Cauca, and
Magdalena Valleys. Specimens from these districts agree with the orange-
480 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
headed form of the Caribbean coast region, Trinidad, and the Guianas,
while those from this zone at the base of the Eastern Andes are referable
to the yellow-headed form, P. c. berlepschi. Both races, therefore, are
found in the Bogota region and their occurrence together in ‘ Bogotd’ col-
lections has doubtless led to the belief that the characters separating them
are individual rather than racial.
With somewhat over one hundred males before me representing the
greater part of the geographic range of the species, I find no difficulty, how-
ever, in distinguishing two perfectly valid forms the distribution of which,
aside from the light here thrown on birds from the Bogoté region, is cor-
rectly given by Ridgway (Bull. .50, IV, pp. 748, 748). Females of erythro-
cephala are yellower, particularly below, than those of berlepschi.
R. Salaqui, 1; Los Cisneros, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 6; Rio Frio, 1; west
of Honda, 3.
(3116a) Pipra erythrocephala berlepschi Ridgw.
Pipra erythrocephala berlepschi Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, p. 117
(Nauta, northeastern Peru).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
Our specimens have the crown slightly more orange than it is in twenty-
two old ‘Napo’ skins, but agree with three specimens collected at Zamora,
southeastern Ecuador, in October, 1913.
Florencia, 3; La Morelia, 2; Buena Vista, 4; Villavicencio, 1.
(3118) Pipra mentalis minor Hart.
tos T vs
Pipra mentalis minor Hart., Nov. Zool., 1898, p. 489 (Cachabi, n. w. Ecuador);
HeEuuo., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1139 (Rio Cajon; Sipi; Névita; Noanam4).
Restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. As Hellmayr
(J. c.) has shown, west Colombian specimens agree with Ecuadorian birds
in color but are nearer Panama specimens (ignifera) in size.
Baudo (3000 it.),1; Noanamé, 2; Novita, 1; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 4.
(3120a) Pipra leucocilla minimus nom. nov.
Pipra leucocilla minor Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXTII, 1914, p. 623 (Cocal,
Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Pipra leucocilla anthracina (Ridg.) but much smaller,
the lower tail-coverts not always tipped with grayish. Wing, 54; tail, 22.5-25;
culmen, 8-9; breadth of bill at nostril, 4-5 mm,
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 481
Known only from the type-locality where it represents the nearly re-
lated P. 1. anthracina of Veragua and Costa Rica. Between Cocal and
Veragua no form of this species appears to have been recorded.
Doctor Hellmayr kindly calls my attention to the fact that the sub-
specific name proposed for this race is pre-occupied by Pipra mentalis minor
Hart., a form with which, as the preceding entry shows, I am perfectly
familiar, but the name of which I had overlooked in this connection. I
therefore suggest the name Pipra leucocilla minimus for the Cocal form.
Cocal, 3.
(3122) Pipra leucocilla coracina (Scl.).
Pipra coracina Scu., P. Z.8., 1856, p. 29 (Bogota).
Found only at Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, and on the eastern
slope of the Eastern Andes below Andalucia (4000 ft.). Three adult males,
aside from being larger, are less bluish black than recently collected speci-
mens from British Guiana. Females are much brighter green than those
of P. 1. leucocilla. Two young males collected by Fuertes, one having the
testes slightly, the other much enlarged, have the crown, sides of the head
and nape uniform slaty gray clearly defined from the oil-green back. This
is evidently the first nuptial plumage and, as shown by specimens of P. 1.
leucocilla, it is succeeded by that of maturity.
Buena Vista, 7; Andalucia, 1.
(3124) Pipra isadorei isadorei Sci.
Pipra isadoret Scu., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 9 (Bogotd).
Found only at Buena Vista, where two males were taken. An old
“Bogota’ skin is duller above, and browner below, while the blue rump is
slightly paler.
Buena Vista, 2.
(3127) Pipra velutina Berl.
Pipra velutina BERL., Ibis, 1883, p. 492 (Veragua).
Pipra cyaneocapilla Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 517 (Medellin; Remedios;
Neché).
Pipra coronata velutina Huti., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1140 (Névita; Sipi; Noanamé4;
Rio Cajon; San Joaquim).
A common inhabitant of the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, and
eastward into Antioquia. Barbacoas specimens are considerably smaller
482 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
than those from Chiriqui and Costa Rica (wing, 56; as compared with
62 mm.), a difference to which Hellmayr (J. c.) has already called attention.
Alto Bonito, 5; Bagado, 5; Andagueda, 1; Juntas de Tamanéa, 1;
Névita, 5; Noanam4, 1; San José, 4; Buenaventura, 1; Barbacoas, 6;
Puerto Valdivia, 5.
(3128) Pipra coronata Spiz.
Pipra coronata Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 5, pl. vii, fig. 1(“in sylvis fl. Ama-
zonum”’),
Found in the Tropical Zone at the base of the Eastern Andes. Eight
males differ from a large series of old “ Napo”’ skins in being blacker and in
having less violaceous wash, particularly on the rump. It is probable,
however, that these differences are due to the difference in the age of the
skins.
Florencia, 15; La Morelia, 12.
(3188) Cirrhipipra filicauda (Spiz).
Pipra filicauda Srix, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 6, pl. viii, figs. 1, 2 (‘ad pagum St.
Pauli in sylvis fl. Solimoens’’),
A pair from La Morelia and an adult male from Florencia.
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
(3141) Macheropterus striolatus (Bonap.).
Pipra striolata Bonap., P. Z. 8., 1837, p. 122 (w. Brazil).
Macheropterus striolatus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 517 (Medellin; Remedios;
Neché).
Doubtless distributed throughout the humid Tropical Zone. While
obviously a representative of M. regulus of southeastern Brazil the ranges
of the two birds are not known to be connected and their intergradation
is problematical.
Alto Bonito, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 2; La Frijolera, 1; w. of Honda, 1;
Florencia, 5; La Morelia, 1.
(3143) Allocopterus deliciosus (Scl.).
Pipra deliciosa Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 90 (Nanegal, Ecuador).
Found only in the southern part of the Western Andes where it ranges
as low as 1200 ft. Five males agree with three others from Nanegal (type-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 483
locality), Ecuador. This species does not appear to have been before re-
corded from Colombia.
Cocal, 1; Buenavista, Narifio, 9.
(3144) Chloropipo flavicapilla (Scl.).
Pipra flavicapilla Scu., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 9 (Bogoté).
Chloropipo flavicapilla Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 516 (Medellin).
An adult male from San Antonio, above Cali, is the only specimen of
this species which we have taken. It has the crest and breast brighter and
the former fuller than in a ‘Bogot4’ specimen, but the latter may not be
mature.
San Antonio, 1.
(3146) Chloropipo holochlora holochlora Scl.
Chloropipo holochlora Scu., Cat. Bds. B. M., XIV, 1888, p. 287 (‘Bogoté’).
This form appears to be confined to the Tropical Zone at the eastern,
base of the Eastern Andes.
Florencia, 1; Villavicencio, 2.
(3147) Chloropipo holochlora lite Hellm.
Chloropipo holochlora lite Hztim., Nov. Zool., 1906, p. 325 (Lita, n. w. Ecuador);
P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1138 (Sipi; Névita).
Found only in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast.
Baudo, 1; San José, 2; Barbacoas, 2.
(3151) Piprites tschudi (Cab.).
Hemipipo tschudi Cas., J. f. O., 1874, p. 79 (Mifiabamba, cen. Peru).
A male from La Frijolera is somewhat brighter than a female and an
unsexed specimen from Zamora, Ecuador.
La Frijolera, 1.
(3156) Masius chrysopterus (Lafr.).
Pipra chrysoptera Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 97 (Bogoté).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and the eastern
slope of the Central Andes, at least at the head of the Magdalena Valley.
484 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
A molting male from La Candela agrees with one in similar plumage from
Fusugasugé and therefore shows no approach toward M. corunulatus with
which this species does not appear to intergrade.
La Candela, 1 1,4 9 9; Fusugasugé, 2 o'o7, 2 9 9; Aguadita, 1 0,
399.
(3158) Masius corunulatus Sci.
Masius corunulatus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 91 (Nanegal, Ecuador); Sci. & Satv.,
Ibid., 1879, p. 516 (Dept. Antioquia).
Masius chrysopterus bellus Hart. & Hetim., Orn. Monatsber., XI, 1903, p. 35
(Rio Lima, 4000 ft., w. Col.); P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1188 (Pueblo Rico, 5200 ft.).
We have found this species only in the Western Andes and lower Cauca
slope of the Central Andes. At Buenavista it descends as low as 1200 ft.
The most careful comparison of eight males from western Colombia with
two from Nanegal (type-locality of corwnulatus) and two from Gualea,
Ecuador, fails to reveal characters on which to base a Cauca region form.
Both Colombian and Ecuadorian series contain birds with “ tobacco-brown”’
and “dark red” (cf. Hellm., Gen. Av., Pt. IX, 1910, p. 16) crests. The
yellow of the wings averages deeper in the Colombian birds, but the dif-
ference at best is slight and entirely overlapped by individual variation.
Possibly our specimens from Gallera and Buenavista may not typically
represent “bellus”’ of the Cauca region, though we have not found in other
species any difference between specimens from Gallera and the Andes west
of Cali. Furthermore, a specimen from Las Lomitas, essentially topo-
typical of bellus, can be almost exactly matched with one from Gualea. I
detect no evidence of intergradation between this species and M. chrysop-
terus of the Eastern Andes.
Las Lomitas, 1 o&, 3 9 9; San Antonio, 1; Cocal, 19,1 juv.; Gal-
lera, 3 oc"; Buenavista, Narifio, 4 oo"; La Frijolera, 1.
(3162) Chiroxiphia pareola napensis Miller.
Chiroxiphia pareola napensis Miuurr, Bull. A. M. N. H., XXIV, 1908, p. 338,
pl. 25 (Napo, Ecuador).
A pair from La Morelia, the male agreeing with the type of napensis.
La Morelia, 2.
(3170) Corapipo leucorrhoa (Scl.).
Pipra leucorrhoa Scu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 63, pl. x (Bogota).
Three adult males, one each from El Consuelo (3300 ft.) above Honda,
one from Honda, and one from San Antonio, in the Western Andes above
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 485
Cali, agree in color, size, length of primaries and wing-formula. It is to
be noted that San Antonio is in the Subtropical Zone. There is, however,
a possibility of the specimen from this locality having been taken in the
Tropical Zone below the crest of the ridge known as San Antonio. In any
event, the bird is typical, showing no approach to the long outer primaried
C. a. altera which occurs in the Chocé Valley at the western base of the
Western Andes, a fact in distribution which, in connection with the nature
of the characters separating the two birds, suggests, in my opinion, their
specific distinctness.
San Antonio, 1; Honda, 1; El Consuelo, 1.
(3170a) Corapipo altera altera Hellm.
Corapipo leucorrhoa altera Hetim., Bull. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 84 (Carrillo,
Costa Rica).
Two males taken by Mrs. Kerr in the Baudo Mts. (alt. 2500 and 3500
ft.), considerably extend the range of this species. They are smaller than
a male from Costa Rica (wing 56, tail 27, as compared with wing, 60; tail,
31.5 mm.) but agree with it in color and in wing-formula.
Baudo Mts., 2.
(8174) Manacus manacus abditivus Bangs.
Manacus manacus abditivus Banas, Proc. N. E. Zoél. Club, I, 1899, p. 35 (Santa
Marta, Col.); Atuen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 155 (Bonda; Minca; Caca-
gualito; Donama; Masinga Vieja; Jordan). —
Chiromacheris manacus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 517 (Remedios; Neché).
Specimens from Antioquia have the long beard and wing characters of
abditivus, of which we have a large topotypical series, but the abdominal
region is somewhat grayer and the white areas show a faint but unmistak-
able tint of yellow indicating an approach toward flaveolus, with which, as
below stated, I believe this form intergrades.
A specimen from Puerto Valdivia is the most western record for this
species in northern Colombia. Between this point and Barbacoas in south-
western Colombia it is unknown to occur. These Manakins inhabit rather
open, scrubby places where their buzzing flight quickly calls attention to
them, and their absence from collections made in western Colombia is
almost conclusive evidence that they are not found in this region.
It may be suggested that Manacus wittellinus replaces Manacus manacus
in the region in question, but the occurrence of both forms at Puerto Val-
divia is of importance in this connection. It should be added, however,
486 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
that the form of vittellinu found at Puerto Valdivia is much paler than that
of the Pacific coast.
Puerto Valdivia, 1; vicinity of Medellin, 2; Malena, 1.
(3174a) Manacus manacus interior Chapm.
Manacus manacus interior Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 624
(Villavicencio, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Resembling M. m. abditivus in color but wing and tail averaging
slightly longer, the wing more pointed, the chin feathers (‘beard’) shorter, broader,
and less stiffened; differing from M. m. manacus in its grayer underparts, unbarred
nape and more pointed wing.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
Villavicencio, 3.
(3174b) Manacus manacus bangsi Chapm.
Manacus manacus bangsi Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 625
(Barbacoas, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Resembling M. m. gutturosus (Desm.) in color, the throat and
jugulum white clearly demarked from the deep gull-gray breast and abdomen, but
wing longer and more pointed, tail shorter, outer primaries narrower less regularly
curved and projecting 8 to 10 mm. beyond the tips of secondaries.
This race appears to have a very restricted range. No form of the
species has been recorded from the Pacific coast of Colombia north of Bar-
bacoas nor have we met with one in the Cauca Valley. To the south
its range can extend but a short distance since at Esmeraldas, Ecuador
southward, the quite different M. m. leucochlamys (Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XXXII, 1914, p. 626) is found.
Barbacoas, 7.
(3176) Manacus manacus flaveolus Cass.
Manacus flaveolus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8, Phila., 1851, p. 349 (Bogota).
Manacus manacus abditivus Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Honda).
Apparently restricted to the upper Magdalena Valley where it appears
to represent M. m. abditivus of the lower part of the valley. As remarked
under that race specimens from Malena, from near Medellin, and Puerto
Valdivia show, in possessing a faint tint of yellow on the anterior under-
parts and nape, an evident approach toward flaveolus. The difference
between the two forms is further bridged by three specimens from the
vicinity of Honda which are much less strongly tinged with yellow than are
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 487
specimens from Chicoral, one of which has the chin-tuft more elongate,
as in abditivus. Our material, therefore, indicates that in the eighty-odd
miles between Malena and Honda, in which the humid Magdalena Valley
merges into the arid Magdalena Valley, abditivus merges into flaveolus.
Honda, 2; west of Honda, 8; Chicoral, 6.
(3177) Manacus vitellinus vitellinus (Gould).
Pipra vitellina Gouin, P. Z.8., 1848, p. 103 (Panama).
Chiromacheris vitellina Heti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1141 (Noanam4; Noévita).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and, much to my sur-
prise, I find that four males from the Cauca Valley agree with this form
rather than with M. v. milleri from the lower part of the river.
I can discover no constant difference between Colombia and Panama
specimens but possibly the belly averages paler in specimens from the Canal
Zone region, while the orange areas are most deeply colored in a specimen
from Chorrera on the southern side of the Isthmus, facts which seem to
indicate an approach toward M. aurantiacus.
Alto Bonito, 5; Dabeiba, 6; Quibdé, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 2; Névita,
2; Noanam4, 1; Buenaventura, 1; San José, 6; Cisneros, 7; Rio Frio, 2;
Guengiie, 1; Cauca Seca (Batty), 3.
(8177a) Manacus vitellinus milleri Chapm.
Manacus vitellinus milleri Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p. 645
(Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia, Col.).
Chiromacheris vitellina Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 517 (Remedios).
Char. subsp.— Similar to M. v. vitellinus (Gould) but male with the throat,
breast, sides of the head and nape chrome rather than cadmium, posterior underparts
olive-yellow rather than warbler-green; female paler below, the abdomen, particu-
larly centrally, yellower.
Occupies the Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca in Antioquia, and doubt-
less extends eastward to the Magdalena.
Puerto Valdivia, 12.
(3186) Scotothorus turdinus rosenbergi (Hart.).
Heteropelma rosenbergi Harrt., Nov. Zool., V, 1898, p. 489 (Cachabi, n. w. Ecua-
dor).
Two males from Chocé (probably near Quibdé) and one from an alti-
tude of 4500 ft. on the trail to Cartago, above Novitd, extend the range
488 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
of this species from northwest Ecudaor. They agree with two essentially
topotypical specimens from Esmeraldas, Ecuador. As Hartert has already
remarked (J. c.) the various members of this group are doubtless subspe-
cifically related, and I follow with this and the succeeding form the arrange-
ment proposed by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, 310-312).
Chocé, 2; Névita Trail, 1; Barbacoas, 2.
(3187) Scotothorus turdinus stenorhynchus (Sci. & Salv.).
Heteropelma stenorhynchum Scu. & Saty., P. Z. 8., 1868, p. 632 (San Esteban,
Venezuela).
Heteropelma verepacis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 155 (Bonda;
Cacagualito).
Found only at Consuelo (alt. 3300 ft.) in the Tropical Zone of the Mag-
dalena Valley above Honda. Three specimens agree with a series from
Panama (Canal Zone) and Santa Marta.
El Consuelo, 3.
(3193) Sapayoa enigma Hart.
Sapayoa ,enigma Hart., Nov. Zool., X, 1903, p. 117 (Rio Sapayo, n. w.
Ecuador); Hetim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1141 (Névita; Noanam4).
Evidently a not uncommon species in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific
coast, ranging from northwestern Ecuador to eastern Panama.
Baudo (alt. 3500 ft.), 1; Noanama, 1; Barbacoas, 4.
Famity COTINGID. Corineas, CHATTERERS.
(3200) Tityra cayana (Linn.).
Lanius cayana Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 137 (Cayenne).
A pair from Florencia and a female from Villavicencio. “The females
agree and are much less heavily streaked both above and below than Trini-
dad females which, however, may not be typical.
Florencia, 2; Villavicencio, 1.
(3202) Tityra semifasciata semifasciata (Spiz).
Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 32, pl. xliv, fig. 2 (Par4).
Tityra semifasciata ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 154 (Minca).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 489
A pair of birds from Buena Vista near the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes appear to be typical of this form, the female being grayer than any
of our females from Matto Grosso. We have, however, no topotypical
specimens from the lower Amazon.
Buena Vista, 2.
(3202a) Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ridgw.
Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, p.
119 (La Concepcion, Santa Marta, Col.); Hetum., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1142 (Névita).
Tityra personata Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 517 (Remedios; Neché).
Tityra semifasciata ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 154 (Minca;
Pueblo Viejo). :
An adult male from Noanamé agrees in size with specimens of T. s.
esmeralde from Esmeraldas, Ecuador, but resembles Santa Marta speci-
mens in color and in the pattern of the tail-markings, the black area on the
inner vane of the outer feather being separated from the shaft by a white
line connecting the white basal and apical portions of the feather. On the
other hand specimens from Dabeiba and Puerto Valdivia agree in size with
C. columbiana (wing, 124 mm.) but the tail-markings are not so near those
of columbiana as in the Névita specimen, the black on the inner vane of
the outer feather reaching to the shaft, though by no means so broad there
as on the inner border of the vane.
Our series of eight topotypical (Santa Marta) specimens of this form
differ from Chapada, Matto Grosso, specimens in having the black frontal
band slightly narrower and in being smaller, while the females average
darker.
Névita, 1; Dabeiba, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 3.
(3202b) Tityra semifasciata esmeralde Chapm.
Tityra semifasciata esmeralde CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 320
(Esmeraldas, Ecuador).
Char. subsp.— Tail in the male with a broad subterminal black band which
reaches the shaft of every feather and is of essentially equal extent on each; closely
agreeing therefore in tail-pattern with T. s. costaricensis but with the terminal white
band narrower, the subterminal band broader, the body plumage whiter and size
smaller; female wholly unlike the female of costaricensis, and closely resembling in
general coloration the female of 7. s. semifasciata but with the black subterminal
band much broader, the basal gray band correspondingly reduced, and dimensions
much smaller.
A female from Barbacoas agrees in eolor and size with specimens from
Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
490 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. XXXVI,
(3209) Tityra buckleyi Salv. & Godm.
Tityra buckleyi Satv. & Gopm., Biol. Cent.-Am. Aves., II, 1890, p. 120 (“ Yan-
ayacu,”’ [sic] e. Ecuador).
A pair of birds taken by Miller at Florencia evidently represent this
species which does not appear to have been recorded from Colombia before.
This species is obviously a representative of 7’. inquisitor. From the
lower Orinoco form of that species (7. 2. erythrogenys) the male differs only
in being slightly smaller and in having the auriculars white. The female
has the back more heavily spotted than in erythrogenys.
Florencia, 2.
(3213) Platypsaris homochrous homochrous (Sci.).
Pachyrhamphus homochrous Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 142 (Pallatanga, Ecuador);
Sct. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 517 (Remedios). :
Platypsaris homochrous Heuu., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1143 (Névita; Condoto).
A male from Noévita agrees with ten specimens from western Ecuador.
Comparison with these Ecuadorian specimens confirms the validity of P.
h. canescens (Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XT, 1912, p. 155) from the Santa Marta
Mts.
Névita, 1.
(3214) Platypsaris minor (Less.).
Querula minor Luss., Traité d’Orn., 1831, p. 363 (Cayenne).
A male and female from La Morelia and another from Florencia agree
in color with specimens from the Lower Orinoco and British Guiana, but
are somewhat larger. The males measure, wing, 91-93; tail 65-66 mm.
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
(3218) Pachyrhamphus versicolor (Haril.).
Vireo versicolor Hartu., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 289 (Colombia).
Pachyrhamphus versicolor Sou. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 518 (Dept. Antioquia).
Not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
San Antonio, 6; Cerro Munchique, 3; Miraflores, 2; El Eden, 1; Agua-
dita, 1; El Roble, 2.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 491
(3221) Pachyrhamphus rufus (Bodd.).!
Muscicapa rufa Bopp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 27 (Cayenne).
This species is represented in our Colombian collections by a male
labeled “Rio Lima, Aug. 1898, J. H. Batty.”
(3223) Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus Lawr.
Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, p.
295 (Lion Hill, Panama); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 518 (Remedios); HEti.,
P.Z.8., 1911, p. 1144 (Guineo; El Tigre; San Joaquim; Névita; Noanamé4).
A common species in the Tropical Zone from the Pacific coast eastward.
Twenty-five specimens from the Pacific coast agree essentially with the
type. We have also a specimen from the lower Cauca and the Magdalena
Valleys, two old Museum skins labeled as from ‘Bogota’ and a female col-
lected by ourselves at Buena Vista above Villavicencio. While slightly
smaller than typical (Panama) specimens (wing, 72; tail, 56; culmen,
13 mm.) this Buena Vista specimen is too large to be referred to P. rufus
(Bodd.) (= P. cinereus auct.); moreover, it agrees minutely in color with
Pacific coast specimens and hence shows no trace of the grayish cervix of
P. castaneus (Jard. & Selby).
Alto Bonito, 5; Juntas de Taman4, 1; Névita, 2; Noanamé, 2; Buena-
ventura, 1; San José, 4; Los Cisneros, 1; Barbacoas, 7; Puerto Valdivia,
5; Malena, 1; west of Honda, 1; Buena Vista, 1.
(3223a) Pachyrhamphus magdalene Chapm.
Pachyrhamphus magdalene Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 629
(Algodonal, Col.).
Char. sp.— Resembling P. cinnamomeus but much paler, the back browner, less
rufous, sayal-brown rather than rufous-tawny; the crown-cap more clearly defined
from the back, the wing-coverts much browner and with pronounced lighter margins;
the underparts white, washed with warm buff; the bill smaller, the mandible
browner.
Known only from the type.
(3223b) Pachyrhamphus sp.
I am unable satisfactorily to identify a female Pachyrhamphus taken
by Richardson at Cali, December 22, 1910. It is obviously closely related
a = P, cinereus auct. cf. Hellm., Abhangl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, Bd. XXII, 1906, p. 669.
492 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
to P. cinnamomeus and also to P. rufus (Bodd.) ( = P. cinereus Auct.)
but cannot be properly referred to either. Compared with specimens of
cinnamomeus taken at the same season on the Pacific coast it is slightly
smaller (wing, 70; tail, 52; culmen, 13.8 mm.) and is much paler through-
out, the lores and underparts being whitish faintly tinged with buff, the
underparts pale tawny rather than rich rufous tawny, while the wing-
coverts are uniform tawny or rufous tawny without trace of paler margins.
Tn this character the bird agrees with the female of P. rufus but it is much
paler below than any female of that species in our collection and is decidedly
larger, the bill especially being heavier, the tail longer, the tail-feathers
wider. Furthermore, there-is less difference between the color of the head
and back than in rufus. Nor can it be considered the female of P. magda-
lene which is less rufous above and has the wing-coverts conspicuously mar-
gined and, in the male at least, the cap obviously deeper than the back.
The discovery of the male of this species will be awaited with interest.
(3224a) Pachyrhamphus castaneus saturatus Chapm.
Pachyrhamphus castaneus saturatus CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 628 (La Morelia, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to P. c. intermedius Berl., but much darker throughout;
the back deep hazel, or between amber, brown and argus, brown, the underparts
ochraceous, tawny, the nape slate-gray; the crown of nearly the same shade as the
back,
Known only from the type.
(3226) Pachyrhamphus polychropterus niger (Spiz).
Pachyrhynchus niger Sprx., Av. Bras., I, 1825, p. 33, pl. xlv, fig. 1 (Rio Ica),
Two adult males from La Morelia and Florencia respectively, have
the rump, upper tail-coverts and ventral region wholly black, and are evi-
dently typical of this form. Four males from Buena Vista and Villavi-
cencio also have the rump and upper tail-coverts black, but the ventral
region is more or less grayish, and these birds thus show an approach
toward the form of niger which inhabits Trinidad. Of this form we have
five adult males from Trinidad. Compared with twelve adult males from
Santa Marta (Bonda) the Trinidad birds are black rather than gray below,
while the upper tail-coverts are black slightly edged with grayish instead
of pure gray. The differences are apparent at a glance and the distinct-
ness of the two forms is beyond question. If the name cinereiventris Scl.
can be properly applied to Santa Marta birds it is certainly not applicable
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 493
to specimens from Trinidad which, although not typical of niger are far
nearer to that form than to the form from Santa Marta. If, as Hellmayr
suggests (Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1912, p. 90), Sclater’s type did not come
from Santa Marta then the bird from Santa Marta requires a new name.
Ridgway (Bull. U. S. N. M., 50, IV, 831) has already clearly stated this
case, but I cannot agree with him that two adult males in the American
Museum collection from San Antonio and Cumanacoa, Venezuela, respec-
tively, are nearer to niger than to cineretventris. In the color of the under-
parts they are fairly intermediate, but in the grayness of the ramp and upper
tail-coverts they are obviously nearer cinereiventris. An adult male from
El Pilar, Venezuela, however, is exactly like specimens from Trinidad.
But whatever may be the status of the Venezuelan bird those inhabiting
Santa Marta and Trinidad represent two quite unlike races.
La Morelia, 1; Florencia, 1.
(8232) Pachyrhamphus atricapillus Merr.
Pachyrhamphus atricapillus Murr., Av. Icon. et Descr., 1784, p. 26 (Surinam).
A female from La Morelia agrees essentially with a female from Cayenne.
La Morelia, 1.
(8234) Pachyrhamphus dorsalis Scl.
Pachyrhamphus dorsalis Scu., Cat. Am. Bds., 1862, p. 243, (Bogotdé); Hxzuim.,
P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1148 (Pueblo Rico, 5200 ft.).
Pachyrhamphus cinerewentris Sci. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 518 (Sta. Elena);
ALLEN, Bull. A.M. N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 154 (Bonda; Cienaga; Valparaiso; Santa
Marta). ‘
Fourteen specimens (12 males, 2 females) from the Subtropical Zone
of the Eastern and Western Andes are to be referred to this form, the exact
status of which appears not to have been satisfactorily determined. The
gray nuchal collar supposed to be diagnostic of the species is well developed
in some specimens and wholly wanting in others from the same locality,
(San Antonio) and such birds differ from true cinereiventris only in their
larger size and paler underparts. It is quite probable that the two forms
intergrade.
San Antonio, 3; W. Andes above Cali, 3; Ricaurte, 5; Aguadita (above
Fusugasug4), 3.
494 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
(3236) Lathria fuscocinerea fuscocinerea (Lajfr.).
Querula fusco-cinerea La¥rr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 291 (Colombia).
Lathria fuscocinerea Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 518 (Alegria).
Found chiefly in the upper portions of the Subtropical Zone of all three
ranges of the Andes.
Paramillo Trail (10,000 ft.), 1; above Salento (9000 ft.), 2; Laguneta,
1; El Roble (8300 ft.), 4; Subia, 1
(3238) Lathria cinerea (Vieill.).
Ampelis cinerea ViEtLu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1817, p. 162 (Cayenne).
* Six specimens from and near Florencia introduce this Amazonian form
into the Colombian fauna. These birds agree minutely with eight speci-
mens from British Guiana. Both series were collected by Miller, the first
in June, 1912, the second in July and August, 1913.
Florencia, 6.
(3240) Lathria unirufa castaneotincta Hart.
Lathria unirufa castaneotinctus Hart., Nov. Zool., 1902, p. 610 (Paramba, n. w.
Ecuador); Hsti., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1145 (Névita; Sipi; Noanam4; Cajon).
Lipaugus unirufus Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (Turbo; Truando).
Lathria unirufa Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 518 (Remedios; Neché).
Lathria unirufa clara Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, p. 120 (Panama).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Specimens from the
upper Atrato agree with essentially topotypical examples from Barbacoas
and Esmeraldas. I am unable to distinguish topotypical (Panama) speci-
mens of L. u. clara Ridgw., from our west Colombian birds. Two speci-
mens from Puerto Valdivia are paler than others in the series, but I believe
that the difference shown is, in part at least, seasonal.
Atrato River, 1; ‘Baudo, 3; Noanama, 1; Névita, 4; Barbacoas, 2;
Puerto Valdivia, 2.
(8242) Lathria cryptolopha Scl. & Salv.
Lathria cryptolopha Sou. & Sauv., P. Z.8., 1877, p. 522, (Monji, Eucador).
A female of this species which appears to be new to Colombia was taken
by Miller at Andalucia on the summit of the Eastern Andes (alt. 7000 ft. )
It agrees with Sclater’s description.
Andalucia, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 495
(8246) Lipaugus simplex (Licht.).
Muscicapa simplex Licut., Verz. Doubl., 1823, p. 53 (Bahia).
A female from Florencia is slightly smaller than specimens from eastern
Brazil; it measures wing, 91; tail, 83; culmen, 18 mm.
Florencia, 1.
(3247a) Lipaugus holerythrus holerythrus Sel. & Salv.
Lipaugus holerythrus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1860, p. 300 (Choctum, Vera Paz,
Guatemala); Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 (e. of Lake Paturia); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S.,
1879, p. 519 (Neché).
Specimens from the lower Atrato and lower Cauca Valleys agree with.
specimens from Panama rather than with one of L. h. rosenbergi.
Alto Bonito, 3; Puerto Valdivia, 3.
(8248) Lipaugus holerythrus rosenbergi Hart.
Lipaugus holerythrus rosenbergi Hart., Bull. B. O. C., XVI, 1905, p. 12 (Rio
Dagua, w. Col.); Heti.; P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1145 (Névita; Sipi).
Represented only by a female from Los Cisneros, approximately the
type-locality. Appreciably richer in color than specimens from Panama
and those recorded under the preceding race.
Los Cisneros, 1.
(8250) Attila brasiliensis parambe Aart.
Attila parambe Hart., Bull. B. O. C., XI, 1901, p. 39 (Paramba, n. w. Ecuador).
Attila fuscicauda CHarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XI, 1912, p. 155 (Gallera, Col.).
Known only from the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. Hell-
mayr writes me that he has compared specimens from the Western Andes
of Colombia with the type of parambe and that they are inseparable.
Gallera, 3.
(3250a) Attila citreopygus citreopygus (Bonap.).
Dasycephala citreopyga Bonar., Compt. Rend., XX XVIII, 1854, p. 657
(Nicaragua). A
A male from Rio Salaqui, Chocé, agrees with Panama specimens, but
a male from Puerto Berrio has the head and underparts decidedly gray,
496 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
a difference due possibly to the individual variation which occurs in the
group. This species has not before been recorded from Colombia.
Rio Salaqui, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1.
(8270a) Rupicola peruviana aurea Chapm.
Rupicola peruviana aurea Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 156
(Salento, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Rupicola peruviana Wratt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 125, 334 (near Portrerras, 7000 ft.);
Stonz, Acad. N. S. Phila., 1899, p. 306 (Nevada de Tolima).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Rupicola perwiana perwiana Lath., but male with the
anterior parts of the body, and particularly the crest, more orange in color, orange-
chrome rather than flame-scarlet, the gray of the tertials more restricted not wholly
concealing the subapical black of the underlying feather; general coloration of female
more orange.
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Central and Western Andes. It
is rare or absent near frequented places, but in the rocky gorges of certain
tributaries of the Magdalena near San Agustin Miller found seven nests
and secured the eggs, young in various stages, and a large series of adults
in the latter part of April, 1912. The specimens recorded from Buena
Vista were brought us in the flesh by a native hunter who claimed to have
secured them in the heavy forest on the shores of the Rio Negro. This
locality was at an altitude of about 1600 feet, and the occurrence of the
species there would imply its presence in the Tropical rather than the Sub-
tropical Zone, in which alone we had heretofore found it as well as R. san-
guinolenta. Subsequently a specimen was received from a native whom
in December, 1913, we sent from Bogota to the Meta, and labeled by him
“Barrigon, Dec. 21, 1912, macho.” Barrigon is in heavy gallery forest,
but is some sixty miles east of Villavicencio and hence on the llanos.
Richardson also has sent us five specimens taken at an altitude of 2000
ft. at Zamora, southeastern Ecuador, and in light of this evidence it ap-
pears that on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes this bird may at times
be found in the Tropical Zone, though we should prefer to have the Barrigon
record confirmed before believing that the bird is found sixty miles from the
mountains.
Comparison of our fresh specimens from the Bogoté region with old
‘Bogot&’ skins shows that in the latter the black areas are somewhat duller
and the orange not quite so deep, but the difference on the whole is very
slight. The same remarks hold true on comparison of freshly collected
Zamora specimens with old skins labeled “ Ambato, Ecuador.”
The exceptionally large series of Colombian birds now available shows
that all the specimens received from that country are referable to the form
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 497
described as aurea though none is quite as richly colored as the type and
topotype from Salento in the Central Andes. To this race should also be
referred the specimens collected by Richardson at Zamora in southeastern
Ecuador. It is more than probable, therefore, that specimens from north-
ern Peru also agree with these Ecuadorian birds when, if the name peru-
viana is based on the bird of this part of Peru, aurea would become a pure
synonym of it. Examination, however, of the descriptions and particu-
larly plate (Pl. Enl. 745) on which Latham (Index Orn. II, p. 555) based
his name peruviana, shows that it is applicable to the bird in which the ex-
posed surfaces of the tertials are wholly gray, as they are in sanguinolenta,
whereas in not one specimen of the very large number of males which I
have seen from Ecuador and Colombia does this condition occur, all having
the gray of the tertials so restricted that the subapical black area is visible
beyond the gray tip of the overlying feather. This is a definite and con-
stant character and aside from differences in intensity of the orange areas,
clearly separates the birds of Ecuador and Colombia from those of at least
southern Peru to which Buffon’s plate apparently makes the name peruviana
applicable.
Peruvian specimens from Inca Mine, Rio Inambari, Machu Picchu and
Rio Cosirem north of the last-named locality agree and differ from the
Colombian bird as described above, but agree with Bolivian specimens
from Locotal. If the Peruvian birds represent true peruviana, Rupicola
saturata Cab. & Hein. evidently becomes a synonym of it.
Salento, 4; La Palma, 9; Andalucia, 1; near San Agustin, 15; Buena
Vista, 2; Barrigon, 1. *
(3272) Rupicola peruviana sanguinolenta Gould.
Rupicola sanguinolenta Goutp, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 99 (“Quito”); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 519 (Concordia; Frontino).
Evidently restricted to the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes.
It is rare in the mountains above Cali but apparently more common in less
frequented regions. Our specimens agree with others from Gualea, Ecuador,
which may be considered topotypical. In the Cauca region one may look
across the Cauca Valley from the home of sanguwinolenta, in the Western
Andes, to that of aurea in the Central Andes, but the birds are more unlike
here than are Bolivian specimens from West Andean specimens. In other
words the form of peruviana nearest sanguinolenta is the one which, geo-
graphically, is farthest removed from it.
Novita Trail (6000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 1; Munchique, (7000 ft.), 1;
La Florida, 4; Gallera, 1; Cocal, 4.
498 Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3277) Euchlornis arcuata (Lafr.). '
Ampelis arcuata Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 98 (Colombia).
Represented by a single male from Laguneta.
(3278) Stictornis cinctus (Tsch.).
Ampelis cinctus Tscu., Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1843, I, p. 385 (‘‘in sylvis Pangoz,
Peru).
Ampelion cinctus Sci. & Satv., P. Z.§., 1879, p. 520 (Frontino).
Our specimens of this seemingly not common species are from the Sub-
tropical Zone of the Western and Eastern Andes. We lack topotypical
specimens.
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 1; Cocal, 1; Andalucia (7000 ft.), 2.
(8279) Euchlornis riefferi riefferi (Boiss.).
Ampelis rieffert Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 3 (Bogota).
Pipreola rieffert Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 519 (Retiro; Medellin; Sta.
Elena).
Found in the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern and north Central Andes.
Specimens from the Bogoté region are topotypical. Two males from El
Eden, on the east slope of the Central Andes, and three from Sta. Elena
are intermediate but nearer to riefferi than to occidentalis. I cannot place
a female from Salento but the form of that locality is probably occidentalis.
Sta. Elena, 6; El Eden, 2; Fusugasug4, 3; El Roble, 5; Subia, 6.
(3279a) Euchlornis riefferi occidentalis Chapm.
Euchlornis rieffert occidentalis CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 630
(San Antonio, Col.). ;
Char, subsp.— Similar to E. r. rieffert but head, throat and breast blacker, the
black of the head more sharply defined from the green back; closely resembling Z. r.
melanolema in the color of the parts named but the wing-coverts and tertials less
conspicuously tipped, black areas of these feathers less clearly defined and differently
shaped.
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes but apparently
less numerous in the Central Andes. Females from Almaguer and Salento
doubtless should be referred to this race.
San Antonio, 15; Cerro Munchique, 6; La Florida, 3; Cocal, 2;
Almaguer, 1; Salento, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 499
(3287) Euchlornis lubomirski (Tacz.).
Pipreola lubomirskii Tazc., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 236 pl. xxii (Tambillo, Peru).
A male from La Candela in the Central Andes agrees with the descrip-
tion and plate of this species which anes not appear to have been before
recorded from Colombia.
La Candela, 1
(3288) Euchlornis jucunda (Scl.).
Pipreola jucunda Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 89, pl. elx (Cachi-Llacta, Ecuador).
A female taken by Richardson at Buenavista (alt. 1200 ft.) Narifio,
appears to be the first specimen of this bird to be recorded from Colombia.
Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(3294) Cotinga nattereri (Boiss.).
Ampelis nattererit Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 2 (Bogota).
Cotinga simoni BrRu., Ornis, XIV, 1907, p. 361 (San José, Col.).
Cotinga nattererit Hatum., P. Z. 8., 1912, p. 1146 (Névita).
Apparently a not uncommon species in the Tropical Zone of Western
Colombia, and its occurrence at Puerto Valdivia and in a ‘ Bogota’ collec-
tion indicates that it ranges eastward to the forests of the Magdalena. Two
males from Barbacoas and a female from Esmeraldas extend the range of
this species and the latter adds it to the known avifauna of Ecuador.
Iguamiando, Chocé, 4; Noanam4, 4; Barbacoas, 3; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(3300) Carpodectes hopkei Berl.
Carpodectes hopket Brru., Orn. Monat., V, 1897, p. 174 (San José, Col.); Hru.,
P.Z.S., 1911, p. 1147 (Névita).
Restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast. ‘Our five speci-
mens were collected by Mrs. Kerr.
Iguamiando, Chocé, 3 adult males, 2 females.
(3302) MHeliochera rubrocristata (dOrb. & Lafr.).
Ampelis rubrocristata p’Ors. & Larr., Syn. Av., I, 1837, p. 39 (Yungas, Bolivia).
Heliochera rubrocristata Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 (Pamplona; Vetas); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 152 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).
Heliochera rubrocristata Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 520 (Sta. Elena).
500 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
A common species in the forests of the Temperate Zone of all three
ranges. We have no topotypical (Bolivian) specimens, but an adequate
series from Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela shows no racial difference.
Paramillo, 6; Coast range w. of Popayan (alt. 10,340 ft.), 1; Valle de
las Pappas, 5; Laguneta, 6; Santa Isabel, 2; El Pifion, 2.
(3303) Heliochera rufaxilla (T7sch.).
Ampelis rufazilla Tscu., Arch. fir Naturg., I, 1844, p. 270 (Peru).
Heliochera rufazilla Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 520 (Sta. Elena).
. Our three specimens are from the Subtropical Zone of the Western
and Central Andes. I have no Peruvian specimens for comparison.
San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 2; Sta. Elena, 2.
(3310) Querula purpurata (Miill.).
Muscicapa purpurata P, L. 8. Mitur., Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, p. 169 (Cayenne).
Querula cruentata Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (Turbo); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 520 (Pocune; Remedios).
Querula purpurata Heuto., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1148 (Noanamé4).
This wide-ranging species of the Tropical Zone was found in the heavy
forests of the Pacific coast, Magdalena Valley and Amazonian region.
Salaqui, Chocd, 3; Alto Bonito, 1; Névita, 3; Buenaventura, 3; San
José, 4; Barbacoas, 6; Puerto Valdivia, 4; Puerto Berrio, 1; La Morelia, 4.
(3312) Pyroderus scutatus granadensis Lajr.
Pyroderus grémadensis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 277 (Colombia); Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 384 (Canuto).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and also the eastern
slope of the Central Andes, at least at the head of the Magdalena.
La Palma, 1; San Agustin, 1; near Fusugasugé, 1.
(3313a) Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis Chapm.
Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 631
(San Antonio, Col.).
Pyroderus orenocensis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 520 (Concordia; Frontino;
Sta. Elena). :
Not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes and west-
ern slope of the Central Andes. In describing this form, I have discussed
at some length the distribution of the remaining members of the group.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 501
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 8; Rio Lima (alt. 5000 ft., Batty), 4;
Cerro Munchique, 1; Gallera, 1; La Florida, 2; Miraflores, 2; Salento, 4;
La Frijolera, 1.
(3315) Cephalopterus ornatus Geoff.
Cephalopterus ornatus Guorr., Ann. Mus., XIII, 1809, p. 238, pl. 17 (Brazil).
Found only in the Tropical Zone at the base of the Eastern Andes.
Our specimens from Buena Vista were brought in by native hunters from
whom we could not learn the exact locality (and hence altitude) at which
they were killed. One, a mature male with fully developed crest the an-
terior shafts of which are white, has the breast wattle (measurement from
below) 150 mm. in length.
Florencia, 1; Buena Vista, 2.
(3316) Cephalopterus penduliger Sci.
Cephalopterus penduliger Scu., Ibis, 1859, p. 114, pl. iii (Pallatanga, Ecuador).
Our expeditions did not meet with this species in Colombia, but our
collections contain four specimens purchased from J. H. Batty, and labeled
by him “Los Tambos (W. Andes), alt. 6000 ft., Col. Aug. 1898.” These
specimens are all immature but their comparatively small size and white
under wing-coverts indicate, as might be expected, that they represent the
west Ecuador form, which does not appear to have been before recorded
outside of Ecuador.
Los Tambos, 4.
Famity HIRUNDINIDZ. Swatitows, Martins. erie
(3226) Riparia riparia (Zinn.).
Hirundo riparia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 192 (Sweden).
Represented by a single specimen taken at Cali, February 6, 1911.
(3327) Iridoprocne albiventris (Bodd.).
Hirundo albiventris Bopp., Tabl., Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 32 (Cayenne); Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 323 (Lake of Paturia; Magdalena).
An abundant bird in the Magdalena Valley, and we have also twelve
specimens from La Morelia. The latter have a greater amount of white
502. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
in the wings than in Magdalena, Trinidad, east Venezuela and Demerara
specimens, the tertials being not only margined, but broadly tipped with
white. In this respect they agree, however, with specimens from Maripa,
Venezuela and the Potaro River, British Guiana, and possibly the differ-
ence noted may be individual or due to age. Should it be racial, the name
equatorialis! (Lawr.) would be available for the form with white-tipped
tertials, Lawrence’s type (A. M. N. H. No. 40227) showing this character.
La Playa, 7; La Morelia, 12.
(3331) Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd.
Hirundo erythrogaster Bovp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 45 (Cayenne).
Represented by two specimens in winter plumage, one a female taken
August 20, 1912, at Quibdé by Mrs. Kerr, the other, unsexed, taken at
Juntas de Taman4, Dec. 19, 1911, by Allen and Miller. A third specimen,
a female in nuptial plumage, was taken by Manuel Gonzales, a native whom
we employed, at La Olanda on the Bogoté Savanna, May 13, 1914, a month
after the species reaches the latitude of New York City.
Quibdé, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 1; La Olanda, 1.
(8335) Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmel.).
Hirundo chalybea GmEt., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 1026 (Cayenne).
? Progne chalybea Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 133 (Carthagena).
Progne leucogastra Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 (Catamucho).
Progne chalybeia Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 495 (Remedios).
Progne chalybea chalybea Heuto., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1093 (Névita).
Of general distribution in the Tropical Zone though we have no speci-
mens from the Pacific coast region. In the amount.of steel-blue on the’
breast and sides, a male from Florencia evidently approaches a specimen
from Napo, Ecuador, described by Ridgway (Bull. U.S. N. M., 50, III, p. ©
50). A similarly marked specimen from British Guiana, where typical
chalybea is found, indicates, as Ridgway (J. c.) suggests, that this type of
coloration is individual, and suggests the common origin of P. chalybea
and P. dominicensis.
Cali, 2; Malena, 3; Algodonal, Magdalena River, 1; Florencia, 2.
(3336a) Pheoprogne tapera immaculata Chapm.
Pheoprogne tapera tmmaculata CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 156
(Chicoral, Col.).
1 Hirundo xquatorialis Lawr., Ano. Lyc. N. H. N, Y., 1867, p. 400, ‘‘Quito” | = Napo region?].
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 503
Char. subsp.— Similar to Pheoprogne tapera tapera (Gmel.), but underparts
without the median line of spots, guttate or broad central markings, which reach from
breast to belly in that species; the pectoral band generally more pronounced.
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley and in
the Caribbean coast region. It was not secured in the Cauca Valley, nor
on the Pacific coast, but Mr. Cherrie and I secured specimens at Duran,
near Guayaquil, during a brief stop there in May, 1916.
The receipt of additional material since this bird was described, places
its status in doubt. At the time of description I had seen only one bird
from north of the Amazon which showed the median pectoral spots char-
acteristic of P. t..tapera; now, however, we have two more collected by Mrs.
Kerr on the Sinu River, in northern Colombia, which are apparently typi-
cal of the Brazilian race, that is, have a median row of larger, well-defined
fuscous spots from the breast to the abdomen. The occurrence of these
specimens at the northern limit of the range ascribed to the form which I
have described as immaculata, might be thought to invalidate the claims
to recognition of that bird. The fact remains, however, that evidently
without regard to age, or season, we have two quite unlike types of Pheo-
progne tapera, one of which is the characteristic form in the southern part of
the range of the species, the other characteristic of the northern part. Thus,
every one of twenty specimens from southern Brazil has the median line of
spots strongly developed; while sixteen of nineteen specimens from Vene-
zuela, Colombia and western Ecuador, are without these spots.
I confess I cannot explain this unusual state of affairs. The character
by which these forms are differentiated appears to be of specific, rather
than of subspecifie value. There is no intergradation between the two
types such as we find in representative geographic races. The two north
Colombia specimens are as typical of the spotted-breasted race as are birds
from southern Brazil. Possibly they may, independently of environment,
spontaneously exhibit a character which has been fixed in all the more south-
ern individuals of the species, and which in time may be found in all the
northern individuals as well. The case is as interesting as it is exceptional,
and it is greatly to be hoped that material with which to explain it may soon
be forthcoming. Meanwhile, it seems desirable to recognize, at least pro-
visionally, the race for which I have proposed the name immaculata, and as
an aid to the elucidation of the problem it presents, I add a list with data
of all our specimens of both forms.
I. Specimens with the underparts spotted (P. ¢. tapera).
Argentina: Embarcacion, 1 2.
Brazil: Chapada, Matto Grosso, Jan. 1, 9 ; Feb. 2, unsexed; Sept. 1, 7,
504 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
1 unsexed, Oct. 1, 9; Nov.,2%o, 19; Dec, 12; Corumba, Matto
Grosso, April, 1 unsexed; Urucum, Matto Grosso, Dec., 3 dc, 1 9; Pal-
miras, Matto Grosso, Dec., 2 o’o", 1 2 ; San Lorenzo River, Matto Grosso,
Jan., 19. Venezuela: Suapure, April, 1°.
II. Specimens without spots on the underparts (P. t. “immaculata’’).
Brazil: “Bahia, 1 9”; Rio Xingi, Victoria (Snethlage), o, Nov.
Venezuela: Maripa, March, 299; May, 19; Dec,2%o%, 12;
Suapure, 2 2 9.
Colombia: ‘Bogota,’ 1; Lower Magdalena, Jan., 1 «7, 1 2, Chicoral,
Oct.2.00,1 9.
Ecuador: Duran, May, 1 o’, unsexed.
(3337) Atticora fasciata (Gmel.).
Hirundo fasciata Gunt., Syst. Nat. I, 1789, p. 1022 (Cayenne).
Four specimens from La Morelia add this species to the known
fauna of Colombia.
La Morelia, 4.
(3338) Orochelidon murina (Cass.).
Petrochelidon murina Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1853, p. 370 (Ecuador).
A common species in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes; numer-
ous on the Savanna of Bogoté. None was secured in the Central Andes
but Miller and Boyle collected two on the Paramillo in the Western Andes,
the most northern record for the species. Our specimens agree with others
from Ecuador, but the two Paramillo birds have somewhat larger bills than
the others.
Paramillo, 2; El Pifion, 8; La Herrera, 1; Puente Andalucia, 1; Suba, 1.
oa (3340) Neochelidon tibialis (Cass.).
Petrochelidon tibialis Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1853, p. 370.
Aiticora tibialis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 495 (Remedios).
This little Swallow appears to be restricted to the Tropical Zone of the
Pacific coast-region and eastward into Antioquia.
Juntas de Taman4, 1; San José, 3.
1917.] . Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 505
(3342) Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vicill.).
Hirundo cyanoleuca Virtuu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 1817, p. 509 (Paraguay).
Aiticora cyanoleuca Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 (Ocafia up to 8000 ft.); Son, & Satv.,
P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 495 (Frontino); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 171 (La
Concepcion).
An abundant species in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Cen-
tral Andes, descending to the Tropical Zone, but not taken below 2000 ft.
It appears to be rare in the Eastern Andes.
I have no Paraguay specimens for comparison but our series agrees with
a single bird from Chapada, Matto Grosso.
Caldas, 5; San Antonio, 4; Popayan, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; Gallera,
2; Ricaurte, 3; Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 2; Barro Blanco, 1; Rio Toché, 2;
El Eden, 3; La Palma, 1; El Carmen, Bogota region 1.
(3347) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieiil.).
Hirundo ruficollis Vie1uu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XIV, 1817, p. 523 (Brazil).
A single male from La Morelia lacks the grayish rump-patch and is -
obviously to be referred to the Amazonian form which, while it has not
before been recorded from Colombia, has been reported from eastern Ecua-
dor by Hellmayr.!
La Morelia, 1.
(3348) Stelidopteryx ruficollis equalis Bangs.
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis Banes, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, II, 1901, p. 58
(Santa Marta, Colombia).
Cotyle flavigastra Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 183 (Carthagena).
Stelgidopteryx uropygialis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 (Ocafia; Bucaramanga);
Sc. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 496 (Remedios); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 171 (Bonda; Santa Marta).
Common in the Tropical Zone of the entire Magdalena Valley and also
at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes at Villavicencio, and doubtless
as far south as the junction of Ilanos with Amazonian forest, where it is
replaced by S. r. ruficollis, which Miller secured at La Morelia.
In the region between the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys intergrades
occur, most of which are nearer wropygialis but some of which are very
close to equalis. While the differences between the two are obvious, there
v
‘No. Zool., XIII, 1906, 13.
506 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
is enough seasonal variation to require the use of wholly comparable ma-
terial in reaching valid conclusions concerning the relationships of speci-
mens from areas of intergradation. Fortunately we are provided with
typical seasonally comparable series of both forms, but the determinations
made with this material produce results which, taken literally, might be
most misleading. Thus we have specimens referable to equalis from
Dabeiba, Puerto Valdivia and Rio Frio in the Cauca Valley; while specimens
referable to uropygialis were taken at La Frijolera, Barro Blanco, Salento,
and Rio Toché. The fact that all the specimens of equalis are from the
Tropical Zone while all those of uropygialis are from the Subtropical Zone
may have some significance, though I am at a loss to understand why in
this area of intergradation uropygialis should be a subtropical species while
in the region where it is most typically developed it is found only in the
tropics. All our specimens of equalis, on the other hand are from the
Tropical Zone.
Possibly the fact that all our Subtropical Zone specimens of uropygialis
or intergrades which are nearer that form, are non-breeding birds taken in
October and November, may indicate that they are migrants from the
Pacific coast region. The question can be decided only by further field
-work and comparison of breeding birds from all the areas concerned. Mean-
while I list our specimens, according to their apparent identity.
Dabeiba (int.), 1; Puerto Valdivia (int.), 1; Rio Frio, Cauca Valley, 1;
Calamar, 1; Varrud, 1; Banco, 3; Puerto Berrio, 3; Malena, 1; Chicoral
(int.), 1; Andalucia (w. slope 3000 ft.), 1; Villavicencio, 1.
(8349) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis (Lawr.).
Cotyle uropygialis Lawr., Ibis, 1863, p. 181 (Panama).
Cotyle flavigastra Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 183 (R. Truando).
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis Hetim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1093 (Sipi).
As might be expected, this is the form of S. ruficollis which occurs on
the Pacific coast region of Colombia and Ecuador, from which it has al-
ready been recorded by others; but it is somewhat surprising to find one
of these richly colored forms which characterize the Pacific lowland, ex-
tending its range into the Subtropical Zone of the Central as well as Western
Andes. A specimen from Salento and two from Rio Toché, all taken in
October, three from Barro Blanco (November), and one from La Frijolera
(January) are much nearer to wropygialis than to equalis and are therefore
listed under that race. Whether they are migrants or merely intergrades
from a general area of intergradation I am unable to say. (See also re-
marks under preceding race).
1917.| Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 507
Juntas de Taman4, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 6; Caldas, 3; Las Lomitas,
1; Barbacoas, 2; Buenavista, Narifio, 2; La Frijolera, 1; Barro Blanco, 3;
Salento, 1; Rio Toché, 1.
Famity SYLVIIDA. GwnatcatcHERs.
(3354) Polioptila livida plumbeiceps Lawr.
Polioptila plumbeiceps Lawr., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1865, p. 87 (Venezuela).
Polioptila livida plumbeiceps Hutim., Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, p. 4 (Venezuela;
Bogoté; Cauca Valley).
A Tropical Zone species which doubtless ranges throughout the greater
part of Colombia. We have taken it only in the Magdalena Valley, but
Hellmayr (I. c.) records it from the Cauca Valley. It is probable that
it also occurs at the eastern base of the Andes since we have several speci-
mens from the Middle Orinoco.
It is worthy of note that the Gnatcatcher of the Pacific coast from
Esmeraldas southward is a bird of the bilineata group, of Panama, etc., a
form as yet unknown from western Colombia.
Honda, 4; Chicoral, 4.
(8357a) Polioptila livida dague Chapm.
Polioptila livida dague Cuaro., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915, p. 648
(Los Cisneros, w. Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Polioptila l. plumbeiceps (Lawr.) but much darker above,
the back, etc., slate-gray rather than gull-gray (No. 7) the inner wing-quills narrowly
instead of widely margined with whitish, outer pair of tail-feathers white almost
to the base; no indication of a superciliary.
Known only from the type taken at Los Cisneros in the Tropical Zone
of the Pacific Coast.
Los Cisneros, 1.
(3362) Polioptila schistaceigula Hart.
_ Polioptila schistaceigula Hart., Bull. B. O. C., VII, 1898, p. xxx (Cachabi, n. w.
Ecuador).
A female from San José and another from Puerto Valdivia near the
Pacific coast are evidently to be referred to this species, hitherto known
508 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
only from Ecuador. They have the outer tail-feathers black with a whitish
tip about three mm. wide and whitish margin to the outer web of the feather
apically. The second pair of feathers has a barely perceptible whitish tip
and the remaining rectrices are wholly black.
San José, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
Faminry TROGLODYTIDA. Wrens.
(3363) Cinnicerthia unirufa (Lajr.).
Limnornis unirufus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 105 (Bogotd).
Very common in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes. This is
doubtless the representative of C. untbrunneus of Ecuador and the Central
Colombian Andes ‘Bogotdé’ specimens of which are probably from the
Central Andes. Old Bogoté specimens of unirufa are materially paler
than freshly collected ones.
El Pifion (alt. 9600 ft.), above Fusugasugé, 8.
(3364) Cinnicerthia unibrunnea, (Lafr.).
Limnornis unibrunnea Larr., Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 59 (Ecuador).
Found only at Laguneta and Santa Isabel in the Central Andes. Seven
specimens collected at these localities agree with five recently collected
birds from Gualea and Pichincha, Ecuador.
(3366) Cinnicerthia olivascens Sharpe.
Cinnicerthia olivascens Suarpn, Cat. Bds. B. M., VI, 1881, p. 184, pl. xi (Santa
Elena, Antioquia).
Cinnicerthia unibrunnea (nec Lafr.) Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 492 (Retiro,
Sta. Elena).
? Presbys bogotensis, Matscutn, J. f. O., 1885, p. 466 (Bogotd).
? Cinnicerthia olivascens infasciata CuapM., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI,
1912, 158 (Andes west of Popayan, alt. 10340 ft.).
Inhabits the Temperate and upper portions of the Subtropical Zones
of all three ranges of the Andes. Since describing a supposed form of this
species from the Andes west of Popayan, under the name Cinnicerthia
olivascens infasciata (I. c.), the acquisition of additional material leads to
the conclusion that there is but one race of this Wren in Colombia. Un-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 509
fortunately I have but one specimen from Antioquia and it agrees with the
figure of the type in having the back barred. I have now, however, five
specimens from Laguneta and the region above Salento (alt. 9000 ft.) the
fauna of which is essentially Antioquian, which can be matched by my
original series of seven specimens from the Andes west of Popayan. While
none of the Laguneta birds has the back barred as in the Antioquian bird,
two of them have faint traces of this marking (as do also two of the West
Andean birds) and in view of the locality whence they came it is probable
that they represent true olivascens, the barring on the back of which is
probably a variable character.
Turning now to three specimens from the Eastern Andes, including
one from near Bogot4, we find that they can be matched by specimens from
the two Cauca region series just mentioned. Only a faint indication of
dorsal bars is evident, but as it appears that these bars may be wanting
in specimens from the faunal region whence olivascens was described it
seems probable that they form an individual rather than racial marking.
The black eye-stripe, to which Matschie (J. c.) refers as characterizing
olivascens, is apparently a darkening of the loral and postocular region which
has been emphasized by the artist in Sharpe’s plate (/. c.). This marking
is present in some and absent in other specimens from the same locality and
is clearly individual.
Taken as a whole the Cauca series of twelve specimens presents consid-
erable variation in color, some individuals being much more rufescent than
others. Only four of the whole series of seventeen birds have white on the
forehead, and in only one of these does it approach the extent shown by the
bird in Sharpe’s plate.
Andes, west of Popayan (alt. 10,340 ft.), 2; Cocal, (alt. 6000 ft.), 4;
Cocal (alt. 4000 ft.), 1; Laguneta, 2; above Salento (9000 ft.),3; Anda-
lucia (7000 ft.), 2; El Roble, 1.
(8371) Heleodytes minor bicolor Pelz.
Heleodyies bicolor Pruz., Ibis, 1875, p. 330 (Bogotd).
Heleodytes griseus Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Santa Marta); ALLEN, Bull.
A. M.N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 180 (Santa Marta; Cacagualito; Bonda).
Found in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley from the coast at
least to Honda. Differs constantly from H. griseus in its black crown and
foreback, unbarred wings and tail. From H. minor, of the lower Orinoco, it
may be known by its more chestnut back, etc. and black foreback.
Turbaco, 4; La Playa, 7; Calamar, 3; Carpinteria, 1; Remolino, 2;
Honda, 1.
510 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3374) Heleodytes albobrunneus harterti Berl.
Heleodytes harterti Brru., Ornis, XIV, 1907, p. 347 (San José, R. Dagua, Col.).
Heleodytes albobrunneus harterti Hetim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1088 (El Tigre, Rio
Tamané4).
A topotype from San José shows admirably the characters of blackish -
back, wings and tail on which this race is founded, and they are shown
almost equally well by a specimen from Dabeiba on the east side of the
Atrato Valley, and one from El Real, eastern Panama, while a molting
specimen taken May 16, 1915, at Cituro on the Cupe River, eastern Panama,
is essentially a duplicate of the type so far as its new plumage is concerned,
but the still unshed, worn rectrices and remiges agree with those of Panama
specimens of albobrunneus. It does not follow that harterti is not a tenable
form since even in fresh plumage, albobrunneus is not so dark as hartertt,
but it does follow that the differences between the two are bridged by sea-
sonal variation in harterti, which, in worn plumage, cannot be distinguished
from albobrunneus. A November specimen from the Rio Salaqui, a tribu-
tary of the lower Atrato exactly matches a “Panama” bird which is un-
fortunately without date of collection, and, in this instance, the Panama
specimen is in somewhat more worn plumage.
In juvenal plumage the crown is blackish or brownish gray (La Vieja,
o', 9 Oct.; Tapaliza, 9, Feb. 19) and with the advance toward maturity
it passes through a mottled stage (Rio Salaqui, Mch. 13, o"; El Real, Dec.
28, 2). In adult plumage both sexes have the entire head white. In
addition to the Colombian specimens listed below we have five from eastern
Panama.
Salaqui, 1; R. Atrato, 1; Dabeiba, 1; Bagado, 1; La Vieja, 3; San
José, 1. ;
(3376) Heleodytes turdinus hypostictus (Gould).
Campylorhynchus hypostictus Gouup, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 68 (R. Ucayali, Peru).
Found by us only in Amazonian Colombia, but occurring in Bogoté
collections. Our six specimens have the outer webs of the wing-quills and
also the outer tail-feathers with rusty marks or broken bars, a character
wanting or but slightly suggested in five specimens from Peru and Bolivia.
In a Bogota skin, however, this rusty marking is barely evident in the wings
and absent from the tail. If the Colombian bird proves to be separable it
would stand as Heleodytes turdinus striaticollis Scl. (P. Z. S., 1857, p. 272,
New Grenada).
La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 4.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 511
(3378) Heleodytes zonatus brevirostris (Lafr.).
Campylorhynchus brevirostris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 339 (Bogoté).
Campylorhynchus zonatoides Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Naranjo).
Common in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley. Distinguished
from H. zonatus chiefly by its more heavily barred flanks.
Opon, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Malena, 3; El Consuelo (above Honda), 2.
(3382) Heleodytes nuchalis nuchalis (Cab.).
Campylorhynchus nuchalis Cas., Arch. fiir Naturg., 1847, I, p. 206 (Venezuela).
Heleodytes pardus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1857, p. 271 (Santa Marta; type, A. M. N. H.,
39445, examined); Wvart, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Catamucho).
Heleodytes nuchalis Auuun, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 180 (Cienaga).
Occupies the semi-arid Coastal Zone and lower Magdalena Valley. I
can detect no racial difference between the specimens listed below, two from
Santa Marta (including the type of pardus Scl.) and one from Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela, to which I assume the name nuchalis (Cab.) is applica-
ble. The specimens from the lower Orinoco are smaller and possibly
represent brevirostris Lawr., which, if we may judge from the measurements
accompanying the original description, is a smaller bird than nuchalis.
Sinu River, 1; Turbaco, 2; Calamar, 2; Carpinteria, 1; Boca de Chimi,
1; Banco, 1.
(3385) Odontorchilus! branicki (Tacz. & Berl.).
Odontorhynchus branickit Tacz. & Brru., P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 72, pl. vii, fig. 1
(Machay, Ecuador).
A fine adult male collected by Miller at La Palma agrees with the plate
of this species the known range of which it extends into Colombia.
La Palma, 1.
(3389) Thryophilus leucotis (Lafr.).
Tlhriothorus] leucotis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 338 (“Colombia aut Mexico’’).
Thryothorus [sp. ?] Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 193 (Turbo; Cartha-
gena). ~ :
Thryothorus leucotis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Catamucho).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley from
Puerto Berrio to Chicoral. The color of the upperparts in some of our
1 Cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1915, p. 180.
\
512 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
specimens suggests that of the plate of T. minlosi Berl.,' of Bucaramanga,
but the underparts of the figured specimen are more richly washed with
rufous than in the average specimen of leucotis.
Algodonal, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Malena, 2; Honda, 2; Chicoral, 2.
(3390a) Thryophilus galbraithi galbraithi (Lawr.).
Thryothorus galbraithii Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 320 (Lion
Hill, Panama; type examined).
A specimen from the Rio Salaqui is somewhat less rufescent than any of
four topotypes, but it can be matched by specimens from El Real, eastern
Panama, whence we have also typical specimens.
Rio Salaqui, 1.
(3392) Thryophilus albipectus bogotensis Hellm.
Thryophilus bogotensis Hetim., Verz. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, LI, 1901, p. 774
(Bogoté).
Four specimens from Villavicencio apparently represent this form which
was found only at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes. From four
Guiana specimens of true alb¢pectus they differ in being somewhat more
richly colored, particularly below, but mainly through the blackish, rather
than the brownish borders to the feathers of the superciliary and auricular
and malar regions. Specimens from the Caura River, Venezuela, appear to
be intermediate between those from Guiana and Villavicencio.
Villavicencio, 4.
(3398a) Thryophilus rufalbus cumanensis Chapm.
Thryophilus rufalbus cumanensis Cuapm., Auk, XIV, 1897, p. 367 (Cumanacoa,
Venezuela). Not Troglodytes cumanensis Licht., Nomencl. Av., 1854 — nomen’
nudum (cf. also Cabanis J. f. O., 1860, p. 408 and Ridgw., Bull. U. 8. N. M., 50, III,
1904, p. 623).
Found by us only at Villavicencio at the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes.
In discussing the status of four wrens from Cumanacoa, Ven. (Auk,
Ll. c.) I came to the conclusion that they were not separable from Panama
specimens of T. r. castanotus Ridgw., and I accepted for them the name
cumanensis Licht., the type of which was later said by Cabanis to have come
from Carthagena, Col. With a now much larger series of specimens (thirty-
1J.f. O., 1884, pl. 1.
1917.)
Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia.
513
seven instead of six) I find that the Cumanacoa bird is separable, and that
Lichtenstein’s name is a nomen nudum. The name cumanensis, therefore,
dates from my publication of it in ‘The Auk’ though it must be confessed
that my object was to show that the bird to which I applied it was not a
valid form! I now name as type No. 73284, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Cuma-
nacoa, Bermudez, Venezuela, o, July 5, 1896; W. H. Phelps.
This form is distinguished by its smaller size and generally darker colors
and by the more pronounced and slightly wider, blacker bars on the wing-
quills.
The Villavicencio specimens agree fairly well with those from Cumanacoa
and indicate that this form ranges through Venezuela to the eastern base of
the Andes.
Villavicencio, 11.
Measurements of Males.
Wing Tail
Cristobal Colon, Ven. 67 48
Cumanacoa, 67 49
Villavicencio, Col. (5). 67 49
Culmen
18
18
19
(8400) Thryophilus leucopogon Salvad. & Festa.
Thryophilus leucopogon Satvap. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Tor. (No. 357), XV, 1899,
p. 6 (Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador); Heuum., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1089 (Névita).
Known only from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast.
(Z.¢.) describes a specimen from Novita as like others from Ecuador. A
female from Tapaliza, eastern Panama extends the recorded range of the
species. It is materially grayer than our two Colombian specimens, but is
in much worn plumage.
San José, 1; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(3402) Thryophilus nigricapillus schotti (Baird).
Hellmayr
Thryothorus schottti Barrp, Rev. Am. Bds., 1864, p. 183 (Rio Truando, Col.).
Thryothorus nigricapillus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 193 (Rio
Truando).
Thryophilus nigricapillus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 493 (Remedios; ‘Sta.
Elena’?),
Thryophilus nigricapillus schottti Hntim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1089 (Sipi; Condoto).
A common species of the Tropical Zone on the Pacific coast southward
at least to Buenaventura and northward to eastern Panama (Tapaliza)
and eastward to the Magdalena Valley. We have not found it above 2000
514. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
feet altitude. Its intergradation with 7. n. nigricapillus is shown under
the following form.
Alto Bonito, 11; Dabeiba, 3; Bagado, 3; Juntas de Tamand, 4; Buena-
ventura, 2; San José, 9; Cisneros, 2.
(3402a) Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens Chapm.
Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912,
p. 157 (Cocal, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Agreeing with Thryophilus nigricapillus schottt (Baird) but throat
white, unbarred, the breast less heavily barred; throat as in 7’. n. nigricapillus but
breast and remainder of underparts more heavily barred; the flanks and back much
richer ferruginous. re
This intermediate form evidently has a limited range in southwestern
Colombia where it ranges upward to at least 4000 feet on the western slope
of the Western Andes, a higher altitude than any at which we have found
T. n. schotti of northwestern Colombia. It is to be noted that the Ecuador
form, T. ». nigricapillus also reaches an altitude of at least 4000 feet, which
is the height above the sea of Nanegal, the type-locality of this race. Speci-
mens labeled “Quito” doubtless were collected at the upper limits of the
range of the species. They agree with others from Naranjo, Prov. Guayas,
and from Esmeraldas, showing that this form apparently occupies the entire
humid Tropical Zone of western Ecuador.
One of six Esmeraldas specimens approaches connectens in having the
breast barred while of six Barbacoas specimens three have the upperparts
paler than in connectens and in this respect are nearer nigricapillus. As
might be expected, therefore, this is evidently the area of intergradation
between these two forms while somewhere between Cocal and Buenaventura
connectens merges with schotti. The region from Buenaventura to Es-
meraldas is evidently, therefore, the area of intergradation of schott? with
nigricapillus, and this intergrading form in the'region of its typical develop-
ment differs sufficiently from the forms it connects to deserve a name of its
own. Certainly it could not satisfactorily be referred to one or the other.
Cocal, 7; Barbacoas, 6.
(3403) Pheugopedius spadix Bangs.
Pheugopedius spadiz Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 74 (Naran-
jito, Rio Dagua, 3900 ft.).
Apparently a rare species in the lower part of the Subtropical Zone of
the Pacific coast, whence we have but one specimen, but evidently more
1917.| Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 515
common in this zone in eastern Panama, whence we have seven specimens
from Tacarcuna. In juvenal plumage the crown is umber, the throat and
sides of the head below the eye blackish gray, the breast but slightly tinged
with rusty.
Gallera, 1.
(3404) Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris fasciato-ventris (Lafr.).
T[hriothorus] fasciato-ventris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 337 (Bogotaé).
Thryothorus fasciativentris Sci. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 493 (Remedios; Neché) ,
This species appears to be restricted to the lower Cauca and Magdalena
Valleys. Twonative skins are from Anolaima on the western slope of the
Eastern Andes. Specimens from the Magdalena Valley show much varia-
tion in the intensity of the color of the upperparts, barring of the underparts
and amount of white on the auriculars. In only one, however, a female
from near Honda, do the bars below reach the white breast, a band of
black, unbarred, bordering the breast posteriorly in the others.
Puerto Valdivia, 1; Malena, 2; Algodonal, 1; Honda, 1; “Ano-
laima,” 2.
(3405) Pheugopedius mystacalis mystacalis (Scl.).
Thryothorus mystacalis Scu., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 64 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); Secu. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 493 (Sta. Elena).
Pheugopedius mystacalis saltuensis Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910,
p. 74 (San Luis, Bitaco Valley, Colombia).
A common species in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central
Andes, and occurring also in the Eastern Andes. Six specimens from San
Antonio and Las Lomitas in the Western Andes, are essentially topotypical
and agree with the type and topotype of P. m. saltwensis, loaned me by Mr.
Bangs.
Compared with two Ecuadorian specimens in the Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences, which agree with Sclater’s description, and are from Bucay
(alt. 975 ft.), and the junction of the Chanchan and Chiguancay Rivers
(alt. 2500 ft.), both near Pallatanga, the type locality of mystacalis, the
Colombian birds have slightly longer tails and the brownish gray of the
crown appears to extend somewhat further backward, a difference, however,
which may in part be due to the make of the skins. Some specimens from
the Eastern Andes agree exactly in color and in the extent of the nape area
with the Ecuador birds, while others are like those from the Western Andes.
If therefore we recognize saltuensis we must also include mystacalis as a
Colombian bird, and under conditions of distribution which imply that, to
516 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
some extent at least, the characters in question are individual rather than
geographic. In any event they do not seem to me to be sufficiently diagnos-
tic to warrant the recognition of two forms, and I therefore accept the name
mystacalis for the specimens in hand.
It should be added that comparison of essentially topotypical specimens
of “saltuensis’’ and mystacalts does not reveal the characters attributed to
saltuensis by its describer (I. c.), whose description leads me to infer that he
compared his Colombian birds not with true mystacalis but with an evi-
dently unnamed Ecuadorian form of which Richardson secured a single
specimen at Esmeraldas, while the National Museum has loaned us a bird
(No. 90449) of apparently the same race collected by Buckley at “Jima.”
This locality is on the Amazonian slope of the Andes southeast of Cuenca
and if the specimen is correctly labeled the form it represents has an in-
explicable distribution.
These birds differ from the Academy of Science specimens, and hence I
take it from true mystacalis, in having the crown browner, and the under-
parts more tawny-olive. True mystacalis has the breast gray, the throat
white, with little if any tawny-olive tinge, while the Esmeraldas and Jima
birds have the entire underparts from bill to vent, more or less suffused
with this color which, on the flanks and abdomen, is particularly strong.
In short, these birds differ from true mystacalis much as saltuensis was
stated to differ from it. In view of the uncertainty attached to the locality
of the Buckley specimen, it seems to me to be at present inadvisable to
name this Ecuadorian race.
Magdalena Valley (La Candela; Andalucia) specimens have the crown
somewhat darker, the abdomen more rufous than the average bird from
the Cauca region, and thus approach amaurogaster.
Las Lomitas, 3; San Antonio, 3; Popayan, 1; Miraflores, 4; Salento, 1;
La Candela, 1; near San Agustin, 1 (juv.); below Andalucia (w. slope,
3000 it.), 1
(3405a) Pheugopedius mystacalis amaurogaster Chapm.
Pheugopedius mystacalis amaurogaster CuapM., Bull. A. M.N. H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 179 (Buena Vista, Eastern Andes, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to P. m. mystacalis but darker above, the auriculars more
solidly black, the submalar stripe broader, the chin and upper throat white but the
lower throat and breast washed with ochraceous-tawny, the flanks and abdomen
strong ochraceous-tawny, the tail longer.
Eight specimens of this strongly marked race were collected at Buena
Vista where it occurs, doubtless, as a representative of the Subtropical
rather than the Tropical Zone, since we did not find it below this point.
Buena Vista, 8.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 517
(3424) Pheugopedius sclateri (Tacz.).
Thryothorus sclateri Tacz., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 222 (Guajango, Peru).
This is apparently an uncommon species in Colombia. We have taken
one specimen at Miraflores and a second from Enconosa, near Bogot4, was
purchased. Lacking topotypical material for comparison the identifica-
tion of these birds may be considered as provisional.
Miraflores, 1; Enconosa, 1.
(3427) Pheugopedius hypospodius (Salv. & Godm.).
Thryothorus hypospodius Sav. & Gopm., Biol. Cen.-Am., Aves, I, 1880, p. 92
(Colombia, ‘‘skin of Bogoté make’’).
Found only on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, where it ranged
from Villavicencio upward to the western border of the humid Tropical
Zone, between Buena Vista and Quetame. Although evidently the repre-
sentative of P. rutilus, none of our twelve adult specimens approaches
adults of that species. In juvenal plumage, however, the two are practi-
cally indistinguishable.
Villavicencio, 8; Buena Vista, 5; Susumuco, 1.
(8434) Cistothorus equatorialis Lawr.
Cistothorus e@quatorialis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, 1874, p. 3
(Pichincha, Ecuador). .
Common on the paramo of Santa Isabel, and in the Valle de las Pappas,
in the Central Andes. A single specimen was taken at an altitude of 10,000
feet, at the junction of the Temperate Zone with the paramo above
Chipaque, east of Bogota, from which region this species does not appear to
have been before recorded.
Compared with a May specimen from Pichincha, near Quito, and July
specimens from Chimborazo, fourteen September Santa Isabel specimens
average somewhat less rufescent above and have the dorsal stripes paler
and the crown darker. A specimen labeled “Gualea, 13000 ft., June 1,
1913,” however, very closely agrees with the Santa Isabel series.
The Chipaque specimen, a female taken February 22, has the back
streaked with the color of the rump (aside from the pale shaft of the feather),
the ochraceous-tawny of the underparts more extensive than in any of the
other specimens, covering the throat, breast and, indeed, all but the center
518 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
of the abdomen. Possibly it represents a new race. It shows no approach
toward C. meride but in its unbarred rump and flanks resembles equatorialis.
Valle de las Pappas, 2; Paramo of Santa Isabel, 15. Chipaque, 1.
(3434a) Cistothorus apolinari Chapm.
Cistothorus apolinari Cuarn., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 635 (Savanna
at Bogoté).
Char. sp.— Similar to Cistothorus equatorialis (Lawr.) but very much larger,
feet particularly larger and heavier, color throughout paler, the dorsal streaks and
bars in tail and wings broader; the outer pair of rectrices unbarred; outer margin
of three outer primaries unbarred, wing quills much broader.
The Bogota Savanna with an altitude of about 8600 ft., is in the Temper-
ate Zone, and the bird here described is therefore evidently a zonal repre-
sentative of the equatorialis group, and appears to be isolated on the
Savanna, This fact, in connection with its strongly marked characters
and the occurrence of equatorialis in the zone above and distant but a
few miles, indicates, in my mind, the segregation and specific distinctness
of the Savanna bird.
Suba Marshes, Bogota Savanna, 5.
& 4
4
(3436) Troglodytes musculus striatulus (Lafr.).
Tlhriothorus] striatulus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 338 (Bogotd; I suggest Honda).
Troglodytes tessellatus Sci. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 493 (Medellin; Concordia).
Troglodytes striatulus Stone, Proc. Acad. N. S., 1899, p. 308 (Honda).
Troglodytes musculus striatulus OBERHOLSER, (part), Proc. U. 8.N.M., XXVII,
1904, p. 205.
The House Wren is the only passerine bird which we found to range
continuously from the Magdalena Valley over the Eastern Andes to its
eastern base. In this faunally diversified area it appears in three forms,
one of which occupies the Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the western
slope of the range, one the Temperate Zone on both slopes, and a third is
found in the Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the eastern slope of the
range.
For the first, or Magdalena Valley form, I accept the name striatulus of
Lafresnaye, the second or Temperate Zone form, comparison with the type
shows to be Troglodytes colunibe Stone, while the form from the eastern
base of the range appears to be unnamed and is described beyond as T'roglo-
dytes musculus neglectus.
Dr. Glover M. Allen writes me that the type of Lafresnaye’s Thrio-
thorus striatulus was not included in the Lafresnaye collection obtained by
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 519
the Boston Society of Natural History. It is doubtful, however, even if it
exists, that it would be of much value in the present connection. Lafres-
naye’s description of the underparts of his bird as “subtus pallidior, leeviter
ochraceo tinctus”’ might apply to any of the three forms in question, though
it more strongly suggests the bird inhabiting the Temperate Zone. To
this form, however, Stone’s name of columbe is unmistakably applicable.
Under the circumstances, therefore, it seems advisable to fix Lafresnaye’s
name on the bird occupying the Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the
Magdalena Valley slope of the Eastern Andes. This, too, is the form
occurring throughout the greater part of Andean Colombia and this course
leaves the name striatulus with much the same meaning as heretofore.
I consequently suggest Honda as the definite type-locality for the bird
described by Lafresnaye.
As thus restricted, striatulus is a bird with grayish olive-brown back and
whitish or centrally whitish underparts the sides and flanks being more or
less washed with white, the under tail-coverts usually with well defined
bars. From columbe, of the Temperate Zone, it may be readily known by
its white or whitish underparts.
Our collections unfortunately contain only one specimen from the upper-
part of the Subtropical Zone of the western slope and it is typical columbe.
Beyond, therefore, a native skin labelled ‘‘ Anolaima Feb. 4, 1913,” I have
seen no intermediate: between striatulus and columbe. A second native
specimen labelled ‘ Anolaima, Feb. 5, 1913,’ is typical striatulus, indicating
that Anolaima is near the zone of intergradation. Probably the first-
named specimen was taken above the town, the second below. However
this may be, the case illustrates the necessity for more accurate labelling
than even a well-intentioned native collector can supply. On the eastern
slope a specimen from Quetame (alt. 4800 ft.), where certain Temperate
Zone forms reach an exceptionally low altitude, in its paler underparts
approaches the form from the eastern base of the Andes, for which I have
proposed the name Troglodytes musculus neglectus.
Specimens from the head of the Magdalena Valley, the Central Andes,
Cauca Valley and Western Andes are referable to striatulus, as above de-
fined, but seven specimens from Tumaco and Barbacoas in southwestern
Colombia which in their shorter tail, more rufescent rump, and ventral
region, show an approach to albicans (of which I have a representative
series), so closely duplicate in color and size the birds from Buena Vista at
the eastern base of the Andes, that if we name facts rather than ‘forms’ of
our own creation, the name applied to one should be applied to the other.
With this comment these specimens are listed under striatulus as inter-
grades between it and albicans.
520 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
It should be noted that aside from these specimens from Tumaco and
Barbacoas we have but one specimen of this species from that part of the
Pacific Coast region of Colombia lying between Tumaco and Alto Bonito. It
is worthy of comment that while in the Eastern Andes House Wrens cross the
range through the Temperate Zone, in the Central and Western ranges they
are not found above the subtropics. It is also surprising that in the first-
named range three forms of 7. musculus occur while, if we except the
Tumaco region, only one is found throughout the whole region west of the
Magdalena River.
Alto Bonito, 1; Dabeiba, 4; Bagado, 1; Barbacoas, 2; Tumaco, 4; ?-
Puerto Valdivia, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Caldas, 4; Las Lomitas, 3; San
Antonio, 5; Cali, 5; La Manuelita, 1; Rio Frio, 1; Miraflores, 4; Salento,
1; Sta. Elena, 1; Rio Toché, 3; La Sierra, 1; Andalucia (w. slope, 3000 ft.),
1; Chicoral, 2; Honda, 2; Anolaima, 2.?
(3436a) Troglodytes musculus columbe (Stone).
Troglodytes columbe Stone, Proc. Acad. N-S. Phila., 1899, p. 308 (Vicinity Bogota).
? Troglodytes tessellatus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Pamplona Road, 9000 ft.).
Troglodytes musculus striatulus OBERu. (part), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1904, p. 205
(Bogota).
This strongly marked race occupies the Temperate Zone of both slopes
of the Eastern Andes descending to the upper margin of the Subtropical
Zone. The upperparts are appreciably darker than in striatulus while the
underparts from bill to vent are uniform vinaceous-buff to wood-brown,
with no white areas. On the western slope a native-collected specimen
labeled “ Anolaima, Feb. 4, 1913” is intermediate toward striatulus while
on the eastern slope a specimen from Quetame approaches 7’. m. neglectus.
The type of columbe loaned me by Mr. Stone is typical of the race for which
it stands. :
El Roble, 1; El Pifion, 2; La Holanda, 3; Tocaimito, above Bogota, 2;
Paramo de Beltran, 1; Fomeque, 1; Chipaque, 6; Choachi, 2; Quetame, 1. .
oO
(3436b) Troglodytes musculus neglectus subsp. nov. ©
Char. Subsp.— Similar to T. m. striatulus but rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks and
ventral region more rufescent; the tail shorter.
Type.— No. 122488, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., @ ad., Buena Vista (above Villa-
vicencio), alt. 4500 ft., Eastern Andes, Colombia, March 8, 1913, F. M. Chapman.
Remarks.— This form, which is based on ten specimens, all from Buena
Vista, is in color an intermediate between striatulus and clarus, of both of
1 Intergrades toward T. m. albicans.
2 One intergrades toward T. m. columbe.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 521
which we have large series. Since it is connected with the former through
columbe we may perhaps preferably regard neglectus as‘the eastern repre-
sentative of striatulus rather than the western representative of clarus.
The comparatively open character of the country between the western base
of the Andes, at Villavicencio, and the middle Orinoco, whence we have
specimens of clarus, admits of the geographical connection of these two
races. The proposed new form agrees with clarus in- size but is much
grayer above and consequently nearer striatulus in color.
It is significant to observe that immature specimens, having the breast-
feathers margined with fuscous, of all three races from the Bogoté region,
clearly show the characters by which adults may be distinguished.
Measurements of Males.
Wing Tail Culmen
T. m. striatulus, Honda, Col. 53 42 15
« «& “ “ “ 55 43 6 15
«oe “ Chicoral, Col. 53.5 41.5 15.5
o & “ “ “ 56 44.5 16
“« & « Miraflores, “ 56 41 15.5
« « “ Calli, « 54. Al 15
ee g La Manuelita, Col. 58 42 15
« & « Caldas, « 53 42 15
T. m. columbe, El Pifion, = 53 Al 14
Me le i above Bog6td-. “ 56 44 14
« «& « « “« 53 42 14
“« « « Chipaque, « 53 42 14
“« «& “ “« “ 53 41.5 14
T. m. neglectus, Buena Vista, “ 54 34.5 14
« «& “ “« “« “« 54 37 14
“« «& “ “ “ “ 54 39.5 15
« « « “ “ “ 48 85 13
“« «& “ « “ « 52 35 15
(3450a) Troglodytes solstitialis pallidipectus Chapm.
Troglodytes solstitialis pallidipectus Cuapm., Bull, A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912,
p. 157 (Cerro Munchique, Col.).
Troglodytes solstitialis (nec. Scl.) Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 493 (Sta. Elena;
“Neché’’).
Char. subsp.— Similar in size to Troglodytes solstitialis solstitialis Scl., more
closely agreeing in color with T. s. macrourus Berl. & Stolz., much less rufestont
throughout than 7’. s. solstitialis the breast being but slightly, instead of strongly
washed with buff; wings, tail, and bill shorter than in 7’. s. macrourus, the upperparts
less cinnamomeus.
Common in the Temperate Zone, less so in upper part of the Subtropical
Zone of all three ranges. A specimen of true solstitialis Scl. collected by
522 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Rhoads at Chimbo, Ecuador, near Riobamba, and hence essentially topo-
typical, has the flanks barred and thus agrees with Sclater’s description
(P. Z. S., 1858, p. 550). None of my twenty-five Colombian specimens is
thus marked, and only one, a female from Valle de las Pappas, has the
breast as heavily washed.
Munchique, 2; Laguneta, 6; Surita Isabel, 4; El Eden, 1; Rio Toché,
1; Almaguer, 4; Valle de las Pappas, 2; La Palma, 1; El Roble, 2; El
Pifion, 2.
(8455) Henicorhina leucosticta (Cab.).
Cyphorhinus leucostictus Cas., Arch. fir Naturg., XII, 1847, p. 206 (Guiana).
I am unable to find in our collections the Panama R. R. specimen from
the Lawrence collection which Baird (Rev. Am. Bds., p. 117) referred to
this species, but our more recent collections show that it at least reaches
eastern Panama, where Anthony, Ball and Richardson secured nine speci-
mens at Tacarcuna and Tapaliza. From the eastern side of the Atrato
Miller and Boyle also took a small series of seven specimens, and our explo-
rations thus materially extend the definitely known range of this species.
Four specimens from La Morelia and four from Florencia agree closely
with thirteen from the Essequibo River, British Guiana, which may be
considered as typically representing this species, but have, as a rule, no
black on the malar region, whereas in Guiana specimens the black not infre-
quently encroaches on the side of the throat. In specimens from northwest
Colombia and eastern Panama the malar region is still more frequently
streaked and the inner wing-quills are more distinctly barred than in Guiana
or southeast Colombia birds; but these differences are too inconstant to be
of racial value.
All the adults in our large series have the crown and nape black with
occasionally a trace of the color of the back. A specimen in juvenal plumage
from La Morelia has the entire crown the color of the back but in a juvenal
specimen from Tapaliza it is black lightly tinged with brownish.
While we have yet to find leucosticta and prostheleuca at the same place,
the indications are that these birds do not intergrade.
Alto Bonito, 6; Dabeiba, 1; La Morelia, 4; Florencia, 4.
(3455a) Henicorhina prostheleuca eucharis Bangs.
Henicorhina leucosticta eucharis Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p.
74 (Pavas, w. Col.).
Apparently confined to the lower part of the Subtropical Zone and upper
border of the Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope of the Western Andes. It
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 528
was not found at San Antonio (alt. 6600 ft.), where Henicorhina leucophrys
guttata was common, but was evidently not uncommon at Las Lomitas,
since Richardson secured five specimens in a few days’ collecting, and during
the same period took but one example of guttata. Bangs’s type was taken
at Las Pavas, very near Las Lomitas, and at about the same altitude, while
his second specimen is labeled “near Jiminez, w. Colombia, alt. 2400 ft.”’
With both these specimens and our own series before me, I am in a
position to throw some light on the relationships of this form. As Hellmayr
has already pointed out 1 it is not a representative of the Guianan leucosticta
but of the Mexican prostheleuca, though its comparatively white malar
region might easily lead to the belief that it was nearer the former.
In general tone of coloration eucharis is indistinguishable from prosthe-
leuca; but the former has the malar and auricular regions less heavily marked
with black, the superciliaries more pronounced, the tertials less distinctly
barred, the greater and less wing-coverts without the white terminal spots,
which are present in most specimens (13 out of our 15 adults) of prostheleuca,
and it averages larger in size. These differences are slight and some speci-
mens of prostheleuca lacking the white spots on the wing-coverts, might
with difficulty be distinguished from specimens of eucharis. The close
resemblance of the two forms, however, is evidently not indicative of
correspondingly close relationships but is apparently to be attributed to
parallelism in development, since between them occurs a third race which
differs more from either than they do from each other.
Henacorhina prostheleuca prostheleuca (type-locality Cordova, Mexico)
ranges from southern Mexico to Nicaragua. Four specimens from Mexico,
two from Guatemala and eleven from Nicaragua agree, but the white spots
on the wing-coverts are larger in the Mexican birds. In Costa Rica, and
southward at least to Panama, prostheleuca is replaced by the well-marked
H. p. pittiert, of which I have eighteen specimens from Costa Rica (El
General and Boruca) and two from Panama, all but one loaned me by Mr.
Bangs. In this form the bright chestnut back and but slightly browner
(never blackish?) crown are more nearly as in inornata of the lowlands of
western Colombia than they are like those of prostheleuca or eucharis.
Some Costa Rica specimens, in fact, are exactly like examples of inornata
in the coloration of the upperparts, but the latter bird has more black in
the malar region, grayer sides and a larger bill, which, below, is basally
flesh-color. Panama specimens show no further approach toward inornata
but it is not improbable that intergrades between that form and pittceri
will be found in the Atrato region.
re
‘1P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1090.
¢
524 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
The close relationships of pittiert and inornata are particularly empha-
sized by the fact that in both, the crown is apparently always bright brown,
but little lighter in tone than the back, and with little if any black showing,
while in all the other forms of the prostheleuca group the amount of brown
on the crown is variable and, more or less frequently, black prevails.
Just how intergradation, if it occurs at all, is accomplished with the
mountain-inhabiting eucharis is not clear, but it evidently does not occur
through inornata which in its typical form has been found at a locality but
2000 feet below points at which eucharis has been taken. The case is still
further complicated by the existence in the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys
of a bird which unfortunately cannot be referred to any of the described
forms, and which I therefore describe below under the-name Henicorhina
prostheleuca albilateralis.
Las Lomitas, 5.
(8455b) Henicorhina prostheleuca albilateralis subsp. nov.
Char. subsp.— Similar to H. p. eucharis (Bangs) but less richly colored, the
general color of the back cinnamon-brown rather than auburn, the brown of the
flanks paler and less extensive, the sides with practically no gray, the auriculars with
less black.
Type.— No. 122520, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., # ad., El Consuelo (alt. 3300 ft.),
western slope of Eastern Andes, above Honda, February 6, 1913; L. A. Fuertes.
Of this race we have a second specimen from El Consuelo, which is even
paler than the type, three from Peque on the western slope of the Western
Andes in Antioquia, and three from Rio Frio in the Cauca Valley which are
slightly deeper in tone than the type, but which resemble it in the compara-
tive paleness and restriction of the brown in the flanks and which therefore
both in physical characters and faunal affinities are to be referred to the
Magdalena Valley race. In its unstreaked malar region and comparatively
white auriculars, this race is nearest specimens of leucosticta from the eastern
base of the Eastern Andes, but in the much paler coloration of its back and
flanks it is farther from that race than is any other form of the prostheleuca
group.
Peque, 3; Rio Frio, 3; El Consuelo (above Honda), 2.
(3456) Henicorhina inornata Hellm.
Henicorhina inornata Heti., J.f.0., 1903, p. 528 (Lita, n. w. Ecuador); P.Z.S.,
1911, p. 1090 (Sipi).
_ Found only in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast. Our ten speci-
mens all exhibit the well-marked characters of thick bill, basally pale lower
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 525
mandible, heavily marked malars, dark gray sides, rich rufous flanks, brown
crown, bright rufous back, ete., by which this species is distinguished. In
the succeeding zone, at an altitude of 5000 feet, and directly above localities
at which we have found inornata, it is apparently represented locally by
Henicorhina prostheleuca eucharis, but we have yet to discover intermediates
between the two. In fact, as stated under Z. p. eucharis, the relationships
of this race appear to be with H. p. pittieri of Costa Rica to Panama, rather
than with the geographically nearer eucharis.
Novita, 3; San José, 2; Barbacoas, 3; Buenavista, Narifio, 2.
(3457) Henicorhina leucophrys guttata (Haril.). a
Troglodytes guttatus Hartu., Syst. Verz. d. Ges. Mus. Brem., 1844, p. 28 (New
Grenada).
Henicorhina leucophrys Sou. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 493 (Frontino).
Henicorhina leucophrys berlepscht Ripew., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, 1903,
p. 168 (Chimbo, Ecuador).
A common bird in fallen tree-tops, or dense undergrowth, in the luxuriant
forests of the Subtropical Zone of all three Andean ranges. ;
At Chipaque (alt. 8500 ft.) it occurred in the wooded ravines which,
faunally, are finger-like extensions of the Subtropical Zone, penetrating the
Temperate Zone. At Buena Vista (alt. 4500 ft.), above Villavicencio, the
capture of a single specimen indicated the proximity of this locality to the
Subtropical Zone. This Buena Vista specimen, it should be remarked, is
more cinnamomeus and less rufescent than any other bird in our Colombian
series.
A series of seventy-three specimens, showing both juvenal and adult
plumages, and representing every month in the year, but August, affords
satisfactory material for the study of the color variations of this species.
In the general tone of the back there is surprisingly little variation in the
color of this part which resembles that of Peruvian specimens of leucophrys.
In the underparts there is some variation in the intensity of color of the
breast and throat and the latter is, in some specimens, lightly streaked with
blackish; all this, however, appears to be purely individual. There is
also some variation in the extent. and intensity of the rufous on the flanks
and in the barring of the tail, and this is evidently, in part, geographical.
Bogota region birds have, on the average, the flanks less extensively rufous
and the tail more distinctly barred; these differences, however, are too
slight and inconstant to warrant recognition by name.
The greatest variation occurs in the color of the crown which in birds
from the same locality varies from warm mummy-brown or Prout’s-brown
526 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
to nearly black. No specimen, however, has the crown wholly black and
the prevailing color may be described as black, broadly tipped with
Prout’s-brown or mummy-brown through which the black shows to a
greater or lesser extent.
This variation in the color of the crown is in part due to wearing off
of the brown tips of the feathers, but is in the main evidently individual.
It is shown in specimens of the same place, date, and sex, and also by
specimens in juvenal plumage, some of which have the crown-feathers
brown almost to their bases, while in others the brown appears as a narrow
tip.
With but two Peruvian specimens before me, I am not in a position to
speak conclusively of the characters which distinguish leucophrys from
guttata. Both these Peruvian birds (from Inca Mine), however, have the
crown black with but a trace of brown and in this respect they are matched
by about five of my sixty-two specimens of guttata; both have the inner wing-
feathers less distinctly barred than in guttata, while the bars in the tail are
almost obsolete, and in this respect they differ from topotypical guttata,
while more nearly resembling Cauca region birds.
* In size they are somewhat smaller than the Bogota birds, the tail being
noticeably shorter (see comparative measurements beyond). I can detect
no constant differences between the Peruvian and Colombian birds in the
width or extent of the postocular stripe or markings in the throat.
Henicorhina leucophrys berlepschi Ridgw., of which I have the type and
three other Ecuador specimens (one each from Pedregal, Minde, and Nar-
anjo), while in a measure intermediate between leucophrys and guttata,
appears, on the whole, to be nearer the latter. The type has the tail in
color and in length more as in leucophrys, but the head is as brown as in the
brownest-headed guttata; in short, it may be exactly matched by specimens
from the Cauca region. The specimen from Minde (below Quito, alt.
5000 ft.), on the other hand, agrees exactly in color and in size with speci-
mens from the Bogoté region. While, therefore, as in similar -cases, there
may be some question as to which of the forms the Ecuador bird should be
referred, there can be none, I think, that it is not deserving of separation
from both of the forms between which it is intermediate.
Hartlaub’s “ Troglodytes guttatus” from New Grenada which, in 1844,
doubtless implied Bogotd, is described as “ pectore et epigastrio cinereis”’
showing clearly that he had in hand a Wren of the leucophrys, rather than
prostheleuca type, a matter of importance since we have discovered that a
form of prostheleuca also occurs in the Bogota region.
T have to thank Mr. Witmer Stone for a copy of Hartlaub’s description
since the work in which it was published is not contained in our library.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 527
La Frijolera, 2; Névita Trail (7200 ft.), 1; Las Lomitas,! 1; San Antonio,
11; Cerro Munchique, 8; Miraflores, 6; Salento, 5; Sta. Elena, 4; Rio
Toché, 5; El Eden, 3; La Palma, 3; La Candela, 5; Andalucia, 1; Subia,
4; Fusugasugaé, 5; Aguadita, 4; El Roble, 3; Chipaque, 1; Buena Vista, 1.
(3458a) Henicorhina’ leucophrys brunneiceps Chapm.
Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 181 (Gallera, 5700 ft., Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to H. 1. guttata of the Bogoté region, but bill longer and
heavier, back and wings much brighter, more ferruginous, the crown always browner;
markings on outer margins of primaries less distinct, bars on inner wing-feathers and
on rectrices wanting or obsolete; the tail more rufescent; breast and throat averag-
ing grayer, the latter more streaked with blackish.
The occurrence of two forms of Henicorhina leucophrys on the western
slope of the Western Andes is surprising but is apparently proven by our
large series of specimens. . |. guttata occupies the middle and upper part,
H. 1. brunneiceps the lower part of the Subtropical Zone.
Névita Trail (4000 ft.), 1; Gallera (5700 ft.), 2; Cocal (6000 ft.), 2;
Ricaurte (4500 ft.), 1.
(3464) Leucolepis salvini (Sharpe).
Cyphorhinus salvini Suarpe, Cat. Bds. B. M., 1881, p. 292, pl. XVIII, fig. 1.
Three specimens from Florencia agree with one from Zamora in south-
eastern Ecuador.
Florencia, 3.
(3466) Leucolepis pheocephalus pheocephalus (Scl.).
Cyphorhinus pheocephalus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 291 (Esmeraldas, Ecuador);
Sct. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 492 (Remedios).
Cyphorhinus brunnescens SHARPE, Cat. Bds. B. M., VI, 1881, p. 293 (‘Cauca
Valley’? = Remedios, cf. Hntim., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1088).
Leucolepis pheocephalus pheocephalus Hetto., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1088 (Juntas de
Tamand4).
Apparently restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and
Antioquia, Antioquia specimens essentially agree with a topotypical
series from Esmeraldas.
‘Alto Bonito, 4; Baudo, 3; Barbacoas, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
1 Las Lomitas is the only locality at which we have found both the gray-breasted (leucophrys) and
white-breasted (prostheleuca) species of Henicorhina.
528 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3468) Leucolepis dichrous (Sci. & Salv.).
Cyphorhinus dichrous Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 492, pl. xli (Remedios).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes, and a single
specimen was taken in the Central Andes. The type, said to be from
Remedios, was probably taken above Salmon’s headquarters at that place,
the altitude of which is given by Sclater as 2360 feet.
La Frijolera, 1; San Antonio, 7; Cocal, 2; El Eden, 1.
(3472) Microcerculus marginatus marginatus (Scl.).
Heterocnemis marginata Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 145 (Bogoté).
I have no material for comparison with our three specimens which,
however, were taken well within the range of this race (cf. Hellm. Nov.
Zool., 1906, p. 354).
Florencia, 2; La Morelia, 1.
(3473) Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis Heilm.
Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis Hetim., Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, p. 354
(Lita, N. W. Ecuador).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Our Colom-
bian specimens agree with one from western Ecuador, and the series as a
whole is darker than three specimens of M. m. marginatus from Amazonian
Colombia. ,
Novita, 2; San José, 1; Barbacoas, 6.
(3476a) Microcerculus squamulatus antioquensis Chapm.
Microcerculus squamulatus antioquensis CHAPM., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV,
1915, p. 647 (Dabeiba, R. Sucio, w. Colombia).
Char. subsp.— Most closely resembling M. squamulatus corassus (Bangs), but
averaging larger with a longer bill; underparts more strongly and definitely barred;
upperparts, flanks, ventral region and under tail-coverts darker, more rufescent
cinnamon-brown instead of Saccardo’s-umber.
Differing from M. squamulatus teniatus (Salv.) in the color of the upper-
parts, flanks and ventral region as it does from corassus, and in having the
feathers of the breast and upper abdomen basally black and more narrowly
white subterminally. Differing from M. squamulatus squamulatus Scl. &
Salv. in having the breast and upper abdomen regularly and sharply barred
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 529
with black and white instead of being whitish, narrowly and weakly barred
with blackish or whitish, more or less suffused with grayish or brownish
and irregularly marked or mottled with broken bars, shaft-streaks or hastate
crescents of black.
Our three specimens are from the Atrato Valley but this form doubtless
extends eastward through Antioquia and southward along the Pacific
coast.
Dabeiba, 2; Alto Bonito, 1.
Famity CINCLIDA. Drppers.
.
(8478) Cinclus leuconotus Sci.
Cinclus leuconotus Scu., P. Z.S., 1857, p. 274 (New Grenada); Wrart, Ibis, 1871.
p. 320 (Vetas; Matisuga); Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 492 (Retiro; Frontino).
Not uncommon on the streams of the Subtropical Zone in the Central
and Eastern Andes, and taken once at the base of the Western Andes.
Our birds are darker than old Ecuador skins which, however, have doubtless
faded.
Juntas de Tamand4, 1; Salento, 3; Rio Toché, 3; San Agustin, 2;
Fusugasugd, 1; Quetame, 1 (observed).
Famity MIMIDA!. Mockinepirps AND THRASHERS.
(3492) Mimus gilvus tolimensis Ridgw.
Mimus gilvus tolimensis Ripew., Smith. Coll. Quart. II, 1904, p. 113 (Plains of
Tolima).
Mimus melanopterus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Ocafia).
Mimus giluus Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 492 (Medellin); Stonn, Acad.
N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 312 (Plains of Tolima).
Locally distributed in the more arid parts of the Tropical Zone, and
under favorable environmental conditions ranging upward to the Temperate
Zone. Specimens from Caldas are much worn but agree in size and appar-
ently in color with those from the upper Magdalena which are presumably
typical of tolimensis. A specimen from Dabeiba (see measurements)
agrees with this race rather than with the smaller columbianus, but another
530 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
from Alto Bonito distant only ten miles and but 500 feet lower, is nearer
columbianus.
Dabeiba, 1; Caldas, 4; Salento, 1; Barro Blanco, 1; Honda, 1; Chi-
coral, 1;.La Herrera, 1; La Holanda, 4; Andalucia (w. slope, 3000 ft.), 1;
near San Agustin, 1.
Measurements.
Locality Sex Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen
La Playa, Col. roe 114.5 121 34.5 21
Dabeiba, e roe 121.5 125 34 20.2
Caldas, ‘ roe 125.5 129 36 21.5
7 we fou 122.5 129 35 22
" £ rail 121 —_ 36 22
Salento, « Sw 119 128 35 21.5
Chicoral, & ou 119 134 37 22.5
Andalucia, « fou 122.5 130 35 22.5
Alto Bonito, “ fo) 111 119.5 36 20
Quibdé, e g 115 118 35 19
Barro Blanco, “ fe) 116.5 128 32.5 20.5
Honda, . 9 121.5 129 35 22
San Agustin “ Q 120.5 125.5 35.5 24
(34922) Mimus gilvus columbianus Cab.
M{imus] columbianus Cas., Mus. Hein., I, 1851, p. 82 (Colombia).
Mimus melanopterus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 320 (Santa Marta).
Mimus gilvus columbianus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 180 (Santa
Marta; San Sebastian; El Mamon; Bonda; Cienaga). .
This is merely a small form of M. g. tolimensis which doubtless occurs
typically throughout the arid coastal zone, and intergrades with tolimensis
as this zone merges into the more humid central Magdalena region. (See
remarks under that race).
La Playa, 1; Alto Bonito, 1; Quibdé, 1.
(3498) Donacobius atricapillus albovittatus Lafr. & d’Orb.
Donacobius albovittatus Larr. & D’ORB., Mag. Zool., VII, 1887, p. 19 (Chiquitos,
Bolivia; cf. Hntim., Nov. Zool., XXI, 1914, p. 158).
Turdus atricapillus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 295 (‘‘Cap bon spei”’— Brru. &
Hart., substitute eastern Brazil).
Donacobius atricapillus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321 (Lake Paturia); ALLEN, Bull.
A. M.N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 180 (Cienaga).
Donacobius brachypterus Mapr., Orn. Monatsb., 1913, p. 22 (Aracatuca).
Found in the Tropical Zone of the Atrato and Magdalena Valleys,
northward to eastern Panama, and at the eastern base of the Andes.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 531
Our series of some fifty specimens of this species from Matto Grosso,
Bahia, southeastern Brazil, Dutch Guiana, the lower Orinoco, Santa Marta
and the other Colombian localities listed below, and eastern Panama,
presents much variation. As with many other species inhabiting more or
less open or scrubby places the plumage shows the fading effect of wear and
exposure to light. Using, however, only comparable specimens and the
series at hand appears to represent two forms, one of which is found in
eastern South America from southeastern Brazil to the delta of the Orinoco;
while the other ranges from southwestern Brazil to western South America
east of the Andes (except in Colombia) to eastern Panama, whence we have
ten specimens from El Real which considerably extend the known range of
the species.
For the more eastern form the name africapillus (Linn.) is evidently
available, for the more western I accept albovittatus (Lafr. & d’Orb.) which
Hellmayr (I. c.) has definitely shown to be based on an immature specimen
of this species. Mimus brasiliensis Wied (type examined) is a synonym of
atricapillus (Linn.).
The western form is characterized by its less rufescent coloration.
Thus the back is raw-umber rather than rich Brussel’s-brown, the rump
clay-color to ochraceous-buff rather than ochraceous-tawny, while the
underparts average paler. The color of the rump is the most constant
character and taken in combination with the other two, generally seems
diagnostic. In addition to the specimens listed below from Colombia, the
following localities are represented by specimens which appear to be refer-
able to this form: Brazil: Corumbé, 2; Cuyaba, 2; Rio Taquary, 1;
Calama, R. Madeira, 1. Panama; El Real, 10.
An immature female from Honda has a well-developed white line reach-
ing from over the eye to the nape. In a younger bird from Cienaga, Santa
Marta, this line extends to a point half way between the eye and the base
of the bill. Two specimens from La Morelia, one adult, one immature,
have a few white feathers on the postauricular region.
Atrato River, 2; Cienaga, Santa Marta, 3; Algodonal, Magdalena
River, 1; Puerto Berrio, 4; Malena, 2; Honda, 1; Villavicencio, 5; La
Morelia, 5.
(3499) Rhodinocichla rosea rosea (Less.).
Furnarius rosarius Lxss., Ill. Zool., 1834, pl. 5 (‘‘Brésil’? = Colombia, cf. Lafr.
Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 10).
San Antonio (south of Bogota), 3.
532 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Famity TURDIDAE. TurusHes, SOLITAIRES, ETC.
(8505a) Myiadestes ralloides venezuelensis Sci.
Myiadestes venezuelensis Scu., Ann. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1856, p. 468 (Caraccas,
Venezuela).
Myjiadestes ralloides Sct. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 492 (Retiro; Concordia;
Medellin; Sta. Elena); Hexim., [bid., 1911, p. 1097 (Siaté, 5200 ft.).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Specimens from
Merida, Venezuela and the Bogota region differ from four Inca Mine, Peru
specimens in the much richer coloration of the upperparts, particularly
of the rump, which is bright hazel in the northern birds and cinnamon-
brown in southern birds. In view of the comparative constancy in color
in this wide-ranging bird the Inca Mine specimens may be considered
typically to represent ralloides (type-locality, Yungas, Bolivia) while
the Merida examples may equally well stand for venezuelensis (type
locality, Caraccas). :
Cauca specimens agree with those from the Eastern Andes in the color
of the back, but have less olive on the crown which, in some examples, is
nearly clear plumbeous quite to the nape, whereas East Andean specimens
have the whole crown olive-brown.
San Antonio, 7; Miraflores, 2; Sta. Elena, 9; El Eden, 1; La Candela,
1; Fusugasuga, 3.
(3508) ? Planesticus serranus (Tsch.).
Turdus serranus Tscu., Arch. fir Naturg., 1844, I, p. 280 (Peru).
Largely on the basis of size I refer to this species an adult female sent
by Brother Apolinar from Chingassa near Bogota. With only two females
from Peru and two from Merida, Venezuela, I cannot discover the color
differences separating serranus from atrosericeus, but the former seems to be
larger, the wing measuring 120 and 126 mm., while in the two Venezuela
birds it is 114 and 117 mm. respectively. In the Chingassa specimen it is
126 mm. A juvenal male from Subia and another from Andalucia should
doubtless be referred to the same species as the Chingassa bird.
Chingassa, 1; Subia, 1; Andalucia, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 533
(3509a) Planesticus fuscobrunneus Chapm.
Planesticus fuscobrunneus Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 158
(Cerro Munchique, Col.).
Char. sp.— Related to Planesticus atrosericeus (Lafr.) and P. serrana (Tschudi),
agreeing in size with the latter, slightly larger than the former; male similar in color
to males of atrosericeus and serrana, female much darker; dark olive rather than
olive-brown or Saccardo’s-brown.
This representative of P. serrana is known from the Subtropical Zone
of the Western and Central Andes.
San Antonio, 3; Cerro Munchique, 5; La Florida, 2; Sta. Elena, 2.
(3511) Planesticus leucops ( Tacz.).
Turdus leucops Tacz., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 331 (Ropobamba, Peru).
Two males agree with a series from Zamora, southeastern Ecuador, and
are distinguished from P. fuscobrunneus, with which they associate, in being
somewhat smaller, more glossy, bluer black, and in having the outer primary
much smaller. A female resembles one from Zamora, but is somewhat less
rufescent.
San Antonio, 1; “Rio Lima”’ (Batty), 1; La Candela, 1.
(3512a) Planesticus cauce Chapm.
Planesticus cauce CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 182 (La Sierra,
6300 ft., Col.).
Char. sp.— Similar to Planesticus olivater (Lafr.), but plumage grayer, less suf-
fused with brownish; male with black of the nape even more sharply defined from the
gray of the back; breast grayish its upper part lightly streaked with black, sides of
the throat black, the center of the throat and chin streaked with black; female with
the crown distinctly darker than the back; the underparts much less brown than in
olivater, the throat with but a trace of black shaft-streaks.
This apparently distinct species is based on four specimens all of which
were taken at La Sierra, a locality in the Central Andes, south of Popayan,
in heavy forest growth. No form of P. olivater, which it doubtless repre-
gents, is known from nearer than the Santa Marta mountains.
La Sierra, 4.
(3519) Planesticus pheopygus (Cab.).
Turdus pheopygus Cas., Schomb. Reis., Guiana, III, 1848, p. 666 (British
Guiana).
Specimens from southeastern Colombia are somewhat more rufescent
5384 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
than others from British Guiana but my~material from neither region is
satisfactory.
La Morelia, 3 im.; Florencia, 1 im.
(8523) Planesticus tristis dague (Beri.).
Turdus dague BEeRu., Orn. Monatsb., V, 1897, p. 176 (San José, Col.).
Turdus tristis dague HEuu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1086 (San Joaquim; Sipi; Névita).
Evidently restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, where it
apparently represents P. t. cnephosa of Chiriqui and northward, though
there are no records of this species between western Colombia and western
Panama.
Juntas de Tamana, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 3.
(3528) Planesticus gymnopthalmus: (Cab.).
Turdus gymnopthalmus Cas., Schomb. Reis. Guian., III, 1848, p. 665 (British
Guiana).
Common at Villavicencio but apparently not ascending the mountains,
since it was not found at Buena Vista. Two specimens agree with Lower
Orinoco and Trinidad examples.
Villavicencio, 2.
(3531) Planesticus ignobilis ignobilis (Sci.).
Turdus ignobilis Scu., P. Z. S., 1857, p. 273 (‘Bogotd’; I suggest Fusugasuga);
Sci. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 491 (Retiro; Cauca; Sta. Elena).
Merula ignobilis Stone, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 312 (R. Totare, Plains
of Tolima and Ibagiie).
Two forms of this Thrush occur in the Bogoté region, one in the
Tropical Zone of the western slope, and one in the Tropical Zone of the
eastern slope of the Eastern Andes. The former is the larger (5 males
average, wing 118.4 mm.; tail, 96.6 mm.; 5 females, wing, 114 mm.; tail,
92.2 mm.) and should, therefore, receive the name ignobilis the type of
which measures wing, 115 mm.; tail, 99 mm.; while the eastern slope form
never reaches’ this size (5 males average, wing, 108 mm.; tail, 83.6 mm.;
5 females, wing, 104 mm.; tail, 79.4 mm.). There are also differences in
color, the larger and more western bird having the throat with little or no
pure white, the breast and rest of the underparts more heavily washed and
browner.
True ignobilis is thus restricted to the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 535
Valley which it ascends to its head. Westward, in Antioquia, it ranges in
wholly typical form, to La Frijolera on the western slope of the Central
Andes, thus showing that goodfellowi is almost restricted to the Cauca
Valley and adjoining slopes. .
La Frijolera, 3; Barro Blanco, 1; Rio Toché, 1; Honda, 3; El Consuelo,
2; Fusugasug4, 4; w. slope below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 2; near San
Agustin, 5; La Palma, 1.
(3532) Planesticus ignobilis goodfellowi (Hart. & Hellm.).
Turdus ignobilis goodfellowt Hart. & Hrtum., Nov. Zool., VIII, 1901, p. 492
(Castilla, Cauca Valley).
Common in the Cauca Valley and ascending the arid slopes of both
Central and Western Andes to the lower border of the Subtropical Zone.
It has also reached the arid upper Dagua Valley on the western slope of the
western range at Caldas, but does not extend to the lower Cauca region.
Caldas, 3; San Antonio, 5; Cali, 2;.Guengiie, 1; La Manuelita, 1;
Rio Frio, 3; Miraflores, 4.
(3533) Planesticus ignobilis debilis ( Hellm.).
Turdus ignobilis debilis Huut., J. f. O., 1902, p. 56 (Rio Madeira, Brazil).
Common in the Tropical Zone of the Eastern Andes from Quetame to
Villavicencio. Thirteen specimens collected in February and March are
grayer than four specimens collected by Miller at La Morelia in July. The
former, however, are in somewhat worn, the July specimens in fresh, pre-
sumably postnuptial plumage and the differences between the two series
are therefore in part, perhaps wholly, seasonal. A specimen from Yungas,
Bolivia, which probably typically represents debilis (type-locality “Rio
Madeira’’) is seasonally comparable with the Quetame-Villavicencio series,
and is materially browner than any of the more northern birds and thus
exhibits much the same kind of difference shown by the La Morelia series.
Hellmayr, however (Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, p. 5), refers ‘Bogota’
skins to debilis, rightly assuming that they came from the region east of
Bogota.
It was extremely interesting to us to observe that the song of this species
so closely resembled the song of the American Robin (Planesticus migra-
torius) that by voice alone we should have all have mistaken it for that
familiar species.
Quetame, 4; Buena Vista, 3; Villavicencio, 6; La Morelia, 4.
536 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3537) Planesticus obsoletus colombianus (Hart. & Hellm.).
Turdus colombianus Hart. & Hetim., Nov. Zool., VIII, 1901, p. 492 (“Cali,”
Colombia).
A female from San Antonio can be so nearly matched by specimens
from eastern Panama that there appears to be no room to doubt the inter-
gradation of colombianus with obsoletus.
San Antonio, 1.
(3538a) Planesticus albiventer ephippialis (Scl.).
Turdus ephippialis Scu., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 109 (Nov. Granada Int.).
Merula albiventris fusa Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, 1899, p. 107
(Chirua — type locality; La Concepcion; San Miguel; San Francisco); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 182 (Bonda).
Four specimens from the upper Magdalena are extreme examples of,
but not separable from, the Santa Marta form of which we have six speci-
mens. This is to be distinguished from true albiventer of Bahia chiefly by
the much paler color of the underparts, which in albiventer are strongly
washed with brownish, particularly on the breast. This form evidently
extends eastward along the Venezuelan coast but specimens from the middle
Orinoco are apparently albiventer.
Honda, 3; Chicoral, 1.
(3544) Semimerula gigas gigas (Fraser).
Turdus gigas Fraser, P. Z.8., 1840, p. 59 (Bogoté); Wvrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 320
(8000-9000 ft.; below Paramo of Pamplona); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 491
(Retiro; Sta. Elena).
Merula gigas Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 312 (Bogoté).
A very common bird in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes
descending into the Subtropical Zone, where this zone is arid, to as low as
5000 ft. In ascending the trail from Honda to Facatativa this species was
first encountered at an elevation of about 6000 feet. It was common on the
Bogoté Savanna, and along the trail toward Villavicencio was numerous at
Chipaque, and occurred in decreased numbers as far down the trail as
Quetame. Specimens from throughout this area agree one with the other and
are topotypical of gigas. This form has the under wing-coverts tinged with
ochraceous and is paler, particularly below, than specimens from the Central
and Western Andes and Pichincha, Ecuador, to which the name gigantodes
is evidently applicable, and thus marks an approach toward pallidiventris
of the Venezuelan Andes, of which, however, I have no specimens.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 537
A specimen from Andalucia (alt. 7000 ft.) in the Eastern Andes near the
head of the Magdalena Valley, more nearly approaches ine southern and
western form.
The change in color of old Bogota skins which have not been mounted
or exposed to light is particularly marked in this species, and is well shown
by comparison of our series of recently collected skins with Bogotd skins
collected at least thirty or forty years ago. Fresh birds have the back
cheetura-drab, the underparts mouse-gray, while in old skins these parts
are respectively sepia and drab, of Ridgway’s ‘Color Standards.’
Bogotd, 3; El Roble, 1; Chipaque, 3; Quetame, 4.
(3544a) Semimerula gigas gigantodes (Cab.).
Turdus gigantodes Caz., J. f. O., 1873, p. 315 (Maraynioc, Peru).
Turdus gigas Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 491 (Retiro, Sta. Elena).
Very common in the Temperate Zone of the Western Andes and Central
Andes, on the western slope of the first-named range descending at one
point to as low as 4000 feet, possibly because of the comparatively low
temperature prevailing on this humid slope.
Our series of fifty specimens average slightly darker but agrees other-
wise with four specimens from northern Peru (Chachapoyas and Molino-
pampa, and ten miles west of Balsas) collected by Osgood in 1912, and
loaned ‘me by Mr. C. B. Cory, which may doubtless be considered as typical
of gigantodes; and also with five specimens collected for us by Richardson
on Pichincha, Ecuador, in May and July, 1913.
These birds are materially darker than Bogoté specimens; the under-
parts are essentially concolor, whereas in gigas the abdomen is paler than the
breast, the under wing-coverts are noticeably darker and rarely show even
a trace of the ochraceous wash which is apparently always present in gigas.
Old ‘Quito’ and ‘ Ambato’ specimens, like old ‘Bogota’ specimens, are
markedly paler and browner than freshly collected ones.
Paramillo, 11; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 1; Cerro Munchique,
6; Cocal (4000 ft.), 2; Almaguer, 1; Valle de las Pappas, 1; Laguneta, 9;
Santa Isabel, 4; Sta. Elena, 1; Barro Blanco, 1; Rio Toché, 6; El Eden, 2
(3551) Hylocichla alicie alicie (Baird).
Turdus alicie Barry, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pac. IX, 1858, p. 217 (West
Northfield, Ill.).
Hylocichla alicie Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 183 (Las Nubes;
Onaca; Valparaiso; Santa Marta).
Puerto Valdivia, 1, Dec. 18.
538 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3553) Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (T7'sch.).
Turdus swainsonii Tscu., Fauna Peru, 1846, p. 188 (New Jersey); Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 320 (Herradura).
Hylocichla ustulata swainsont AuLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 182
(Bonda).
Hylocichla ustulata swainsonit Hetto., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1087 (Névita).
Common in the forests of both Tropical and Subtropical Zones through-
out most of the region explored. On March 5 they appeared in numbers
at Buena Vista presumably started on their northward migration.
Novita Trail (4000 ft.), 1, Dec. 13; Las Lomitas, 1, Mch. 1; San Antonio,
5, Jan. 8-26; Rio Frio, 2, Nov. 23, 29; La Sierra, 1, Mch. 2; Miraflores, 1,
April 26; Salento, 1, Nov.9; Sta. Elena, 1, Nov. 19; Barro Blanco, 2, Nov.
26, 29; Rio Toché, 1, Oct. 26; El Eden, 1, Oct. 19; Chicoral, 1, Oct. 11;
near Honda, 3, Jan. 20-April 1; Choachi, 3, Nov. 9; Buena Vista (above
Villavicencio) 3, Mch. 5.
(3554) Catharus birchalli.Seeb.
Catharus birchalli Szns., Cat. Bds. B. M., 1881, V, p. 289 (Bogota).
Near San Agustin, 2; Andalucia (3000 ft.), 1.
(3560) Catharus pheopleurus Sci. & Salv.
Catharus pheopleurus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1875, p. 541 (Dept. Antioquia) ;
Ibid., 1879, p. 491 (Medellin).
Apparently of rather local occurrence in the Subtropical Zone of the
Western and Central Andes. Two specimens from Miraflores have the
under tail-coverts warm ochraceous-buff, in a third there is barely a tint of
this color. There is also considerable variation in the color of wings and
tail which in some specimens are decidedly rufescent.
Peque, 3; near Popayan, 2; La Sierra, 2; Miraflores, 3.
(3561) Catharus dryas (Gould).
Malacocichla dryas Gout, P. Z.8., 1854, p. 285, pl. lxxv.(Guatemala).
This is a not uncommon but shy inhabitant of the heavy forests of the
Subtropical Zone and upper border of the Tropical Zone of the Central and
Eastern Andes. Its song, tender and thrush-like in quality, frequently
betrays its presence when the eye cannot detect the singer. While there is
considerable variation in the color of the underparts in our series of fifteen
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 539
specimens most of them agree essentially with Plate II, in the Biologia
Centrali Americana, and both above and below are therefore much more
richly colored than four old Guatemalan skins, the pale colors of which
Salvin tells us (J. c.) are due to fading. Comparison with freshly collected
Central American specimens is needed to determine the status of the Andean
form for which the name Catharus maculatus (Scl., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 64,
Napo) is available.
La Candela, 8; Andalucia (5000 ft.) 3; Buena Vista, 4.
Famity VIREONID. Vireos.
(3563) Vireosylva olivacea (Linn.).
Muscicapa olivacea Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 327 (Carolina).
Vireosylvia olivacea Scv. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 495 (Medellin; Remedios).
Vireo olivaceus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 173 (Santa Marta).
A specimen taken March 13, is in full prenuptial molt and is renewing
both wings and tail.
Sta. Elena, 1, Dec. 1; Chicoral, 1, Oct. 9; Villavicencio, 1, March 13.
(3564) Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis Cass.
Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1851, p. 152 (Panama).
Vireo flavoviridis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 173 (Bonda).
Two specimens from Chicoral, are the only ones obtained.
(3565a) Vireosylva chivi cauce Chapm.
Vireosylva chivt cauce Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 159 (Cali,
Col.).
Char. subsp.— Differing from Vireo chivi chivt (Vieill.), as represented by a series
of twenty-two specimens from Chapada, Matto Grosso, in being slightly darker,
more olive-green above, with the crown deeper, more slaty, the superciliary whiter,
the auricular region more olive-gray, less yellow; differing from V. c. agilis (Licht.),
as represented by a large series from eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, and Santa Marta,
Colombia, in being much darker above, olive-green rather than yellow-green, with
the auricular region averaging more olive-gray, less yellow. Male, wing, 70; tail,
52; tarsus, 17; culmen, 12 mm. Female, wing, 66; tail, 48; tarsus, 17; culmen,
12 mm. :
Inhabits the Tropical Zone in the Cauca Valley.
540 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3568) Vireosylva josephe josephex (Sci.). a .
Vireo josephe Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 137, pl. 154 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); Sci. &
Satyv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 495 (Concordia; Medellin); Anien, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 172 (Valparaiso; El Libano; Las Nubes; El Paramo de Macotama).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Birds from the
Magdalena region (La Candela, Fusugasugé, etc.) average browner than
Cauca region birds, but are not as brown as old ‘Bogota’ skins. The
Cauca birds, on comparison with Ecuador specimens, appear to be typical
in color, but all Colombian birds are larger than those from Ecuador.
Santa Marta specimens closely resemble those from the upper Magdalena
and are apparently nearer to josephe than to chiriquensis.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 5; Ricaurte, 1; La Sierra, 1; Mira-
flores, 4; Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 8; El Eden, 1; La Palma, 1; La Candela,
6; near San Agustin, 1; Fusugasugé, 2; El Roble, 2.
(3569) Lanivireo flavifrons (V‘eill.).
Vireo flavifrons Vipiuu., Ois. Am., Sept. 1, 1807, p. 85, pl. 54 (e. United States);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (Pirico); AuuEen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 173
(Onaca; Minca).
Sta. Elena, 1, Dec. 3.
(3579) Pachysylvia semibrunnea (Lafr.).
Hylophilus semi-brunneus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 341 (Bogota); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 495 (Concordia).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. We have also found
it on one occasion in the Tropical Zone of the Cauca Valley.
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 1; La Manuelita, 1; Miraflores, 5; San
Agustin, 1; Fusugasug4, 1.
!
(3590) Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes (Lafr.).
H{ylophilus] flavipes Larr., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 342 (Bogota) ; Auten, Bull. A. M.
N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 172 (Bonda; Santa Marta).
We have found this species only in the Tropical Zone of the Eastern
Andes on both sides of the range and in the Magdalena Valley to La Playa.
October specimens from Chicoral are much more richly colored below than
March specimens from Villavicencio. The difference, however, appears to
be seasonal.
La Playa, 1; Calamar, 2; Chicoral, 4; Villavicencio, 5.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 541
(3595) Pachysylvia minor (Berl. & Tacz.).
Hylophilus minor Bruru. & Tacz., P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 542 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).
A male from Los Cisneros extends the known range of this species into
Colombia. It is somewhat darker above and has less greenish yellow below
than Ecuador specimens.
Los Cisneros, 1.
(3603) Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bangs.
Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, p. 142
(Santa Marta); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 171 (Bonda).
We found this form only in the Magdalena Valley and a native skin
purchased was from the western slope of the Eastern Andes. In the Tropi-
cal Zone at the eastern base of the range it is replaced by a well-marked
representative form which appears to be unnamed.
Comparison of eleven topotypical examples of flavipectus with an equal
number of topotypical specimens of canticus supports the claims of the last-
named form to recognition as a well-marked race. It may be distinguished
by its generally smaller bill, darker green upperparts, decidedly greener
outer, paler yellow inner margins of the wing-feathers, more extensively and
clearer yellow breast, and richer ochraceous wash on the flanks and abdomen.
Upper Magdalena Valley birds have the flanks and abdomen with less
ochraceous tinge than in Santa Marta birds, but they have their small bill,
generally dark green back and comparatively pale margins to the wing-quills,
and, geographical reasons aside, are obviously to be referred to canticus
rather than to flavipectus.
The ochraceous tinge on the flanks sometimes is present in other forms
of this group but appears to be always evident in Santa Marta birds.
Chicoral, 2.
(3603a) Cyclarhis flavipectus parvus subsp. nov.
Char. subsp.— Smallest form of the group; color of upperparts as in Cyclarhis
flavipectus canticus Bangs, and consequently appreciably darker than in C. f. flavi-
pectus Scl., with the inner margins of the wing-quills paler yellow; yellow of
underparts averaging greener and more restricted, the flanks whiter-than in either
flavipectus or canticus:
Type.— No. 122537, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., @ ad., Villavicencio (alt. 1600 ft.),
Colombia, March 7, 1913; George K. Cherrie.
542 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
This form ranges from Cristobal Colon in extreme northeastern Vene-
zuela to the base of the Eastern Andes in Colombia. It doubtless therefore
occupies all of Venezuela, at least east of the Gulf of Maracaibo and
Colombia east of the Andes and north of Amazonia. Cyclarhis flavipec-
tus flavipectus I should therefore restrict to the island of Trinidad, while
canticus is confined to northern Colombia (and the west side of Maracaibo?)
southward up the Magdalena Valley.
The characters of the form here proposed are, as might be expected,
best shown by the Colombian specimens taken at the western limit of its
range, but they are also shown, though to a less pronounced degree, in a good
series from the Paria Peninsula. These birds are obviously not referable
to the Trinidad form, and while they exhibit some approach toward canticus
in size (especially the shortness of the tail) and color, they are nearer parvus.
This proposed new form is represented in our collections by the following
specimens:
Venezuela: Cristobal Colon, 7; Cumanacoa, 2; San Antonio, 2; Maripa,
3; Maipures, 2. Colombia: Villavicencio, 3; Buena Vista, 2.
There appears to be no sexual variation in size and both sexes are there-
fore included in the appended table.
Measurements.
Specimens Wing Tail Ex. Culmen
Trinidad 5 73.7 56.1 18.7
Cristobal Colon, Ven. 5 69.5 53 17
Maripa, 3 69 54 16.6
Maipures, . 2 70 53 17
Santa Marta, Col. 5 71.4 57 16.8
Villavicencio, 5 68.4 53.4 16.2
(3611) Cyclarhis nigrirostris Lafr.
Cyclarhis nigrirostris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183 (Colombia); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 495 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. A specimen from
Ricaurte differs from the remaining sixteen in our series in having barely
a trace of gray on the forehead, the underparts grayer, and the lower man-
dible black basally.
Salencio, 1; San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 2; Gallera, 1; Cocal, 2;
Ricaurte, 1; Salento, 1; Sta. Elena, 2; Rio Toché, 1; La Palma, 1; Agua-
dita, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 543
Famity MNIOTILTIDA. Woop-WarBLeERs.
(3612) Mniotilta varia (Linn.).
Motaciila varia Linw., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 333 (Santo Domingo).
Mniotilta varia Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Herradura); Scu. & Satyv., P. Z.S.,
1879, p. 493 (Concordia; Envigado, Sta. Elena); ALtEn, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 178 (Bonda; Las Nubes; Onaca); Hxxim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1091 (Pueblo
Rico; Loma Hermosa).
Caldas, 1, Nov. 20; Las Lomitas, 3, Feb. 27-Mch. 2; San Antonio, 1,
Jan. 21; Rio Frio, 2, Nov. 28, 29; Salento, 5, Sept. 27-Nov. 10; Sta. Elena,
1, Nov. 20; El Eden, 1, Oct. 20; El Consuelo above Honda, 1, Feb. 7;
Quetame, 1, Feb. 25.
(3613) Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.).
Motacilla citrea Bovp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 44 (Louisiana).
Protonotaria citrea Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 494 (Dep’t Antioquia); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 178 (Bonda).
Algodonal, Jan. 23, 1 (Fuertes).
(3614) Vermivora chrysoptera (Linn.).
Motacilla chrysoptera Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, p. 333 (near Philadelphia, Pa.).
Helminthophaga chrysoptera Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 494 (Sta. Elena).
Helminthophila chrysoptera ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 178°(Bonda;
Las Nubes; Minca; Pueblo Viejo).
Salento, 1, Nov. 13; El Eden, 1, Oct. 19; Villavicencio, 1, Mch. 11.
(3616) Vermivora peregrina (Wiis.).
Sylvia peregrina Wits., Am. Orn., III, 1811, p. 83, pl. 25, fig. 2 (Cumberland
River, Tenn.).
Helminthophaga peregrina Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Herradura); Sci. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 494 (Concordia).
Helminthophila peregrina Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 178 (Bonda;
Onaca; Las Nubes; Valparaiso; Minca).
Miraflores, 1, April 19; Sta. Elena, 1, Dec. 1; Buena Vista, 2, Mch. 1, 7.
544 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3618) Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans Todd.
Compsothlypis pitiaywmi elegans Topp, Ann. Carn. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 204
(Tara Mt.; Venezuela).
Parula pitiayumi, Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Cocuta Valley).
Inhabits both the Tropical and Subtropical Zones, but has not been
recorded from the humid Pacific coast fauna. Specimens from the Western
and Central Andes have, on the average, less white on the wing-coverts
than those from the Eastern Andes but in size agree with elegans. Speci-
mens from Quetame in the Eastern Andes are typical of elegans, which
appears to be not only more deeply colored below but is also a shade darker
above than pitiayumi, of which we have eight specimens from Matto Grosso.
Caldas, 1; San Antonio, 2; Las Lomitas, 1; Gallera, 1; Rio Frio, 1;
Miraflores, 4; Salento, 1; El Eden, 1; La Sierra, 1; La Candela, 1; Que-
“tame, 4.
(3619) Compsothlypis pitiayumi pacifica (Berl.).
Parula pitiayumi pacifica BrRu., P. Z.8., 1884, p. 286 (Surupata, Ecuador).
A male from Ricaurte (alt. 4500) in southwestern Colombia in its small
size and the restriction of white on the wing-coverts agrees with the Ecua-
dorian form (of which we have ten specimens), while our other Colombian
birds are referable to the Venezuelan form. It will be observed therefore
that the two races most nearly related, that is, pacifica of Ecuador and
speciosa of Chiriqui and northward, are apparently not connected geographi-
cally, there being as yet no form of this group known from the Pacific coast
between Barbacoas and Chiriqui, while the bird inhabiting the mountains
of western Colombia is referable to C. p. elegans of northeastern South
America.
Measurements.
Wing Tail
Ecuador, 5 males, av. 50 35
Ricaurte, Col., 1 male 52.5 36
San Antonio, Col., 1 male, 54 42.5
Rio Frio, oe a 54.5 40
El Roble, ee Come 54.5 40
Quetame, eae 56 42
Ecuador, “3 females 48.4 34
Gallera, . 2 « 51.5 38
Miraflores, & 8 51 89.5
Quetame, e 2 “ 53 39
1917.) Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 545
(3620) Dendroica estiva estiva (Gmel.).
Motacilla estiva Gumu., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 996 (Canada).
Dendroica estiva Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 191 (Turbo); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 177 (Bonda).
Dendreca estiva Watt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Ocafia); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879,
p. 494 (Medellin).
Dendroica estiva estiva Heui., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1091 (Condoto; Sipi).
Barbacoas, 2, Oct. 3, 6; San José, 1; Rio Frio, 1, Nov. 25; Calamar, 3,
Jan. 22, 1, Nov. 4; Boca de Chimi, 1, Nov. 6; Honda, 3, Feb. 3, 6; Chicoral,
1, Oct. 9; San Agustin, 1, April 12; Bogota, 1, Feb. 9.
(3621) Dendroica petechia equatorialis Sund.
Dendroica petechia equatorialis Sunp., Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Stockh., XXVI, 1870,
p. 609 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuador).
Nine adult males from southwest Colombia and the coast of Ecuador
south to Puna Island resemble twelve adult males of D. p. aureola from the
Galapagos (loaned by the Nat. Museum), but have the underparts much
more broadly streaked. In five specimens these streaks tend to coalesce
on the throat which then becomes largely orange-rufous. The most lightly
streaked specimen in the series (Bahia de Caraque, Ec.) can be approxi-
mately matched by the most heavily streaked specimen in the Galapagos
series, showing that although we have a well-marked form in equatorialis
it is not sufficiently differentiated to escape intergradation by individual
variation. ,
It should be especially noted that north of Tumaco no form of this group
has’ been recorded from the Pacific coast of Colombia.
Tumaco, 8.
(3628) Dendroica cerulea (Wils.).
Sylvia cerulea Wits., Am. Orn., II, 1810, p. 141, pl. 17, fig. 5 (Pennsylvania).
Dendreca cerulea Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 494 (Medellin).
Buena Vista, 2, March 4, 5.
(3629) Dendroica fusca (Miill.).
Motacilla fusca Mtu., Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, p. 175 (Guiana).
Dendroica blackburnie Wvratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Alto to near Pamplona);
Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 494 (Concordia; Medellin; Sta. Elena; Remedios).
Dendroica blackburnie ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 178 (Las Nubes;
Valparaiso). ;
546 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
One of the most common of North American migrants found in all three
ranges mainly in the Subtropical Zone, but ranging upward to the Temperate
Zone.
San Antonio, 10, Jan. 16—April 4; Miraflores, 2, April 20, 27; Salento,
5, Oct. 1-Nov. 10; Sta. Elena! Nov. 15; Laguneta, 1, Sept. 9; Santa Isabel
(12000 ft.), 1, Sept. 22; El Eden, 3, Oct. 18-20; La Sierra, 1, Mch.1; Alma-
guer, 2, Mch. 13; San Agustin, 2, Apl. 11, 14; Chicoral, 1, Oct. 9; La
Porquera, 1, Apl. 24; Puente Andalucia, 2, Apl. 22; El Roble, 2; Apl. 2, 4; .
Quetame, 1, Feb. 25; Buena Vista, 3, Mch. 1-4.
)
i
(3630) Dendroica castanea (Wiis.).
Sylvia castanea Wits., Am. Orn., IT, 1810, p. 97, pl. 14, fig. 4 (Pennsylvania).
Dendroica castanea Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 193 (Turbo; R.
Truando); Auuen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 177 (Bonda).
Dendreca castanea Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Naranjo); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8.,
1879, p. 494 (Remedios); Heix., Ibid., 1911, p. 1091 (Névita).
The number of specimens from the Pacific littoral, whence Hellmayr
also records three specimens, indicates the comparative frequency of the
species in that region. February specimens are in prenuptial molt, which is
completed in a specimen taken March 10.
Alto Bonito, 1, Feb. 21; ‘Dabeiba, 2, Feb. 14, 25; Juntas de Tamané, 1,
Dec. 17; Novita, 1, Dec. 21; Puerto Valdivia, 1, Dec. 16; Rio Frio, 1,
Nov. 23; Honda, 1, Feb. 4; Malena, 1, Mch. 10.
(3631) Dendroica striata (Forst.).
Muscicapa striata Forst., Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, pp. 406, 428 (Fort Severn,
Hudson Bay).
Dendroica striata ALLEN, Bull. A. M.N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 177 (Bonda).
_ Rio Frio, 1, Nov. 25; Buena Vista, 1, March 7; Villavicencio, 2, March
10, 11.
(3634) Oporornis philadelphia (Wils.).
Sylvia philadelphia Wits., Am. Orn., IT, 1810, p. 101, pl. 14, fig. 6 (near Phila-
delphia, Pa.).
Geothlypis philadelphia Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (Ocafia); Scu. & Satv., P.Z.S.,
1879, p. 494 (Sta. Elena; Medellin); Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 176
(Chirua; La Concepcion).
Dabeiba, 1, Feb. 12; Rio Frio, 1, Nov. 25; Salencio, 1, Dec. 10; Puerto
Berrio, 1, Jan. 30; Honda, 2, Feb. 6,7; Chipaque, 1, Feb. 25; Buena Vista,
1, March 7; Villavicencio, 2, March 12, 14.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 547
(3637) Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmel.).
Motacilla noveboracensis GME., Syst. Nat., 1, 1789, p. 958 (Louisiana).
Henicocichla noveboracensis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 8322 (Ocafia; Bucaramanga).
Seiurus noveboracensis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 177 (Bonda;
Cienaga; Minca; La Concepcion; Chirua).
Only two of our series of twenty specimens of this species seem wholly
typical of this race. About the same number are typical of notabilis and
the remainder are intermediate but nearer notabilis, though it is largely a
matter of opinion, in some cases, on which side the line certain specimens
are placed.
Chicoral, 1; Rio Frio, 1.
(3638) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgw.
Siurus nevius notabilis Ripew., Proc. U.S. N. M., III, 1880, p. 12 (Como Lake,
Wyoming).
? Seiurus noveboracensis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 493 (Concordia; Medel-
lin).
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p, 177
(Chirua).
? Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis Heti., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1091 (Sipi).
Found in both the Tropical and Subtropical Zones. Few of our speci-
mens are typical of this form but on the whole the greater number are, in the
opinion of Mr. Waldron Miller and myself, nearer to it than they are to
noveboracensis.
Alto Bonito, 1, Feb. 19; La Playa, 1, Mch. 25; Juntas de Tamané, 1,
Dec. 19; San José, 2, Dec. 5; Caldas, 1, Nov. 21; Puerto Valdivia, 2, Dec.
17, 24; Salento, 3, Oct. 1-Nov. 13; Rio Toché, 2, Oct. 23, 24; San Agustin,
1, Apl. 2, 4; Chicoral, 2, Oct. 8, 12; Honda, 1, Feb. 3; Puerto Berrio, 1,
Jan. 30.
(3640) Geothlypis semiflava Sci.
Geothlypis semiflava Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 273 (Esmeraldas, Ecuador).
Found in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and also in the Cauca
Valley. Our specimens agree with others from western Ecuador.
Los Cisneros, 1; Caldas, 1; Ricuarte, 3; Buenavista, Narifio, 3; Cali, 1.
548 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
(3641) Geothlypis equinoctialis (Gmel.).
Motacilla equinoctialis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 972 (Cayenne).
Found in tall grasses in the Magdalena Valley and at the eastern base of
the Andes.
Puerto Berrio, 1; Villavicencio, 3.
(3647) Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.). Ly
Muscicapa canadensis Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 327 (Canada).
Found in the Tropical and Subtropical Zones.
Alto Bonito, 1, Feb. 21; San Antonio, 5, Jan. 5-Apl. 2; Rio Frio, 1,
Nov. 24; El Eden, 2, Oct. 19; San Agustin, 2, Apl. 9, 10; Chicoral, 1, Oct.
12; Fusugasugé, 1, Mch. 28; Buena Vista, 2, Mch. 1, 15.
(3648) Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
Motacilla ruticilla Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 186 (Virginia).
Setophaga ruticilla Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 (Herradura; Ocafia to Bucara-
manga); Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 494 (Concordia; Medellin); Hzti.,
P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1093 (Névita; Pueblo Rico; Siat6); Auumn, Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XITI, 1900, p. 176 (Bonda; Valparaiso).
Inhabits both the Tropical and Subtropical Zones throughout the region
explored.
Dabeiba, 1, Feb. 25; Puerto Valdivia, 1, Dec. 18; Barbacoas, 1, Oct. 6;
San Antonio, 3, Jan. 20-Feb. 19; Cali, 1, Dec. 3; Rio Frio, 1, Dee. 1;
Salento, 1, Sept. 28; Honda, 2, Feb. 7,8; Buena Vista, 2, March 2, 3.
(3649) Myioborus verticalis verticalis (d’Orb. & Lafr.).
Setophaga verticalis D’OrB. & Larr., Syn. Av., I, p. 50, Mag. de Zool., 1837
(Ayupaya, Bolivia); Wvrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 (Alto; Santa Rosa; Canuto, ete.,
5000-7000 ft.); Scr. & Sav., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 495 (Concordia; Sta. Elena);
Autry, Bull. A.M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 176 (Las Nubes; Valparaiso; El Libano).
One of the most common species of the Subtropical Zone in all three
ranges. Birds from the Cauca region average more richly colored below
than those from about Bogota. In this respect the latter agrees with a
single specimen from Inca Mine, Peru.
Paramillo (9000 ft.), 1; Las Lomitas, 6; San Antonio, 7; near Popayan,
1; Cerro Munchique, 2; Gallera, 2; La Sierra, 1; Miraflores, 9; Salento, 2;
?
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 549
Sta. Elena, 4; Barro Blanco, 1; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 1; La Candela, 3;
near San Agustin, 8; Andalucia, 1; Fusugasugd, 7; El Roble, 3.
(3655) Myioborus ornatus (Boiss.).
Setophaga ornata Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 70 (Bogot4); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 323 (Portrerras).
A not uncommon inhabitant of the Temperate Zone of the Eastern
Andes, descending to the upper border of the Subtropical Zone. Specimens
from Chipaque on the eastern slope are paler than those from the more
humid western slope at El Pifion, which are quite as richly colored as M.
chrysops, but our series is not large enough to prove that the variations
observed are racial.
Chipaque, 2; El Pifion, 2; El Roble, 1.
(3656) Myioborus chrysops (Salv.).
Setophaga chrysops Sauv., Ibis, 1878, p. 314, pl. vii, fig. 2 (Sta. Elena); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 495 (Retiro; Sta. Elena; Frontino).
An abundant inhabitant of the Temperate Zone in the Central and
Western Andes. In crossing the Central range it was first met with at about
9000 feet on the western slope at the upper border of the Subtropical Zone.
After crossing the Quindio Pass its numbers increased and in the valleys of
the Tochicito and Toché it was abundant as low as 8000 feet. Although
this species obviously represents M. ornatus, our series of twenty-seven
specimens shows no indication of intergradation with that species through
the presence of white in the ocular region. As remarked, however, under
that species, ornatus from the humid Temperate Zone at El Pifion has the
forehead and underparts as richly colored as chrysops.
Paramillo, 1; Crest of Andes, west of Popayan, 12; Cocal (alt. 6000 ft.),
1; Laguneta, 8; Santa Isabel, 1; Sta. Elena, 3; Rio Toché, 2; El Eden,
2; Almaguer,1; Valle de las Pappas, 2.
i
(3660) Myiothlypis nigrocristatus (Lafr.).
Trichas nigro-cristatus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 230 (Bogota).
Basileuterus nigricristatus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 494 (Sta. Elena).
Common in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes, but apparently
less numerous in the Central Andes.
Santa Isabel, 1; El Eden, 2; Valle de las Pappas, 1; Chipaque, 7; El
Roble, 1; El Pifion, 2.
550 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3663) Basileuterus luteoviridis (Bonap.).
Myiothlypis luteo-viridis Bonap., Consp. Av., II, 1850, p. 311 (Bogota).
Inhabits both the Eastern and Central Andes. Three specimens from
Almaguer south of Popayan average somewhat darker above and duller
below than three from the Bogota region.
Generically this and the next species are intermediate between Myio-
thlypis (type M. nigrocristatus) and Basileuterus (type B. auricapillus), but
on the whole seem best left in the last-named genus.
Almaguer, 3; Fémeque, 1; Subia, 1
(3663a) Basileuterus richardsoni Chapm.
Basileuterus richardsoni Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 160 (Andes
w. of Popayan, alt. 10,340 ft.).
Char. sp.— Most closely related to Basileuterus luteoviridis (Bp.), but upperparts
dark olive-green instead of bright yellowish olive-green, underparts much paler,
superciliary whitish, instead of yellow.
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Western and Central Andes. The
occurrence of this species at Laguneta and of B. luteoviridis at Almaguer in
the Central Andes indicates that they are not representative species. The
Laguneta specimen is in fresh plumage and is decidedly more yellow below
than specimens from the type-locality. The supra-loral stripe, however,
is but faintly tinged with yellow and would evidently be whitish in worn
plumage as it is in six of the seven topotypes, whereas in the Almaguer
specimens of luteoviridis it is bright yellow, like the underparts. There is
much sexual variation in this species the male having the wing from four to
eleven millimetres longer than in the female.
Andes w. of Popayan, alt. 10,340 ft., 7; Laguneta, 1.
(3667) Basileuterus cinereicollis Sci.
Basileuterus cinereicollis Scu. P. Z. S., 1864, p. 166 (Bogota); Ibid., 1865, p.
285, pl. IX, fig. 2.
Found only in the heavy forests at Buena Vista on the eastern slope of the
Eastern Andes where, although not uncommon, it is rather difficult to
secure, a fact which probably accounts for its comparative rarity in Bogoté
collections. Our six specimens doubtless typically represent cineretcollis
described from “ Bogot&”’) and show that the Santa Marta representatives
of this species which, in the absence of proper material for comparison Dr.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 551
Allen referred to cineretcollis, form a strongly marked race to which the
name Basileuterus conspicillatus Salv. & Godm.? is evidently applicable. It
differs from cinereicollis in being more yellow above; in having the nape
grayer, the black crown-lines more extended posteriorly, the coronal patch
usually ochraceous-orange and never so conspicuous or so yellow, the supra-
loral stripe always well-developed; the bill smaller, and the gray throat more
restricted. These characters are all present in each of our twenty-nine
specimens of the Santa Marta bird which, in view of its probable isolation,
may doubtless be accorded specific rank.’
Buena Vista, 6.
(8668) Basileuterus cabanisi Berl.
Basileuterus cabanisi Buru., Orn. Centralbl., 1879, p. 63 (Puerto Bello, Venez.) ;
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 176 (Minca; Las Nubes; Ofiaca; Santa
Marta).
The crown in our male from Peque is ochraceous-orange; in the Mira-
flores bird it is more ochraceous. In cabanisi it is usually yellow but both
our specimens can be matched in a series of eleven cabanisi, one from Onaca
agreeing with the Peque bird, one from Merida, Venezuela, with the example
from Miraflores. This species appears not to have been before recorded
from either the Central or Western Andes.
Peque, 1; Miraflores, 1.
(3669) Basileuterus tristriatus tristriatus (T7sch.).
Myiodioctes tristriatus Tscu., Arch. fir Naturg., 1844, p. 283 (Peru).
Basileuterus tristriatus tristriatus Heuu., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1092 (Pueblo Rico,
5200 ft.).
Basileuterus melanotis dedalus Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p. 160
(San Antonio).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Comparison of
our series of thirty-seven specimens with five specimens from Peru and
Bolivia confirms ‘Hellmayr’s reference of the Colombian bird to the Peru-
1 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, p. 175.
2Tbis, 1880, p. 117 (San José, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).
3Mr. W. E. C. Todd calls my attention to Sharpe’s statement (Hand-List of Birds, V, p. 123)
that Hellmayr has no doubt of the identity of conspicillatus and cinereicollis, and adds that, in his
judgment, Sclater’s name is based on a specimen from the Santa Marta mountains and that the
Bogot& bird, therefore, requires a new name. This question, however, can be decided only by compar-
ison of the type of cinereicollis with adequate series from both the Santa Marta and Bogota regions.
552 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
vian form. The northern bird is somewhat larger (wing, 65 mm. in four
males from San Antonio, 60 mm. in two from Inca Mine, Peru) but agrees
in color with the southern one, about an equal amount of variation in the
coronal patch and color of the underparts being shown by both series.
La Frijolera, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 7; Gallera, 3; Cerro
Munchique, 2; Miraflores, 5; Salento, 6; La Candela, 5; La Palmas, 2;
San Agustin, 2; Fusugasuga, 3.
(3674) Basileuterus coronatus (Tsch.). ee
Myiodioctes coronatus Tscu., Arch. fiir Naturg., 1844, i, p. 283 (Peru).
Basileuterus coronatus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 494 (Sta. Elena).
Sometimes reaches the lower border of the Temperate Zone and is com-
mon in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes and of the
western slope of the Eastern Andes. Our series of forty-one specimens
shows but little individual and apparently no racial variation and agrees
with a single specimen from Inca Mine, Peru.
San Antonio, 12; Las Lomitas, 1; Cerro Munchique, 9; Miraflores, 1;
Salento, 5; Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 4; El Eden, 3; Almaguer, 1; La
Candela, 1; Subia, 3; Fusugasuga, 4; El Roble, 2.
(3676) Basileuterus bivittatus chlorophrys Berl.
Basileuterus bivittatus chlorophrys Breru., Proc. 4th Int. Cong., 1907, p. 347
(“Quito” = w. Ecuador).
Two specimens from the Tropical Zone in southwestern Colombia agree
with the description of this form hitherto known only from the two “Quito”
skins on which the race is based.
Buenavista, Narifio, 2.
(8680) Basileuterus auricapillus olivascens Chapm.
Basileuterus vermivorus olivascens Cuarm., Auk, 1893, p. 343 (Princestown,
Trinidad).
Four specimens from Buena Vista, on the eastern slope of the Eastern
Andes, and one from Villavicencio essentially agree in color with a series
from Trinidad, but have the upperparts and auricular region slightly darker,
a difference possibly due to fading in the Trinidad specimens, though the
latter were taken in 1893. The Buena Vista specimens are materially
different from old Bogoté and Guiana (?) skins in which the upperparts are
1917.] ‘Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 553
strongly suffused with brownish. Two males average, wing, 63; tail, 54;
tarsus, 19.5 mm., while Trinidad and northeast Venezuela males average
wing, 58; tail, 52 mm.
Buena Vista, 4.
(3682) Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus Sci.
Basileuterus mesochrysus Scu., P. Z. §., 1860, p. 251 (Bogoté); Wvarr, Ibis,
1871, p. 323 (Herradura; Cocuta Valley); Atzmn, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900,
p. 176 (Bonda; Minca; Cacagualito; Manaure; Chirua; Santa Marta; Palomina).
Found only in the semi-arid Tropical Zone of the Magdalena River.
Near Honda, 1; Chicoral, 3; below Andalucia (3000 ft.), 10.
¢.
(3690) Basileuterus fulvicauda semicervinus Sci.
Basileuterus semicervinus Scu., P. Z. §., 1860, p. 84 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador);
Sex. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 494 (Remedios; Neché).
Basileuterus fulvicauda semicervinus Hetim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1092 (Juntas, R.
Dagua; Rio Garrapatas; Sipi).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and extends eastward
through Antioquia where the more olive-green color of four specimens from
Peque and Puerto Valdivia show that it evidently merges into the gray-
crowned, olive-green backed Magdalena Valley form. Our specimens agree
with a series from western Ecuador.
Alto Bonito, 2; Bagado, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 3; Névita, 1; San
José, 5; Barbacoas, 6; Ricaurte, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Peque, 1.
(3691) Basileuterus fulvicauda fulvicauda (Spiz).
i
Muscicapa fulvicauda Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 20, pl. xxviii (Brazilian Ama-
zons) = Basileuterus uropygialis Scl., P. Z. 8., 1861, p. 128 (Brazil). Cf. Hellm.,
Abhk. Akad. der Wiss., 1906, p. 652.
With but one specimen from Chicoral and two ‘Bogoté’ skins, I am
unable to determine satisfactorily the status of this species in the Magdalena .
Valley and Bogoté region. It is evident that two forms are represented by
these three specimens. Probably the Bogoté skins came from the Villa-
vicencio region when they should perhaps be referred to B. f. fulvicauda
(Spix), while the Chicoral bird should be described as new. Although
obviously faded, the Bogota skins have the underparts and basal part of the
tail darker in color while the crown is darker, less ashy and the back browner;
the color of this part, however, has unquestionably changed. These
cr
554 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Bogoté skins are in fact nearer to semicermnus than to the Chicoral bird,
but are deeper and more uniformly colored below.
In default of authentic specimens of fulvicauda further discussion of the
status of the Bogotd form or forms must be deferred.
Chicoral, 1.
Famity MOTACILLIDA. Prrrts, WacralIts.
(3694) Anthus bogotensis Sci.
Anthus bogotensis Scu., P. Z.8., 1855, p. 109 (Bogoté); Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 322
(Paramo of Pamplona).
In Colombia known only from the Temperate Zone of the Eastern
Andes.
Subia, 1; Choachi, 3.
Famity ALAUDIDZA. Largs.
(3702) Otocoris alpestris peregrina Scl.
Otocorys peregrina Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 110 (Bogota).
This interesting representative of a boreal species is apparently restricted
to the Savanna of Bogoté where, at least in the vicinity of the city, it is
abundant. One, taken Feb. 19, is in juvenal plumage and evidently but a
few days from the nest.
Bogota Savanna, 12; La Mar, 2; La Holanda, 2; El Carmen, 2.
Famity CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDA. Puusu-cappep FINcHEs.
(3703) Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lajfr.
Catamblyrhynchus diadema Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 301 (Colombia); Sct.
& Sauv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 507 (Sta. Elena). :
Inhabits the Temperate and upper part of the Subtropical Zones of all
three ranges, though we took it only in the Western and Central Andes.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 2; above Salento, (9000 ft.), 1; El
Eden, 3.
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 555
Famity FRINGILLIDZ. Fincuzs, Sparrows, Buntines, GROSBEAKS,
SALTATORS, ETC.
(3707) Pheucticus uropygialis uropygialis Sci. & Salv.
Pheucticus uropygialis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1870, p. 840 (‘Bogotd’); Wrart,
Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Matisuga).
Not uncommon in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes. It
appears to be absent from the other ranges.
La Mar, 1; Palo Hueco, 1; Subia, 2; Fémeque, 1; Chipaque, 3.
(3710) Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.).
Loxia ludoviciana Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766 (Louisiana).
Hedymeles ludovicianus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 8328 (Herradura); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 506 (Dept. Antioquia).
Zamelodia ludoviciana AutEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 164 (Masinga
Vieja; Valparaiso; Minca; Santa Marta).
A male taken at Buena Vista March 4, is growing new wings and tail
and is apparently about to undergo a complete prenuptial molt.
Paramillo, Jan. 28; Barro Blanco, 2, Nov. 27, 28; Salento, 2, Buena
Vista, 2, Mch. 4.
(3712) Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens Ridgw.
?
Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens Ripcw., Auk, XV, 1898, p. 229, (Panama).
Guiraca cyanoides Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 506 (Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. Our specimens agree
with a series from eastern Panama.
Salaqui, 1; Cocal, 1; Barbacoas, 3.
(3714a) Cyanocompsa cyanea cauce Chapm.
Cyanocompsa cyanea cauce Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 163
(La Manuelita, near Palmira, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea (Linn.) but base of maxilla
more inflated laterally, azure frontal band in male narrower, female decidedly paler,
the general tone of the back being cinnamon wood-brown rather than russet mars-
brown, of the rump and underparts, cinnamon rather than russet.
oz
556 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Inhabits open, scrubby areas in the Tropical Zone of the Cauca Valley
and Caldas basin.
Palmira, 2; Caldas, 5.
(3718) Oryzoborus angolensis (Linn.).
Loxia angolensis Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 303 (“Angola”’; Hellmayr sub-
stitutes east Brazil).
Andalucia, 1 o&; Villavicencio, 1 2.
!
(8722) Oryzoborus crassirostris crassirostris (Gmel.).
Loxia crassirostris GMEu., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 862 (Guiana).
A pair from Villavicencio; the male with the wing 67 mm. as compared
with 72 mm. in a Trinidad specimen.
Villavicencio, 2.
(8723a) Oryzoborus funereus Scl.
Oryzoborus funereus Scu., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 378 (Oaxaca); Scu. & Satv., Ibid.,
1879, p. 506 (Medellin); AtzEn, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 165 (Minca;
Chirua; La Concepcion). .
Oryzoborus funereus ethiops Hett., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1098 (R. Calima).
Ten specimens from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and Cauca
Valley, are evidently all of one form and in default of a series from Ecuador
I refer them to funereus, with our Central American specimens of which
they agree.
Measurements.
Wing Tail
Nicaragua 3 males (Ridgw.) 55.6 48.7
Panama 1 “ 56.5 50
Névita i es 55.5 47.5
. Barbacoas 2 “ 55 50
Naranjo, Manavi, Ecuador, 1 male 56 51.5
Rio Frio, Col., 2 males 55.5 48
It will be observed that the largest bird in the table is from Ecuador,
whence ethiops Scl. was described. I have, however, no females from
Ecuador, which‘are said to be duller in tone than Central American females.
Atrato River, 19; Névita,1o7; Buenaventura, 2 9; Barbacoas, 2 9 ;
Rio Frio, 3 ?.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 557
(3735) Sporophila grisea grisea (Gmel.).
Lowxia grisea Gmau., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 857 (Guiana).
Spermophila grisea Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 507 (Envigado; Medellin).
Sporophila grisea ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Cienaga; Santa
Marta).
Inhabits open or arid places in the Tropical Zone and advances to the
Subtropical Zone along roadsides, trails and through clearings where grass
and weed seeds may be obtained.
I observe no approach toward the Panama form S. g. schistacea except
in the greater amount of white on the belly shown by some specimens. This,
however, appears to be individual.
Caldas, 4; Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 1; Cali, 1; Miraflores, 3;
Popayan, 1; San Agustin, 1; below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 4; Chicoral, 1;
Honda, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1; Buena Vista, 2; Villavicencio, 1.
(3743) Sporophila castaneiventris Cab.
Sporophila castanewventris CaB., in Schomb. Reis. Guian., III, 1848, p. 679
(Guiana).
La Morelia, 1.
(3745) Sporophila minuta minuta (Linn.).
Lozia minuta Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 176 (Surinam) -
Spermophila minuta Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Ocafia; Paturia).
Sporophila minuta Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Honda); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Bonda; Ofiaca; Cienaga).
Abundant in the arid or semi-arid Tropical Zone following up the trail
or clearings where grasses grow to the lower border of the Temperate Zone.
Caldas, 1; Cali, 1; Rio Frio, 1; La Manuelita, 4; Miraflores, 1; Barro
Blanco, 3; San Agustin, 1; Chicoral, 2; Honda, 1; Puerto Berrio, 2; Ma-
lena, 2; Calamar, 2; Quetame, 2.
(3758a) Sporophila aurita aurita (Bonap.).
Spermophila aurita Bonar., Consp. Av., II, 1850, p. 497 (‘‘Brazil” = Panama?).
Our series of thirty-three males from the Pacific coast (Dabeiba to Prov.
Guayas, Ecuador) shows a gradual change from a bird in which the breast
is largely black, the breast-band broad, and the sides showing more or less
black, to one in which the throat is white with sometimes two black malar
558 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
spots, or streaks, and the sides white. Specimens from San José and Cis-
neros are intermediate but on the whole are nearer to the southern form,
while those from Noanamé and northward are all referable to aurita. Three.
of them have the rump only lightly tipped with grayish, a condition shown
by only one of the more southern birds. So far as it goes, therefore, this
series indicates normal geographic intergradation.
Dabeiba, 1; Quibdé, 2; Bagado, 1; Névita, 3; Noanamé, 3.
(3759) Sporophila aurita ophthalmica (Hellm.).
Spermophila aurita Scu., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 276 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).
Sporoph:la ophthalmica Heui., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1098 (R. Calima; Guineo;
Sipi).
As remarked under the preceding species, specimens from San José and
Cisneros, while intermediate, seem referable to this race rather than to aurita,
while those from Barbacoas and Tumaco are fairly typical of ophthalmica (14
males) though the white patch at the base of the primaries averages smaller.
San José, 3; Los Cisneros, 4; Tumaco, 4; Barbacoas, 6.
(3759a) Sporophila aurita muralle Chapm.
Sporophila aurita muralle Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915, p. 649
(La Morelia, Caquetd, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Most nearly related to S. a. ophthalmica but larger throughout, the
black breast-band averaging narrower (nearly incomplete in one specimen), sides
grayer, white patch at base of primaries smaller, lesser wing-coverts narrowly tipped
with white, greater ones less frequently with white near the end of shaft.
Found by us only in Amazonian Colombia where it is separated from its
nearest relative by the Andean system.
La Morelia, 3.
(3764) Sporophila gutturalis (Licht.).
Fringilla gutturalis Licut., Verz. Doubl., 1823, p. 26 (San Paulo).
Spermophila gutturalis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Ocafia); Sc. & Satv., P. Z.S.,
1879, p. 507 (Medellin; Envigado).
Sporophila gutturalis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Cacagualito;
Onaca; Palomina).
An abundant species in the Tropical Zone and with other small seed-
eaters following the trails and clearings into the Subtropical Zone. Three
males from Quetame and Buena Vista, agree in having the throat olive-
black and the black on the head restricted to a narrow frontal band.
Possibly these three birds, which appear to be mature, may represent
1917. Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 559
the form described by von Berlepsch as pallida. I cannot, however, sepa-
rate our remaining Colombian specimens, including two adult males from
Subia near Bogoté and a series from Santa Marta, from specimens of gut-
turalis from Bahia and Matto Grosso.
Névita, 1; Los Cisneros, 1; Caldas, 3; San Antonio, 3; Barbacoas, 2;
Buenavista, Narifio, 3; Ricaurte, 1; Cali, 1; La Manuelita, 1; Rio Frio, 1;
Miraflores, 3; La Candela, 1; San Agustin, 3; below Andalucia (3000 ft.),
2; Subia, 3; La Morelia, 1; Quetame, 2; Buena Vista, 4 9.
(3771) Sporophila luctuosa (Lafr.).
Spermophila luctuosa Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 291 (Colombia), Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 507 (Medellin).
Sporophila luctuosa ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Masinga Vieja).
This species appears to be far less common than the other representatives
of its genus taken by us in Colombia.
Barro Blanco, 4; Anolaima, 1:
(3773) Catamenia inornata minor Berl.
Clatamenia] inornata minor BrRu., P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 115 (Cechce, Ecuador).
Specimens from the Paramo Zone of the Central Andes are slightly
larger than others from Pichincha and Chimborazo, Ecuador. All, however,
agree in color and differ from specimens from Oroya, Peru, in being smaller,
while in minor the fully adult male has the back more strongly streaked with
black. Females from La Pradera, on the Bogoté Savanna, and Choachi,
are apparently to be referred to this race. ,
Santa Isabel, 6; Valle de las Pappas, 5; La Pradera, 1; Paramo de
Choachi, 1.
Measurements.
Place Sex Wing Tail Culmen
Catamenia 1. inornata, Oroya, Peru rot 70.5 62 9.5
“ “ “ “ “ eu rs 71.5 61 5 9.5
“ “ “ “ “ ofl 71 . 5 63 9 7 5
Catamenia t. minor, Mt. Pichincha, Ec. of 64.5 56.5 9.5
“ 1 ‘Gualea,’ Ec. rou 66.5 57 10
« iy) Santa Isabel, Col. foe 65.5 59 10
“«& “ “ “ “ “ fot 68 62 9 “ 5
i ay ¢ ¢ i ref 69 62 10.5
Catamenia i. inornata, Oroya, Peru Q 67 57.5 9
Catamenta t. minor, ‘Gualea,’ Ec. Q 65 56 9.5
a te Santa Isabel, Col. Q 65 56.5 10
1J. f, O., 1884, p. 294 (Bucaramanga, Col.).
560 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3774) Catamenia homochroa Sci.
Catamenia homochroa Sct., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 552 (Matos, Ecuador)..
Inhabits the Temperate Zone in all three ranges, ranging upward to
the Paramo in the Western and Eastern Andes. Our specimens from the
last-named range are native skins.
Paramillo, 14; Andes w. of Popayan, 2; Valle de las Pappas, 2; Lagun-
eta, 1.
(3777a) Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chapm.
Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV,
1915, p. 649 (La Mar, 8260 ft., Cundinamarca, Col.)
Char. subsp.— Similar to C. a. analoides (Lafr.) but smaller, the male with the
forehead, lores and chin slaty or gray and without black, the throat and breast much
paler, pale neutral gray rather than slate-gray; white area on the primaries at the
end of the primary coverts wholly absent or barely suggested; margins of wing-
coverts and inner margins of wing-quills grayer.
Found only at La Mar and Suba on the Bogoté Savanna, our two speci-
mens being taken by native collectors.
(3782) Tiaris olivacea pusilla Swains.
Tiaris pusilla Swains., Phil. Mag. (N. 8.) I, 1827, p. 488 (Mexico).
Phonipara pusilla Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Bucaramanga); Scr. & Satyv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 507 (Retiro; Sta. Elena; Medellin).
Occurs in the fields and along the wayside in both Tropical and Sub-
tropical Zones, but appears to be more common in the latter than in the
former.
Our specimens all seem to be quite typical of the Mexican form.
Dabeiba, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Caldas, 2; Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 8;
-Ricaurte, 2; Rio Frio, 1; ‘Miraflores, 5; Sta. Elena, 1; Salento, 4; Barro
Blanco, 1; Rio Toché, 1; San Agustin, 2;-La Palma, 1; below Andalucia,
3000 and 5000 feet, 3; El Consuelo, 1; Subia, 1.
en
(3783) Tiaris bicolor omissa Jard.
Tiaris omissa Jarp., Ann. N. H., XX, 1847, p. 332 (Tobago).
Eutheia bicolor Stonz, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie).
Phonipara bicolor ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 165 (Minca).
Found only in the Magdalena Valley. One of three males is fairly
typical of omissa, the other two have less black below and thus show some
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. — 561
approach toward marchi; one of these, taken alone, might indeed be referred
to that form, but both have the posterior margin of the black breast less
sharply defined than in marchi. Colombian records of marchi are possibly
based on individual variants of this type.
Honda 1 &, 1 2; Chicoral 27°.
3790. Volatinia jacarini splendens (Vieiil.).
Fringilla splendens Viniuu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XII, 1817, p. 173 (Cayenne) .
Volatinia jacarina Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Ocafia; Bucaramanga); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 507 (Medellin).
Volatinia splendens Ropiwson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 101 (Barranquilla).
Abundant and generally distributed in favorable places in the Tropical
Zone and following trails and clearings to the Subtropical Zone. We:
have no specimens from the Pacific coast north of Tumaco, except at Caldas
and Dabeiba. Dabeiba, 2; Caldas, 2; San Antonio, 1; Barbacoas, 1;
Tumaco, 1; Cali, 5; La Manuelita, 2; Miraflores, 1; Barro Blanco, 3;
Chicoral, 1; Honda, 1; La Playa, 2; Quetame, 1.
(3796) Pitylus grossus (Linn.).
Loxia grossa Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1766, p. 307 (Cayenne).
Pitylus grossus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8S. Phila., 1860, p. 140 (Falls Truando);
Sct. & Saty., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 505 (Remedios; Neché); Hetum., Jbid., 1911, p. 1121
(Sipi).
Of general distribution in the Tropical Zone, but we did not take it in
the Cauca Valley.
Dabeiba, 1; Quibdé, 1; Baudo, 2; San José, 1; Cocal, 2; Barbacoas, 6;
w. of Honda, 1.
(3803) Saltator maximus (Miill.).
Tanagra maximus P. L. 8. Miuusr, Syst. Nat. Supple., 1776, p. 159 (Cayenne).
Saltator magnus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p..505 (Remedios; Neché; Medellin);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Minca; Onaca; Cacagualito).
Saltator maximus Hetto., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1121 (Noanamdé; Névita).
A wide-ranging species of the humid Tropical Zone which, however, we
have not taken in the Cauca Valley.
Pacific coast specimens average larger and somewhat darker, but on the
whole our series shows remarkably little variation.
Noanamé, 2; San José, 3; Barbacoas, 6; La Frijolera, 4; Puerto Val-
divia, 1; below Andalucia, 1; Buena Vista, 5; Villavicencio, 2; Florencia, 5.
562 ~ Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3804) Saltator atripennis atripennis Scl.
Saltator atripennis Scu., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1856, p. 261 (Popayan);
Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 505 (Medellin); Hutum., Ibid., 1911, p. 1120 (Pueblo
Rico, 5200 ft.). ;
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes; one specimen
from the western slope of the Central Andes.
Popayan birds are topotypes and the others, except those from Ricaurte
and Barbacoas, agree with them.
Five specimens from Ricaurte (alt. 4500 ft.), a locality near Barbacoas
where the coastal forest ends, and one from as low even as Barbacoas, are
fairly intermediate between this form and the next.
La Frijolera, 1; San Antonio, 10; west of Popayan, alt. 6000 ft., 4;
-Cocal, 1; Ricaurte, 5; Barbacoas, 1; Miraflores, 3; Salento, 1.
(3804a) Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapm.
Saltator atripennis caniceps CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 182
(Fusugasugé4, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to S. a. atripennis but crown largely gray instead of
largely black; exposed portions of inner tertials wholly olive-green, throat and
breast with no wash of buffy, under tail-coverts paler, bill averaging heavier and
more inflated laterally.
Inhabits the Temperate Zone‘of the Eastern Andes and southward into
Ecuador (Gualea). It is not surprising therefore to find that five specimens
from Ricaurte (alt. 5000 ft.), a locality in southwestern Colombia on the
Ecuadorian line, are intergrades. The bill in these Ricaurte birds agrees
with that of caniceps, the color of crown more nearly resembles that of
atripennis while the tertials are more like those of caniceps. The buffy
throat-mark is barely evident in four specimens and absent in one, but the
cinnamon-buff under tail-coverts are unquestionably those of atripennis.
The present case furnishes an exception to the rule that the affinities of
west Ecuadorian forms are with those of the Cauca region rather than with
those from the Bogoté region.
Fusugasugé, 1; Aguadita, 2; Anolaima, 4; Panama (above Pacho), 1;
Muzo, 1
(3807) Saltator olivascens Cab.
Saltator olivascens Cas., in Schomk. Reisen in Brit.-Guian., III, 1848, p. 676
(Guiana); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 167 (Bonda; Santa Marta).
Found only in the arid coastal region of the Lower Magdalena and lower
Atrato.
La Playa, 1; Sinu River, 1; Calamar, 1; Algodonal, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 563
(3809) Saltator cerulescens azare d’Orb.
Saltator azare p’OrB., Voy. Am. Merid. Ois., 1836, p. 287 (Moxos and Santa
Cruz, Bolivia).
Saltator superciliaris Auct., nec Sprx; cf. Hetum., Abh. Akad. der Wiss., 1906,
p. 678.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes at
least as far north as Villavicencio. Aside from being slightly smaller (<7,
wing, 96 mm.) our specimens agree with others from Peru and Bolivia.
Although three of our specimens come from the heart of the east ‘Bogota’
region, this species does not appear to have been before recorded from
Colombia.
Florencia, 2; Villavicencio, 2; Buena Vista, 1.
(3819) Saltator striatipectus striatipectus Lafr.
Saltator striatipectus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 73 (Cali, Col.); ALLEN, Bull.
A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (Bonda; Minca; Santa Marta).
Saltator albicollis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 505 (Medellin; Remedios;
Sta. Elena).
Abundant in the Tropical Zone of both Cauca and Magdalena Valleys,
‘reaching to the lower borders of the Subtropical Zone, the arid basin at
Caldas, and the east side of the lower Atrato Valley. The Cauca Valley
birds are topotypical and birds from the other localities appear to agree with
them.
Dabeiba, 4; Caldas, 3; San Antonio, 2; La Florida, 1; Cali, 1; Rio
Frio, 2; Palmira, 4; below Miraflores, 6; near San Agustin, 4; La Candela,
2; below Andalucia, 4; Chicoral, 1; Rio Toché, 1; Honda, 7; Fusugasugé, 1.
(8822) Spinus spinescens spinescens (Bonap.).
Chrysomitris spinescens Bonap., Consp. Av., I, 1850, p. 547 (Bogot4).
An abundant bird in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes occurring
in great flocks on the Bogoté Savanna and descending less commonly to the
upper portion of the Subtropical Zone. Old ‘Bogota’ skins are more yellow
above than freshly collected specimens. All of our examples have the tail
yellow at the base, the principal character by which they are distinguished
from 8. nigricauda of the Central Andes.
Bogota, 6; La Holanda, 2; La Porquera, 1; La Mar, 1; Chipaque, 1;
El Roble, 1. :
564 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3823a) Spinus nigricauda Chapm.
Spinus nigricauda Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 160 (Paramo of
Santa Isabel, Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. sp.— Most nearly resembling Spinus spinescens capitaneus Bangs, but
with longer wings, darker back, no yellow at the base of the tail, less yellow in the
wing, heavily streaked under tail-coverts, etc. :
Since the discovery of this species by Allen and Miller in the Central
Andes, Miller and Boyle have secured four typical specimens at the northern
end of the Central Andes.
Paramillo, (12,500 ft.), 4; Santa Isabel (12,700 ft.), 2.
(3825) Spinus xanthogaster (Du Bus).
Chrysomitris xanthogastra Du Bus, Bull. R. Acad. Belg., XXII, 1855, p. 152
(Ocafia, Col.); Wvart, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Canuto; Cocuta); Scu. & Satv., P. Z.58.,
1879, p. 508 (Sta. Elena).
San Antonio, 4; Sta. Elena, 2.
(3841) Astragalinus psaltria columbianus (Lajfr.).
Carduelis columbianus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 292 (Columbia).
Chrysomitris columbiana Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p.,328 (Ocafia); Scr. & Satv.,.
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 508 (Concordia; Retiro; Sta. Elena; Medellin).
Astragalinus psaltria columbianus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 165
(Bonda; Onaca; Minca).
Our specimens are chiefly from the Subtropical Zone in all three ranges,
and arid or open portions of the Temperate Zone in the eastern range.
Ranges from the Tropical to the Temperate Zone. Specimens with
black as well as black and white tails are included in our series of adult males
from most of the localities mentioned, as follows:
Western Andes: Caldas, one, in molt, outer feathers only remaining but
with as much white as in croceus; one, no white in outer feathers, second pair
as in croceus, third pair with but little white on one side, almost none on the.
other. Central Andes: Miraflores, three, all with tail essentially as in
croceus; Barro-Blanco, one, tail black; El Eden, one, outer pair of feathers,
one as in croceus, one black; second pair both white, as in croceus, third pair
black; Chicoral, one, two outer pairs of feathers with but little white;
La Candela, one, same as last, one with little white in outer pair only; San
Agustin, one, a little white in outer feather on one side, the same amount in
second feather on the other side. Eastern Andes: Above Honda, one, tail
wholly black; vicinity of Bogot4, ten, seven with tail wholly black, one with
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 565.
white along the shaft of the two outer feathers, one with outer feathers as in
croceus, a much smaller amount on the next pair, one with two outer feath-
ers with white quadrate patches on one side, the corresponding feathers on
the other side black; Quetame, tail wholly black; Buena Vista, two, tail
wholly black, one, small amount of white in outer pair, one, small amount
of white in one of second pair; Andalucia, one, wholly black; one, two outer
pairs as in croceus. In addition to the Colombian birds listed below we have
one from Gualea, Ecuador, in which the three outer pairs of rectrices have
as much white as in croceus. It thus appears that only five birds in our
series of thirty-five males have the tail with white as in croceus (they are
considerably paler below than Chiriqui specimens), seventeen have no white
on the tail and fourteen are more or less intermediate and of these thirteen
have the tail assymetrically marked with white. All the white-tailed
(= “croceus’’) specimens are from the Western Andes and western slope
of the Central Andes; all but one of the black-tailed specimens (= columbia-
nus) are from the Eastern Andes or country at their base, while intermediates
occur throughout practically the entire:region represented by our specimens.
It is evident that we have here a complicated case not to be accounted for by
geographic or individual variation, while the results of hybridization could
be rendered apparent along so long a “front” only by assuming that range
extension in these forms has been from east to west and vice versa. Thus a
black-tailed eastern form has longitudinally invaded the range of a white-
tailed western form, which in turn has entered the home of the black-tailed
form. Only this theory occurs to me as a possible explanation of this puz-
zling case, but more material is needed before we will be in a position to
settle satisfactorily the status of these birds.
Caldas, 3; Miraflores, 4; San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 1; El
Eden, 3; Rio Toché, 1; Chicoral, 1; near San Agustin, 1; La Palma, 1;
La Candela, 3; below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.), 3; El Consuelo, above Honda
(alt. 3300 ft.), 2; Fusugasugé, 1; Bogot&, 1; Quetame, 1; Buena Vista, 4;
La Holanda, 5; La Herrera, 2; El Carmen, 2; Pacho, 1; Subia, 1; Tena-
suca, 1; Puente Andalucia, 6.
(3842) Sicalis flaveola (Linn.).
Fringilla flaveola Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 321 (Surinam).
Sycalis columbiana Rosinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161 (Barranquilla).
Sycalis flaveola ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 165 (Bonda; Cienaga;
Cacagualito; Santa Marta).
Inhabits the arid Coastal Zone of northern Colombia. I have no topo-
types and no specimens of Sicalis columbiana, described from Puerto Cabello.
566 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Sharpe, however, recognizes columbiana and refers Santa Marta specimens
to flaveola and since the specimens listed below agree with a large series from
Santa Marta, I accept Sharpe’s determination.
Turbaco, 2; La Playa, 2; Calamar, 3; Boca de Chimi, 1.
(3850) Sicalis arvensis minor Cab.
Sycalis minor CaB., in Schomb. Reis. Guian, III, 1848, p. 679 (British Guiana).
One of the most abundant birds on the Bogoté Savanna where we saw
it in large flocks; occurs also in the Magdalena Valley but is rare in the
Cauca Valley.
Our specimens are more richly colored above than Lima specimens of
luteiventris, and lack the white or whitish apical area on the inner vane of the
outer rectrix. I have, however, no specimens of true minor for comparison.
Cali, 1; Chicoral, 1; Bogoté, 4; Subia, 2; Puente Andalucia, 1; El
.Carmen, 1; La Mar, 2.
(3853) Spiza americana (Gmel.).
Emberiza americana GmEu., Syst. Nat. I, 1789, p. 872 (New York).
Euspiza americana Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 140 (Turbo); Wrart,
Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Ocafia).
Spiza americana ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 164 (Bonda; Santa
Marta).
R. Salaqui, 1, Mch. 15; Calamar, Jan. 22, 1.
(3854a) Ammodramus savannarum cauce Chapm.
Ammodramus savannarum cauce CuapM., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XOXXI,
1912, p. 161 (Cali, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to A. s. australis but darker, black central areas to feathers
larger, chestnut areas smaller and darker, edgings to feathers grayer, less buffy.
Known only from three specimens taken at Cali. In view of the some-
what restricted character of the avifauna of the Tropical Zone of the Cauca
Valley it is somewhat surprising to find there two species of Sparrows of
sedentary habits. The present species appears not to have been recorded
elsewhere on the South American mainland, though a form of it (A. s. cart-
beus Hart.) has been described from the islands of Curacao and Bonaire.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 567
.
(3855a) Myospiza manimbe columbiana Chapm.
Myospiza manimbe columbiana Cuapm., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI,
1912, p. 162 (Cali, Col.). ;
Char. subsp.— Upperparts much darker and more broadly streaked than in
M.m. manimbe, the crown and back of about the same color.
Apparently confined to the Tropical Zone. We have five specimens from
Cali, and three from La Manuelita, in the Cauca Valley, one from near
Honda and five from Chicoral, in the Magdalena Valley. The latter, as
before remarked (J. ¢.), are paler than columbiana and more nearly resemble
specimens from the middle Orinoco region.
Cali, 5; La Manuelita, 3; near Honda, 1; Chicoral, 5.
(3856) Myospiza aurifrons (Spizx).
Tanagra aurifrons Spix, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 38, pl. i, fig. 2 (Fonteboa, Rio
Solimoéns).
Of this Amazonian species, which appears not to have been before
recorded from Colombia, we have six: specimens from Florencia and five
from La Morelia in the Caqueta region.
Florencia, 6; La Morelia, 5.
(3856a) Myospiza cherriei Chapm.
Myospiza cherriei Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 183 (Villavi-
cencio, Col.).
Char. sp.— Similar to Myospiza manimbe but much paler, the plumage with no
chestnut, the crown essentially like the back, the breast with no dusky band, the
yellow of head more extensive, encircling the eye and basally crossing the forehead,
outer primary shorter, equalling the seventh instead of the sixth (from without);
outer tail-feathers shorter; bill more slender, the mandible plumbeous rather than
brownish in color.
Known only from the llanos at the base of the Eastern Andes.
This species is intermediate between Myospiza manimbe (Licht.) and
M. aurifrons (Spix) (= peruviana auct.), in fact, it materially closes the gap
between these quite unlike forms. In the general coloration of the upperparts
it more nearly resembles manimbe, but in its strongly graduated tail, white
underparts, extent of yellow on the head, color and shape of the bill, it
appears to be more nearly related to aurifrons. Its wing formula is inter-
mediate in character, the outer primary being shorter than in manimbe and
longer than in aurifrons.
Villavicencio, 3.
568. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3882) Brachyspiza capensis peruviana (Less.).
Pyrgita peruviana Lxss, Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 45 (Lima, Peru).
Zonotrichia pileata Wvratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Cachiri; Pamplona road; 7000-
9000 ft.); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 507 (Retiro; Envigado; Medellin).
Brachyspiza capensis peruviana ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 164
(Santa Marta).
This widely distributed and abundant. wayside bird ranges from the
upper borders of the arid Tropical Zone through arid or deforested areas
in the Subtropical Zone and throughout the Temperate Zone. Probably
it is most numerous in the last-named zone. The lowest elevation at which
we have met it is Caldas (alt. 1800 ft.), the arid pocket on the west slope of
the Western Andes. It is found all along the trail to Cali, in the Cauca
Valley, and on the Central Andes to timberline. It was not observed in
the Magdalena Valley at Honda, nor did we encounter it in ascending
the western slope of the eastern range until we had reached an altitude
of- 5000 feet, a few miles east of Guaduas. From this point it was com-
mon upward to the Bogota Savanna where it is one of the most characteris-
tic species, and thence eastward over the pass (alt. 10700 ft.) on the trail
to Villavicencio, and down this trail to the-vicinity of Monteredondo (alt.
4600 ft.) where the arid Subtropical Zone meets the upper border of the
humid Tropical Zone.
Eighty specimens from the region here outlined represent but one race, -
which comparison with eight Peruvian birds, including four topotypes from
Lima, supports Mr. Ridgway’s conclusion + that Colombian birds are most
nearly related to the form from western Peru. Sixteen specimens from
Costa Rica and Chiriqui (B. ¢. costaricensis (Allen) are darker and smaller
than Peruvian birds and have more black on the throat, but the range of
individual variation is so great that to recognize a northern form would make
it difficult to name exactly specimens from most of the territory between
Peru and Costa Rica, and I follow Ridgway (J. c.) in applying the name
peruviana to the birds from the whole area.
Paramillo, 9; La Frijolera, 1; Caldas, 3; San Antonio, 8; Cali, 4; Popa-
yan, 1; Cerro Munchique, 3; Crest of Range, 2; Ricaurte, 2; Salento, 3;
Sta. Elena, 1; Laguneta, 1; Santa Iabel, 3; El Eden, 3; Rio Toché, 4;
Miraflores, 3; La Sierra, 1; Valle de las Pappas, 1; near San Agustin, 5;
below Andalucia (3000 ft.) 2; La Holanda, 4; El Roble, 1; El Pifion, 1;
Bogoté, 6; Chipaque, 3; Quetame, 2.
1 Bull. 50, U. S. N. M., I, p. 348.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 569 °
(3892) Arremonops conirostris conirostris (Bonap.).
Arremon conirostris Bonap., Consp. Av., I, 1850, p. 488 (Brazil ‘Bogotdé’’).
Embernagra conirostris Stong, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ambalema).
Arremonops venezuelensis Ripew., Auk, XV, 1898, p. 228 (Puerto Cabello, Ven.);
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 163 (Santa Marta).
Arremonops conirostris canens Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, p. 140
(Santa Marta).
Arremonops caneus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 164 (Santa Marta).
Of general distribution in the Tropical Zone but apparently wanting in
the Cauca Valley. On the Pacific coast A. ¢. chrysoma reaches southwest
Colombia but no representative of the group has been recorded from between
Barbacoas and Panama.
Specimens from the western base of the Eastern Andes (vicinity of Honda)
appear to be inseparable from those from near the eastern base of the range
(Buena, Vista), though on both sides the birds are restricted to the Tropical
Zone. Accepting Hellmayr’s designation of the type-locality for this species
as “Bogoté” ! these birds are typical of controstris, and I place with them
Santa Marta specimens (A. canens Bangs) though they average slightly
browner above. Six specimens from Bermudez, Venezuela, average some-
what smaller but show no difference in color from the Honda and Buena
Vista birds. If they properly represent venezwelensis (described from Puerto
Cabello) I am unable to appreciate its characters. Todd (Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 1912, p. 199) and Hellmayr (7. c.) consider canens to be synonymous
with venezuelensis, an opinion with which I agree though my material shows
canens to differ somewhat from controstris, while venezuelensis appears to be
identical with it. Specimens from Chicoral, on the west side of the Mag-
dalena Valley, and 1200 feet above Honda, are slightly larger than Honda
‘specimens. J think that we are warranted, however, in accepting either
Honda or Buena Vista birds as topotypical. The affinities of richmondi, the
Panama and Central American bird, appear to be with chrysoma rather than
with controstris, which differs from both the preceding in having gray in the
back and less yellow in the wing-coverts.
Puerto Berrio, 2; Malena, 5; Nare, 1; Honda, 6; Chicoral, 4; Buena
Vista, 7; Villavicencio, 3.
Measurements.
Wing Tail
Honda, 5 males 73 66 mm.
se 1 female 70 63 mm.
Buena Vista, 7 males © 73 66 mm.
& © 2 females 69 64 mm.
Santa Marta,” 1 male 75 66 mm.
Bermudez, Venezuela, 3 males, 73 66 mm.
1 Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1912, p. 69. 23 more specimens not sexed.
570 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3892a) Arremonops conirostris inexpectata Chapm.
Arremonops conirostris inexpectata CHApM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 184 (Andalucia, w. slope, Cen. Andes, 3000 ft.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to A. c. conirostris but wing shorter; in general color of
the body resembling conirostris, but breast paler and supraloral stripe whiter, wings
and tail more nearly like those of A. c. chrysoma, the shoulder bright lemon-chrome,
the wing-quills, including the outer primary, margined externally with yellowish
increasing in brightness from within outwardly. Average, three males, wing, 69;
tail, 66; one female, wing, 65; tail, 63 mm.
In view of the stability shown by Arremonops conirostris conirostris
through a wide area, the appearance of this form so near the type-locality
of that race is surprising and inexplicable. Specimens of conirostris from
Honda, at the western base of the Eastern Andes, agree minutely in color
and size with others from the eastern base of the same range, though these
areas are separated by three life-zones making actual contact impossible.
Nevertheless, within the same river valley, and in the same faunal area,
this well-marked race, the characters of which are supported by eight adults
and five juvenal specimens, occurs. In no other instance have we found
birds common to both Honda and the region west of and below Andalucia,
to differ geographically from one another, and one is led to believe that pos-
sibly inexpectata is not strictly a geographical variant of conirostris, or at any
rate has had its origin from some other source than the Honda region. The
bird’s resemblance to chrysoma of western Ecuador should be considered in
this connection, and the apparent isolation of the latter form is also of sig-
nificance. Possibly like some other birds from the Upper Magdalena at
Andalucia, it has crossed from the eastern to the western side of the Andes
at this point. Miller, however, sends no specimens of Arremonops from the
Caqueta region.
Andalucia (w. slope, 3000 ft.) 13.
(3893) Arremonops conirostris chrysoma (Scl.).
Embernagra chrysoma Scu., P. Z. §., 1860, p. 275 (Babahoyo, Ecuador).
The range of this race, heretofore known only from western Ecuador, is
now extended to southwestern Colombia through Richardson’s capture of
six specimens. No form of Arremonops has been recorded from the Pacific
coast of Colombia north of Tumaco, but the species appears again in Pan-
ama and Central America as A. chrysoma richmondi. This form differs from
chrysoma mainly in having the back and tail with a brownish tinge, the wings
externally less yellowish. It agrees with chrysoma, and thereby differs from
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 571
true controstris, in having no gray on the back and in having the lesser wing-
coverts lemon-chrome, and, evidently, is more closely related to chrysoma
than to controstris.
Wing Tail
S. W. Colombia, 2 males 77 70 mm.
Boquete, Chiriqui, 2 males 78 70 mm.
Boruca, Costa Rica, 2 males 74 69 mm.
Matagalpa, Nic., 76 67 mm.
8. W. Colombia, 3 females 74 69 mm.
Panama R. R., Ze 72 67 mm.
Matagalpa, Nic., 73 65 mm.
Tumaco, 2; Barbacoas, 2; Buena Vista, 2.
(3899) Emberizoides sphenurus (Vieill.).
Passerina sphenura Vintuu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXV, 1817, p. 25
(Cayenne).
Emberizoides macrurus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 507 (Antioquia; Medellin).
Emberizoides macrourus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 163 (Santa
Marta; San Miguel; Macotama; Palomina).
A wide-ranging species of the Tropical Zone, of which we have taken only
three specimens, two at La Manuelita, in the Cauca Valley, and one at
Quetame at the upper border of the Amazonian fauna in the Eastern Andes.
La Manuelita, 2; Quetame, 1.
(3910a) Pseudochloris citrina antioquie subsp. nov.
Char. subsp.— Similar to P. c. citrina but upperparts very much darker, the
shaft-streaks of the back blacker their margins hair-brown rather than buffy brown;
remiges and rectrices black rather than fuscous; female with the crown largely hair-
brown instead of Saccardo’s umber. Males differ from the type (male) of P. browni
in having “‘ the chest slightly duller; the belly brighter and clearer yellow; the yellow
of forehead less diffused and not extending as far backward toward the nape; the
nape darker; the back much darker, the rectrices and remiges of a deeper, richer
color.” (T. Barbour in. litt.).
Type.— 134,194 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. @ ad. Barro Blanco (7200 ft.), Antioquia,
Colombia.
This race is known only from the type-locality whence we have three
adult males and two adult females. All are much alike in the color of the
upperparts, wings, and tail, indicating that the dark color of these parts is
characteristic. Of P. citrina citrina I have only one female, which, however,
is in fresh plumage and exactly comparable with one of the Barro Blanco
specimens.
572 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Of P. browni I have only one immature female (?), but comparison with
the type and three female topotypes of the species has been made for me by
Mr. Thomas Barbour.
Our single specimen of brownt (Onaca, Santa Marta) in the general color
of the upperparts, wings and tail is much nearer our one specimen of citrina
than either is to antioquie. The specimen of citrina is from Mt. Roraima,
whence Sharpe (Cat. Bds. B. M. XII, p. 779) records additional specimens.
Brabourne & Chubb, however, (Bds. S. A., I, p. 381) include Guiana in
the range of browni and restrict citrina to Brazil. I am not aware on what
ground this view is based and in the absence of Brazilian specimens of
citrina and a larger number of specimens from Guiana I am unable to con-
firm or disprove it.
Rg Barro Blanco, 5.
wt
a
(3925a) Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapm.
Phrygilus unicolor grandis Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915, p. 651
(Santa Isabel, 12500 ft., Cen. Andes, Colombia).
Char. subsp.— Larger and with a longer, heavier bill than any known race of the
species; male paler, particularly on the underparts, which have a whitish cast, than
the male of P. u. unicolor, which is nearly the same color below as above; female with
the auricular region usually grayish or tinted with buffy instead of dark olive-buff as
in P. u. geospizopsis; not certainly distinguishable in color from the much smaller
P. u. nivarius (Bangs).
Inhabits the Paramo zone of the Central Andes of Colombia southward
at least to Chimborazo, Ecuador.
Santa Isabel, 8 c’ads., 3 Qads., 2 Qim.
(3926b) Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis (Bonap.).
Passerculus geospizopsis Bonap., Compt. Rend., XX XVII, 1853, p. 291 (Colom-.
bia = ‘Bogota’ cf. Sctatsr, P. Z.8., 1855, p. 160).
Phrygilus unicolor Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (Vetas; 10,000-11,000 ft.).
Char. subsp.— Distinguished from P. u. grandis by its smaller size, from P. u.
nivarius by its larger size; from both grandis and unicolor by its olive-buff, instead of
grayish or buffy auricular region and by the suffusion of olive-buff on the chin and
throat, in the female.
i { Thanks to the kind offices of Brother Apolinar Maria, I am in possession
of nine topotypical specimens of this currently unrecognized race, from the
Paramo of Choachi near Bogoté. Of six adult females taken in October and
November, and in partly worn plumage, all but one have the auricular
region and throat markedly buffy-olive, a character which appears to dis-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 573
tinguish this species. At any rate, it is not present in other Colombian
specimens, though it is shown by some from Chimborazo. Should it prove
to be individual or seasonal this form would differ from other northern
forms of this group by its size alone.
Paramo of Choachi, 3 o ads.; 6 9 ads.
(3935) Spodiornis jardini Scl.
Spodiornis jardinii Scu., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 323 (Ecuador).
An immature male taken at Almaguer (alt. 10,300 ft.) in the Central
Andes south of Popayan, is our only specimen. This species has been found
in Bogoté collections. Hellmayr (Nov. Zool. 1906, p. 308) refers to this
genus “Haplospiza” uniformis Scl. & Salv. of Central America and South
Mexico.
Almaguer, 1.
(3952) Paroaria gularis (Linn.).
Tanagra gularis Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 316 (Guiana).
Found by us only in the Tropical Zone in Amazonian Colombia, where
its capture by Miller adds it to the known fauna of the country. Our speci-
mens appear to be typical.
La Morelia, 6
(3963) Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Scl.
Arremon erythrorhynchus Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 83, pl. xxxix (Bogota).
Arremon spectabilis Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 505 (Remedios); Srons,
Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Honda).
We secured no specimens on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, and
I am therefore unable to say how birds from that region agree with A. a.
spectabilis from eastern Ecuador. Five specimens from the Magdalena
Valley and one from the lower Cauca, however, evidently represent the bird
currently known as erythrorhynchus. The Puerto Valdivia bird is the
darkest of the four and consequently approaches A. a. occidentalis. In this
race the chin is either wholly without or with but a trace of black.
Chicoral, 3; w. of Honda, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
574 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3964) Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellm.
Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Huti., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1118 (Juntas, Rio
Tamand4 (type), and Condoto).
Occupies the Tropical Zone of the Pacific littoral but in places reaches
the Subtropical Zone.
Munchique birds are decidedly larger than those from San José, which
may be considered essentially topotypical.
Measurements.
Wing Tail
San José, 69 65
Munchique, ¥ 76 60
San José, ¢ 66 53
Munchique, @ 69 58
Hellmayr (J. c.) has clearly characterized the races of this group. I agree
with him that intergradation between aurantiirostris and occidentalis is
wholly probable. Indeed, an excellent series from eastern Panama shows
an unmistakable approach toward occidentalis.
Dabeiba, 4; Alto Bonito, 4; Névita Trail, 1600 ft., 1; Buenaventura, 1;
San José, 4; Munchique, 6000 ft., 2; Cocal, 4000 ft., 1; Barbacoas,
Buenavista, 1200 ft., 1.
2;
(3967) Arremon axillaris Scl.
Arremon axillaris Scu., P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 97 (Bogota).
Villavicencio, 2.
(3971) Lysurus castaneiceps (Sci.).
Buarremon castaneiceps Scu., P. Z. §., 1859, p. 441 (R. Nepo Ecuador); Scu. &
Satv., [bid., 1879, p. 505 (Frontino},
Taken only in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes.
Novita Trail (6000 ft.), 2: (8500 ft.), 1; Cocal, 1; Gallera, 2
(3971a) Atlapetes flaviceps Chapm. (Plate XL.)
Atlapetes flaviceps CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 162 (Rio Toché,
6800 ft., Cen. Andes, Col.).
Char. sp — An apparently very distinct species not closely related to any de-
scribed form of the genus; head and underparts yellow, back, wings, and tail olive-
green.
Known only from two specimens taken at the type-locality.
Rio Toché, 2.
Burt. A. M. N. I. Vor. XXXVI, Pirate XL
BLACK-HEADEDFINCH. Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus(Chapm.)
YELLOW-HEADED FINCH. Atlapetes flaviceps (Chapm.)
(About one-half natural size)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 575
(39716) Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapm. (Plate XL.)
Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 185
(San Agustin, Col.).
Char. sp.— In the extreme graduation of the tail and dark olive-green color of
the back resembling Atlapetes flaviceps Chapm., but differing from that species in
being still darker above (approaching in this respect A. crassus Bangs).
This distinct species is known only from the region at the head of the
Magdalena.
San Agustin, 3; La Palma, 2.
(3973) Atlapetes gutturalis gutturalis (Lafr.).
Arremon gutturalis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 98 (Colombia).
Buarremon gutturalis Sci. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1897, p. 504 (Medellin; Remedios).
A common bird throughout the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
Specimens from Fusugasugé may doubtless be considered topotypical of
this form and with them the remaining birds of the series agree in color
but average somewhat larger.
Peque, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 7; Cerro
Munchique, 4; Salento, 1; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 1; Miraflores, 1; La
Sierra, 2; La Candela, 3; La Palma, 2; Andalucia, 4; Fusugasuga, 6.
(3976) Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus (Du Bus).
Buarremon latinuchus DuBvus, Bull. Acad. Brux., XXII, 1855, p. 154 (‘‘Colom-
bie et du Perou”’ = northeast Peru, cf. Berlepsch, Int. Orn. Cong., 1910, p. 1097).
Specimens from the Subtropical Zone in the Western Andes agree with a
series from Loja, Ecuador and introduce this race to the recorded Colombian
avifauna.
Cerro Munchique, 11.
(3979) Atlapetes latinuchus eleoprorus (Sci. & Salv.).
Buarremon eleoprorus Scu..& Satyv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 504 (Sta. Elena).
Two topotypes collected by Miller & Boyle show this bird to be a closely
related form of A. 1. latinuchus. Both are males; one in fresh plumage shows
the olivaceous tinge which distinguishes this race from latinuchus; the other
taken the same day (Nov. 19), is in worn plumage, the olivaceous suffusion
of the upperparts has largely disappeared and the specimen can almost be
matched by examples of latinuchus.
Sta. Elena, 2.
576 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(3984) Atlapetes albifrenatus ( Boiss.).
Tanagra albo-frenatus Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 68 (Bogota).
Buarremon albifrenatus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Alto, etc., 5000-7000 ft.).
Aguadita, 3; El Roble, 2; Anolaima, 3.
(3990) Atlapetes schistaceus (Boiss.).
Tanagra schistaceus Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 69 (Bogota).
A common species in the Temperate Zone of all three ranges.
I find no racial variation, but specimens from the Western and Central
Andes average slightly larger than those from the Eastern.
Paramillo, 2; Andes west of Popayan (alt. 10,340 ft.) 18; Valle de las
Pappas, 2; Almaguer, 1; Laguneta, 12.
(3993) Atlapetes pallidinuchus pallidinuchus (Bozss.).
Tanagra pallidinucha Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 68 (Bogot4).
Buarremon pallidinuchus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Vetas).
Met with only in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes, at El Pifion
where it was common. In the Central Andes it is replaced by the nearly
allied A. p. papallacte Hellm.
El Pifion, 3; Chipaque, 1; Choachi, 2; La Pradera, 1; La Mar, 1;
Palo Hueco, 1; Subia, 1; Anolaima, 1.
(3993a) Atlapetes pallidinuchkus papallactze Hellm.
Atlapetes pallidinucha papallacte Hrutm., Verhandl. Ornith. Gesellschaft in
Bayern, Band XI, Heft 4, 1913, p. 318.
Atlapetes pallidinuchus obscurior Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N..H., XX XIII, 1914,
p. 186 (Santa Isabel, Cen. Andes).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes and southward into
Ecuador. I have seen no Ecuador specimens, but the form from Papallacta,
eastern Ecuador, recently separated by Hellmayr (whose descriptions did
not reach me until after my paper describing the bird as A. p. obscurior
was published) is doubtless the same as the Colombian bird.
Almaguer, 4; Laguneta, 2; Santa Isabel, 7.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 577
(3994) Atlapetes crassus Bangs.
Atlapetes crassus Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p. 161 (San Antonio,
Col.).
Known only from the Western Andes where it appears to inhabit the
Subtropical Zone, though one of our specimens is from the Tropical Zone. It
is an interesting comment on the results attending collecting in the tropics,
and particularly humid subtropics, that in spite of the amount of work done
by us at the type-locality of this species none of our specimens of it was
taken at that point.
Ricaurte, 4; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(3997) Atlapetes semirufus (Boiss.).
Tanagra semirufus Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 69 (Bogotd).
A Temperate Zone species of the Eastern Andes, which ranges down into
the arid subtropics. Not uncommon along the trail between Chipaque and
Quetame.
Choachi, 7; Quetame, 1.
(4003) Buarremon brunneinuchus (Lafr.).
Embernagra brunnei-nucha Larr., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 97 (Mexico).
Buarremon brunneinuchus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 504 (Concordia; Medel-
lin; Sta. Elena); Heuum., [bid., 1911, p. 1117 (Pueblo Rico).
A common, wide-ranging bird of the Subtropical Zone which appears to
show no geographical variation.
Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 11; Gallera, 2; Cerro Munchique, 5;
La Florida, 4; Ricaurte, 4; Miraflores, 6; Salento, 10; Sta. Elena, 3; El
Eden, 3; La Candela, 38; LaSierra, 1; Andalucia, 4; Fusugasug4, 3; Buena
Vista, 3
(4011) Buarremon assimilis (Boiss.). E
Tanagra assimilis Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 67 (Bogot4).
Buarremon assimilis Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 504 (Medellin; Sta. Elena);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 167 (Bonda).
Common in the Temperate Zone of all three ranges.
Birds from the Western and Central ranges agree in color and size with
topotypical specimens from the Bogota region.
West of Popayan, 11; Laguneta, 8; Santa Isabel, 1; Almaguer, 15
El Pifion, 2; Chipaque, 2.
578 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4012) Buarremon atricapillus Lawr.
Buarremon atricapillus Lawr., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, 1874, p. 396
(Bogota). ;
Two females taken by Miller and Boyle at La Frijolera, on the lower
border of the Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Western Andes,
and an unsexed specimen from the Central Andes west of Honda, agree with
the type (a ‘ Bogota’ skin) of this rare bird but have the back of the crown
sharply defined from the greenish back, whereas in the type the black
extends on to the foreback.
La Frijolera, 2; w. of Honda, 1.
Famity CHREBIDA. Honey-CreEePers AND GUIT-GUITS.
*(4018) Ccereba luteola luteola (Cab.).
Certhiola luteola Cas., Mus. Hein., I, 1850, p. 96 (Puerto Cabello, Ven. ; Cartha-
gena, Col.); Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 194 (Turbo; Carthagena).
Cereba luteola Stonr, Proc. Acad. N. 8S. Phila., 1899, p. 313 (Carthagena);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII. 1900, p. 173 (Cacagualito; Cienaga; Santa Marta).
Doubtless restricted to the arid coastal zone of northern Colombia.
La Playa, 4.
(4020) Coreba mexicana columbiana (Cab.).
°
Certhiola columbiana CaB., J. f. O., 1865, p. 412 (Bogoté).
Certhiola mexicana Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 497 (Remedios; Medellin).
Cereba chloropyga mexicana Hetio., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1098 (Pueblo Rico, 5200 ft.)
Evidently occupies all of the Tropical Zone except the Cauca Valley and
the Caribbean coast region. It has not been found on the Pacific coast
north of Tumaco, all other records from west of the Western Andes being
from the slopes of that range. Specimens from eastern Panama agree with
mexicana in size but are intermediate in color. Specimens from Dabeiba
agree with columbiana in color but are intermediate in size.
Salvadori and Festa (Bull. Mus. Tor. XV, 1899, p. 13) refer birds from
western Ecuador to columbiana and describe the bird from southeastern
Ecuador (Zamora, Gualquiza) as Certhiola intermedia. Lowe (Ibis, 1912,
p. 502) refers all Ecuador specimens to intermedia, including skins from
Guaquiza, Zamora, Esmeraldas, etc.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 579
I have but one specimen from Zamora. It is matched by others from
Zaruma and Duran, Prov. Guayas; while specimens from Esmeraldas in the
humid coast region of northwestern Ecuador, and from southwestern Colom-
bia, are nearer columbiana. They are smaller than specimens from the
Bogoté region, and in this respect agree with Dabeiba birds, and may have
the flanks a trifle more olivaceous and the underparts a shade deeper, but
above they match true columbianus exactly.
Dabeiba, 6; Alto Bonito, 1; Peque, 2; Tumaco, 2; Buena Vista, 1;
Ricaurte, 1; Honda, 4; Chicoral, 1; La Candela, 1; near San Agustin, 3;
Andalucia, 2; El Alto de la Paz, 2; Buena Vista, 3; Villavicencio, 2.
(4020a) Ccereba mexicana cauce# Chapm.
Cereba mexicana cauce CHApM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 186 (Cali,
Colombia).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Cereba mexicana columbiana (Cab.) but slightly smaller,
the superciliaries mixed with grayish, sides of the throat, and sometimes its center,
finely barred with grayish. Five males: Wing, 56.5; tail, 33.5; five females, wing,
58; tail, 32 mm.
This unexpected, but apparently quite distinct form is based on eleven
adults from the Cauca Valley and adjoining slopes of the Western and Cen-
tral Andes. The unusual characters in adults of this group, of a grayish
superciliary line and barred sides of the throat, are present in all our speci-
mens. At first glance these markings suggest immaturity, but the birds
showing them are unquestionably fully adult.
Cali, 7; Las Lomitas, 2; e. of Palmira, 1; San Antonio, 1; Rio Frio, 1.
(40272) Diglossa sittoides similis (Lafr.).
Diiglossa] similis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, 318 (‘Bogoté).
Diglossa sittoides, Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 496 (Retiro; Concordia).
Diglossa sittoides similis AutEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 174 (San
Miguel; San Sebastian; El Mamon).
Not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone of all three Ranges. Comparison
of eight males from Colombia and two from Merida, Venezuela, with two
from Aplobamba, Bolivia, which may be considered as typical of true sit-
toides, supports the characters attributed by Lafresnaye to the ‘Bogota’
bird. The northern form is smaller with an actually stouter bill, and has
the sides and front of the head noticeably darker, the underparts of a more
cinnamon less ochraceous shade than in the Bolivian race. Specimens from
‘Ambato’ and ‘Quito,’ Ecuador, resemble the Bolivian form in color but are
nearer the Colombian in size.
a
580 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Uncirostrum dorbignyi Boiss (Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 5) synonymized by
Sclater (Cat. B. M. XI, 4) with Diglossa sittoides auct. (= D. s. similis) is
evidently too large (length 120, bill, 8 mm.) to be referred to that species.
San Antonio, 4; Cerro Munchique, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 1; Rio
Toché, 1; San Agustin, 1; La Candela, 1; La Holanda, 3; Quetame, 2.
Measurements of Males.
Wing Tail Tarsus
Bolivia, Aplobamba 62 47 17°
$ # 63 47 18
Ecuador, Quito 57 45 15
Colombia, San Antonio 53 43 17
& & oe 54 44 16.5
“ “ “ 54 45 16
“ Salento 55.5 43 15.5
Quetame (Bogotdé) 54.5 42 16
‘Venezuela, Merida 57 45 16
55 43 17
(4029) Diglossa gloriosissima Chapm.
Diglossa gloriosissima CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XT, 1912, p. 165 (Andes w.
of Popayan, 10,340 ft.).
Char. sp.— Most closely related to Diglossa gloriosa Scl. & Salv., but much
larger, black areas less sooty, lesser wing-coverts and rump bluer, rufous of under-
parts brighter, thighs black, no superciliary line.
Known only from the Temperate Zone of the Western Andes. Since
its discovery by Richardson and Miller on the Andes west of Popayan,
Miller and Boyle secured a beautifully prepared series of this interesting
species at the northern end of the same range. Though quite distinct this
form is obviously a representative of D. gloriosa of the Venezuelan Andes.
It is surprising therefore that neither species has been recorded from the
region between Merida and the Andes west of Popayan.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 10; Paramillo (12,500 ft.), 13.
(4030) Diglossa brunneiventris Lafr.
Diglossa brunneiventris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 318 (Peru); Scu. & Sanv.,
P. Z. §., 1879, p. 496 (Sta. Elena).
Miller and Boyle secured a large series of this species in the Temperate
Zone at the northern end of the Western Andes. It appears to have been
hitherto known in Colombia only from Salmon’s records for Sta. Elena and
.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 581
“Medellin.” Doubtless the last-named locality may be understood to indi-
cate high mountains near Medellin. ;
Our specimens agree minutely in color with four males from Cuzco, Peru,
but are smaller.
Cuzco, 3 males average, wing, 68-73; tail, 59-62; culmen, 11-12 mm.
Paramillo, 5 males average, wing, 64-67.5; tail, 57-60; culmen, 11-12
mm.
Paramillo (12,500 ft.) 19.
(4036) Diglossa lafresnayei ( Boiss.). “
Uncirostrum lafresnayei Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 4 (Bogota).
Not uncommon in the Temperate Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes.
Almaguer, 2; Laguneta, 1; Santa Isabel, 1; Chipaque, 4; Choachi, 3.
(4037) Diglossa humeralis (Fraser).
Agrilorhinus humeralis Fraser, P. Z. 8., 1840, p..22 (Bogotd).
Diglossa humeralis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (high regions near Bucaramanga;
9000 ft.).
Found by us only in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes. At
Chipaque both this species and D. lafresnayeit were common, their occur-
rence together affording an interesting illustration of how two species,
which differ from each other, less than do many subspecies, may be found
at the same place.
Chipaque, 4; Subia, 3; La Mar, 1; Palo Hueco, 1; La Pradera, 3.
(4038) Diglossa aterrima (Lafr.).
Diglossa aterrima Larr., Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 319 (Pasto, Col.); ALLEN, Bull.
A.M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 174 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).
Foung only in the Temperate Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes.
Almaguer, 2; Laguneta, 2; Santa Isabel, 1; Chipaque, 1.
(4040) Diglossa albilateralis Lafr.
Diglossa albi-latera Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 99 (Colombia); Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 324 (Herradura; Canuto); Scr. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 496 (Retiro;
Medellin; Sta. Elena); Autun, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 174 (El Libano;
Las Nubes).
582 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Common in the higher parts of the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges,
Jess frequent in the Temperate Zone.
Paramillo Trail (9000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 1; Cerro Munchique, 5;
Gallera, 1; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 1; Almaguer, 4; Miraflores, 1;
Salento, 1; Laguneta, 1; Sta. Elena, 4; Barro Blanco, 2; Rio Toché, 4;
El] Eden, 4; Aguadita, 5; El Roble, 9; El Pifion, 3; Buena Vista, 1.
(4041) Diglossa personata (Fraser).
Agrilorhinus personatus Fraser, P. Z.8., 1840, p. 23 (Bogota).
Diglossa personata Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 496 (Retiro; Sta. Elena).
Common in the Temperate and upper part of the Subtropical Zones, but
rare below 8000 feet. There is much range in the intensity of color due to
individual, not sexual, variation. Western Colombia birds may average
slightly darker but do not appreciably differ from topotypical (Bogoté)
specimens.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 14; Andes, west of Popayan,
7; Laguneta, 8; Santa Elena, 12; Barro Blanco, 2; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden,
2; Santa Isabel, 2; Almaguer, 7; Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 7; El Pifion, 2;
Subia, 4. :
(4048) Diglossa cryptorhis Chapin.
Diglossa cryptorhis CuarM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912, p. 164 (Gallera, Col.).
Char. sp. — Most closely related to Diglossa indigotica Scl. of Ecuador, but nostrils
more concealed, plumage of a different texture, firmer, more glossy and of a brighter
color; tail shorter.
An apparently rare species of the Subtropical Zone of the Western
Andes.
Gallera, 1; Névita Trail (7200 ft.), 1.
(4045) Diglossopis cerulescens cerulescens Sci.
Diglossa cerulescens Scu., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1856 (2), p. 467 (Caracas,
Venezuela); Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (Portreras; between Ocafia and Bucara-
manga); Sou. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 496 (Sta. Elena). ;
Diglossopis cerulescens cerulescens Hetim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1093 (Tatamd Mt.,
2794 ft.).
This species has much the same zonal distribution as Diglossa personata
but appears to be less common. Our seven Colombian specimens agree
with five from Merida, Venezuela, and show no approach toward D. ec.
pallida of Peru.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 583
Névita Trail (7200 ft.), 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; Andes, west of
Popayan, 2; Almaguer, 1; El Eden, 1; EI Pifion, 2.
(4048) Conirostrum sitticolor Lafr.
Conirostrum sitticolor Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 102 (Bogotd).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of all three ranges.
Andes west of Popayan (alt. 10340 ft.), 1; Laguneta, 7; Santa Isabel, 2;
Almaguer, 3; Valle de las Pappas, 2; El Pifion, 3; Chipaque, 1.
(4051) Conirostrum rufum Lafr.
Conirostrum rufum Larr., Mag. de Zool., 1843, p. 35 (Bogotdé); Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, p. 8324 (above Vetas, 10,000 ft.).
We have found this species only in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern
Andes.
Subia, 1; Bogota, 1; Chipaque, 9; Choachf, 2; Palo Hueco, 1; La
Porquera, 2.
(4053) Conirostrum fraseri Sci.
Conirostrum fraseri Scu., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 452 (Cuenca, Ecuador).
Four specimens from the Valle de las Pappas introduce this Ecuadorian
species into Colombia. They agree with comparable Ecuador specimens.
Valle de las Pappas, 4.
(4056) Conirostrum albifrons Lafr.
Conirostrum albifrons Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 301 (Colombia ); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 496 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the upper part of the Subtropical and the Temperate Zones of
all three ranges.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Almaguer, 3; above Salento, 5; Laguneta, 1;
Santa Isabel, 1; Sta. Elena, 1; El Roble, 6; Palo Hueco, 2; Subia, 2.
(4057) Conirostrum atrocyaneum Lafr.
Conitrostrum atrocyaneum Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 9 (Rio Napo).
An adult male from Cerro Munchique in the Western Andes, agrees with
the description of this species of which I have seen no authentic specimens.
It appears not to have been before recorded from Colombia.
Cerro Munchique, 1.
584. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4061) Dacnis cayana cayana (Linn.).
Motacilla cayana Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 3836 (Cayenne).
I have no specimens from Peru but four adult males and three females
from the eastern base of the Eastern Andes cannot, in my opinion, be sepa-
rated from British Guiana birds of which we have a large series. The black
throat-patch may average greener but the difference is too slight and incon-
stant to be of diagnostic value. Females from both localities are indistin-
guishable.
La Morelia, 1; Florencia, 4; Villavicencio, 1.
(4064) Dacnis cayana cerebicolor Sci.
Dacnis cerebicolor Scu., Cont. Orn., 1851, p. 106 (“‘Bogoté” = Magdalena Valley) ;
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (Bucaramanga); Scu. & Saty., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 497
(Remedios).
Dacnis cayana cerebicolor Hutim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1095 (Noanam4; Névita;
Tadé; Sipi; Jimenez; R. Oscuro).
This race like many other Tropical Zone birds, occupies the Pacific coast
region southward into Ecuador and north and east through Antioquia to the
hunid forested area of the lower central Magdalena. As Hellmayr (I. c.)
has pointed out Pacific coast specimens are not all typical, most of them
averaging paler, an exception, therefore, to the rule that when Pacific coast
and Magdalena representatives of a species differ in color those from the
former region are darker.
None of our eight males from the Pacific coast is as dark (7. e. purple)
as the most deeply colored of our Magdalena Valley birds. Some, however,
of the birds in both series are alike, while the palest of the Pacific coast birds
are not distinguishable in color from D. cayana napea, a form standing
between cerebicolor and ultramarina in color.
Specimens from eastern Panama (Chepigana) are typical of ultramarina,
but I agree with Hellmayr that the facts at hand warrant the treatment of
all these forms as subspecies of cayana.
Juntas de Taman4, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 4; Barbacoas, 4; Buena-
vista, Narifio, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 5; near Honda, 3; ‘Bogota,’ 2; ? Anda-
lucia (3000 ft. w. slope), 12, in worn plumage.
(4067) Dacnis angelica Bonap.
Dacnis angelica ‘De Fillipe” Bonap., Atti sesta Riun. Sc. Ital., 1845, p. 404
(Brasil). ;
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 585
Found by us only in Amazonian Colombia. Three males agree with one
from Cayenne.
La Morelia, 5.
(4069) Dacnis egregia egregia Sci.
Dacnis egregia Scu., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 251 (New Grenada); Sci. & Satv., P. Z.S8.,
1879, p. 497 (Remedios; Neché).
Found only in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley. The Ecua-
dorian form, D. e. equatorialis, averages slightly greener and the yellow areas
are somewhat richer. The range of these forms appears to be interrupted,
no connection apparently existing between the Colombian and Ecuadorian
birds.
Honda, 4; Chicoral, 1; Purificacion, 1.
(4071) Dacnis venusta fuliginata Bangs.
Dacnis venusta fuliginata Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p. 160
(Jimenez, w. Col.); Hetum., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1094 (Noanamé; Névita; Jimenez;
Rio Dagua).
Dacnis venusta Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 497 (Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward through
Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley. Males from Puerto Valdivia and
Bagado have an evident greenish tinge below, and thus approach true
venusta with the type of which they have been compared.
Bagado, 1; Noanam4, 2; Barbacoas, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(4072) Dacnis leucogenys Lajfr.
Dacnis leucogenys Larr., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 470 (Colombia).
This species was found only in the Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley.
Algodonal (near Banco), 2; Honda, 2.
(4079a) Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus Chapm.
Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915, p.
655 (Barbacoas, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to C. c. cyaneus (Linn.) but male with the turquoise
crown-cap slightly darker, bluer in color and smaller in area, the blue band of the
nape correspondingly wider, the inner margins of the wing-quills and under wing-
coverts pale citron-yellow rather than canary-yellow; female darker, less yellowish
green above, the under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-quills much paler
586 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
than in the female of cyaneus, straw-yellow rather than canary-yellow. More
closely related to Cyanerpes cyaneus gigas (Bangs & Thayer) of Gorgona Island off
the Colombia coast, which it resembles in the pale wing-lining, but wings and tail
averaging longer, blue of the male less purple, particularly on the rump, the females
not so dark above or so yellow below.
Although Cyanerpes cyaneus had not been recorded before from the
mainland of the Pacific Coast of South America, we found this form not
uncommon from Buenaventura southward.
Buenaventura, 2; San José, 2; Los Cisneros, 2; Tumaco, 1; Barba-
coas, 6.
(4081) Cyanerpes cerulea microrhyncha (Beri.). 7
Cereba cerulea microrhyncha BERL., J. f. O., 1884, p. 287 (Bucaramanga, Col.).
Cereba cerulea Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 497 (Remedios; Medellin).
Cyanerpes cerulea microrhyncha Heuto., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1097 (Névita; San
Joaquim; Rio Cajon).
Cyanerpes ceruleus microrhynchus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 173
(Bonda; Minca; Onaca; Las Nubes).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone but appears to be absent from the Cauca °
Valley. Fourteen specimens from the Pacific coast agree with twelve native-
made skins from the vicinity of Honda. A single female from Buena Vista
is decidedly darker, bluer green than Magdalena Valley birds and has a
slightly longer bill.
Quibdé, 1; Juntas de Tamand, 1; Noanam4, 6; Barbacoas, 6; near
Honda, 12; Buena Vista (above Villavicencio), 1 (?).
(4086) Chlorophanes spiza exsul Berl. & Tacz.
Chlorophanes spiza exsul Brru. & Tacz., P. Z.8., 1883, p. 543 (Chimbo, Ecuador);
Heu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1096 (Noanam4; Névita).
Specimens from the Pacific coast region agree with others from Ecuador
and are clearly to be referred to this form, which, however, very closely
resemble true spiza. From lower Orinoco, Trinidad, and Cayenne birds,
the west Colombian and west Ecuadorian specimens differ mainly in being
slightly smaller with smaller bills. The Ecuadorian bird averages slightly
greener, but the difference is wholly overlapped by individual variation.
The Central American form, C. s. guatemalensis is decidedly greener than
exsul or spiza, but has the bill as large as in exsul while the wing (in specimens
from Costa Rica, Chiriqui and Panama) is little if any longer than in C. s.
exsul.
It is interesting to observe that a specimen from Cocal (alt. 4000 ft.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 587
is typical of exsul while those from Lomitas and San Antonio, but one and
two thousand feet higher in the same range, are equally typical of cerulescens.
Cocal, 1; Buenaventura, 2; San José, 1.
(4087) Chlorophanes spiza cerulescens Cass.
Chlorophanes cerulescens Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1864, p. 268 (Yura-
carés, Bolivia).
Chlorophanes atricapilla Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (Canta; San Nicolas); Scu. &
Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 497 (Concordia; Remedios).
Specimens from the Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes,
and Tropical Zone of the Eastern Andes, are all evidently typical of this
blue form of which I have one specimen from the falls of the Madeira.
Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 2; Miraflores, 3; La Frijolera, 2; Con-
suelo (above Honda), 3; Aguadita, 3; La Palma, 1; Florencia, 3; La
Morelia, 1.
Pro Cok, Ase,
Famity TERSINIDA. Swatitow-TanaGErs.
(4093) Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sci.).
Procnias occidentalis Scu., P. Z.8., 1854, p. 249 (New Grenada).
Procnias tersa Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 497 (Remedios).
Procnias viridis ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 173 (Minca; Val-
paraiso).
Tersina viridis occidentalis Heuio., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1099 (Noanam4; Névita).
Frequenting both forests and semi-arid country; this wide-ranging
species occurs not only in all the faunas of the Tropical Zone in Colombia
but reaches the Subtropical Zone as well.
Juntas de Taman4, 2; Névita, 4; Caldas, 1; San Antonio, 8; Mira-
flores, 1; Popayan, 1; near Honda, 1; Villavicencio, 5.
Famity TANAGRIDZ. Tanacers, EupHoNIAS.
(4101) Chlorophonia pretrei (Lafr.).
Tanagra pretret Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 97 (Colombia).
Chlorophonia pretrit Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 498 (Sta. Elena).
Taken only in the upper part of the Subtropical Zone of the Western
Andes, and in the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Santa Isabel, 1; Sta. Elena, 3.
588 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
?
(4103) Tanagra cyanocephala cyanocephala (Vieill.).
Pipra cyanocephala Vinttu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XTX, 1818, p. 165 (Trini-
dad).
A wide-ranging but apparently not common species. Males from the
west slope of the Western Andes agree with others from the eastern slope
of the Eastern Andes and all are like a good series from near Merida. One
of three Ecuador males (labeled “Quito”) has the yellow areas decidedly
paler than in Colombian specimens and evidently represents pelzelni Scl.,
but.a second ‘ Quito ’ specimen and one from Valle de Cumbaza, Mt. Chim-
borazo, are very close to Venezuela specimens. A specimen from La Sierra,
south of Popayan resembles these two Ecuador specimens and if pelzelni be a
valid form should possibly be referred to it.
Caldas, 1 9,2; “Antioquia,” 1 co; La Sierra, 1 o; Buena Vista,
20',1 9. i
(4106) Tanagra aurea pileata (Berl.).
Euphonia aurea pileata Beru., Rev. Tan. Int. Orn. Cong., 1910, p. 1014 (Quiribana
de Caicara, Venezuela).
A male from Buena Vista above Villavicencio is evidently to be referred
to this lately described race. It agrees in color, but is somewhat smaller
(wing 56 mm.) than an essentially topotypical specimen of pileata, from
Maripa, Venezuela (wing 58 mm.).
Buena Vista, 1.
ea
’ zt
(4112) Tanagra xanthogastra chocoensis (Hellm.).
Euphonia xanthogaster chocoensis HELLM., Rev. Franc. d’Orn., II, 1911, p. 23
(Rio Cajon, w. Col.); P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1100 (Noanam4; Cajon; Sipi).
Euphonia xanthogastra Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 498 (Concordia).
Inhabits the Tropical and Subtropical Zones from the Pacific Coast east
to the western slope of the Central Andes.
Specimens from the Pacific coast region are typical of this form and differ
from 7. x. brevirostris in the paler color of the yellow areas, particularly of
the crown. In size, however, birds from approximately the same altitudes
agree. Thus specimens from San José and Barbacoas are of about the same
size as those from La Morelia; again, San Antonio or Miraflores specimens,
while resembling chocoensis in color are as large as specimens of brevirostris
from La Palma and La Candela. Apparently, therefore, with both forms
there is a corresponding increase in size with increase in altitude.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 589
Alto Bonito, 3; Juntas de Tamana, 1; Névita, 1; San José, 1; Barba-
coas, 8; La Frijolera, 3; Névita Trail (6000 ft.), 1; Las Lomitas, 1; San
Antonio, 5; Cerro Munchique, 1; Gallera, 1; Cocal, 2; Ricaurte, 1; Mira-
flores, 3; Salento, 1.
Measurements of Males.
Wing Tail
T. x. chocoensis, Sam José, 61 33
none ¢ Barbacoas, 59 33
“ “ “ “ 57 31
T. x. brevirostris, La Morelia, 59 32
“ “ “ “ 61 33
T. x. chocoensis, San Antonio, 63 35
woe Miraflores, 63 35
“ “ “ “ 66 35
T. x. brevirostris, La Candela, 65 387
“« “ “ 3 67 388
as « La Palma, 66 37
(41122) Tanagra xanthogastra brevirostris (Bonap.).
Euphonia brevirosiris Bonar., Rev. et. Mag., 1851, p. 186 (Colombia).
This richly colored form is found in the Subtropical Zone of the western
slope of the Central Range, and in both Tropical and Subtropical Zones of
the Eastern Andes. As with the west Colombian form, specimens from the
lower altitudes average smaller. Thus three males from La Morelia (alt.
600 ft.) average wing, 61.5 mm., while three males from La Candela (alt.
6500 ft.), and La Palma (alt. 5500 ft.) average wing, 66mm. There appears
to be no difference in color between birds from mountains and lowlands.
Although specimens from the higher altitudes are as large as the largest
‘Quito’ birds, none shows any approach toward the purple-backed form from
that region (T. x. quitensis Nels.) and none have the crown as pale as Quito
specimens in which the back is as blue as in quitensis.
La Palma, 2; La Candela, 4; Andalucia (5000 ft.), 1; Caqueta Trail,
(2500 ft.), 1; La Morelia, 4; Florencia, 2; Quetame, 1; Buena Vista, 2.
(4116) Tanagra concinna (Scl.).
Euphonia concinna Scu., P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 98, pl. 65, fig. 2 (Bogota).
This species, known only from the Bogotdé region, we have taken only
in the Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley near Honda, whence
we have five specimens.
Near Honda, 5.
590 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4118) Tanagra saturata (Cab.).
Phonasca saturata Caz., J. f. O., 1860, p. 336 (“New Granada’’).
Found by us only in the Cauca Valley and arid upper Dagua basin at
Caldas. Five males from Caldas agree with two from western Ecuador. A
male from Cali has white oval subapical patches 7 mm. long on the inner web
of the outer pair of rectrices.
Caldas, 6; Cali, 1.
(4119a) Tanagra olivacea humilis (Cab.).
Phonasca humilis Cas., J. f£. O., 1860, p. 334 (Costa Rica).
Euphonia minuta Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 498 (Remedios).
Seven males from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and Antioquia
agree with others from Panama (Canal Zone), and differ from a British
Guiana series in having the hind-head and nape decidedly more purple, the
back and throat somewhat more purple, the frontal band much wider.
Quibdé, 3; Baudo, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 1; Noanamé, 6; Barbacoas, 1;
Puerto Valdivia, 1.
(4121) Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hart.).
Euphonia fulvicrissa purpurascens Hart., Nov. Zool., VIII, 1901, p. 370 (Pambi-
lar, n. w. Ecuador).
An adult male from Barbacoas is apparently typical of this form.
Barbacoas, 1.
(4121a) Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hart.).
Euphonia fulvicrissa omissa Hart., Bull. B. O. C., XX XIII, 1913, p. 77 (‘Bo-
gotdé,’ type, and Noanam4).
Euphonia fulvicrissa Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 143 (Falls Truando)
Sct. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 498 (Remedios; Neché).
Euphonia fulvicrissa subsp.? Hetio., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1100 (Noanam4; El Tigre).
Our specimens are all from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast. The
type doubtless came from the central Magdalena Valley. Hartert (I. c¢.),
on examination, states that Sclater’s type of fulvicrissa, said to have come
from Santa Marta, “agrees entirely with skins from Central America.”
Quibd6, 1; Bagado, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 1; Noanam4, 1; San José, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 591
(4127) Tanagra crassirostris crassirostris (Sci.).
Euphonia crassirostris Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 277 (Bogoté); Wrartt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 324 (Cocuta Valley; Bucaramanga); Roxinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161 (R.
Magdalena); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 170 (Bonda; Onaca; Minca;
Cacagualito).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys. Speci-
mens from the vicinity of Honda are doubtless topotypical, and with Cauca
” Valley birds average larger and have more purple above than those from the
northern parts of the range of the species (Costa Rica to east Venezuela) for
which von Berlepsch ! accepts the name brachyptera (Cab.).
Specimens from Puerto Berrio, while as small as northern birds, have
the purple color above of extreme examples of crassirostris.
Puerto Valdivia, 6; La Manuelita, 2; Cauca Valley, 3; Puerto Berrio, 3;
Honda, 5; El Consuelo, 1; Chicoral, 1.
Comparative wing-measurements are as follows: Cauca Valley (4),
64.2 mm.; Honda’ (4), 65; Puerto Berrio (3), 60.5; Santa Marta (10),
61.2; north-east Venezuela (2), 61; Boqueron, Chiriqui (8), 62.5.
(4129) Tanagra melanura (Scl.).
Euphonia melanura Scu., Conts. Orn., 1851, p. 86 (Barra de Rio Negro).
An adult male from Florencia is less purple than ‘ Napo’ specimens.
Florencia, 1.
(4135) Tanagra chrysopasta (Scl. & Salv.).
Euphonia chrysopasta Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1869, p. 438, pl. xxx, figs. 1, 2 (Lower
Ucayali).
Found only in the Tropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Eastern
Andes. :
Buena Vista, 1; Villavicencio, 3.
(4144) Chlorochrysa calliparea bourcieri (Bonap.).
Calliste bourciert BonaP., Compt. Rend., XXXII, 1851, p. 76 (Bagnos, Tungu-
ragua, Ecuador).
1 Rev. Tanag., Int. Orn. Cong., 1910, p. 1012.
592 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Found by us only in the Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena
Valley.
Near San Agustin, 2; La Candela, 1.
(4145) Chlorochrysa phenicotis (Bonap.).
Calliste phenicotis Bonar., Compt. Rend., XXXII, 1851, p. 76 (Ecuador).
Taken only in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. Our speci-
mens agree with others from Ecuador.
Névita Trail (7200 ft.), 2; Cerro Munchique, 1; Gallera, 6.
(4147) Chlorochrysa nitidissima Scl.
Chlorochrysa nitidissima Scu., P. Z. 8., 1873, p. 728, pl. x (Antioquia); Sci. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia; Jerico); Hrzim., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1101
(Siat6; Pueblo Rico).
We found this species only in the Subtropical Zone of the Western and
Central Andes. There is no definite record of its occurrence in the Eastern
Andes.
Las Lomitas, 4; San Antonio, 3; Gallera, 1; Salento, 2.
(4149) Pipridea melanota venezuelensis Scl.
Pipridea venezuelensis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 265 (Caracas, Venezuela); Wyatt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Canuto).
A bird of the Subtropical Zone common in the Bogotdé region but rare
to the westward. We have only two specimens from the Western Andes,
none from the Central Andes, and four from the Eastern Andes. Specimens
from near Bogoté agree with Merida specimens but the West Andean birds
are decidedly paler below and represent the extreme of differentiation from
true melanota.
Rio Lima, 1; Popayan, 1; Aguadita, 4; Tenasuca, 4.
oy
(4150) Procnopis vassori (Boiss.). pati)
Tanagra (Euphone ?) vassorit Borss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 4 (Bogotdé).
Diva vassori Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 498 (Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone and upperparts of the Subtropical Zone of
all three ranges.
Paramillo, 1; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 2; La Florida (7700 ft.),
7; Almaguer, 7; Salento, 1; Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 11; El Eden, 6; Rio
Toché, 1; El Roble, 6; El Pifion, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 593
(4155) Tangara chilensis (V%g.).
Aglaia chilensis Via., P. Z. S., 1832, p. 3 (Chili = Bolivia).
Miller’s capture of a male of this species on the western slope of the
Eastern Andes below Andalucia indicates that it crosses the range at this
point. This specimen agrees with one from Florencia and both are paler
below than one from Bolivia.
Andalucia (w. slope, 5000 ft.), 1; Florencia, 1.
(4163) Tangara schrankii (Spiz).
Tanagra schrankit Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 38, pl. 51, fig. 1 (n. Brazil; ef.
Berl. Rev. Tanag. Int. Orn. Cong., 1910, p. 1028).
Florencia, 1 9.
(4164) Tangara johanne (Dalmas).
Calliste johanne Damas, Bull. B. O. C., XI, 1900, p. 35 (Buenaventura, Col.).
Calospiza johanne Heuu., P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1101 (Tadé; Névita; Condoto).
One of the well-marked species which characterize the Tropical Zone of
the Pacific coast to which it appears to be restricted.
Andagueda, 1; Juntas de Tamanda, 4; Noanam4, 1; San José, 2; Bar-
bacoas, 1.
(41644) Tangara florida auriceps Chapm.
Tangara florida auriceps Cuapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914, p. 188
(Buenavista, Narifio, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to T. f. florida Scl. & Salv. but smaller (size of 7’. f. arcoet),
yellow of head of much greater extent, reaching to the forehead; black of loral region
and about base of bill wider, scapulars black without, or with but slight greenish
borders. <7, wing, 65; tail, 40; tarsus, 15; culmen, 9.5. 9, wing, 62; tail, 40;
tarsus, 15; culmen, 9.5.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast. An immature female
from Noévita, on the San Juan River, though probably auriceps, cannot with
certainty be referred to either form. It indicates, however, the continuous
range of this species through the humid Tropical Zone of the Pacific Coast
and the consequent intergradation of auriceps with arcet. Nevertheless,
auriceps most nearly resembles in color the form (T. f. florida) from which
it is geographically most widely separated.
Novita, 1?; Buenavista, Narifio, 9.
594 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4168) Tangara guttata bogotensis Hellm. & Seil.
Tangara guttata bogotensis Hetitm. & Sriu., Arch. fir Naturg., 1912, p. 57 (Bo-
gotd, Coll.).
Calliste guttata Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Ocafia; Santa Rosa; Alto).
We met with this species only at Buena Vista, where three specimens were
secured. These agree with the description of bogotensis and with two
‘Bogota’ skins in our collection. They differ, however, from two specimens
from the Central Andes west of Honda which evidently represent a connect-
ing form between bogotensis and eusticta, for which, since it cannot well be
referred to either the Bogota region or Costa Rican race I have proposed the
name Tangara guttata tolhime.
Buena Vista, 3.
(4168a) Tangara guttata tolime Chapm.
Tangara guttata tolime Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 187 (Cen.
Andes w. of Honda, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to T. g. eusticta Todd, but upperparts darker and less
spotted, the yellow of the head more restricted as in T. g. bogotensis Hellm. & Seil.
This is a connecting form between T. g. bogotensis of the Eastern Andes
and T. g. eusticta of Costa Rica.
W. of Honda, 3.
(4169) Tangara xanthogastra (Scl.).
Calliste xanthogastra Scu., Jard. Cont. Orn., 1851, p. 23 (Rio Negro, Brazil).
La Morelia, 1 o.
(4171) Tangara rufigula (Bonap.).
Tanagrella rufigula Bonap., Comp. Rend., XXXII, 1851, p. 77 (Ecuador).
Calospiza rufigula Heuio., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1102 (La Selva).
Taken only in the Western Andes in southwestern Colombia.
Gallera, 2; Buenavista, Narifio, 2; Ricaurte, 4.
(4172) Tangara aurulenta aurulenta (Lafr.).
Tanagra aurulenta Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Bogotd).
? Calospiza aurulenta Stonz, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and eastern slope
of the Central Andes.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 595
Tangara sclateri may possibly inhabit the forests of this zone on the
eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, but unfortunately the portion of this
zone through which we passed was arid and hence without forest.
La Candela, 4; Fusugasug4, 2; Aguadita, 3; El Roble, 1; Subia, 6.
(4172a) Tangara aurulenta occidentalis Chapm.
Tangara aurulenta occidentalis CHapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XX XIII, 1914, p. 188
(San Antonio, Col.).
Calliste aurulenta Sou. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 498 (Concordia; Frontino).
Calospiza aurulenta aurulenta Heu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1102 (Pueblo Rico).
Char. subsp.— Similar to T. a. aurulenta but underparts more richly colored,
approaching raw-sienna rather than analine-yellow, under tail-coverts, particularly,
deeper; the crown and rump slightly more intense, the margins to the feathers of
the back and, especially secondaries and wing-coverts, similar to color of head, and,
in adult specimens, without the tinge of green present in aurulenta; the bill averaging
longer.
Common in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes, but apparently
less numerous in the Central Andes. Specimens from Ricaurte in extreme
southern Colombia closely approach the Ecuadorian form, Tf. a. goodsont,
which is an intermediate between occidentalis and true aurulenta of the
Eastern Andes.
Las Lomitas, 4; San Antonio, 9; Gallera, 6; Cocal, 2; Ricuarte, 7;
Miraflores, 1; La Frijolera, 5.
(4178) Tangara icterocephala (Bonap.).
Calliste icterocephala Bonar., Comp. Rend., XXXII, 1851, p. 76 (Ecuador);
Sct. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 498 (Frontino).
Calospiza icterocephala Hauto., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1103 (Pueblo Rico).
Gallera, 1 @.
(4179) Tangara vitriolina (Cab.).
Callispiza vitriolina Cas., Mus. Hein., I, 1850, p. 28 (Colombia = Bogota).
Calliste vitriolina Wvart, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Ocafia; Bucaramanga); Sou. &
Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 498 (Medellin; Concordia).
Calospiza vitriolina Stons, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie).
This comparatively dull-colored member of its genus inhabits rather open
country with scrubby or brushy growth. It is therefore chiefly an inhabi-
tant of the semi-arid portions of the Tropical Zone (except on the Caribbean
coast) ranging upward through clearings to the Subtropical Zone. Two
specimens from east of the Andes (Villavicencio; Barrigon) have the crown
596 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
paler and are browner above and below than the remaining birds of the series.
Doubtless they represent a separable form, but without examination of
Cabanis’ type and also of Sclater’s type of “Calliste ruficapilla” it would, in
my opinion, be unwise to name a second form.
Peque, 1; Caldas, 2; Cali, 2; San Antonio, 7; Gallera, 1; Popayan, 5;
La Sierra, 2; La Manuelita, 3; Rio Frio, 2; Salento, 1; Barro Blanco, 5;
La Frijolera, 1; Honda, 5; Chicoral, 3; La Candela, 2; La Palma, 1;
San Agustin, 13; Andalucia, 3; Aguadita, 3; Fusugasug4, 1; Subia, 5;
Tenasuca, 2; El Carmen, 3; El Alto de la Paz, 4; Villavicencio, 1; Barri-
gon, 1.
(4189) Tangara lavinia lavinia (Cass.). a4
Calliste lavinia Cass., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 178 (Isthmus of
Darien); Ibid., 1860, p. 142 (Mts. R. Truando).
Calliste emilie Datmas, Bull. B. O. C., XI, 1900, p. 35, (San José; El Paillon).
Calospiza lavinia lavinia Huti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1103 (Sipi).
A strongly marked species of the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast.
Juntas de Tamana, 1; Névita, 1; Noanamé, 1; Buenaventura, 1; San
José, 6; Buenavista, Narifio, 1.
(4190) Tangara gyroloides gyroloides (Lafr.).
Aglaia gyroloides Larr., Rev. Zool., X, 1847, p. 277 (new name of Aglaia peru-
viana Swains. (nec. Desmarest) Anim. in Menag., 1838, p. 356 ‘‘Peru”’ Hellmayr,
P. Z. &., 1911, p. 1104, substitutes “Colombia.” I suggest adding Aguadita near
Fusugasug4 in the Bogoté region).
Calospiza gyroloides deleticia Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, p. 160
(San Antonio).
Calliste gyroloides Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (between Bucaramanga and R.
Magdalena); Sct. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 499 (Concordia; Remedios).
Calospiza gyroloides Stonn, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie).
Calospiza gyroloides gyroloides Hetim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1104 (Jimenez; Pueblo
Rico; Rio Siaté).
This form inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes descending
rarely to the Tropical Zone on the western slope (Jimenez); we did not
find it to be common in the Central Andes above the Cauca Valley though
Miller and Boyle took four specimens at La Frijolera and it is recorded from
Remedios. It is not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone of the western
slope of the Eastern Andes.
Swainson’s description, as Hellmayr has shown, is clearly referable to the
form occupying the greater part of the Andean region in Colombia.
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 597
Las Lomitas, 4; San Antonio, 4; Cocal, 1; Gallera, 3; La Frijolera, 4;
Andalucia (w. slope, 4-5000 ft.), 5; Aguadita, 2; El Consuelo, above
Honda, 1.
(4191) Tangara gyroloides catharine ( Hellm.).
Clalospiza] gyraloides catharine Heut., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1106 (Chaquimayo
Carabaya, alt. 3000 ft., s. e. Peru).
This form, characterized by its small bill, comparatively wide yellow
nuchal collar and shoulder-patch was found on the eastern slope of the East-
ern Andes. It has been recorded from the Rio Meta but I am inclined to
believe that these specimens may have come from the east Andean slopes.
Buena Vista, 4.
(4192) Tangara gyroloides bangsi (Hellm.).
Clalospiza] gyroloides bangsi Hzuto., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1105 (Boquete, Chiriqui).
Three specimens from Ricaurte (alt. 5000 ft.) in southwestern Colombia
agree with topotypical examples of bangsi from Chiriqui. We have also
ten specimens of this race from sea-level at Esmeraldas, and Rio d’Oro,
Ecuador.
Mr. Hellmayr has called attention to the apparent hiatus in the range of
this form, no examples of which appear to have been taken between those
here recorded and Panama, whence we have a McLeannan specimen without
exact locality. He suggests that gyrolotdes “is most probably confined to the
high open coyntry of the interior,” and that bangsi will be found in the
Colombian coast district. Hellmayr, however, records true gyroloides from
the Tropical Zone on the Pacific coast (Jimenez, 1600 ft.) and the case, in
my opinion, simply adds another species to the list of those occurring in
southwestern Colombia, Ecuador and Panama, but which are unknown on
the Colombian coast north of the Patia River.
Ricaurte, 3.
(4196) Tangara palmeri (Heilm.).
Calospiza palmert Heuto., Rev. Franc. d’Ornith., 1909, p. 49 (Sipi, Col.); Jbid.,
Ibis, 1910, p. 330, pl. v.
Known only from the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from San José
northward to eastern Panama, whence we have three specimens in addition
to those listed below.
San José, 2.
598 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI>
(4200) Tangara mexicana boliviana (Bonap.).
Callospiza boliviana Bonar., Comp. Rend., XXXII, 1851, p. 80 (Guarayos,
Bolivia).
La Morelia, 2.
(4201) Tangara inornata inornata (Gould).
Calliste inornata Goutp, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 158 (Bogoté); Cass., Proc. Acad.
N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 142 (Turbo); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 499 (Neché).
Doubtless occupies the Tropical Zone of the central Magdalena Valley
and westward to the Atrato Valley. It is replaced in Panama by a nearly
allied form.
Puerto Valdivia, 7.
(4202) Tangara nigroviridis nigroviridis Lafr.
Tangara nigro-viridis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 69 (Bogota).
Calliste nigroviridis Scu. & Satuv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 488 (Sta. Elena; Envigado).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
Paramillo Trail (9000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 4; Gallera, 4; Cocal, 1;
Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 4; El Eden, 1; Fusugasuga, 1; Aguadita, 1; El
Roble, 3; Subia, 6.
(4205) Tangara larvata fanny (Lafr.).
Aglaia fanny Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 72 (Buenaventura, Col.).
Calliste francesce Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 142 (Turbo).
Calliste larvata Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 499 (Remedios).
Calospiza larvata fanny Heti., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1107 (Noanam4; Névita).
Occupies the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward through
Antioquia to the Magdalena. The status of this form has been clearly
defined by Hellmayr (I. c.).
Bagado, 4; Névita, 3; Noanama, 2; San José, 5; Los Cisneros, 2;
Barbacoas, 5; Buenavista, Narifio, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Honda, 1.
(4208) Tangara cyaneicollis ceruleocephala (Swains.).
Aglaia ceruleocephala Swatns., Anim. in Menag., 1838, p. 356 (Peru).
The distribution of this form in Colombia is of exceptional interest.
It occupies the Subtropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes
1917.] * Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 599
and it appears to have crossed the comparatively low (7000 ft.) Andalucia
Pass, and thus entered the upper Magdalena Valley region. Birds from
near San Agustin have the rump and wing-coverts quite as brassy gold as
in specimens from southeastern Ecuador and can readily be distinguished
from West Andean specimens, and, as a rule, from those taken near Fusuga-
sugéd. A specimen, however, from the Central Andes, west of Honda,
appears to be referable to cewruleocephala indicating the northward extension
of this form along the eastern slope of this range from Candela and La Palma.
Cen. Andes w. of Honda, 1; La Palma, 2; La Candela, 4; hear San
Agustin, 10; Andalucia, (w. slope 3000 ft.), 6; Quetame, 2; Buena Vista, 4.
(4209) Tangara cyaneicollis granadensis (Bezi.).
Calliste ceruleocephala subsp. granadensis Brru., J. f. O., 1884, p. 290 (Bucara-
manga and Bogotd; type ‘‘Bogotd-Coll” cf. Beru., Rev. Tanag. p. 1033); Wratt,
Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Mts. between Bucaramanga and R. Magdalena); Scu. & Satv.,
P. Z. §., 1879, p. 499 (Concordia; Frontino).
Calospiza cyaneicollis granadensis Stonn, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307
(Ibagiie).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes, western slope of the
Central Andes, and, from the latitude of Fusugasug4 northward, the eastern
slope of the Central Andes and western slope of the Eastern Andes. Speci-
mens from the Western Andes have the rump and wing-coverts bluer than
those from the western slope of the Eastern Andes and thus approach cyano-
pygia of western Ecuador. Birds from the type-locality (Bucaramanga
and west Bogotd region) are nearer the golden-rumped form ceruleocephala.
This fact in connection with the distribution in Colombia of this and the
preceding race, indicates that granadensis was derived from the westward
whence it has ranged eastward around the northern end of the Western and
Central Andes to the western slope of the Eastern Andes, while ceruleo-
cephala, as above remarked, has entered the upper Magdalena Valley region
over the comparatively low Andalucia pass (alt. 7000 ft.).
Las Lomitas, 3; San Antonio, 3; Cocal, 1; Miraflores, 6; La Frijolera, 3;
El Consuelo, above Honda, 1; Fusugasugaé, 1; Aguadita, 1; Tenasuca, 2.
(4212) Tangara ruficervix ruficervix (Prev. & Des Murs).
Tanagra ruficervic Prev. & Dus Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas Ois., 1846, pl. v, fig. 1
{no type-locality; Buru., Rev. Tanag., proposes Bogoté).
‘Calliste ruficervix Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 499 (Concordia).
Calospiza ruficervix ruficervix HEtio., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1108 (Pueblo Rico).
Found in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
600 Bulletin American Museum of Natural- History. - [Vol. XXXVI,
San Antonio, 8; Cerro Munchique, 3; Gallera,; 1; Ricaurte, 3; Mira-
flores, 2; Salento, 1; La Candela, 1; near San Agustin, 1; Fusugasuga, 2;
Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 1.
(4215) Tangara labradorides (Boiss.). ‘
Tanagra labradorides Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 67 (Bogoté).
Calliste labradorides Scu. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 499 (Concordia; Sta. Elena).
Calospiza labradorides Stonn, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie) ;
Heuum., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1109 (Pueblo Rico).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
Las Lomitas, 1; San Antonio, 20; Cerro Munchique, 4; Miraflores, 5;
Salento, 4; Sta. Elena, 5; El Eden, 1; La Candela, 3; La Palma, 1; Fusu-
gasug4, 4; Aguadita, 4; El Roble, 4; Subia, 6.
(4216) Tangara melanotis (Scl.).
Calliste melanotis Scu., Ibis, 1876, p. 408, pl. xii, fig. 1 (Rio Napo, Ecuador).
La Palma, 1.
(4219) Tangara parzudaki (Lafr.).
Tanagra parzudakii Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 97 (Bogota).
Found by us only in the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and on
the eastern slope of the Central Andes at the head of the Magdalena River.
La Palma, 1; Aguadita, 2; El Roble, 1; Subia, 7.
(4221) Tangara venusta (Sci.).
Calliste venusta Scu., P. Z.S., 1854, p. 248 (Bogoté); Wvart, Ibis, 1871, p. 325
(Alto); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 499 (Frontino).
Not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 7; Andes w. of Popayan (10,340
ft.), 1; La Florida, 1; Cocal, 1; Miraflores, 1; Salento, 2; La Candela, 1;
Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 1; Subia, 5.
oF it
(4227) Tangara atricapilla (Lafr.).
Tanagra atricapilla Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Colombia).
Calliste atricapilla, Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Pirico; Canuto, etc.); Scr. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 499 (Retiro; Concordia; Frontino).
Calospiza atricapilla ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 169 (Valparaiso;
Las Nubes).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 601°
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I can detect no
constant well-marked differences in our series from the appended localities.
Western birds have the bill larger and the females may be brighter, while
two males from La Candela have the greater wing-coverts externally mar-
gined with Antwerp-blue, but this may be an individual variation.
An excellent series of ten males from Valparaiso in the Santa Marta
group averages greener than birds from the localities above mentioned. __
La Frijolera, 1; San Antonio, 5; Cerro Munchique, 2; Ricaurte, 3;
La Sierra, 6; Popayan, 2; Sta. Elena, 3; Barro Blanco, 3; Aguadita, 5;
EI Roble, 5; Subia, 7.
(4232) Iridosornis dubusia dubusia (Bonap.).
Tanagra dubusia Bonap., Consp. Av., I, 1850, p. 239 (Colombia).
Tridosornis dubusia Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 500 (Sta. Elena).
Occupies the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes and southward into
Ecuador. A specimen collected by us at El Pifion agrees closely with two
old Bogota skins and with two old, and three recently collected skins said
to have come from west of Quito. In view, however, of the fact that we
have a specimen of I. d. ignicapilla from Loja, Ecuador, it seems not improb-
able that these “Quito” skins came from east of that city. All have the
crown-patch cadmium-yellow with a slight ochraceous tint rather than
cadmium-orange or orange-chrome as in I. d. ignicapilla. The male in
Tridosornis dubusia differs from the female in the greater extension poste-
riorly of the shiny purple-blue of the breast.
E] Pifion, 1.
(4232a) Iridosornis dubusia ignicapillus Chapm.
Tridosornis dubusia ignicapillus Coapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XXXIV, 1915,
p. 656 (Andes w. of Popayan).
Char. subsp.— Similar to I. d. dubusia (Bonap.) of the Bogotd region but with
the crown-patch orange-chrome or cadmium-orange instead of cadmium-yellow
with a slight ochraceous tinge.
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the more southern part of the Central
and Western Andes.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 12; Almaguer, 6.
(42326) Iridosornis dubusia ceruleoventris Chapm.
Tridosornis dubusia ceruleoventris CHarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915,
p. 657 (Paramillo).
Char. subsp.— Crest cadmium-orange, as in I. d. ignicapilla, but differing from
602 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
that race and also from J. d. dubusia, in having the ventral region and under tail-
coverts dark blue of the same color as the belly, instead of chestnut-brown; and with
no trace of chestnut on the under wing-coverts.
This well-marked race was discovered by Miller and Boyle in the Tem-
perate Zone of the northern end of the Western Andes.
Paramillo, 2. i
(4236) Iridosornis porphyrocephala Sci.
Iridornis porphyrocephala Scu., P. Z. 8., 1855, p. 227, pl. 110 (Ecuador); Scr. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 500 (‘‘Medellin’”’).
Found by us only in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes.
No6vita Trail (7200 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 6; Cerro Munchique, 1; Cocal,
2.
(4240) Pecilothraupis lunulata lunulata (Dw Bus).
Tanagra lunulata Dv Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux., VI, pt. I, 1839, p. 439 (“Hon-
duras’”’; Berl., Rev. Tanag., substitutes Bogota).
Pecilothraupis lunulata Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Vetas).
Common in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes.
El Pifion, 4; Chipaque, 4; Choachi, 2; La Porquera, 9; La Mar, 3;
La Pradera, 1.
(4245) Peecilothraupis palpebrosa palpebrosa (Lafr.).
Tanagra palpebrosa Larr., Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 71 (‘“Pasto in Peruvia’”’? = Pasto,
Colombia?).
Common in the Temperate Zone of the more southern parts of the West-
ern and Central Andes, as far north as Santa Isabel.
Not taken by us in the Eastern Andes though it is known to occur there.
Some specimens from Laguneta and Santa Isabel show some approach
toward olivaceiceps in the olivaceous suffusion of the sides of the head; but
all resemble true palpebrosa in the color of upper and underparts and a num-
ber exactly match it.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 17; Almaguer, 4; Laguneta, 12;
Santa Isabel, 1.
(4246) Peecilothraupis palpebrosa olivaceiceps Berl.
Pecilothraupis palpebrosa olivaceiceps Brru., Rev. Tanag. Int. Orn. Cong., 1912,
p. 1045 (Sta. Elena, Col.).
Pecilothraupis palpebrosa Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 500 (Sta. Elena).
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 603
Specimens from the Temperate Zone at the north end of the Western
Andes have the characters of this race well developed but farther south in
this range true palpebrosa occurs. A single specimen from the Rio Toché
agrees with these West Andean specimens rather than with our series from
Laguneta, indicating that the faunal affinities of this locality are with Sta.
Elena, the type-locality of olivaceiceps, rather than with Laguneta in the
same latitude but on the western slope of the Central Andes.
Paramillo, 11; Rio Toché, 1.
(4252) Buthraupis cucullata cucullata (Jard.).
Tanagra cucullata Jarp., Ill. Orn., N.8., 1841, pl. 43 (Ecuador).
Buthraupis cucullata Scu. & Saty., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 500 (Concordia).
This Ecuadorian species occurs in the Temperate Zone of both the
Central and Western ranges, but appears to be replaced in the Eastern
Andes by B. c. gigas. Our series agrees with topotypical birds from the
Quito region.
Cerro Munchique, 2; Cocal, 4; Almaguer, 4; Laguneta, 1; Santa
Isabel, 4.
(4253) Buthraupis cucullata gigas (Bonap.).
Dubusia gigas Bonap., Rev. et Mag., 1851, p. 171 (Bogotd).
This well-marked race, or possibly species, of the Temperate Zone of the
Eastern Andes was common at El Pifion.
El Pifion, 3.
(4256) Buthraupis eximia chloronota (Sci.).
Buthraupis chloronata Scu., P. Z. §., 1854, p. 97, pl. Ixvi (‘In republ. Equa-
toriana’’).
Temperate Zone of the Western and Central Andes.
Nine specimens from the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes are
clearly referable to the Quito rather than Bogoté form (eximia). All have
a slight trace of blue on the rump indicating the probability of intergrada-
tion between these representative races. The Paramillo birds are without
blue on the rump. In none of these specimens do the blue lesser wing-
coverts cover the black bases of the greater coverts as they apparently do -
in ‘Quito’ skins.
Paramillo, 3; Santa Isabel, 7; Almaguer, 2.
604 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4257) Buthraupis eximia eximia (Boiss.).
Tanagra eximia Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 66 (Bogoté).
A female from EI Pifion, in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes
has the rump rather lightly marked with blue in detached areas. Another,
from Palo Hueco, has the blue of the rump more pronounced.
El Pifion, 1; Palo Hueco, 1.
(4258) Buthraupis edwardsi Elliot.
_ Buthraupis edwardsi Extior, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1865, p. 77, pl. iv,
fig. 2 (New Grenada).
Richardson secured five specimens of this rare Tanager on the lower
slopes of the Western Andes in southwestern Colombia.
Buenavista, Narifio (1200 ft.), 4; Ricaurte (4000-5000 ft.), 1.
(4259) Buthraupis rothschildi Berl.
Buthraupis rothschildi Breru., Bull. B. O. C., VII, 1897, p. 3 (Cachabi, n. w.
Ecuador).
An adult male of this rare species was collected on the Rio Andagueda
in the Tropical Zone, by Mrs Kerr, thus extending its known range from
northwest Ecuador. While therefore occurring in the same latitude with
B. melanochlamys that species appears to be restricted to the Subtropical
Zone while rothschildi occupies the lower or Tropical Zone.
Andagueda, 1.
(4260) Buthraupis melanochlamys JHellm.
Buthraupis melanochlamys Heiim., Bull. B. O. C., XXV, 1910, p. 112 (La Selva,
4600 ft. w. Colombia); P. Z.S., 1911, p. 1109.
Two females and a male collected by Miller and Boyle at La Frijolera
at the lower border of the Subtropical Zone in the Western Andes, agree
with Hellmayr’s description of this species previously known only from the
type.
La Frijolera, 3.
(4261) Buthraupis aureocincta Hellm.
Buthraupis aureocincta HELLM., Bull. B. O. C., XXV, 1910, p. 111 (Tatam4 Mt.,
w. Colombia); P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1110.
1917, Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 605
Allen and Miller collected a pair of this species, hitherto. known only from
the type, on the trail from Cartago to Névita (alt. 7200 ft.) and hence near
the type-locality.
Novita Trail, 2.
(4262) Compsocoma somptuosa victorini (Lafr.).
Tachyphonus victorint Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 336 (Bogota).
This species inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the mountains rising from
the Magdalena Valley that is, the western slope of the Eastern Andes, and
the eastern slope of the Central Andes. The more southern examples
average darker above and have the margins of the wings a shade deeper blue.
They thus show an approach toward C. s. antioguie and their probable
intergradation with that form on the eastern slopes of the Central Andes
between La Candela and: El Eden is indicated by specimens from the latter
locality in which the back is largely dark green and the margins of wings
and tail nearer in color to victorini than to true somptuosa.
Near San Agustin, 3; La Palma, 3; La Candela, 4; El Roble, 2; Subia, 9.
(4264) Compsocoma somptuosa antioquie Berl.
Compsocoma somptuosa antioquie Brru., Rev. Tanag. Int. Orn. Cong. 1910,
(1912), p. 1049 (Antioquia). ‘
Compsocoma somptuosa Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 500 (Retiro; Medellin;
Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of both the Western and Central Andes
in Antioquia and extends southward along the eastern slope of the Central
Andes. A specimen from the Paramillo in the Western Andes agrees with a
series from Sta. Elena (doubtless the type-locality or near it) the interscapu-
lum being tinged with green, the margins of wings and tail lighter than. in
cyanoptera. Specimens from El Eden and Rio Toché as stated above, show
an approach toward victorint, with which it is believed they intergrade.
Paramillo Trail (11,000 ft.), 1; Sta Elena, 11; Barro Blanco, 2; El
Eden, 2; Rio Toché, 1.
ed ie
x ES
(4265) Compsocoma somptuosa cyanoptera (Cab.).
Compsocoma cyanoptera Cas., J. f. O., 1866, p. 235 (Ecuador).
Our large series of this Tanager of the Subtropical Zone of the Cauca
region shows in a most satisfactory manner its intergradation with its
606 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
northern representative C. s. antioquie in the more northern parts of the
Central Andes and, as said above, indicates the probable mergence of that
form with the strongly differentiated C. s. victorint on the eastern slope of the
Central Andes.
Specimens from La Sierra, near Almaguer, in that part of southern
Colombia where the Andes form one complicated range, agree with Quito
specimens and are thus typical of cyanoptera in which the back is black, the
rump slightly and rarely not at all tinged with green, the margins to wings
and tail but little lighter than the color of the shoulder. This form persists
on the Western Andes (Cerro Munchique, La Florida, Gallera, Cocal, San
Antonio) but on the western slope of the Central Andes an approach toward
antioquie is evident in specimens from Miraflores, which while having the
wings and tail-margins little if any lighter, have decidedly more green in the
back, this color encroaching on the interscapulum, a feature which in addi-
tion to the paler blue wing and tail-markings characterizes antioquie. The
intergradation of cyanoptera with anttoquie is shown by these specimens.
In three specimens from Rio Toché and El Eden, on the eastern slope of
the range, the green in the back is still more extensive than in antioquie
reaching to the nape and they are therefore intermediate between antioquie
and victorint. The Subtropical Zone doubtless extends along the eastern
slope of the Central Andes continuously from El Eden to La Candela, where
we have taken dark colored specimens of victorinz, connecting the ranges
of these birds and doubtless the birds themselves.
This case is interesting, for while victorint and somptuosa are obviously
representative forms, it has not heretofore been suspected, I believe, that
they intergrade, and the virtual proof of this fact indicates the import-
ance of intensive collecting in a limited area.
San Antonio, 10; Cerro Munchique, 7; La Florida, 3; Gallera, 1; Cocal,
1; La Sierra, 2; Miraflores, 7; Salento, 2.
(4267) Compsocoma notabilis (Jard.).
Tanagra notabilis Jarp., Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., II, 1855, p. 119 (e. Ecuador).
Compsocoma notabilis Hetio., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1111 (Tatam4 Mt., 6700 ft.).
Two specimens from the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes agree
with one from Ecuador.
No6vita Trail (7200 ft.), 2.
(4268) Dubusia teniata (Boiss.).
Tanagra teniata Boiss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 67 (Bogota).
Dubusia teniata Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 500 (Sta. Elena).
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 607
We have taken only five specimens of this species, two at 10,340 ft., in
the Western Andes west of Popayan, two at El Pifion (alt. 9600 ft.) and one
at Fusugasuga (alt. 6000 ft.) in the Western Andes.
Confined chiefly to the Temperate Zone and doubtless occurring in all
three ranges though we did not take it in the Central Andes.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 2; El Pifion, 2; Fusugasuga, 1;
Subia, 1.
(4271) Thraupis episcopus leucoptera (Sci.).
Tanagra leucoptera Scu., Cat. Bds. B. M., XI, 1886, p. 154 (Bogoté). .
This bird replaces 7. c. cana on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes
where it is one of the first species of Guianan fauna to be encountered in
crossing from Bogota to Villavicencio. We observed it in the arid Sub-
tropical Zone between CAqueza and Quetame (alt. 5000) whence it occurred
continuously and in increasing numbers to the Ilanos.
Quetame, 4; Buena Vista, 1; Barrigon, 2.
(4272) Thraupis ceelestis ccelestis (Spiz).
Tanagra celestis Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 42, pl. 55, fig. 1.
Five specimens from La Morelia are typical of this species which appears
not to have been before recorded from Colombia.
La Morelia, 5.
(4276) Thraupis cana cana (Swains.).
Tanagra cana Swatys., Ornith. Draw., pt. 3, 1836, pl. 37 (locality unknown;
Beru., Rev. Tanag. proposes ‘‘ Venezuela”); Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860,
p. 141 (Turbo); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Bucaramanga region up to 8000 ft.);
Sct. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 500 (Medellin); Rosinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161
(Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas); ALLEN, Bull. A. M.N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 169
(Bonda; Cacagualito).
This race has an exceptionally wide distribution in the Tropical Zone,
It occurs chiefly in open scattered growths and in ground of this nature
ranges upward to the Subtropical Zone. I detect no racial differences in
our large series.
Dabeiba, 2; Juntas de Tamand, 1; Névita, 2; Noanam4, 1; San José, 2;
Caldas, 1; Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 3; Tumaco, 5; Barbacoas, 1;
Puerto Valdivia, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Rio Frio, 1; Cali, 2; Guengiie, 1;
608 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
Popayan, 1; Miraflores, 2; Barro Blanco, 1; near San Agustin, 2; Chicoral
3; Andalucia (w. slope, 3000 ft.), 1; Honda, 3; Tenasuca, 2; El Alto de la
Paz, 2; Calamar, 3.
(4279) Thraupis glaucocolpa Cab.
Thraupis glaucocolpa Cas., Mus. Hein., I, 1850, p. 28 (Caracas, Ven.).
La Playa, 2.
(4281) Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Sci.).
Tanagra melanoptera Scu., P. Z.8., 1856, p. 235 (n. e. Peru); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 326 (Bucaramanga; Aguachica; Ocafia).
Tanagra palmarum Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 500 (Remedios).
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Heti., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1112 (Loma Hermosa;
Névita); Auten, Bull. A.M. N.H., XIII, 1900, p. 169 (Cacagualito; Bonda; Minca;
Santa Marta).
This species has an exceptionally wide range in Colombia occurring in
every fauna of the Tropical Zone from the Pacific coast to the eastern plains
though it has not been taken in the Cauca Valley. As Hellmayr has said
in Pacific coast specimens the head averages slightly duller, but they can be
exactly matched by others from farther east. This constancy of color in
birds from regions so widely separated and so different in climatic conditions,
renders all the more surprising the fact that in western Ecuador a distinct
form (T. p. violarvata Berl.) of this bird should be found.
Dabeiba, 1; Névita, 1; Noanamé, 1; San José, 2; Los Cisneros, 1;
Puerto Valdivia, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Andalucia, (w. slope, 3000 ft.), 1;
Subia, 3; Chicoral, 1; Puerto Berrio, 1; Turbaco, 1; Quetame, 2; Buena
Vista, 2; Villavicencio, 1; Barrigon, 1; Florencia, 2; La Morelia, 2.
fe al)
>
(4289) Sporathraupis cyanocephala auricrissa (Sel.).
Dubusia auricrissa Scu., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 227 (Bogotd).
Tanagra auricrissa Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (5000-8000 ft. Alto; forest between
Ocafia and Bucaramanga).
Tanagra cyanocephala Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 501 (Retiro; St. Elena).
Common in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. Our specimens
present no racial variation.
Novita Trail (7200 ft.), 1; Popayan, 1; Cerro Munchique, 11; La Flor-
ida, 2; Cocal, 1; La Sierra, 3; Salento, 2; Sta. Elena, 9; Barro Blanco, 2;
El Eden, 7; Aguadita, 1; El Roble, 1; Subia, 1; Palo Hueco, 2.
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 609
(4293) Ramphocelus nigrogularis (Spiz).
Tanagra nigrogularis Sprx, Av. Bras., II, 1825, p. 35, pl. 47 (“Ad flumen Soli-
moens’’),
Five specimens taken by Miller at La Morelia add this species to the
recorded avifauna of Colombia.
La Morelia, 5.
aa
(4294) Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lajr.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus Larr., Mag. Zool., 1837, pl. 81 (Carthagena, Col.);
Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 141 (Turbo); Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 326
(Bucaramanga region up to 7000 ft.); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 501 (Antio-
quia; Remedios; Neché); Rosinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161 (R. Magdalena;
Guaduas); Stonz, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ambalema; Ibagiie);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 168 (Cacagualito; San Antonio; Santa
Marta; Pueblo Viejo; Palomina; San Miguel).
An abundant Tropical Zone bird which has ascended. the Atrato Valley
to Quibdé, the Cauca Valley at least as far as Cali, and from this point has
doubtless reached the arid pocket on the western slope of the Western Andes
at Caldas. In the Magdalena Valley it is found to the very head of the
valley at San Agustin where the semi-arid Tropical Zone reaches an altitude
of 5000 feet. Our series of seventy specimens includes essentially topotypical
examples from the lower Magdalena, with which the other birds in the series
practically agree; though specimens from the upper Magdalena Valley are
slightly larger and have the throat and interscapular region somewhat darker.
Specimens from La Chorrera, western Panama, have slightly longer
tails but agree minutely in color with Colombian birds.
Quibdé, 4; Bagado, 2; Caldas, 2; Puerto Valdivia, 4; La Frijolera, 2;
’
Rio Frio, 5; La Manuelita, 1; Cali, 5; San Agustin, 5; La Candela, 1;
Andalucia (w. slope, 3000 ft.), 4; Chicoral, 8; Honda, 1; El Alto de la Paz,
2; Tenasuca, 2; Puerto Berrio, 3; Varrud, 1; Algodonal, 5.
(4297) Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pail.).
Lanius carbo Pau., Vroeg’s Cat. Rais. Adumb., 1764, p. 2 (Surinam).
Specimens from La Morelia and Florencia and the slopes above at an
altitude of 2000 ft. agree with others from Napo, Santarem and Cayenne,
and are evidently to be referred to this form. They are very close to but
slightly darker than others from Suapure on the Caura River, Venezuela.
E. slope above Florencia (2000 ft.), 1; Florencia, 7; La Morelia, 4.
610 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Hsitory. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4297a) Ramphocelus carbo unicolor Scl.
Ramphocelus unicolor Scu., P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 128 (Bogoté).
Rhamphocelus jacapa Stone, Proc. Acad. N. §. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Villavi-
cencio; San Martin).
Common at Villavicencio and upward to Buena Vista and Montere-
dondo in the Eastern Andes. This form, recognized by von Berlepsch (Rev.
Tanag.) but not by Brabourne and Chubb may readily be distinguished from
other members of the group by its comparatively uniform coloring, the
abdomen and back being but slightly darker than the breast.
Buena Vista, 7; Villavicencio, 3.
(4303) Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jard. & Selb.). '
Ramphopis flamigerus Jarp. & SELB., Ills. Orn., III, 1835, pl. 131 (‘some part of
district of Columbia River”; Brru., Rev. Tanag. substitutes Antioquia, Col.);
Sci. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 501 (Medellin).
This species appears to be confined to the Cauca Valley and slopes of the
adjoining mountains up to the lower border of the Subtropical Zone, from
Popayan north to the vicinity of Medellin. All the specimens from the
Cauca Valley region proper, that is south of Rio Frio, have the rump intense
flame-scarlet in the male and orange-chrome in the female. The males
therefore resemble in color the males of R. passerini though the females of
these two species are quite unlike. This evidently represents the extreme
development of this type of color. It is not reached by any one of nine
males from the vicinity of Medellin though the most highly colored speci-
mens in this series are nearer to it than to the orange-rumped bird known as
R. chrysonotus. To the westward, also, over the San Antonio Pass, flam-
migerus passes into chrysonotus under conditions which, as stated below,
induce the belief that chrysonotus is a hybrid between flammigerus and
icteronotus.
San Antonio (e. slope?), 2%, 1 9; Cali, 4 1%, 2 99; La Manuel-
ita, 2°; Miraflores, 277, 19; Guengiie, 1,19; Popayan, 1
juv.; Rio Frio, 2 oo, 1 9; Salento, 2, 2 9 2; Salencio, 1 7.
(4804) Ramphocelus chrysonotus Lafr.
Ramphocelus chrysonotus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 246 (Juntas = Los Cisneros,
Col., cf. Brru., Rev. Tanag., p. 1061).
This puzzling form appears to occupy an area connecting the ranges of
R. icteronotus and R. flammigerus west and north of the Cauca Valley, and in
nN
és al sponses
3 Chicory}, hoon ani agen Sy
ey on any,
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“BUENAVE NTURAGES4
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a
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1 Coca
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Mo elaManuelita eft
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io euAM!
+Garzon
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IAN AGUSTIN Seoett 2
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Fig. 21. A probable case of Hybridism.
1. Range of Ramphocelus icleronotus.
2. Range of Ramphocelus chry tus and intergrades between Nos. 1 and 3.
3. Range of Ramphocelus flammigerus.
Nos. 1 and 2 are believed to intergrade by hybridization, producing No. 3.
611
612 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
my opinion is a hybrid between these species. This belief is based chiefly
on the occurrence at the same place of specimens some of which are nearest
flammigerus and others nearest icteronotus, and these two sets of specimens
are consequently too unlike each other to be the product of the same environ-
ment. For example, the rump in males from Caldas in the arid upper
Dagua Valley, and within a short distance of the type-locality of chrysonotus,
varies from cadmium-yellow to orange-chrome, while one of the two females
has the rump light cadmium the underparts lemon-chrome, deeper but with
no red on the breast or crissum, and the other has the rump orange-chrome
the underparts deep lemon-chrome with breast and crissum strongly washed
with cadmium-orange. The rump in ten males from the vicinity of Medel-
lin, presented to us by Francisco Escobar, varies from cadmium-yellow to the
flame-scarlet of flammigerus. It is true that these intergrades between
acteronotus and flammigerus occupy ground of a different character from that
frequented by the former, which seems confined to the heavily forested
Pacific-Magdalena region, while our specimens of chrysonotus come from the
more open arid country lying between Cisneros and San Antonio and about
Medellin. This, however, is the type of country frequented by flammugerus.
Caldas, 3 0,2 2 9; Las Lomitas, 1 o,1 9; San Antonio (w. slope?),
10; vicinity of Medellin, 2 71, 229; 3 ho int. toward fammigerus.
ee
(4305) Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonap.
Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonapr., P. Z. 8., 1837, p. 121 (locality unknown; BERL.,
Rev. Tanag., proposes w. Ecuador); Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 141
(Turbo; R. Atrato; R. Truando); Sci. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 501 (Remedios;
Neché); Rosinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161 (Puerto Berrio); Stonz, Proc. Acad.
N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagie); Heuu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1112 (Guineo; Névita;
Noanam4; Rio Cajon; San Joaquim).
Common in the humid Tropical Zone of the entire Pacific coast and east-
ward through Antioquia to the Magdalena, occasionally reaching the Sub-
tropical Zone. It was not found in the Cauca Valley where it is apparently
replaced by R. flammigerus.
Among the thirty-three males in the specimens below recorded, only one,
taken at Dabeiba with other typical males, shows an approach toward
R. chrysonotus. In this specimen the rump is somewhat deeper yellow than
usual and scattered through it are numerous orange-tipped feathers pro-
ducing a patchy appearance.
Alto Bonito, 5; Dabeiba, 3; Quibdé, 1; Bagado, 6; Névita Trail
(1600-1800 ft.), 3; Juntas de Taman4, 5; Névita, 1; Noanamé, 1; Buena-
ventura, 4; San José, 7; Gallera, (5700 ft.), 1; Cerro Munchique (6000 ft.),
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 613
1; Tumaco, 2; Barbacoas, 5; Puerto Valdivia, 1; La Frijolera, 1; Barro
Blanco, 1; w. of Honda, 4.
(4806) Calochetes coccineus (Sci.).
Euchetes coccineus Scu., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 73, pl. 132, fig. 1 (Rio Napo, Ec.).
An adult male collected by Miller on the eastern slope of the Eastern
Andes below Andalucia (2000 ft.) adds this species to the known fauna of
Colombia.
Below Andalucia, 1.
=
(4807) Piranga rubra rubra (Linn.).
Fringilla rubra Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1758, p. 181 (Virginia or Carolina).
Pyranga estiva Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Herradura; Cocuta Valley; Canta).
Pyranga rubra Sct. & Saty., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 501 (Remedios). _
Piranga rubra Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 308, (Honda); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 168 (Bonda; Ofiaca; Valparaiso).
Piranga rubra rubra Heui., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1113 (Noanam4; Rio Cajon;
Pueblo Rico).
Found throughout the greater part of the country in which we have
collected, ranging from sea-level to 9000 ft.
A male taken at El Consuelo, February 6, and another at Buenavista,
March 3, are undergoing a complete molt from the olive-yellow, first win-
ter plumage to the red, first nuptial; both wings and tail as well as body
feathers are being renewed. The dates of capture range from October 21
to March 21.
Alto Bonito, 1, Feb. 16; Dabeiba, 4, Feb. 12-14; Bagado, 2, Oct. 28;
Noanamé, 3, Dec. 29-Jan. 1; Puerto Valdivia, 3, Dec. 24-26; La Frijolera,
1, Jan. 4; Rio Frio, 1, Dec. 1; San Antonio, 1, Feb. 6; Salento, 2, Oct. 31,
Nov. 8; Sta. Elena, 4, Nov. 15-23; El Eden, 2, Oct. 18, 21; Honda, 5, Feb.
3-8; Puerto Berrio, 1, Jan. 30; Malena, 1, Mch. 10; Buena Vista, 4, Mch.
3-15.
>
(4307a) Piranga testacea testacea Scl. & Salv. oo
Pyranga testacea Sou. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1868, p. 388 (Chitra, Veragua); Ibid.,
1879, p. 502 (Concordia; Medellin).
Six males and a female from the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes
and western slope of the Central Andes agree with Panama specimens and
differ materially from P. ¢. faceta in their darker coloration, larger size and
614 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
much larger bill. We have also six males of this form from Ecuador where,
at Esmeraldas, it reaches sea-level.
San Antonio, 1; Cocal, 1; Popayan, 2; La Sierra, 3
(4313) Piranga leucoptera ardens (Tsch.).
Phenisoma ardens Tscuunt, Arch. fiir Natiirg., 1844, I, p. 287 (Cen. Peru).
Pyranga ardens Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Canuto).
Miraflores, 1; Ricaurte, 3.
(4315) Piranga rubriceps Gray.
Pyranga rubriceps Grax, Gen. Bds., II, 1849, p. 364, pl. 89 (Bogota); Sci. &
Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p, 502 (Concordia; Medellin).
Cerro Munchique, 1; Laguneta, 2.
(4319) Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cass.). ‘
Orthogonys olivaceus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 140 (Mts. R.
Truando, Col.); Sct. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 502 (Hemedins: Neché).
Chlorothraupis olivacea Hinciat., PB 7. 8., 1911, p. 1114 (Sipi; R. Cajon; Névita;
8. Joaquim).
Common in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward into
Antioquia.
Alto Bonito, 5; Bagado, 2; Baudo, 3; Névita Trail (2000 ft.) 1; Juntas
de Taman4, 2; Noévita, 1; Noanam4, 1; Buenaventura, 2; San José, 5
Barbacoas, 6; Ricaurte, 1.
(4320) Chlorothraupis stolzmanni (Berl. & Tacz.).
Phenicothraiupis stolzmanni Bury. & Tacz., P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 546 (Chimbo, w
Ecuador).
Three specimens from Buenavista, Narifio, agree with the description of
this species of which I have seen no other examples.
Buenavista, Narifio, 3.
ae
(4327) Phceenicothraupis cristata Lawr.
Phenicothraupis cristata Lawrz., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., XI, 1874, p. 70 (Bogota) ;
Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 502 (Frontino); Hrxim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1118
(La Selva; Pueblo Rico; Loma Hermosa).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 615
Our eleven specimens of this species are all from the Subtropical Zone of
the Western Andes. The type, however, with which they agree, appears to
be a ‘Bogota’ skin and indicates therefore that this species occurs to the
eastward of the Western Andes.
Peque, 1; Névita Trail, (6000 ft.), 1; San Antonio, 2; Rio Lima (Batty),
4; Cocal, 1; Cerro Munchique (6000 ft.), 3.
(4828) Phoenicothraupis gutturalis Sel.
Phenicothraupis gutturalis Scu., Ann. Nat. Hist. (2), XITI, 1854, p. 25 (Bogota);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Naranjo); Sci. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 502 (Remedios).
This strongly marked species is known only from the Tropical Zone of
the Magdalena Valley. Our single specimen was collected by Mrs. Kerr.
West of Honda (2800 ft.), 1.
(4832) Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sci.).
Tachyphonus xanthopygius Scu., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 158, pl. 69 (Bogoté); Cass.,
Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 142 (R. Truando); Sct. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p.
503 (Remedios).
Heterospingus xanthopygius Heui., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1114 (Névita).
Our specimens together with the records of the occurrence of this species
indicate that it occupies the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast south into
Ecuador and east through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley (where so-
called Bogota specimens are doubtless secured).
Alto Bonito, 2; San José, 1; Cachipay (Magdalena Valley), 1.
(4333) Tachyphonus rufus (Bodd.). 3° °
Tangara rufa Bovp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 44 (Cayenne).
Tachyphonus melaleucus Wratt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Ocafia; Bucaramanga);
Sci. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 503 (Medellin; Remedios); Rosinson, Flying Trip,
1895, p. 101 (Guaduas).
Tachyphonus rufus ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 168 (Pueblo Viejo
and Palomina).
This abundant, wide-ranging bird of forest and scrub-growth is in the
main an inhabitant of the Subtropical Zone, but it is also found in the zone
below.
Dabeiba, 6; Caldas, 2; Las Lomitas, 5; San Antonio, 4; Gallera, 1;
Ricaurte, 7; Salencio, 1; Rio Frio, 1; Cali, 1; Miraflores, 4; Barro Blanco,
1; La Palma, 4; La Candela, 4; San Agustin, 2; Andalucia, 4; Fusugasuga,
1; Aguadita, 1; Palo Hueco, 1; Buena Vista, 1.
616 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4334) Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafr. & d’Orb.
Tachyphonus luctuosus Larr. & d’Ors., Syn. Av., 1, 1837, p. 29 (Guarayos,
Bolivia); Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 141 (Truando); Scu. & Satyv.,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 503 (Remedios; Neché).
Of general distribution in the Tropical Zone.
Dabeiba, 3; Guengiie, 1; Rio Frio, 5; Chicoral, 2; Opon, 1; La Morelia, 1.
(4340) Tachyphonus surinamus surinamus (Linn.).
Turdus surinamus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 297 (Surinam).
Specimens from Villavicencio and La Morelia while slightly darker than
those from Cayenne and Suapure, Venezuela, are unquestionably to be
referred to that form rather than to the east Ecuadorian napensis, the types
of which are in the American Museum. Lawrence (Ann. Lye. N. H. VIII,
1864, p. 42, wrote the word “type” on two specimens of napensis but neither
is specifically designated in his description. I select therefore Am. Mus. No.
40945 ‘‘ Napo, o”, W. E. Moore”’ as the type of this form. The label on this
bird appears to be older, the ink more faded than that on the second speci-
men, indicating that it was acquired first. This bird has the rump tawny-
ochraceous as compared with cinnamon-buff in true surinamus.
Villavicencio, 1; La Morelia, 3.
(4846) Tachyphonus delattrii Lafr.
Tachyphonus delatrit Larr., Rev. Zool., X, 1847, p. 72 (Buenaventura, w. Col.).
Tachyphonus de Lattrei Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 142 (Falls
Truando).
Tachyphonus delattrii Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 503 (Remedios; Neché);
Heuu., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1115 (Buenaventura; Noanam4; Rio Cajon; Sipi).
Abundant in Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and Antioquia.
Alto Bonito, 3; Bagado, 1; Andagueda, 1; Baudo, 2; Juntas de Tam-
ana, 5; Névita, 5; Noanamd, 2; San José, 7; Barbacoas, 7; Puerto Val-
divia, 6.
(4847) Creurgops verticalis Scl.
Creurgops verticalis Scu., P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 73, pl. exxii (Rio Napo, Ecuador);
Sci. & Sauv., Ibid., 1879, p. 503 (Sta. Elena).
Our specimens are all from the Subtropical Zone of the Western and
Central Andes; there appears to be no record for the Eastern Andes.
San Antonio, 3; Salento, 1; Sta. Elena, 3; El Eden, 1; La Palma, 2;
La Candela, 4.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 617
(4352) Eucometis cristata cristata (Du Bus).
Pipilopsis cristata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux., XXII, 1855, p. 153 (Colombia).
Eucometis cristata Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 141 (R. Truando) ;
ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 168 (Bonda; Onaca; Cacagualito).
Three specimens, all taken at El Consuelo, in the Eastern Andes above
Honda. 3
El Consuelo, 3.
(4354) Mitrospingus cassini (Lawr.).
Tachyphonus? Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 142 (Falls Truando).
Tachyphonus cassinii Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 297 (Lion
Hill, Panama).
Eucometis cassini Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 503 (Neché).
Mitrospingus cassini Heuim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 116 (Condoto).
Common in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast south into Ecuador and
east into Antioquia.
Salaqui, 1; Alto Bonito, 4; Bagado, 1; Juntas de Taman4, 3; San José,
5; Barbacoas, 6.
(4365) Erythrothlypis salmoni (Sci.). :
Dacnis salmoni Scu., Cat. Bds. B. M., XI, 1886, p. 27, pl. ii, fig. 2, 9 (Remedios).
Nemosia rosenbergi Rorus., Bull. B. O. C., XII, 1897, p. vi (Cachabi, n. w.
Ecuador); Hart., Nov. Zool., V, 1898, p. 483, pl. ii, fig. 1, o.
Hemithraupis salmoni Heu., P. Z. §., 1911, p. 1116 (Névita; Sipi).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, southward into Ecuador,
north and east to the Magdalena Valley.
San José, 4; Buenavista, Narifio, 3.
(4373) Hemithraupis peruana Bonap.
Hemithraupis peruana Bonap., Rev. Zool., 1851, p. 173 (Peru).
A male from Florencia agrees with Napo specimens. I have also a
female of some species of this group from La Frijolera.
Florencia, 1.
(4378) Hemithraupis guira guirina (Scl.). % ~ |
Nemosia guirina Scu., P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 110 (Bogotd).
La Frijolera, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 1; Rio Frio, 2; w. of Honda, 1; La
Candela, 1.
618 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4389) Sericossypha albocristata (Lafr.).
Tangara albo-cristatus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 182 (Colombia).
Our two specimens are from Almaguer in the Temperate Zone of the
Central Andes.
Almaguer, 2.
(4390a) Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps Chapm.
Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps Caapm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXI, 1912,
p. 166 (Miraflores, Cen. Andes, Col.).
? Chlorospingus albitemporalis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Alto; forests between
Ocafia and Bucaramanga).
Char. subsp.— Most nearly related to Chlorospingus albitempora venezuelanus
(Berl.) of Venezuela, but throat paler fulvous and with no postocular mark.
Known only from the Subtropical Zone on both slopes of the Central
Andes and the western slope of the Eastern Andes.
Our collections now contain twenty specimens of this form, only one of
which, a male from Sta. Elena, Antioquia, has any trace of a white post-
ocular mark. This specimen has four small white feathers behind the right
eye and none back of the left. Unfortunately only one of our specimens is
from the Eastern Andes, but in this, a male from Andalucia, there is no
trace of a white postocular mark. So far as our material goes, therefore, it
indicates the absence of a postocular mark in the Colombian form of this
species. If this be true Lafresnaye’s description of albitempora (Rev. Zool.
1848, p. 12) was evidently not based on a Colombian bird, as stated, and the
name albitempora is doubtless therefore applicable to one of the forms now
ranked as subspecies of it.
Miraflores, 2; Salento, 1; Sta. Elena, 9; Rio Toché, 4; El Eden, 2;
La Candela, 1; Andalucia (7000 ft.), 1.
(4894) Chlorospingus flavipectus (Lafr.).
Arremon flavopectus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 227 (Bogota).
Chlorospingus flavipectus Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 503 (Retiro; Concordia;
Sta. Elena).
Taken only at El Roble in the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes
above Fusugasugé. Comparison of three specimens collected at that local-
ity with six old ‘ Bogota’ skins shows that the latter have evidently under-
gone a change in color the whole plumage being browner in tone. The
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 619
difference between new and old skins is greater than that which exists
between many subspecies, and if the two sets of birds were from different
localities, might readily be considered racial.
El Roble, 3.
(4395) Chlorospingus canigularis (Lafr.).
Tachyphonus canigularis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 11 (Bogotd).
Of general distribution in the Subtropical Zone but apparently not com-
mon in the more northern parts of the Western Andes. An old ‘Bogota’
skin shows much the same difference from these fresh specimens as exists
in old skins of Chlorospingus flavipectus. Birds from Subia and Fusugasugd
are topotypical and the remaining specimens in the series agree with them.
San Antonio, 2; Cerro Munchique, 3; Gallera, 1; La Florida, 2; Mira-
flores, 5; Salento, 4; La Candela, 3; near San Agustin, 1; Fusugasugé, 9;
Subia, 5.
(4897) Chlorospingus flavigularis flavigularis (Scl.).
Pipilopsis flavigularis Scu., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 8 (New Grenada).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern and Central Andes. On
the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes it ranges southward at least to south-
eastern Ecuador whence we have a typical specimen from Zamora. Speci-
mens from La Frijolera northwest Colombia are also typical, but those from
La Palma and Andalucia have the breast washed with brownish somewhat
as in marginatus. The throat is orange in four specimens and in the same
number yellow.
La Frijolera, 2; La Palma, 2; Andalucia (7000 ft.), 1; Monteredondo, 1;
Buena Vista, 1.
(4397a) Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapm.
Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus CuapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 1914,
p. 189 (Buenavista, Narifio, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to Chlorospingus flavigularis hypopheus but breast and
sides light olive-gray rather than buffy brown, back greener; resembling C. f.
flavigularis Scl. but wings and tail shorter, breast and sides browner, flanks more
olivaceous, lores grayer, wing-quills margined internally with buff increasing in
amount from without inwardly.
The relationships of this bird appear to be with the Central American
form rather than with C. f. flavigularis. Specimens of the latter from the
620 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
head of the Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena River region,
however, show in their browner underparts an affinity with marginatus
though it is not probable that intergradation occurs in this direction. Speci-
mens of marginatus from Naranjo, near Guayaquil, indicate that it occupies
the entire humid Tropical Zone of Western Ecuador. North of Cocal,
southwestern Colombia, it is unknown, nor has any form of this species
been found in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast of Colombia north of
the point mentioned. A specimen from La Frijolera on the western slope
of the Central Andes, above the lower Cauca River, is typical of flavigularis.
Between the ranges of marginatus and that of its Panama representative,
hypophaeus, there appears therefore to be a hiatus. The case is in a large
measure paralleled by that of other species, particularly Arremonops coni-
rostris.
*Cocal, 1; Ricaurte, 1; Buenavista, Narifio, 5.
ae
(4400) Chlorospingus semifuscus Scl. & Salv.
Chlorospingus semifuscus Sct. & Satv., Nomen. Av. Neotr., 1873, p. 157
(“Quito”’).
Taken in the Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes. An unsexed, pos-
sibly immature specimen from the Névita Trail (7200 ft.) is smaller than
either of two from Gualea, Ecuador and has an olive-green band on the
breast. The species has not before been recorded from Colombia.
Né6vita Trail, 1; Cocal (6000 ft.), 4; (4000 ft.), 4.
(4402) Hemispingus atropileus (Lofr.).
Arremon atro-pileus Larr., Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 335 (‘‘Bolivia” = Bogoté).
Chlorospingus atripileus Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 504 (Medellin; Sta.
Elena).
A species of the Temperate Zone in all three ranges, descending as low
as 6000 feet on the western slope of the Western Andes.
Andes w. of Popayan (10,340 ft.), 1; Cocal (6000 ft.), 2; above Salento, 2;
Laguneta, 3; Choachi, 1.
teu
ies
(4406) Hemispingus rubrirostris (Lafr.).
Arremon rubrirostris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 227 (Bogoté).
Chlorospingus rubrirostris Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 504 (Sta. Elena).
Found only in the Temperate Zone and upper part of the Subtropical
Zone in all three ranges of the Andes. The El Roble specimen is topo-
1917] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 621
typical; the others agree with it in color but are slightly larger. Old
‘Bogota’ skins have the gray areas brown, the green more olivaceous, the yel-
low, deeper, than in freshly collected ones.
Paramillo Trail (11,000 ft.), 1; Almaguer, 1; above Salento (9000 ft.),
4; Laguneta, 3; Sta. Elena, 3; El Roble, 1.
(4408) Hemispingus superciliaris superciliaris (Lafr.).
Arremon superciliaris Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 227 (Bogota).
Apparently restricted to the Eastern Andes.
Palo Hueco, 1; Cundinamarca, 1.
(4409) Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons (Lawr.).
Chlorospingus nigrifrons Lawr., Ibis, 1875, p. 384 (Ecuador).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes. All the localities
mentioned below are represented by typical specimens and both from Valle
de las Pappas and Laguneta we have intermediates between this form and
H. s. superciliaris.
Valle de las Pappas, 4; Laguneta, 1; Santa Isabel, 1.
(4412a) Hémispingus frontalis oleagineus (Scl.).
Chlorospingus oleagineus Scu., P. Z. §., 1862, p. 110 (‘Bogota’).
Hemispingus frontalis oleagineus Brru., Rev. Tanag., Int. Orn. Cong., 1910,
p. 1094.
Found in the Subtropical Zone of all three ranges. I have no Peruvian
or Venezuelan birds for comparison and accept von Berlepsch as authority
for the name of the Colombian bird.
Gallera, 2; Salento, 3; Sta. Elena, 3; Rio Toché, 1; El Eden, 2;
Aguadita (above Fusugasuga), 4; Subia, 4.
(4417) Hemispingus melanotis (Scl.).
Chlorospingus melanotis Scu., P. Z.8., 1854, p. 157, pl. 68 (Bogota).
Inhabits the Subtropical Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes.
Above Salento (alt. 9000 ft.), 1; Sta. Elena, 2; Fusugasugé, 1; El
Roble, 1.
622 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4420) Pseudospingus verticalis (Lafr.).
Nemosia verticalis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1840, p.-227 (Bogota).
Our specimens are all from the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes.
Almaguer, 5; Laguneta, 1; Santa Isabel, 2.
(4422) Urothraupis stolzmanni Berl. & Stolz.
Urothraupis stolemanni Brru. & Stouz., P. Z. §., 1885, p. 83, pl. viii (San Rafael,
Ecuador).
A specimen from Santa Isabel (12,000 ft.) at the upper border of the
Temperate Zone, near the northern end of the Central Andes, agrees with
the plate accompanying the original description and introduces this species
into the known Colombian avifaunas.
Sta. Isabel, 1.
(4426) Psittospiza riefferi riefferi (Boiss.).
Tanagra rieffert Boiss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 4 (Bogota).
Psittospiza riefferi Sci. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 505 (Envigado; Concordia;
Medellin; Remedios; Sta. Elena).
Psittospiza riefferiit riefferit Heuim., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1120 (Tatamaé Mt.).
Occurs in all three ranges and is confined chiefly to the Temperate
Zone. ;
Paramillo Trail (11000 ft.), 1; Andes w. of Popayan, 5; Cerro Munchi-
que, 3; Cocal (4000 ft.), 2; (6000 ft.), 2; Almaguer, 5; Laguneta, 10; Sta.
Elena, 2; El Roble, 1; El Pifion, 1.
(4431) Oreothraupis arremonops (Jard.).
Saltator arremonops Jarp., Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., Ser. 2, II, 1855, p. 119
(Ecuador).
The capture by Richardson and Miller of two specimens of this species
at Cocal (alt. 6000 ft.) in the Western Andes, extends its known range into
Colombia.
Cocal, 2.
(4433) Cissopis leveriana minor (T'sch.).
Cissopis minor Tscu., Faun. Per., Aves, 1846, p. 211 (Peru).
Common in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes,
ascending to 4500 feet at Buena Vista.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 623
Florencia, 9; slopes above Florencia (2000 ft.), 1; La Morelia, 2; Villa-
vicencio, 4; Buena Vista, 1
(4437) Schistochlamys atra (Gmel.).
Tanagra atra GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 1789, p. 898 (Guiana).
Schistochlamys atra ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 166 (La Concepcion
and San Antonio).
This Tanager, with Thrawpis episcopus leucopterus, reaches the extreme
upper limits of the Tropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes,
between Quetame and Caqueza whence it was found, to Villavicencio. A
specimen from near San Agustin, indicates the possible entrance of this
Amazonian form into the upper Magdalena Valley over the mountains.
There are records, however, for Antioquia and Bucaramanga.
Quetame, 1; Buena Vista, 1; Villavicencio, 6; near San Agustin, 1.
Famity ICTERID®. Oroprenpoias, AMERICAN ORIOLES, GRACKLES, ETC.
(4440) Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri (Gray).
Cacicus waglert Gray, Gen. Bds., II, 1847, p. 342, pl. 85.
Ocyalus wagleri Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 138 (Truando; Nercua);
Sct. & Satv., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 508 (Pocane; Remedios).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and eastward into Antio-
quia. Colombian specimens average less-black below and, toa lesser extent,
above than two from Costa Rica and five from Honduras, but the character
is too inconstant to be used in diagnosis.
Névita, 5; Barbacoas, 4; Buenavista, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 7; La Fri-
jolera, 1
(4443) Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonap.).
Ostinops guatimozinus Bonar., Compt. Rend., XX XVII, 1853, p. 833 (Guari-
pata, Col.); Sci. & Saty., P. Z.S., 1879, p. 508 (Remedios).
Cassicus guatimozinus ‘Cass, Hoe. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1867, p. 71, part (Turbo).
Gymnostinops guatimozinus Rostnson, Flying ‘Trip, 1895, p. 160 (R. Magda-
lena).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone in eastern Panama, the lower Atrato Valley,
and eastward through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley. Five specimens
from eastern Panama (El Real, Tapaliza, Chepigana) agree with those
below recorded.
Alto Bonito, 5; Malena, 1
624 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4444) Gymnostinops yuracares (d’Orb. & Lafr.).
Cassicus yuracares pD’OrB. & Larr., Syn. Av., II, p. 2; Mag. de Zool., 1838, p. 2
(Yuracaris, Bolivia).
Gymnostinops yuracares caurensis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913,
p. 170 (R. Caura, Venez.).
Occurs in Colombia only in Amazonia. Mr Todd has kindly loaned me
a type and topotype of his Gymmnostinops yuracares caurensis and I find that
they can be closely matched by specimens in our collection from Bolivia and
western Matto Grosso. There appears to be much variation in this species
in the color of the anterior parts of the body, some birds having it analine-
yellow, others yellowish olive. In two of the Colombian specimens listed
below it is analine-yellow, in a third immature female it is much darker.
Two adult males from Napo and a ‘ Bogota’ skin are analine-yellow. Two
males and a female from Jutumpampa, Bolivia, agree with one another and
all have the parts in question analine-yellow; but in a male from the lower
Beni, Bolivia, and two males from Campo Novo, Matto Grosso, they are
dark yellowish olive.
Of the two specimens of “cawrensis” the type has the anterior areas
slightly lighter than in the Beni specimen above-mentioned, while the second
Caura specimen resembles the two specimens from Matto Grosso. In one
the bill agrees in size with that of Bolivian and Brazilian specimens, in the
other it is slightly smaller with the culmen somewhat narrower basally, but
the difference is slight and does not impress me as being of diagnostic value.
I conclude therefore that the characters attributed to cawrensis (“darker . . .
bill decidedly weaker”’) are individual rather than racial.
Florencia, 1; La Morelia, 1.
(4445) Ostinops decumanus (Pall.).
Xanthornus decumanus Pauu., Spic. Zool.; Fasc. VI, 1769, p. 1 (Surinam).
Ostinops cristatus Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 138 (Turbo; R. Atrato);
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 (ower mountain districts, Bucaramanga region).
Ostinops decumanus Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 508 (Remedios); Rosrnson,
Flying Trip, 1895, p. 160 (R. Magdalena); Stonn, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1899,
p. 307 (R. Guali; R. Combeima); Aten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 163
(Onaca).
One of the most conspicuous and characteristic birds of the Tropical
Zone. It is found in the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys and Amazonian
region but appears to be absent from the Pacific Coast region.
Although like other species of the genus it is an inhabitant of forests,
1917, Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 625
its altitudinal range was not found to extend beyond the upper border of the
Tropical Zone, just as the range of O. salmoni did not reach below the lower
border of the Subtropical Zone. Consequently from our base at Miraflores
(alt. 6200 ft.) in the Central Andes, near the junction of these two zones,
decumanus could be secured by working downward, salmoni by going up-
ward, and although found within an hour’s journey of one another they were
never found together.
Our twenty-two specimens from the Cauca and Magdalena, as well as
thirteen specimens from Panama (Tapalisa; El Real; Chepigana; Canal
Zone; Boqueron, Chiriqui) are uniformly glossy black and agree with six
topotypical examples from Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, four of which have
been kindly loaned, and two presented to us by Mr. T. E. Penard.
A male from La Morelia and a female from Florencia have a purplish
tinge to the plumage which is more or less margined with deep chestnut.
In birds from Trinidad and the Paria Peninsula, this chestnut edging is
highly developed on the back and abdominal region, but it is less pronounced
in British Guiana birds and is wholly absent on some, and shows but little
on other Dutch Guiana specimens which, as said above, closely resemble
Colombia and Panama examples.!
Peque, 2; La Manuelita, 3; below Miraflores (4500 ft.), 8; Rio Frio, 1;
La Palma, 2; near Honda, 7; Algodonal, 1; Opon, 3; Barrigon, 2; Flor-
encia, 1; La Morelia, 1.
(4448) Ostinops salmoni Scl. ° — -
Ostinops salmoni Scu., Ibis, 1883, p. 153, pl. vi (Envigado, Col.); Stones, Proc.
Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (R. Combeima, Nevada del Tolima).
Ostinops atrocastaneus Scu. & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 509 (Concordia; Envigado;
Frontino).
One of the most characteristic species of the Subtropical Zone of the
Western Andes and western slope of the Central Andes. While it obviously
represents O. atrocastaneus of western Ecuador, our most southern specimens
of salmoni (Gallera; La Sierra) show no perceptible approach toward our
most northern specimen of atrocastaneus (Gualea), and the characters which
separate them are so pronounced that I should not feel warranted in treating
them as subspecies without more positive evidence of intergradation than
our specimens exhibit.
1 These blackbirds have since been described as Ostinops decumanus melanterus by W. E. Clyde
Todd, from Las Vegas, Santa Marta, Col. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXX, 1917, p. 3) but as shown
above, Colombian specimens resemble others from Dutch Guiana.
626 . Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Las Lomitas, 2; San Antonio, 8; Gallera, 1; La Sierra, 1; Miraflores, 3;
Salento, 4; Laguneta, 1; La Frijolera, 1.
(4451) Ostinops alfredi sincipitalis Cab.
Ostinops sincipitalis Can., J. f. O., 1873, p. 309 (New Grenada).
Apparently restricted to the Subtropical Zone of the western slope of the
Eastern Andes.
Aguadita above Fusugasuga, 2; Anolaima, 2.
(4451a) Ostinops alfredi neglectus Chapm.
Ostinops sincipitalis neglectus CHapm., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XIII,
1914, p. 190 (Monteredondo, near Quetame, alt. 5800 ft.).
Char. subsp.— Similar to O. a. sincipitalis, but back more olivaceous and much
less brownish; the yellow frontal band narrower, and not continued backward in
superciliary stripes; the throat less yellow and more nearly the color of the breast.
This form appears to be restricted to the Subtropical Zone of the eastern
slope of the Eastern Andes. Since describing it we have received two addi-
tional specimens of true sincipitalis from Anolaima on the western slope of
the Western Andes below Facatativd, and also an adult male of Ostinops
alfredi alfredt, a species not before represented in our collections, from
Zamora, southeastern Ecuador. The Anolaima specimens agree with others
from Fusugasugé in having the back much richer chestnut, the forehead
broadly yellow and yellow superciliaries well-developed, characters in which
they differ from neglectus.
The two specimens from near the summit of the Eastern Andes (alt.
5000 ft.) below Andalucia, in southeastern Colombia referred to (I. c.) as
having the frontal band even narrower than in neglectus show in this respect
an interesting approach toward alfred in which this mark is reduced to the
minimum in the group. The Andalucia specimens are further intermediate
in having the body more chestnut than the type of neglectus while the outer
rectrix of the male is olive and therefore like that of neglectus and sincipi-
talis; in the female, it is largely yellow on the inner web and thus like that
of alfredi! .
The bill of our single specimen of alfredi (an adult male, taken Oct. 28)
is basally horn color, the apical half whitish, the mandible being browner
than the maxilla, whereas in the Andalucia specimens, and in all other
“examples of our large series of this group it varies from mustard-yellow to
deep chrome. These facts obviously suggest the intergradation of alfredi
and sincipitalis through neglectus.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 627
Even more puzzling than these two specimens from 5000 feet is an adult
male from an altitude of 2500 feet on the eastern slope above Florencia,
which has the yellow bill of neglectus and sincipitalis but in other respects
resembles angustifrons! There is no indication of yellow on the forehead or
lores, but the underparts, particularly the thighs, are more olive than in
angustifrons. Possibly this is a hybrid between angustifrons and the form of
neglectus found at Andalucia. m
Monteredondo, 1; Andalucia (5000 ft.), 2.
(4453). Ostinops angustifrons (Spiz).
Cassicus angustifrons Sprx, Av. Bras., I, 1824, p. 66, pl. lxii (“In confinibus fl.
Amazonum’’),
Two specimens from above Villavicencio (alt. 3000 ft.) where the species
is common, are somewhat darker and have the bill slightly stouter and
straighter than others from “Napo.”
Inhabits the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
As above described, a specimen from above Florencia appears to be a hybrid
between this species and the form of neglectus found at Andalucia.
Villavicencio, 2; La Morelia, 3; above Florencia (2500 ft.), 1, ap-
proaching neglectus.
(4454) Cacicus cela (Linn.).
Oriolus cela Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 191 (Guiana).
Cassicus persicus auct. ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 163 (Cacagualito;
Santa Marta).
Inhabits the Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes and also the Santa
Marta region (see remarks under the following species).
Barrigon, 8; Florencia, 5; La Morelia, 5
(4456) Cacicus vitellinus Lawr.
, Cassicus vitellinus Lawr., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1864, p. 107 (Panama).
Cassicus icteronotus Cass., Ibid., 1860, p. 139, (Turbo; delta Atrato).
Cassicus flavicrissus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 329 (Lake Paturia); Scu. & Satw.,
P. Z.8., 1879, p. 509 (Remedios); Rosrnson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 160 (R. Magda-
lena).
In Colombia this species is known only from the humid Tropical Zone of
the lower Atrato Valley eastward to the Magdalena Valley. In the Santa
Marta region and east of the Eastern Andes it is replaced by Cacicus cela
(= persicus auct.) and in western Ecuador by C. flavicrissus, but although
628 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
these three forms are evidently representative of one another the facts at
hand indicate that they do not intergrade.
It should be particularly noted that from the Pacific coast region no
form of this species has been recorded between the River Salaqui and Esmer-
aldas. Aside from its larger size, more orange rump, etc., and smaller
amount of orange in the wing, vitellinus differs from flavicrissus in its con-
spicuously larger bill which, in color, is yellowish ivory or greenish white
rather than dark plumbeous paler terminally.
In the extent of orange or yellow in the tail both agree, and differ from
C. cela in having the outer feathers with essentially the same amount of
yellow as the inner ones; while in cela this color occupies at least the basal
two-thirds.of all but the central pair of feathers.
A male from Algodonal, on the lower Magdalena River has the orange
areas slightly paler but in other respects agrees with the type of vitellinus,
while a male from Cacagualito in the Santa Marta region is equally typical
of C. cela.
R. Salaqui, 1; Algodonal, 1.
a
(4458) Cacicus leucorhamphus (Bonap.).
Xanthornus leucorhamphus Bonap., Att. Sc. Ital., 1848, p. 404 (Bogotd).
Cassicus leucorhamphus Scu. & Saty., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 509 (Envigado; Con-
cordia; Sta. Elena).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of all three ranges descending locally to
‘the upper part of the Subtropical Zone. It appears to be a zonal represen-
tative of the Cacicus cela group.
Andes w. of Popayan, 1; Almaguer, 3; Laguneta, 8; El Eden, 3;
Subia, 2
(4460a) Cacicus hemorrhous affinus Swains.
Cassicus affinis Swatns., Bds. Brazil, pl. 2.
Reaches the Tropical Zone of Amazonian Colombia from which country
it does not appear to have been before recorded. Our specimens agree with
others from Guiana. This species may be considered the Tropical Zone
ancestor of C. uropygialis.
Florencia, 1; La Morelia, 1
(4463) Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis Lafr. ;
Cassicus uropygialis Larr., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 290 (Colombia = ‘Bogotd’);
Scx. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 509 (Jerico).
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 629
Inhabits the Eastern Andes, westward to the Cauca Valley region south-
-ward into Ecuador (chiefly in the Subtropical Zone?).
Rio Lima, Cauca region, 2; Los Tambos, Cauca region, 1; Salento, 1;
Andalucia (w. slope, 5000 ft.), 2; Fusugasugaé, 1.
(4468a) Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapm.
Cacicus uropygialis pacificus CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p. 655
(Alto Bonito, Col.).
Cassicus wropygialis Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1860, p. 189 (Falls Truando) ;
Hutim., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1121 (Noanam4; Sipi; Calima).
Char. subsp. Resembling Cacicus uropygialis microrhynchus (Scl. & Salv.)
in general dimensions but with the bill of much the same size and shape as in C. u.
uropygialis.
Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from at least R. Salaqui southward
into Ecuador, eastward into Antioquia.
Rio Salaqui, 1; Alto Bonito, 7; Baudo, 2; La Vieja, 1; Barbacoas, 5;
Buenavista, Narifio, 1; Puerto Valdivia, 2.
(4464) Amblycercus solitarius (Vieiil.).
Cassicus solitarius VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., V, 1816, p. 364 (Brazil).
A male from Villavicencio appears to be the first specimen of this species
to be recorded from Colombia.
Villavicencio, 1.
ee
(44652) Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Chapm.
Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Cuapm., Bull. A. M.N. H., XXXTV, 1915,
p. 659 (Barbacoas).
Amblycercus holosericeus Heti., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1122 (Guineo, R. Calima).
Char. subsp.— Similar to A. h. holosericeus (Licht.) but smaller, the bill (in skins)
mustard-yellow rather than greenish horn-color, the culmen averaging broader and
flatter, squarer, less pointed anteriorly, less rounded posteriorly.
Ranges from the Tropical to the Temperate Zone and from the Pacific
coast at least to the summit of the Eastern Andes.
In Ecuador it is found in the Pacific coast region as far south as Guaya-
quil. Northward it evidently does not cross the Atrato since specimens
from El Real in eastern Panama are typical of holosericeus.
Alto Bonito, 1; Barbacoas, 1; Los Tambos, Cauca Region (Batty), 1;
Rio Toché, 1; El Pifion, 1.
630 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4466) Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs.
Cassidix oryzivora violea Banas, Proc. N. E. Zoé1. Club, II, 1900, p. 11 (La Con-
cepcion, Santa Marta, Col.); Hetum., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1122 (Névita; Pueblo Rico).
Cassidix oryzivora Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 510 (Concordia; Antioquia;
Remedios); ALLEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 163 (Valparaiso; Manaure;
Pueblo Viejo; Palomina).
My material does not strongly support this race, which however has been
pronounced as valid by Ridgway and Hellmayr. In a series of ten fully
adult males the most purple one, having no trace of bronze wash, is from
Suapure in the lower Orinoco valley, while specimens from the Magdalena
Valley and Chocé show considerable bronze.
Colombian males are larger than those from elsewhere, but, as the
appended table shows, this does not hold good for the females. If therefore
violea is a valid form I can see no reason for not referring to it our specimens
from east of the Andes, although this region is generally included in the
range of true oryzivora.
Novita, 2; Noanamd, 2; La Manuelita, 2; Miraflores, 1; Guengiie,
1; La Palma, 1; Malena, 2; Buena Vista, 1; Barrigon, 1; Florencia, 1.
Measurements.
Place Sex Wing * Tail Tarsus Culmen
Chitra, Chiriqui Ss 182.5 137 40 86.5
Névita, Col. a 178 143 45 —
Cauca Valley, Col. rou 191 143 42 84.5
“ “tt f a 207 161.5 46 38.5
Miraflores, fof 216 160 45 39.5
Malena, : fou 201 159.5 46 36
Trinidad, B. W. I. ron 188 141 44 37
Suapure, Ven. of 184.5 139.5 42.5 35
R. Napo, Ec ou 191 145 45 36.5
a « fot 192 142.5 44.5 36
Névita, Col. Q 151 113.5 38 32
Noanamé “ 9 150 119 87.5 31
& € g 151 116 40 33
Palmira, “ g 155 113 39.5 34
La Palma, “ io) 155 117 40 33
Malena, “ ~ Q 153 113 39 33.5
Buena Vista, Col. Q' 159.5 124 40.5 32.5
Napo, Ecuador g 152 113 37 31
Trinidad, B. W. I. co} 150 114 38 32
Demerara, B. G. Q 155 120 38 “31
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 631
(4474) Molothrus bonariensis atronitens Cab.
Molothrus atronitens Cazs., Schomb. Reisen in Brit.-Guian., III, 1848, p. 682
(British Guiana).
I refer to this species an immature male from La Morelia. It measures:
wing, 101; tail, 75; tarsus, 25.7; culmen, 18 mm.
Specimens from Merida, Puerto Cabello and Maripa, Venezuela, com-
monly referred to Molothrus venezuelensis Stone appear to me to be obvious
intergrades between Molothrus bonariensis cabanisi (Cass.) and M. b. atro-
nitens. Males can be exactly matched in color by both Colombian and
Trinidad specimens, but the females are intermediate in color being some-
what darker than cassini and not so dark as atronitens. In size these birds
are nearer cabanisi to which, on the whole, I should refer them.
La Morelia, 1.
(4475) Molothrus bonariensis cabanisi Cass.
Molothrus (Lampropsar) cabanisit Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1866, p. 22
(Type from Santa Marta in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. labelled by Cassin ‘‘ Lampropsar
cabanisti Cass.’’).
Molothrus discolor Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 509 (Concordia; Medellin;
Sta. Elena).
Molothrus cassini ALLEN, Buty. A. M. N. H., XTII, 1900, p. 163 (Arihueca; Caca-
gualito). ;
Our specimens are all from the Tropical Zone west of the Eastern Andes.
This form is distinguished by its large size and comparatively pale-colored
female. ,
Caldas, 4; San Antonio, 5; Cali, 5; Miraflores, 5; San Agustin, 2.
(4475a) Molothrus bonariensis e2quatorialis Chapm.
Molothrus bonariensis equatorialis CHapM., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIV, 1915, p.
661 (Barbacoas, Col.).
Char. subsp.— Size smaller than that of M. b. bonariensis, the male resembling
in color the males of other forms of this species; the female decidedly darker than the
female of M. b. cassini and still darker than the female of M. b. occidentalis, much
nearer the females of M. b. atronitens and M. b. bonariensis, but much larger than the
former, somewhat larger than the latter and with a larger, heavier bill.
Inhabits the Tropical Zone of southwestern Colombia southward into
Ecuador. Its relationships appear to be with true bonariensis rather than
with the geographically nearer cabanist. On the coast of Peru it is replaced
by the paler M. b. occidentalis.
Tumaco, 1 ad. o, 2juv.; Barbacoas, 1 ad. 2, 1 juv.
ee
632 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
(4484) Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus (Linn.).
Oriolus icterocephalus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 163 (Cayenne).
Xanthosomus icterocephalus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (Lake Paturia); Ropinson,
Flying Trip, 1895, p. 160 (Barranquilla).
Doubtless occurs throughout the greater part of Tropical Colombia
in favorable localities.
Cali, 3; La Manuelita, 2; Barranquilla, 1.
(4484a) Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis Chapm.
Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis Cuarm., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIIT, 1914, p.
191 (Savanna at Bogotd).
Char. subsp.— Resembling A. 7. icterocephalus but larger, the male similarly
colored, the female much darker, the head with less yellow, the back less distinctly
streaked, the margins to the feathers grayer, less yellow; the flanks and abdominal
region much grayer.
It was surprising to find a race of this Tropical Zone species common on
the Bogoté Savanna where it is apparently quite isolated from the ancestral
form which is not known to occur nearer than the marshes bordering the
Magdalena River over 8000 feet below.
Bogota Savanna, 16.
(4488) Leistes militaris (Linn.).
Emberiza militaris L1nn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 178 (America).
Taken only in the coastal zone. It has not been recorded from western
Colombia but occurs both in Panama and western Ecuador.
R. Sinu, 2; Barranquilla, 1.
(4498) Sturnella magna meridionalis Scl.
Sturnella meridionalis Scu., Ibis, 1861, p. 79 (Bogota).
Sturnella ludoviciana Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (near La Cruz; Cocuta Valley,
5000 ft.).
This surprisingly close representative of our Meadowlark is an abun-
dant bird on the Bogota Savanna, and in arid regions it descends on both
slopes of the Eastern Andes to the Subtropical Zone. We first met with it
at an altitude of 6000 feet, on the Bogota trail, between Villete and Faca-
tativ4, and except for a brief interval at the lower border of the paramo on
the trail between Bogota and Villavicencio, it was continuously distributed
to somewhat below Quetame, or practically to the western limit of the forests
of the eastern ridges of the range.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 633
At Villavicencio it was not found, and if its absence from that region be
actual, it would indicate that the Meadowlarks from the upper Orinoco
(we have specimens of a small apparently undescribed form from Maipures)
were not derived from the west but from the east and north. The bird was
not met with in the Magdalena Valley.
The song of the Bogoté Meadowlark is of the magna type, but is often
strongly suggestive of that of neglecta. I have heard such songs from
Florida birds.
Slopes below Facatativé (6000 ft.), 1; Bogota Savanna, 14;- La Holanda,
6; La Herrera, 3; Chipaque, 1; Choachi, 2; Quetame, 3.
(4502) Icterus spurius (Linn.).
Oriolus spurius Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 162 (Carolina).
Algodonal, Jan. 23, lad. co; 1 9.
(4506) Icterus auricapillus Cass.
Icterus auricapillus Cass., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 322 (Colombia);
Auten, Bull. A. M. N. H., XTII, 1900, p. 162 (Bonda; Cacagualito; Santa Marta).
A Tropical Zone species of which we have specimens from Honda and
vicinity.
Honda, 1; west of Honda, 2.
(4509) Icterus mesomelas salvini Cass.
Icterus salvint Cass., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1867, p. 51 (Costa Rica).
Icterus mesomelas Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 140 (R. Atrato);
Sci. & Saty., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 509 (Neché).
Xanthornus mesomelas salvinit Heuto., P. Z.8., 1911, p. 1122 (Condoto; Guineo).
A Tropical Zone species which we found only in the Atrato and Magda-
lena Valleys.
Atrato River, 4; Quibdé, 1; Remolino (lower Magdalena), 1; Puerto
Berrio, 2; Guaduas, 1.
(4511) Icterus giraudi Cass.
Icterus giraudi Cass., Proc. Acad. N. §. Phila., 1847, p. 333 (Bogota); Ibid.,
1860, p. 140 (R. Truando; R. Nercua); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (not above 7000 ft.,
Bucaramanga region); Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 509 (Envigado; Concordia;
Medellin); Stonn, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Ibagiie).
634 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
This wide-ranging Oriole is most common in the Subtropical Zone in
which it is found on both eastern and western slopes of the three ranges of
the Andes. Of our thirty-six specimens only two come from below 3000 feet,
a male from Chicoral and a female from Villavicencio.
Specimens from the Cauca region average deeper in tone than those
from the Eastern Andes, but the difference is slight and wholly over-lapped
by individual variation.
San Antonio, 9; Cerro Munchique, 1; La Sierra, 2; Miraflores, 2; Salento,
1; Barro Blanco, 3; La Frijolera, 1; Chicoral, 1; San Agustin, 1; Andalucia
(w. slope, 3000 ft.), 3; Fusugasug4, 3; El Carmen, 1; El Alto de la Paz, 1;
Panama (above Pacho), 1; San Antonio (about 15 miles s. of Bogota), 4;
Quetame, 2; Buena Vista, 2; Villavicencio, 1.
(451la) Icterus honde Chapm.
Icterus honde CuarM., Bull. A.M. N. H., X XXIII, 1914, p. 191 (Honda, Col.).
Char. sp.— Wings, tail, throat and capistrum black, unmarked as in Icterus
giraudi, orange areas as deeply colored as in Icterus auratus, with which it agrees in
size.
This species is most closely related to giraudi, too closely one might
imagine for them both to breed in the same area. Itis important to note
therefore that while we have found giraudi to be widely distributed in Co-
lombia, it is there a bird of the Subtropical Zone which we have rarely found
below an altitude of 3000 ft. Consequently if hond@ be a representative of
giraudi their apparent distribution in the same area may be explained by
their occurrence in different zones, hond@ inhabiting the Tropical, giraudi
the Subtropical Zone.
Honda, 2.
(4516) Icterus xanthornus xanthornus (Gmel.).
Oriolus xanthornus Gmu.., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 391 (Venezuela).
Icterus xanthornus Wrart, Ibis, 1871, p. 329 (Santa Marta) ; Rosinson,
Flying Trip, 1895, p. 160 (Barranquilla); AnuEN, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII, 1900,
p. 162 (Santa Marta; Bonda).
Inhabits the arid northern coastal zone extending up the Magdalena at
least to Puerto Berrio, and eastward to the llanos. .
Turbaco, 1; La Playa, 3; Calamar, 2; Boca de Chimi, 1; Puerto Berrio,
1; Barrigon, 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 635
(4528) Megaquiscalus major assimilis (Sci.).
Quiscalus assimilis Scu., Cat. Am. Bds., 1862, p. 141 (‘Bogoté’); Wvart, Ibis,
1871, p. 330 (Cienaga); Roxinson, Flying Trip, 1895, p. 161 (Barranquilla); ALLEN,
Bull. A. M..N. H., XIII, 1900, p. 162 (Cienaga).
Quiscalus macrourus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 188 (Turbo;
Carthagena).
Appears to be restricted to the sea coast where it occurs from at least
Santa Marta westward and southward along the Pacific coast to Ecuador.
I can discover no difference in color between males of this form and Q. m.
major; but the bill in our six males of assimilis is obviously more decurved
at the tip than it isin major; while four adult females of assimilis are much
whiter below and browner above than any one of a large series of major.
A fifth specimen is more fulvous below and can be matched in this respect
by exceptional specimens of major but the upperparts, particularly the
crown, are less brown than in any of our specimens of major.
Specimens from Manavi on the coast of Ecuador agree with those from
Colombia, and the comparative stability of this species indicates that the
Peruvian form does not differ from that of Ecuador and Colombia. In this
event Sclater’s name assimilis will be replaced by Swainson’s peruvianus
(Anim. in Menag., 1838, p. 354; Lima) and the race will stand Megaquiscalus
macrourus peruvianus (Swains.).
La Playa, 1,3 9 9; Buenaventura, 1 7.
(4531) Macragleus subalaris (Boiss.).
Quiscalus subalaris Botss., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 70 (Bogoté); Wvratt, Ibis, 1871,
p. 330 (Andes, Paramo of Pamplona, 9000 ft.).
This species appears to be restricted to the Temperate Zone of the
Eastern Andes. Our two specimens were collected by Manuel Gonzales..
Subia, 2. :
(4532) Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (De Tarragon).
Cassicus pyrohypogaster Dr TaRRraaon, Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 252 (Colombia).
Hypopyrrhus pyrrhogaster Scu. & Satv., P. Z. §., 1879, p. 510 (Envigado; Sta.
Elena).
Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Hettm., P. Z. 8., 1911, p. 1123 (Pueblo Rico;
Siat6); Stone, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 307 (Nevada del Tolima).
For a common bird of apparently roving disposition which inhabits
both forest and open scrubby growths this bird has a remarkably circum-
scribed range in Colombia. It was not found by us in the Cauca region
636 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
proper, but in crossing the Quindio trail from Cartago to the Magdalena
Valley we suddenly encountered it in small troupes in the heavy forest of the
Subtropical Zone a few hours before reaching Salento. It was last seen on
the banks of the Rio Toché at El Pie de San Juan where it was not uncom-
mon in bushy growths.
We did not encounter it in the restricted Bogota region, though we awe
two ‘ Bogota’ skins in our collection, but on the eastern slope of the Eastern
Andes just below Andalucia, Miller secured one specimen, indicating, there-
fore, an upper Amazonian or East Andean origin rather than development
in the limited area in which it has hitherto been known.
Peque, 1; La Frijolera, 7; Finlandia (8 miles w. of Salento), 2; Salento,
8; Rio Toché, common, no specimens secured; Caqueté Trail (7000 ft.),
east slope below Andalucia, 1.
Famity CORVIDA. Crows anv Jays.
(4539) Cyanocorax affinis affinis Pelz.
Cyanocorax affinis Pruz., Sitz. Ak. Wien., XX, 1856, p. 164 (Bogotd); Scr. &
Satv., P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 510 (Cauca; Remedios); Atuen, Bull. A. M. N. H., XIII,
1900, p. 162 (Bonda; Minca; Las Nubes; Onaca; Cacagualito).
Cyanocorax sclateri Heine, Journ. fiir. Orn., VIII, 1860, p. 115 (Carthagena).
Cyanocorax pileatus Cass., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila., 1860, p. 188 (R. Truando;
R. Nercua).
Cyanocorax affinis afinis Hruim., P. Z. S., 1911, p. 1123 (Noanam4; El Tigre;
Pueblo Rico).
. Occurs in both the arid and humid portions of the Tropical Zone of
north Colombia, ranging up the Atrato Valley to the headwaters of the
San Juan River and up the Magdalena to at least Chicoral, but apparently
not reaching the Cauca Valley.
Specimens from the vicinity of Honda and from Chicoral are doubtless
typical. Santa Marta specimens average slightly less blue above and have
the bill smaller, while those from the Atrato and lower Cauca Valleys have a
slight creamy tint on the white areas indicating an approach toward C. a.
zeledoni of Panama.
Peque, 1; Dabeiba, 2; Alto Bonito, 2; Bagado, 1; Iguamiando, Chocé,
2; Turbaco, 3; Puerto Valdivia, 2; La Frijolera, 2; west of Honda, 4
Chicoral, 2.
»
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 637
(4547) Cyanocorax violaceus Du Bus.
Cyanocorax violaceus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux., XIV, pt. 2, 1847, p. 103
(Peru).
Found only in the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes.
Our specimens are from La Morelia and Villavicencio where we found it as
high as 3500 ft. Young just from the nest were taken near Villavicencio
March 15. I have no Peruvian specimens for comparison.
La Morelia, 5; Villavicencio, 6; Barrigon, 3.
(4549a) Xanthoura yncas galeatus (Ridgw.).
Xanthoura yncas galeata Ripew., Auk, XVII, 1900, p. 27 (western Colombia;
I suggest El Eden, Cen. Andes).
Cyanocorax incas Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (4000 ft. upward, Bucaramanga
region); Sci, & Satv., P. Z.8., 1879, p. 510 (Retiro; Concordia; Sta. Elena).
There are two well-marked forms of Xanthoura in the Subtropical Zone
of the Bogota region; the present, and X. y. cyanodorsalis DuBois. X. y.
galeatus is here restricted to the western slopes of the Eastern Andes, and is°
found also on both slopes of the Central Andes and in the more southern
parts of the Western Andes; X. y. cyanodorsalis is found on the eastern
slopes of the Eastern Andes and ranges northeastward at least to Merida,
Venezuela. Our series of over fifty specimens indicates clearly the range of
variation and characters of each of these forms.
A. y. galeatus, as has been pointed out by Ridgway (I. c.) differs from
true yncas (of which we have three Peruvian specimens) in size and, mainly,
in the greater development of the nasal plumes; from cyanodorsalts it differs
strikingly and constantly (in fresh plumaged adults) in having the head,
posterior to the blue frontal plumes, and nape marguerite-yellow, varying
in intensity. In some specimens it is clear, but more frequently it is tinged
with blue, especially at the junction with the back, which is green with, in
some specimens, a bluish wash. The amount of blue on the hindhead,
nape, and back is apparently largely dependent on age, young birds (with
small nasal plumes) having the maximum amount, sufficient in juvenal
plumage nearly to obscure the pale yellow of the head.
In eyanodorsalis, the area which in galeatus is marguerite-yellow, is paler
and is restricted to the occiput the whole nape being blue; while the back
is usually well tinged with this color.
The two forms are indeed strikingly different and there has not, I believe,
been any question as to their distinctness, but authors do not agree as to
638 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
which one DuBois’s name of cyanodorsalis should be applied. Ridgway fixes
it on the blue-naped, blue-backed bird of the eastern slopes of the Andes;
Hellmayr,! on the contrary, attaches it to the pale-naped bird which Ridg-
way has called galeatus and applies a new name “andicola” to the blue-
naped bird taking Merida, Venezuela, as his type-locality. ‘
Dubois’s description,? however, as well as his figure,? seems to leave no
doubt as to which bird he applied the name cyanodorsalis. One has only
to read his diagnosis (J. c.) “Similis preecedenti [= yncas yncas]; sed cervice
ceruleo-violaceo et dorso ceruleo” to be convinced that of the two he could
here have had only the blue-naped bird in mind, and if further confirmation
of this belief be required, it is to be found in his plate which is obviously
based on the blue-naped bird.
Ridgway’s type was without exact locality but was believed to have
come from western Colombia and was part of a collection which contained
specimens of Cyanolyca quindiuna Scl. I would suggest therefore as a
definite type-locality El Eden, a posada at an altitude of 8300 feet, on the
Quindio Trail, about ten miles west of Ibagiie, from which we have typical
specimens.
Cerro Munchique, 1; Popayan, 1; Miraflores, 4; Salento, 12; Sta. Elena,
7; La Frijolera, 3; El Eden, 4; La Candela, 3; La Palma, 1; Andalucia
(w. slope, 3000 ft.), 1; Aguadita, 2; Subia, 1; Anolaima, 1.
(4550) Xanthoura yncas cyanodorsalis Du Bois.
Xanthoura cyanodorsalis DuBots, Bull. Acad. Roy. (2 ser.), 1874, p. 492 (New
Grenada).
Xanthoura yncas andicola Heitim. & Sutu., Arch. fiir Naturg., 1912, p. 72 (Andes
of Merida, Venez.).
We found this Jay only on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes where
it was locally common in the Subtropical Zone. When allowance is made
for differences due to age, I find no indication of intergradation- between
this form and galeatus in our series of thirteen of the former and forty-nine
of the latter, and this in spite of the fact that we took specimens of both at
localities within thirty-five miles of each other (Quetame on the eastern
slope, Fusugasugé on the western slope of the Eastern Andes).
Four specimens from Merida, Venezuela (type locality of X. y. andicola
Hellm. & Seil.), while possibly greener above, are apparently not separable
1 Arch. fiir Naturg., 1912, p. 72.
2 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1974, p. 492.
3 Syn. Av., I, 1899, pl. x, fig. 1.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 639
from the Bogoté bird, when if my identification of the DuBois’s description
is correct, andicola becomes a pure synonym of cyanodorsalis. A young bird
just from the nest was taken at Quetame, February 25.
Quetame, 5. ,
(4557) Cyanolyca armillata quindiuna (Scl.).
_ Cyanocitta armillata, y. quindiuna Scu. & Satv., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 272 (Quindio
Mts.= Central Andes, Col.).
Inhabits the Temperate Zone of the Central Andes. Specimens from
Valle de las Pappas agree with those from Laguneta which being near the
Quindio Pass may be considered as the type-locality for this race.
Valle de las Pappas, 5; Laguneta, 7; Santa Isabel, 1; Salento, 1.
(4559) Cyanolyca armillata armillata (Gray).
Cyanocorax armillatus Gray, Gen. Bds., II, 1849, p. 307, pl. 74 (Bogota).
Cyanocitta armillata Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (‘high regions,” near Bucara-
manga).
Our specimens were collected by natives in or near the Temperate Zone
of the Bogota region.
Anolaima, 1; Choachi, 1.
640 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
APPENDIX.
GAZETEER OF COLOMBIAN COLLECTING STATIONS.
For convenience of reference and to aid in finding stations on the map,
I append an alphabetical list, with position number in parenthesis, of all
the localities at which, so far as I can learn, birds have been collected in
Colombia, together with their approximate latitude, longitude and altitude
and a brief statement of their more significant features. The position
of the better-known localities is taken from standard sources. The lati-
tude and longitude of our camps or collecting stations at wayside posadas,
were not determined by us and are here given on the basis of the distance
of these stations from localities the position of which has been ascertained,
mainly with the object of facilitating reference to them on the map. The
altitude for most of our own stations was determined by the aneroid
barometer, and although we used only standard instruments, we often had
convincing evidence of their inaccuracy. In connection with those localities
visited by our own expeditions, I give the dates at which collections were
made and the number of specimens secured.
AcuapiTa.— (Alt. 6500 ft.) A posada on the Bogoté-Fusugasugé trail, below El
Roble and with similar surroundings. Below this point the forest has been
cleared and the land is largely under cultivation. (No. 75.)
Expedition No. 7; March 25-31, 1913; 188 specimens.
Acua Dutice.— (Alt. 2400 ft.) Santa Marta region two miles southeast of Minca.
Smith Expedition.
ALcoponaL.— A place on the lower Magdalena River, one day’s sail above Calamar.
(No. 127.)
Expedition No. 7; January 23, 1913. 11 specimens.
ALMAGUER.— (Lat. 1° 54’, long. 77°; alt. 7500 ft.) Our camp here was situated
in luxuriant Temperate Zone forest in the Central Andes south of Popayan
and 2500 ft. above the town of Almaguer. (No. 61.)
Expedition No. 4; March 9-18, 1912; 175 specimens.
ALTo.— (Lat. 8° 2’, long. 73° 32’; alt. about 6000 ft.) A “hut” visited by Wyatt,
situated on the crest of a range between Ocafia and the Magdalena. (No. 118.)
Auto Bonrro.— (Alt. 1500 ft.) A station on the Rio Sucio on the western slope of
the Western Andes ten miles below Dabeiba. The country is covered with
luxuriant virgin forest. (No. 5.)
Expedition No. 8; February 16-23; 255 specimens.
AMBALEMA.— (Alt. ab. 900 ft.) A town on the Magdalena above Honda from which
Stone records several species collected by Detwiler. (No. 73.)
1917,] Chapman, Distribution of ‘Bird-life in Colombia. 641
ANpDALucIA.— (Alt. 7000 ft.) A station at the summit of the trail leading from
Guadeloupe in the upper Magdalena Valley to the Caqueté region. The range
is here heavily forested, the forest on the western side extended downward to
about 3500 feet. Collections were made chiefly on the western slope. (No. 67.)
Expedition No. 5, June 1-16, 1912; 248 specimens.
AnprEs w. of Popayan.— (Alt. 10340 ft.) A camp on the Micai trail on the crest
of the first ridge of the Western Andes, w. of Popayan. The fauna is typically
representative of the Temperate Zone. Vegetation, Miller writes, “‘is scarce,
scrubby and stunted.”’ " Here Diglossa gloriosissima was discovered. (No. 58.)
Expedition No. 2, July 10-23, 1911; 235 specimens.
Anotaima.— A locality in the Bogoté region lying just below the border of the
tableland west of Facatativé. Since the early days of the trade in ‘Bogotd’
skins, it has been a favorite collecting ground for native collectors who still
frequent it. (No. 85.)
Antiogura.— (Lat. 6° 24’, long. 76° 11’; alt. 2000 ft.) A town on the eastern slope |
of the Western Andes at and near which Salmon collected. Except when ap-
plied to Salmon’s specimens the name generally applies to the Department of
Antioquia. (No. 36.)
Antioqu1a.— An important Department of northern Colombia which extends from
the Atrato to the Magdalena rivers. Trade skins which have been shipped from
this region in small numbers and are spoken of as Antioquian, doubtless come
largely from the vicinity of Medellin.
Aracataca.— (Lat. 10° 40’, long. 74°10’; alt. 60 ft.) A village at the western
base of the Santa Marta group from which Madaraz described several new
forms. (No. 1386.)
ArgeHurca.— Coast of Santa Marta region, three miles south of Cienaga.
Visited by Simons. (No. 185.)
ATanqueEs.— (Lat. 10° 32’, long. 73° 37’; alt. 2800 ft.) About ten miles north of
Valle Dupar, Santa Marta region. Visited by Simons. (No. 155.)
Atrato River.— The most important river of western Colombia. The Michler
expedition collected in the lower Atrato Valley, and, in addition to specimens
secured at stated points on the Atrato or its tributaries, Mrs. Kerr has sent us
58 specimens labeled simply ‘Atrato’.
Bacapo.— (Lat. 5° 18’, long. 76° 24’; alt. 650 ft.) A locality near the sources of
the Atrato at which Mrs. Kerr collected 71 specimens.. (No. 9.)
Barpacoas.— (Lat. 1° 54’, long. 78°17’; alt. 68 ft.) A town in southwestern
Colombia on the Telembi River. It is surrounded by “‘thick forest and im-
penetrable jungle.” Collections made at and near this place added many
Ecuadorian species to Colombia’s known avifauna. (No. 29.)
Expedition No. 6; September 10-October 7, 1912; 491 specimens.
BaARRANQUILLA.— (Lat. 11°, long. 74° 40’; alt.0.) A city of some 40,000 inhabitants,
about 20 miles from the mouth of the Magdalena. Point of departure for
steamers up that river. The surrounding country is typical of the semi-arid
tropics and there are also lagoons and marshes connected with the river. No
large collection of birds appears to have been made here but most of the collec-
tors who enter the Magdalena region secure a few specimens near Barranquilla.
(No. 180.)
Barricon.— A locality at the head of navigation on the Meta Hivety: in river Eres
at which Manuel Gonzalez collected.. (No. 169.) :
642 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Barro Branco.— (Alt. 7200 ft.) A station in the northern part of the Central
Andes east of Sta. Elena, at the base of a ridge bordering a well-cultivated
plateau. The original forest seems to have disappeared. (No. 39.)
Expedition No. 8; November 25-29, 1914; 88 specimens.
Baupo Mts.— A range on the Pacific coast west of Quibd6. Our 86 specimens from
these mountains were all collected by Mrs. Kerr, none at a higher altitude than
2500 feet. The exact locality is not stated. Collections from the summit of
this range are greatly to be desired.
Boca de Cuimi1.— A place on the lower Magdalena River two days sail above Cala-
mar. (No. 124.)
Expedition No. 8; November 6, 1914; 10 specimens.
Bocorh.— (Lat. 4° 35’, long. 74°10’; alt. 8750 ft.) Capital of Colombia situated
on the Savanna of the same at the foot of the mountains which enclose the
Savanna on the east. For about eighty years it has been the shipping point for
birds’ skins very few of which seem to have been taken near the city itself. The
Savanna, indeed, has evidently been but little worked by the native collectors.
I shot the types of three new forms in or near the Suba marshes, within sight of
the city, in one morning, and the types of. two more have since been secured
there for us by Hermano Apolinar Maria. The surrounding country is com-
posed largely of pastures and planted fields, with some marshes, chiefly during
the rains. There are no trees except the introduced eucalyptus. Bogotdé asa
definite locality is referred to as Savanna at Bogoté. (No. 179.)
Expedition No. 7; February 14-18, 1913; 80 specimens.
Bocord.— A generalized regional name applied to native-made skins shipped from
the city of Bogoté. By far the greater number of these skins are secured within
the area lying between the Magdalena Valley and the llanos at the base of the
Andes on the east, and boundaries of the Department of Cundinamarca at the
north and south (but see further details under ‘“‘Bogoté collections” in the
Review of Colombian Ornithology). ;
Bonpa.— (Lat. 11° 17’, long. 74° 2’; alt. 150-250 ft.) Seven miles east of Santa
Marta on the Rio Manzanares. Smith’s principal station. (No. 141.)
BucaraManca.— (Lat. 6° 52’, long. 73° 34’; alt. 3000 ft.) A city in the Eastern
Andes situated on a savanna and surrounded by mountains. Berlepsch has
reported on a collection of native-made skins from this region, and Wyatt
collected some specimens here. (No. 108.) Fe
BUENAVENTURA.— (Lat. 3° 53’, long. 77°10’; alt. 0). The principal port on the
Pacific coast of Colombia at the head of Buenaventura Bay, 14 miles from the
sea. The surroundings are low and wooded, the shores being everywhere lined
with mangroves. Few specimens appear to have been collected here by the
naturalists who have worked in this region. (No. 19.)
Expedition No. 1; March 23-28, 1911; 35 specimens.
Burna Vista.— (Alt. 4500 ft.) A posada on the crest of the most eastern ridge of
the Eastern Andes on the trail from Bogoté to Villavicencio and some 3000 feet
above the last-named town. To the east the country descends abruptly to the
llanos; to the west, to the Rio Negro. Both slopes are heavily wooded with
virgin forest broken by clearings. The region is a favorite one for native col-
lectors and many so-called ‘Bogotd’ skins have been taken here. (No. 165.)
Expedition No. 7; Feb. 28-Mch. 15, 1913; 408 specimens.
Buenavista.— (Alt. 1200 ft.) A station in the humid Tropical Zone in the Depart-
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 643
ment of Narifio, southwestern Colombia. Not to be confused with Buena Vista
above Villavicencio near the eastern base of the Eastern Andes. (No. 30.)
Expedition No. 6; Oct. 1-7, 1912; 108 specimens.
Cacacua.iro.— (Alt. 1500 ft.) In the Santa Marta region, twenty miles east of
Santa Marta; ‘vegetation chiefly mountain forest.” Visited by the Smith
Expedition.
Canamar.— (Alt., near sea-level.) A town on the lower Magdalena River in the
Arid Coastal Zone. It is surrounded by open savannas with some chapparal-
like growth and occasional marshes. Birds are exceedingly abundant; our col-
Jections were made while the steamer stopped to discharge and load at the pier
of the railway line for Carthagena. (No. 128.)
Expedition Nos. 1, 7, and 8; June 3, 1911; Jan. 21, 22, 1913; Nov. 4, 1914;
112 specimens. ;
Catpas.— (Alt. 2560 ft.) A small town on the railway from Buenaventura to Cali,
in the Caldas basin on the upper Dagua River. The immediately surrounding
country is bare and arid. There is some growth along the river but the hills
are grass-grown with occasional cacti and small acacia-like trees. The bird-life
appears to have been derived from the Cauca Valley. (No. 22.)
Expedition No. 1; Nov. 10-24, 1910, 128 specimens.
‘Cati.— (Lat. 3° 25’, long. 76° 45’; alt. 3500 ft.) The most important town of the
Cauca region and base of the American Museum’s expeditions for somewhat
more than a year. The surroundings are largely open pastures and afford poor
collecting, but the marshes bordering the Cauca River, distant three miles,
contain many interesting water-birds. Here the rare Duck (Marila nationi)
previously known only from two specimens taken near Lima, Peru, was found
to be common. (No. 53.)
Expedition No. 1; Dec. 19-31, 1910; May 8-11, 1911; Expedition No. 2,
Jan. 25-Feb. 8, 1912; 313 specimens.
Canuto.— (Lat. 7° 35’; long. 73° 28’; alt. 6000 ft.) A “hut” three days’ out on
the trail from Ocafia to Bucaramanga, visited by Wyatt. The surrounding
country is forested. (No. 113.)
CartHacEna.—(Lat. 10° 25’, long. 75° 40’; alt. sea-level.) A city in northern Colom-
bia at which various collectors have worked, but no large, exhaustive collection
has been made here. It is the type-locality of a number of Cabanis’s species,
and was visited by the Michler Expedition, Dr. Detwiler, and Mrs. Kerr (see
Turbaco). The surrounding country is semi-arid with open savannas and
scrubby-growths. (No. 132).
Caramucno.— “A little village situated on the hanks of the Magdalena about 100
miles from Barranquilla” at which Wyatt collected several specimens. (No. 125.)
Cauca Vattey.— A term properly applied to that region traversed by the Cauca
River lying between the foothills north of Popayan and the vicinity of Cartago.
It is sometimes misapplied to the region bordering the lower Cauca River in
Antioquia, which is here referred to as the lower Cauca Valley, though it has
no real connection with the Cauca Valley proper. Some of Salmon’s specimens
are labeled merely ‘‘Cauca,’’ indicating, doubtless, that they were taken some-
where along the Cauca River in Antioquia.
Cerro Muncuique.— (Alt. 8325 ft.) A camp in the forest of the Subtropical Zone
on the eastern slope of the Western Andes west of Popayan. (No. 57.)
Expedition No. 2; May 22-June 24, 1911; 311 specimens.
644 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
CuicoraL.— (Alt. 1200 ft.) A station on the west side of the Magdalena Valley,
west of Giradot, where the Coello River is crossed by a suspension bridge.
The region is open and arid, with no forest, but some growth of trees and bushes
along the stream. Although in the Magdalena Valley proper and but 600 feet
above the river and not more than twelve miles from it, specimens taken at
Chicoral, either by their larger size or different coloration sometimes differ per-
ceptibly from those taken at Honda. (No. 69.)
Expedition No. 3; Oct. 6-13, 1911; 186 specimens.
Cuincuicua Pass.— A station in the Santa Marta Mts. visited by Simons. (No.
153.)
Cuincuicua VaLLtey.— (Alt. 6500 ft.) A locality in the Santa Marta iitsunisling
visited by Simons. (No. 154.)
Curpaqgue.—(Alt. 9000-9500.) A town lying in the first valley of the Eastern Andes,
east of Bogoté. The immediately surrounding country is devoted largely to
agriculture and grazing. The slopes to the west, just below the Pass on the
Bogota trail, are covered with low Temperate Zone forest. (No. 82.)
Expedition No. 7; Feb. 21-25, 1913; 120 specimens.
Currva.— (Alt. 4000 ft., Salv. & Godm.; 7000 ft., Bangs.)
A station in the Santa Marta Mountains visited by Simons and Brown. (No.
149.)
Cxoacu1.— A locality in the Bogoté region on the eastern slope of the first ridge east
of Bogotd, from which, through Hermano Apolinar Maria and through native
collectors, we have received a number of specimens. (No. 83.)
Crpnaca.— (Lat. 11° 01’, long. 74° 15’; sea-level.) A coast town twenty miles
south of Santa Marta. It is characterized by shallow, mangrove-bordered
lagoons and mud-flats. Visited by the Smith Expedition.
Cincinnati.— (Alt. 4500 ft.) Hacienda in the San Lorenzo Mts. of the Santa Marta
group at which Carriker has made important collections. (No. 144.)
Cocax.— (Alt. 4000 ft.) A camp in the forest on the western slope of the most
eastern ridge of the Western Andes. Several species labeled ‘Cocal’ were in
reality taken on the trail above this point, a fact which accounts for the apparent
presence of certain birds at ‘Cocal’ which were not elsewhere met with at so low
an altitude. (No. 26.)
Expedition No. 2; June 6-18, 1911; 149 specimens.
Cocura Surata.— (Lat. 70° 5’, long. 73°30’; alt. 5000 ft.) A locality on the trail
between Ocafia and Bucaramanga visited by Wyatt. (No. 110.)
ComBrima River.— A river of the Central Magdalena system from which Detwiler
secured specimens.
Concua.— A station in the Santa Marta coast region visited by the Smith Expedition.
Concorp1a.— (Lat. 5° 55’, long. 76° 11’; alt. 5807 ft.) A town on the eastern slope
of the Western Andes at which Salmon collected. (No. 43.)
Conpvoto.— (Lat. 5° 5’, long. 76° 35’; alt. 150 ft.) A locality in the Rio Condoto,
a tributary of the upper San Juan visited by Palmer. (No. 16.)
Cécura. (Lat, 7° 38’, long. 72° 52’; alt. 907 ft.). A city near the Venezuelan
boundary. (No. 159.)
Daserrpa.— (Lat. 7° 6’, long. 76° 25’; alt. 2000 ft.) A small town on the Rio Sucio
on the western slope of the Western Andes, at the upper limit of the valley forest.
Expedition, No. 8, February 12-14, 25-26, 1914; 162 specimens. (No. 6.)
Don Dizco.— A locality at the mouth of the R. Don Diego, 45 miles east of Sta.
Marta in a humid forest region.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 645
Ex Atto dE La Paz.— (Alt. 4626 ft.) A locality in the Bogoté region above Pena,
at which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 93.)
Ex Carmen.— (Alt. 9154 ft.) A locality about 69 miles north of Bogotdé at which
Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 95.)
Ex Carmen.— (Alt. 4550 ft.) A small town on the west slope of the western Andes
between Caldas and Las Cruces.
Ex Consveto.— (Alt. 3300 ft.) A posada on the trail from Bogoté, about 12 miles
from, and 2700 feet above Honda. The original forest has largely disappeared
from near the trail and but one small strip of first-growth was found. The views
from this point of the snow peaks of the Central Andes across the Magdalena
Valley are superb. (No. 97.)
Expedition No. 7, Apl. 5-7; 37 specimens.
Ex Epren.— (Alt. 8500 ft.) A posada on the Quindio Trail above Ibagiie. Only a
few small patches of Subtropical Zone forest still remain along the trail, and the
station is a poor one for the collector. (No. 71.)
Expedition No. 3, Oct. 17-21, 1911; 138 specimens.
Ex GuaraBau.— (Lat. 8° 5’, long . 72° 40’ W.; alt. about 1000 ft.) ‘A small flag-
station, ten miles north of San José de Cticuta on the railroad between that place
and Puerto Villamizar. The vegetation is largely thorny shrubs, but with fairly
heavy forest along watercourses and on favored hillsides. ‘The region is one of
low, rolling hills lying between a rather arid valley to the south and the humid
region on the shores of Lake Maracaibo to the north. The fauna and flora
show relations to both regions.”. (W.H. Osgood.) (No. 160.) Field Museum
Expedition, W. H. Osgood and 8. G. Jewett.
Ex Lipano.— (Alt. 5000-6000 ft.) A forested station in the San Lorenzo range,
Santa Marta group, visited by the Smith Expedition.
Ex Mamon.— (Lat. 10° 30’, long. 73° 50’; alt. 8000 ft.) A station in the Santa
Marta group, visited by Brown. (No. 156.)
“Ex Paiiion.— A locality in the Pacific coast region “several hours’ journey up the
Dagua” (Hellmayr), visited by André. Simon & Dalmas (1901) place it at sea-
level.
Ex Prfton.— (Alt. 9600 ft.) A posada on the trail from Bogotdé to Fusugasugé at
the entrance to the gorge-like valley which leads from the hills, here forming
the rim of the tableland, to the last-named town. The surrounding country is
more or less covered with stunted forest with glade-like openings. The fauna
is purely that of the Temperate Zone. (No. 77.)
Expedition No. 7, April 1-4, 1913; 112 specimens.
Ex Rosiz.— (Alt. 8100 ft.) A posada on the trail from Bogotd to Fusugasugé in
the gorge-like valley leading from the tableland to the last-named city. The
country is here largely covered with primeval-forest broken by a few small
clearings. Although only an hour’s walk from El Pifion, few birds are common to
both localities. (No. 76.)
Expedition No. 7, April 1-5, 1913; 192 specimens.
Eu Ticre.— (Alt. 320 ft.) A locality on the Rio Taman4, a tributary of the San
Juan, visited by Palmer.
Eu Tieru.— (Alt. 5000 ft.) A ranch on the Buenaventura-Cali trail .just west of
the San Antonio pass, visited by André.
Envicapo.— (Lat. 6° 3’, long. 75° 55’; alt. 5500 ft.) A town ten miles south of
Medellin at which Salmon collected. (No. 41.)
Le ee ed
646 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Frorencia.— (Alt. 675 ft.) A small town in the Caqueté region near the eastern
base of the Eastern Andes. Collections were made from a nearby ranch where a
large clearing had been oe in the ‘‘ocean of forest’? which covers this region.
(No. 171.)
Expedition No. 5, June Seay 5, 1912; 257 specimens.
Frontino.— (Lat. 6° 54’, long. 76° 16’; alt. 4780 ft.) A town on the western slope
of the Western Andes at which Salmon collected. (No. 7.)
Funpacion.— (Lat. 10° 35’, long. 74° 14’; alt. 154 ft.) A village at the western
base of the Santa Marta group on the railway from Santa Marta, at which
Carriker collected.
Fusucasucd.— (Alt. 5464 ft.) A town some 35 miles from Bogoté in the heart of a
coffee-growing region. With the felling of the virgin forest its bird-life has
retreated up the mountain side and various Magdalena Valley forms have ap-
peared. (No. 74.)
Expedition No. 7, Mch. 22-24; 88 specimens.
Gatiera.— (Alt. 7000 ft.) A camp in virgin forest on the western slop e of the most
eastern ridge of the western Andes. (No. 25.)
Expedition No. 2, June 26-July 4, 1911; 106 specimens.
Fémeque.— (Lat. 4° 30’, long. 73° 50’; ale 6074 ft.) A town east of Bogoté from
which many native-made skins come. (No. 84.)
Gorcona Istanp.— (Lat. 2° 58’, long. 78° 5’; alt. sea-level.) An island lying some
twenty miles off the shore of southwestern Colombia. It is described (Bull.
M. C. Z. 1905, p. 88) by W. W. Brown, Jr. who collected on it from June 19 to
July 2, 1904, as five miles long, about half a mile wide and with three hills, the
highest 800 feet in altitude. It is completely covered with luxuriant forest,
has a heavy rainfall, with no dry season, and is uninhabited. Of the sixteen
birds known from Gorgona, five have been described by Thayer and Bangs as
new. Bangs (I. c. pp. 90, 91) has also described a spiny rat (Proechimys gorgone)
and a monkey (Cebus curtus), and Barbour (J. c. pp. 99-102) has described
as new, two lizards, a snake, and two frogs, all related to mainland species.
(No. 27.)
Guapuas.— (Alt. 3164 ft.) A town lying in the first valley east of Honda and dis-
tant one day’s journey. The immediate surroundings are largely under cultiva-
tion or in pasturage, but there is some forest on the surrounding mountains.
Some native-made skins are said to come from Guaduas and it was visited by
Wirt Robinson. (No. 96.)
GuENGtE.— (Alt. 3500 ft.) A ranch in the Cauca Valley on the west side of the
Cauca River about fifteen miles southeast of Cali. The country is covered with
rather low but dense forest growth which was being rapidly cleared to create
grazing area. Some of the streams were widely bordered with a heavy growth of
great bamboos. (No. 55.)
Expedition No. 1, May 4, 5, 1911; 15 specimens.
Herrapura.— (Lat. 7° 56’, long. 73° 30’.) ‘“Half-a-dozen-huts,”’ three or four hours
from Ocafia, visited by Wyatt. (No. 116.)
Honps.— (Lat. 5° 15’, long. 74° 50’; alt. 600 ft.) A city on the Magdalena River
a few miles above the head of navigation on the lower half of the river. The
main mule-trail for Bogota begins at this point. The city is at the foot of the
Eastern Andes, and the Magdalena Valley, with its open savannas and thinly
forested buttes and hills, lies to the west. There is some forest-growth along the
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 647
river and its tributaries, but no large heavily forested areas until one reaches
La Dorada, some twenty miles north. (No. 98.)
Expedition, No. 7, Feb. 83-8; 217 specimens.
Inacitz.— (Alt. 4000 ft.) A city at the eastern base of the Central Andes at the
entrance to the Quindio Trail. Stone’s report on the Detwiler collection lists
specimens from this locality. (No. 70.)
Ieuamianvo. A locality in the upper Atrato Valley from which Mrs. Kerr has sent
us twenty specimens.
Jerico.— (Lat. 5° 40’, long. 75° 55’; alt. 6454.) A town on the eastern slope of the
Western Andes at which Salmon collected. (No. 54.) ,
Jiminez.— “A station in the Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope”, a morning’s walk
from Los Mangos [= Cisneros], in a deep ravine by the side of the pass between
Los Mangos and a place called Ventanas on the road to San Antonio and Cali.
Above Ventanas the country becomes open” (Hellmayr). Visited by Palmer.
JunvTas DE Tamand.— (Lat. 5° 2’, long. 76° 21’; alt. 400 ft.). A small village on the
Rio Tamané in the Tropical Zone forest of the Pacific coast region. Visited by
Palmer, Miller and Allen. (No. 14.)
Expedition No. 3, Dec. 14-20, 1911; 99 specimens.
La Canpeua.— (Alt. 6500 ft.) An Indian ranch in the Subtropical Zone, a day’s
journey west of San Agustin. A small clearing is surrounded by giant, primeval
forest. (No. 65.)
Expedition No. 5, May 8-20; 300 specimens.
La Concercion.— (Alt. 3000 ft.) A station in the Santa Marta group visited by
Brown.
La Cruz.— (Lat. 7° 52’, long. 73° 27’; alt. 4300 ft.) A village in the Eastern Andes
near Ocajia, visited by Wyatt. It is situated in a large savanna. (No. 115.)
La Dorapa.— (Alt. at 500 ft.) Actual head of navigation on the lower part of the
Magdalena, and beginning of the railroad to Honda. Upper limit of the bottom-
land forest. (No. 99.)
La Fioriwwa.— (Alt. 7725 ft.) A station in the Andes west of Popayan.
Expedition No. 2; July 5-9, 1911; 80 specimens.
La Friovera.— (Alt. 5000 ft.) A station in the lower part of the Subtropical Zone
on the western slope of the Central Andes above Puerto Valdivia on the lower
Cauca. The surroundings are covered with virgin forest. (No. 34.)
Expedition No. 8, Dec. 29-Jan. 4, 1916; 148 specimens.
Lacuneta.— (Alt. 10,300 ft.) A posada on the Quindio Trail, a short distance west
of the Pass. The country is covered with primitive, Temperate Zone forest.
Birds are abundant and the station proved exceptionally rich in forms, notably
Grallarias, not encountered, or but in small numbers, elsewhere. (No. 47.)
Expedition No. 2, Aug. 28-Sept. 13, 1911; 349 specimens.
La Herrera.— (Alt. 8171 ft.) A lagoon south of Bogoté at which Manuel Gonzalez
collected. (No. 78.)
La Hotanpa.— (Alt. 8171 ft.) A locality twenty-six miles northeast of Bogotd at
which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 88.)
La Manuetira.— (Lat. 3° 36’, long. 76° 27’; alt. 3500 ft.) The Eder estate on the
east side of the Cauca Valley about three miles north of Palmira. The neighbor-
ing country is largely devoted to agriculture and grazing, but there are small
wooded tracts, which still harbor howling monkeys, many trees along the road-
sides, and comparatively large areas in bushy second growths. Birds are
648 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
abundant and the collecting for all but forest-inhabiting species, excellent.
(No. 51.)
Expedition No. 1, April 12-18, 1911, 124 specimens.
La Mar.— (Alt. 8203 ft.) A locality in the Bogotdé region, near Subachoque, at
which Manuel Gonzalez collected.
La Maria.— (Alt. 4700 ft.) A locality on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes
above Buenaventura.
La Moretia.— (Alt. 600 ft.) A hacienda two days’ journey southeast of Florencia
in the virgin forest which everywhere covers this part of Colombia. This local-
ity, with Florencia, was one of the most productive of any visited by American
Museum expeditions and many species were secured which have not heretofore
been recorded from Colombia. On the accompanying map of this report the
name is misspelled ‘‘La Murelia.”” (No. 172.)
Expedition No. 5, July 8-26, 1912; 415 specimens.
Las Lomiras.— (Alt. 4526 ft.) A ranch on the western slope of the Western Andes
in the humid forest of the Subtropical Zone. The bird-life is essentially like
that of San Antonio. (No. 24.)
Expedition No. 1, Feb. 26—Mch. 17, 1911; 165 specimens.
Las Nuszs.— (Alt. 4500 ft.) A station in the Santa Marta group, three miles
east of Onaca in mountain forest.
Smith Expedition.
La Patma.— (Alt, 5500 ft.) A station in the Subtropical Zone one day’s journey
south of San Agustin. There are some clearings surrounded by dense virgin
forest. (No. 64.)
Expedition No. 5, April 25-May 4, 1912; 130 specimens.
La PanuEeLa.— (Alt. 9870 ft.) A “paramo” in the Bogoté region, north of Facata-
tivd, at which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 89.)
La Praya.— (Alt. sea-level.) A station on the railway line between Puerto Colom-
bia and Barranquilla. On one side lie the open savannas of the arid coastal
zone, on the other, mangrove-bordered streams and lagoons. (No. 131.)
Expedition No. 8, March 23-26, 1915; 105 specimens.
La PorquEra.— (Alt. 8633 ft.) A locality in the Bogotd region, above La Pradera,
_ at which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 94.)
La PrapEra.— (Alt. 5325 ft.) A locality forty-five miles north of Bogoté at which
Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 92.)
Las Cruces.— (Alt. 7000 ft.) The divide in the Western Andes between La Tigra
and San Antonio. American Museum specimens from this locality are
labelled ‘San Antonio’ — the nearest settlement. .
La Setva.— (Alt. 4600 ft.) A locality on the headwaters of Rio San Juan, visited
by Palmer.
La Srzrra.— (Alt. 6800 ft.) Situated “on a saddle-back ridge just before the trail
drops into the cafion of the Patia.”” There are small groves of rather open, dry
forest. Birds were scarce. Nevertheless the only Condor seen by us in
Colombia was observed here, and here alone the strongly marked new Thrush,
Planesticus cauce, was found. (No. 59.)
Expedition No. 4, March 1-2, 1912; 66 specimens.
La Ticra.— (Alt. 5685 ft.) A hacienda on the western slope of the Western Andes
- just below Las Cruces, visited by André.
La Vizsa.— A locality in the upper Atrato Valley at which Mrs. Kerr secured
thirteen specimens.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 649
Los Mancos.— (See Los Cisneros.)
Loma Hermosa.— A locality on the headwaters of the Rio San Juan visited by
Palmer.
Los Cisneros.— (Lat. 3° 49’, long. 76° 40’; alt. 1005 ft.) A small town (also
called Juntas) on the railroad from Buenaventura to Cali, at the junction of the
Dagua and Las Petitas. The surroundings, fauna, and collecting conditions are
essentially like those found at San José. Visited by Delattre, Rosenberg, and
Hopke. (No. 21.)
Expedition No. 1, Mch. 10-21, 1911; 82 specimens.
Macorama.— (Alt. 8000 ft.) A station in the Santa Marta group visited by Brown.
Matena.— (Alt. 450 ft.) The first station on the railway line toward Medellin
west of Puerto Berrio. It is in the heart of the virgin, bottomland forest. (No.
102; the number should be placed between Nos. 100 and 101.) -
Expedition No. 8, March 9-11, 1915; 100 specimens.
Mamortoco.— (Lat. 11° 15’, long. 74° 17’; alt. 62 ft.) A village three miles east of
Santa Marta. :
Manavre.— (Lat. 10° 17’, long. 73° 16’; alt. 2600 ft.) A station twenty miles
southeast of Valle Dupar, at the western base of the Western Andes. Visited
by Simons. (No. 158.)
Masinea VirJa.— (Lat. 11° 16’, long. 73° 58’; alt. 600 ft.) A station on the Rio
Manzanares, about four miles above Bonda. (No. 142.)
Matisuca.— (Lat. 7° 8’, long. 73° 8’; alt. 8500 ft.) A village in the Eastern Andes
northeast of Bucaramanga visited by Wyatt. (No. 163.)
MeEpELLiIn.— (Lat. 6° 8’, long. 75° 54’; alt. 4839 ft.) A city in the upper semi-arid
Tropical Zone, the surroundings of which have been largely altered by human
occupation. It was long the residence of Salmon and doubtless many of his
specimens were collected in the immediate vicinity; but it is obvious that in
many cases the name has a regional rather than definitely local value. (No. 37.)
Minca.— (Lat. 11° 12’, long 74° 2’; alt. 2000 ft.) A locality in the Santa Marta
group fifteen miles from the coast at the head of the Rio Gairu, visited by
Simons and by Smith. (No. 140.)
Mrrartores.— (Alt. 6800 ft.) Name of a bungalow of Mr. Chas. J. Eder on the
western slope of the Central Andes slightly north of east from Palmira. It is
situated at the lower border of the cloud forest of the Subtropical Zone at its
junction with the upper border of the here semi-arid and treeless Tropical Zone.
Its faunal position is thus similar to that of our station at San Antonio in the
Western Andes. To the east the forest extends to the summit of this ridge
(8100 ft.) to the bottom of the succeeding valley, and summit of the following
ridge, beyond which we did not penetrate. (No. 52.)
Expedition No. 1; April 18-30, 1911; 456 specimens.
Montana DE Esmeratpa.— (Alt. 8336 ft.) A locality in the Bogotdé region at
which Manuel Gonzalez collected.
Montereponpo.— (Alt. 4500 ft.) A posada in the Eastern Andes on the trail from
Bogoté to Villavicencio, a few miles east of Quetame. The valley of the Rio
Negro here widens and more tree-growth occurs than at any point along the trail
toward Bogoté until one reaches the Temperate Zone forest above Chipaque.
The tops of the higher ridges, however, are crowned with the cloud forest of the
Subtropical Zone and would repay collecting. (No. 167.)
Expedition No. 7, February 28, March 1, 20 specimens.
650 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
Naranurro.— (Alt. 3900 ft.) A locality on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes
above Buenaventura visited by Palmer.
Naranso.— (Lat. 6° 55’, long. 73° 45’; alt. 2500 ft.) A small village in the forest
on the trail between Bucaramanga and the Magdalena, visited by Wyatt. (No.
106.)
Naranso.— (Alt. 1900 ft.) A locality on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes
above Buenaventura, visited by André.
Nare.— A place on the Magdalena River, one day’s sail above Puerto Berrio. (No.
100.)
Expedition No. 7; January 31, 1913, 4 specimens.
Nevapa pg Totima.— A locality given by Stone in his paper on the Detwiler col-
lection. The species recorded under this head indicate that the term does not
mean strictly the “snows” or paramo of Tolima but apparently refer to the
Central Andes in the Department of Tolima.
Noanami.— (Lat. 4° 48’, long. 76° 50’; alt. 100 ft.) A town on the San Juan River
in the Tropical Zone lowland forest of the Pacific coast region. Visited by
Palmer, Miller and Allen. (No. 17.)
Expedition No. 3, Dec. 29, 1911; Jan. 2, 1912; 91 specimens.
Névira.— (Lat. 5°, long. 76° 53’; alt. 150 ft.) A small town on the Rio Taman4
near its junction with the San Juan, in the Tropical Zone lowland forest of the
Pacific coast. Visited by Palmer, Miller and Allen. (No. 15.)
Expedition No. 3, Dec. 21-27, 1911; 178 specimens.
OcaNta.— (Lat. 8°, long. 73° 30’; alt. 3700 ft.) A town in a valley in the Eastern
Andes which Wyatt made his base for three weeks. The surrounding country .
“ig very bare and desolate; but the banks of small streams, which occur here and
there, are generally fringed with vegetation.” (No. 117.)
Onaca.— (Alt. 2000 ft.) A station in the Santa Marta region eighteen miles east-
southeast of Santa Marta visited by the Smith Expedition. It is at “the lower
border of the main mountain forest’ (Smith).
Opron.— A place on the Magdalena River, one day’s sail below Puerto Berrio. (No.
103.)
Expedition No. 7, January 27, 1913; 2 specimens. .
Pato Hvgco.— (Alt. 7250 ft.) A forested locality in the Bogoté region near Pacho,
at which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 91.)
Patomina.— (Alt. 5000 ft.) A locality in the Santa Marta group visited by Brown.
(No. 146.)
ParamILLo.— (Lat. 7° 18’, long. 75° 58’; alt. 12,500 ft.) A Temperate Zone island
near the northern end of the Western Andes, and possibly the highest point in
this range. Although collections were made at an altitude at which in the Cen-
tral Andes typical Paramo species were found, only Temperate Zone species
were secured. Diglossa gloriosissima, Diglossa brunneiventris and Scytalopus
canus were among the more interesting birds taken. (No. 32.)
Expedition No. 8, January 24-February 1, 1915; 168 specimens.
Paramo or Curruqua.— (Lat. 10° 51’, long. 73° 41’; alt. 11,000-15,000 ft.) A
station in the Santa Marta Mts., visited by Brown. (No. 152.)
Paramo or Macatama.— (Alt. 11,000-15,000 ft.) A station in the Santa Marta
group, visited by Brown. (No. 151.)
Paramo or Pamptona.— (Lat. 7° 3’, long. 73° 15’; alt. 10,000-11,500 ft.) A ridge
of the Eastern Andes northeast of Bucaramanga; visited by Wyatt. (No. 162.)
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 651
Paramo or Santa IsaBeu.— (Alt. 12,500 ft.) A camp in a valley of the Paramo
near the summit of the Central Andes north of the Quindio Trail. This is our
only paramo station lying at the base of snow fields, the presence of which appears
to be essential to the growth of highly developed paramo vegetation. The col-
lections made here include some paramo species, unknown elsewhere in Colom-
bia, and indicate that the Central Range is the main northward extension of the
Andean System. (No. 49.)
Expedition No. 3, September 13-21; 200 specimens.
Paramo or TaMA.— (Lat. 7° 15’ §., long. 72° 30’ W.; alt. 8000 ft.) ‘A somewhat
isolated mountain mass lying partly in Colombia and partly in Venezuela.
The collecting station in Colombia was near the extreme headwaters of the
Tachira River. Here the forest is somewhat broken and numerous meadows and
grassy openings occur, while higher up there is a small area of open rocky moun-
tain top with only narrow tongues of trees, but the extent of this is too limited
to support a true ‘paramo’ fauna so the life is mostly that of a forest region”
(W. H. Osgood). (No. 161.) Field Museum Expedition, W. H. Osgood and
8. G. Jewett.
Pasto.— (Lat. 1° 13’, long. 77° 28’; alt. 8134 ft.) A city in the Arid Temperate
Zone. No collections have been made here, but Pasto appears to have been the
shipping place for some few lots of skins which were apparently secured in the
forests of the Pacific slope. (See under Buthraupis edwardsi.) (No. 62.)
Paria Vattey.— (Alt. 2370 ft.) A deep, narrow valley on the headwaters of the
Patia, southwest of Popayan. It was described to us by Mervyn Palmer, who
passed through it in travelling from Quito to Cali, as arid and treeless. Good-
fellow, in journeying from Cali to Quito, also went through this valley, and
speaks of seeing certain birds in it not met with elsewhere. It has never been
zodlogically explored. Our plan to this end miscarried. (No. 59.)
Paruria.— A lagoon just off the east side of the Magdalena near Dique, visited by
Wyatt. (No. 104.) :
Pavas.— (Alt. 4400 ft.) A locality on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes, above
Buenaventura, visited by Palmer. (No. 23.)
Prque.— (Alt. 5000 ft.) A small town at which porters were secured for the ascent
of the Paramillo, at the lower limit of the cloud forest of the Subtropical Zone.
(No. 33.)
Expedition No. 8, February 4, 1915; 28 specimens.
Prrico.— (Lat. 7° 50’, long. 73° 33’; alt. 5300 ft.) ‘Three or four huts” on a range
of the Andes lying between Ocana and the Magdalena; visited by Wyatt. (No.
114.)
Puains or Totima.— A locality given by Stone in his report on the Detwiler collec-
tions. Probably the country lying between the Magdalena River and Ibagiie
through which this collector passed in going to the last-named city.
Piano DE Los Monos.— (Alt. 2600 ft.) A locality on the Pacific slope of the West-
ern Andes above Buenaventura. Visited by André.
Pocuné.— (Alt. 1970 ft.) A station at which Salmon collected, on the Rio Pocuné,
near Remedios. (No. 121.)
‘Popayan.— (Lat. 2° 26’, long. 76° 46’; alt. 5478 ft.) A city on the slopes of the
mountains bordering the southern end of the Cauca Valley. The surroundings
are chiefly grass-grown hills with some groups of trees and brush but no forest.
Faunally the region lies at the border of the arid Subtropical and Temperate
652 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXVI,
Zones. Delattre did some collecting here about 1846; Goodfellow passed
through in 1901; and there appear to have been some native-made skins sent
through Popayan from this general region, but the first important work in the
Andes west of Popayan was done by Miller and Richardson. (See under Cocal,
Gallera, Cerro Munchique and Andes w. of Popayan.) (No. 56.)
Expedition No. 2.
PorTRERRAS.— (Lat. 7° 26’, long. 73° 34’; alt. 7000 ft.) A hut, six days’ journey
from Ocafia on the road to Bucaramanga, visited by Wyatt. The surrounding
country is forested. (No. 112.)
PursBio Rico.— (Lat. 5° 10’, long. 76° 9’; alt. 5200 ft.) A locality near the head-
waters of the San Juan on the western slope of the Western Andes, visited by
Palmer. (No. 13.)
PUEBLO VizJo.— (Lat. 10° 58’, long. 73° 36’; alt. 8000 ft.) A locality in the Santa
Marta group visited by Brown. (No. 150.)
Puente AnpaLucta.— (Alt. 8263 ft.) A locality in the Bogotdé region near Sub-
‘achoque at which Manuel Gonzalez collected. (No. 90.)
Purrto Brerrio.— (Alt. ab. 400 ft.) A town on the west bank of the middle Mag-
dalena River, terminus of the railroad for Medellin. The immediately surround-
ing country is low and swampy and covered with bush-grown morasses or low
woods. (No. 101.)
Expedition No. 7; January 29, 30; 117 specimens.
Purrto Nacronau.— (Lat. 8° 15’, long. 73° 50’; alt. near sea-level.) A port on
the east side of the Mandolens i in the arid Tropical Zone at which Wyatt dis-
embarked on his journey to Ocafia. (No. 123.)
PuERTO VaLpivia.— (Lat. 7° 10’, long. 75° 48’; alt. 600 ft.) A station on the right
bank of the lower Cauca at the head of navigation and at the base of the western
slope of the Central Andes. The Western Andes rise from the left bank of the
river and both slopes are heavily forested. Collections made here show that
many species have entered this valley from the Atrato Valley, but that in a
number of cases they are represented in both valleys by quite different forms. -
(No. 35.)
Expedition No. 8; December 14-26, 1914; 334 specimens.
Puerto WitcuE.— (Lat. 7° 8’, long. 74; alt. 400 ft.) A port on the Magdalena
near “Dique” whence Wyatt embarked on his homeward journey. (No. 105.)
Puriricacion.— (Lat. 3° 55’, long. 75° 10’; alt. 1138 ft.) A town on the upper
Magdalena River between Giradot and Neiva from which come some native-
made skins. (No. 68.)
Qurrame.— (Alt. 4600 ft.) A town in the valley of the Rio Negro in the Eastern
Andes on the trail from Bogoté to Villavicencio. A scanty tree-growth borders
the river and inflowing streams but the sides of the valley are usually covered
with grasses or bushes. The barren hills bring certain Temperate Zone species
down to this altitude where, along the streams, Tropical Zone species are
found. A few Subtropical Zone species also occur and representatives of three
zones therefore meet at this place. (No. 168.) a
Expedition No. 7; February 25-27; 98 specimens.
Quispé.— (Lat. 5° 46’, long. 76° 44’; alt. 138 ft.) An important town at the head
of steamer navigation on the Atrato, from which Mrs. Kerr sent 40 specimens.
(No. 8.)
Quinpio.— An indefinite term doubtless applied to any part of the Quindio Trail
across the Central Andes from Ibagiie to Cartago. Spelled also Quindiu.
1917.] Chapman, Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia. 653
Remepios.— (Lat. 7°, long. 74° 45’; alt. 2360 ft.) One of Salmon’s most important
stations, situated on the Rio Ité which flows into the Magdalena. (No. 120.)
Remo.ino.— A place on the Lower Magdalena, near Calamar. (No. 129.)
Expedition No. 7; January 25, 1913; 5 specimens.
Retiro.— (Lat. 5° 58’, long. 75°50’; alt. 8000 ft.) A town in the Central Andes,
twenty-five miles south of Medellin, at which Salmon collected. (No. 42.)
Ricaurre.— (Alt. 5000 ft.) A station in the Subtropical Zone in southwestern
Colombia, said to be at an altitude of about 4500-5000 feet. It is described
by Richardson as being on the upper edge of the forested zone which extends
upwards from the coast. (No. 31.)
Expedition No. 6; September 12-30, 1912; 107 specimens.
Rio AnpacuEpa.— One of the sources of the Atrato from which Mrs. Kerr sent
eleven specimens. (No. 10.)
Rio Cason.— A small tributary of the San Juan, in western Colombia, visited by
Palmer.
Rio Catima.— A tributary of the San Juan which it joins near its mouth. Visited
by Palmer.
Rio Dacua.— A river which rises on the western slopes of the Western Andes above
Caldas and flows into Chocé Bay at Buenaventura. It is navigable as far as
Cisneros at its junction with Las Petitas. Collections have been made by
Hopke, André, Rosenberg, and Richardson at various stations on this river.
Rio Frio.— (Lat. 4° 11’, long. 76° 27’; alt. 3500 ft.) A station on the east bank
of the Cauca River in heavy, lowland tropical forest. With the exception of
Guehgiie it was our only collecting point of this nature in the upper Cauca
Valley. (No. 50.)
Expedition No. 3; November 23—-December 2, 1911; 143 specimens.
Rio Garrapatas.— A tributary of the Rio Sipi in western Colombia. Visited by
Palmer.
Rio Meta.— Principal Colombian affluent of the Orinoco, the navigable headwaters
of which lie at Barrigon within three or four days’ mule journey east of Villa-
‘vicencio. Gonzalez collected seventy-nine birds at Barrigon, and the British
Museum Catalogue of Birds lists specimens collected on the Meta by F. H.
Wheeler. , :
Rio Nercua.— One of the tributaries of the Truando (which see) which it enters
some thirty-six miles from the junction of the latter with the Atrato. Visited
by the Michler Expedition. (No. 4.)
Rio San Juan.— One of the more important rivers of western Colombia. On its
banks are situated Noanamé, and other localities visited by Palmer, Miller,
and Allen.
Rio Tocu#.— (Alt: 6800 ft.) A valley in the heart of the Central Andes but on
Magdalena drainage. The country surrounding the Posada at El Pie de San
Juan lacks forest growth, but the head of the valley is heavily wooded and would
repay more attention than we gave it. A distinct Towee-Finch (Atlapetes
flaviceps) was collected here. (No. 72.)
Expedition No. 3; October 23-27, 1911; 126 specimens.
Rio Truanpo.— A tributary of the Atrato which it enters from the west about
ninety miles from the Gulf of Urub4. The collections of the Michler Expedition
were made chiefly on this river and the Nercua, one of its branches. (No. 3.)
Satencro.— (Alt. 5500 ft.) A settlement on the eastern slope of the Western Andes,
654 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI,
west:of Cartago on the trail to the San Juan region. It lies just below the lower
limit of the Subtropical Zone forest. (No. 45.)
Expedition No. 3; December 9, 10, 1911; 28 specimens.
Sarento.— (Lat. 4° 40’, long. 75° 50’; alt. 6500ft.) The last town encountered before
crossing the Quindio Trail from the Cauca to the Magdalena Valleys. There is
no collecting ground in the immediate vicinity of the town, but the neighbor-
ing Boquilla Valley with the wooded barrancas opening into it and the forests on
the first ridge to the west (El Roble) were rich in bird-life. (No. 46.)
Expedition No. 2; September 25-October 2; October 31-November 6;
November 8-13, 1911; 342 specimens.
San Acustin.— (Alt. 5040 ft.) A town at the upper limit of the Tropical Zone near
the headwaters of the Magdalena. The immediate surroundings are semi-arid
and open, with timber only along the streams. Collections were made both near
the town and in the subtropical forests distant some hours. (No. 66.)
Expedition No. 5; April 9-25, 1912; 253 specimens.
San Antonio.— (Alt. 6600 ft.) A small settlement on the eastern slope of the
Western Andes a few hundred feet below the pass of Las Cruces, on the mule
trail from Buenaventura to Cali. It is one of our most important stations and
has also been visited by André and Palmer. The crest of the range and western
slope are covered with highly developed subtropical forest. The eastern slope,
after the first hundred feet, is grass-covered and devoid of trees or bushes. A
number of species of the arid tropics therefore ascend nearly to the pass. On
* the western slope, forest descends to La Tigra (5685 ft.). (No. 54.)
Expedition No. 1, January 4-February 21; March 30-April 7, 1911; 766
specimens. 2
San Francisco.— (Alt. 6000 ft.)