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| CoRNELL
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
LABORATORY
OF ORNITHOLOGY
LIBRARY
Tn
MANUAL
OF THE
VERTEBRATES
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES,
INOLUDING
THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, AND NORTH OF
NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, EXCLUSIVE
OF MARINE SPECIES.
BY
DAVID STARR JORDAN, Pu.D., M.D.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN INDIANA UNIVERSITY.
THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.
CHICAGO:
JANSEN, McCLURG & COMPANY.
1880.
COPYRIGHT,
JANSEN, MoCLURG & COMPANY.
A. D. 1876,
COPYRIGHT,
JANSEN, MoCLURG & COMPANY.
A.D. 1878,
DONNELLEY, LOYD & 00., OHIOAGO.
PREFACE
This book has been written to give collectors and students
who are not specialists, a ready means of identifying the families,
genera and species of our Vertebrate Animals. In deference to
the uniform experience of botanists, and in view of the remarkable
success achieved by Dr. Couns, in the application of the method to
Ornithology, the author has adopted the system of artificial keys.
To keep the book of a size convenient for field use, class and
ordinal characters have been abbreviated, since they do not lie
directly within the purpose of the work; generic characters have
been confined to the “key,” under the head of each family,
while for specific characters, only such points have been gen-
erally retained, as are distinctive as well as descriptive. The
same necessity has led to the suppression of many of the doubt-
ful or nominal “ species,” which still encumber our systematic
works, and to the omission of synonymy and references to auth-
orities, excepting in cases of recent or original changes of
nomenclature.
Use has been freely made of every available source of infor-
mation, and it is believed that the present state of our knowl-
edge is fairly represented. A list of the principal papers which
have proved useful in the preparation of this work may be found
on page 363.
The writer is under deep personal obligations for assistance,
criticism and advice, to many persons, among whom I may
especially mention Dr. Exxior Covuxzs, Prof. E. D. Copz, Dr.
THEODORE Gru, Prof. H. E. Copenanp, Mr. E. W. Nexson, Mr.
B. H. Van Vuecx, Mr. C. H. Gruperr and Dr. A. W. Brayton.
The present edition is from the same stereotype plates as the
second. From the latter it differs in some changes of nomencla-
ture, in the correction of occasional errors, and in other minor
respects. A few additional species are included in the Addenda,
8
4 PREFACE.
In the preparation of the second edition, it was “ found necessary
to entirely recast the account of the Fishes, in order to include
the results of recent investigations in that department. The
author has availed himself of this opportunity to substitute for
the artificial keys in the previous edition, a series of generic
diagnoses, which, while serving the purpose of a ‘key,’ also serve
to express the true relations of the species.’ The author regrets
that this change can not in the present edition be extended to all
the groups included in the work, as well as to the Fishes.
D. 8. J.
Buioomineton, Inp., Nov., 1879.
SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED.
4.=Incisor teeth.
c.=Canines.
pm.=Premolars.
m.=Molars.
Thus “i. #3” indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the
upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower.
“Toes 5-4” implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed.
Other signs are as used in Birds.
II.—Breps.
L,=Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of
longest tail feather); thus, “LL. 74” means, length 74 inches.
#.=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches.
W.=Length of wing (from bend of closed wing—carpal joint—
to tip of longest feather) in inches.
7.=Length of tail in inches (¢.¢., actual length of the longest tail
feather.)
B.=Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to
frontal feathers.)
Hd.=Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from
base of bill to nape.)
7Ts.=Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.)
Tel.=Length of middle toe with its claw.
The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to
represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or
more, in absolute length is nothing unusual; relative lengths, as of
wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have
preferred to say “L. 6,” to saying “L. 54 to 64.”
é=Male.
9=Female.
6 SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
>=More than, longer than, or more than equivalent to.
<=Less than, in its various senses.
= —Sign of equivalence.
The toes are numbered 1, 2,8,4; 1 being the hind toe, or
hallux; 2 the inner anterior toe; 3 the middle toe; and 4 the
outer toe.
III.—REpPri.es.
L.=Length in inches.
Sc. or Scales=Number of longitudinal rows of scales exclusive
of the ventral series.
G.=Number of ventral plates, or gastrosteges, counted along the
belly, from the throat to the vent. The figures given in the
descriptions are intended to be average, the actual number
being quite variable.
U.=Number of pairs of sub-caudal plates, or urosteges, counted
from the vent to the tip of the tail.
IV.—FIsHEs.
D.=Dorsal fin.
2d D.=Second dorsal fin.
P.=Pectoral fins.
V.=Ventral fins.
A.= Anal fin,
¢.=Caudal fin.
B.=Branchiostegals.
Roman numerals used with the above abbreviations indicate
the number of spines or ¢narticulate rays in a fin. Arabic numer-
als indicate the number of soft rays. In a fin contaiming both
spines and soft rays, a comma (,) separating the numerals indicates
that the two kinds of rays are continuous, or more or less
connected. A dash (—) indicates their separation. Thus, “D, X,
12,” describes a single dorsal fin with 10 spines and 12 soft rays;
“D, X—12,” indicates two dorsal fins—the first of 10 spines, the
second of 12 soft rays; “D, X—I, 12,” would indicate the
presence of a single spine in the second dorsal.
The posterior soft ray of the dorsal and anal fins is usually
split to the base. It should be counted as one ray and not as two.
SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETO. 7
Lat. l.=Lateral line, z.¢., the number of scales contained in its
course. When the lateral line is obsolete, “lat. 1.” signifies
the number of scales in a row from the head to the base of
the caudal fin. Thus, “lat. 1.36” means that there are 36
scales in a row along the sides from the head to the caudal.
In all cases the number of rays or scales, as given in the
descriptions, is intended to represent a fair average, and a vari-
ation of one-sixth, or even more, in either direction need not
surprise the student. Generally the spines and scales are more
constant in their numbers than the soft rays, and the fewer of
either, the less variable.
Depth in length=The greatest depth of the body as contained in
the distance along the side from the snout to the base of the
caudal.
Head in length=The distance from the snout along the cheeks to
the extremity of the opercle, as contained in the distance
from the snout to the base of the caudal.
Hye in head=Its longitudinal diameter as contained in the length
of the side of the head.
As above stated, these measurements, as given in the descrip-
tions, are intended to be the average of living adults, and must be
applied to young specimens or preserved ones with caution.
Young fishes are always much more elongated than adults, and
the eye is proportionally much larger.
A fin is said to be “Jong” when it has a long base, or is many-
rayed. A “fAdgh” fin is one in which the individual rays are
elongated.
PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORS
CITED IN THIS VOLUME.
.= Agassiz.
pie . A. Allen.
Auct.=Auctorum (of Authors.)
Aud.=Audubon.
Aud. & Bach.= Audubon &
Bachman.
Bd.=Baird.
B. & G.—Baird & Girard.
Bartr.—Bartram.
Beauv.=Palisot de Beauvais.
Bi.& Schn.=Bloch & Schneider.
Bodd.=Boddaert.
Bon., or Bp.=C. L. Bonaparte.
Brev.=Brevoort.
Brinn.=Brinnich.
Cab.=Cabanis.
Cass.—Cassin.
Coop.=Cooper.
Cuv.=Cuvier.
C. & V.=Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes, .
Daoud, =Daudin.
Dek.=Dekay.
Desm.=Desmarest.
Dum.=Dum¢éril.
Hrxl.=Erxleben.
Fitz.=Fitzinger.
Forst.=Forster.
@rd.=Girard.
Gin., or Gmel.=Gmelin.
Gray (Birds)=G. R. Gray.
Gray (Mam.é& Rept.) =J.E.Gray.
Gthr.=Giinther.
Hald.=Haldeman.
Holbr.=Holbrook.
Iilég.=Mlliger. =
Kirt.—Kirtland.
Lac.=Lacepéde.
Lafr.=Lafresnaye.
Lath.=Latham.
Latr.=Latreille.
Lawr.= Lawrence.
LeC.=LeConte.
Less.—Lesson.
LeS.=LeSueur.
Licht.=Lichtenstein.
L.=Linneus.
Mitch.=Mitchill.
Nutt.= Nuttall.
Poall.=Pallas.
Raf.=Rafinesque.
Retch.= Reichenbach.
Rich.=Richardson.
Ridg.= Ridgway.
Sab.—Sabine.
Sav.=Savigny.
Schi.=Schlegel.
Scl.=Sclater.
H. Smith=Hamilton Smith,
Steph.=Stephens.
Stor.—Storer.
Strickl.—Strickland.
Sund.=Sundevall.
Sw.=Swainson.
Temm.=Temminck.
Towns.=Townsend.
Val.=Valenciennes.
Vieill., or V.=Vieillot.
Vig.=Vigors.
Wagl.=Wagler.
Walb.=Walbaum.
Wils.= Wilson.
** Names of Authors not in the above list are usually
written in full.
8
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES.’
VERTEBRATA.
(The Vertebrates.)
The Vertebrates are, in popular language, “animals
with a back-bone.” They are distinguished from all
other animals, says Prof. Huxley, “by the circumstance
that a transverse and vertical section of the body
exhibits two cavities, completely separated from one
another by a partition. The dorsal cavity contains the
cerebro-spinal nervous system; the ventral, the alimen-
tary canal, the heart, and, usually, a double chain of
ganglia, which passes under the name of the ‘sympa-
thetic’ A vertebrated animal may be devoid of
articulated limbs, and it never possesses more than two
pairs. These are always provided with an internal
skeleton, to which the muscles moving the limbs are
attached.”
Without further discussion of this great group of
animals, we will proceed at once to the consideration of
the classes. Of existing vertebrates, we here recognize
9
10 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.
eight classes. These are: —1. Mammatia, or Mammals;
2. AvEs, or Birds; 3. Reprii1A, or Reptiles; 4. Barracu1a,
or Batrachians; 5. Pisces, or True Fishes; 6. Exasmo-
BRANCHII, or Selachians; 7. MARSIPOBRANCHLI, or Myzonts;
8. Leptocarpi, or Lancelets.
Of these classes, two, Hlasmobranchii and Leptocardii,
are represented by marine forms only, and do not,
therefore, come within the scope of this treatise.
The relations of the classes of Vertebrates may be
recognized by the following analysis, taken, in part,
from Prof. Gill’s “Arrangement of the Families of
Fishes.” Only the most obvious characters are here
referred to, although others, less striking, are often of
greater taxonomic value.
CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES.
* Respiration never performed after birth by means of branchiz.
+ Exoskeleton developed as hair (rarely obsolete); warm blood;
heart with four cavities; diaphragm complete; two occipital
condyles; viviparous; young developed from a minute egg,
and nourished for a time by milk secreted in the mammary
glands of the mother. - + + . Mammatra,
tt Exoskeleton developed as feathers; warm blood; heart with
four cavities; diaphragm incomplete; a single occipital
condyle; oviparous; young hatched from a comparatively
large egg; no mammary glands. . i A 7 AVES.
++} Exoskeleton developed as scales, or bony plates; cold blood;
heart with three cavities (four in Crocodilia); a single
occipital condyle; oviparous (or rarely ovoviparous); young
hatched from a rather large egg. ‘ ; . REprruia.
** Respiration performed by gills for a part, or the whole, of life;
cold blood.
¢ Skull more or less developed, with the notochord not continued
forwards beyond the pituitary body; brain differentiated
and distinctly developed; heart developed and divided
into at least an auricle and ventricle.
VERTEBRATA. 11
a. Skull well developed and with a lower jaw; nostrils paired,
b. No median rayed fins; limbs not developed as rayed
fins, but, if present, having the same skeletal elements
as in the higher vertebrates; skin usually naked;
respiration in the adult chiefly, or entirely, accom-
plished by means of lungs, the branchie rarely
persistent. ss , ; . . Barracura.
6b. Rayed fins present on oe line of the body; limbs
developed as rayed fins; at least one pair being always
present; respiration by means of branchie throughout
life; lungs not developed.
c. Membrane bones (operculum, etc.) developed in con-
nection with the skull; gills free; the branchial
openings a single slit on each side; exoskeleton
usually of scales, or plates, never placoid; eggs
small and numerous. : F . . Pisces.
cc. Skull without membrane bones; gills not free; the
branchial openings slit-like, usually several in
number; exoskeleton placoid, never of scales, but
usually composed of calcified papille of various
styles; eggs few and large. . ELASMOBRANCHIL.
aa. Skull imperfectly developed and with no lower jaw;
a single median nostril; paired fins undeveloped, with
no shoulder girdle nor pelvic elements; gills purse-
shaped; skin naked. y - MaRsIPOBRANCHII.
tt Skull undeveloped, with the notochord persistent and extend-
ing to the anterior end of the head; brain not distinctly
differentiated; heart none, LEPTOCARDII.
12 MAMMALS.
Class +.—flammalia.
(Zhe Mammais.)
A Mammal is a warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrate,
having the skin more or less covered with hair; vivipar-
ous; embryo developed from a minute egg, and provided
with an amnion and allantois; young nourished for a
time after birth by milk, secreted in the mammary
glands of the mother; respiration never by branchie,
but after birth by lungs, suspended freely in the thoracic
cavity, which is completely separated from the abdominal
cavity by a muscular septum (the diaphragm); heart
with four cavities; a complete double circulation. The
peculiarities of the skeleton are too numerous to be
noticed in this connection.
The following key to the Orders and Families of
Mammals which occur within our limits (omitting the
Seals and the Cetaceans, all our members of which
groups are marine), is mostly taken from Prof. Gill’s
“Arrangement of the Families of Mammals.” It has
been thought best not to give here any separate account
of the different orders, as, in the abundance of literature
on that subject, it seems unnecessary.
ORDERS OF MAMMALIA.
* Young not born until of considerable size and nearly perfect
development, deriving its nourishment, before birth, from
the mother through the intervention of a placenta; a well
developed corpus callosum. (MOoNOoDELPHIA.)
+ Brain with a relatively large cerebrum, overlapping much, or
all, of the cerebellum and olfactory lobes. (EpUCcABILIA.)
MAMMALS. 13
$ Anterior and posterior limbs and pelvis well developed;
femur and humerus not exserted beyond the common
integuments of the body.
a. Feet with developed claws; canines specialized; molars,
one or more, sectorial, adapted for cutting; incisors
4; chiefly carnivorous. . Carntvora, A,
aa. Feet with hoofs; molars mostly with grinding surfaces;
incisors various; no tusks; developed toes, four or
fewer; chiefly herbivorous. 7 . Uneurata, B.
tt Brain with a relatively small cerebrum, leaving behind much
of the cerebellum exposed, and, in front, much of the
olfactory lobes. (INEDUCABILIA.)
b. Canine teeth present, in some form; incisors not $ nor $.
e. Anterior limbs adapted for flight; ulna and radius
united; bones of hand and fingers much elon-
gated, supporting a thin, leathery skin, extending
along sides of body to the posterior limbs;
mamme pectoral. ‘ 2 CurIRorreRa, C.
ec. Limbs all adapted for walking; ulna and radius not
united; hand normal; mamme usually abdomi-
nal. : A F Insrcrrvora, D.
bb. No canine teeth; incisors $, rarely $, chisel shaped;
limbs adapted for walking. , Ropentia, E.
** Young born when of very small size and incomplete develop-
ment, never connected by a placenta to the mother; corpus
callosum rudimentary. (DmpELPHIA.) . Marsupran, F.
A. FAMILIES OF CARNIVORA.
* Intestinal canal provided with a cecum; feet digitigrade; toes
5-4.
+ Teeth 28 to 30; head broad; snout short; claws sharp,
retractile. : e ‘ . Fema, 1.
tt Teeth 38 to 46; snout tongs claws bluntish, non-
retractile. ‘ ‘ : ‘ . Cana, 2.
** Intestinal canal without a coecum; feet plantigrade, or, if not,
toes 5-5.
14 MAMMALS.
¢ Teeth less than 40; body rather slender; feet often more or
less perfectly digitigrade. é . 5 MustELIDé, 3.
tt Teeth 40 or 42; body stout; feet completely plantigrade.
a. Tail rudimentary; teeth 42; lower jaw with three true
molars; body very large and heavy. . Unrsipa, 4.
aa. Tail well developed; teeth 40; lower jaw slender, with
two true molars; body moderately stout.
Procyonip&, 5.
B. FAMILIES OF UNGULATA.
* Toes paired (artiodactylous); horns solid, deciduous; teeth 34
or 82. CERVID, 6.
C. FAMILIES OF CHIROPTERA.
* Snout not appendaged; tail inclosed in the membrane, or only
the last joint exserted. . : . VESPERTILIONIDA, 7.
D. FAMILIES OF INSECTIVORA.
* No external ear; fore feet greatly Sad ae ria for
digging; limbs very short. , ‘ TALPIDA, 8.
** An external ear; feet normal; hind feet usually longest.
Soriciwz, 9.
E. FAMILIES OF RODENTIA.
* Incisors 3; tail well developed.
+ Hair forming a fur, without spines.
a. Tail broad, flat and scaly; feet webbed; molars 44;
body stout and heavy. . . . Casroripas, 11.
aa. Limbs very short, about equal; fore claws much enlarged;
large external cheek pouches; body thick-set and heavy;
molars ## . . . . . G@Eomyma, 12.
aaa. Tail and hind legs excessively elongated, the latter
adapted for leaping; molars $$ . Zapopipa, 13,
aaaa. With none of the preceding combinations,
FELID.—1. Ff)
b. Molars $3 or #4; no foramen (as in the next); tail
lane tone and hairy; (squirrels, etc.) Scronmpaz, 10.
bb. Molars 3:3 to $:43 zygomatic process of upper jaw with
a fancy (rats and mice). ‘ . Moura, 14.
++ Fur with stiff ee basis toes with long, curved
claws. 3 3 . SPaLacopoprips, 15.
** Incisors $; the middle upper incisors large, grooved, the outer
ones small; teeth 28; tail very short; ears long.
Lzporiw4, 16.
F. FAMILIES OF MARSUPIALIA.
* Tail long, prehensile, nearly naked; feet plantigrade; incisors
£4; teeth 50. . . . . . Dmeneswpma, 1%
ORDER A.-CARNIVORA.
(The Flesh-Haters or Fere.)
FAMILY I.—FELIDA.
(The Cats.)
Digitigrade Carnivora with the toes 5-4; claws com-
pressed, very sharp, retractile; palms and soles hairy,
with naked pads under each toe and the ball of the foot.
Body compact; head short, broad androunded. Dentition
1. 3:3; c. 4:4; pm. $3 or 3:3; m.44=30 or 28; canine teeth
long and sharp; teeth all strongly trenchant; tongue with
short, retrorse papille. General aspect cat-like. A well-
_ known group comprising about fifty species, found in all
parts of the world excepting Australia and its islands.
* Premolars $°3, anterior upper one very small; tail at least half
as long as the body (exclusive of head and neck); fur compact
and glossy; earsnottuftedl. . . . . «. Fens, 1.
*t Premolars $4, (anterior upper one wanting); tail less than
half length of body proper; ears triangular, tufted. Lynx, 2,
16 MAMMALS.
I. FELIS, Linneus. Carts.
1. F. concolor, L. American PanrTHer. CovuGar.
Puma. Above tawny brownish yellow; a wash of dark-
er along dorsal line; dirty white below; large; body 4}
feet long. Whole continent of America, N. to lat. 50°
to 60°.
2. LYWX, Rafinesque. Wuip Cars.
1. L. canadensis, (Desm.) Raf. Canapa Lynx. Feet
very large, densely furred beneath in winter, concealing
the small, naked patches; tail black at tip; no distinct
bars on inner side of legs; much larger than the next, ,
with larger feet and longer fur. N. A.
2. L. rufus, (Guldenstadt.) Raf. American WILD
Cat. Inner sides of legs with dark cross bands; tail
witha black patch at end above, preceded by half rings.
U. §. and northward.
FAMILY II.—CANIDA.
(The Dogs.)
Digitigrade Carnivora with blunt, non-retractile claws;
toes 5-4. Muzzle more or less elongated. Dentition typi-
cally i. 3:3; c. 4:4; pm. $4; m. $2=42; canines large,
rather blunt. Both hemispheres.
* Tail comparatively short; upper incisors distinctly lobed ; pupil
circular. fae pe Me a a Cants, 1.
** Tail comparatively long and ushy upper incisors scarcely
lobed; pupil elliptical; body more slender.
+ Tail with soft fur and long hair; muzzle long. . Vuupns, 2.
++ Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs, and without soft
fur; muzzle shorter. . . . . . URocyon,3.
MUSTELID4.—ni. 17
1. CANIS, Linneus. Wotves.
1. €. fupus, L. Woxr. Color exceedingly variable:
northward it is chiefly gray, southward more and more
blackish and reddish, till in Florida black wolves pre-
dominate, and in Texas red ones. N. A. and northern
parts of the Old World. (C. occidentalis, Auct.)
2. VULPES, Brisson. Foxus.
1. V. vulgaris, Fleming. Rep Fox. Cross Fox. Sitver
Fox. Brack Fox. Chiefly red, with black feet and ears;
tip of tail white. A single species, widely variable in
color, as indicated by the common names. N. Am.
Europe (V. fudvus, Auct.)
3. UROCYON, Baird. Gray Foxss.
1. YU. cinereo-argentatus, (Schreb.) Coues. Gray
Fox. Chiefly gray; fur dusky or fulvous, hairs hoary at
tip; tip of tail usually dark. Penn. §., W. to the Pacific.
FAMILY ITI.—MUSTELIDA.
(The Weasels.)
Carnivora either plantigrade or digitigrade, with the
toes 5-5. Molars 4:4 (rarely 4:4); the upper and the last
lower one tubercular; no coecum. Most species provided
with glands near the anus which secrete a fetid liquid.
Some are strictly carnivorous while others are rather om-
nivorous. Size usually medium or small. They are found
in all parts of the earth excepting the Australian region.
* Last or true molar of upper jaw short, small, transversely elon-
gated; toes short; claws retractile. (MusTELIN2.)
+ Teeth 38; body slender; feet digitigrade; tail rather long; low-
er first molar with aninternal tubercle, . Musre.a, 1.
18 MAMMALS.
+} Teeth 34; body slender; feet digitigrade; tail usually long;
sectorial tooth without internal tubercle. . Purorrvus, 2.
++ Teeth 388; body stout; feet sub- a ame tail as long as
head, very full and bushy. Bee - Guto, 3.
** True molar of upper jaw very large, beeen tubercu-
lar; fore claws much lengthened, for digging. (MELINZ.)
a. Body short and stout; tail very short; teeth 32. TaxipEa, 4.
*** True molar of upper jaw quadrangular, wide, very large, with
an outer cutting ridge; claws non-retractile, fore claws
lengthened, fossorial. (MEPHITIN2.) .
b. Snout pointed; colors black and white; fetid glands highly
developed; teeth 34. : : , Merpaitis, 5.
**** True molar large, quadrate; teeth 36; body elongated; toes
palmate, adapted for swimming. (Lutrimvz.) Lurra, 6.
1. MUSTELA, Linnzeus. Martens.
1. M. americana, Turton. Sapte. Pine Marren.
Chiefly reddish yellow, clouded with black; legs and
tail, blackish; length less than two feet. Maine to
Oregon, and northward.
2. M. pennantii, Erxleben. Fisazr. Buack Car. Color,
variable ; belly, legs, tail, and hind parts chiefly black;
length more than two feet. Northern N. A.
2. PUTORIUS, Cuvier. WeaseEts.
1. P. vulgaris, Cuvier. Least WrasEt. Liver-brown,
white beneath; usually white in winter; tail never
really black at tip ; body 6 to 7 inches long. N. U.S.
and northward, also Old World.
2. P. ermineus, Cuvier. Common WeasreL. Ermine.
Colors various; tip of tail usually black; white in
winter, northward. Length of body 8 to 11 inches.
URSIDA.—IV. 19
N. Am. and Old World, abundant. (P. noveboracensis,
cicognantt, etc., of authors.)
3. P. vison, Gapper. Common Minx. Brownish
chestnut ; tail black or nearly so; length of body 15
to 20 inches. N. A. .
3. GULO, Storr. WotveErtnes.
1. G. luscus, (L.) Sabine. Wotverinr. Dark brown;
legs and beneath black. N. U.S. and N.
4. TAXIDEA, Waterhouse. BapceErs.
1. T. americana, (Bodd.) Baird. American BapcEr.
Chiefly grayish. Wisconsin, N. and W.
5. MEPHITIS, Cuvier. Sxunxs.
1. M. mephitica, (Shaw) Baird. Common: Sxunx.
Usually black with tip of tail, dorsal stripes and nuchal
patch white; sometimes all black or even nearly all
white. Mexico to Arctic regions, an abundant and fa-
miliar species. (JZ. chinga, Tiedemann.)
6. LUTRA, Linneus. Orrers.
1. L. canadensis, Sabine. AmeErican Orrer. Liver-
brown; length 44 feet. U.S.
FAMILY IV.—URSIDA.
( The Bears. )
Plantigrade Carnivora having the body thick and
clumsy. Tailrudimentary. Teeth 42; molars broad and
tuberculated, according with the omnivorous diet. Species
few and widely distributed,—in North America, there are
probably but three, although many have been described,
the Polar Bear Thalarctos maritimus, the Grizzly Bear,
Ursus horribilis, and the following.
50 MAMMALS.
7. URSUS, Linnzus. Berars.
1. U. americanus, Pallas. Brown, Biack or CIN-
namMon Berar. Color, size, etc., exceedingly variable,
but the several forms or varieties intergrade perfectly.
N. Am.
FAMILY V.—PROCYONIDA.
(The Raccoons.)
Plantigrade Carnivora of moderate size, with the body
comparatively slender and the tail well developed. Teeth
40. Snout more or less elongated; no coecum. Genera
two,—Nasua, the Coatimundi of Mexicc, and the follow-
ing, all American.
1. PROCYON, Storr. Raccoon.
1. P. /otor, (L.) Storr. Common Raccoon. “Coon.”
Grayish white; hairs black-tipped; tail with black rings.
U.8.; abundant.
ORDER B.—UNGULATA.
(The Hoofed Mammais).
FAMILY VI.—CERVIDA.
(The Deer).
Horns deciduous, solid, developed from the frontal
bone, more or less branched, covered at first by a soft,
hairy integument, known as “velvet”; when the horns
attain their full size, which they do in a very short time,
there arises at the base of each a ring of tubercles known
as the “burr; ” this compresses and finally obliterates the
CERVIDA.—V1L 21
blood-vessels supplying the velvet, which dries up and is
stripped off, leaving the bone hard and insensible; the
horns or “antlers” are shed annually, the separation of
the “beam” from its “pedicel” taking place just below
the burr ; the antlers are wanting in the female (except-
ing in the Reindeer) but they are usually present in
the male. Herbivorous; stomach in four divisions, of
the ordinary ruminant pattern. Dental formula, i. $:9;
c. (usually) $:9; pm. 3:3; m. 2:3. A widely distributed
family.
* Horns (in males only) very broadly palmated to the tip; nose
very broad, entirely hairy except asmall naked spot between,
nostrils. ‘ ‘ ‘ ALCE, 1.
** Horns (in both sexes) broadly palmated at tip; nose entirely
hairy, é . . . RANGIFER, 2.
*** Horns (in males only) fauniea: more or less; rarely sub-pal-
mated; nose naked and moist.
+ Horns large, curving backward, with the snags all directed
forward, one of them immediately above the burr; tail very
short; hoofs broad and rounded; size very large.
CERvvs, 3.
tt Horns smaller, curving forward, the first snag short, at some
distance above the base, and like the others curving
upward; tail rather long; hoofs rather elongate; size
smaller. - 3 : 3 s - ‘ Cariacvs, 4,
1. ALCE, Hamilton Smith. Exxs.
1. A. americanus, Jardine. Moosz. AMERICAN ELE.
Largest of our Cervide, reaching the size of a horse.
Maine and N. N. Y. to Oregon and N.
2. RANGIFER, Hamilton Smith. REINDEER.
1. R. caribou, Aud. & Bach. Woopianp CaRrtrzovu.
ReInvDEER. Maine to Hudson’s Bay and Lake Superior;
perhaps the same as the Reindeer of Europe (A.
tarandus.)
22 MAMMALS.
8. CERVUS, Linneus. DEER.
1. @. canadensis, Erxleben. “American ELK.”
Wapirt. Chestnut red, grayish in winter; size nearly
equal to that of the Moose. Alleghany region of Penn.
and Va., Wis. (near Green Bay, Van Vieck,) Yellow-
stone region and W.
4. CARIACUS, Gray. Rep DzEr.
1. €. virginianus, (Bodd.) Gray. Virernta DEER. RED
Derr. General color chestnut red, grayish in winter.
Maine to Rocky Mountains and 8., abundant in many re-
gions.
ORDER C.—CHIROPTERA.
(The Bats.)
FAMILY VII.—VESPERTILIONIDA.
(The Ordinary Bats.)
Insectivorous Bats with the snout not appendaged, or
merely with two lateral excrescences. Wing membranes
ample. Tail completely enclosed in the interfemoral
membrane or only the last joint exserted.
* Cheeks without excrescences; ears moderate,
+ Incisors $3. . oe ee) 6 VESPERTIIO, 1.
thIncisors$#$-006.0¢«.¢«.¢«.@¢«.~€02 ATALAPHA, 2.
** Cheeks with two large excrescences; ears excessively large,
an inch high; teeth 86,133. . . Corynorurnus, 3.
1. VESPERTILIO, Linneus. Trrrcau Bars.
> Scotophilus, Leach.
* Teeth 38; molars ¢-§; species with thin wings and ears. (Ves-
pertilio.)
1. V. subulatus, Say. Litrtu Brown Bar. Face
VESPERTILIONID&.—VILI. 23
small, fox-like, with high forehead and pointed snout;
ears large, oval, twice the height of the erect tragus;
wings naked; interfemoral membrane naked except at
base, face whiskered; color dull olive-brown. L. 3; E.
9; T.13. N.Am.; abundant every where. A smalland
very variable species. (V. lucifugus, Le C.)
** Teeth 36; molars $3. (Vesperides.)
2. V. noctivagans, LeC. Sitver Buack Bat. Tragus
almost as broad as high, scarcely one-third height of ear;
femoral membrane entirely though scantily furred; fur
long and silky, black, usually with silvery tips to the
hairs. L. 34; E.12; T. 13. U.S. generally.
*** Teeth 34; molars $2; stouter species, with thicker wings and
more leathery ears. (Vesperugo.)
3. V. georgianus, F. Cuvier. Groreia Bat. Tragus
slender, erect, half the height of the auricle; upper in-
cisors about equal in size; femoral membrane one-third
furred; dark reddish brown, brighter forwards. L. 3;
E. 9; T.14. Maine to Texas; chiefly southward.
#e&* Teeth 82; molars $43 stout species. (Vesperus.)
4. V. fuseus, Beauv. Carotina Bat. Dusky Bart.
Tragus never pointed, nearly half as high as auricle;
wings naked; interfemoral membrane furred at base;
ears more or less turned outward; upper lateral incisors
small, scarcely visible. L.3 to 4; E.12; T. 13. U.S;
a widely diffused species. (V. carolinensis, Geoff. St.
Hilaire.)
2. ATALAPHA, Rafinesque. Rep Bats.
* Teeth 30; molars #4; upper incisors small; wings naked and
interfemoral membranes nearly so. (Mycticejus.)
1. A. crepuscularis, (Le C.) Coues. Twiticur Bat.
Ears small, wide apart; a small wart above eye; fur
24 MAMMALS.
rather scanty; dark fawn color above, passing into
brownish below; L. 34; E.9; T.14. Penn. to Mo., and
S.W. :
** Teeth 32; molars ga. upper incisors stout; interfemoral mem-
brane hairy above, and wings with furry patches (Laszurus.)
2. A. noveboracensis, (Erxl.) Coues. Rep Bar. Fur
long and silky, reddish brown, mostly white at tip; lips
and ears not edged with black; a whitish tuft at base
of thumb; L. 33; E. 12; T. 1%. U.S., every where.
An abundant species, readily known by its reddish color.
3. A. cinereus, (Beauv.) Coues. Hoary Bar. Rich
chocolate - brown, overlaid with white; lips and ears
marked with black; L.5; E.14; T. 24. U.S., rather
northward, rare. (V. pruinosus, Say.)
3. CORYNORHINUS, Harrison Allen. Brg-Earnp Bars.
1. €. macrotis, (Le C.) H. Allen. Big-Earep Bat.-
Blackish, fur soft and long; L. 33; E. 11; T. 13. Va. to
Missouri region and 8.
ORDER D.—INSECTIVORA.
(The Insect Haters.)
FAMILY VIII.—TALPIDA.
(The Moles.)
Body stout, thick, and clumsy, without visible neck.
Eyes rudimentary, sometimes concealed. No external
ears. Limbs very short; feet greatly expanded and
provided with strong claws, adapted for digging; anterior
limbs much larger than posterior. Scapula as long as
humerus and radius together. Canines usually present.
SORIOID #.—IX. 95
Fur compact, soft and velvety. Found on both conti-
nents.
* Nose elongated, not fringed; nostrils superior or lateral; tail
short.
+ Teeth 36; nostrils partly superior; tail nearly naked.
ScaLops, 1.
tt Teeth 44; nostrils lateral; tail densely hairy. Scapanus, 2.
** Nose elongated, fringed at end with a circle of long fleshy
projections; nostrils terminal; tail nearly as long as body;
teeth 44, - ‘ : ‘ : ConDYLURA, 3.
1. SCALOPS, Cuvier. Surew Moxzs.
1. §. aquaticus, (L.) Fischer. Common Motz. Dark
plumbeous, paler below; feet full webbed; eyes not
covered by skin. E.U.S.; an abundant and well known
species.
2. §. argentatus, Aud. & Bach. Prarrrze Motz.
Silvery plumbeous; said to be larger and more silvery
than the preceding. Ohio and W., chiefly in the prairie
region.
2. SCAPANUS, Pomel. Hatry-Tartep Morzs.
1. S. brewer, (Bach.) Pomel. Harry-Tamzep Moz.
Dark plumbeous, with brown gloss. E. U.S.
3. CONDYLURA, Wliger. Srar-nosep Motzs.
1. €. cristata, (L.) Desmarest. Srar-nosep Motz.
Blackish. U.§., chiefly northerly, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
FAMILY IX.—SORICIDA.
(The Shrews.)
Mouse-like Insectivora, with the eyes and external
ears distinctly developed. Muzzle elongated. Feet
normal, not fossorial; the fore-feet mostly smaller than
the hind ones. Teeth 18%22, no canines. The most
2
26 MAMMALS.
abundant and widely distributed family of the Insecti-
vora. The assumed specific distinctions in this family
are utterly worthless, and it is at present impossible to
characterize the species. The following are the best
known. (See Addenda.)
* Ears large; auricle directed backwards; tail about as long as
the body; upper anterior incisors with a second basal hook,
and an angular process on the inner side near the point.
Sorex, 1.
** Ears small, concealed by the fur; tail not longer than head;
auricle directed forwards; upper anterior incisor without
above-mentioned hook and process. 7 . Barina, 2.
1. SOREX, Linnzus. Surews.
1. §. platyrhinus, (Dek.) Wagner. Common SHREW.
A small, long-nosed, large-eared species, of a chestnut
color, having the tail much shorter than head and body;
said to be abundant in the Eastern and Middle States.
2. §. eooperi, Bach. WustTERN Surew. Still smaller;
color light chestnut; tail nearly as long as head and
body. New England, N. and W.
2. BLARINA, Gray. Suort-Tarep Surews.
1. B. brevicauda, (Say) Baird. More Surew. Tail
less than one-third length of head and body; color
brownish gray. E.U.S8., the common species.
ORDER E.— RODENTIA.
(The Rodents or Glires.)
FAMILY X.—SCIURIDA.
(The Squirrels.)
Rodents with the molars §:§ (upper anterior often
deciduous), the last 4 of nearly equal size; a distinct
postorbital process of frontal bone; tibia and fibula
SCIURIDZ.—x. 27
distinct. Species of rather small size, widely distributed.
The variations in color, etc., are extremely great, and
the number of well-defined species is very much less
than was once supposed.
* A densely furred membrane extending along the sides between
the anterior and posterior limbs; tail depressed, flattened,
densely furred; permanent molars 5-5 above.
: ScruropTerves, 1.
** Sides without membrane for “ flying.”
+ No cheek pouches; tail bushy, at least as long as body; ears
long; no black stripes along the back. . ScruRus, 2.
++ Cheek pouches present.
t Back with 3 to 5 distinct black stripes; tail shorter than
body, not bushy; cheek pouches well developed.
Tamias, 3.
tt Not as above; body rather slender, squirrel-like; cheek
pouches well developed; claw of thumb rudimentary
or wanting. F ‘ SPERMOPHILUS, 4.
ttt Body large, thick-set, depressed; cheek pouches shallow;
thumb rudimentary, armed with a small flat nail, not a
claw; soles naked. ‘ ‘ . ARctomys, 5.
7. SCIUROPTERUS, F. Cuvier. Firyinc SQurrreEts.
< Pteromys, Cuvier.
1. S. volucella, (Pall.) Geoff. Common Fiyine
SqurrrEL. Yellowish brown, creamy white below. N.
Am., abundant. (P. volucella, etc., authors.)
2. SCIURUS, Linnzus. SQuiRRELs.
1. S. niger, Linn. Fox Squrrrer. Upper molars
permanently 4; tail very large and bushy; general color
rusty gray, varying from almost white, through various
shades of rusty red to jet black, the latter color rare
northward, reddish and orange shades predominating
westward; L. 26; T. 14. E. U.S., very abundant in the
28 MAMMALS.
Mississippi region. Leading varieties are: var. niger,
the Southern form, gray to black with the ears and nose
white; var. cinereus, the Eastern form, with short ears,
scarcely longer than the fur; and var. Zudovicianus, the
Western form, with high ears and a prevailing tinge of
orange red.
2. §. carolinensis, Auct. Gray Squirret. Biack
SquirreL. Upper molars 5; varies from grizzly yellow-
ish gray to pure jet black; L. 24; T.13. N. Am., E. of
the plains, abundant.
3. S. hudsonius, Pallas. Rep SquirREL. CHICKAREE.
Chiefly rusty red, back with a wash of brighter red;
L. 14; T. 63. N. Am., rather northerly; abundant.
3. TAMIAS, Tlliger. Grounp SquiRRELs.
1. T. striatus, (L.) Baird. Carrpmenn. Grounp Squir-
REL. Back and sides with five black stripes; L. 11; T.
44, Maine to Va., and westward; abundant.
4. SPERMOPHILUS, Cuvier. GoPHERs.
1. §. tridecemlineatus, (Mitch.) Aud. & Bach.
Srripep Gopnrer. Dark brown, with light stripes
alternating with lines of dots, about thirteen in all; L.
10; T.4. Prairies; Ark. to the Saskatchawan.
2. 8. franklini, (Sab.) Rich. Gray Goruzr. Yellow-
ish gray, mottled with brown; L. 15; T. 53. Prairies;
Til. and northward.
5. ARCTOMYS, Schreber. Marmors.
1. A. monax, (L.) Gmel. Woopcuuck. Grounp Hoe.
Grizzly gray, varying to chestnut and blackish. Hud-
son’s Bay to Va., and westward; common.
GEOMYIDZ.— XI. 29
FAMILY XI.—CASTORIDA.
(The Beavers.)
Aquatic Rodents of large size, having the molars
rootless, #4, or £4; fore feet with five distinct toes and
claws; tibia and fibula distinct; no postorbital process.
A small family, containing but two existing genera,
Haplodontia of our N.W. coast, and Castor.
* Molars 44 above; hind feet webbed; tail broad, flat, and scaly.
Castor, 1.
1. CASTOR, Linnzeus. BrEavers.
1. C. fiber, L. Braver. Mexico to the Polar Sea;
now being rapidly exterminated. (C’. canadensis, Kuhl.)
FAMILY XII.— GEOMYIDA.
(The Pouched Gophers.)
Cheek pouches large and distinct, opening outside of
the mouth. Molars 4:4; incisors large and thick; skull
heavy; temporal bones enormously developed. Limbs
about equal, the fore claws, five in number, very large;
tibia and fibula united. Body thick-set and clumsy.
Genera two, Geomys and Thomomys, all North Ameri-
can, and chiefly inhabiting the central plains; habits
nocturnal and subterranean.
* A large groove near the middle of each upper incisor; crown
of molars elliptical. ss ‘ . : ‘ Gzomys, 1.
1. GEOMYS, Rafinesque. Poucnep GoPruHERs.
1. G. bursarius, (Shaw) Rich. Pocker Gopusr. Red-
dish brown, with plumbeous tinge. Prairies, Wis. and
Tils., westward.
FAMILY XIII.—ZAPODIDA.
(The Jumping Mice.)
Hind legs greatly elongated, adapted for taking long
leaps; fore legs short. Tail very long. Molars 44;
30 MAMMALS.
tibia and fibula united. Contains, probably, but a single
species, inhabiting the Northern U. &., related to the Old
World Jerboas.
1. ZAPUS, Coues Jumpine Micz.
= Jaculus, Wagler.
1. Z. hudsonius, (Zimmermann) Coues. Yellowish
brown. U.S., chiefly northward; variable.
FAMILY XIV.— MURIDA.
(The Mice.)
Incisors 3; molars usually 3:3; anteorbital foramen a
vertical slit, widening above and bounded externally by
a broad plate of the upper maxillary; coronoid and
condyloid processes of lower jaw well developed. A
large family, found in all parts of the globe, some of the
species (Mus) being cosmopolitan, having accompanied
man in his migrations through the ages; all are of small
size, the muskrat being one of the largest, and many are
smaller than any other quadrupeds, except the Shrews.
* Incisors laterally compressed; molars rooted. (MuRIN#&.)
+ Molars with three tubercles in transverse series; soles naked;
tail long, scaly ; (Old World species, introduced in America.)
Mos, 1.
tt Molars complicated, with two tubercles in transverse series;
soles usually hairy; (New World species.)
a. Ratlike; size large; ears large, rarely naked. Nrotoma, 2.
aa. Mouse-like; size small.
b. Incisors not grooved; ears very large; feet and lower
parts usually white. . . HEspPrrRomys, 8.
bb. Size very small; upper incisors grooved longitudinally.
along their anterior surface. . OcuHEToDon, 4.
** Incisors very broad; molars rootless (except in Hvotomys).
}¢ Tail not specially compressed; teeth not grooved.
MURIDA.—XIv. 31
¢. Molars rooted; coronoid process of lower jaw, not reaching
level of condyle; ears overtopping the fur. Evoromys, 5.
ce. Molars rootless; coronoid process as high as condyle; ears
more or less concealed. : ‘ ¥ ARVICOLA, 6.
tt Upper incisors grooved; root of lower incisor ending
abruptly opposite the last molar; ears large.
Synaptomys, 7.
tH Tail scant-haired, vertically flattened; hind feet partly
webbed; size large. e. ® mS FIser, 8.
7. MUS, Linneeus. OLtp Wortp Rats anv Mick.
1. M. decumanus, Pallas. Brown or Norway Rat.
Tail nearly an inch shorter than head and body, grayish
brown above; paler below; feet dusty white; fur mixed
with stiff hairs; cosmopolitan; introduced into America
about 1775, and now the commonest species.
2. M. rattus, L. Buack Rat. Tail not shorter than
head and body; sooty black, plumbeous below; feet
brown; introduced about 1544, but now being supplanted
by the preceding.
3. M. alexandrinus, Geoff. Roor Rat. WaHits-
Beturep Rat. Introduced in the Southern States.
4. M. musculus, L. Common House Movsz. Cosmo-
politan; every where too well known.
2. NEOTOMA, Say. & Ord. Woop Rats.
1. MW. floridana, S. & O. Woop Rar. Tail scantily
hairy, scarcely as long as body without head; feet
entirely white; L.14; T.6, or less. S. U.S, N. to
Mass. and Ills.
3. HESPEROMYS, Waterhouse. Wutrr-FooTEeD Micz.
* Fur soft and glossy; lower parts white; soles naked, or slightly
hairy; tail closely hairy; ears large. (Vesperimus.)
1. H. leucopus, (Raf.) LeC. DEER Mouss. WuitE-
82 MAMMALS.
FOOTED Movsz. Yellowish brown; tail distinctly bicolor,
about as long as head and body; hind feet more than
inch. N. Am.; abundant.
2. H. michiganensis, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagner. Mucut-
aan Movs. Tail little longer than body without head,
bicolor; hind feet less than # inch; dark brown; a
darker dorsal band; L. 3, or less, to base of tail. Upper
Miss. Valley to Mich., etc.
3. H. aureolus, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagner. Rep Movsz.
Yellowish cinnamon, bright especially on ears; belly not
pure white. Pa. to IIls., and 8.
** Soles naked; tail scant-haired. about as long as head and body;
ears small. (Oryzomys.)
4: H. palustris, (Harlan) Baird. Rick-rreLtp Movss.
Blackish and ashy above, becoming paler below; fur
harsh, but compact; a large rat-like species. S. States,
N. to N. J. and Kas.
4. OCHETODON, Coues. Harvest Mice.
< Reithrodon, Baird.
1. 0. humilis, (Aud. & Bach.) Coues. Harvest Mouse.
Tail shorter than head and body; appearance decidedly
mouse-like. U.S&., southerly, N. to Iowa.
5. EVOTOMYS, Coues. Lone-EaRED Micx.
< Arvicola, Bd.
1. E. rutilus (Pall.) var. gapperi, (Vigors) Coues. Lone-
EARED Mouse. Color chestnut; ears prominent; a
brownish dorsal band; size of common mouse. North-
ern frontier, S. to Mass.
6. ARVICOLA, Lacepede. Firtp Micz.
* Back upper molar with two external triangles and a posterior
crescent; middle upper molar with two internal triangles;
front lower molar with three internal and two or three lateral
triangles; size large. (Myonomes.)
SPALACOPODID4.— XV. 33
1. A. riparius, Ord. Mzapvow Movusz. Fore claws
not longer than hind claws; tail one-third length of
head and body, or more. U. §.; generally abundant.
** Back upper molar with one exterior triangle and a posterior
trefoil; middle upper molar with one internal triangle; front
lower molar with two internal and one external triangle;
fore claws not larger than hinder; fur ordinary; size
medium. (Pedomys.)
2. A. austerus, LeC. Tail one-third length of head
and body, or less. Western States, E. to Michigan.
*** Teeth as in Pedomys; fore claws larger than hinder; fur
dense, silky, mole-like; size small. (Pdtymys.)
3. A. pinetorum, LeC. Prye Mouse. Tail about one-
fourth length of head and body. E. U.S. :
7. SYNAPTOMYS, Baird. Coorrr’s Movuss.
1. S. cooperi, Baird. Head short and heavy; fur soft
and long. W. States, E. to Ind.
8. FIBER, Cuvier. Musxrats.
1. F. zibethicus, (L.) Cuv. Muskrat. Musquasn. A
well-known aquatic animal, the largest of our Murida.
N. Am.; every where.
FAMILY XV.—SPALACOPODIDA.
(The Poreupines.)
Body more or less armed with spines. Molars rooted,
44. Toes 4-5 in ours, sub-equal, with long, com-
pressed, curved claws; soles warty. Muzzle hairy;
upper lip without a groove; chiefly arboreal; nearly all
are South American. The above characters apply rather
to the sub-family Cercolabinw, to which our genus
belongs, than to the whole family.
34 MAMMALS.
1. ERETHIZON, ¥. Cuvier. American PorcuPrineEs.
1. E. dorsatus, (L.) F. Cuvier. Wairz-aa1rep Porcu-
ping. Dark brown, spines chiefly white. N. Am., 8. to
Mexico.
FAMILY XVI.— LEPORIDA.
(The Hares.)
Incisors $, the extra pair in upper jaw small, and
placed behind the principal pair, which are grooved in
front; molars §:§. A single well-known genus, widely
distributed.
1. LEPUS, Linneus. Harzs.
* Fur white in winter.
1. L. americanus, Erxleben. Wautrr Ragpir. Norra-
ERN Hare. Size large; hind feet longer than head;
ears about equal to length of head; fur, in summer,
cinnamon brown, in winter, becoming white at the
surface, plumbeous at base, with a broad median band
of reddish brown. Wooded districts, New England to
Minn., and §. to Va., along the Alleganies.
** Fur never white.
2. L. sylvaticus, Bachman. Gray Rasszir. Size
small; hind feet not longer than head; ears two-thirds
length of head; gray above, varied with black, and more
or less tinged with yellowish brown; below white. U.S.
eastward; less northerly than the preceding. Two
Southern species, J. palustris, Bach., the Marsh Rabbit,
and ZL. aquaticus, Bach., the Water Rabbit, abound in
8. Ills. (WVedson.)
DIDELPHIDIDZ.— XVII. 35
ORDER F.—MARSUPIALIA.
(The Marsupials.)
FAMILY XVII.— DIDELPHIDIDA.
(The Opossums.)
Marsupial mammals of small size, with the teeth i. $4,
c. 4:4, pm. #3, m.¢4. Feet five-toed, plantigrade, claws
5-4. Tail usually very long, nearly naked, covered by a
scaly skin, with a few scattered hairs, prehensile. All
the species are American.
1. DIDELPHYS, Linnzeus. Opossums.
1. D. virginiana, Shaw. Common Opossum. Dirty
white; legs dark; L. 385; T.14. N.Y. to Rocky Moun-
tains, rather southerly; common.
36 BIRDS.
Class TI. — Abes.
( The Birds.)
A Bird may be defined as an air-breathing vertebrate
with a covering of feathers; warm blood; a complete
double circulation; the two anterior limbs (wings)
adapted for flying or swimming, the two posterior limbs
(legs) adapted for walking or swimming; respiration
never effected by gills or branchie, but, after leaving
the egg, by lungs which are connected with air cavities
in various parts of the body. Reproduction by eggs,
which are fertilized within the body and hatched
externally, either by incubation or exposure to the heat
of the sun; the shell calcareous, hard and brittle.
Much more might be added, but the obvious distinction
is this: — All Birds have feathers, and no other animat
has feathers.
The classification of this group, as of most others, is
still in an unsettled condition. Strictly speaking, the
existing members of the class are so closely related that
they might, with propriety, be combined into one order,
which, by Prof. Gill, has been named Eurniprpura. At
present, however, the term “order” may be applied to
the groups so designated below, without thereby implying
any such structural differences as exist. between the
“orders” of Reptiles or Fishes.
We now proceed to an artificial key to the
ORDERS OF BIRDS.
* Toes 8: twoinfront,one behind. . . . Prcarra, H.
** Toes 8: all in front; toes cleft or semipalmate. Liuacona, M.
BIRDS. 3T
*** Toes 4: two in front, two behind.
Bill cered and hooked. ‘ ‘ - Psrrracr, I.
Bill lengthened, not cered nor hooked. Prcari#, H.
*#*€* Toes 4: three in front, one behind.
I. Toes not webbed at all, cleft to the base, or with the basal
joints immovably coherent.
a. Hind toe inserted on a level with the rest and generally
longer than the shortest anterior toe.
. Claw of hind toe at least as long asthat of middle toe.
+ Bill without cere, never very strongly hooked; outer
toe not versatile. . ‘ 2 ‘ PassEREs, G.
tt Bill with cere, strongly hooked; outer toe usually
versatile; claws very sharp and strong. RarTorEs, J.
6b. Claw of hind toe shorter than that of middle toe.
$ Bill stoutish; nostrils opening beneath a soft, swollen
membrane (shrunken in drying). CoLuMBz, K.
tf Bill tenuirostral, very slender; secondaries 6, very
short. Humming-birds. ‘ . Picaria, H.
aa. Hind toe elevated above the level of the rest, and usually
shorter than the others.
¢. Bill fissirostral—culmen very short, but gape very wide
and deep, reaching to below eyes. . Prcarr#, H.
cc. Bill lengthened, not fissirostral.
d. First primary emarginate, or else about as long as
second. F ae ‘ ‘ Limico.a, M.
dd. First primary not sala much shorter than
second. . . . . ALECTORIDEs, O.
II. Toes syndactyle — without sein but with the outer and
middle toes coherent half their length. . Picarza, H.
III. Toes semipalmate; two or three of them joined at base only
by evident movable webbing.
e. Hind toe inserted on a level with the rest.
f. Tibie feathered below.
g. Bill cered and hooked; claws sharp and strong.
RapTores, J.
gg. Bill not cered and hooked; nostrils opening beneath
asoft, swollen membrane. . . CoLumBa, K.
88 BIRDS.
ff. Tibie naked below. a ee Heropronss, N.
ee. Hind toe inserted above the level of the rest, and usually
shorter than any of the others.
h. Tibi feathered below.
t. Nostrils perforate; head more or less naked.
RapToreEs, J.
#. Nostrils imperforate. :
j. Bill fissirostral — gape wide, reaching to below eye.
Pricart#, H.
jj. Bill stout, not fissirostral ; nostrils scaled or feathered.
GaLuine, L.
hh. Tibie naked below.
k. Nostrils perforate. tA we oe ALECTORIDES, O.
kk. Nostrils imperforate.
1, Head bald; tarsus reticulate. . HErRopronss, N.
W. Head feathered; tarsus usually scutellate.
Lricoua, M.
IV. Toes lobate, webbed at base or not, but conspicuously
bordered on sides by plain or scalloped membranes.
m. Tail rudimentary; legs set far back. . Pyaoropss, 8.
mm. Tail perfect; a horny frontal shield. © ALECTORIDES, O.
mmm. Tail perfect; forehead feathered, without horny shield.
LimicoLa, M.
V. Toes palmate; three front toes full-webbed.
n. Bill curved upwards; legs elongated. . Limiconm, M.
nn. Bill lamellate, mostly flattish and furnished at tip with a
decurved nail. ; : ‘ LAMELLIROSTRES, P.
nnn. Bill not recurved nor lamellate.
o. Hind toe not lobate; wings long and pointed; tail well
developed. ‘ “ : , LonerPennes, R.
oo. Hind toe lobate; wings and tail short. Pyaoropzs, 8.
VI. Toes totipalmate; all four full-webbed. Stz@anopovzs, Q.
G FAMILIES OF PASSERES.
I. Oseines. Each side of tarsus covered with a plate, undivided
in most of its length and meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge
BIRDS. 39
behind (in a few cases, back of tarsus without ridge, and formed
of a few scutellee distinct from those lapping over the front); first
primary short, spurious or wanting, if present, not more than
two-thirds of the longest; musical apparatus highly developed.
* Primaries 10; the first short or spurious.
+ Tarsus booted; rictus with bristles.
a. Middle toe quite free from inner; birds of moderate size,
length more than 6.
b. Wings moderate, not reaching when folded beyond the
middle of tail, and not more than one-third longer
than tail; tip of wing formed by 3d to 6th quill; no
blue. é a s P Turpipa, 18.
bb. Wings very long, ers reaching beyond middle of
tail, and more than half longer; tip of wing formed
by 2d to 4th quills; ours chiefly blue. SaxrcoLipa, 19.
aa. Middle and inner toes connected at base; small, length
less than 5. ‘ : - ° 3 . SyLvimpa, 20.
tt Tarsus scutellate in front.
ce. Nostrils concealed by tufts of antrorse, bristly feathers.
d. First primary not more than half length of second; bill
not notched; length less than 8.
e. Bill as long as head; wings pointed, much longer than
tail. 7 F . SITTIDA, 22.
ee. Bill much shorter than oe wings about as long as
tail. - % P ‘ . Parva, 21.
dd. First primary more — ‘half length of second; bill
usually notched, the bristly nasal feathers branched to
their tips; large, length more than 8. CorviD&, 35.
ec. Nostrils exposed (rarely slightly overhung).
f. Bill distinctly notched near its tip, often hooked.
g. Tail longer than wings; general color gray or ashy-
brown.
h. Bill very stout, compressed, strongly notched, toothed
and abruptly hooked at tip; large, length 8 to 9.
LantIp&, 32.
2h. Bill more slender, not deeply notched nor abruptly
hooked; length8to10. . . Turpma, 18.
40 BIRDS.
hhh. Bill very slender, not strongly notched nor hooked ;
small, length 4 to 5. z SYLVIID&, 20.
gg. Tail shorter than wings; general color olivaceous;
bill stout, notched and hooked; length 44 to 64.
VIREONIDA, 31.
ff. Bill not at all notched.
z. Rictus with bristles; quills not barred, the tail longer
than wings; large, length 9 or more. TuRDID#, 18.
éz. No rictal bristles; wings and tail barred or undulated,
usually about equal in length, the latter of rounded
feathers; small, length 6 or less.
TROGLODYTIDA, 24.
att. No rictal bristles; tail about as long as wings, scan-
sorial,—its feathers rigid and acute, not barred; bill
long, decurved; length 5to6. . CERTHIIDA, 23.
#* Primaries 9; the first about as long as second.
¢ Bill fissirostral, — triangular, depressed, about as wide at base
as long; its wide, deep gape twice as long as the culmen,
reaching to opposite the eyes; no rictal bristles; wings
very long and pointed. . . . MHIRuNpDINIDA, 29.
tt Bill tanagrine, — stout, conic, its outlines convex, the tomia
with one or more lobes or nicks near the middle; nostrils
very high; plumage brilliant, chiefly red (4) or yellow (9).
TANAGRIDA, 28.
ttt Bill conirostral,—stout at base, and more or less conic;
nostrils high up; tomia more or less evidently angulated
near the base (2. ¢., “corners of mouth drawn downward.” )
j. Bill truly conic, much shorter than the head, usually
notched at tip, or with bristles at the rictus.
FRINGILLIDA, 33.
jj. Bill conic, but lengthened more or less, about as long as
head (except in Dolichonyx and Molothrus, the Bob-o-
link and Cowbird); no notch at the tip or bristles at the
rictus. . . Icrerma, 34.
tHtt Bill not as above, wih the ‘tonite straight, or very gently
curved.
k. Conspicuously crested; bill triangular, depressed, notched,
and hooked; tail tipped with yellow; secondaries (in
full plumage) with red, horny tips. . AmPELIDs, 30.
BIRDS. 41
kk. Nostrils concealed by bristly feathers; tarsus scutellate
behind; hind claw long and nearly straight; inner
secondaries lengthened. . . « ALAUDIDA, 25.
kkk. No crest; nostrils exposed; tarsus strictly “ oscine.”
i. Hind claw much elongated, twice as long as middle claw,
with its toe much longer than middle toe and claw;
pill very slender; longest secondary nearly equal to
primaries in closed wing. ‘ Moraci.uipZ, 26.
Wi. Hind claw not specially elongated, not twice as long as
middle claw; inner secondaries not lengthened.
m. Bill stout, compressed, notched, and abruptly hooked
at tip; general color olivaceous, tail not blotched
with white or yellow. ‘ . VIREONIDA, 31.
mm. Bill various, notched or not, but little, if at all,
hooked; colors often brilliant. SyuvicoLis, 27.
II. Clamatores. Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates
variously arranged, lapping entirely around in front and
behind to meet in a groove on the inner side; primaries 10.
n. First primary lengthened, often longest, always more than #
length of the longest; bill broad, depressed, tapering to a
point which is abruptly hooked; rictal bristles numerous;
nostrils overhung but not concealed; tail not tipped with
yellow. a a TYRANNIDA, 36.
H. FAMILIES OF PICARILA.
I. Feet zygodactyle (two toes in front, two behind) by reversion
of outer toe; (hallux wanting in Picoides.)
a. Tail scansorial, of 12 rigid, acuminate feathers, of which the
outer pair are short and concealed; bill stout and straight;
nasal tufts usually developed. . . . Purcrpa, 42.
aa. Tail not scansorial, of 8 to 10 long, soft feathers; bill de-
curved; no nasal tufts. é F 5 . CucuLma, 41.
II. Feet syndactyle, by cohesion of outer and middle toes; tibize
naked below; bill stout and straight, longer than head.
ALCEDINIDZ, 40.
III. Feet neither zygodactyle nor syndactyle; wings long and
pointed.
42 BIRDS.
b. Bill tenuirostral, very slender, much longer than head; secon-
daries very short, 6 in number: plumage compact.
TROCHILIDA, 39.
bb. Bill fissirostral, much shorter than head; secondaries more
than 6. °
c. Rictal bristles present; middle claw pectinate; plumage
lax, variegated; length 8 or more. CAPRIMULGID&, 37.
cc. No rictal bristles; plumage compact, of blended colors;
tail feathers (in ours) spinous; length 6 or less.
CYPSELID&, 38.
I. FAMILIES OF PSITTACI.
I. Cere feathered, concealing the nostrils; plumage coarse and
dry, chiefly green. . . . «. «. . ARIDA, 43,
J. FAMILIES OF RAPTORES.
I. Hind toe on a level with the rest, more than half length of
outer toe, and with a large claw; claws strong, sharp, much
curved; nostrils imperforate; head mostly feathered; bill
strongly hooked.
a. Hyes directed forwards in consequence of the great lateral
expansion of: the cranium, and surrounded by a disk of
radiating bristly feathers. a ar StTRiaipa#, 44.
aa. Eyes lateral; no complete facial disk. . Fanconrpa, 45.
II. Hind toe elevated, not more than half length of outer toe;
claws weak and little curved; nostrils perforate; head mostly
naked; bill little hooked. : 3 . CatTHaRTIDa, 46.
K, FAMILIES OF COLUMBA.
I. Head small, feathered (except sometimes a circumorbital ring);
feathers loosely inserted. an z CoLUMBID, 47.
L. FAMILIES OF GALLINA.
I. Head unfeathered, with wattles and caruncles; a tuft of bristly
feathers on breast; tarsus spurred in 4; plumage iridescent;
large, 36 or more. ‘ ‘ ‘ : MELEaAGRIDa#, 48.
II. Head feathered, plumage not iridescent; size much smaller.
BIRDS. 43
Tarsus partly or entirely feathered, as is also the nasal
groove; sides of neck usually with bare skin or pecul-
iar feathers. 3 ‘ : ‘TETRAONIDA, 49.
Tarsus and nasal groove unfeathered; no peculiar feathers
on neck, ‘ : ede . . PERpicipa, 50.
M. FAMILIES OF LIMICOLA.
I. Toes lobate; tarsus notably compressed; body depressed.
PHALAROPODID#, 54,
II. Toes not lobate; tarsus not specially compressed.
* Legs exceedingly long; tarsus as long as tail; bill much
longer than head, slender, acute, and curved upwards; fect
4-toed and palmate, or 3-toed and semipalmate.
RECURVIROSTRIDA, 53.
** Bill usually shorter than head, pigeon-like, the broad, soft
base separated by a constriction from the hard tip; head
sub-globose, on a short neck; tarsus reticulate; toes 3
(except in Sguatarola). . 8 . CHarapropaé, 51.
¥** Bill usually longer than head, mostly grooved, not con-
stricted, softish to its tip; tarsus scutellate; toes 4 (except
in Oalidris). - j ‘ ‘ 5 ScoLopacipa, 55.
*#** Not as above; bill hard, either compressed and truncate,
or acute; feet 4-toed and cleft, or 3-toed and semipalmate.
HaMaToropip&, 52.
N. FAMILIES OF HERODIONES.
I. Bill long, straight, acute; middle claw pectinate. ARDEIDZ, 56.
II. Bill curved downwards, or else flat and spoon-shaped.
TANTALIDA, 57.
0. FAMILIES OF ALECTORIDES.
I. Very large; length 36 or more, with excessively long neck and
legs; toes shorter than tarsus; bill contracted at the middle.
Grorps, 58.
II. Smaller, length 18 or less, with comparatively short neck and
legs; toes as long as tarsus; bill not contracted.
: Ratiipa, 59.
44 BIRDS.
P. FAMILIES OF LAMELLIROSTRES.
I. Neck and legs moderate; tibie feathered; bill not decurved.
ANATIDz, 60.
Q. FAMILIES OF STEGANOPODES.
I. Bill longer than tail; many times longer than head, with the
gular pouch enormous; wings long. . PELECANID#, 61.
IL. Bill about as long as head, shorter than tail, which is fan-
shaped, of rigid feathers; wings short.
PHALACROCORACIDA, 62.
R. FAMILIES OF LONGIPENNES.
I. Nostrils not tubular, perforate; bill with a continuous covering.
Larin&, 63.
S. FAMILIES OF PYGOPODES.
I. Feet palmate; tail developed; head closely feathered.
CoLYMBID&, 64.
II. Feet lobate; tail undeveloped; head usually with naked loral
strip and peculiar feathers. . . . Poptcrerma, 65.
ORDER G.—PASSERES.
( Passerine Birds.)
Toes always 4; feet fitted for perching; the hind toe
always on a level with the rest, its claw at least as long
as that of middle toe, and often much longer; joints of
toes respectively 2, 3, 4, 5, from first to fourth; toes
never versatile; wing coverts comparatively few, chiefly
in two series. Tail feathers 12, primaries 9 or 10.
Musical apparatus more or less developed. Sternum of
a certain uniform pattern. Nature altricial.
This group comprises the great majority of all Birds,
and they represent the “highest grade of development,
and the most complex organization of the class; their
TURDID.A.— XVII. 45
high physical irritability is co-ordinate with the rapidity
of their respiration and circulation; they consume the
most oxygen and live the fastest of all birds.” (Cowes.)
FAMILY XVIII.—TURDIDA.
(The Thrushes.)
Primaries 10, the first short or spurious; bill generally
rather long, not conical, usually with a slight notch near
the tip; nostrils oval, not concealed, but nearly or quite
reached by the bristly frontal feathers; rictus with
bristles, which are well developed in most of our species;
tarsus in typical species, “booted,” 7¢.¢., enveloped in a
continuous plate, formed by the fusion of all the scutellee
except two or three of the lowest; in other species dis-
tinctly scutellate. Toes deeply cleft, the inner one free,
the outer united to the middle one, not more than half
the length of the first basal joint.
A large family of more than two hundred species,
found in most parts of the world, and embracing quite a
wide variety of forms. Nearly all of them are remark-
able for their vocal powers. Their food consists of
insects and soft fruits.
Our species fall into three strongly marked sub-families,
of which the Mimine have been often associated with
the Wrens, and the Myiadestinew with the Wax Wings.
I. The Turpin, or Typical Thrushes, have the tarsus
booted, the first primary spurious, and the wings longer
than the tail. They build rather rude nests, sometimes
plastered with mud, and they lay four to six greenish or
bluish eggs, either plain or speckled. All sing well, and
some of them most exquisitely. Our species are usually
referred to the typical genus, Zirdus, but we have here
separated the Wood Thrushes, as a group of full generic
46 BIRDS.
value (Hylocichia), as suggested by Prof. Baird. (Hist.
N. Am. Birds, page 4.)
II. The Miminz#, or Mocking Thrushes, have the
tarsus scutellate (sometimes booted in Gadeoscoptes), the
first primary scarcely spurious; the rictal bristles better
developed, and the tail relatively longer, in our species
longer than the wings. These birds have a brilliant and
varied song, but all of them are plainly clad. All are
American.
iI. Myzapsstin.2, the Fly-Catching Thrushes, have
been usually associated with the Ampelidw, but their
affinities are rather with the thrushes, as Prof. Baird has
shown. All are American,—the single species within
our limits is a rare straggler from the West.
* Tarsus booted; wings longer than tail. (TurRDINz#.)
+ Breast spotted; length 84, orless. . . Hynocrcana, 1.
{t Breast unspotted; (in ours) reddish or banded with black;
length 94, or more. ‘ : : TURDUS, 2,
** Tarsus scutellate in front Gcutella rarely obsolete); wings (in
ours) shorter than tail. (Mrmrna.)
} Bill about as long as head, sometimes much longer, straight
or curved, not notched. ; . ' Harpornyncuvs, 3.
tt Bill much shorter than head, notched at tip.
a. Tarsus distinctly scutellate; ours ashy, with black and
white. 5 - s Minus, 4.
aa. Tarsus feebly sseibeltahes —e lead-colored; crissum
chestnutred. . 2... ‘ Garzoscorres, 5.
*** Tarsus booted; wings about equal to tail; bill short, much
depressed, notched and hooked; color ashy. (MYraDESTIN 22.)
Myrapesrss, 6.
7. HYLOCICHLA, Baird. Woop Tarususzs.
< Turdus, Linn.
1. H. mustelina, (Gm.) Bd. Woop Turusn. Cinnamon
brown, brightest on the head, shading into olive on the
TURDIDAl.— XVIII. 47
rump; breast with large, very distinct dusky spots; L.
8; W. 42; T. 3. E.U.S., in woodland; our largest and
handsomest thrush. An exquisite songster.
2. H. pallasi, (Cab.) Bd. Heruwrr Turuss. Olive
brown above, becoming rufous on rump and tail; breast
with numerous, rather distinct, dusky spots; a whitish
orbital ring; L. 7; W. 33; T.23. N. Am., migrating
early.
3. H. swainsoni, (Cab.) Bd. Oxive-BackED THRUSH.
Swatnson’s Turusu. Uniform olive above; breast and
throat thickly marked with large, dusky olive spots;
breast and sides of head strongly buffy-tinted; a con-
spicuous buffy orbital ring; L.74; W.4; T.3. N. Am.
4. H. alicie, Baird. Gray CurrKrep Turusu. ALICE
Turusy. Similar to the preceding, of which it is
probably a variety, but without ring about eye, or any
buffy tint about head. E. N. Am., ranging more
northerly.
5. H. fuscescens, (Steph.) Bd. Tawny Turvusu.
Witson’s Turuso. Very. Uniform tawny above;
breast and throat washed with brownish or pinkish
yellow, and marked with small indistinct brownish spots;
L. 74; W. 44; T. 34. E. N. Am., frequent, a fine
songster.
2. TURDUS, Linneus. TuRUsHEs.
* Sexes similar; breast not spotted nor banded; throat streaked ;
bill notched. (Planesticus, Bon.)
1. 7. migratorius, L. Rosin. American Rep Breast.
Olive gray above; head and tail blackish; throat white,
with black streaks; under parts chestnut brown; L. 93;
W. 54; T. 44. N. Am., abundant.
** Sexes unlike; throat unstreaked; male with a black collar; bill
not notched. (Hesperocichla, Bd.)
48 BIRDS.
2. T. nevius,Gm. Orecon Rosin. Vartep THRUSH.
Slate color, orange brown below; L. 92; W. 5; T. 4.
Pacific slope, accidental in Mass., N. J., and L. I.
3. HARPORHYNCHUS, Cabanis. Mocxine TarusHEs.
1. HW. rufus, (L.) Cab. Brown Turusu. Sanpy
Mocxine Brrp. TurasuEer. Cinnamon red above;
lower parts thickly spotted; bill nearly straight, shorter
and much less curved than in many other Harporhynchi,
five species of which occur in the U. S. beyond the
Rocky Mountains; L. 11; W. 4; T. 54. E. U.S,
abundant. A brilliant songster.
4. MIMUS, Boie. Mocxine Brrps.
1. M. polyglottus, (1..) Boie. Mocxine Brrp. Ashy
brown above; wings blackish, with white wing bars;
tail blackish, outer feathers white; L.94; W. 44; T. 5.
U. &., chiefly southerly; N. to Mass., lowa, ete. A
renowned songster.
5. GALEOSCOPTES, Cabanis. Cat Birps.
< Mimus, Boie.
1. G. carolinensis, (L.) Cab. Cat Brrp. Dark slate
color; crown and tail black; crissum brownish chestnut;
L. 83; W. 33; T. 4. U.S., every where.
6. MYIADESTES, Swainson. Fry-Carcuine Turusnes.
1. M. townsendi, (Aud.) Cab. Townsmnn’s SoniTarre.
Ashy gray, paler below; wing bands buffy; tail blackish;
whitish ring about eye; young with reddish spots; L. 8;
W.44; T.44. Rocky Mountains and westward, straying
E. to Chicago. (Welson.) An exquisite songster.
SYLVIID Al. XX. 49
FAMILY XIX.—SAXICOLIDA.
(The Stone Chats.)
Characters similar to those of the Thrushes, but the
wings longer and very much pointed, reaching, when
folded, beyond the middle of the short tail. Tarsus
“booted;” first primary spurious. A family scarcely
distinct from Turdide, of about twelve genera and one
hundred species. They are chiefly Old World birds, but
two genera occurring in America. Ours are rather small
(less than seven), with oval nostrils and bristles about
the rictus.
* Chiefly or partly blue; tarsus not longer than middle toe and
claw; bill stout. F : : . ‘ : Srarr, 1.
1. SIALIA, Swainson. Buus Brrps.
1. S. sialis, (L.) Haldeman. Common Brive Biro.
Bright blue above, throat and breast reddish brown,
belly white; 9 usually duller with a brownish tinge on
back; young, as in others, spotted; L. 63; W. 4; T. 3.
E. N. Am., abundant; breeds every where.
2. §. mexicana, Sw. WustERN Buiur Brrp. Head,
neck all around and upper parts generally, blue; back
with more or less chestnut; breast and sides reddish
brown, otherwise bluish below; size of last. Pacific
Slope, E. to Iowa (accidental.)
3. §. arctica, Sw. Rocky Mountain Bive Birp.
Rich greenish blue; belly white; 9 with pale drah,
instead of blue, on breast, etc.; size of others, or smaller.
Central Table lands chiefly, E. to Missouri R.
FAMILY XX.—SYLVIIDA.
(The Sylvias.)
Primaries 10, the first short but scarcely spurious.
Bill slender, depressed at base, notched and decurved at
3
50 BIRDS.
tip. ictal bristles conspicuous; nostrils oval, over-
hung by a few bristles or a feather. Tarsus booted or
scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole
length externally, half way internally. A large family
of nearly six hundred species of small birds, chiefly of
the Old World, where they take the place filled in
America by the Sylvicolide. To this family belongs
the European nightingale. Our species fall into two
sub- families, Regulince and Polioptiline, each repre-
sented by its typical genus.
* Tarsus booted; wings longer than tail. : . Reeuuos, 1.
** Tarsus scutellate; wings not longer than tail. Potzoprra, 2.
7. REGULUS, Cuvier. KincGLerts.
1. R. satrapa, Licht. GoLtpEN-CrowNEep KINGLET.
Olivaceous; crown with a yellow patch, bordered with
black, orange red in the center in $; extreme fore-
head and line over eye, whitish; vague dusky blotch at
base of secondaries; a tiny feather over each nostril; L. |
4; W. 24; T. 12. N. Am.
2. R. ealendula, (L.) Licht. Rusy-Crownep KineGLet.
Olivaceous; crown with a scarlet patch in both sexes,
wanting the first year; no black about head; no nasal
feather; L. 44; W. 24; T. 12. N. Am.
2. POLIOPTILA, Sclater. Gwnat CarcHErs,
1. P. cerulea, (L.) Sclater. Buiur-Gray Gwar
Catcuer. Clear ashy blue, brightest on head; whitish
below; 4 with forehead and sides of crown black; outer
tail feathers chiefly white; L. 44; W. 2; T. 24. U.5S.,
chiefly southerly; N. to Mass. and L. Mich. Noticeable
for its sprightly ways and squeaky voice, “like a mouse
with the toothache;” but really a fine singer.
PARIDAl.— XX. 51
FAMILY XXI.— PARIDA.
(The Titmice.)
Primaries 10, first short; wings rounded; not longer
than the rounded tail. Bill much shorter than head, not
notched nor decurved at the tip; loral feathers bristly,
and nostrils concealed by dense tufts. Tarsus scutellate,
longer than middle toe and claw. Toes much soldered
at base, widened beneath into a sort of palm. Plumage
lax, little variable.
Small birds, less than seven inches long, resembling
the Jays in several respects, restless, noisy, and scarcely
migratory. Species seventy-five or more, chiefly of the
Northern hemisphere, and abounding in both continents.
* Qonspicuously crested; chiefly lead gray, paler below.
: LoPHorHangs, 1.
*& Not crested; crown, chin and throat black or brown. Panuvs, 2.
7. LOPHOPHANES, Kaup. Turrep Tirmice.
1. L. bicolor, (L.) Bon. Turrep Tirmovuss. Fore-
head alone black; whitish below; sides washed with
reddish; L. 64; W. 34; T. 34. E. U.S., southerly; N.
to L. I. and L. Mich.; abundant in woodland and
remarkable for its loud, ringing notes. Three other
species occur in the 8. W.
2. PARUS, Linneus. CHICKADEES.
1. P. atricapillus, L. Tirmousz. Brack-Capprp
Cnickaper. Grayish ash; wings and tail plain with
- whitish edging; crown, nape, chin and throat black;
no white superciliary line; L.5; W.24; T.23. N.Am.;
abundant.
Var. carolinensis, (Aud.) Coues. SouTHERN CHIcKA-
DEE. Smaller; tail feathers not noticeably white-edged.
E. U. 8.3 southerly.
52 BIRDS.
2. P. hudsonicus, Forster. Hupsontan CHICKADEE.
Olive brown; crown browner; some pale chestnut below;
no white superciliary line; L. 5; W.23; T. 23. British
America; S. to Mass.
FAMILY XXII.—SITTIDA.
(The Nuthatches.)
Primaries 10, the first spurious. Wings long and
pointed, much longer than the broad soft tail. Bil] not
notched, rather slender, straight, nearly as long as head.
Loral feathers bristly; nostrils concealed by dense tufts.
Tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw.
Tongue acute, barbed. Body depressed; plumage lax,
but less so than that of the Titmice. Active, nimble
little birds, running up and down trees, and hanging in
every conceivable attitude, the head down as often as
up. Species twenty-five or thirty, in most parts of the
world.
1. SITTA, Linnzeus. NutTHatcHes.
1. S. carolinensis, Gm. Wuuite- Brien Nursatcs.
“Sap Sucker.” Ashy blue above, white below; crissum,
etc., washed with rusty brown; crown and nape black,
unstriped; middle tail feathers like the back, others
black, blotched with white; 9 with less or no black on
the head; L. 54; W. 34; T. 2. U.8.; abundant every
where.
2. §. canadensis, L. Rep-Beturep Nuruatcu. Ashy
blue, brighter than the preceding, rusty brown below;
crown glossy black (4), or bluish (9), bordered by white
and black stripes; L. 44; W. 22; T. 14. U.S. and
northward.
3. §. pusilla, Lath, Brown-Hrapep Noraarcn.
Ashy blue; crown clear brown, a whitish spot on nape;
TROGLODYTIDAl.— XXIV. 53
pale rusty below. L. 4; W. 24; T. 1}. South Atlantic
States.
FAMILY XXIII.—CERTHIIDA.
( Creepers.)
Primaries 10, first less than half second. Bill slender,
as long as head; without notch or bristles, decurved.
Tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe. Claws all
very long, curved and compressed. Wings about as long
as tail; tail feathers pointed, with stiffened shafts, almost
wood - pecker like, and used for support in the same way.
A small family of a dozen species, widely distributed.
Habits similar to those of the Nuthatches, but the voice
different, being small and fine. (The above diagnosis
does not strictly apply to some foreign birds usually
placed in this family.)
7. CERTHIA, Linnzeus. Brown CREEPERS.
1. €. familiaris, Linn. Brown Creeper. Plumage
dark brown, much barred and streaked; rump clear
tawny; L. 54; W. 22; T. 23. N.Am. and Europe. A
curious little bird, recognizable at once by the scansorial
tail.
FAMILY XXIV.— TROGLODYTIDA.
(The Wrens.)
Primaries 10, the first short but hardly spurious.
Wings rounded, usually about as long as the graduated
tail. Bill more or less slender, usually elongated, not
notched in any of our species. Nostrils oval, unbristled,
overhung by a scale-like membrane. No rictal bristles.
Loral feathers bristly. Tarsus scutellate. Lateral toes
nearly equal; middle toe usually united to half the basal
joint of inner toe, and to the whole of the basal joint of
the outer, or more. Quills barred in most of our species,
54 BIRDS.
A large family of small birds, chiefly belonging “to
Tropical America. Genera about sixteen; species one
hundred or more. “Our species are sprightly, fearless
and impudent little creatures, apt to show bad temper
when they fancy themselves aggrieved by cats or people,
or any thing else that is big or unpleasant to them; they
quarrel a good deal, and are particularly spiteful towards
martins and swallows, whose homes they often invade
and occupy. Their song is bright and hearty, and they
are fond of their own music; when disturbed at it they
make a great ado with noisy scolding. Part of them
(Cistothorus) live in reedy swamps and marshes, where
they hang astonishingly big globular nests, with a little
hole on one side, on tufts of rushes, and lay six or eight
dark colored eggs; the others nest any where.” (Dr.
Coues.) They are all plainly colored, being chiefly
brown. All are insectivorous, and most of them
migratory.
* Back nearly uniform in color, a conspicuous white superciliary
line; outstretched feet falling far short of end of tail.
THRYOTHORUS, 1.
** Back barred crosswise, sometimes obscurely so; no conspicu-
ous superciliary line; bill shorter than head; hind claw
shorter than toe.
t Tail about as long as wings. oe . 'TROGLODYTES, 2.
t} Tail much shorter than wings. 5 . ANORTHURA, 3.
*** Back streaked lengthwise, at least on shoulders; hind claw
as long as the toe; tail barred. : , CistotTHorus, 4.
1. THRYOTHORUS, Vieillot. Mocking WRENS.
* Tail not longer than wings, its feathers reddish brown with fine
black bars. (Z'Aryothorus.)
1. 7. ludovicianus, (Gm.) Bon. CarotinaA Wren.
Clear reddish brown, brightest on rump; tawny below;
TROGLODYTID.Al.— XXIV. 55
L. 6; W. 23; T. 24. E.U.S8., southerly; N. to Penn.;
not migratory. A remarkable singer.
** Tail longer than wings, its feathers mostly black. (Thryomanes.)
2. T. bewickii, (Aud.) Bon. Brwicx’s WREN. Grayish
brown; two middle tail feathers barred; L. 54; W. 24;
T. 24. U.S., southerly; N. to Penn.
2. TROGLODYTES, Vieillot. Wrens.
1. T. aedon, Vieill. Housz Wren. Brown, brightest
behind; rusty below; every where more or less waved
with darker, distinctly so on wings, tail, etc.; L. 5; W.
2; T.2. E.U.S8.; abundant every where; very variable.
T. domesticus, (Bart.) Coues.
3. ANORTHURA, Rennie. WiNTER WRENS.
1. A. troglodytes, (L.) Coues. WintTER WREN. Deep
brown, waved with dusky; belly, wings and tail strongly
barred; L. 4; W. 13; T. 14. N. Am.,, northerly; U. &.,
in winter, not common. (7. hyemalis, Vieill.)
4. CISTOTHORUS, Cabanis. Marsu Wrens.
* Bill about half as long as head; no white superciliary line.
(Cistothorus.)
1. C. stellaris, (Licht.) Cab. Suorr-Bittzep Marsa
Wren. Dark brown, head and back darker; entire
upper parts with white streaks; L. 44; W. 12; T. 12.
E. U. S., in marshes; rather rare.
** Bill slender, about as long as head; a conspicuous white super-
Ciliary line. (Telmatodytes, Cab.) .
2. C. palustris, (Wilson) Baird. Lone -Bitrep Marsa
Wren. Clear brown; back with a black patch contain-
ing white streaks; otherwise unstreaked above; crown
blackish; Tump brown; L. 5; W. 2; T. 12. U. 8;
nhwwen And Ia man Awe nena
56 BIRDS.
FAMILY XXV.— ALAUDIDA.
(The Larks.)
First primary very short or entirely wanting. Tarsus
seutellate in front and behind (a character singular
among Oscines.) Bill short, of various forms in different.
species; nostrils concealed by tufts of antrorse feathers.
Hind claw very long and nearly straight. Inner secon-
daries lengthened and flowing. A group of about one
hundred species, chiefly Old World birds, but a single
genus belonging to America; many of them are
renowned as vocalists.
* Primaries 9; a little tuft of lengthened black feathers over each
ear (sometimes obscure in 2.) . F . EREMOPHILA, 1.
7. EREMOPHILA, Boie. Hornep Larks.
= Otocorys, Bonap.
1. E. alpestris, (Forst.) Boie. Suorz Lark. Pinkish
brown, thickly streaked; a crescent on breast and strip
under eye black; white below; chin, throat, and line
over eye more or less yellow; @ with less black; winter
birds grayish, with the markings more obscure; L. 74;
W. 44; T. 3. N. Am. and Europe; common. A
pleasant singer. [Z. cornuta, (Wilson) Boie.]
FAMILY XXVI.— MOTACILLIDA.
(The Wagtazis.)
Primaries 9, first about as long as second; inner
secondaries enlarged, the longest one about as long as
the primaries in the closed wing. Bill shorter than the
head, very slender, straight, acute, notched at tip. Feet
large, fitted for walking; hind claw long and nearly
straight, inner toe cleft; basal joint of outer toe united
with middle one. Rictal bristles not conspicuous;
nostrils exposed.
SYLVICOLIDA.— XXVII. 57
A group of about one hundred species, mostly of the
Old World, connecting the Alaudide with the Sylvi-
colide. Most of them are terrestrial. They have a
habit (shared by various others) of moving the tail up
and down, as if “balancing themselves on unsteady
footing;” hence the name “ Wagtail.”
* Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; outstretched feet
falling much short of end of tail. . . . Awnruus, 1.
1. ANTHUS, Bechstein. TirtarKs.
1. A. ludovicianus, (Gm.) Licht. Brown Lark. Tir-
Lark. Prprr. Dark brown, slightly streaked; superciliary
_line and under parts buffy; breast and sides streaked;
- outer tail feathers more or less white; L. 64; W. 34; T.
3. N. Am.; generally abundant. (The Missouri Sky
lark, Neocorys spraguet, is a near relative.)
FAMILY XXVII.—SYLVICOLIDA
(The Warblers.)
Primaries 9; inner secondaries not enlarged, nor the
hind toe long and straight, as in Alaudidw and Motacil-
lide. Bill usually rather slender, notched or not; the
commissure not angulated at base, as in Pringillida,
nor toothed in the middle, as in our Tanagridw; the
end not notched and abruptly hooked, as in Vireonida
and Lantide,; the gape not broad and reaching to the
eyes, as in Hirundinide.
Our warblers are small birds; all (except Zcteria which
may not belong here) are less than six and a half inches
in length, and very many are less than five. The rictus
is generally bristled, but in several of our genera it is
not. The colors are usually brilliant and variegated, but
the sexes are unlike, and the variations due to age and
season are great, so that the study of the species is
58 BIRDS.
often very difficult. Many of the Warblers are pleasing
songsters, but none exhibit any remarkable powers in
that line. All are insectivorous and migratory.
This family consists of more than a hundred species,
chiefly North American, and embraces quite a wide
variety, so that the group can perhaps be only distin-
guished negatively. The Sylvicolide grade perfectly
into the Tanagride and Cerebide, and probably the
three families, and perhaps the Fringillide, also, should
be merged into one. Our species are divisible into
three very distinct sub - families, indicated below.
I. Bill slender, not hooked, as high as wide at base, with short
pristles not reaching much beyond nostrils, or none; wings
longer than tail (except Geothlypis); length 64 or less. True
Warblers. (SYLVICOLIN&.)
* Tail feathers, some or all of them blotched with white.
+ Rictus with evident bristles.
t Targus shorter than middle toe and claw; entirely black
and white, streaked. . ene Mnioriura, 1.
tt Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw.
a. Hind toe decidedly longer than its claw; bill acute,
scarcely notched ; bluish, throat and middle of back
with yellow. : +. CHLoRIs, 2.
aa. Bill very acute, etehea. perceptibly decurved, so
that the gonys is lightly concave; rump and under
parts chiefly yellow. . . PERrasogiossa, 6.
aaa. Warblers without above characters. DEnpRaica, 7.
tt Rictus without evident bristles.
b. Whole head and neck bright yellow; bill notched, half
inch or more long. . . . Protonorarta, 3.
bb. Whole head and neck not yellow; bill acute, not
notched nor bristled, less than half inch long.
HELMINTHOPHAGA, 5.
** Tail feathers yellow on inner webs; outer webs dusky;
plumage chiefly yellow, iy Ss ; Denpraca, 7,
SYLVICOLID4.—XXVIL. 59
*** Tail feathers all unmarked; same color on both webs.
¢. Conspicuously streaked below; head plain or with two
black stripes; legs long. s os @ & Srorvs, 8.
cc. Not streaked below.
ad. Wings about as long as tail; chiefly yellow below;
crown (of 6) black or ashy; legs strong.
GErOoTHLYPIs, 10.
dd. Wings decidedly longer than tail.
é. Bill not notched, half inch or more long; head plain
or with four black stripes. . Hx.MirHErus, 4.
ee. Bill less than half an inch long.
f- Bill notched; wings more than 24; crown plain or
with black. . F OPoRORNIS, 9.
#f. Bill not notched, nor bristled, very acute; wings less
than 24; crown plain or with a bright spot.
HELMINTHOPHAGA, 5.
II. Bill rather stout, not notched, hooked nor bristled; tail longer
than wings; length 7 to8. Chats. (IcTERIN#.)
Icrerta, 11.
III. Bill depressed, broader at base than high, notched and some-
what hooked, with strong rictal bristles half the length of
bill; wings longer than tail; length 54 or less. Fly-catching
Warblers. (SETOPHAGINA.)
a. Bill fully twice as long as wide at base; tail feathers un-
marked, or blotched with white. . Wrisonta, 12.
aa. Bill scarcely twice as long as wide at base; tail marked
with orange or yellow. 3 ; . SEtopHaga, 13.
1. MNIOTILTA, Vicillot. Creeping WaARBLERS.
1. Mf. varia, (L.) Vieill. Brack anp Waitt CREEPER.
Entirely black and white, streaked; crown with a broad
white stripe; white wing bars; 2 grayer; I. 5; W. 22;
T. 24. HE. U.S.; a neat bird, with some of the habits of
a Nuthatch,
60 BIRDS.
2. CHLORIS, Boie. BiuE YELLow- BackEpD
‘W ARBLERS.
=Parula, Bonaparte.
= Sylvicola, Sw. (Preoccupied in Mollusks.)
1. €. americana, (L.) Jor. Biuz YELLow-Backep
Wareier. Clear ashy blue; back with a large golden-
green patch; yellow below, belly white; a brown band
across breast; white wing bars. 9 obscurely marked; L.
43; W. 24; T. 2. Miss. Valley and E. One of our most
elegant species, inhabiting tree-tops.
3. PROTONOTARIA, Baird. GotpEen Swamp WARBLERS.
1. P. citrea, (Bodd.) Bd. Prornonorary WarsLeEr.
GoLpDEN-HrapEp Warsirr. Front and lower parts
brilliant yellow; back, wings, etc., olivaceous; bill long;
L. 54; W. 3; T. 24. U.S&., southward; N. to Wabash
Valley, in bushy swamps, rather rare, one of the most
beautiful of our birds.
4. HELMITHERUS, Rafinesque. Swamp Waxsers.
1. H. vermivorus, (Gm.) Bon. Worm-Eating Swamp
Wanrsier. Olive gree head yellowish, with four black
stripes; buffy below; @ similar; L. 54; W. 3; T. 24. E.
U.5S.; N. to L. Erie.
5. HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanis. Worm-Eatine
Warsiers. (See Addenda.)
* Tail feathers conspicuously blotched with white.
1. H. chrysoptera, (L.) Bd. Brus Go.pENn-WINGED
Warsier. Ashy blue; forehead, crown and wing bars
bright yellow; throat and broad stripe through eye,
black, white below; ? duller; L. 5; W. 24; T. 24. S.E.
States, rather rare; N. to Green Bay; a beautiful species.
2, H. pinus, (L.) Bd, Buuz-Winexp YEtLow Wars-
SYLVICOLID 4.-—XXVIt. 61
. LER. Olive yellow; crown and all under parts bright
yellow; wing bars whitish; loral strip black; 9 similar;
L. 44; W. 2g; T.2. S.E. States, N. to N.Y. A hand-
some bird, like a miniature Protonotaria.
** Tail feathers without white blotches.
3. H. ruficapilla, (Wils.) Bd. NasuvittE Warster.
Olive green, ashy on head and neck; crown patch bright
chestnut, more or less concealed; bright yellow below;
lores and orbital ring pale; 9 duller, crown patch obscure;
L. 48; W. 24; T.2. E.U.S., frequent.
4. H. celata, (Say.) Bd. Oranee-CRowNED WARBLER.
Olive green, never ashy on head; crown patch orange
brown, more or less concealed; greenish yellow below;
¢ duller, sometimes without crown patch; L. 43; W. 243
T. 2. Miss. Valley, 8. & W.; rare E.
5. H. peregrina, (Wils.) Cab. TENNESSEE WARBLER.
Olive green; no crown patch; white or slightly yellowish
below; L. 44; W. 22; T. 12. E.U.S., not common.
6. PERISSOGLOSSA, Baird. Frincep Toneve
WaRkBLERS.
1. P. tigrina, (Gm.) Bd. Caps May Warster.
Olivaceous above with darker streaks; rump and sides
of neck bright yellow; yellow below, much streaked with
black; crown black or nearly so; ear coverts orange
brown, a white wing patch; ¢ duller, with no black or
reddish about head; L. 53; W. 22; T. 2. E. U. 8S,
rather rare. A fine species with a peculiar structure of
the tongue, which is somewhat as in Coerebide.
7. DENDRECA, Gray. Woop Wars.ers.
A large genus comprising about thirty species of
brightly colored little birds, all American, and very
abundant in the United States during the migrations.
62 BIRDS.
Our species, though well marked, are often difficult to
determine when not in full plumage. The tail feathers
are always marked with white or yellow, and the bill is -
but moderately pointed, notched and with evident
bristles at the rictus.
The following artificial analysis, partially borrowed
from Coues’ key to the genus, will generally enable the
student to distinguish specimens.
* Tail feathers edged with yellow; plumage chiefly yellow.
estiva, 1.
** Tail feathers blotched with white.
¢ A white blotch on the primaries near their bases; no wing
bars. . . . ‘ i : . cerulescens, 2.
+t No white blotch on primaries; wing bars, if present, not white.
White below; crown and wing patch more or less yellow.
pennsyluanica, 6.
Yellow below; sides reddish-streaked; crown reddish.
palmarum, 15.
Yellow below, sides black-streaked.
Back olive with reddish spots. . . . adéscolor, 12.
Back ashy. . A . ‘ ‘ kirtlandé, 11.
ttt No white blotch on primaries; wing bars or wing patch
white.
Rump yellow: —crown clear ash; yellow and streaked
below. ee eee maculosa, 4.
—Crown with yellow spot; white and
streaked below. - coronata, 3.
‘tt Rump not yellow.
Crown with orange or yellow spot; throat orange or yellow.
blackburnia, 9.
Crown black; no distinct yellow any where; much streaked,
striata, 8.
Crown blue or greenish, like the back; no definite yellow.
cerulea, 5.
Crown chestnut, like the throat; no definite yellow; buffy
below. a ee RR OR et ae castanea,
SYLVICOLID.Ai.—_ XXVI. 63
Crown bluish or yellowish, not as above—some yellow.
Throat black (sometimes obscured by yellow tips to
feathers); outer tail feather white-edged. v¢rens, 13.
Throat yellow; —back ashy blue; cheeks black.
dominica, 10.
—back yellowish olive; cheeks same.
pinus, 14.
We copy from Coues’ key the following valuable
Draenostic Marxs. OF WARBLERS IN ANY PLUMAGE.
A white spot at base of primaries. . é : cerulescens, 2.
Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow. : - @stiva, 1.
Wing bars and belly yellow. ‘ a discolor, 12.
Wing bars yellow and belly pure white. - pennsylwanica, 6.
Wing bars white and tail spots oblique, at end of two outer
feathers only. : 3 - é 3 * - pinus, 14.
Wing bars brownish ; tail cigs square at end of two outer feathers
only. . F F palmarum, 15.
Wing bars not alder (%); ite nice parts yellow; back with
no greenish. . ‘ : . kértlandi, 11.
Tail spots at end of seaatee all the fenton, and no definite yellow
any where. a - eerulea, 5.
Tail spots at middle of neal § ‘the fathers rump and belly
yellow. . . - + « macutosa, 4.
Rump, sides of breast (stl ni crown with yellow; throat
white. . 5 3 coronata, 3.
Throat definitely yellow; belly white; hack with no greenish.
dominica, 10.
Throat yellow or orange; crown with at least a trace of a central
yellow or orange spot, and outer tail feather white-edged
externally. , a - : ' : blackburnia, 9.
Throat, breast and sides black, or with black traces (seen on part-
ing the feathers); sides of head with diffuse yellow; outer
tail feather white-edged externally. . . . vérens, 18.
With none of the foregoing special marks.
striata 8 or castanea 7.
64 BIRDS.
1. D. estiva,(Gm.) Bd. Summer WarRBLER. GOLDEN
Warsier. Chiefly golden yellow; back olive yellow;
breast and sides with orange brown streaks; quills
dusky, edged with yellow; 9 similar, scarcely streaked;
L. 54; W. 24; T. 24. America; every where abundant.
2. D. ewrulescens, (L.) Bd. Briack-THrRoatep BLuE
WarsBLeR. Rich gray blue, with a few dusky streaks
on back; throat, sides of head, neck and sides of body
black, otherwise pure white below; quills black, edged
with blue; @ dull olive greenish, obscurely marked, known
‘by the blotch on the primaries; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24.
E. U.S.; an elegant species, not uncommon in woodland.
3. D. coronata, (L.) Gray. YELLOw-RumMPED WaRB-
LER. Myrr~te Warsier. Bluish ash above, streaked
with black; white: below with large blackish streaks;
crown patch, rump and sides of breast bright yellow,
there being four definite yellow places; 9 and young
brownish, with less yellow on breast and head; L. 53;
W. 38; T. 24. U.S., very abundant. The earliest
migrant.
4. D. maculosa, (Gm.) Bd. Biack anp YELLOW
Warsiter. Macnorta Warsier. Back black, with
olive skirtings; rump yellow; head clear ash; a white
stripe behind eye; sides of head black, under parts
(except the white crissum) rich yellow, with black streaks
which are confluent on breast; 9 similar, more olivaceous,
with much less black; L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. E.U.S.
A brilliant little bird, common in woodlands.
5. D. cerulea, (Wils.) Bd. CaRuLEAN Wars ter.
Bright blue with black streaks; white below; breast and
sides with bluish lines; @ not streaked, greenish above,
slightly yellowish below; L. 44; W. 23; T.2. E.U.S.;
N. to Niagara Falls; rather rare. A dainty species.
SYLVICOLID #.—XxvI. 65
6. D. pennsylvanica, (L.) Bd. Cuusrnut - Sep
WanrsLer. Blackish above; much streaked; crown
clear yellow; black patch about eye; pure white below; .
a line of bright chestnut streaks along sides; wing patch
yellowish (never clear white); 2 similar but with less
chestnut and black; L. 5; W. 24; T. 24. E. U.S;
abundant, especially northward. A pretty species.
%. D. castanea, (Wils.) Bd. Bay-BreasrEp WaRBLER.
Autumn Warsier. Back black and olive; thickly
streaked; forehead and sides of head black enclosing a
deep chestnut crown patch; chin, throat and sides, dull:
chestnut, otherwise pale buffy below; ? more olivaceous
with less chestnut; young scarcely distinguishable from
striata; L.5; W. 3; T. 24. E.U.S. Not very common.
8. BD. striata, (Forst.) Bd. Brack-PoLtt Wareer.
Black and olivaceous, almost every where streaked; whole
crown pure black; @ more olivaceous, slightly yellowish
below; rather large; L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. EH. U.S.; the
last to migrate. “When the Black- Polls appear in
force, the collecting season is about over.” (Cowes.)
9. D. blackburnie, (Gm.) Bd. Orancr- THROATED
Warsiter. BuiacksuRNIAN WaRBLER. HEMLOCK
Wareter. Black above with whitish streaks; crown
patch, superciliary line, sides of neck and the whole
throat brilliant orange or flame color, fading into yellow-
ish on the belly; ¢ similar, but olive and bright yellow
instead of black and orange; L. 54; W. 22; T. 224. E.
U.S.; abundant among the tree-tops. The most brilliant
species.
10. BD. dominiea, (L.) Bd. YELtow-Turoatep WaRs-
ter. Ashy blue; throat bright yellow; belly white;
cheeks black; superciliary line white or yellowish in
front; L. 5; W. 24: T. 24. Southern States; N. to
66 BIRDS.
Penn., Central Indiana and Kansas; rare northward.
A neat, plain species, with the habits of a creeper.
Il. D. kirtlandi, Bd. Kirtiann’s WarsLer. Ashy
blue above; yellow and streaked below; lores black; L.
54; W. 22; T. 22. Ohio and the Bahamas. Two or
three specimens known.
12. D. discolor, (Vieill.) Bd. Prarrre Warsizr. Olive
yellow; back with a patch of red spots; forehead,
superciliary line, wing bars and under parts bright
yellow; streaked below; sides of head with black; 9
similar; L. 43; W. 24; T. 2. E.U.S., N. to Mass. and
Ills.; chiefly in evergreen thickets. An elegant species.
13. D. virens, (Gm.) Bd. Buack-Turoatep GREEN
Warsier. Clear yellow olive; sides of head rich
yellow; whole throat and breast jet black, the color
extending along the sides; otherwise whitish below;
and winter birds with the black interrupted or veiled
with yellowish; L. 5; W.24; T.24. E.U.S.; abundant.
14. D. pinus, (Wils.) Bd. Pinz-Creeping WARBLER.
Yellow olive above; under parts and superciliary line
yellow; no sharp markings any where; more grayish;
L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. E. U. S. N. to Mass. and L.
Superior; abundant in evergreen forests.
15. D. palmarum, (Gm.) Bd. Yuttow Rep- Pou
Warster. Patm Warsier. Brownish olive above,
somewhat streaked, rump brighter; crown bright chest-
nut; superciliary line and under parts yellow with brown
streaks; no wing bars; @ similar; L. 5; W. 22; T. 24.
E. N. A.; abundant; terrestrial; less beautiful than
most of the group.
8. SIVRUS, Swainson. Wartrr TurusHes.
1. §. auricapillus, (L.) Sw. GortpEn-CrownEp
TurusH. Oven-Birp. Bright olive green, white
SYLVICOLID 4.—X XVII. 67
below, sharply spotted on breast and sides, after the
fashion of the Thrushes; crown orange brown, with two
black stripes; L. 64; W.3; T. 24. U.S.; abundant in
woodland, spending most of its time on the ground, like
the other species of this genus, and the next two; re-
markable for its loud, ringing song, and its curious oven-
shaped nest; the largest of the true Warblers.
2. S. nevius, (Bodd.) Coues. Water Waerait. WaTER
Taurus. Dark olive brown above, pale yellowish
beneath; thickly spotted every where with the color of
the back; a yellowish superciliary line; bill about a half
inch long; feet dark; L.6; W.3; T. 24. N. Am;
abundant in low thickets; moves its tail like a Wagtail.
3. S. motacifla, (Vieill.) Bon. Laras-Brrtep Water
TurusH. Same general color as last, but white or pale
buffy below, and less sharply spotted; bill much larger,
about 2 inch; feet pale; larger; L. 64; W. 34; T. 24.
BE. U.S., scarce; N. to Mass. (Allen) and N. Wis.
(Jordan.) (S. ludovicianus, authors.)
9. OPORORNIS, Baird. Nimpie WaARBLERS.
1. 0. agilis, (Wils.) Bd. Connecticut WarsieEr.
Olive green, ashy on head; throat and breast brownish
ash, otherwise yellow below; no sharp markings; in fall
more olivaceous; L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. E. U.S, rare; a
shy, quiet bird.
2. 0. formosus, (Wils.) Bd. Kentucky WaRBLER.
Clear olive green, bright yellow below; crown and sides
of head and neck black, with a rich yellow superciliary
stripe, which bends around the eye behind; L. 52; W. 3;
T. 24. E.U.S., chiefly southerly, N. to Wis. and Conn.;
in low thickets, not generally common; a handsome and
active species.
68 BIRDS.
10. GEOTHLYPIS, Cabanis. GRrounp WARBLERS.
1. G. trichas, (L.) Cab. Marytanp YELLow THROAT.
Brack - MaskEp GrounD WARBLER. Olive green; fore-
head and broad mask extending down sides of head and
neck jet black, bordered behind with clear ash; under
parts yellow, clear on throat and breast; 9 obscurely
marked, without black mask and with less yellow; L. 44;
W. 24; T. 24. U.S., abundant in thickets; a pretty
bird with a lively song.
2. G. philadelphia, (Wils.) Bd. Movurnine Warsier.
Bright olive, clear yellow below; head ashy; throat and
breast black, the feathers usually ashy-skirted (as
though the bird wore crape, hence “Mourning Warb-
ler”); @ and ¢ not in full plumage almost exactly like
O. agilis, but the tail as long as wings; L. 53; W. 24;
T. 24. E.U.S., rather rare, in dense thickets.
11. ICTERIA, Vieillot. YEttow-Breastep Cuarts.
1. /. virens, (L.) Bd. Yettow-.Breastep Cuat.
Olive-green; throat and breast bright yellow; belly
abruptly white; lores black, a white superciliary line;
wings and tail plain; tarsus almost booted; L. 74; W.
34; T. 34. U.S., southerly; N. to Mass. and Wis. (Cope-
land.) A loud, quaint songster, often placed with the
Vireos, but having little affinity with any of our groups.
712. WILSONIA, Nuttall. Fuy-Carcarinc WaRrsers.
= Myiodioctes, Audubon.
1. W. mitrata, (Gm.) Bon. Hoopzep Fry - Carcuine
Warsier. YeLtow-Maskep Warster. Bright yellow-
- olive, crown and neck all around jet black, enclosing a
broad golden mask; under parts from the breast bright
yellow; tail with white blotches; ¢ olive instead of
\
TANAGRIDA.— XXVIII. 69
black; L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. EH. U.S., southerly; N. to
L. Erie; a singular species.
2. W. pusilla, (Wils.) Bonap. Green Biack-CaPrep
Fry-Carcuineg WaRsBLER. Clear yellow-olive; crown
glossy black; forehead, lores, sides of head and entire
under parts bright yellow; wings and tail unblotched; ?
with less black; L. 42; W. 24; T. 24. U.S.; abundant.
3. W. canadensis, (L.) Aud. Canapa Fry-Catcuine
Wareter. Bluish ash; crown speckled with black;
under parts (except white crissum) clear yellow; lores
black, continuous with black under the eye, and this
passing as a chain of black streaks down the side of the
neck and encircling the breast like a necklace; wings
and tail plain; @ similar, with less black; L. 54; W. 232;
T.24. E.U.S., to the Missouri, frequent. One of the
handsomest Warblers.
18. SETOPHAGA, Swainson. American ReEpsTaRrts.
1. S. ruticilla, (L.) Sw. Repsrarr. Black; sides of
breast and large blotches on wings and tail orange-red;
belly white, reddish tinged; ¢ olive, similarly marked
with reddish yellow; L. 54; W. 23; T. 24. H.U.S,
very abundant. A handsome and active Fly-Catcher.
FAMILY XXVIII.—TANAGRID.
(The Tanagers.)
Primaries 9; bill usually conical, sometimes depressed
or attenuated, the culmen curved; cutting edges not
much inflected, sometimes toothed, notched or serrated;
tarsus scutellate. Isegs short; claws long; colors usually
brilliant. A large family of three hundred or more
species, confined to the warmer parts of America, and
embracing a wide diversity of forms. Some have slender
bills and are scarcely distinguishable from the Warblers.
70 BIRDS.
Others, like our Pyranga, have stout conical bills and are
very closely related to the Finches. The single North
American genus has a stout, sparrow - like bill, notched
at the tip, and more or less evidently toothed or lobed
near the middle of the upper mandible.
1. PYRANGA, Vieillot. Fire Tanacers.
1. P. rubra, (L.) Vieill. Scarter Tanacer. ¢ brilliant
scarlet; wings and tail black, no wing bars; ¢ clear olive
green; clear greenish yellow below; L. 74; W. 4; T. 3.
. U. S.; abundant in woodland; a respectable songster.
2. P. estiva, (L.) Vieill. Summer Rep Birp. 4
bright rose red throughout; wings a little dusky; ¢ dull
brownish olive, dull yellowish below; no wing bars; bill
and feet paler than in P. rubra, size of last. E.U.S.,
chiefly southerly; N. to N. J. and Ills.; abundant.
FAMILY XXIX.— HIRUNDINID.
(The Swallows.)
Primaries 9; bill “ fissirostral,” ¢.e., short, broad, tri-
angular, depressed, the gape wide and about twice as
long as the culmen, reaching to about opposite the eyes.
Wings very long and pointed, the first primary usually
longest, and twice as long as the last; secondaries very
short. Tail more or less forked. Feet weak; tarsus
scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw. Plumage
compact, and more or less lustrous.
A very natural family of about one hundred species,
found all over the world. All are strong on the wing,
insectivorous, and usually migratory.
* Plumage above more or less lustrous blue-black or green; no
tarsal tuft nor recurved hooks on outer primary.
+ Tail deeply forked; outer feathers attenuate and blotched with
white... + + .« . « Hirenpo, 1.
HIRUNDINIDA.—XXIX. 71
tt Tail scarcely forked ; rump and forehead not colored like the
back. . ‘ s P ‘ . PETROCHELIDON, 8.
ttt Tail somewhat fiotkedt , unblotched; rump and forehead
colored like the back.
a. Lustrous green or violaceous; pure white below; length
less than 64. : : ‘ . TacHycInera, 2.
aa. Lustrous blue-black; ¢ paler and whitish below; length
more than 64. ‘ . 5 . PRoene, 6.
** Plumage brownish-gray; scarcely lustrous and without shades
of blue or green.
d. A little tuft of feathers on tarsus at base of hind toe; edge of
wing smooth. * «© « »* » « Corrnn,4,
bb. Outer web of first primary more or less saw-like, with a
series of minute recurved hooks; no tarsal tuft.
STELGIDOPTERYX, 5.
7. HIRUNDO, Linneus. Swatiows.
1. H. erythrogastra, Bodd. Barn Swattow. Lustrous
steel-blue, pale chestnut below; forehead and throat
deep chestnut; an imperfect steel-blue collar; tail very
deeply forked; L. 7; W. 5; T. 43. N. Am., abundant;
breeding in colonies about barns, etc.
2. TACHYCINETA, Cabanis. Wuitre-BELLIED SwALLows.
1. T. bicolor, (Vieill.) Coues. Wuitr- BeLiiep Swat-
tow. Lustrous green, pure white below; ? duller; L
64; W. 5; T. 22. N. Am., abundant about water,
nesting in trees, ete.; a handsome swallow.
8. PETROCHELIDON, Cabanis. Ciirr SwaLiows.
1. P. lunifrons, (Say ) Cab. Criry Swatitow. EAvE
Swattow. Lustrous steel blue; forehead, sides of head,
threat, rump, etc., of various shades of chestnut; a blue
spot on breast, belly whitish; L. 54; W. 43; T. 23. N.
Am., abundant, formerly nesting in cliffs, but now under
the eaves of barns, etc.
72 BIRDS.
4. COTYLE, Boie. Bank Swattows.
1. €. riparia, (L.) Boie. Bank Swattow. Sanp
Martin. Dark gray, not iridescent, white below, a
brown shade across the breast; L. 42; W.4; T.2. N.
Am., abundant, breeding in holes in sandbanks, etc.
5. STELGIDOPTERYX, Baird. Rovas-WincEp
SwaLows.
1. S. -serripennis, (Aud.) Bd. Roven-WincEp
Swattow. Brownish gray; wing hooks weak in 9; L.
53; W. 44; T. 23. U.S., not common, rare eastward,
breeding in banks, etc.
6. PROGWNE, Boie. Martins.
1. P. subis, (L.) Bd. Purrtz Martin. Lustrous
blue-black throughout; ¢ duller, whitish and streaky
below; bill stout, almost hooked; L. 74; W. 6; T. 34.
N. Am., abundant. (P. purpurea, Auct.)
FAMILY XXX.— AMPELIDA.
(The Chatterers.)
Primaries 10, or apparently 9, the first sometimes
tudimentary and displaced; bill stout, triangular, de-
pressed, decidedly notched and hooked, with the gape
very wide. Nostrils overhung by membrane covered
with bristly feathers. Tarsus short, with the lateral
plates more or less subdivided, and often scarcely oscine
in character; lateral toes nearly equal. As here con-
stituted, a small group of six or eight species, the
Myidestine usually brought into this connection being
really Zurdidw, as shown by Prof. Baird. There are
two sub- families, bearing but little resemblance to each
other, — Ptilogonydinw, of the warmer parts of N.
America, and Ampelinw, of the ‘northern parts of both
hemispheres.
VIREONID #.— XXXL 73
The Ampeline constitute a single genus of three
species. All are crested birds with a soft plumage of a
handsome cinnamon drab color; the ends of the secon-
daries, and sometimes of the tail feathers, also, are
tipped with horny appendages, looking like red sealing-
wax. ;
The tail is short and square, much shorter than the
long wings, and in our species it is tipped with yellow.
The Wax Wings are migratory and gregarious, feeding
on insects and soft fruits. Their voices are weak and
wheezy, and they can scarcely be considered as songsters.
7. AMPELIS, Linnzeus. Wax Wines.
1. 4. garrulus,L. Bonzm1an Wax Wine. NortHern,
Wax Wine. General color an indescribable silky, ashy
brown with a red tinge; front and sides of head shaded
with purplish cinnamon; a black band across forehead
around head; throat black; crissum chestnut red; two
‘broad white wing bars; L. 74; W. 44; T. 3. Northern
regions, S. in winter in large flocks to the Great Lakes;
an interesting and beautiful bird,
2. A. cedrorum, (Vieill.) Bd. Czpar Brrp. CHERRY
Birp. SourHERN Wax Wine. Similar but smaller and
less cinnamon-tinged, chin black; strip across face black,
bordered above by whitish; belly yellowish; crissum‘
white; no wing bars; ? with the wax-like appendages
small or wanting; L. 64; W. 32; T. 24. E.U.S.,
abundant.
FAMILY XXXI.— VIREONID.
(The Vireos.)
Primaries 10, or apparently only 9, the first being
sometimes rudimentary and displaced. Bill shorter than
head, stout, compressed, decidedly notched and hooked.
4
74 BIRDS.
Rictus with bristles. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a
scale, reached by the bristly frontal feathers. Tarsus
scutellate; toes soldered at base for the whole length of
basal joint of middle one, which is united with the basal °
joint of the inner and the two basal joints of the outer;
lateral toes usually unequal.
A rather small family, comprising sixty or seventy
species of small olivaceous birds, all American. The
coloration is usually blended and varies little with age
or sex. All are insectivorous, and many of them are
remarkable as songsters.
Concerning the “ nine-primaried ” species, Prof. Baird
remarks: “In V. flavifrons, in which the outer primary
is supposed to be wanting, its presence may be easily
appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this
species consists in a narrow edging of white to all the
primary quills, while the primary coverts (the small
feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what
are usually termed the wing coverts, which more properly
belong to the forearm or secondaries) are without them.
If these coverts are carefully pushed aside, two small
feathers considerably shorter than the others will be dis-
closed, one overlying the other, which (the under one)
springs from the base of the exposed portion of the
long outermost primary, and lies immediately against its
outer edge. This small feather is stiff, falcate, and
edged with white like the other quills, and can be
brought partly around on the inner edge of the large
primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge.
In the other Vireos, with appreciable spurious or short
outer primary, a similar examination will reveal only one
small feather at the outer side of the base of the exterior
large primary.
VIREONID Al.—-XXXI. 75
In all the families of Passeres, where the existence of
nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have
invariably found, as far as my observations have extend-
ed, that there were two of the small feathers referred to,
while in those of ten primaries but one would be
detected.”
* Wings long and pointed, ¢ or more longer than the tail; first
primary very small or apparently wanting, less than $ length
of second. < «oe : - ‘ VIREOSYLVIA, 1.
** Wings relatively short and rounded, not one-fourth longer
than the tail; first primary % or more length of second; bill
stout. . & S&S « « 4% ® & VIREO, 2.
1. VIREOSYLVIA, Bonaparte. Lone -WinGEp VIREos.
< Vireo, Vieillot.
* Slender species, the bill slender, light horn color, pale below;
commissure straight and culmen relatively so; no wing bars
nor conspicuous orbital ring; feet weak. (Vireosylvia )
+ Primaries apparently 9.
1. V. olivacea, (L.) Bon. Rep-Evrp Virro. GRrEEn-
_ LET. Olive green, crown ashy, edged on each side with y
blackish; a white superciliary line, and below this a
dusky streak; white below, somewhat olive shaded; eyes ,
red; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. E.U.S., very abundant in
woodland; an energetic songster.
2. V. philadelphica, Cassin, PHiLADELPHIA GREENLET.
Dull olive green, becoming ashy on crown; no black
lines on head; a whitish superciliary line; below faintly
yellowish, fading to white on throat, etc.; L. 42; W. 23;
T. 22. H.U.S., scarce.
tt Primaries evidently 10.
3. V. gilva, (Vieill.) Cass. Warsiine Virro. Colors
exactly as in the preceding, but the spurious quill
evident; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. HE. N.A., frequent; an
exquisite songster, nesting in tall trees in cities, etc.
76 BIRDS.
** Stout species; the bill short and stout, blue-black; both culmen
and commissure decidedly curved; a pale stripe running from
bill to and around eye; white wing bars; quills blackish,
mostly edged with white; feet stout. (Lanivireo, Bd.)
+ Primaries apparently 9.
4. V. favifrons, (Vieill.) Baird. Yr rtow-THroarep
VirEo. Rich olive green above, becoming ashy on
rump; bright yellow below; belly white; superciliary
line and orbital ring yellow; L. 532; W. 3; T. 2.
E. U.S., abundant; a brightly colored species.
tt Primaries evidently 10.
5. V. sofitaria, (Wils.) Baird. Briog-HEapEep VirEzo.
SouitarY GREENLET. Bright olive green; crown and
sides of head bluish ash; stripe to and around eye white,
a dusky line below it; white below, somewhat washed
with pale yellow; L. 53; W. 3; T. 24. U.S, in wood-
land, frequent; a stout, handsome species.
2. VIREO, Vieillot. Suorr-WincEep VIREos.
1. V. noveboracensis, (Gm.) Bonap. Wuuire-Eyrp
Virzo. Bright olive green, white below; sides and
crissum bright yellow; pale wing bars; stripe from bill
to and around eye, yellow; eyes white; L.5; W. 234;
T. 24. E.U.S., in thickets; a sprightly bird, with a loud
and varied song.
2. V. belli, Aud. Brtu’s Virzo. Olive-green, yellow
below, chin and superciliary line whitish; wing bars
whitish; L. 44; W. 24; T.2. Western, E. to Ills. and
Neb. Resembles V. gilva.
FAMILY XXXTI.—LANIIDA.
(The Shrtkes.)
Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wanting); bill hawk-
like, very strong, the upper mandible toothed and ab-
FRINGILLID&.—XXXIU, 77
ruptly hooked at the tip; both mandibles distinctly
notched. Wings short, rounded. Tail long. Tarsus
scutellate on the outside as well as in front. Sexes alike.
Species about 100, found in most parts of the world,
remarkable for their energy and pugnacity.
* Rictus with bristles; nostrils concealed by bristly tufts; colors
black, white and gray. : . ea Lantus, 1.
1. LANIUS, Linnzeus. Surixzs.
(Collurio, Vigors.)
1. L. borealis, Vieill. Great Norturrn Surixke.
Butcuersirp. Clear bluish ash above; black bars %
on side of head not meeting in front, interrupted .
by a white crescent on under eyelid; rump and shoulders
whitish; wings black; white below, waved with blackish;
L. 94; W.44; T. 42. Northern regions, S in winter to
Ohio R. and Potomac.
2. L. ludovicianus, (L.) var. exeubitoroides, (Sw.)
Coues. LogerruEapD Surike. Clear ashy blue; a
whitish superciliary line; black bars on sides of head
meeting across forehead; no crescent on under eyelid;
white below scarcely or not dark-waved; L. 84; W. 43 :
T. 4%. Western, E. to L. Michigan and Ohio R. (See
Addenda.)
FAMILY XXXIII.— FRINGILLIDA.
(The Finches.)
Primaries 9. Tarsus strictly oscine. Bill mostly
shorter than head, robust, of a conical form, with the
commissure more or less abruptly angulated near its
base; in other words, the “corners of the mouth drawn
down.” This feature is usually unmistakeable, and it is
almost the only character pertaining to all the members
of the family. Even this is also shared by the Lcterida,
which, however, may generally be distinguished by the
greater length and slenderness of the bill,
78 BIRDS.
A very large family, the most extensive in Ornithology,
comprising about one hundred genera and five hundred
species, found in nearly every part of the world, except
Australia. They are especially abundant in North
America, where about one-eighth of all the birds are
Fringillide. “Any one United States locality of aver-
age attractiveness to birds, has a bird-fauna of over two
hundred species, and if it be away from the sea-coast,
and consequently uninhabited by marine birds, about
one-fourth of the species are Sylvicolide and Fringil-
lide together, the latter somewhat in excess of the
former. It is not easy, therefore, to give undue promi-
nence to these two families.” (Cowes.)
All the Finches are granivorous, feeding chiefly on
seeds, but not rejecting either berries or insects; nearly
all sing, and some most delightfully; most of them are
plainly clad, a streaky brown being the prevailing tint,
but others are among the most brilliantly colored birds.
Among these latter only are the changes in plumage
strongly marked.
The following key to the genera is apout as artificial
as it well could be, but a more natural one would be less
easy of application. The characters here assigned are
seldom truly generic.
* Species of large size; length at :east more than 7}.
¢ Tail longer than wings.
a. Conspicuously crested, chiefly red or rosy-tinted; bill very
large, reddish. . i ‘ . CARDINALIS, 28.
aa. Not crested; black or brown with chestnut on sides;
wings and tail with white; bill moderate, black.
PIPILo, 24.
aaa. Not crested, head mostly black; no white on tail.
; ZONOTRICHIA, 13,
tt Tail shorter than wings.
b, Bill very large and stout. (‘‘Grosbeaks.”)
FRINGILLIDA.— XXXII. v6!)
¢. Black and white (s) or brown, streaked (9); under wing
coverts rosy or yellow. .. . GonrIAPHEA, 20.
cc. Rosy red (6) or gray with brownish yellow on head and
rump (2)... : . + PINIcoLa, 2.
cece. Bill greenish yellow, as rie as tarsus; wings and tail
black; secondaries mostly white. HEsPERIPHONA, 1.
bb. Bill moderate or small.
d. White, with black on wings and tail, or washed with
clear brown; hind toe elongated. PLECTROPHANES, 7.
dd. Streaked above ; head en tail about as long as
wings. . ‘ ZONOTRICHIA, 13.
** Species of medium or ami size; lenistty Ut or less.
}¢ Mandibles long and much curved, their points crossed; colors
chiefly redorolive . . . . . . Loxm,4
tt Hind claw straightish, twice as long ag middle claw; colors
black, white and brown. ‘ . PLECTROPHANES, 7.
ttt With neither of the preceding combinations.
¢. No where decidedly spotted or streaked (sometimes appear-
ing mottled owing to the darker centers of the feathers).
f. Blackish, or ashy; belly and one to three outer tail feath-
“ers white; bill pale, without ruff. . Junoo, 17.
ff. Yellow, more or less; base of bill with a small ruff; no
blue; young brownish. : * CHRYSOMITRIS, 6.
Sff. Chiefly or entirely blue (4), greenish or plain brown (9).
g. Length more than 6; iad with chestnut or whitish;
bill stout. : : . Gourraca, 21.
gg. Length 5 to 6; gonys stenatly with a dusky stripe.
CYANOSPIZA, 22.
ee. Some where or every where decidedly spotted or streaked.
h. One or more outer tail feathers partly or wholly white.
t. Hind claw very long and nearly straight; colors black
and white or brown. . . PLecrropHangs, 7.
zi. Hind claw not specially elongated.
j. Bend of wing with chestnut; crown and breast
streaked; tail much shorter than wings.
Poacetzs, 10.
80 BIRDS.
ij. No chestnut on wing; breast unstreaked; head with
black, white and chestnut; tail nearly as long as
wings. . . F , Cuonpestss, 12.
hh. Tail feathers rigid, acute, almost scansorial; small
streaked marsh-sparrows with yellow-edged wings.
Ammopromvs, 11.
Ahh. Tail feathers more or less rounded and soft, none of
them white.
k. Wings decidedly longer than tail.
i. With crimson or clear (not rusty) red; a ruff at base
of bill.
m. Crown crimson; throat dusky. . aroruus, 5.
mm. Crown, chin, throat and often whole plumage
washed with red. . . 6 of CaRPODACUS, 3.
d. With definite yellow some where.
n. Bases and edges of quills and tail feathers yellow;
bill acute. ‘ ‘ ‘ CHRYSOMIYRIS, 6.
nn. Rump sulphur yellow; bill with a small ruff.
ANGIOTHUS, 5.
nnn. Edge of wing and superciliary line or spot at
least, yellow or yellowish; no ruff.
o. Breast yellow; throat patch or streaks black,
bill bluish. . . 2 7 Euspiza, 19.
oo. Breast buffy or streaky; wings less than 24;
tail feathers narrow. . AmmMmopromus, 11.
ooo. Breast streaked; wings more than 24; inner
secondaries nearly as long as primaries.
PassERCULUS, 9.
il. With no definite crimson nor yellow any where.
p. Introduced birds, not streaked below; throat black
in 4. . - F ‘ Passer, 8.
pp. Native birds, much streaked below.
q. Inner claw reaching at least half way to tip of
middle claw ; tail, wings, etc., with much
chestnut red; wings more than 8; no ruff,
PASSERELLA, 18.
FRINGILLID&.—XXXIII. 81
gq. Olivaceous; no black nor chestnut; wings more
than 8; secondaries not lengthened; a ruff at
base of bill. . gof Carpopacus, 3.
qqq. Inner secondaries lengthened, about as long as
primaries; wings less than 3; no ruff.
PASSERCULUS, 9,
kk. Wings little if any longer than tail.
r. Tail feathers very slender, rather stiff and sharp
pointed. é . is . Ammopromvs, 11.
ar. Tail feathers not rigid and sharp pointed.
s. Sharply streaked below. . . Metosriza, 15.
ss. Not streaked below (when adult.)
it. Crown chestnut in adult (streaky in young); no
yellow.
u. Tail rounded; length about 52; wings and tail
less than 23; sharply streaked above.
Me tospiza, 15.
wu. Tail forked; length 5 to 64; wings and tail
24 to3: tarsus$to# SPIZELLA, 14.
é¢. Crown not chestnut in adult, often partially so
in young.
». Head striped ; length more than 6; tarsus
more than 4. s . ZONOTRICHIA, 13.
vo. Length less than 6; bend of wing yellowish.
: Prvucaa, 16.
7. HESPERIPHONA, Bonaparte. Evrnina GrospeEaks.
1. H. vespertina, (Coop.) Bon. Evrenine GrossEak.
Olivaceous; crown, wings, tail and tibia black; forehead
and crissum yellow; bill very large, yellowish; L. 8; W.
41; T. 24. Western, E. to Ohio, etc.
2. PINICOLA, Vieillot. Pine GrospEaks.
1. P. enucleator, (L.) Vicill. Pine GrospeaK. 4
chiefly red; white wing bars; 9 ashy gray with brownish
yellow on head and rump; L. 84; W. 44; T.4. North-
ward, 8. in winter; in pine woods, etc,
82 BIRDS.
3. CARPODACUS, Kaup. Purrtz Fincuss.
1. C. purpureus, (Gmel.) Gray. PurpLe Fincu. Every
where streaky; ¢ flushed with red, most intense on the
crown, fading below and behind; 2 olive brown with
no red; bill stout; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. U.S., a fine
songster.
4. LOXIA, Linneus. CrosspiLis.,
1. L. /eucoptera, (Gmel.) Wuirte WincEp Crosssitt.
4 rose red; white wing bars; 9 brownish olive, speckled
with dusky; rump yellow; L. 64; W. 33; T. 23. North-
ern, S. in winter.
2. L. eurvirostra, L. Rep Crossprtt. 4 brick-red;
wings unmarked; 2 brownish olive; L. 6; W. 34; T. 23.
Northern regions and pine woods; S. in winter.
5. AGIOTHUS, Cabanis. Linners
1. £. linarius, (L.) Cab. Rep Pott Linner. Crown
crimson in both sexes; throat, breast and rump also rosy
in 6; much streaked above; chin blackish; L. 52; W. 3;
"T. 24. Northern, S. in winter, in flocks.
2. £. flavirostris, (L.) var. brewsteri, Ridgway. Brews-
TER’s Linnet. No red on crown or breast; rump rosy in
4; yellow in 9; L. 53; W. 3; T. 23. Mass., lately dis-
covered.
6. CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie. GoLprincuEs.
* Sexes alike; plumage thickly streaked every where; no black
on head; bill very sharp. (Chrysomitris.)
1. C. pinus, (Wils.) Bon. Pinz Linner. Plumage
streaky brown, suffused with yellow in the breeding
season; bases of quills and tail feathers yellow, much
as in the female Redstart; L. 42; W. 23; T. 2. N.
An. rather northward. but liable to “turn up” any where.
FRINGILLIDA.— XXXII. 83
** Sexes unlike; scarcely or not streaked; adult 4 with black on
crown, wings and tail. (Astragalinus, Cab.)
2. €. tristis, (L.) Bon. Yetiow Birp. TuistLE Birp.
Am. Gotprincn. ¢@ rich yellow; rump whitish; wing
bars white; white spot on each tail feather; @ more
olivaceous; fall plumage pale yellow brown; young
variously ochraceous, with yellow or not; L.5; W. 33
T.2. N.Am.; every where.
7. PLECTROPHANES, Meyer. Loneaspuns.
* Bill small, with a ruff; hind claw long but curved. (Plectro-
phanes.)
1. P. nivalis, (L.) Meyer. Snow Buntine. Snow
Fiaxe. In breeding season, pure white, with black on
back, wings and tail; bill and feet black; in U.S. usually
bill pale, and white of body clouded with clear, warm
brown; L. 7; W. 44; T. 3. Northern, S. in winter to
Ohio R.; a beautiful bird.
** Bill larger, without ruff; hind claw nearly straight. (Centro-
phanes, Kaup.)
2. P. lapponicus, (L.) Selby. Laritanp Lonespur.
4 with head and throat mostly black; a chestnut collar; 4
back black and streaky, whitish below; outer tail feathers
with white; legs and feet black; 9 and winter birds with
less black; L. 64; W.4; T. 22. Northern, S. in winter
to N. Y. and IIls.
3. P. pietus, Sw. Painrep Lark Buntine. 6 with
head and upper parts mostly black; collar and under
parts rich fawn color; legs pale; 9 duller. Northern, S.
in the interior to Ills. and Kans.; rare. (See Addenda.)
8. PASSER, Brisson. Hovust Sparrows.
= Pyrgita, Cuvier.
1. P. domesticus, L. Enetisu Sparrow. 6 chestnut
84 BIRDS.
brown above, thickly streaked; ashy below; throat, lores
and chin black; @ duller, without black; feet small; L.
- 6; W. 2; T. 24. Introduced from Europe; abundant
in the large cities.
2. P. montanus, Auct. EvrorpEAN TREE Sparrow.
“ Distinguished by the chestnut crown, and the similarity
of both sexes and the young.” Introduced with preced-
ing, and abundant in St. Louis (Dr. J. C. Merrill), and
perhaps other places.
9. PASSERCULUS, Bonaparte. Savanna Sparrows.
1. P. savanna, (Wils.) Bon. Savanna Sparrow.
Sharply streaked; streaks on back blackish; superciliary
line and edge of wing yellowish; L. 53; W. 22; T. 2.
N. Am., abundant on plains and shores.
2. P. princeps, Maynard. Ipswicu Sparrow. Streaks
on back sandy brown, not sharply defined; superciliary
line white in front; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. Mass., lately
discovered.
10. POECETES, Baird. Grass Sparrows.
1. P. gramineus, (Gm.) Baird. Bay-Wincep Bunr-
inc. Grass Sparrow. Grounp Birp. Thickly streaked
every where; slightly buffy below; L. 6; W. 8; T. 24.
N. Am., abundant in fields, etc., and known at once by
the chestnut bend of wing and white outer tail feathers.
11. AMMODROMUS, Swainson. SuorE SraRRows.
* Bill stout; tail feathers acute but notrigid; crown with a medium
light stripe; inland species. (Coturnéculus, Bon.)
1. A. passerinus, (Wils.) Baird. YxEtitow-Winerp
Sparrow. Much streaked above; feathers edged with
bay; breast buffy, unstreaked; wings and tail short; edge
PRINGILLID 4@.—XXxXut. 85
and bend of wing and line over eye yellow; L.5; W.
23; T.2. U.S., in fields; notes sharp, grasshopper-like.
2. A. hens/owi, (Aud.) Baird. Hrnstow’s Sparrow.
Smaller; more yellow above; breast, etc., with some
sharp black streaks; L. 5; W..24; T. 24. E. U.S.,
scarce; N. to Mass.
3. A. lecontei, (Aud.) Baird. LeConrn’s Sparrow.
Intermediate between the preceding and the next; bill
small, blue-black; back with rufous; tail feathers very
sharp and slender; breast unspotted, a broad buffy
superciliary stripe; L. 43; W. 24; T. 24. Chicago, Ills.
(#. W. Nelson) to Texas and N. W.; very rare.
** Bill long and slender; tail feathers sharp and rather stiff; sea-
shore Sparrows. (Ammodromus.)
4. A. maritimus, (Wils.) Sw. Sra-Srpz Fincn. Olive
gray; back obscurely streaked; a yellow spot over eye;
L. 6; W. 24; T. 2. Salt marshes, Atlantic coast.
5. A. caudacutus, (Gm.) Sw. Suarp-Tarrep Frincu.
Back sharply streaked; no yellow spot over eye, a
bright buff superciliary stripe; L. 5; W. 24; T. 1}.
Atlantic coast.
Var. nelsoni, Allen. Netson’s Suarp-TAaILeD FIncn.
Shores of Lake Michigan about Chicago; common.
(Z. W. Nelson.)
12. CHONDESTES, Swainson. Lark Sparrows.
1. €. grammica, (Say:) Bon. Larx Fincn. Streaked
above, ashy below; crown and ear coverts chestnut,
blackening on forehead, with whitish median and super-
ciliary stripes; black lines through and below eye; and
a conspicuous black line on each side of the white
throat; a black pectoral spot; middle tail feathers like
back, the rest blackish, white tipped; L. 64; W. 33; T.
86 BIRDS.
3. Western, E. to Ohio; abundant on prairies and river
bluffs; a fine songster.
13. ZONOTRICHIA, Swainson. WuttE-CRowNED
SPARROWS.
1. Z. leucophrys, (Forst.) Sw. Wuitr-CrowNneEp
Sparrow. Streaked above, with but little chestnut;
crown with a broad white median band, a narrow black
one and a white one on each side of it; no yellow any
where; throat like breast; young with the crown chiefly
rich brown; L. 7; W. 34; T. 34. N.Am.; less common
than the next.
2. Z. albicollis, (Gm.) Bon. Wauirn-Taroatep Spar-
now. Prasopy Brrp. Much chestnut streaking above;
crown black, with white median and superciliary stripes;*
spot over eye and edge of wing always yellow; ashy
below, whitening on throat; ? duller; L.7; W. 3; T.
34. E. N. Am.; an abundant and handsome sparrow.
3. Z. querula, (Nutt.) Gambel.. Brack -HoopEp
Sparrow. Crown, face and throat jet black; no yellow;
@ with less black; L. 74; W. 34; T. 34. Missouri
region, E. to Minn.
14. SPIZELLA, Bonaparte. Cutprrine Sparrows.
1. §. monticola, (Gm.) Baird. Tree Sparrow.
Streaked above; crown chestnut; bill black above,
yellow below; neck, line over eye and under parts ashy
gray; a dark pectoral blotch; white wing bars; L. 64;
W. 3; T. 3. N.Am.,, chiefly northerly; U.S. in winter.
2. §. pusilla, (Wils.) Bon. Firip Sparrow. General
color of preceding, but paler and duller; bill pale; wing z
bands rather obscure; LL. 54; W. 24; T. 24. E.U.S.,
abundant. [S. agrestis, (Bart.) Coues.]
FRINGILLIDM, — XXX. 87
3. §. soeialis, (Wils.) Bon. Curpry. Harr Birp.
Streaked above, with much dull bay; crown chestnut;
bill, forehead and streak through eye black; ashy below;
L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. N. Am., every where. [S.
domestica, (Bart.) Coues.]
4, §. pallida, (Sw.) Bon. Cxiay-CoLorep Sparrow.
Still smaller; pale brownish yellow, streaked with black;
crown grayish, with median stripe. S. Ills. and W.
15. MELOSPIZA, Baird. Sone Sparrows.
1. M. melodia, (Wils.) Baird. Sone Sparrow. Much
streaked above, and on breast and sides; crown with an
obscure pale median stripe; below white, pectoral streaks
often forming a blotch; L. 64; W. 23; T. 3 U.S,
every where; a well-known songster. [M. fasciata,
(Gmel.) Scott.]
2. M. palustris, (Wils.) Baird. Swamp Sparrow.
Crown chestnut; wings strongly tinged with chestnut;
breast and below with few streaks or none; tail shorter
than in the Song Sparrow; L. 52; W. 24; T. 24. H.U.
S., in low thickets.
3. M. lincoln, (Aud.) Baird. Laincouy’s Finca.
Every where thickly, narrowly and sharply streaked;
breast with a broad band of pale buffy or yellowish
brown; sides washed with the same; L. 53; W. 24; T.
24. N. Am., rare eastward; a shy species quite unlike
the others.
16. PEUCAEA, Audubon. Sumter SPARROWS.
1. P. estivalis, (Licht.) Cab. Bacuman’s FIncu.
Much streaked above, ashy below; yellow on bend of
wing but none on head; L. 6; W. 24; T. 24. Southern,
N. to Illinois.
88 BIRDS.
17. JUNCO, Wagler. Snow Birps.
1. J. Ayemalis, (L.) Scl. Snow Birp. ¢ more gray-
ish; L. 64; W.3; T.3. E. N. Am., every where abund-
ant, mostly seen in winter. (See Addenda.)
18. PASSERELLA, Swainson. Fox Sparrows.
1. P. iliaea, (Merrem) Sw. Fox Sparrow. Ashy
above, overlaid and much streaked with rusty red, which
becomes bright bay on rump, tail and wings; white
below with large arrow-shaped spots and streaks; numer-
ous on breast; feet stout, with long claws; L. 7; W. 33;
T.3. EH. N. Am.; migrating early; one of the hand-
somest streaked sparrows.
19. EUSPIZA, Bonaparte. Biack-Turoatep Buntines.
1. E. americana, (Gm.) Bon. Brack-TuHRoATED
Bunting. Grayish and streaked above; wing coverts
chestnut; line over eye, maxillary stripe, edge of wing,
breast and part of belly yellow; throat patch black;
otherwise white below; @ with little chestnut, and the
black reduced to a few streaks; L. 62; W. 34; T. 22.
Meadows, etc., Conn. to Kansas, chiefly westward; a
handsome bird with sleek plumage, and a peculiar, but
scarcely musical song.
2. £. townsendi, (Aud.) Bon. TownsEnp’s Buntine.
Upper parts, head, neck, etc., slaty blue; no chestnut,
and little yellow or black. Smaller, a doubtful species.
Only one specimen known from E. Penn.
20. GONIAPHEA, Bowdich. Brack-HrapEp GrosBEAKs.
= Hedymeles, Cabanis.
1. G. ludoviciana, (L.) Bowdich. Rosk-Breasrep
Grospeak. 6 with head, neck and upper parts mostly
black, with white on rump, wings and tail; belly white;
PRINGILLID#.— XxX xiii. 89
breast and under wing coverts of an exquisite rose-red;
bill very stout, pale; ¢ olive brown, much streaked, with
the under wing coverts saffron yellow; head with whitish
bands; L. 84; W.4; T. 34. E.U.S., abundant; perhaps
our handsomest bird, and one of our most brilliant
songsters.
21. GUIRACA, Swainson. BLvuE GRosBEAks.
1. G. cerulea, (L.) Sw. Buiuz GrospzaK. ¢@ rich
blue; feathers about bill, wings and tail, black; wing
bars chestnut; 2 yellowish brown, with whitish wing
bars; L. 7; W. 34; T. 23. Southern, N. to N. Y. and
Wis.; a fine songster.
22. CYANOSPIZA, Baird. Inp1cgo Brrps.
1. @. cyanea, (L.) Baird. Inpico Birp. ¢ Indigo
blue, clear on head, greenish behind; ? plain warm %
brown, obscurely streaky, known from other small spar-
rows by a dusky line along the gonys; L. 52; W. 3; T.
23. EH. U.S., abundant in summer; a tireless songster.
2. C. ciris, (L.) Baird. Nowpargit. Parnrep Bunt-
ing. head and neck blue; under parts, etc., vermillion;
shoulders, etc., green; 9 green, yellowish below; L, 54.
Southern, N. to §. Ills. (WVedson.)
23. CARDINALIS, Bonaparte. CarpinaL GROSBEAKS.
1. C. virginianus, (Brisson) Bon. CarpinaL GRosBEAK.
Rep Birp. Clear red, ashy on back; chin and forehead
black; crest conspicuous; @ ashy brown, more or less
washed with red; L. 8$; W.4; T. 44. E. U.S8., south-
erly, N. to Mass. and N. Wis.; abundant. A brilliant
songster, much sought as a cage bird.
24. PIPILO, Vieillot. Townrr Buntines.
1. P. erythrophthalmus, (L.) Vieill. Cuzwink. Marsa
90 BIRDS.
Rozin. Black, belly white; sides chestnut; outer tail
feathers, primaries, and inner secondaries with white; ?
clear brown instead of black; L. 84; W. 34; T.4. E.
U. S., abundant every where.
FAMILY XXXIV.—ICTERIDA.
(The Orioles.)
Primaries 9; bill with the commissure angulated, as in
Fringillide, but usually lengthened, rarely shorter than
head, straight or gently curved, without notch or rictal
bristles; culmen usually extending up on the forehead,
dividing the frontal feathers. Legs stout, tarsus strictly
oscine. Plumage usually brilliant or lustrous, predom-
inant color generally black, often with red or yellow;
females usually different, smaller in size, brown or streaky
in the lustrous species, and yellowish or dusky in the
brightly colored ones. Notes usually sharp, often richly
melodious, in other cases harsh.
Genera about twenty, species one hundred, all Ameri-
can, some of the short-billed forms scarcely distinct from
Fringillide; others are as closely related to Sturnide
(Old World Starlings) and Corvide. There are three
sub-families, of which Agelwince includes most of our
species. Icterince includes Icterus, while Scolecophagus
and Quiscalus belong to Quiscaline.
I. Tail feathers rigid, acute; middle toe and claw longer than
tarsus; black and whitish (4) or brownish, streaked (¢); bill
short, finch-like. . . . Dottenonyx, 1.
II. Feathers of crown bristle- toed tail short, its feathers acute;
yellow below, a black breast patch; bill long. STuRNELLA, 5.
III. Lateral claws elongated; black or brown, yellow on head and
neck; length more than8. . . #XANTHOCEPHALUS, 4.
IV. With none of the above combinations of characters.
* Length at least more than 7.
ICTERID A.— XXXIV. 91
{ Bill horn-blue, very acute; black or olivaceous, with orange
or yellow. : ‘ ‘ IcTERus, 6.
+t Bill blackish ; iumage every where streaked; usually a
rusty tinge on throat and bend of wing.
9 of AcELAUs, 8.
ttt Bill jet black; plumage in ¢ black, in ¢ duller, streaky, or
‘plain brown.
¢ Glossy black; bend of wing red, bordered by buffy and
whitish. . . . 6 0f AGELzUS, 3.
tt Black; head and ~— rich lustrous brown.
é of Motorrus, 2.
ttt Iridescent black throughout; wings scarcely longer
than tail; length more than 10. ‘ Quiscauus, 8.
ttt Black, often obscured by brownish or rusty; no red or
yellow; wings longer than tail; length 9 to 10.
ScoLECOPHaGUS, 7.
** Length less than 7.
a. Dusky gray brown; bill blackish, shortened, finch-like.
¢ of MoLorarus, 2.
aw. Black with chestnut or orange (4), or else olive and yellow-
ish (9); bill acute, bluish or brown. . . Icrerus, 6.
7. DOLICHONYX, Swainson. Boso.inxKs.
1. BD. oryzivorus, (1..) Sw. Bosommnx. ReEEp Brrp.
Rice Birp. ~ in Spring black, neck buffy, shoulders and
rump ashy white, back streaky; @ and fall ¢ yellowish
brown, streaked above, —dull yellow birds, resembling
sparrows but known by the acute tail feathers; LL. 74;
W.4; T.3. E. U.S., abundant in meadows northward,
where, in the breeding season, it is our merriest and most
delightful songster. Retiring southward in the fall, it
fattens in the rice swamps and becomes a “game bird.”
2. MOLOTHRUS, Swainson. Cow Birps.
1. M. ater, (Bodd.) Gray. Cow Birp. 4 iridescent
black, head and neck glossy brown; 2 much smaller,
92 BIRDS,
dusky brown; L. (3) 8; W. 4; T. 3. U.S. abundant;
noted for its parasitic habits. [M. pecoris (Gmel.), Sw.]
3. AGELAUS, Vieillot. Rep-Wine Buack Braps.
1. A. pheniceus, (L.) V. Rep-Winerp Srar.ine.
Swamp Brack Brrp. @ glossy (not iridescent) black,
lesser wing covers scarlet, with buffy and paler edgings;
Q@ dusky, streaked; L. 9; W. 5; T. 4. U.5S., every
where abundant.
4. XANTHOCEPHALUS, Bonaparte. Yuttow-Heapep
Buack Brrps.
1. X. icterocephalus, (Bon.) Baird. Yrttow-Heapep.
Buiack Birp. 4 black with white wing patch; head and
neck rich yellow; 9 smaller, browner, with less yellow;
L.10; W. 53; T. 43. ‘ Southwestern, E. to L. Michigan.
5. STURNELLA, Vieillot. Mrapow Larks.
1. §. magna, (L.) Sw. Merapow Lark. Brownish
and much streaked above; chiefly yellow below, a black
crescent on breast. L. 10; W.5; T. 34. U.S.; very
abundant. (S. neglecta, Aud., is the Western variety,
Illinois S. and W., with “a much sweeter song,” and
some slight differences of plumage.)
6. ICTERUS, Brisson. AmERICAN ORIOLES.
1. 1. baltimore, (L.) Daudin. BatrimorE ORI0LE.
GonpEN Rosin. Fire Birp. Black; bend of wing, ;
rump, most tail feathers, and under parts from the breast
orange of varying intensity; @ duller, olivaceous and
yellow; L. 72; W. 32; T. 3. E.U.S., abundant; noted
for its elaborate hanging nest.
2. L spurius, (L.) Bon. Orcuarp Oriotz. ¢ black;
rump, bend of wing and lower parts deep chestnut; ?
CORVIDAl.— XXXV. 93
yellowish olive, quite small; young yellow, with various
black or chestnut traces; L. 7; W. 34; T. 3. E. U.S,
rather southerly.
7. SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swainson. Rusty Biack Brrps.
1. S. ferrugineus, (Gm.) Sw. Rusry Grackiz. Rusry
Buiack Birp. ¢@ glossy black and rusty in autumn; ?
dusky, lustreless; bill slender; L. 93; W. 43; T. 4.
E. U.S.
2. §. eyanocephalus, (Wagl.) Cab. Brewesr’s Biack
Birp. ¢ black with green lustre, head glossed with
purple; 9 dusky; L. 10; W. 54; T. 44. W., E. to Ils.
and Wis.
8. QUISCALUS, Vieillot. Crow Buiack Brrps.
1. Q. purpureus, (Bartr.) Licht. Crow Brack Brrp.
¥PureLe Grackiz. Iridescent black, lustre on head
purplish, on body bronzy; L. 13; W. 54; T. 54. E. U.
S., abundant.
FAMILY XXXV.— CORVIDA.
(The Crows and Jays.)
Primaries 10; first about half length of second; nostrils
usually concealed by tufts of bristly feathers, which are
branched to their tips. Bill long and strong, usually
notched, commissure not angulated. Tarsus oscine, its
sides undivided and separated from the scutella in front
by a groove which is either naked or filled in with small
scales. Voice usually harsh and unmusical.
Birds of large size, the largest of the Oscines, found
almost every where. Genera about forty; species one
hundred and seventy-five. Our two sub- families,
Corvine, the Crows, and Garruline the Jays, are usually
readily distinguishable.
94 BIRDS.
* Tail much shorter than the long, pointed wings. (Corvine.)
} Plumage glossy black, . . . . Corvus, 1.
** Tail longer than the short, rounded wings. (Garruline.)
} Conspicuously crested; chiefly blue; quills black-barred.
CyanurRus, 3.
tt Iridescent black and white; tail much longer than wings.
Proa, 2.
ttt Chiefly gray, no blue; tail scarcely longer than wings.
PERISOREDS, 4.
7. CORVUS, Linneus. Ravens.
1. €. corax, L. Raven. Feathers of throat stiffened,
elongated, narrow and lanceolate, their outlines very
distinct; L. 25; W. 17; T. 10. N.Am., chiefly north
and westward; rare H. of the Mississippi. Also European.
(C. carnivorus, Bartr.)
2. €. americanus, Aud. Crow. Feathers of throat
short, broad, obtuse, with their webs blended; gloss of
plumage purplish violet; head and neck scarcely lus-
trous; L. 20; W.13; T.8. KE. N. Am., chiefly eastward;
abundant. (C. frugivorus, Bartr.)
3. €. ossifragus, Wilson. Fis Crow. Gloss of
plumage green and violet, evident on head and neck;
L. 16; W.11; T. 7. New England to Florida, chiefly
southern, and found only along the coast. (C. maritimus,
Bartr.)
2. PICA, Cuvier. Maaprtres.
1. P. melanoleuca (Vieill.) var. hudsoniea, (Sab.) Coues.
Maerrz. Lustrous black; belly, shoulders, and wing-
edgings white; L.19; W. 83; T. 13, much graduated.
Western, E. to L. Michigan.
3. CYANURUS, Swainson. Buvur Jays.
1. C. cristatus, (L.) Sw. Brun Jay. Blue; collar
and frontlet black; grayish below; wings and tail clear
TYRANNID®.— XXXVI. 95
blue, barred; outer tail feathers and secondaries tipped
with white; L. 12; W. 54; T. 53. N.E.Am., abundant.
4. PERISOREUS, Bonaparte. Gray Jays.
L. P. eanadensis, (L.) Bon. Canapa Jay. WuiIskEy
Jack. Ashy gray with blackish and whitish markings;
L. 102; W. 53; T. 6. Northern, 8. to New England in
Winter.
FAMILY XXXVI.—TYRANNIDA.
(The Flycatchers.)
Primaries 10; first more than ? length of second, and
one or more of them often attenuate; bill broad, triangu-
lar, depressed, abruptly hooked and notched at tip, with
long rictal bristles; commissure nearly straight; nostrils
small, usually partly concealed. Tarsus “clamatorial,”
the scutella extending around its back. Feet small, for
perching. Mouth capacious; notes simple, often pleas-
ant; changes of plumage slight; ours mostly olivaceous.
A large family of eighty genera, and more than three
hundred species; all American and mostly tropical. All
are insectivorous, most of them pre-eminently so; they
are, therefore, in our latitude, migratory.
* First primaries evidently attenuate; crown with concealed bright
red or yellow crest (in adult).
+ Tail widely forked, about twice as long as wings.
Miuvouvs, 1.
++ Tail nearly even, shorter than wings. . TYRANNUS, 2.
** Kirst primaries not obviously attenuate; crown plain, some-
times crested.
} Wings edged with chestnut, not much longer than tail; length
8 or more. . e ‘ Myrancaus, 3.
$+ Wings not chintaat sand 3 not anaeh longer than tail; tarsus
longer than middle toe and claw; bill black; length 64
tot. . c o. Bas : . Sayornis, 4
96 BIRDS,
ttt Wings longer than tail; tarsus shorter than middle toe and
claw; bill not all black; length 6 or ore. Contopus, 5.
ttt+ Wings not much longer than tail; middle toe and claw not
longer than tarsus; bill mostly pale below; length 84 or
less. . 5 . z z 5 - EMPIDONAX, 6.
7. MILVULUS, Swainson. Fork-Tainep FLYCATCHERS.
1. M. forticatus, (Gm.) Sw. Scissor-Tatt. Ashy,
tail, shoulders, sides, etc., with much red; L. 13; W. 5;
T. 8. S. W., N. to Kansas, straying to New Jersey.
2. M. tyrannus, (L.) Bon. Forx - TarLep FLYCATCHER.
Larger, no red, tail still more elongate. Tropical, stray-
ing to N. J. and La.
2. TYRANNUS, Cuvier. Kine Birps.
1. T. carolinensis, (L.) Baird. Kina Birp. Burs
Martin. Blackish ash, white below; tail black, white -
tipped; L. 83; W. 4%; T. 33. U.S. chiefly eastward;
abundant. “Destroys a thousand noxious insects for
every bee it eats!” (Cowes.)
2. T. verticafis, Say. Arkansas Fiycatcuer. Belly
yellow; tail white-edged. Western, straying to N. J.
&. MYIARCHUS, Cabanis. CresTED FLYCATCHERS.
1. M. erinitus, (L.) Cab. Great Crestep FLycaTcHEr.
Scarcely crested; olivaceous, yellow below, with bright
chestnut on wings and tail; L. 82; W.4; T.4. H.U.
S., chiefly southerly, N. to N. Wis. A handsome bird,
“noted for the habitual use of cast-off snake skins in
the structure of its nest.”
4, SAYORNIS, Bonaparte. Puwxns.
1. S. fuscus, (Gm.) Baird. Pzwes. Puasr. Prwrr.
Olive brown, head and tail darker; yellow below, more
TYRANNID 43.—_XXXVI. Of
or less; L. 7; W.34; T.3}. E.U.S., abundant; known
by its black bill.
5. CONTOPUS, Cabanis. Woop Prewezzs.
1. €. borealis, (Sw.) Baird. Ox1ve-Sipep FrycaTcHEr.
Rictal bristles short, one-fourth length of bill; tuft of
white cottony feathers on sides very conspicuous; middle
line of belly distinctly and abruptly white; otherwise
olive brown, paler or yellowish below; L. 74; W. 44;
T. 3. Northern, S. to N. Y.
2. €. virens, (L.) Cab. Woop Pewez. Rictal bristles
half length of bill; cottony tuft inconspicuous; wing
bands whitish or rusty; olive brown above; pale or
yellowish below; lower mandible usually pale; L. 63;
W. 33; T. 3. U.S., very abundant.
3. C. richardsoni, (Sw.) Bd. Wrxstern Woop Prwee.
Darker; bill dusky below. N.W., E. to Wis.; nearly
like the preceding, but the notes afid nesting different.
6. EMPIDONAX, Cabanis. Last FLyYcATCHERS.
1. E. acadicus, (Gm.) Baird. Smaru Green-CRESTED
Frycatcuer. Clear olive green, wing bands buffy;
whitish becoming yellowish below; yellowish ring about
eyes; bill pale below; primaries nearly an inch longer
than secondaries; 2d, 3d and 4th primaries nearly equal,
and much longer than 1st and 5th; 1st much longer than
6th; L.6; W. 3; T. 22; Ts.2; Tcl.4. E. U.S., frequent.
2. E. traiflii, (Aud.) Baird. TrRarui’s FiycatTcuer.
Olive brown, duller than preceding; bill pale below;
5th primary about as long as 4th, Ist not much longer
than 6th; middle toe 2 length of tarsus; longest primary
% inch longer than secondaries; L. 53; W. 22; T. 24;
Ts. 2; Tcl. 3. U.S.
5
OF BIRDS.
3. E. minimus, Baird. Last Frycarcarr. Olive '
gray; bill blackish below; wings like preceding, but
longest primary but 4 inch longer than secondaries;
middle toe half as long as tarsus; bill less than 4 inch;
L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. E.N. Am., abundant.
4. E. flaviventris, Baird. Yerttow-Beturp Fty-
CATCHER. Clear olive green; yellow below, becoming
bright yellow (not merely yellowish as in the others) on
the beily; first primary about equal to sixth; feet as in
acadicus; .bill yellow below; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24.
E. U.S.
ORDER H.—PICARLA.
(Picarian Birds.)
Hind toe small, sometimes wanting, occasionally ele-
vated; its claw shorter than that of middle toe (with rare
exceptions); 3d and 4th toes often with less than the
normal number of joints; 2d and 4th toes sometimes
versatile. Wing coverts larger and in more numerous
series than in the Passeres. Primaries 10, first rarely
short; tail feathers 10 (8 to 12). Musical apparatus
imperfect. Sternum non-passerine. Tarsus never oscine.
Nature altricial. A highly diversified group, the mem-
bers of which have little in common except their want
of resemblance to other birds.
FAMILY XXXVII.—CAPRIMULGID.
(The Goatsuckers.)
Bill very short, “fissirostral,” the gape exceedingly
deep and wide, reaching to below the eyes, and usually
with prominent rictal bristles. Wings long and pointed;
secondaries lengthened. Plumage long and loose, owl-
like. Tail feathers 10. Feet very small; tarsus short,
CYPSELIDAl.— XXXVIIL 99
partly feathered; toes slightly webbed at base, the hind
toe somewhat elevated. Genera fourteen; species one
hundred or more, widely diffused; chiefly insectivorous.
* Tail rounded; rictal bristles very long. . ANTROSTOMUS, 1.
** Tail forked ; rictal bristles inconspicuous. . CHORDEILES, 2.
1. ANTROSTOMUS, Gould. WautrProorwitts.
1. A. voeiferus, (Wils.) Bon. Wuiproorwitt. Nicur
Jar. Grayish, much variegated; pectoral bar and ends
of outer tail feathers white (¢) or tawny. (9); rictal
bristles unbranched; L. 10; W. 6; T. 5. E. U.S,
abundant, nocturnal; noted for its “solemn and pro-
phetic” ery.
2. A. earolinensis, (Gm.) Gould. CaucKwILL’s Wipow.
More reddish; rictal_bristles with lateral filaments; L.
12; W.9; T. 63. Southern, N. to Ills. (Vedson.)
2. CHORDEILES, Swainson. Nigur Hawks.
1. €. virginianus, (Gm.) Bon. Nieur Hawk. Buri
Bat. Blackish, variegated; a large wing spot, bar
across tail, and V-shaped blotch on throat— white in 4,
tawny or obscure in 9; L. 94; W. 8; T. 5. U.S;
abundant. [C. popetue, (Vieill.) Bd.]
FAMILY XXXVIII.—CYPSELIDA.
(The Swifts.)
Bill fissirostral, as in Caprimulgide and Hirundinide.
Wings very long, thin and pointed; secondaries very
short. Feet small, weak; hind toe often elevated or
otherwise turned; toes completely cleft. No rictal
bristles. Tail feathers 10; plumage compact. In most
species the salivary glands are highly developed, and
their secretion is used as a glue in the construction of
100 BIRDS.
the nest; species of Cudlocalia thus form the edible
bird’s nest. Small birds of the warmer parts of the
world, bearing a superficial resemblance to Swallows, but
structurally very different, being closely related to the
Humming Birds. Genera six or eight; species about
fifty.
* Tarsus bare, longer than middle toe; tail feathers with the
shafts spinous, projecting beyond the plumage.
CuzTuRA, 1.
1. CHATURA, Stephens. Cnimney SwaLiows.
1. @. pelagica, (L.) Baird. Cmimnry Swirr. Sooty
brown; throat paler; L. 54; W. 5;°T. 2. E. U.S,
abundant. QAbardanke WR. © har
FAMILY XXXIX.— TROCHILID.
(The Humming Birds.)
Bill subulate, usually longer than the head, straight or
curved; tongue capable of great protrusion. Wings
long and pointed, the secondaries short, only six in
number; tail of ten feathers. Feet very small, with
sharp claws. Smallest of all birds and among the most
brilliantly colored. Genera seventy - five; species three
hundred or more, thus forming one of the largest families
in Ornithology. All are American, and most of them
tropical, but our common species ranges far into British
America.
* First primary not attenuate, bowed or curved inwards.
Trocuivs, 1.
1. TROCHILUS, Linneus. Rusy-Turoatep Hummine
Brrps.
1. T. colubris, L. Rusy-THroatrp Hummine Brirp.
4 metallic green above; a ruby-red gorget; tail deeply
forked, uniform purplish; 9 without red, the tail vari-
CUCULID®.—XLI. 101
egated; L. 33; W. 12; T. 14; B. 2. HE. N. Am;
abundant in summer.
FAMILY XL.— ALCEDINIDA.
(4 we Kingfishers.)
Head large; bill long, straight and strong, usually
longer than head; gape deep, tomia not serrate. Wings
long; tail short. Legs quite small; feet syndactyle—
the outer and middle toes united to their middle, a con-
tinuous sole beneath; tibia naked below. Tail feathers
twelve. Species about one hundred, chiefly of the tropical
parts of the Old World and Australia. Many of them
feed upon fishes, and nearly ail are remarkable for their
brilliant coloration.
* Head crested. . ‘ ‘ 5 ; . CERYLE, 1.
1. CERYLE, Boie. KinerisuErs.
> Ispida, Swainson.
1. €. aleyon, (L.) Boie. Bztrep Kinerisoer. Ashy
blue above, a bluish band across breast; white below;
@ with sides and band across belly chestnut; tail barred
with white; L.13; W.6; T. 34; B. 2, or more. N.
Am.; every where.
FAMILY XLI.—CUCULIDA.
(The Cuckoos.)
Bill compressed, lengthened, decurved; usually with-
out rictal bristles or nasal tufts. Tail long and soft, of
eight to twelve feathers. Tongue not extensible. Feet
zygodactyle, by reversion of fourth toe. Species about
two hundred, in various parts of the world.
* Plumage lustrous olive gray or drab; arboreal. | Coccyaus, 1.
102 BIRDS.
1. CocCYGUS, Vieillot. Ammrican Cuckoos.
1. @. americanus, (L.) Bon. YELLOw-BILLED Cuckoo.
Bill yellow below; wings with much cinnamon red;
middle tail feathers like the back; outer ones black with
broad white tips; L. 12; W. 54; T.6. U.S.
2. @. erythrophthalmus, (Wils.) Baird. Biack-BiLLEp
Cuckoo. Bill chiefly black; wings with little or no’
reddish; tail feathers all brownish, obscurel~ whitish at
tips; L. 114; W. 5; T, 64 E. U.S.
FAMILY XLII.— PICIDA.
(T he Woodpeckers.)
Bill stout, usually straight, with the tip truncate or
long, flattish, barbed, capable of great protrusion, adapted
for securing insects (except in Sphyrapicus); hyoid appa-
ratus peculiar, its horns generally quite long, curving
around the skull behind. Feet zygodactyle, outer toe
permanently reversed; hind toe present (except in Pico-
ides); claws compressed, sharp and strong. Tail feathers
12, rigid and acuminate, outer part short, concealed; tail
never forked; nasal tufts usually present.
Chiefly arboreal; all (except Sphyrapicus, which is
truly a “Sap-Sucker,”) are pre-eminently insectivorous
and hence they are of the greatest service to the farmer.
Voice loud and often harsh. Colors generally bright,
the male at least having almost always red on the head;
sexes usually slightly different. Species two hundred
and fifty, abundant almost every where.
*Conspicuously crested; length 18 or more.
— Bill dark. ; . 5 : Hytotomus, 1.
— Bill and nasal feathers pale. 7 CAMPEPHILUS, 2.
** Not crested; toes 3 only, hallux wanting. . Prcorpss, 4.
*** Not crested; toes 4, length less than 14.
PICID.—XLIL 103
+ Tongue obtuse, brushy; ridges on upper mandible running
into the tomia; belly with some yellow. Spnyrapicus, 5.
tt Tongue acute, barbed; ridges on sides of upper mandible
reaching the tip; no Coe a (in ours) with round
white spots. ji . é . Picus, 3.
ttt Tongue acute, barbed; Alive on siaed of upper mandible
wanting or indistinct.
} Back barred.
a. Belly with round black spots; feathers of wings and tail
yellow or orange beneath. e F CotaPTzs, 8.
aa. Belly unspotted, tinged with red or yellow; no yellow
onquills . . : . _. CENTURUS, 6.
t+ Back not barred; body — blue-black ; rump, second-
aries, and ander parts white; head and neck red in adults,
grayish in young. . ‘i . MELANERPES, 7.
7. HYLOTOMUS, Baird. Buack Woopcocks.
1. H. pileatus, (L.) Baird. Pitzatep WooppEckEr.
Loecock. Black; white streak down neck; crest and
cheek patch scarlet in ; cheeks and front of crest black
in?, L.18; W. 93; T. 7%. N:Am.; in heavy timber.
2. CAMPEPHILUS, Gray. Tvory-BittEp WoopPEcKEERS.
1. @. prineipalis, (L.) Gray. Great Ivory- Bittep
Wooprrecker. Black with white markings; crest scarlet
in ¢, black in 9; L. 21; W.11; T. 8. Southern, N. to
S. Ills.
8. PICUS, Linnzus. Srorrep WoopPECcKERS.
1. P. borealis, Vieill. Rxep-CockapED WoopPEcKER.
Black and white, spotted and crosswise banded, but not
streaked; a red line on each side of head in 4; L. 83;
W. 44; T. 34. Southern States in swamps, N. to Penn.
2. P. villosus, L. WHarzy Wooprrcker. Bie Sap-
Sucker. Spotted and lengthwise streaked, but not
104 BIRDS.
banded; back black with a long white stripe; outer tail
feathers wholly white; L. 9; W. 5; T. 34; a scarlet
nuchal band in g only. U.S.; every where.
3. P. pubescens, I. Downy Wooprrckrr. LitTLE
Sap-Sucker. Much smaller; outer tail feathers black
and white, barred, otherwise precisely like the other;
L. 64; W. 33; T. 2%. U.8.; every where.
4. PICOIDES, Lacepede. Turee-Torp WooppEcKkErs.
1. P. areticus, (Sw.) Gray. Buack-Backep Woop -
PECKER. Black and white; crown yellow in 4, plain in
9; back uniform black; L. 9; W.5; T. 32. Northern,
S. to U.S. in winter.
2. P. americanus, Brehm. Banpep THREE- ToED
Wooprrckrr. Back with a white lengthwise stripe;
otherwise as above; L. 8; W. 44; T. 34. Aretic, S. in
winter to New England.
5. SPHYRAPICUS, Baird. Sap-Suckinc WoopPEcKERS.
1. 8. varius, (L.) Baird. YEtLow-BELLizp Woop-
PECKER. Black and white above; black on breast;
chiefly yellowish below; white wing patch; crown red in
adult, chin scarlet in 6; L. 84; W. 43; T. 34. U.S,
abundant.
6. CENTURUS, Swainson. Rep-BELLIED WoopPEcKERs.
1. C. carolinus, (L.) Bon. Rep-BrEttrep Woop-
PECKER. Grayish, much barred above with black and
white; crown and nape crimson in %, crown ashy in 9,
belly reddish-tinged; L. 93; W. 5; T. 34. E. U.S,
rather southerly; N. to N. Wis.
7. MELANERPES, Swainson. Rep-HrapEep Woop-
PECKERS.
1. M. erythrocephalus, (L.) Sw. Rep-Heapep Woop-
ARID4.— XLIO. 105
PECKER. L. 9; W. 54; T. 33. U.S., E. of the Rocky
Mts.; abundant.
8. COLAPTES, Swainson. FLIcKErs.
1. @. auratus, (I..) Sw. Goipen-Wincep Woop-
PECKER. Hicu-Horer. Yarup. Head ashy, with red
nuchal crescent; back olivaceous, barred with black; rump
white; below pinkish brown shading into yellowish, a
black crescent on breast and numerous round black spots;
shafts and under surfaces of quills golden yellow; 4 with
a black maxillary patch; L. 124; W. 6; T. 44. E. U.S,
abundant.
Var. mexicanus, (Sw.) Snow. Rep-SHaFTEeD FLICKER.
Quills with orange red instead of golden; maxillary
patches in g red instead of black; no nuchal crescent;
no yellowish on belly. Western, E. to Kas., etc. Runs
into the preceding, through C. hybridus. Baird.
ORDER I.—PSITTACL
(The Parrots.)
Bill enormously thick, cered at base and strongly
hooked. Feet zygodactyle by reversion of outer toe,
tarsus reticulate. Tongue short, fleshy; upper jaw un-
usually movable. Altricial. Plumage often brilliant. In
all warm regions; species three hundred and fifty-four,
nearly half of which are American.
FAMILY XLIII.— ARID.
(The Macaos.)
Parrots with the head not crested, and the tail long,
wedge-shaped or graduated. (Baird.)
* Culmen rounded; face entirely feathered except a curve about
the eye; tail shorter than wings. “ « Conurus, 1.
106 BIRDS.
7. CONURUS, Kuhl. Parroquets.
1. 6. earolinensis,(L.) Kuhl. Carotina PARRoQuet.
Green; head and neck yellow; face red; wings with blue
and yellow; bill white; L. 13; W. 74; T. 6. Southwest-
ern, formerly N. to the Great Lakes; now nearly exter-
minated.
ORDER J.—RAPTORES.
(The Birds of Prey.)
Bill powerful, cered at base, strongly hooked at the
end. Feet never zygodactyle ; fourth toe sometimes
versatile; claws long and sharp; hind toe well developed,
rarely elevated; tibia, and often tarsus, feathered.
Primaries 10; tail feathers 12 (with rare exceptions).
Altricial, but young downy at birth. Carnivorous birds,
generally of large size and great strength, found in every
part of the world.
FAMILY XLIV.—STRIGIDA.
(The Ovls.)
Head very large, shortened lengthwise and greatly
expanded laterally; the eyes directed forwards and
partly surrounded by a disk of radiating feathers of
peculiar texture; loral feathers antrorse, long and dense;
feathers on the sides of forehead often elongated into
ear-like tufts. Plumage very soft and lax, rendering the
flight almost noiseless; its colors blended and mottled so
as to render minute description difficult. External ear
very large, often provided with a movable flap. Outer
toe versatile; claws very sharp, long and strong. Eggs
nearly spherical, pure white. Chiefly nocturnal. Sexes
colored alike, 9 usually the larger. Owls are found in
every part of the globe, and most of the species have a
STRIGIDZ.—XLIV. 107
wide range. Their habits are so well known that I need
not dwell upon them here. Genera about forty; species
one hundred and fifty.
* Tarsus naked or scant-feathered, facial disk perfect; no ear-
tufts; middle claw pectinate; iris black. ; Strix, 1.
** Tarsus fully feathered.
t Head with evident “ear-tufts;” iris yellow.
$ Tail about 4 of wing; bill Biekisie length more than 18.
Bugo, 6.
{ Tail about half length of wing; length less than 18.
a. Bill pale; length less than 12... : 2 Scors, 5.
aa. Bill dark; length more than 12. . . ‘i AsIO, 2.
tt Head without evident “ ear-tufts.”
b. Tail about 4+ a of wing; iris aia length less than
12. . . 3 NyctTate, 4.
6b. Tail about # of wing; Sap 18 or more.
c. Pure white, with dark markings; toes concealed by long
feathers ; facial disk incomplete; bill black ; iris yellow.
Nyorsa, 7.
ce. Grayish, much barred; facial disk complete; bill yellow;
iris black or yellow. . . . . Sy¥RNIUM, 3.
bbb. Tail about # of wing; bill acti iris yellow; length
about 16. . . Surnta, 8.
*** Tarsus long, sparsely hilar facial disk anes middle
claw simple. . : ‘ : é : . SPEOTYTO, 9.
¢
7. STRIX, Linneus. Barn Ow1s.
1. S. flammea, (L.) var. pratincola, (Bon.) Ridg. Barn
Own. Face elongated; reddish or tawny, much vari-
egated; L. 17; W. 13; T. 53. U. &., rather southerly.
2. ASIO, Brisson. EarEp Owls.
(Otus, Cuvier.)
1. A. otus, (L.) Less. Lone-EHarep Owx. Ear
tufts well developed, of 8 to 12 feathers; outer primary
108 BIRDS.
only emarginate; much variegated; L. 15; W. 12; T. 6.
U.S.
2. A. brachyotus, (Gm.) Macgil. Suort-HarEp OwL.
Ear tufts small and inconspicuous; two outer primaries
emarginate; L. 15; W. 12; T. 6. U.S. and Europe.
(Brachyotus palustris, Auct.)
8. SYRNIUM, Savigny. Barrep Ow1s.
* Tris black; 5 outer primaries emarginate. (Syrnium.)
1. §. nebulosum, (Forst.) Boie. Barrep Own. Toes
not concealed; olive brown, barred with white above;
breast barred; belly streaked; L. 18; W. 14; T.9. E.
N. Am., common.
** Tris yellow; 6 outer primaries emarginate. (Scotdaptew.)
2. S. cinereum, (Gmel.) Aud. Great Gray Owt.
Toes concealed by long feathers; cinereous brown above,
waved with white; breast streaked, belly barred; largest
of all our owls; L. 30; W. 18; T. 12. Northern, S. in
winter to N. States.
4. NYCTALE, Brehm. Srarrow Owns.
1. MW. tengmalmii, Gm. var. richardsonii, (Bon.) Ridg.
Trenematm’s Ow. Nostrils sunken, elongated, opening
laterally; tail more than half wing; general color choco-
late brown, variegated; L.10; W. 74; T. 43. Northern,
S. to N. U.S.
2. N. acadica, (Gm.) Bon. Saw-Wuer Own. Nos-
trils prominent, nearly circular, opening anteriorly; L.
8; W. 53; T. 23. U.S., rather northerly.
5. SCOPS, Savigny. Screzcu Owt1s.
1. S. aso, (Iu.) Bon. Screzcn Owr. Rep Owt.
Grayish, speckled and barred, or else with the grayish
replaced by bright reddish; these two different styles of
FALCONID A.— XLV. 109
plumage bearing no relation to age, sex or season; L.
10; W. 7; T. 34. U-.S., abundant.
6. BUBO, Dumeril. Great Hornep Ow s.
1. B. virginianus, (Gm.) Bon. Gruat Hornep OWL.
Black, gray and buffy, variously mottled and barred;
usually a whitish half-collar; ear tufts large, their feathers
mostly black; L. 22; W. 16; T. 10. U.S., abundant;
one of the strongest and most untamable of the Owls.
7. NYCTEA, Stephens. Great Snow Owts.
1. W. seandiaca, (L.) Newt. Snowy Own. Pure ‘
white, more or less barred with blackish; L. 23; W. 173;
T. 10. Northern, S. in Winter; one of the handsomest
of Owls. (WV. nivea, Auct.)
8. SURNIA, Dumeril. Hawk Owts.
1. §. ulula, (L.) Bon., var. hudsonica, (Gm.) Ridg. |
Hawk Owt. Day Own. Brown, much speckled and
barred; L. 16; W.9; T. 7. Northern, 8. to Wis. and
Mass.
9. SPEOTYTO, Gloger. Burrowine Ow ts.
1. S. eunicularia, (Mol.) var. hypog@a, (Bon.) Coues.
Burrowing Owt. Brownish, much spotted and varie-
gated. L.10; W. 73; T.4. Fla. and Western Plains,
living in the holes of prairie dogs.
FAMILY XLV.—FALCONIDA.
(The Falcons.)
Eyes lateral, eyelids provided with lashes, usually a
projecting bony eyebrow; no complete facial disk. Toes
always naked, and usually tarsus also; hind toe not
elevated. Head fully feathered (except in the Old World
110 BIRDS.
Vulturinc), no ear tufts. Base of stout, strongly hooked
bill, not hidden by feathers. Claws very strong and sharp.
Plumage usually of blended colors, barred or streaked;
changes considerable; 9 usually the larger. Genera fifty,
species three hundred, abounding every where. Their
habits are too well known to require description here.
I. Tarsus feathered to the toes.
a. Tarsus entirely feathered; tail12ormore. . Aguina, 12.
aa. Tarsus with a narrow unfeathered strip behind ; tail less
than 12. : 3 : S ‘ ‘ ARCHIBUTEO, 11.
II. Tarsus reticulate all around.
b. Upper mandible toothed; under notched; nostrils circular.
Fatoco, 1.
bb. Tail widely forked; outer feather twice as long as middle
ones; colors black and white. ‘ é Navc.Ervs, 3.
bbb. Claws all of same length, rounded beneath; tibial feathers
close; plumage compact, without after shafts. Panprov, 2.
bbbd. Tail emarginate, and outer feather not longer than middle;
head and tail white in adult. ‘ ‘4 . Exanvs, 5.
III. Tarsus scutellate in front only (occasionally “ booted.” )
c. Toes not webbed at all; neck feathers lanceolate, white in
adult . F . Hattagtos, 18.
cc. Toes somewhat webbed at base.
d. Nostrils circular; tail less than $ length of wing.
Ictrnra, 4.
dd. Nostrils oval; tail more than $ length of wing.
e. Tarsus feathered about half way down in front, the
feathers scarcely separated behind. 7 ASTorR, 7.
ee. Tarsus feathered less than one-third down in front, the
feathers widely separated behind. . AccrIPITER, 8.
IV. Tarsus scutellate in front and behind.
Sf. Face with a slight ruff; tarsus twice length of middle toe;
upper tail coverts white. : A 5 Crrous, 6.
Sf. No ruff; 3 or 4 outer primaries emarginate; rump not white.
Borso, 10.
FALCONID #.— XLV. 111
fff. No ruff; 4 primaries emarginate; tail coverts white; tail
black. , : 2 a os ‘ . Asrurra, 9.
1. FALCO, Linneeus. Fancons.
* First primary only emarginate on inner web; 2d longest, 1st
shorter than 4th; tarsal plates small; sexes colored alike.
¢ Tarsus not longer than middle toe, scarcely feathered below
joint. (Falco.)
1. F. communis, Gm. PEREGRINE Fatcon. Duck
Hawk. Blackish ash with paler waves; below whitish,
barred; black cheek patches; L. 16; W. 13; T. 7. U.
S., not common.
tt Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, feathered for some
distance. (Hverofaico, Cuv.)
2. F. sacer, Forst. Gyrratcon. Tarsus feathered
half way down, with only a bare strip behind; white or
ashy with dark markings; L. 24; W.16; T.10. Northern
regions of both continents; var. islandicus, 8. to U.S.
in winter. (2. gyrfalco, L.)
3. F. mexicanus, Licht. Lanier Fatcon. Tarsus
feathered 4 way down; general color brown; L. 18; W.
14; T.8. S. W., E. to Ills.
** Two primaries emarginate; tarsal plates enlarged in front,
appearing like scutella.
+ Tarsus about equal to middle toe; basal joints of toes without
transverse scutella. (salon, Kaup.)
4. F. eolumbarius, L. Piceon Hawk. AMERICAN
Merun. Ashy blue or blackish above, variegated
below; L.13; W. 8; T.5. U.S.
tt Tarsus longer than middle toe; basal joints of toes with
transverse scutella. (Tinnunculus, Vieill.) ae
5. F. sparverius, L. Sparrow Hawk. Rusty-
Crownep Fatcon. Back tawny; wings bluish and
black; seven black blotches about head; tail chestnut,
112 BIRDS.
with a broad black band in 4, and a narrow terminal one
of white; below white or tawny; L. 11; W. 7; T. 5.
U. S., abundant.
2. PANDION, Savigny. Ospreys.
1. P. haliaetus, (L.) Savigny. Osprey. Fis Haws.
Dark brown; head, neck and under parts mostly white; ,
feet very large; L. 24; W. 20; T. 10. U.S.; feeds on
fishes.
3. NAUCLERUS, Vigors. Swattow-Taitep Kirss.
1. W. fureatus, (L.) Vig. Swatrow-Tartep Kure.
Lustrous black; head, neck and lower parts white; W.
17; T. 14. Southern, N. to Penn. and Minn.
4. ICTINIA, Vieillot. Broz Kirss.
1. / subce@rulea, (Bart.) Coues. Muississrprr Kirs.
Chiefly lead blue, wings with chestnut; L. 15; W. 12;
T. 63. Southern, N. to Penn. and Wis. (J. mississip-
piensis, Auct.)
5. ELANUS, Savigny. Wutre-Tattep Kirss.
1. E. glaueus, (Bartr.) Coues. Brack - SHoULDERED
Kitz. L. 17%. Southern, N. to 8. Ills. (2. leucurus,
Auct.)
6. CIRCUS, Lacepede. Marsa Harriers.
1. €. eyaneus (L.) var. hudsonius, (L.) Coues. Mansi
Harrier. Pale bluish or brown; rump and under parts
whitish; L.18; W.15; T.9. N.Am., abundant.
7. ASTUR, Lacepede. GosHawkKs.
1. A. palumbarius, (L.) var. atricapillus, (Wils.) Coues.
Gosnawk. Slate blue with white superciliary stripe;
tail with four dark bars; L. 24; W.14; T.11. Northern,
S. to U.S. in winter.
FALCONIDA.— XLV. 11:
8. ACCIPITER, Brisson. Hawks.
= Nisus, Cuvier.
1. A. fuscus, Gm.) Bon. Suarp-Suinnep Hawk.
“Piazon Hawk.” Bare portion of tarsus in front.
longer than middle toe; tarsus “booted” in 4; general
color dark brown; L. 12; W.7; T.6. U.S8., abundant.
2. A. cooperi, Bon. CuickEN Hawk. Bare tarsus
shorter than middle toe; L. 18; W.10; T.8 N.Am.
9. ASTURINA, Vieillot. Gray Hawks.
1. A. nitida, (Lath.) var. plagiata, (Schl.) Coues. Gray
Hawk. L.18; W.10; T. 73. Mexican, straying to S.
Ills.
10. BUTEO, Cuvier. Buzzarps.
* 4 outer primaries emarginate on inner web. (Buteo.)
1. &. borealis, (Gm.) Vieill. Hen Hawz. Rep-Tartep
Buzzarp. Dark brown; much barred and streaked; tail
bright chestnut red above; L. 23; W. 154; T. 84. U.S.,
common.
2. B. lineatus, (Gm.) Jard. Rep-SHovtperEep Buz-
ZARD. Dark reddish brown, variegated; bend of wing
orange brown; L. 22; W.14; T. 9. Smaller than the
preceding, although nearly as long. E. N. Am., abundant.
** 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner web. (Craairex, Gould.)
3. B. swainsoni, Bon. Swatnson’s Buzzarp. Gray,
variously streaked, usually a dark area on throat and
breast; tail with six or more narrow dark bars; variable;
L. 20; W. 16; T. 83. Western; EH. to Ind. and Mass.
4. B. pennsylvanicus, (Wils.) Bon. Broap-WINGED
Hawk. Brown above, whitish or fulvous below, variously
streaked and barred; conspicuous dark cheek patches;
tail with broad dark bands alternating with narrower
114 BIRDS.
pale ones, white-tipped; L. 18; W. 11; T.%. E.U.S.;
a stout, handsome, though small hawk.
11. ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm. Saquirre, Hawks.
1. A. /agopus, (Brunn.), var. saneti-johannis, (Gm.)
Ridg. Roven-Lzccrp Hawk. Brack Hawk. Chiefly
whitish but sometimes entirely black; L. 24; W.18; T.
10. N. Am.
12. AQUILA, Mohring. GotpEN Eacuzs.
1. A. chrysaetus, (L.) GotpEN Eacuz. Glossy purplish
brown; head and neck golden brown; quills blackish;
L. 36; W. 25; T.16. N. Am., chiefly northerly.
13. HALIAETUS, Savigny. Bap Eaauzs.
1. H. leucocephalus, (L.) Savigny. Bap Eager. Dark
brown; head, neck and tail white (after the third year);
L. 36; W. 25; T. 14. N. Am., every where; feeds on
fishes. “A piratical parasite of the Osprey, otherwise
notorious as the emblem of the Republic.” (Coues.)
FAMILY XLVI.—CATHARTIDA.
(The New World Vultures.)
Head and part of neck bare. Eyes lateral, not over-
hung; ears small. Bill lengthened, weak and but little
hooked; nostrils perforate. Wings very long and strong,
giving a strength and grace of flight scarcely excelled.
Hind toe short, and elevated; front toes long, some-
what webbed, with rather weak and straightish claws.
Large turkey-like raptores, without the strength and
spirit of the hawks and owls; “ voracious and indiscrimi-
nate gormandizers of carrion and animal refuse of all
sorts, hence efficient and almost indispensable scavengers
in the warm countries where they abound.” (Coues.)
CATHARTID&.—XLVI. 115
Two species, the Condor and the California Vulture, are
among the largest birds of flight in the world. All are
American, the Old World Vultures (Valturine) being
Vulture -like hawks. Genera five; species six or eight.
* Wings very long, primaries reaching to end of tail or farther;
skin of neck not corrugated; a tuft of bristles in front of
eye. R F ‘ ‘ : : . Raroeryrazus, 1.
** Wings short, scarcely reaching middle of tail; skin of neck
corrugated; no bristles in front of eye. . CaTHARISTA, 2.
1. RHINOGRYPHUS, Ridgway. Turkey Buzzarps.
< Cathartes, Illiger.
1. BR. aura, (L.) Ridg. Turkey Buzzarp. Black,
lustrous above; skin of head and neck red; L. 30; W.
22; T. 12. N. Am., abundant, southward.
2. CATHARISTA, Vieillot. Carrion Crows.
1. ¢. atrata, (Bartr.) Gray. Carrion Crow. Uniform
dull black; L. 24; W. 17; T. 8. N.C. to Mexico;
rarely straying northward.
ORDER K.—COLUMBA.
(The Doves.)
Bill straight, compressed, the horny tip separated by
a constriction from the soft part. Nostrils opening
beneath a soft, tumid membrane. Frontal feathers
sweeping in a strongly convex outline across base of
upper mandible; tomie meeting. Hind toe on a level
with the rest (except in Starncenas, etc.), the others
usually not webbed. Tarsus mostly scutellate in front,
elsewhere reticulate, the plates soft. Head small.
116 BIRDS.
Plumage soft, compact, the feathers very loosely inserted.
Altricial; monogamous.
FAMILY XLVII.—COLUMBIDA.:
(The Doves.)
Wings long, pointed. Tail never forked, of 12 or 14
feathers; male with the neck iridescent. Species about
three hundred, found in most regions, but most abundant
in the East Indies. Besides the following, quite a num-
ber of species occur in the Southern States. The com-
mon domesticated dove (Columba livia) is a fair type of
the family.
* Tarsus feathered at the suffrago, shorter than the lateral toes;
tail very long, wedge-shaped, of 12 feathers. Ectoristas, 1.
** Tarsus entirely bare, longer than the lateral toes.
+ Tail long, pointed, of 14 feathers; length more than 10.
ZENZEDURA, 2.
++ Tail short, rounded, of 12 feathers; length less than 8.
CHAMAPELIA, 3.
1. ECTOPISTES, Swainson. PassencER PigEons.
1. E. migratorius, (1..) Sw. Witp Piczon. Bluish with
reddish and violet tinges, reddish below; L. 17; W. 74;
T.8. N.A., abundant; gregarious.
2. ZENADURA, Bonaparte. Mournine Doves.
1. Z. carolinensis, (Iu.) Bon. Mournine Dove. TurtTLE
Dove. Carotina Dove. Brownish olive, glossed with
blue and wine color; plumage with metallic lustre; L.
12; W. 52; T. 62. U.S., abundant.
8. CHAMAEPELIA, Swainson. Grounp Doves.
1. .C passerina, (L..) Sw. Grounp Dovz. Grayish
olive, with bluish gloss; L. 64; W. 34; T. 22. Southern,
N. to Washington, D.C.
MELEAGRID4.— XLVIIL. 117
ORDER L.—GALLIN 2.
(The Gallinaceous Birds.)
Bill short, stout, convex, horny, not constricted; nostrils
scaled or feathered, cutting edge of upper mandible over-
lapping. Head often partly or wholly naked, sometimes
with fleshy processes. Legs moderate, stout; hind toe
elevated (excepting in Cracide, etc.), smaller than the
other toes, sometimes wanting. Tarsus broadly scutellate
(sometimes feathered), occasionally spurred in the males;
claws blunt, not much curved. Wings short, strong, con-
cave; tail various, sometimes wanting, often immensely
developed. Precocial, often polygamous.
A large order comprising the various kinds of domesti-
cated fowl as well as the chief game birds of most
countries.
FAMILY XLVIII.— MELEAGRID.
(The Turkeys.)
Large birds, with the head and neck unfeathered,
covered with scattered hairs, and more or less caruncu-
late. Bill moderate; nostrils bare; forehead with an
elongate fleshy process. Tarsus spurred in male; hind
toe elevated. Tail nearly as long as wing, truncate, of
more than twelve feathers. Breast of male mostly with
a tuft of long bristles. Genus one; species two. Mf.
ocellatus, of tropical America, and the common Turkey.
1. MELEAGRIS, Linneus. TurKEys.
1. M. gallopavo, L. Witp Turney. Glossy, coppery
black; L. 48; W. 21; T. 183. Canada to Rocky Moun-
tains, and south to Mexico, hecoming extinct eastwards.
The domestic Turkey is descended from a Mexican
variety.
118 BIRDS.
FAMILY XLIX.—TETRAONIDA.
(Lhe Grouse.)
Nostrils and tarsus densely feathered. Toes usually
naked. Tail various with sixteen to twenty feathers.
Usually a naked strip over eye; sides of neck often with
a bare patch or lengthened feathers, or both. Genera
seven; species fifteen; chiefly North American.
* Toes naked.
+ Tarsus feathered to the toes.
¢ Tail of 16 feathers; colors dark. F , . Canace, 1.
tt Tail of 18 feathers.
a. Neck without peculiar feathers; middle tail feathers pro-
jecting. .. . . . PEpIacETEs, 2.
aa. Neck with peculiar, Rais lanceolate feathers above
a large, bare, bright-colored patch. . Cuprponta, 3.
tt Tarsus feathered about half way; tail of 18 soft, broad
feathers. ‘ : : ; ‘: i Bonasa, 4.
** Toes feathered; winter pinmage pure white. . lLagopvs, 5.
1. CANACE, Reichenbach. AmERiIcan GROUSE.
< Tetrao, L.
1. €. canadensis, (L.) Reich. Sprucz Parrripes.
Canapa Grousg. Black above with plumbeous mark-
ings; mostly black below with white spots; tail with an
orange brown terminal band; ? smaller, black interrupted
or streaky; L. 16; W. 62; T. 53. Spruce swamps, N.
U.S. and Northward.
2. PEDIECETES, Baird. Suarpe-Tartep Grouss.
1. P. phasianellus, (L.) var. columbianus, (Ord.) Coues.
Snarp-TaiLep Grouse. Chiefly yellowish brown and
white; sexes alike; L. 18; W. 82; T. 5. Illinois to
Colorado, N. and W.
PERDICIDA.—L. 119
3. CUPIDONIA, Reich. PINNATED GROUSE.
1. €. cupido, (L.) Baird. -Prarriz Hen. Prarriz
Cuicxen. Sides of neck with a tuft of long pointed
feathers, beneath which is a patch of bare, red skin,
capable of great inflation; black, tawny and white, barred
and streaked; IL. 17; W.9; T. 44; 9 smaller. Prairies,
etc., Martha’s Vineyard to La. and N.; nearly extermin-
ated eastward.
4. BONASA, Stephens. Rurrep Grousz.
1. B. umbellus, (1..) Stephens. Parrriver (North.)
Pueasant (South.) Crested; sides of neck with a ruff
of soft dark feathers; variegated, reddish or grayish
brown, with-blackish and pale; L. 18; W. 74; T. 7. E.
U.S., abundant in woodland.
5. LAGOPUS, Vieillot. Prarmigans.
1. L. alous, (Gm.) Aud. Wuire Prarmican. WILLOw
Grouse. Fore parts cinnamon brown, variegated with
blackish; in winter pure white; bill stout; L. 16; W. 8;
T. 5. British America; N. U. S. (rarely, in winter.)
FAMILY L.— PERDICIDA.
(The Partridges.)
Nostrils unfeathered, protected by a naked scale;
tarsus bare and scutellate, circumorbital space usually
not bare; in most respects similar to the Grouse, but
smaller. Our species are crested (excepting the com-
mon Quail) and Western or Southwestern.
7. ORTYX, Stephens. Bos-WuirTzs.
1. O. virginianus, (L.) Bon. Quai (North.) Part-
RipGE (South.) Bos-Wuite. Forehead, line through
eyes, chin and throat white, brownish yellow in 9;
120 BIRDS.
crown dark; plumage generally chéstnut red, barred
and streaked; L. 9$; W. 5; T. 3. E. U.S., and West
Indies; W. to Plains.
ORDER M.—LIMICOLA.
(The Shore Birds.)
Tibia more or less naked below (sometimes very
slightly); legs, and usually neck also, elongated; hind
toe free and elevated, often wanting. Head globose,
abruptly sloping to the base of the bill, completely
feathered (except in Philomachus 8); gape short; bill
weak, flexible, more or less soft-skinned, and therefore
sensitive, blunt at tip, without hard cutting edges—
fitted for probing in the mud; nostrils slit-like, surround-
ed by soft skin, never feathered; body never strongly
compressed or depressed; nature precocial.
Birds of medium or small size, more or less aquatic;
found in most regions; very abundant in America.
FAMILY LI.—CHARADRIIDA.
(The Plovers.)
Head rather large, nearly globose; bill of moderate
length, shaped somewhat like a pigeon’s bill, with a
constriction behind the horny terminal portion; nasal
fosse lined with soft skin, through which the slit -like
nostrils open. Wings long and pointed, usually reaching
beyond the tip of the short tail, sometimes spurred.
Toes usually three, with basal web; tarsus reticulated;
tibiz naked below. Sexes similar, but seasonal changes
of plumage great. Species sixty or more, in most parts
of the world.
* Plumage speckled; black below in breeding season.
CHARIDRIUD#.—LI. 121
+ Hind toe present, very short. . . . S@uaTarona, 1.
tt Hind toe absent. ‘ : . . OARADRIODS, 2.
** Plumage not speckled; head sath neck with dark bands in the
breeding season; toes8. . . . «. £AMararitis, 3.
1. SQUATAROLA, Cuvier. Wauisttinc PLovers.
1. S. helvetica, (L.) Cuv. Buack-BxELurep Piover.
Ox-Eyr. Grayish, speckled; black below in breeding
season, at other times white; L. 114; W. 7%; T. 3; B.
14; Ts. 2. In most parts of the world.
2. CHARADRIUS, L. GotpEn PLovers.
1. C. fulvus (Gm.) var. virginicus, (Borck ) Coues.
Gotpen Proven. Frost Brrp. Dark and grayish
above, profusely speckled, some of the spots bright
yellow; black below in breeding season, at other times
grayish; L. 103; W. 7; T. 3; B.1; Ts. 12. N. Am, a
well known game bird.
3. AGIALITIS, Boie. Rine-N«Eck PLOvVERs.
* Bill black, rather long; L. 8 or more.
1. £. vociferus, (L.) Cass. Kitpzmr Piover. Brown;
rump bright orange brown; tail with black, white, and
orange; two black bars across breast, and one above the
white forehead; L. 9}; W. 63; T. 34. N.Am., abund- ‘
ant in the Miss. Valley.
** Bill black-tipped, short and stout; L. 7 or less.
2. 4. semipalmatus, (Bon.) Cab. Rina-NxEcKk PLovEr.
Dark ashy brown; black bands broad; feet semipalmate;_
L.7. N. Am.
3. 4. melodus, (Ord) Cab. Prrrne Piover. Very
pale ashy brown, clear white below; dark bands narrow
and faint; toes slightly webbed; L. 62. HE. N. Am.
abundant along the coast.
6
122 BIRDS.
FAMILY LIIl.—HHMATOPODIDA.
(Lhe Turnstones.)
Bill hard, acute, or truncate; nasal fossz short, broad,
and shallow. Legs short, stout, brightly colored. Genera
two, not much alike; species six or eight; in most parts
of the world.
* Toes 3, webbed at base; tarsus reticulate, shorter than the trun-
cate, compressed, almost woodpecker-like bill.
Hamatorvs, 1.
** Toes 4, not webbed; tarsus scutellate in front, as long as the
sharp, pointed bill. é é 5 ” . MSTREPSILAS, 2.
1. HAEMATOPUS, Linnzus. Oyster CATCHERS.
1. H. palliatus, Temminck. Oyster Catcomr. Ashy
brown and blackish, mostly white below; L. 18; W. 10;
T. 44; B. 3. Coasts.
2. STREPSILAS, Linnzus. TuURNSTONES.
1. S. interpres, (L.) Illiger. Turnstonr. Variegated;
black, white, brown, and chestnut above; mostly white
below; no reddish in winter; L. 84; W. 6; T. 24.
Cosmopolitan; abundant.
FAMILY LITI.— RECURVIROSTRID.
(The Avocets.)
Legs excessively long. Bill very slender, long, acute,
often recurved. Genera three, species eight; in most
parts of the world. Himantopus is said to have the
longest legs relatively of any bird. A
* Toes 4, full webbed; bill recurved, flattened, tapering to a needle-
like point; ee beneath thickened as in ducks; swim-
mers. . . ‘ . Recurvirostra, 1.
** Toes 38, saenipcecales pill nearly straight, not flattened.
HiImanrTorus, 2.
PHALAROPODID#.—LIV. 123
7. RECURVIROSTRA, Linneus. Avocets.
1. BR. americana, Gm. Avocer. BuiveE Srockine.
White, marked with black and cinnamon; legs blue; L.
18; W. 8; T. 33. U.S.
2. HIMANTOPUS, Brisson. Sriuts.
1. H. nigricollis, Vieillot. Srimur. Lone SHanxs.
Lawyer. Glossy black, white below, legs pink; L. 15;
W.9; T.3; Ts. 4. U.S.
FAMILY LIV.—PHALAROPODIDA.
(The Phalaropes.)
Snipe-like birds with the toes lobed, as in the coots
and grebes, but the lobes narrower. Swimmers; body
depressed and the under plumage thick as in the Ducks.
Tarsus much compressed. Three species representing
as many genera; of northern regions of both hemis-
pheres, southward in winter.
* Bill flattened; membranes scalloped. . . Pxavarorts, 1.
** Bill subulate; membranes scalloped. : 3 Losrrgs, 2.
%* Bill subulate; membranes plain. . SrEcanopous, 3.
1. PHALAROPUS, Brisson. Rrp PHALAROPES.
1. P. fuliearius, (L.) Bon. Rep Paazarorr. Variega-
ted above, purplish chestnut below; young white below;
L. 8; W. 5; T. 22; B.1. Northern Am.
2. LOBIPES, Cuvier. Nortaern PHALAROPES.
1. L. Ayperboreus, (L.) Cuv. NorTHern PaanaRorr.
Grayish black, variegated; rump and under parts white;
sides of neck with chestnut stripe. Northern regions.
3. STEGANOPUS, Vieillot. PHaLaRopxs.
1. §. wilsoni, (Sab.) Coues. Wutson’s PaaLaRoPE.
124 BIRDS.
Ashy above, variegated; rump and under parts white;
sides of neck with a black stripe which changes to chest-
nut below. Northern regions.
FAMILY LV.—SCOLOPAGIDA.
(The Snipe.)
Bill elongated, usually longer than the head; if short
not plover-like, being soft-skinned throughout (hard
when dry); nasal grooves narrow channels ranging
from half to nearly the whole length of the bill;
sides of lower mandible usually also grooved; nostrils
narrow exposed slits; head feathered. Wings usually
thin and pointed; tail short and soft; tibiae rarely
entirely feathered. Tarsus never entirely reticulate and
usually scutellate in front and behind; hind toe present
(except in Calidris); front toes cleft or slightly webbed;
size medium or small. Sexes alike or female slightly
larger ; seasonal changes in plumage often strongly
marked. Eggs usually four, placed with the small ends
together in a slight nest or depression in the ground;
notes various; mostly migratory or gregarious. Genera
fifteen or more, species about ninety; chiefly of northern
regions, but some species in most parts of the world.
* Toes 3. ? 3 7 F 3 fs ‘ Caxrpris, 8.
** Toes 4.
t Tarsus scutellate in front only; bill slender, decurved, very
much longer than the head. . . . WNumentvs, 15.
tt Tarsus scutellate in front and behind.
¢ Feet semipalmate; toes somewhat webbed at base.
@ Tail barred crosswise, with light and dark colors.
6. Gape not reaching beyond base of culmen.
¢. Culmen furrowed; length less than 12.
MacrorHaMPuts, 4,
SCOLOPACID.4.—LYV. 125
og. Culmen unfurrowed; length more than 12.
: Lrvosa, 9.
bb. Gape reaching beyond base of culmen.
d. Length more than 9.
e. Bill longer than head. . . «. Toranus, 10.
ee. Bill not longer than head.
Jf. Tail more than half the length of wing.
AcTITURUS, 13.
Jf. Tail less than half the length of wing.
Paritomacuyes, 12.
dd. Length less than 9; second toe unwebbed.
g. Bill grooved nearly to tip; back not speckled with
white; adult with black spots below.
TRINGOoIDEs, 11.
gg. Bill grooved about half way to tip; back speckled
~ with white, not spotted below. . Toranus, 10.
aa. Tail not barred.
i. One minute web; primaries mottled with black.
Tryneitss, 14,
hh. Feet with two plain webs.
é. Bill about as long as head. . . EREUNETES, 6.
#2. Bill much longer than head. . Micropanama, 5.
$f Toes not webbed at all.
j- First primary attenuate; bill eee longer than head;
culmen grooved. A . ScoLopax, 2,
jj. First three primaries eer bill as in Scolopaa.
PHILOHELA, I.
ij. Primaries not attenuate.
k. Bill straight, about twice as long as head.
GALLINAGO, 3.
kk. Bill straight, much shorter than head; primaries
mottled with black. . - Tryneitss, 14.
kkk. All other Sandpipers. ‘ é ‘ TRINGA, 7.
1. PHILQHELA, Gray. Amurican Woonpcocgs.
1. P. minor, (Gm.) Gray. American Woopcock.
126 BIRDS.
Variegated, black, brown, gray, and russet; below warm
brown; eye high and far back; L. 11; W. 5; B. 3; T.
1}. E. U.S., in swamps, etc.
2. SCOLOPAX, Linnzus. EvrorzaAn Woopcocgs.
1. S. rusticola, L. Evrorzran Woopcock. General
appearance of Philohela, but a third larger. European;
accidental on our Atlantic coast.
8. GALLINAGO, Leach. Swipe.
1. G. wilson, (Temm.) Bon. American SnrPE. WIz-
son’s Snipz. Back varied with black and bay; crown
black, with a pale median stripe; bill straight, very long;
L. 11; W. 5; B. 24; leg naked, 3; T. 24. EH. U.S,
abundant.
4. MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach. Rep-Brerastep SNIPE.
1. M. griseus, (Gm.) Leach. Gray Snipz. Brown-
Back. Blackish and grayish; breast bay in summer;
bill long nearly as in Gallinago; L. 11; W. 53; T. 24.
North America; abundant coastwise.
5. MICROPALAMA, Baird. Sritr SANDPIPERS.
1. M. himantopus, (Bon.) Baird. Stitt Sanpprirer.
Blackish, marked with chestnut, etc.; ashy gray in win-
ter; bill nearly as in Gallinago; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24. N.
Am., not abundant.
6. EREUNETES, Uliger. Sanv-Puups.
1. E. pusillus, (L.) Cass. SemipatmaTep SANDPIPER.
Perr. Plumage various, usually pale, white below;
small; L. 64; W. 32; T. 2. N. Am.; abundant along
beaches.
SCOLOPACID.=.—LV. 127
7. TRINGA, Linneeus. SanppPriPEers.
* Bill, tarsus, and middle toe with claw, of about equal length.
(Actodromas.)
+ Upper tail coverts (except the lateral series) black or dark
brown ; throat with an ashy or brownish suffusion and
dusky streaks.
1. 7. minutilla, Vieill. Lzasr Sanprirzr. PEEp.
Smallest of the Sandpipers, resembling Hreunetes, but
the feet different; L.6; W. 34; T.2. N.Am., abundant. ©
2. T. bairdii, (Coues) Scl. Barrp’s Sanppiprer. Colors
of preceding but larger; throat but little streaked; L. 7
to 74; W. 4%; T. 24; B. g America, rare EH. of the
Mississippi R.
3. T. maculata, Vieill. Pecrorat Snips. Jack SNIPE.
Grass Snipz. Crown unlike neck; throat ashy-shaded —
and sharply streaked; L. 9; W. 54; B. 14. N. Am.,
abundant.
++ Upper tail coverts white, with or without dusky marks; throat
sharply streaked, with little if any ashy suffusion.
4. T. fuscicollis, Vieill. Wutite-Rumprp Sanp-
pirer. L. 74; W. 43; T.23. E. U.S., abundant along
the coast.
** Bill, tarsus, and middle toe, obviously not of equal length.
+ Tarsus shorter than middle toe; tibiz feathered. (Arquatelia.)
5. T. maritima, Briinnich. PurpLe Sanppirrr. Ashy
black with purplish reflections; feathers with pale edg-
ings; lower parts, etc., mostly white; bill nearly straight;
L.9; W.5; T. 22; B.1}4. Atlantic Coast.
tt Tarsus not shorter than middle toe; tibisee bare below.
a. Bill slightly decurved, much longer than tarsus. (Pelédna.)
6. T. alpina (1.) var. americana, Cass. Am. DuNLIN.
Ox-Birp. Brack-Betirep Sanppirer. Chestnut
brown above; feathers black centrally; belly, in summer,
128 BIRDS.
with a broad black area; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24; B. 12.
N. Am.
aa. Bill perfectly straight. (Tringa.)
%. T. eanutus, L. Rosin Snipz. Rep- BReastep
SanppiPrr. Brownish black, brownish red (robin - like)
below; L. 11; W. 64; T. 24. Atlantic Coast; abundant.
8. CALIDRIS, Cuvier. SanpERLines.
1. €. arenaria,(L.) Ill. Sanpertine. Ruppy PLover.
Variegated; form of 7. canutus, but the hind toe want- -
ing; L. 8; W. 5; T. 24; B. 1. N. Am.; abundant
coastwise.
9. LINOSA, Brisson. Gopwits.
1. £. fedoa, (L.) Ord. Great Marsiep Gopwit.
Magtin. Cinnamon brown, variegated above, nearly
uniform below; tail barred; no pure white; L. 16 to 22;
W. 9; T. 33; B. 44. U.S., abundant along shores.
2. L. hudsonica, (Lath.) Sw. Brack - Tarren Gopwrr.
Brownish black and reddish, more or less variegated
above and below; some white; tail black, white at base;
L. 15; W. 8; Ts. 24; B. 34. N.Am., rather northerly.
10. TOTANUS, Bechstein. Tatriurs.
* Toes with two sub-equal webs; legs dark or bluish. (Sym-
phemia.)
1. T. semipalmatus, Gmelin. WitLet. SEMIPALMATED
TattLeR. Grayish, variegated; L. 12 to 16; W. 74; T.
3; B. 24. U.S., common coastwise.
** Toes with the inner web very small; legs yellow. (Glottis,
Nilsson.)
2. T. melanoleucus, Gm. GREATER TELL-TaLE. YEL-
Low SHanks. Srone Syipz. Ashy brown, variegated;
bill very slender; legs long; L. 124; W. 74; T. 34; B.
24. N. Am., frequent.
SCOLOPACID4.—LYV. 129
3. T. flavipes, Gm. Lusszr Tern-Tatz. YELLow
Spans. Colors as in preceding; smaller; legs longer;
L. 11; W. 63; T. 24; B. 13. U.S., abundant.
*** Toes with inner web rudimentary; legs blackish. (Rhya-
cophilus, Kaup.)
4, T. solitarius, Wilson. Sorirary Tatrter. Olive
brown, streaked and speckled with whitish above; below
white, breast with dusky suffusion; bill straight and
slender; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24; B. 13. U.S, abundant
about secluded ponds, etc.
71, TRINGOIDES, Bonaparte. Sporrep SANDPIPERS.
1. T. macularius, (L.) Gray. Tie-Up. Trrrer- Tarn.
Sporrep SanprirperR. Lustrous drab above, varied with
black; pure white below, with round black spots in
adult; L. 8; W.4; T.2; B.1. U.S., every where.
12. PHILOMACHUS, Mohring. Rurrs.
1. P. pugnax, (L.) Gray. Rurr (3). REEvE (9). Male
in breeding season with a great ruff, and the face bare;
without these characters; L. 10; W. 7; T. 22; B. 1}.
European; accidental on our coasts. —
13. ACTITURUS, Bonaparte. Upianp SANDPIPERS.
1. A. bartramius, (Wilson) Bon. Upianp PLover.
Dark grayish, variegated; L. 138; W. 7; T. 4; B. 14.
U.S., abundant in fields, ete.
14. TRYNGITES, Cabanis. Burr-BrEAsTeD SANDPIPERS.
1. T. rufescens, (Vieill.) Cab. Grayish, reddish below;
quills with white and finely mottled with black; L. 8;
W. 54; T. 24. U.S., with the last, but not common.
15. NUMENIUS, Linnzus. CuRLEWSs.
1. NW. longirostris, Wils. Lone-Bittep CurtEw.
9
130 BIRDS.
SickLe Bru. Reddish gray, variegated; L. 24; W. 12;
T.4; B.5to9. U.S., frequent.
2. W. hudsonicus, Lath. Jack Curtew. Similar, but
paler; L.18; W. 9; T. 34; B. 3or4. U.S., and north-
ward.
3. N. borealis, (Forst.) Lath. Esquimaux CurRLEW.
Doven Birp. More reddish; L. 15 or less; W. 84; T.
3; B. 24. U.S., northwards.
ORDER N.—HERODIONES.
(The Herons and Storks.)
Birds usually of large stature, with compressed body,
Jong legs and a very long “S-bent” neck; tibia naked
below; toes long and slender, cleft or slightly webbed,
the hind toe comparatively long and (usually) not ele-
vated, provided with a large claw. Wings broad,
rounded. Tail short. Head narrow, gradually contracting
to the stout base of the bill, which is long and mostly
hard and acute, with sharp cutting edges; lores, orbital
space, and often whole head naked. Plumage with
powder-down tracts (explained below); altricial.
FAMILY LVI.— ARDEID.
(The Herons.)
Large birds with the bill straight, longer than the
head, compressed, acute, with sharp-cutting edges;
upper mandible grooved; nostrils linear; lores naked,
the bill appearing to run directly to the eyes; rest of
head feathered; parts of the body with “powder-down
tracts,”— strips of short, dusty, or greasy down-like
feathers, usually three pairs of these strips, 7. e., on the
back above the hips, on the belly under the hips, and
ARDEID2.—LVI. 131
on the breast; usually long plumes from the back or
head in the breeding season. Wings broad. Tail very
short. Tibiz largely naked below; toes long and slen-
der, hind toe on a level with the rest, middle claw
pectinate. Sexes usually colored alike. Species nearly
one hundred; in most parts of the world, abundant in
the warmer regions.
* Tail of 12 feathers; usually a crest or train in the breeding
season; lateral toes more than half length of tarsus.
+ Tibia bare two inches or more.
} Length 36 or more.
a. General color bluish or ashy brown. F ARDEA, 1.
aa. Color white at all times. . . : HERODIAS, 2.
tt Length 24 or less.
bd. Color white at all times; legs black and yellow. |
GaRZETTA, 3.
bb. General color bluish (young white), legs black or bluish.
Fiorma, 4.
tt Tibia bare one inch or less.
c. Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw.
d. Bill more than thrice as long as high. . Burorupss, 5.
dd. Bill not four times as long as high. NyorrarpsEa, 6.
ec. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; bill more than
half an inch deep at base. . . NycrHEropivs, 7.
** Tail of 10 feathers; nocrest nor train; lower neck bare behind;
length less than 30.
e. Length more than 18; tawny, much streaked. Boraurvs, 8.
ee. Length less than 18; glossy blackish or chestnut.
ARDETTA, 9.
1. ARDEA, Linnzeus. Herons.
1. A. herodias, L. Grear Bruz Heron. Grayish
blue, marked with black and white; back of head crested
in breeding season; tibia and edge of wing chestnut
brown; L. 48; W. 20; T. 7; B. 53; Ts. 643; 9 much
smaller. U.S8., common.
132 BIRDS.
2. HERODIAS, Gray. Great Waite Eerers.
1. H. egretta, (Gm.) Gray. Great Waitr Ecrer.
Wuitrt Heron. Pure white; head without lengthened
feathers; back in breeding season with a long train; L.
40; W. 1%; B. 5; Ts. 6. U.S., chiefly southerly.
8. GARZETTA, Bonaparte. Lirrnn Wurre Eerets.
1. G. candidissima, (Jacq.) Bon. Snowy Eerer. Pure
white; head and neck with long plumes in breeding
season; L. 24; W. 12; B. 3; T. 4. Southern and middle
States; abundant.
4. FLORIDA, Baird. Lirttx Brur Herons.
1. F. c@rulea, (L.) Baird. Lirttz Biuzr Heron.
Slaty blue; young white; head with elongated feathers;
no dorsal plumes; L. 24; W. 12; B. 3; Ts. 4. U. 8.5
abundant, southerly.
5. BUTORIDES, Bonaparte. GREEN Herons.
1. B. virescens, (L.) Bon. Grezn Heron. Crown,
back and wings lustrous dark green; neck purplish cin-
namon; crested; back with lengthened feathers; L. 18;
W. 7; B. 24. U.S., abundant.
6. NYCTIARDEA, Swainson. Nigar Herons.
1. W. grisea (L.) Steph., var. navia, (Bodd.) Allen.
Qua Birp. Squawk. Nieur Heron. Bluish gray,
crown and shoulders glossy green; no peculiar feathers
save two or three long, white occipital plumes; young
speckled, very different; L. 24; W. 14; B. 3; Ts. 3.
U.S., frequent.
7. NYCTHERODIUS, Auctorum. YELLOw-CROWNED
Nigut Herons.
1. WV. violaceus, (L.) ——. YELLOW-CRowneED NicHT
TANTALID2.—LVIL. 133
Heron. Grayish plumbeous; crested; back with long
plumes; crown, etc., tawny or white; young speckled;
size of last; B. 22; Ts. 32. U.S.
8. BOTAURUS, Stephens. Brrrzrns.
1. B. minor, (Gmel.) Boie. Inpian Hun. Sraxe
Driver. Birrern. Tawny brown of various shades,
excessively variegated every where; dark patch on each
side of neck; L. 23 to 28; W.12; T. 44; B.3. U.S,
abundant.
9. ARDETTA, Gray. Least Birrern.
1. A. exilis, (Gm.) Gray. Luasr Birrern. 4 chiefly
glossy greenish black above, brownish yellow below,
neck and shoulders with chestnut; 9? with purplish
chestnut instead of black; L.14; W.5; T. 13; B. 12.
U.S., rather rare.
FAMILY LVII.—TANTALIDA.
(The Ibises.)
Stork -like birds, usually of large size, with the head
more or less bare of feathers when adult; neck and legs
long; body small. Wings large and rounded. Tail
very short. Tibia bare for some distance; toes 4; hind
toe lengthened and low down. Genera four; species
fifteen; swamps and lakes of warm regions. Sexes alike.
Allied to the Storks (Cicontide) of the Old World.
* Tarsus reticulate; bill very stout, tapering, decurved.
Tantaus, 1.
*# Tarsus scutellate in front; bill grooved, curved (curlew-like.)
¢Clawscurved. . . «. «. | + . #Eupocmns, 2.
tt Claws nearly straight. . . . «. FALcINELLDUS, 3.
1. TANTALUS, Linneus. Woop Istszs.
1. T. loculator, L. Woop Izis. White; quills, tail
and primary coverts black; bare part of head and neck
134 BIRDS.
bluish; L. 48; W. 20; B. 9. Southern States, N. to
Ohio and Colorado.
2. EUDOCIMUS, Wagler. Isisxs.
1. E£. albus, (L.) Wutre Isis. Pure white, wings
with black; L. 24; W. 11; T. 4; B. 7. Southern States,
N. to L. I.
3. FALCINELLUS, Bechstein. Gtossy Isisus.
1. F. igneus, Auct. Guiossy Isis. Rich dark chest-
nut, with greenish and purplish on head; L. 24; W. 11;
T. 4; B. 43. S. States, N. to N. England.
ORDER O.—ALECTORIDES.
(The Cranes and Rails.)
Tibia naked below; neck, legs and feet much as in
Herodiones, except that the hind toe is small and ele-
vated, and provided with a small claw. Bill various,
usually lengthened; head fully feathered or else exten-
sively bald. Body more or less compressed. Wings
short, rounded, concave. Tail very short and small; size
various.
FAMILY LVIII.—GRUIDA.
(The Oranes.)
Very large birds with the head and neck extremely
long. Wings large. Tail short. Head more or less
naked, with scattered hair-like feathers. Plumage
mostly compact. Bill as long or longer than head,
straight and slender; tibie extensively naked; tarsus
scutellate; toes rather short; hind toe highly elevated.
Genera three; species fourteen, of various parts of the
world. :
RALLID.—LIX. 185
7. GRUS, Linneus. CRANES.
1. G. americanus, (L.) Ord. Waits on Wuoorine
Crane. Adult pure white with black on wings; bare
part of head very hairy; young grayish, the head
feathered; L. 50; W. 24; T. 9; Ts. 12; B. 6. U.S.,
rather southerly.
2. G. canadensis, (L.) Temm. Brown or Sanp- Hin
Crane. Plumbeous gray, never whitening; head
sparsely hairy; smaller. U.S., chiefly S. and W.
FAMILY LIX.— RALLIDA.
(The Raiis.)
Birds of medium or small size, with compressed bodies
and muscular legs. Wings and tail short. Hind toe
short’ and elevated; front toes very long. Bill various,
rather short. Plumage blended. Sexes alike. Species
about one hundred and fifty, of most parts of the world.
* Forehead feathered; no frontal plate. (RaLLINa.)
+ Bill decurved, longer than head. . . . Ratzoes, 1.
tt Bill straight, shorter than head. . . . Porzawa, 2.
** Forehead covered with a broad, horny, frontal plate.
} Toes scarcely or not lobate. (GALLINULINZ.)
a. Nostrils linear; tarsus less than 2. E GaALLINULA, 8.
aa. Nostrils nearly circular; tarsus about 2. PorpHyrio, 2.
tt Toes lobate, edged with broad flaps. (Funicina.) Fuuica, 5.
7. RALLUS, Linneus. Rats.
1. R. Jongirostris, Bodd. CiaprrR Rat. Satr-
Water Marsa Hen. Olive brown, variegated with
ashy; dull reddish brown below; L. 14 to 16; W. 6; T.
24; B. 23; @ smaller. Salt marshes; rather southerly.
2. R. elegans, Aud. Kine Ram. FRresa-Warter
Marsa Hen. Brownish black, with chestnut below
136 BIRDS.
and on wing coverts; much brighter colored than the
last, and rather larger. U.S., fresh-water marshes.
3. R. virginianus, L. Virernta Ratu. Colors exactly
as in A. elegans; much smaller; L. 10; W. 4; T.14; B.
14. U.S., frequent.
2. PORZANA, Vieillot. Lirriz Rats.
1. P. carolina, (L.)V. Carorina Rat. Sora. “Or-
TOLAN.” Olive-brown, variegated; face and middle
line of throat black; breast slaty gray; back streaked;
belly barred; L. 9; W. 44; T. 2. U.S., not rare.
2. P. noveboracensis, (Gm.) Cass. YxEttow Ratt
Variegated above; L. 6; W. 34; T. 14. E. U.S; not
common.
3. P. jamaicensis, (Gm.) Cass. Buack Ratu. Blackish;
L. 53. S. Am., etc. rarely in U.S.
3. GALLINULA, Brisson. GALLINULES.
1. G. galeata, (Licht.) Bon. Forma GaLLinuLe. |
Brownish olive above, grayish black on head and below;
bill, frontal plate and ring around tibia red; L. 15; W.
73; T. 34; Ts. 2. S. States, straying northward. (Mani-
towoc, Wis. Jordan.)
4. PORPHYRIO, Temminck. Purrre GALLINULEs.
1. P. martinica, (L.) Temm. PurRrLe GaLLiNnuLces.
Olive green; head and below purplish blue; crissum
white; bill mostly red; L. 12; W. 7; T. 3. S. States,
N. to Maine.
5. FULICA, Linnzeus. Coors.
1. F. americana, Gm. Coot. Mup Hen. Dark slate
color or sooty; bill brownish; L. 14; W. 8; T.2. U.5.,
abundant in reedy swamps; swims well.
ANAID A.— LX. 187
ORDER P.—LAMELLIROSTRES.
(The Anserine Birds.)
Bill lamellate, ¢.¢., furnished along each cutting edge
with a regular series of tooth-like processes, which cor-
respond to certain laciniate processes of the fleshy tongue,
which ends in a horny tip; bill large, thick, high at base,
depressed towards the end, membranous except at the
obtuse tip which is occupied by a horny nail; no gular
pouch. Head high, compressed, with sloping forehead;
eyes small. Feet 4-toed (excepting some Flamingoes),
palmate ; hind toe small, elevated; tibia feathered in
Anatide, bare below in the Flamingoes. Wings strong,
short. Legs short (except in Phoenicopteride, where
excessively elongated); precocial; swimming birds. An
important and familiar order, comprising nearly all the
“Water Fowl” which are valued in domestication or as
game’ birds. There are two families, Phanicopteride
the Flamingoes, and the following:
FAMILY LX.—ANATIDA.
(The Ducks.)
Characters of bill, etc., as given above. Body heavy,
flattened beneath. Head large; eyes small. Tail
various, usually short, of 14 to 16 feathers, the lower
coverts being long and full. Feet short, anterior toes
full-webbed. Sexes usually quite unlike (excepting
among the Swans and Geese.) Species one hundred and
seventy - five, of all parts of the world; migratory. The
sub - families are indicated below.
* Lores naked; adult entirely white; large birds; Swans. (Cre
NINZ.) F : g : 3 ; ‘ Cyanvs, 1.
** Lores feathered ; tarsus entirely reticulate; Geese. (ANSERIN2!.)
a. Bill and legs not black; colors white, bluish, etc. ANSER, 2.
138 BIRDS.
aa. Bill and legs black; neck black. 2 ‘ BRaNnta, 3.
*** Lores feathered; tarsus scutellate in front; Ducks.
+ Bill depressed; the lamelle simple, bluntish.
¢ Hind toe simple, not bordered by membrane. “River
Ducks.” (ANATINZ.)
b. Head crested; tip of bill formed sales by the nail;
colors brilliant in ¢. . ; . Ar, 11,
bb. Bill very much widened fia the tip; speculum
green. 3 . . Spatura, 10.
bbb. Head not eeu: pill not ntl widened towards tip.
c. Tail wedge-shaped, at least length of wing.
6 of Darina, 5.
ec. Tail less than half length of wing.
ad. Speculum white; wing coverts chestnut.
CHAULELASMDS, 6.
dd. Speculum violet, bordered with black and white.
Awas, 4.
ddd. Speculum greenish purple, bordered by black, white
and buff; crown streaked; tail feathers acute.
¢ of Darixa, 5.
dddd. Speculum green.
e. Wing coverts mostly white; crown whitish.
Mareca, 7.
ee. Wing coverts sky-blue; head of ¢ plumbeous or
purplish. ‘ : F QUERQUEDULA, 8.
eee. Wing coverts plain ashy; head of male chestnut
with green band. : : : NETTION, 9.
tt Hind toe lobed (bordered by membrane.) “Sea Ducks.”
(FULIGULINZ.)
h. Cheeks bristly; colors black and white (or gray.)
CamprTroLamus, 16.
hh. Tail pointed, longer than wings (in adult); bill black
and orange. . é ‘ . Harewpa, 15.
hhh. Tail rounded; the feathers tif narrow, exposed nearly
to their bases, the upper coverts being very short.
ERISMATURA, 20.
ANATIDZ.—LX. 139
hhhh. Ducks with none of the above peculiarities.
z. Upper mandible gibbous at its unfeathered base; black
or brown. 5 ‘ . penis, 19.
4z. Upper mandible not gibbous where unfeathered.
j. Nail at tip of bill narrow and distinct.
k. Head black or brown; nostrils sub-basal; bill
longer than tarsus. ‘i ‘ 3 Fourx, 12.
kk. Head reddish or brownish, without white; nos-
trils nearly median; bill longer than tarsus.
Ayruya, 18.
kkk. Head black or gray, with white; nostrils nearly
median; bill about as long as tarsus.
BucEpHa.a, 14.
jj. Nail broad, scarcely distinct.
i. Feathers extending on culmen and partly on sides
of upper mandible. . ‘ SomarTeria, 18.
iW. Feathers not extending on culmen; bill small,
much tapering. : Hisrrronicus, 17.
+t Bill narrow, nearly cylindrical; the lamelle acute, recurved,
like saw-teeth ; usually crested. Fish Ducks. (MrRarna.)
m. Bill not black; tarsus more than half the length of middle
toe. . Mzrevs, 21.
mm. Bill black; tarsus half length of middle toe.
LopHopyTEs, 22.
7. CYGNUS, Linneus. Swans.
> Olor, Wagler.
1. €. buecinator, Rich. TromprreR Swan. Tail
(normally) 24 feathered; bill without yellow spot, longer
than head; nostrils sub-basal; L. about 50. Miss.
Valley, W. and N.
2. €. columbianus, (Ord.) Coues. Wuisttine Swan.
Tail 20 feathered; bill with a yellow spot, not longer
than head; nostrils median; L.50. N.Am. (C. ameri-
canus, Sharpless.)
140 BIRDS.
2. ANSER, Linnzus. Grxse.
1. A. albifrons, Gm., var. gambeli, (Hartl.) Coues.
Waitr-Frontep Goosz. Sprckie-Birz. White or
gray, blotched with black; back dark; head and neck
grayish brown; forehead white in adult; claws pale;
lamellz usual; L. 27; W.17; T. 6; Ts. 3. N. Am.
2. A. cerulescens, L. Buiur Goosr. Size and form of
next, but plumage ashy, varied with dark brown. N.
Am., rather rare.
3. A. hyperboreus, Pallas. Snow Goosz. Adult pure
white or washed with reddish; wings with black; claws
dark; aes bluish; lamelle very prominent; L. 30; W.
19; T. 64; B. 24.
8. BRANTA, Scopoli. Brant GEEss.
= Bernicla, most authors.
1. B. bernicla, (L.) Brant Goosz. Head, neck, front,
quills, and tail, black; white patch on neck; white on
rump, crissum, etc.; back brownish gray; Li. 24; W.
13; T.5; B.14. Northern States; in winter to Carolina.
2. B. eanadensis, (L..) Witp Gooss. Canapa Gooss.
Grayish brown, paler below; head and neck black;
white throat patch, extending on sides of head; tail
black; upper coverts white; L. 36; W. 20; T. 74; B. 2.
N. Am., abundant; U.S. in winter.
4. ANAS, Linnzus. Ducks.
1. A. boschas, L. Matiarp Duck. Tame Duck. 4
head and upper neck rich glossy green, a white ring
below; breast purplish chestnut; speculum violet; wing
coverts tipped with black and white; ¢? duller, chiefly
dull ochraceous, streaked with dark brown; L. 24; W.
12. Am., abundant; commonest westward. Original
ANATID 2.—LX. 141
of the common Domestic Duck; various hybrids of this
species with others are described.
2. A. obscura, Gm. Buack Duck. Size of mallard
and resembling the 9, but darker; no decided white
except under the wings. H. U.S., common.
5. DAFILA, Leach. Pinta Ducks.
1. D. acuta, (L.) Jenyns. Pin-Tam. Spric- Tarn.
é dark brown with purplish gloss; sides of neck with
long white stripes; tail cuneate when developed, central
feathers much projecting; ? speckled and streaked; tail
shorter; L. 24; W.11; T. 9 or less. N. Am.
6. CHAULELASMUS, Gray. Gapwa ts.
1. C. streperus, (L.) Gray. GapwaLu. 4 barred, black
and white, wing coverts chestnut, greater coverts black,
speculum white; ¢ with similar markings; L.22; W. 11.
N. Am.
7. MARECA, Stephens. WupGrEons.
1. M. penelope, (L.) Bon. Europzan Wipcxon.
Head and neck reddish brown; top of head brownish
white; sides of head with green traces; L. 22; W. 11;
T. 5. Europe; accidental in America, Wis. (Humlien)
and Atlantic Coast.
2. M. americana, (Gm.) Steph. AmERican WipGEON.
Batppatr. Head and neck grayish, speckled; colors
more emphatic; sides of head with bright green patch.
N. Am., abundant.
8 QUERQUEDULA, Stephens. Brun WincEp TEats.
1.-Q. discors, (L.) Steph. Broz Wincep TraL. 6
head and neck blackish plumbeous, darkest on the
crown; a white crescent in front of eye; under parts
142 BIRDS.
thickly spotted; 9 quite different, known by the wings;
L. 16; W. 7; T. 3. E.U.S., to Rocky Mts.
9. NETTION, Kaup. Gremn-Wincep Txats.
1. W. carolinensis, (Gm.) Kaup. GRrEEn-WINGED
Tat. A white crescent on sides in front of wings;
shoulders plain; L. 15; W. 74; T. 34. N. America,
common.
10. SPATULA, Boie. SHOvVELLERS.
1. S. clypeata, (L.) Boie. Suovetter. Spoon- Bini
Duck. $ head and neck green; wing coverts blue;
speculum green; 9 with similar bill and wings; L. 20;
W. 93; B. 232. N. Am.
11. AIX, Swainson. Woop Ducks.
1. A. sponsa, (L.) Boie. Woop Duck. Summzr
Duck. Crested; @ head iridescent green and purple,
with white stripes and a forked white throat patch;
breast rich brownish; ¢ duller, head mostly gray; L. 20;
W. 94; T.5. U.S. frequent; nesting in trees.
12. FULIX, Sundevall. Fiocxine-Fow..
< Fuligula, Authors.
1. F. marifa, (L.) Baird. Bie Scaup Duck. Bru
Birt. Rarr Duck. Speculum white; no ring about
neck; back and sides whitish, finely waved with black; 9
face white; markings less distinct; L. 20; W. 9. N.
Am.
2. F. affinis, (Eyton) Baird. Lesser Scaup Duck.
Similar, but smaller; L. 16; W. 8. N. Am., rather
southerly.
3. F. colfaris, (Donovan) Baird. Rine-Necxep Duck.
Speculum gray; an orange brown collar about neck; 9
without collar; L. 18; W. 84. N.Am.
ANATID .—LX. 1438
13. AYTHYA, Boie. Canvas-Back Ducxs.
1. A. ferina (L.) var. americana, (Eyton) Allen. Rep
Heap. Pocuarp. ¢ head and neck chestnut with red
reflections; back mixed silvery and black; the dark
waved lines unbroken; @ duller; bill shorter than head,
two or less, bluish, the nail dark; L. 20; W.10. N. Am.,
abundant.
2. A. vallisneria, (Wilson) Boie. Canvas- Back Duck.
Head more dusky; black wavy lines on back broken, the
whitish predominating; bill as long as head, 24 or more,
dusky. N. Am.; especially coastwise in winter.
14. BUCEPHALA, Baird. Goxprn- Eves.
Clangula, Authors.
1. B. elangula, (L.) Gray. GotpEn-EyvE. Garror.
é head puffy, glossy green with some white; upper parts
black; white continuous on outer surface of wing; 9
head duller, snuff-colored and scarcely puffy; L. 16 to
19; W. 8to 9. N. Am. and Europe.
2. B. islandica, (Gm.) Baird. Barrow’s GoLtpen-Eys.
Similar; gloss of head purplish; white of wing divided
by dark bar; more white on head; larger. N. U.S. and
N.; rare.
3. B. albeofa, (L.) Baird. Dipper. Burrir-Hzap.
Burrer-Batut. Spirit Duck. 4 with head very puffy
and iridescent; a large white ear patch; L.16; W.7; 9
small, dark gray; head scarcely puffy. N. Am,
abundant.
-15. HARELDA, Leach. Lone-Taitep Ducks.
“LA. glacialis, (L.) Leach. Sourn-SouTHERty. OLp
Wire. Lone-Tamep Duck. Reddish brown, nearly
white in winter; tail very long; @ quite different, no
144 BIRDS.
white on wing; L. 20; W- 9; T.8, orless. N. Am.
and Europe; chiefly northern and coastwise.
16. CAMPTOLAEMUS, Gray. Prep Ducks.
1. €. labradorius, (Gm.) Gray. Lasrapor Dock.
8 chiefly black and white; ¢ plumbeous; L. 24; W. 9.
Coast, chiefly northern; scarce.
17. HISTRIONICUS, Lesson. Hartequin Ducks.
1. H. torquatus, (L.) Bon. Hariequin Duck. ¢ leaden
bluish, much varied; speculum violet and purple; ? dark
brown, etc. Atlantic Coast, Am. and Europe.
18. SOMATERIA, Leach. E1pEer Ducks.
1. S. mollissima, (L.) Leach. EipEer Duck. 4 in
breeding dress, white; under parts, rump, quills, and
crown patch black; ¢ reddish brown, streaked; bill with
long, club-shaped, frontal processes extending in line
with culmen; L. 24; W.12. Arctic regions; S. to New
England in winter. (S. dresseri, Sharpe.)
n 2. S. spectabilis, (L.) Leach. Kine E1pEr. ¢ chiefly
black; front parts, etc., white; frontal processes broad,
squarish, out of line of culmen; slightly smaller. Nor-
thern regions; 8S. to N. Y.
19. EDEMIA, Fleming. Surr Ducks.
* Bill not encroached upon by frontal feathers; tail 16-feathered;
no white on wings. (Gdemia.)
1. &. americana, Sw. American Buiack Scorer. 6
entirely black; 9 sooty brown, paler below and on throat;
L. 18 to 24; Ww. 10. N. Am., all coasts.
** Bill broadly encroached upon by frontal feathers; a large
white wing patch. (Melanetta.)
2. &. fusea, (L.) Sw. Ve.ver Scorer. Waits
ANATID A.—LX. 145
Winerp Surr Duck. ¢ black; white spot under eye;
Q sooty brown, rather larger. Shores of Europe and N.
Am.
*** Bill narrowly encroached upon by frontal feathers; no white
on wings; tail 14-feathered. (Pelionetta.)
3. &. perspicillata, (L.) Fleming. Surr Duck. S#a
Coot. é black, with white spot on forehead and nape;
¢ sooty brown; white patch on lores and cheeks; size of
first. Coasts.
20. ERISMATURA, Bonaparte. Srirr Tartep Ducks.
1. E. rubida, (Wils.) Bon. Ruppy Ducx. Chiefly
brownish or tawny (reddish in perfect plumage), con-
siderably waved and dotted; crissum white; L.17; W. 6.
N. Am., frequent.
2. E. dominica, (L.) Eyton. San Domingo Duck.
Smaller and redder; forehead and chin black; L. 134;
W. 64. S. America and W. Indies; accidental N. (Wis.,
Kumlien, L. Champlain, Cabot.)
21. MERGUS, Linneus. MERGansERs.
1. M. merganser, L. Meraansrr. GoosaNnpER. Fisn
Duck. @ black and white above, salmon-colored below;
head glossy green, scarcely crested; 9 smaller, ashy gray;
head brownish; nostrils median; L. 24; W. 11. N. Am.,
common. ;
2. M. serrator, L. Rep-Breastep Mercanser. Fisa
Duck. Similar, but smaller and more crested; $ with
throat reddish brown, black-streaked; wing with two
black bars, instead of one as in last; nostrils sub-basal;
L. 20; W. 9. N. Am., abundant.
22, LOPHODYTES, Reichenbach. Crestep Divers.
1. L. eucullatus, (L.) Reich. Hooprp MzreansEr.
se 7
146 BIRDS.
SHELpRAKE. Black and white; sides chestnut in 4; @
duller and grayish; crest high and compressed; nostrils
sub-basal; L. 19; W.8. N.Am., common.
ORDER Q.—STEGANOPODES.
(The Totipalmate Birds.)
Feet totipalmate; hind toe lengthened, scarcely ele-
vated, united by a web to the other toes; tibise feathered
Bill various, horny, never lamellate, cutting edges often
serrate; nostrils very small or abortive; a prominent,
naked, gular pouch; tarsus reticulate; altricial.
We here omit the families Sulide (Gannets) and
Tachypetide (Frigate Birds) as they are exclusively
marine. One species of the Southern family Plotide,
(the Darters) Plotus anhinga, L., the Snake Bird or
Water Turkey of the Southern swamps, sometimes comes
up the Miss. R. to S. Ills.
FAMILY LXI.—PELECANID.
(The Pelicans.)
Large fish-eating birds, with very long bills which
end in a claw-like hook; the broad space between the
branches of the lower jaw occupied by a huge membran-
ous sack; nostrils abortive; wings very long; tail very
short; gregarious; sexes alike. Genus one; species six;
found in most warm regions.
1. PELECANUS, Linneus. PELICcANS.
1. P. trachyrhynchus, Lath. Wuirs Perican. Chiefly
white, some black and yellowish; L. 60; W. 24; B. 12.
N. Am., abundant S. and W., often inland. :
PHALACROCORACID i.—LXII. 147
FAMILY LXII.— PHALACROCORACIDA.
(The Cormorants.)
Bill about as long as head, nearly terete, strongly
hooked, the cutting edges uneven; gular pouch small.
Wings short. Tail very large, almost scansorial, of very
stiff feathers, often used with the aid of the legs, which
are set far back, as a support for the body; a nasal
groove but nostrils abortive. Colors in both sexes
lustrous, iridescent black; in the breeding season usually
with long, white, filamentous plumes; many species
crested. Genus one; species twenty-five; of most
regions.
7. GRACULUS, Linneus. CorRMmoRANTS.
2. G. dilophus, (Sw.) Gray. Dovusim-CrestEp Cor-
MoRANT. Glossy greenish black; back and wing coverts
coppery gray; adult with two curly black lateral crests;
sac convex or straight - edged behind, orange; L. 33; W.
13; T. 7; tail of 12 feathers. N. Am.; our commonest
species.
2. G. mexicanus, (Brandt) Bon. Mexican Cormor-
ant. Gular sac orange, white-edged; L.24. S.W.,N.
to Ills.
3. G. carbo, (L.) Gray. Norraern Cormorant. Tail
of 14 feathers; sac heart-shaped behind; L. 36. North-
ern and coastwise. Bn Retiuut Krak Smad
rr
es a
ORDER R.—LONGIPENNES.
(The Long-Winged Swimmers.)
Feet palmate; tibia feathered; legs near center of
equilibrium; hind toe elevated, small, often wanting.
Bill usually long, horny, not serrate nor lamellate; nos-
148 BIRDS.
trils developed; no gular pouch. Wings very long and
pointed. Tail well developed; altricial; powers of flight
remarkable; food chiefly fishes. There are two families,
Laride, below described, and Procellaride, the Petrels,
which we here omit, all our numerous representatives
being strictly maritime.
FAMILY LXIII.— LARIDA.
(The Gulis.)
Long- winged birds, with the nostrils not tubular;
bill various. Hind toe small and elevated, but less so
than in the Petrels. General color usually white, with
a darker mantle of a pearly bluish tint, and commonly
with some black markings. Sexes alike in color, but the
plumage varying much with age and season. Genera
about twelve (Cowes), sixty (European authors); species
ninety; abounding about all large bodies of water. Of
the genera admitted below, Pagophila, Rissa, and
Chreecocephalus may properly be considered as sections
of Larus, while Gelochelidon and Thalasseus are perhaps
sub - genera under Sterna.
* Bill hooked (epignathous) — rarely not hooked, and the tail even.
+ Bill with a sort of cere; middle tail feathers exserted; Jegers.
(LESTRIDINA.) » 5 r j . STERCORARIUS, 1.
+t Bill not cered; general color usually white with a darker
mantle. Gulls. (Larin#.)
a. Hind toe rudimentary, without a developed claw. Rissa, 3.
aa. Hind toe perfect, provided with a claw.
6. Tail even.
ce. Tarsus black, rough; webs incised; plumage white.
Pagorui.a, 4.
cc. Tarsus not black; lower plumage white in adult.
d. Head white—if dark below, head not whitish (spe-
cies of large size; never rosy-tinted below; the
head never with a dark hood.) Lanrvs, 2.
LARID Ai.—LXIIl. 149
dd. Head dark—if dark below, head whitish (small or
slender species, with a black hood in the breeding
season, and the white under parts then pinkish or
rosy-tinted.) . i . CHRa@COCEPHALDUS, 5.
bd. Tail forked; bill black, yellow-tipped. . Xxma, 6.
¥* Bill paragnathous (mandibles even) ; tail forked (in our species);
Terns. (STERNINZ.)
e. Toes full-webbed; colors chiefly white, with a black cap at
most seasons and the quills silvery dusky, with a long
white stripe.
f. Feet black; forehead without white crescent.
g. Not crested; bill stout, scarcely longer than tarsus.
GELOCHELIDON, %.
gg. Crested; bill slender, much longer than tarsus.
THALASSEDS, 8.
Sf. Feet not black; back pale, nocrest. . . STERNA, 9.
ee. Toes not full-webbed; color quite dark.
HyprocHetmoy, 10.
*** Bill hypognathous—the lower mandible much the longer,
compressed like aknife-blade. Skimmers. (RHYNCHOPINZ.)
Ruyncnors, 11.
1. STERCORARIUS, Brisson. J aGErs.
= Lestris, Authors.
1. S. pomatorhinus, (Temm.) Lawr. Pomarine
Jacrr. Chiefly blackish, colors varying with age;
middle tail feathers broad to the tip, projecting about
four inches; L. 20; W.15. Northern, U.S. in winter.
2. §. parasiticus, (Briinn.) Gray. Parasitic Jaenr.
General color dark brown; middle tail feathers acuminate,
projecting 4 inches; L.18; W.13. Northern, U.S. in
winter.
3. §. buffoni, (Boie) Coues. Lone Tartep Jaczr.
Similar, but still smaller; tail feathers filamentous, pro-
jecting 8 or 10 inches. Northern, U. 8. in winter.
150 BIRDS.
2. LARUS, Linneus. Guts.
* Primaries without any black.
_ 1. L. glaueus, Brinn. Guavcous Gutu. Ice Gut.
Bureomaster. Bill yellow with red spot on lower
mandible; large; L. 30; W. 18. Arctic regions; S. in
winter.
2. L. leucopterus, Faber. Wuite-W1neEp GuLL-
Similar but smaller; L. 23; W.17. Same region.
** Primaries crossed with black (adult), or all black (young).
3. L. marinus, L. Grear Briack-Backep GULL.
Corrin-Carrizr. SappiLe-Back. Mantle blackish slate
color; largest of our Gulls; L. 30 or more; W. 18; feet
‘flesh colored.. N. Atlantic, S. in winter.
4. L. argentatus, Briinn. Hzrrine Guit. Common
Gut. Mantle grayish blue; large, 22 to 27; W. 18 or
less; feet flesh colored. N. Am., abundant.
5. L. delawarensis, Ord. Rine-Bittep Gui. Plum-
age like preceding; feet olivaceous; webs yellow; bill
yellowish, a black band at the tip; size moderate; L.
20; W.15. N. Am., abundant.
8. RISSA, Leach. Kirrrwaxzs.
1. R. tridactyla, (L.) Bon. Kitriwaxe Gui. Mantle
dark grayish blue; hind claw a minute knob; L. 16 to
18; W.12. Northern, U.S. in winter.
3. PAGOPHILA, Kaup. Ivory GuLts.
1. P. eburnea, (Gm.) Kaup. Ivory Gutis. Adults
pure white; young spotted; L. 16 to 20; W. 12. North-
ern, rarely to U.S. in winter.
5. CHRECOCEPHALUS, Eyton. Rosy Guits.
1. C. atricilla, (L.) Lawr. Buack - Hapep or Laveu-
ina Guu. Tarsus 4 longer than middle toe and claw;
LARID#!.—LXI. 151
large; bill and feet dusky carmine; L. 16 to 19; W. 12
to 13. U.5S., coastwise.
2. €. franklini, (Rich.) Bruch. Franxzrn’s Rosy
Gutu. Tarsus about as long as middle toe and claw;
bill and feet carmine; bill usually with a black mark;
medium; L. 14 to 16; W. 11. U.S., chiefly W. of the
Miss. R.
3. €. philadelphia, (Ord) Lawr. Bonaparte’s Guu.
Tarsus about as long as middle toe and claw; bill dark
“or black, slender, tern-like; small; L. 12 to 14; W. 10.
N. Am., abundant.
6. XEMA, Leach. Forx-Taiep Guts.
1. X. sabinef, (Sab.) Leach. Forxep-Tam Gut.
Chiefly white, a black hood and collar; L. 14; W. 11.
Northern, 8. in winter to N. Y.
7. GELOCHELIDON, Brehm. Gut.-Brttep TERnNs.
1. G. anglica, (Montagu) Bon. Marsn Tern. Bill
black, very short and stout; L. 15; W.12. E.U.S.,
not abundant.
8. THALASSEUS, Boie. CRESTED TERNS.
1. T. caspius, (Pallas) Boie. Caspian Tern. Pri- |
maries without white band; bill red; much the largest
of the Terns; L. 20 or more; W.17; T. 6, not much
forked. Northern, S. in winter; scarce.
2. T. regius, Gamb. Royau Tern. Bill orange; L.
18 or 20; W. 15; T. 8, deeply forked; much smaller than
the last but nearly as long. Atlantic Coast.
3. T. eantiacus, (Gm.) Boie. Sanpwicn Tern. Bill
black, yellow at tip; L. 16; W. 124; T. 6. Europe and:
Am.; rare on our coast.
152 BIRDS.
9. STERWNA, Linneus. Common TERNS.
1. S. hirundo, Auct. Common Tern. Sra SwaLtow.
Wison’s Tern. Bill red, blackening towards tip; tail
mostly white; outer web of outer feather darker than
inner; L. 14} (13 to 16); W. 10 (94 to 112); T. 6 (5 to
7.) Coasts of Europe and America; abundant. (S.
wilsont, Lawr.)
2. S. forsteri, Nuttall. Forster’s Tern. Larger;
tail longer and wings shorter; inner web of outer tail
feather darker; W. 94 to 104; T. 64 to 8. N. Am,
common.
3. 8. macrura, Naumann. Arctic Tern. Bill carmine
throughout; plumage as in hirundo, but darker below;
L. 14 to 17; W. 10 to 12; T. 5 to 8; smaller than
hirundo, but tail proportionally much longer. Northern
regions, 8. to U. 8.
4. §. paradisea, Auct. Roszate Tern. Bill black,
usually orange at base below; mantle very pale; some -
what rosy-tinted below; L. 12 to 16; W.9 to 10; T. 5
to 8. Atlantic Coast, abundant. (8. dougalli, Mont.)
5. §. portlandica, Ridgway. Porruanp Tern. Near
the preceding, but mantle as in Airundo; the rump
white instead of pearly; feet blackish; under parts pure
white; L. 124; W.92; T. 5 or more. Lately discovered
in Maine and Mass.; but two specimens known.
6. S. superciliaris, (Vieill.) var. antillarum, (Lesson)
Coues. Least Tern. Bill yellow, usually tipped with
black; a white frontal crescent between cap and bill;
shafts of two or more outer primaries black above; very
small; L. 8 or 9; W. 64; T. 2 to 33. U.5S., chiefly
abundant coastwise.
LARID.—LXIII. 153
10. HYDROCHELIDON, Boie. Buack Terns.
1. H. /ariformis, (L.) Coues. Buack Tern. Head,
neck and under parts black (in full plumage); wings
and tail above plumbeous like the back; crissum white;
small; L. 10; W.8 to 9; T. 34. N.Am., chiefly inland.
[ZZ fissipes, (L.) Gray.]
2. H. nigra, (L.) Gray. Waite-Wincep Brack TERN.
Wings whitening along border of fore-arm; tail and
upper tail coverts white. Straggler from Europe, a
single specimen lately taken on Lake Koshkonong.
(Ludovic Kumlien.) (H. leucoptera, (Meisn.) Boie.]
11. RHYNCHOPS, Linnzus. Skimmers.
1. #. nigra, L. Buack Swimmer. Curwatsr. Glossy
black; white below; lower mandible about an inch
longest, compressed like a knife-blade, obtuse at end;
L. 16 to 20; W. 15; T. 5, sharply forked. Coast,
abundant southward.
ORDER 8.—PYGOPODES.
(The Diving Birds.)
Feet palmate or lobate; tibiae feathered, buried in the
skin nearly to the heel joint, hence the legs are set very
far back, and the birds are scarcely able to walk at all
on land; hind toe small, elevated, often wanting. Nos-
trils developed; bill of various forms, horny, not lamellate
nor serrate; no gular pouch. Wings very short, scarcely
reaching the base of the very small or rudimentary tail.
Swimmers, many of them noted for their powers of div-
ing. We here omit the three-toed family of Aucipa,
the Auks, they being strictly maritime and mostly
northern. The twenty-one known species all occur in
America.
154 BIRDS.
FAMILY LXIV.—COLYMBIDA.
(The Loons.)
Bill long, strong, tapering, acute, wholly hard; nostrils
linear. Head densely and evenly feathered, without ruffs
or naked spaces; eye large. Feet 4-toed, palmate; tar-
sus reticulate, strongly compressed. Wings comparatively
long and strong. Tail short, but well developed. Back
of adult with small spots; precocial. Genus one; species
three. Birds of large size, with strong powers of flight,
and pre-eminent in swimming and diving, but scarcely
able to walk; they are migratory, breeding northward,
but coming §. in winter; the voice is singularly sharp
and wild.
7. COLYMBUS, Linnzeus. Loons.
= Hudytes, Mliger.
1. @. torquatus, Briinn. Great Norrazrn Loon.
Diver. Black; breast and below chiefly white; head
and neck iridescent, green and violet; a patch of white
streaks on each side of neck and on the throat; back
with many white spots; L. 36; W. 14; Ts. 3; B. 3,
Northern Hemisphere; whole U. 8. in winter. (C.
glacialis, L.)
2. C. arcticus, L. Biack -THRoateD Diver. Similar,
but head and neck behind bluish or hoary gray; fore-
neck purplish black, with a crescent of white streaks;
L. 28; W. 12; B. 24. Northern hemisphere, not
common in U.S.
3. @. septentrionalis, L. -Rep-Turoatep Diver.
Blackish, chiefly white below; head and neck mostly
bluish gray; throat with a large chestnut patch; L. 27;
W.11; B.2. Northern hemisphere.
Not ane ty tot Pr, meg 9h
PODICIPIDAl.—LXV. 155
FAMILY LXV.— PODICIPIDA.
(The Grebes.)
Bill usually slender, rarely stoutish; lores naked;
head often with crests, ruffs or ear tufts in the breeding
season. Back not spotted; under plumage lustrous,
mostly white. Wings very short. Tail rudimentary.
Feet four-toed, lobate, the toes webbed at base; toes
flattened, provided with flat claws resembling human
nails; tarsus scutellate, compressed. Genera two;
species about twenty; in all parts of the world, chiefly
about fresh waters.
* Bill slender, straight, rather acute; loral strip narrow; head in
breeding season with conspicuous crests or ruff.
Poptcers, 1.
** Bill stout, somewhat hooked; loral strip broad; no ruff nor
crest. . : ie Z ; . PopILYMBUS, 2.
1. PODICEPS, Latham. COrxstEp GREBES.
= Colymbus, Iliger.
1. P. eristatus, (L.) Lath. Crestep Gresre. Upper
parts generally dark brown; crest black; throat and
sides of head white, becoming reddish on the ruff; pri-
maries brown; secondaries mostly white; silky white
below, not mottled; L. 24; W. 84; B. 2. Northern
hemisphere; U. 8S. in winter.
2. P. holbolli, Reinhardt. Rep-Neckep Gress. Upper
parts brown; front and sides of neck rich brownish red;
throat and sides of head ashy; crests and ruffs not large;
below silvery ash, spotted or mottled; L. 18; W. 8; B.
13. N. Am., U.S. in winter.
3. P. cornutus, (Gm.) Lath. Hornep Gresz. Dark
brown; head glossy black; a brownish yellow band over
eye and behind; fore-neck and breast brownish red; bill
156 BIRDS.
compressed, black, tipped with yellow; crests and ruffs
very large; L. 14; W. 6; B. 32.: Northern hemisphere,
abundant.
4. P. auritus, (L.) var. ealifornicus, (Heerm.) Coues.
Earzep Grese. Orest in the form of ear tufts; front of
neck black; bill depressed; L.12. Western, E. to Ills.
2. PODILYMBUS, Lesson. Das-Cuicx.
1. P. podiceps, (L.) Lawr. Dinpapprr. Heti-Diver.
Water Witce. Pirp-Bittep Grepe. Chiefly brown -
ish gray; silvery ash below; bill bluish, with dark band;
young and winter plumage different, but the bird
resembles nothing else; L. 14; W.5; B.1. Whole of
America, abundant. (Podiceps carolinensis, Lath.)
REPTILES. 157
Class IGE. — Reptilia.
(The Reptiles.)
A Reptile is a cold - blooded, air - breathing vertebrate,
having the exoskeleton developed as horny or bony
plates, never as feathers or hair. Limbs, when present,
usually adapted for walking, rarely for swimming,
scarcely ever for flying. An incomplete double circula-
tion, the ventricular septum being usually imperfect or
wanting; no metamorphosis; oviparous, rarely ovovi-
viparous, the eggs relatively large and usually with a
leathery skin. Various important anatomical distinc-
tions exist, but the Reptiles are obviously separated
from the Birds by the absence of feathers, and from the
Batrachians by the presence of scales, and by the absence
of gills after leaving the egg.
Besides the three following orders, a fourth (Croco-
DILIA), is represented by two species Alligator mississip-
piensis, Daudin, and Crocodilus americanus, Seba, in our
Southern States.
ORDERS OF REPTILIA.
* Body covered with square imbedded shields; vent roundish or
longitudinal, plaited; bones of skull soldered together.
+ Body short, depressed, enclosed between two bony shields,
from which the head, limbs and tail may be protruded;
no teeth. ; é - : . Tssroprnata, T.
** Body covered with imbricated scales; vent a cross-slit; bones
of skull separate; jaws with teeth.
¢ Mouth not dilatable; bones of mandible united by a bony
suture in front; limbs 4—rarely rudimentary.
Lacerta, U.
158 REPTILES.
tt Mouth very dilatable; bones of mandible united by liga-
ments; limbs wanting or represented only by short spurs
on the sides of the vent. . 3 3 . Opxrp1, V.
T. FAMILIES OF TESTUDINATA.
* Carapace firm, not flexible at the margins, not greatly depressed ;
both shields with well-developed horny plates.
+ Toes short, bound together by the integument; legs and feet
short, club-shaped; carapace very convex; plastron cover-
ing nearly all of under surface of body; caudal shields
united; claws blunt, 5-4; terrestrial. TESTUDINIDA, 66.
++'Toes well developed, spreading, and in aquatic species
webbed; claws usually 5-4.
$ Shell highest at about the middle, usually somewhat de-
pressed, the margin flaring outwards; epidermal plates
of the large plastron 12 in number. . Emypib&, 67.
t}{ Shell highest behind the middle; margin of carapace
turned rather downward or inward; plates of plastron
%, 9 or 11—never 12; size small. . CINOSTERNIDA, 68.
ttt Shell highest anteriorly; carapace flaring outward, its
margin toothed bebind; plastron small, cross-shaped
with 12 plates and three accessory ones on each side;
jaws powerful, strongly hooked; neck and tail long,
the latter with a crest of tubercles; size large.
CHELYDRID&, 69.
** Much depressed; carapace and plastron covered with a leathery
skin, and flexible at the margins; no horny plates; fleshy
lips; snout prolonged; toes 5-5, but claws 3-3.
TRIonycHIDz, 70.
U. FAMILIES OF LACERTILIA.
* Tongue thick, convex, attached at its base to the gullet; scales
usually more or less spinous. . , . Ieuanrpa, 71.
** Tongue flat, elongate, bifid at the end; scales never spinous.
+ Limbs rudimentary, concealed beneath the skin; sides with
a longitudinal fold. : . , . ANeUIDA, 72.
++ Limbs four—well developed.
¢ Scales of the belly rounded, arranged in quincunx order.
Scrncrpz, 74,
REPTILES. 159
tt Scales of the belly quadrate, arranged in cross-bands;
throat with two cross-folds. 3 : . Tera, 7.
V. FAMILIES OF OPHIDIA.
* Both jaws fully provided with small teeth; no poison fangs;
no rattle; no anal appendages; no ante-orbital pit; not
venomous. ¥ F ‘ r 3 ‘ CoLuBRIDz, 75.
** Upper jaw with enlarged, erectile poison fangs, otherwise tooth-
less; a deep pit between eye and nostril; venomous.
CroTaLipé, 76.
*k* Upper jaw with small, permanently erect poison fangs; no
ante-orbital pit; color red, with black rings; somewhat
venomous. so. eel) Earipa, 5. (b.)
ORDER T.—TESTUDINATA.
(The Turtles.)
Reptiles with the body enclosed between two more or
less developed ,boriy shields, which are usually covered
by horny epidermal plates, but sometimes (Trionychide,
Sphargidide) by a leathery skin. The carapace (upper
shield) and plastron (lower shield) are more or less united
along the sides. The neck and the tail are the only
flexible parts of the spinal column, and these, together
with the legs, can usually be retracted within the box
made by the two shields. The bony part of the carapace
is formed by the dorsal and sacral vertebra, and the ribs
co-ossified with a series of overlying bony plates, usually
accompanied by a marginal row. The dorsal vertebre
have their ends flattened and immovably united by car-
tilage, and all of them, except the first and last, have
their neural spines flattened horizontally so as to form
the median line of plates. On either side of this series
is a single row of ossified dermal plates overlying the
ribs and corresponding in number to the developed ribs
of which there are usually eight pairs.
160 REPTILES.
No traces of a true sternum have been discovered
(Huxley). The plastron consists of membrane bones, of
which there are usually nine pieces —four pairs and a
single symmetrical median piece. These correspond
neither in number nor position with the overlying
derma] plates.
The skull is more compact than that of the other Rep-
tiles. There are no teeth, but the jaws are encased in
horny sheaths, usually with sharp cutting edges; the eye
is furnished with two lids and a nictitating membrane as
in the Birds; the tympanic membrane is always present,
although sometimes hidden by the skin. Respiration is
effected by swallowing air.
The order Testudinata is divided by Prof. Agassiz into
two sub-orders:—Amypz, comprising the Land and
Fresh Water Turtles, with retractile feet that may be
used for walking; and CHELonti, the Sea Turtles, with
flipper-like feet used chiefly for swimming. Of the
latter, several species occur on our coast, but we here
omit them.
FAMILY LXVI.— TESTUDINIDA.
(The Land Tortotses.)
Carapace strong, thick, ovate, generally very convex
and falling off abruptly at both ends; caudal shields
united into one; plastron very broad, covering the
whole under surface, the anterior part sometimes mov-
able on a transverse hinge. Legs and feet club - shaped;
toes firmly bound together by the integument, only the
blunt claws being exserted.
Herbivorous Turtles, entirely terrestrial, inhabiting the
warmer parts of both continents; about twenty species
are known.
EMYDID.£2.—LXvti. 161
1. TESTUDO, Linneus. Lanp Torrorsss.
> Xerobates, Agassiz.
1. 7. carolina, L. Carorina “Gopuer.” L.15. 8S.
States, N. to N. C.; burrows in the ground like a wood -
chuck.
FAMILY LXVII.—EMYDIDA.
(The Pond Turtles.)
Carapace ovate, broadest behind, the margin having a
tendency to flare outward, highest near the middle,
usually rather depressed, rarely strongly convex; plastron
covering the whole under surface, its plates twelve in
number; sometimes the anterior lobe (and rarely the
posterior also) movable on a transverse hinge, enabling
the animal to completely close the shell. Toes broadly
webbed in the aquatic species; scarcely webbed in the
others. Jaws never hooked and pointed, as in allied
families. They feed largely upon animals,. but they
rarely catch active prey. They do not bite except under
much provocation. Species seventy or eighty, widely
distributed, inhabiting marshes, ponds, and the shores of
still streams; a few are strictly terrestrial.
* Carapace short, very high and strongly convex; plastron united
to the carapace by a more or less cartilaginous suture and
divided by a transverse hinge into two or more movable
pieces; the anterior one, the smaller; toes scarcely webbed;
terrestrial. é ‘ F , A E ‘ Cistupo, 1.
** Carapace somewhat elongated, considerably arched; plastron
immovable; toes short, with a small web; feet more nearly
equal, and habits less aquatic than in the succeeding groups;
species of small size.
a. Shell more or less carinated, without round spots; upper jaw
deeply notched and arched downward. . CHELOPUS, 2.
aa. Shell not carinated, black, usually with round, yellowish
spots; upper jaw slightly notched, its edges nearly straight.
Nanemys, 3.
162 REPTILES.
*** Carapace rather depressed ; plastron wide, flat, movable upon
the carapace and also upon a transverse hinge; anterior
lobe somewhat smaller than the posterior, which is emargi-
nate behind; toes webbed. ‘ . ao Emys, 4,
**k* Carapace rather flat; plastron wide and flat, as is also the
bridge connecting it to the carapace; toes broadly webbed;
hind-legs much stouter than fore-legs; larger species, deci-
dedly aquatic.
+ Upper jaw not notched in front; carapace more or less strongly
keeled or tuberculated. . . . Mazacoctemmys, 6.
+t Upper jaw notched in front; shell not keeled in adult.
t Horizontal alveolar surfaces of jaws not divided by a longi-
tudinal ridge; stripes on neck, tail, legs, etc., bright red
(in our species); head with yellow lines; large plates of
carapace plain; marginal plates with bright red mark-
ings; a small tooth on each side of notch in upper jaw;
shell never keeled. ‘ - ‘ ‘ CuryseEmys, 5.
tt Horizontal alveolar surfaces divided by a longitudinal
ridge, running parallel with the cutting edge; stripes on
legs, etc., usually yellow, never bright red; large plates
of carapace often variegated; traces of a keel usually
evident, at least in the young. : . Psgupemys, 7.
1. CISTUDO, Fleming. Box Turtizs.
1. €. clausa, (Gm.) Common Box Turtiz. Colors
very variable, chiefly blackish variegated with yellowish;
N.Y. to Mo. and S. in dry woods.
Var. triunguis, (Ag.) Cope. TureE-Torp Box Turriz.
Hind-feet mostly 3-toed, paler. Southern, N. to Penn.
2. €. ornata, Ag. NortuEern Box Turriz. “Shell
round, broad, flat, without keel, even when young.”
Iowa and W.
2. CHELOPUS, Rafinesque. Woop Turruzs.
* A deep notch in upper jaw, with a lengthened tooth on each
side of it; lower jaw strongly arched upwards. (Calemys, Ag.)
EMYDID.Al.—LXVL. 163
1. €. muhlenbergii, (Schweigger) Cope. MunLENBERG’s
Tortoisr. Brown with yellowish markings; plastron
black with yellowish central blotch; an orange spot on
each side of neck; shell somewhat carinated; L. 44.
E. Penn. and N. J.
** Upper jaw broad at end, arched downward, with a notch at
tip; just behind the tip the horny sheath slants inward so
that the width of the jaw is less than that of. the forehead;
edge of lower jaw straight, excepting the tip which is strongly
upcurved. (Glyptemys, Ag.) ,
2. €. insculptus, Le C. Woop Tortotss. Shell car-
inated, its plates marked with concentric strie and radi-
ating lines; plastron with a black blotch on each plate;
L. 8. U.S., E. of Ohio, in woods and fields.
3. NANEMYS, Agassiz. SpEcKLED TorrToisEs.
1. MW. guttatus, (Schn.) Ag. Sprecktep Torrorsz.
Black, dotted more or less with orange, these spots rarely
obsolete; plastron yellow, blotched with black; shell not
carinated; L. 44. E.U. S., W. to N. Ind. (Leveite);
abundant.
4. EMYS, Brogniart. Tortoiszs.
1. E. meleagris, (Shaw) Ag. Bianpine’s TorToIsE.
Jet black; usually with yellowish spots; plastron yellow-
ish with black blotches; head with yellow spots; L. 8.
Wisconsin to Alleghanies, in moist woods and fields.
5. CHRYSEMYS, Gray. ParntED TuRTLEs.
1. C. picta, (Herm.) Ag. Paintep Turtitz. Mup
Turtite. Greenish black; plates margined with paler;
marginal plates marked with bright red; plastron yellow,
often blotched with brown; L. 8. E. U.S., one of the
most common turtles.
Var. marginata, Ag. Plates of carapace alternating
or in quincunx, the lateral rows out of line with the
164 REPTILES,
middle one, instead of forming sets of three as in the
eastern form; lateral plates with strong concentric striae.
W.N.Y. and W., common. C. oregonensis, (Holb.) Ag.,
without red markings, occurs in Minn. and W.
6. MALACOCLEMMYS, Gray. Marsu Turtizs.
* Lower jaw spread out into a spoon-shaped dilatation; head with
a horny skin; inland turtles. (Graptemys, Ag.)
1. M. geographicus, (LeS.) Cope. Mar Turtitr. Dark
olive brown with greenish and yellow streaks and retic-
ulations, especially distinct on neck, legs and edges of
carapace; plastron yellowish; carapace strongly notched
behind and usually decidedly keeled. Miss. Valley, E.
to N.Y.
2. M. pseudogeographicus, (Holbr.) Cope. LeSurvur’s
Map Turtte. Much like the preceding but grayer, the
markings on the shell paler, less distinct and in larger
pattern; keel of carapace stronger, each plate of the
vertebral series with a blackish projection behind, which
is more or less imbricated over the succeeding plate;
plastron yellowish, marbled with blackish; head, neck
and legs with bright yellow stripes. Wis. to Ohio and
5. W.
** Sheath of jaws straight, the cutting edges smooth; salt-marsh
turtles. (Malacoclemmys.)
3. M. palustris, (Gmel.) Sart-Marsa Turtie.
Driamonp- Back. Greenish or dark olive; plates, both
of carapace and plastron, with concentric dark stripes.
N. Y. to Texas, along the coast.
7. PSEUDEMYS, Gray. TERRAPINS.
* Jaws serrated. (Ptychemys, Ag.)
1. P. rugosa, (Shaw). Rep-Bz.irep Terrapin. Dusky,
with red markings above; marginal plates with much
red; plastron red or partly yellowish; neck, etc., with
CINOSTERNID.—LXVIIL. 165
yellow stripes; variable; N. J. to Va., an elegant turtle,
known by the serrated jaws,
** Jaws not serrated. (Truchemys, Ag.)
2. P. hieroglyphica, (Holbr.) Hizrogiypuic Turtie.
Shell smooth, depressed; olive brown with broad reticu-
lated, yellowish lines; plastron dingy yellow; head very
small. EH.U.S.
3. P. troostii, (Holbr.) YEtLow-Betiiep TERRAPIN.
Greenish - black, lateral plates with horn-colored lines
and spots; plastron dull yellow, with large, black blotches;
throat with greenish stripes; shell never keeled. Miss.
Valley, N. to Ils.
4. P. elegans, (Wied.) Exzraanr Terrapin. Brown
with yellowish wavy lines and blotches; a blood-red band
on each side of neck; plastron yellow with a dusty
blotch on each plate. Ills. to Rocky Mountains.
5. P. seabra, (L.) Cope. Rouen Terrapin. Dark
brown, with yellow stripes; plastron yellow with small
black blotches in front; carapace wrinkled. Va. to Fla.
FAMILY LXVIIi.— CINOSTERNID.
(The Cinosternoid Turtles.)
Carapace rather long and narrow, the outline usually
rising gradually from the front to a point beyond the
center of the shell, then abruptly descending; the bulk
of the body therefore thrown backward; margin of the
carapace turning downward and inward rather than out -
ward; plastron proportionally large, covered with 7, 9 or
11 horny plates, the anterior pair coalescing into one;
anterior, and sometimes also posterior lobe of plastron,
often movable upon the fixed central portion; head
pointed; jaws usually strong.
Turtles of small size, chiefly American.
166 REPTILES.
* Anterior and posterior lobes of plastron nearly equal, both freely
movable and capable of closing the shell; posterior lobe
emarginate behind, its angles rounded; carapace without
traces of keelin adult. . . . . CZINosTERNUM, 1.
** Posterior lobe of plastron narrower and longer, truncate behind,
its angles rather pointed; lobes of plastron little movable,
incapable of closing the shell; carapace more or less carin-
ated, at least when young; head very large, with strong jaws.
AROMOCHELYS, 2.
7. CINOSTERNUM, Wagler. Satu Box Turtiss.
. > Thrynosternum, Ag.
1. €. pennsylvanicum, (Bosc.) Bell. Smarty Mup
TurtLe. Shell dusky brown; head and neck with light
stripes and yellow dots; anterior dorsal plate nearly as
broad in front as long; L. 4. N.Y. to Fla. and W.
2. AROMOCHELYS, Gray. Musk Turt es.
= Ozotheca, Agassiz.
1. A. odoratus, (Latreille) Gray. Musz Torttz.
Stink-Por. Shell dusky, clouded, sometimes spotted;
head very large with strong jaws; carapace with traces
of a keel, but the plates not imbricated in the adult;
anterior dorsal plate nearly twice as wide as long in
front; a yellow stripe from snout, above eye, down the
side of neck and another below eye; a strong musky odor;
L.6. E.U.S., abundant. W. to Indiana. (Leveite.)
2. A. carinatus, Gray. Lirr.e Musk Turtiz. Plates
of carapace overlapping more or less, each one edged
with black and marked with radiating stripes; neck
unstriped. Lower Mississippi region. (Gontochelys
minor, Ag.)
FAMILY LXIX.— CHELYDRIDA.
(The Snapping Turtles.)
Shell high in front, low behind; bulk of body thrown
TRIONYCHID Al.—LXX. 167
forward; head and neck very large; jaws strongly
hooked, and exceedingly powerful; tail long, strong,
with a crest of horny, compressed tubercles; plastron
small, cross-shaped, covered with twelve plates; bridge
very narrow.
Large turtles of great strength and voracity, chiefly
aquatic; two of the three species are American, the
third (Platysternwm) is from China. Their fierceness is
well known; when angry they elevate the body, and, in
biting, throw themselves forcibly forward.
* Head rough, covered with soft skin; tail with two rows of
large scales beneath; ridges of carapace disappearing with
age; jaws moderately hooked. . a 8 CuELypRA, 1.
** Head very large, covered with smooth, symmetrical plates;
tail with many small imbricate scales beneath; carapace very
strongly three-keeled; jaws very strongly hooked. _
MacrRocHELYs, 2.
1. CHELYDRA, Schweigger. Snavrrne TURTLES. ,
1. €. serpentina, (L.) Schw. Common SNaprine
TurtLe. Canada to Equador, every where abundant.
2. MACROCHELYS, Gray. ALiicator SNAPPERS.
= Gypochelys, Ag.
1. M. lacertina, (Schw.) Mussissipr1 Snapper. Gulf
States, N. to Illinois; “perhaps the most ferocious, and,
for their size, the strongest of reptiles.”
FAMILY LXX.— TRIONYCHID.
(The Soft-Shelled Turties.)
Body flat, nearly orbicular; carapace not completely
ossified, the ribs projecting freely towards the outer
extremities; marginal ossicles rudimentary; carapace
and plastron covered by a thick leathery skin which is
flexible at the margins. Head long and pointed with a
168 REPTILES.
long, flexible, tubular, pig-like snout! heck long. Feet
broadly webbed; toes long, 5-5, but the claws only 3-3.
Aquatic, carnivorous and voracious; species about 30,
in both hemispheres.
* Nostrils terminal, crescent-shaped; a prominent longitudinal
ridge projecting from each side of septum. AsPmonEcrss, 1.
** Nostrils rather under the tip of snout; nasal septum with-
out an internal longitudinal ridge on each side. Amypa, 2.
7. ASPIDONECTES, Wagler. Sorr-SuEtiep TURTLES.
1. A. spinifer, (LeSueur) Ag. Common Sorr- SHELLED
Turtie. Carapace olive brown with dark spots; plastron
nearly white; head and neck olive green with light
and dark stripes; legs and feet mottled every where
with dark; male with the tubercles on the front of the
carapace smaller than in the female, the body also longer
and the tail extending considerably beyond the margin
of the carapace. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi,
abundant.
2. A. nuchalis, Ag. CUMBERLAND TuRTLE. A marked
depression on either side of the keel, which is dilated
and triangular anteriorly; spines and tubercles on cara-
pace largely developed. Cumberland and Upper Tenn.
Rivers.
2. AMYDA, Agassiz. LeaTuERY TURTLES. —
1. A. mutica, (Les.) Ag. LzatHery Turtiz. A
depression along median line of carapace; no spines nor
tubercles along anterior margin nor on back; feet not
mottled below. Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes.
ORDER U.—LACERTILIA.
(The Lizards.)
_ Reptiles not shielded, with the body usually covered
IGUANID..—LXXI. 169
with overlapping scales; mouth not dilatable; tongue
free; jaws always with teeth. Limbs four, distinct,
rarely rudimentary and hidden by the skin; a pectoral
arch developed. Feet usually with five digits, the
phalanges normally 2, 3, 4,5, 3 or 4. Tail usually long
and in many cases very brittle, readily broken by a
slight blow; this is owing to a thin, unossified, trans-
verse septum, which traverses each vertebra. ‘The
vertebra naturally breaks with great readiness through
the plane of the septum, and when such lizards are
seized by the tail, that appendage is pretty certain to
part at one of these weak points” (Huzley). Vent a
cross slit; urinary bladder present. The great majority
of the numerous species belong to tropical and sub-
tropical regions.
FAMILY LXXI.— IGUANIDA.
(The Iguanas.)
New World lizards of various habits; the tongue short
and thick and the eyes diurnal with round pupils; scales
imbricated, those on the belly small and rhombic. Feet
for walking; toes unequal. Tail with more or less dis-
tinct whorls of scales, which are commonly spinous.
Warmer parts of America. Genera about sixty; species
one hundred and fifty, or more. (Gray.)
* Body moderately depressed; head broad, not spinous; ventral
plates not keeled. . . . . ScELororvs, 1.
** Body much depressed; head seed with stout spines.
PHRYNOSOMA, 2.
7. SCELOPORUS, Wiegmann. Tree Swirts.
= Tropidolepis, Cuvier.
1. S. undulatus, (Harlan) Pine Tree Lizarp.
Swirt. Greenish, bluish, or bronzed, with black, wavy
cross bands above; throat and sides of belly usually with
8
170° REPTILES.
brilliant blue or green; dorsal scales rather large, cari-
nated; tail slender; L.?%. U.S., in pine forests, etc.;
abundant southward; varies greatly in color.
2. PHRYNOSOMA, Wiegmann. Hornep Toaps.
1. P. douglasi, Bell. Hornep Toap. Txeeurxin. No
row of large spines along sides of belly; ventral scales
smooth. Central and Western parts of U. S. south-
westward occurs P. cornutum (Harlan) Gray, with a row
of stout lateral spines, and carinated ventral plates.
FAMILY LXXII.—ANGUIDA.
(The Glass Snakes.)
Limbs rudimentary, hidden under the skin; body,
therefore, snake-like in form, but the general aspect
lizard-like. Through ignorance of the boundaries of
this family, I am unable to characterize it.
1. OPHEOSAURUS, Daudin. Gtass Snaxas.
1. 0. ventralis, (L.) Daud. Grass Snake. Body
serpentiform; a conspicuous lateral fold; no external
limbs; tail very brittle, asin most lizards; dusky and yel-
low with narrow black streaks. Tenn. to Kansas and §.
FAMILY LXXITI.— TEIDA.
(The Teguesins.)
New World Lizards; head pyramidal, with regular
many-sided shields; scales of back granular or carinated;
throat scaly, usually with a double collar. Warmer
parts of America; genera 12; species about 40.
7. CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wiegmann. TaRracurras.
1... sexlineatus, (L.) D. & B. Srx-Linep Lizarp.
Olive, with 3 or 4 yellow streaks on each side; abdomen
SCINCID .— LXXIVv. 171
silvery; length 6 to 9 inches. S. E. Va. to Ills. and
Mexico.
FAMILY LXXIV.—SCINCIDA.
(The Skinks.)
Head subquadrangular; regularly shielded; body fusi-
form or subcylindrical, often with longitudinal stripes;
limbs 4, various. Genera 50; species 150; in most parts
of the world.
* Ear large; its front edge dentate; lower eye-lid scaly.
EvmeEcEs, 1.
¥* Har very large, circular, its front edge rounded; lower eye-lid
with atransparent disk. . . e . OLtIagosoma, 2.
1, EUMECES, Wiegmann. Bivx Tals.
= Plestiodon, Auct.
1. E. fasciatus, (L.) Buiur-Taitep Lizarp. Blackish,
with fine yellowish streaks, middle one forked on the
head; tail mostly blue; old specimens sometimes red-
dish olive, obscurely striped; head reddish; L. 8 to 11.
U.S., E. of the Rocky Mts.; abundant 8.; very variable.
2. E. septentrionalis, (Baird) Cope. NortuErn SKINK.
Olive, with four dark stripes above; sides with two
narrow white lines margined on each side with black.
Minnesota to Nebraska. .
3. E. anthracinus, (Baird) Cope. Coat SINK.
Black (?). Alleganies, from Penn. 8S.
2. OLIGOSOMA, Girard. Mocos.
1. 0. laterale, (Say.) Grd. Grounp Lizarp. Chest-
nut color; on each side a black lateral band, edged with
white; abdomen yellowish; tail blue below; head short;
small and slender; L. 5. Southern States, abundant; N.
to Illinois. (Velson.)
172 REPTILES.
ORDER V.—OPHIDIA.
(The Serpents.)
Reptiles, not shielded, with an epidermal covering of
imbricated scales, which is shed as a whole and replaced
at regular intervals. Mouth very dilatable, the bones of
the lower jaw separate from each other, only united
by ligaments. Limbs wanting, or represented by small
spurs on the sides of the vent; vent a transverse slit.
Various anatomical characters distinguish the snakes,
but the elongated form and absence of limbs separate
them at once from all our other Vertebrates, excepting
the Lizard Opheosaurus, and this is not in any other
respect, snake-like.
FAMILY LXXvV. (a2)— COLUBRID.
(The Colubrine Snakes.)
Both jaws fully provided with teeth, which are conical
and not grooved; head covered with shields; no poison
fangs; no spur-like appendages to vent; belly covered
with broad band-like plates (gastrosteges); tail conical,
tapering; sub-caudal plates (urosteges) arranged in
pairs.
A very large family comprising nearly one hundred
genera, and upwards of four hundred species, found
in nearly every part of the world, but most abundant in
warm regions. They differ from the HJlapide of the
Southern U. S. and southward, in the want of erect
poison fangs; from the Crotalide, in having both jaws
fully provided with teeth, and the absence of erectile
poison fangs; and from the Boide and their relatives in
the want of the spur-like rudimentary posterior limbs.
The following key is entirely artificial, and in the
consideration of the species, I have generally omitted
COLUBRID .—LXXV. 173
characters taken from the cephalic plates as not available
for my purpose.
* Dorsal scales carinated.
¢ Anal plate entire.
a. Rows of scales 19 to 21; ventral plates (gastrosteges) 140 to
170; general color 3 light stripes on a darker ground;
sides usually with spots; mostly viviparous.
Eourznta, 5.
aa. Rows of scales 29 to 37; gastrosteges 200 to 240; general
color whitish with a triple series of dark blotches.
Prryopuis, 7.
anal plate bifid. ;
6. Rows of scales 15 to 17.
¢. Tail about one-third of total length; gastrosteges 150 to
160; urosteges 100 or more; color clear golden green.
CycLopuis, 9.
ec. Tail much less than one-third of total length; gastro-
steges 125 to 130; urosteges 60 or less; color brown or
reddish.
d. With one or two faint grayish dorsal stripes and
usually a broken dusky band along sides; small
species: rows of scales 15 to 17; loral plate absent;
anteorbital present. . , ‘i STORERIA, 4.
dd. No dorsal stripe; rows of scales 17; loral plate
present; anteorbital wanting. é Hapza, 16.
bb. Rows of scales 19 to 21.
e. Gastrosteges 180 to 170; general color usually 3 or more
dark bands on a lighter ground; size large.
TROPIDONOTUS, 2.
ee. Gastrosteges 130 to 140; general color brown with many
obscure black cross-blotches, distinct on neck; belly
salmon red with a row of black spots on each side;
size small. : 3 ‘ . | 'TROPIDOCLONIUM, 3.
bbb. Rows of scales 23 to 29.
f. Form short and stout; snout prominent, acute, recurved
and keeled, forming a sharp ridge; head flattened
when angry; gastrosteges 125 to 150. Hzrrropon, 1.
174 REPTILES.
ff. Snout not recurved and keeled; species of large size.
g. Gastrosteges 130 to 155; general color 3 series of dark
blotches on a lighter ground, sometimes simply
barred or uniformly dark or reddish; aquatic.
TROPIDONOTUS, 2.
gg. Gastrosteges 200 to 235; general color brown or black,
sometimes with quadrate blotches; abdomen usually
blotched; terrestrial . . . CoxuseRr, 8.
** Dorsal scales smooth.
$ Anal plate entire; gastrosteges 175 to 200° color black, brown
or red, more or less variegated.
h. Rows of scales 21 to 25; loral plate present.
OpHIBOLUs, 12.
hh. Rows of scales 19; no loral plate. . . Osckona, 13.
tt Anal plate bifid; scales in 13 to 17 rows.
é. Gastrosteges 170 to 210; scales in 17 rows; snakes very
large or very long—ours lustrous pitch black in color
when adult. ‘ ‘ ; . Bascantom. 6.
zt. Gastrosteges less than 170; sans of medium to small size.
j. Scales in 13 rows; gastrosteges 120 to 185; brown, salmon
color or yellowish beneath. . CaRPHOPHIopS, 18.
jj. Scales in 15 to 17 rows.
k. Color black, unstriped; a distinct yellowish ring about
neck; gastrosteges 140 to 160. . Drapopuis, 11.
kk. Color clear bright green; no collar; gastrosteges 130
to140. . . . . Lrope.tis, 10.
kkk. Color brownish, with black dei: no collar; gastro-
steges 115 to 125. ‘ 2 é . Virernta, 17.
ttt Anal plate bifid; scales in 19 rows; gastrosteges, 170 to 185.
1. Bluish black with squarish red spots on the blanks; abdomen.
red with black spots. a> ; FARANoTA, 14.
Ww. Blue-black, with three red lines; abdomen yellowish with
aseries of dark spots. . . . . ABasTorR, 15.
1. HETERODON, Beauvais. Spreapinac ADDERs.
1. H. platyrhinus, Latreille. Biowine Virezr. Hoe-
\
COLUBRID.Al.—LXXV. 175
Nosr Snake. Brownish, with about 28 dark dorsal
blotches, besides lateral ones and half rings on the tail;
sometimes uniform black. Vertical plate longer than
broad, about equal to occipitals; L. 30; G. 125 to 150;
scales 25. E. U.S., abundant. Coryphodon, Dumeril et Bibron.
1. B. constrictor, (L.) B.& G. Buack Snake. Lus-
trous pitch black, greenish below, chin and throat white;
young olive with rhomboid blotches; large, rather
slender; scales 17 (rarely 19); G.170 to 200; L. 50 to
60. EH. U.S., common E. and 8.
7. PITYOPHIS, Holbrook. Pine Snaxus.
1. P. mefanoleucus, (Daud.) Holb. Pine Swaxn.
Burtt Snake. White, with chestnut brown blotches
which are margined with black, besides other markings;
scales 29; G. 220 to 230; L.60. Pine woods; N. J. to
Ohio and southward.
2. P. sayi, (Schlegel) B. & G. Wusrrrn Prinz Snake.
Whitish or reddish, with many dark blotches and spots;
scales usually 25; G. 220 to 230; L. 40 to 70. Western,
E. to Wis
8. COLUBER, Linnzus. Racers.
> Scotophis, B. & G.
1. €. guttatus, L. Sporrep Raczr. Red brown with
a dorsal series of large, red, dark-edged blotches; belly
checkered with black; scales 27; G. 210 to 230; L. 50.
Virginia and 8.
2. C. obsoletus, Say. Pitot Snake. Racer. Lustrous
black, some scales white-edged; vertical plate longer
than broad; scales 27; G. 235; L. 50 to 75. Mass. to
Ills. and Texas; one of our largest snakes. (C. aile-
ghamiensis, Holbr.)
COLUBRID Al.—LXXV. 179
3. €. vulpinus, (B. & G.) Cope. Fox Snaxx. Light
brown, with quadrate, chocolate-colored blotches; verti-
cal plate broader than long; scales 25; G. 200 to 210;
L. 60. Mass. to Kansas and Northward.
4. €. emoryi, (B. & G.) Cope. Emory’s Racer. Ashy
gray with transverse brown blotches; vertical plate
elongated; 6 or 8 median rows of scales only carinated;
scales 29; G. 210 to 220; L. 40 to 50. Ills. to Kansas
and Texas.
9. CYCLOPHIS, Giinther. Summer Snaxezs.
Leptophis, B. & G.
1. C. e@stivus, (L.) Giinther. Summer Green Snare.
Head conical, neck very small; bright clear green, yel-
lowish below; scales 17; G. 150 to 160; L. 30. Southern,
N.to N. J. and Ills., abundant in the mountains; a most
exquisite little creature.
10. LIOPELTIS, Fitzinger. Gruen Snaxus.
1. L. vernalis, (DeKay) Jan. Green Snake. Grass
Snake. Spring Snake. Head elongate, neck slender;
eyes very large; uniform deep green (bluish in spirits),
yellowish below; scales 15; G. 180 to 140; L. 20. E.
U. &., chiefly northerly; a beautiful species.
71. DIADOPHIS, Baird and Girard. Rine-Neckep
SNAKES.
< Ablabes, D. & B.
1. D. punctatus, (L.) B.& G. Rine-Neckep Syaxe.
Head depressed; eye rather large; blue-black above,
bright pale orange below (yellowish in spirits); each
plate usually with a black spot; yellowish occipital ring
conspicuous; scales 15; G. 140 to 160; L. 15. Whole
U.S.
180 REPTILES.
Var. amabilis, (B. & G.) Cope, is slender, with 180 or
more gastrosteges; below darker and more spotted,
Western, E. to Ohio.
2. D. arnyi, Kenn. Arny’s Rine-Neckep Swnakz.
Lead black; belly spotted and mottled with black;
occipital ring narrow, scales 17. Ills. to Kansas.
12, OPHIBOLUS, Baird and Girard. Kine Snaxezs.
< Coronella, Laurenti.
< Lampropeltis, Auct.
1. 0. getulus, (L.) B.& G. Cuain Snake. THUNDER
Snaxz. Black with narrow yellowish lines forking on
the flanks, each fork embracing a large black spot; belly
checkered; scales 21; G. 210 to 225; L. 50. Maryland
to La., E. of the mountains; variable; represented west-
ward by
Var. sayi, (Holbr.) Cope. Kine Snake. Lustrous
black, many scales with a whitish spot in the center.
Alleghany to Rocky Mts., abundant, N. to IIls.; a hand-
some species.
2. 0. doliatus, (L.)B.&G. Rup Snaxz. Corn Snake,
etc. Red with twenty to twenty-five pairs of black
rings, each set enclosing a yellowish one; head red;
scales 21; G. 180 to 210; L. 30 to 50. Md. to Kansas
and §.; exceedingly variable, running by degrees into
the following variety, extremes of which bear little
resemblance to the typical doliatus.
Var. triangulus, (Boie) Cope. Minx Snake. Hovse
Swaxze. Sporrep ApprEr. Grayish, with three series of
brown, rounded blotches bordered with black, about fifty
of them in the dorsal row; an arrow-shaped occipital
COLUBRIDAl.—LXXv. 181
spot; scales, etc., as in preceding. Va. to Iowa, and
northward; very common. [Coronella eximia, (DeKay)
Jan.]
3. 0. calligaster, (Say) Cope. Kzunwnicotr’s Cain
Snake. Light olive gray, with about sixty quadrate,
chestnut colored, emarginate blotches on back and two
rows of smaller ones on each side; scales in 25 rows.
Ills. to Kansas. (O. evansi, Kenn.)
13. OSCEOLA, Baird and Girard. Scarier SNaKEs.
1. 0. elapsoidea, (Holbr.) B. & G. Scarier Snake.
Brilliant red, with about fifteen pairs of jet black rings
on body and three on tail, each pair enclosing a white
ring; the black rings tapering towards the sides, the
white ones spreading; resembles closely O. doliatus;
scales 19; G. 175 to 180; L. 20. Va. to Fla.
14. FARANCIA, Gray. Horn Snaxzs.
< Calopisma, D. & B.
1. F. abacura, (Holb.) B. & G. Rep-BELLizp Horn
Snaksz. Blue-black with red lateral spots; eyes small;
scales 19; G. 175; L. 36. Southern, N. to Ills. (Wed-
son.)
15. ABASTOR, Gray. Rep-SipEep Snakgs.
1. A. erythrogrammus, (Daudin) Gray. Rep-LinEep
Snake. Blue-black; sides with three red lines; eyes
very large; nostrils in the middle of nasal plate; scales
19; G. 180; L. 25. Southern, N. to Ills. (Welson.)
16. HALDEA, Baird & Girard. Brown SNAKES.
= Conocephalus, 1). & B.
1. H. striatula, (L.) B.& G. Brown Snake. Head
182 REPTILES.
elongated, on a small neck; reddish gray, salmon red
beneath; scales 17; G. 125 to 130; L.10. Va. to Texas.
17. VIRGINIA, Baird and Girard. Brown Snaxkus.
1. V. valerie, B. & G. Vareria Brianry’s Snakn.
Head elliptical; body slender; brownish with minute
black dots, often in two rows; yellowish beneath; scales
15; G. 120 to 180; L. 12. Md. to Ills. and 8.
2. V. elegans, Kenn. Kerwnnicotr’s Brown Snake.
Scales much narrower; uniform olivaceous above; yel-
lowish beneath; scales 17. S. Ills. to Ark.
18. CARPHOPHIOPS, Gervais. Worm SNAKES.
= Celuta, B. & G.
1. C. amenus, (Say) Cope. Grounp Snaxz. Glossy
chestnut brown; belly salmon-red; head very small;
vertical plate broad; nasal plate large, pierced by the
nostril; scales 13; G. 120 to 130; L. 12. Mass. to Ils.
and 8.
2. C. helene, (Kenn.) Cope. Heten TENNIson’s
Snax. Lustrous chestnut- brown, flesh color beneath;
snout short and narrow; a single pair of frontal plates;
scales 13. S. Ills. to Miss.
3. C. vermis, (Kenn.) Cope. Worm Snake. Purplish-
black, two pairs of frontals, as in C. amcenus; belly
flesh color, color extending on sides; scales 13; larger
than the others. Missouri to Kansas.
FAMILY LXXV. (4.)— ELAPIDA.
(The Harlequin Snakes.)
Venomous snakes, provided with two or more perman-
ently erect, grooved fangs in the upper jaw, and usually
a series of smaller teeth behind them; scales not carin-
ated; head usually quadrangular, with flat crown and
CROTALIDA.—LXXVI. 183
short muzzle; no loral plate. Genera 15; species about
50, chiefly East Indian, a few inhabiting the warmer
parts of America.
* Anal plate entire; urosteges two-rowed; scales in 15 rows.
Exaps, 1.
7. ELAPS, Schneider. Har equin SnakzEs.
1. E. fulvius, (L.) Cuv. Beapv Snax. Jet black,
with about 17 broad crimson rings, each bordered with
yellow, and spotted below with black; a yellow occipital
band; tail with yellow rings; L. 30; G. 200 to 215; U.
32. Va. to Ark.and 8S. A beautiful snake, mild in dis-
position and apparently harmless, although provided with
venom-fangs. Resembles Osceola and Ophibolus.
FAMILY LXXVI.—CROTALID.
(The Crotalid Snakes.)
Upper jaw destitute of solid teeth, but provided
with an erectile, grooved poison-fang on each side in
front; a deep pit between eye and nostril. Tail often
provided with a rattle, composed of horny rings of modi-
fied epidermis. Urosteges generally undivided, at least
anteriorly. Scales carinated in all our species. Species
50, more or less, all American, and renowned for the
deadliness of their venom.
* Tail with a rattle.
+ Top of head covered with small, scale-like plates, larger ones
in front; size large; rattle large. . Crorarous, 1.
++ Top of head with 9 large plates; size small; rattle small.
CaupIsona, 2.
** Tail without a rattle; general color chestnut, variegated.
ANCISTRODON, 3.
1. CROTALUS, Linnzus. RatTLesnakEs.
1. 0. horridus, L. Banprp or Nortruern Rattie-
SNAKE, Sulphur brown of various shades, with two rows
184 REPTILES.
of confluent, brown, lozenge-shaped spots; tail black;
a light loral line with a dark patch beneath; scales 23 to
25; G. 165 to 170; L. 40 to 60. U.S., chiefly eastward
and southward, in rocky places; rapidly becoming ex-
tinct; several other species occur southwestward. (C.
durissus, Auct.)
2. CAUDISONA, Laurenti. Massassauaas.
= Crotalophorus, Gray.
1. €. tergemina, (Say) Cope. Massassauca. Prarrre
Rattiesnake. Brown or blackish with about seven
series of deep chestnut blotches, sometimes entirely
black; scales 25; G. 140 to 150; L. 30. Prairie region,
E. to the Alleghanies; abundant in grassy fields where
not exterminated.
3. ANCISTRODON, Beauvais. CoprERHEADS.
> Toxicophis, Troost.
< Trigonocephailus, Holbr., ete.
1. A. contortrix, (L.) B.& G. Corprrnzap. Hazel
brown; top of head bright coppery, back with a series
of fifteen to twenty-five dark blotches having something
the form of an inverted Y; yellowish below with dark
blotches; scales 23; G. 150 to 160; J. 35 to 40. E.U.S.,
chiefly southerly.
2. A. atrofuseus, (Troost) B.& G. Hiestanp Moc-
casin. Cotronmouts. Dusky above, with smoky gray
blotches; tail black; belly white, blotched with black
and minutely punctate; upper lip white; scales 25; G.
130 to 140; L. 25. Mts. of Tenn. and N. C. and South.
8. A. piscivorus, (Holbr.) Cope. Watrr Moccasin.
Greenish brown with dark vertical bars; scales 25; G.
140; L. 30. Aquatic; southern, probably not in our
limits.
BATRACHIANS. 185
Class TW .—wBatvachia.
(The Batrachians.)
Cold-blooded Vertebrates, allied to the fishes, but
differing in several respects, notably in the absence of
rayed fins, the limbs being usually developed and func-
tional, with the skeletal elements of the limbs of
Reptiles; toes usually without claws.
The Batrachians undergo a more or less complete
metamorphosis; the young (“tadpoles”) being aquatic
and fish-like, breathing by means of external gills or
branchiz; later in life, lungs are developed and (except-
ing in Proteida) the gills disappear. Skin naked and
moist (rarely having imbedded scales) and used to some
extent as an organ of respiration. Heart with two
auricles and a single ventricle.
Reproduction by means of eggs which are of com-
paratively small size, without hard shell, developed in
water or in moist situations.
The Batrachians differ more from the Fishes in
appearance than in reality, and they are sometimes
combined into one group (Ichthyopsida), the Birds and
Reptiles constituting another (Sauropsida).
ORDERS OF BATRACHIA.
* Body short, depressed ; tail wanting in the adult; four developed
limbs, ihe posterior being much enlarged. . AwnuRa, W.
** Body lengthened, with a distinct tail; hind limbs if present
not specially elongated.
+ With no external gills or branchie when adult; eyelids
present. . . « «© « « « URODELA, X.
186 BATRACHIANS.
++ External branchie and gill clefts persistent through life; no
eyelids. . . . «. «. . . Prorema, Y.
W. FAMILIES OF ANURA.
* Fingers and toes tapering or cylindrical, not dilated into a disk
at their tips.
+ Upper jaw with teeth; toes completely webbed.
a. No spur at the heel; fingers often webbed; chiefly aquatic.
Ranipa, 77.
aa. One of the bones of the heel forming a sharp, flat-edged
spur; fingers scarcely webbed; chiefly terrestrial.
ScaPHIOPIDa, 78.
tt Jaws toothless; toes webbed; skin more or less warty; ter-
restrial. =. - . . Buronma, 80.
** Fingers and toes dilated a at their ~ forming a viscous disk;
arboreal. ‘ F - . Hyziwa, 79.
X. FAMILIES OF URODELA.
* No spiracles or openings in the sides of the neck in the adult.
4 Sides (in our species) with a row of round red or yellowish spots
which are bordered with black (these very rarely obsolete) ;
belly dotted with black; tarsus and carpus ossified; verte-
bre opisthocceelian (not biconcave). PLEURODELIDA, 81.
tt Spots, if any, not as above.
+ Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous; tongue much smaller and
more extensively free than in the next.
a. Vertebre concave behind only (opisthoccelian.)
DxssmMognaTHIDé, 82.
aa. Vertebre biconcave (amphiccelian.)
PLETHODONTID, 83.
tt Carpus and tarsus ossified; vertebre amphiccelian; tongue
large, thick, papillose, attached by its base, with a narrow
free margin; salamanders usually of large size and dark
colors. . : $ 3 . AMBLYSTOMID, 84.
** With a spiracle or scsi opening in each side of the neck:
size large.
b. Limbs well developed; toes 4-5. . . Mernoromipa, 85.
bd. Limbs rudimentary; toes 2-2 or 3-8. . AMPHIUMIDs, 86.
RANIDA.—LXXVI. 187
Y. FAMILIES OF PROTEIDA.
* Hind legs present; both jaws with teeth; form salamander-like.
PrRoTeip#, 87.
** Hind legs wanting; upper jaw toothless; form eel-like.
SmRENIDs, 88.
ORDER W.—ANURA.
(The Tattless Batrachians.)
Body nearly or quite naked, short and broad; all four
limbs present; tail wanting in the adult; young (tadpole)
fish-like, with broad head, external branchiz, a long tail,
no limbs and no teeth; the intestinal canal very long,
adapted for a vegetable diet; from this form by degrees
it develops into the adult animal which is always more
or less Frog-like.
FAMILY LXXVII.—RANIDA.
(The Frogs.)
Tailless Batrachians with the tongue adherent in front
and more or less free behind; fingers four, toes five,
both commonly webbed; ear well developed, jaw and
usually vomer, with teeth; chiefly aquatic. Genera
fourteen, species about fifty; very abundant in tropical
America.
* Vomerine teeth present; no finger opposed to the others; tongue
nicked behind; toes full-webbed. . « Rawa, 1.
1. RANA, Linneus. Frogs.
* Back with large distinct spots arranged in more or less regular
rows; back with two conspicuous yellowish folds.
1. RB. halecina, Kalm. Lxoparp Frog. Common
Frog. General color greenish, often bright, sometimes
brassy, with many pale-edged dark spots which lie in
two irregular rows on back; usually two large spots
188 BATRACHIANS, |
between eyes; legs barred above; belly pearly or yel-
lowish, each side of back with a well-marked fold. N.
Am., the commonest speciés.
2. R. palustris, Le Conte. PicKEREL Frog. Brownish
with the spots square, in four rows; young golden green;
body with two glandular folds on each side; slender. E.
U.S.
** Back with small dark spots or none. ‘
3. RB. clamitans, Merrem. Green Frog. Spring
Frog. Bright green, darker on the flanks, every where
spotted with blackish; color sometimes rather brown
than green; white below; glandular folds conspicuous;
size moderate. U.S.,E. of the mountains. (&. horico-
nensis, Holbr. &. fontinalis, Le C.) :
4, R. catesbiana, Shaw. Bui Froa. Greenish, of
varying shades, with numerous small, indistinct darker
spots, head usually of a very bright pale green; glandu-
lar folds little marked; very large, a foot or more long
when adult. E.U.S., common; well noted for its rich
bass notes. (R. pipiens, Auct., not of L.)
5. R. temporaria, (L.) var. sylvatica, (Le C.) Gthr.
Woop Frog. Color reddish brown; a dark band on each
side of the head through eye and ear; quite small. E.U.S.
common; scarcely aquatic, (R. cantabrigensis, Baird,
the Cambridge Frog, from E. Mass., N. and W. is another
variety of this European species.) (See Addenda.)
FAMILY LXXVIII.—SCAPHIOPID.
(The Spade Foots.)
Terrestrial frogs having the heel provided with a more
or less developed spur. Genera three; species ten or
more. In Europe, America, and Australia.
* Toes completely webbed; forehead and crown bony, rough;
skin slightly tuberculate. Scapuiorus, 1.
HYLIDAL.—LXXIX, 189
1. SCAPHIOPUS, Holbrook. Spapz Foors.
1. S. Aolbrookii, (Harlan) Baird. Sorrrary SpapE
Foor. Heel with a sharp-edged spur; olive brown, a
pale yellow streak on each side. E. U. S., not very
common; burrows in the ground. (J. solitarius, Holbr.)
FAMILY LXXIX.—HYLIDA.
(The Tree Frogs.)
Arboreal frogs of small size, having the fingers and
toes more or less dilated into disks at their tips; ear well
developed. Genera ten; species sixty; found in most
parts of the world; noted for their shrill voices.
* Disks round, conspicuous; fingers somewhat webbed; skin
roughened. ye oH » . . . Hymna, 1.
** Disks small; fingers not ected,
+ Toes webbed only at base or not at all; tympanum distinct.
CHOROPHILUS, 2.
++ Toes broadly webbed; tympanum indistinct. . Acris, 3.
7. HYLA, Laurenti. Trex Frogs.
1. H. versicolor, LeConte. Common TREE Toap.
Green, gray or brown, with irregular dark spots; below
yellow or white; fingers one-third webbed; exceedingly
variable. E.U.S., very abundant.
2. H. pickeringii, Holbrook. PickERine’s TREE Toap.
Yellowish brown with dusky rhomboidal spots and lines
sometimes arranged in the form of across. E. U.S.
3. H. andersonii, Baird. ANDERSON’S TREE TOAD.
Deep pea-green; sides with irregular yellow spots. a
purplish band on sides of head. N. J. to S. C., rare
2. CHOROPHILUS, Baird. Latrte Tree FrRoes.
1. @. triseriatus, (Wied.) Baird. Trez Frog. E. U.S.
190 BATRACHIANS.
3. ACRIS, Dumeril and Bibron. Cricket Frogs.
1. A. gryllus, (Le C.) var. erepitans, (Baird) Cope.
Cricket Frog. Brownish above; middle of back and
head bright green; a dark triangle between the eyes;
sides with three oblique blotches; a white line from eye
toear. E. U.S. (the typical gryd/us southward.)
FAMILY LXXX.— BUFONIDA.
(The Toads.)
Mazxillaries toothless; toes webbed, not dilated at their
tips; ear well developed; skin usually warty. Genera
three, species thirty; in every part of the world except
Australia. Most of them belong to the familiar genus,
Bufo.
7. BUFO, Laurenti. Toans.
1. B. lentiginosus, Shaw. American Toap. Brown-
ish olive with a yellowish vertebral line and some
brownish spots; adults very warty; young nearly smooth.
U.S., very common, variable; the northern form is var.
americanus (Le C.) Cope.
ORDER X.—URODELA.
(The Salamanders.)
Body naked, elongated, subcylindrical; four limbs
developed; tail persistent, usually much longer than
broad, terete or compressed; no external branchize when
adult.
FAMILY LXXXI.— PLEURODELIDA.
(The Newts.)
Vertebree concave behind only (opisthoccelian); carpus
and tarsus ossified. I am unable to characterize this
family further.
DESMOGNATHID #.—LXXXII. 191
* Tongue small, thick, oval, attached by nearly its whole inferior
surface ; toes 4-5, outer and interior on hind foot rudimentary;
our species spotted. 2 3 : : Di=mycrruus, 1.
1. DIEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque. Sprorrep Newts.
> Notophihalmus, Raf.
1. D. viridescens, Raf. Svrorrep Trrron. New.
Ever. Err. Above olive green of varying shades;
lemon yellow below; each side with a row of several
rather large vermillion spots, each surrounded by a black
ring; back with a pale streak; belly, etc., with small
black dots. E. U. S., abundant E. of the Alleganies; in
ponds and brooks..
2. D. miniatus, Raf. Rep Err. Rep Ever. Color
vermillion red of varying shade, paler or yellowish below;
markings precisely as in the foregoing; same range, but
found away from water, under stones, etc.; comes out
after rain. Perhaps a variety or state of the preceding,
at least Prof. Cope so considers it.
FAMILY LXXXTI.— DESMOGNATHIDA.
(The Desmognaths.)
Vertebre opisthoccelian; carpus and tarsus cartilagin-
ous; no crests or other dermal appendages developed at
the breeding season. Genus one; species three; all of
the Eastern U.S. In external characters, this family is
scarcely distinguishable from the next, but the skeletal
distinctions are quite numerous. They are, however, too
technical for our present purpose. “The examination of
the skeleton of species of this genus utterly changes the
impressions produced by a consideration of the external
characters. It may be stated as characteristic of the
Batrachia in general, that their affinities can not be deter-
mined without study of the skeleton.” Cope. Proc.
Phil. Ac. Nat. Se. 1869, 113.
192 BATRACHIANS,
1. DESMOGNATHUS, Baird. Dusky SALAMANDERS.
1. D. ochrophea, Cope. YxELLOw Dexsmoenaru.
Brownish yellow with a brown shade on each side; a
yellowish dorsal band; back with a few spots; belly
unspotted; tail rounded; % with lower jaw toothless
behind; costal folds 14; size small; scarcely aquatic.
Allegany Mountains, N. Y., southward.
2. D. fusea, (Raf.} Baird. Dusky SaLaMANDER.
Brown above, with gray or purplish spots or shades,
becoming blackish with age; marbled below; eyes
prominent; tail compressed and keeled, as long as head
and body; costal folds 14; larger. Mass. to Ohio and
S.; one of the commonest species in springs and brooks;
remarkable for its activity and strength.
3. D. nigra, (Green) Baird. Brack SaLaMAaNDER.
Uniform black; tips of tail, jaws, etc., brown; tail com-
pressed and finned; costal folds 12. Penn., S. in the
mountain springs; the largest Eastern Salamander.
FAMILY LXXXIII.— PLETHODONTIDA.
(The American Salamanders.)
Vertebre amphiccelian; carpus and tarsus cartilagin-
ous. Various other distinctive characters are given by
Prof. Cope, but we omit them here as not available for
our present purpose. Genera eleven; species thirty;
nearly all North American.
*The tongue attached by a band running from its central or
posterior pedicel to the anterior margin; premaxillaries 2.
+ Toes 4-4, small, ashy above, spotted below.
HeEmrpactyiium, 1.
++ Toes 4-5; colors dark; spotted or banded. Piersopon, 2.
** Tongue free all around, attached by its central pedicel only;
toes 4-5, all free.
PLETHODONTID.2.—LXXXIII. 193:
+ Premaxillaries united ; color yellow or red, spotted or striped.
SPELERPES, 38.
t+ Premaxillaries 2; color purplish gray or salmon color, un-
spotted. . we 8 : . . GyRINoPHILts, 4.
1. HEMIDACTYLIUM, Tschudi. Four-Toxrp Sana-
MANDERS.
1. H. seutatum, (Schl.) Tsch. Four-Tozp Sataman-
DER. Ashy brown above; snout yellow; silvery below,
with dots like ink spots; tail slender, nearly twice the
length of the body; head blunt. R. I. to IIls., and S.
(S. melanosticta, Gibbes.).
2. PLETHODON, Tschudi. Prztaoponrts.
1. P. erythronotus, (Green) Baird. Rep-Backep
SaLamMAnpDER. Plumbeous above, often with a broad
red dorsal band; belly marbled; body very slender; tail
cylindric; inner toes rudimentary; costal folds 16 to 19.
E. U.8., common. [P. cinereus, (Green) Cope, variety
without red dorsal band.]
2. P. glutinosus, (Green) Baird. Viscip Sataman-
per. Black, usually with gray lateral. blotches and
smaller dorsal spots; stout; tail rounded; inner toes well
developed. E.U. S&., chiefly terrestrial, like the pre-
ceding.
3. SPELERPES, Rafinesque. Cave SaLAMANDERS.
1. S. bilineatus, (Green) Baird. Two-Srripzp Sara-
MANDER. Yellow with a dark line along each side of
the back; belly unspotted; tail not keeled; costal folds
14; small. Maine to Wis. and S.
2. §. longicaudus, (Green) Baird. Cavz SaLaMANDER.
Lemon yellow; sides with many small black spots; a
median dorsal series; belly spotless; tail. keeled, very
9
194 BATRACHIANS.
long, spotted or barred with black; costal folds 13; large.
Maine to Minn. and S., abounding in the caves of Ky.
and Ind.
8. S. ruber, (Daudin) Gray. Rep Triton. Vermil-
ion red, with black or brown spots; head wide; costal
folds 15 or 16; large; variable. Maine to Nebraska and
S. (Pseudotriton, Baird.)
4. GYRINOPHILUS, Cope. Purple SALAMANDERS.
1. G. porphyriticus, (Green) Cope. Purpre Saxa-
MANDER. Uniform purplish gray above; head broad;
tail rounded at base, not finned; large; aquatic. Alle-
gany Mountains, N. E.andS. [Spelerpes salmonea (Stor.)
Gray.] “The only one of our Eastern Salamanders
which attempts self defense. It snaps fiercely but harm-
lessly and throws its body into contortions in terror.”
(Cope.)
FAMILY LXXXIV.—AMBLYSTOMIDA.
(The Amblystomas.)
Vertebree amphiccelian; carpus and tarsus ossified;
digits 4-5, without webbing; tongue thick; size gener-
ally large and color dark. Genus one, species nineteen;
probably all American, and very abundant in the South-
ern and Western parts of the U.S. The larvae which
reach a large size, and even breed before the gills are
absorbed, have long been considered as forming a separ-
ate genus, Siredon, supposed to be allied to Mecturus.
1. AMBLYSTOMA, Tschudi. Bia SALAMANDERS.
* Folds of tongue radiating from behind; costal folds 10 to 12;
fourth toe with 4 phalanges.
¢ Costal grooves 10.
1. A. talpoideum, (Holbr.) Gray. More SaramanpER.
AMBLYSTOMID#.—LXXXIV. 195
Blackish brown, gray-speckled; tail short, compressed,
24 in length; head very broad; body short and squat.
Southern, N. to §. Ills.
tt Costal grooves 11.
t¢ Sole with one indistinct tubercle, or none.
2. A. opacum, (Gravenhorst) Baird. Opaqur Sata-
MANDER. Black above, with bluish gray bars; belly dark
blue; no dorsal furrow, no enlarged pores on the head;
tail 24 in total length; body stout. Penn. to Wis. and 8.
A handsome species. (S. fasciata, Green.)
3. A. punctatum, (L.) Baird. Larex Sporrep Sata-
MANDER. Black above with a series of round yellow
spots on each side of the back; body broad, depressed
and swollen; skin punctate with small pores, from which
exudes a milky fluid (Cope); two or three clusters of
enlarged pores on head; a strong dorsal groove; tail 24
in length; large. U.S., E. of the Rocky Mountains.
(A, venenosa and subviolacea, Auct.)
4. A. conspersum, Cope. SmattER Sprorrep Sata-
MANDER. Lead colored, with one or two series of small
yellow spots along sides; no dorsal groove; skin smooth;
tail 24 in length; small. Penn. to Ga.
tt Sole with two distinct tubercles.
5. A. bicolor, Hallowell. Two-CoLorEp SALAMANDER.
Olive brown, yellowish below, rising in blotches on the
sides; a few large yellowish spots above; limbs banded;
tail yellow with brown spots. New Jersey.
ttt Costal grooves 12.
a. Large species; sole with two distinct tubercles.
6. A. tigrinum, (Green) Baird. Tiger SALAMANDER.
Chiefly brown with many yellow spots, about as large as
the eye; body thick and strong; the head comparatively
Tong and narrow; tail shorter than head and body; color
196 BATRACHIANS.
varying from uniform brown to yellow, but usually
spotted. U.S., E. of the Rocky Mountains. (A.
ingens, Hallowell.)
%. A. xiphias, Cope. Lone-Tartep SaLamanpEr.
Yellow-olive with brown reticulating bands; head small,
blunt; tail very long, much longer than the head and
body. Ohio.
aa. Small species; sole with one indistinct tubercle or none.
8. A. jeffersonianum, (Green) Baird. JEFFERson’s
SaLaMANDER. Olive brown or blackish, usually with
pale or bluish spots, but sometimes uniform plumbeous.
Va. to Ind. and N., variable; several varieties are recog-
nized by Prof. Cope.
** Folds on tongue radiating from the median longitudinal furrow;
costal folds 12; size small.
9. A. microstomum, Cope. Smatu-MovutnEp Satza-
MANDER. Lead-colored, usually with gray shades and
specks; head small, short, broad; body slender; -skin
very smooth and slippery; lower jaw projecting. Ohio
to Kansas and 8.
FAMILY LXXXV.— MENOPOMIDAL.
(The Menopomes.)
Salamanders of large size, having the form of Ambly-
stoma, but with an orifice on each side of neck persistent
during life; no external gills; legs well developed; toes
4-5; aquatic. Genus one; species two, Menopoma
fuscum, Holbr., of the head waters of the Tennessee,
and the following:
1. MENOPOMA, Harlan. HELiBenpers.
1. M. alleghaniense, Harlan. Hetisenper. Bie
Water Lizarp. Blackish; length 14 to 2 feet. Mis-
sissippi Valley to N. C. and S
PROTEID 4l.— LXXXVII. 197
FAMILY LXXXVI.— AMPHIUMIDA.
(The Congo Snakes.)
Salamanders of large size, having the body elongated
almost serpentiform; limbs rudimentary with two or
three toes each; a spiracle on each side of neck as in the
preceding family; aquatic. Genera two; the three-toed
Mureenopsis (M. tridactylus) and the two-toed Amphi-
uma. Species two, inhabiting the ditches and streams
of the warmer parts of the U.S.
1. AMPHIUMA, Linnzeus. Two-Torp Conco SNAKEs.
1. A. means, L. Ooneo Snaxe. Dusky; limbs very
small, each with two toes. Southern States, N. to N. C.
ORDER Y.—PROTEIDA.
(The Proteans.)
Tailed Batrachians, provided with bushy external gills
which are persistent during life; lungs more or less
developed and functional, hence these animals are truly
amphibious.
FAMILY LXXXVII.—PROTEID.
(The Mud Puppies.)
Salamanders of medium or large size, provided with
bushy external gills, and having the branchial clefts
remaining open through life; teeth well developed.
Genera two. Proteus inhabitating caves in S. W.
Austria (Carniola), and Necturus of the fresh waters of
the U. S. Proteus is blind and has the toes 3-2.
Necturus has the eyes well developed, though small, and
the toes 4-4.
198 BATRACHIANS.
1. NECTURUS, Rafinesque. Mup Purriss.
= Menobranchus, Harlan.
1. NW. lateralis, (Say) Baird. Msnoprancuus. Mup
Puppy (North). Water Doe (South). Doe Fisu.
Brown, more or less spotted; young with traces of a
lateral band; dusky below; gills large and bushy, bright
red, forming three tufts on each side; head broad, de-
pressed; tail much compressed. E. U. S., chiefly north-
ern and west of the Alleganies, especially abundant in
the Great Lake Region; reaches a length of eight inches
to two feet. (M. maculatus, hyemalis, etc., of authors.)
Another species. V. punctatus, (Gibbes) Cope, occurs in
&.C.
FAMILY LXXXVIII.—SIRENIDA.
(The Sirens.)
Body elongated, eel-like; external branchiz persistent;
no posterior limbs, not even a vestige of pelvis; head
flattened; snout obtuse; mouth narrow, the lower jaw
with teeth all around, the upper toothless; eye very
small, (Cuvier.) Genera two, species two,—Pseudo-
branchus striatus, (LeC.) of Georgia, a small species
with small gills, and the following:
7. SIREN, Linnzus. Srrens.
1. S. /acertina, L. Great Siren. Reaches a length
of three feet. Southern, N. to N. C. and §. Ills.
FISHES. 199
Class W.— Pisces.
(The Fishes.)
A fish is a cold-blooded vertebrate, adapted for life in
water, having the limbs developed as fins, the fingers
and toes being represented by cartilaginous rays con-
nected by membrane (in rare cases limbs rudimentary or
wanting); exoskeleton usually developed as scales or
bony plates (skin rarely naked); one or more fins on the
median line of the body, composed of rays connected
by membrane. Skull developed, containing a brain of
several differentiated ganglia; a distinct lower jaw.
Heart with an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb;
respiration by means of branchiz, which consist (typi-
cally) “of bony arches attached to the hyoid bone, to
which the filaments of the gills are attached, generally
in a row upon each, and having their surface covered
by a tissue of innumerable blood vessels. The water
taken in at the mouth passes among the filaments of the
gills and escapes by the gill openings towards the rear;
in its progress through the filaments of the gills the
water imparts to these the oxygen of the air which it
contains. The blood is sent to the gills by the heart,
which thus answers to the right side of the heart of
warm-blooded animals, and from the gills it is sent to an
arterial trunk lying along the under side of the vertebral
column, which distributes the blood through the body of
the fish” (Cuvier); branchie free, gill openings a single
cleft on each side. In most fishes there is a membran-
ous air bladder immediately beneath the back -bone,
answering homologically to the lungs of the higher
200 FISHES.
vertebrates; in a few Ganoids the air bladder is cellular,
and more or less functional and connected by a glottis
with the cesophagus; in most of the soft-rayed Teleo-
cephati there is a slender duct connecting the air bladder
with the alimentary canal; in the Acanthopteri and others
this is wanting. Reproduction by eggs of small size,
which are fertilized generally after exclusion; a few are
ovoviviparous.
As here characterized, the class Pisces includes the
Teliosts and Ganoids, of authors, and excludes the
Sharks and Skates and their allies, as well as the Lam-
preys and Lancelets, which differ from the true Fishes
more than the latter do from the Batrachians.
The following key includes not only the families of
fresh water fishes described in this work, but also all of
the families of Fishes represented on the Atlantic Coast
of the U.S. The names of those families which are ex-
clusively marine are printed in italics, and no further
reference is made to them. A student, therefore, who
traces a fresh water fish to any of them will understand
that there is an error on his part or mine. The key is,
of course, purely artificial, and does not, in most cases,
give true family distinctions, for instance:
With 5 to 9 detached finlets behind dorsal and anal; dorsals 2;
scales small or none. : : Scombrida, the Mackerels.
does not imply that all Scombride possess those charac-
ters, nor, indeed, that all possessing them are Scombride,;
but that all fishes in the region here covered, which show
those peculiarities, are to be referred to that family.
Sus-Crass I. Tail homocercal (caudal fin rarely wanting); optic
nerves simply crossing, without chiasma; arterial bulb simple,
with two opposite valves at its origin; air bladder, if present,
not cellular; exoskeleton typically of scales, either ctenoid or
cycloid. . . . . . . ‘TELEOSTEI, page 201.
FISHES, 201
Sup-Cuass II. Tail heterocercal; optic nerves forming a chiasma;
arterial bulb with several rows of valves; air bladder fre-
quently cellular and ae like; exoskeleton typically of bony
plates. 3 3 ‘ GANOIDEI, page 212.
ORDERS OF TELEOSTEI.
Gills pectinated—of the ordinary sort, not tuft-like.
I. Maxillaries normally developed and normally distinct from
each other; gills not in the axils; typical fishes (characters
too various to be here summarized). . TELEOCEPHALI, Z.
II. With 4 to 8 long barbels about the mouth, the longest of
which is a continuation of the incomplete maxillary;
subopercle wanting; ventrals abdominal; usually an adi-
pose fin and dorsal and pectoral spines; skin naked or
with bony plates; chiefly in fresh water.
NEMATOGNATHI, AA.
III. Maxillaries rudimentary or wanting; scapular arch free
from skull; body elongated, serpentiform, with a long
dorsal and anal, which meet around the tail; no ventral
fins; scales small or none; jaws with teeth; chiefly
marine. . ; o. 8 APODES, BB.
IV. Carpal bones stincosied: fining a kind of arm which sup-
ports the pectorals, in the axils of which are the small gill
openings; ventrals jugular, with 4 or 5 soft rays; body
scaleless or tuberculate; head very large; marine.
PEDICULATI, page 211.
V. Intermaxillaries immovably united with the maxillaries,
skin rough, often covered with spines or ganoid plates;
ventral fins wanting; marine. PLECTOGNATHI, page 212.
** Gills small, tuft-like, largest at their free tips; body covered
with bony plates; mouth small, toothless, at the end of the
long snout; no ventral fins; marine.
LoPpHOBRANCHII, page 212.
Z. SUB-ORDERS OF TELEOCEPHALI.
I. Body flat, unsymmetrical; both eyes on the upper or colored
side; ventrals jugular. . . HxrTERosomMATA, page 208.
II. Bones of snout prolonged into a long tube which bears the
short jaws attheend. . . #HEsMmiBRANcHu, page 209.
202 FISHES.
III. With two or more free spines in place of first dorsal; ventrals
sub-abdominal, of a stout spine and a small ray; small fishes
scaleless or with bony plates. . HEMIBRANCHII, page 209.
IV. Dorsal fins two, distinct, small, the first of 4 to '7 spines; ven-
trals abdominal; teeth feeble or wanting; scales cycloid,
silvery, . . . . . . PERCESOCES, page 208.
V. With the first rays of the dorsal, or the whole first dorsal, of
simple — usually stiff spines; first ray of ventral usually
inarticulate (spinous dorsal forming a hump in Cyclopterus;
a lamellated sucking disk in Hcheneis, etc., wanting altogether
in Aspidophoroides and Gobiesox). ACANTHOPTERI, page 208.
VI. Fin rays soft and articulated (excepting occasionally one or
two in dorsal or anal); no ventral spines; scales when pres-
ent, usually cycloid.
* Ventrals jugular; dorsal and anal long, often divided.
ANACANTHINI, page 208.
** Ventrals abdominal.
+ Mouth entirely toothless; abdomen not serrated; lower
pharyngeals falciform, tooth-bearing; no adipose fin;
head naked; fresh water. . JEVENTOGNATHI, page 211.
tt Body elongated, scaly; a series of keeled scales along sides
of abdomen; lower pharyngeals united (as in Labride);
no air duct; no adipose fin; no ventral serratures; one
or both jaws or else pectoral fins greatly elongated;
chiefly marine. . , SYNENTOGNATHI, page 209.
+++ Head more or less scaly (naked in Amblyopsis, the Cave
Blind Fish); both jaws fully provided with teeth; lower
jaw usually longest; dorsal far back, nearly opposite
anal; no adipose fin, ventral serratures, nor peculiar
scales; chiefly fresh water. ; Hapiomt, page 209.
ttt Soft-rayed fishes showing none of the above combina-
tions of characters; head naked ; adipose fin or abdominal
serratures often present; dentition and habitat various.
IsosPonDYLI, page 210.
**«* Ventrals entirely wanting.
t Jaws with teeth; vent at the throat; body oblong; cave
fishes. 5 F . Hap_omt, page 209.
tt Jaws toothless ; sat ne body serpentiform.
ANACANTHINI, page 208.
FISHES. 2038
FAMILIES OF ACANTHOPTERI.
1. With 5 to 9 detached finlets behind dorsal and anal; dorsals
two; scales small or none. . Scombrida, the Mackerels.
2. Upper jaw prolonged into a “sword”; teeth feeble or wanting;
scaleless; sizelarge. . . Xdphiida, the Sword-Fishes.
3. Tail ending in a sharp point; no caudal nor ventrals; teeth
strong. p ‘ ‘ a Trichiurida, the Hatr-Tails.
4. First dorsal on the top of head, modified into a lamellated
sucking disk. ; i . Heheneidide, the Remoras.
5. Ventral fins completely united, sometimes forming a sucking
disk.
— Dorsals two, distinct; body scaly or not. . Gonrmpa, 96.
— Dorsal single; spinous dorsal enveloped in skin, forming a
hump in the adult; scaleless, tuberculate.
Cyclopterida, the Lump-Suckers.
— Dorsal single; body elongated; scaleless; small fishes often
parasitic in shells of Mollusks. Liparidida, the Sea Snails.
6. Ventral fins wide apart, with a sucking disk between them;
dorsal spineless, on the tail. Gobzesocida, the Pike-Suckers.
4%. With a stout, sharp spine on each side of tail; body much com-
pressed. é , : : Acanthurida, the Surgeons.
8. With several unconnected spines in place of the first dorsal.
— Tail with a keel on each side. Carangide, the Pilot Fishes.
— Anal fin preceded by two free spines; body compressed and
elevated. 3 % ‘ Carangida, the Pilot Fishes.
— Tail not keeled; jaws toothless; body very long and slender.
Ammodytide, the Sand Launces.
— Tail without a keel; jaws with teeth.
Body long; snout elongated. Hlacatida, the Crab-Haters.
Body short, compressed; snub-nosed.
Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes.
9. With none of the preceding combinations.
* With two distinct dorsal fins—rarely slightly connected by
membrane at the base.
{ Body with developed scales or bony plates, large or small.
204 FISHES.
1. Small fresh water fishes (1 to 6 inches long); elongated
or fusiform, often brightly colored; the fins —espe-
cially the pectorals—well developed ; anal spines one or
two; branchiostegals 6. . ErxHerostomatTis, 89
2. Pectoral fins very long, reaching at least to anal, with 3
detached appendages or else several connected, forming
an additional fin: cheeks mailed; head bony.
Triglide, the Gurnards.
3. With 7 or 8 filiform appendages on each side below the
pectorals; cheeks not mailed.
Polynemida, the Thread-Fishes.
4, Throat with two long barbels. Mullide, the Surmullets.
5. Dorsal spines only two; scales minute, imbedded in the
skin. 5 . % Rhypticide, the Soap Fishes.
6. Ventrals abdominal; body elongated; scales cycloid;
teeth stout. . : Sphyrenide, the Barracudas.
4. With none of the above combinations; ventrals mostly
thoracic.
a. Some or all of opercular bones, more or less serrated
or spinous.
b. With teeth on the vomer.
c. First dorsal low and weak of 8 spines; scales small;
one or more minute spines in front of anal;
teeth strong. . Pomatomida, the Blue Fishes.
cc. Dorsal spines stout; scales ctenoid; no free anal
spines.
d. Ventrals 1-5; branchiostegals usually 7.
e. Cleft of mouth horizontal or oblique; scales
firm.
— Anal spines 2, sometimes obscure.
Prercip#, 90.
— Anal spines 3, distinct. . Lapracms, 91.
ee. Cleft of mouth nearly vertical; scales large,
deciduous. Chilodipterida, the Apogons.
dd. Veutrals 1-7; branchiostegals 8; anal spines 4.
Berycida, the Berycoids.
FISHES. 205
bb. No teeth on the vomer; anal spines 1 or 2; lateral
line usually running up on the caudal fin.
Scianipas, 94.
aa. Edges of opercular bones entire.
f. Scales well developed, not enlarged along lateral line;
chin often with barbels; no free spines.
Sctenida, the Maigres.
ff. Scales minute; no barbels.
g. Body more or less compressed and elevated; scales
sometimes enlarged along lateral line; usually
2 free anal spines. Carangida, the Pilot Fishes.
gg. Body long and low; no free spines nor lateral
shields. . F - « Goditida, the Gobdies.
tt Body entirely scaleless.
h. Body more or less depressed; eyes high up on the broad
head; caudal usually rounded.
t. Dorsal with 4 spines; ventrals jugular, 1,5; mouth
vertical. ‘ 7 Uranoscopida, the Star Gazers.
at. Dorsal with 3 spines; ventrals jugular I, 2; mouth
broad, with conical teeth.
Batrachida, the Toad Fishes.
zz. Dorsal spines 6 or more; veutrals thoracic; cheeks
mailed (¢. ¢., the sub-orbital bone extending back-
ward over the cheek, articulating with the pre-
opercle).
— Spinous dorsal shortest, its middle rays highest;
head without barbels. : ‘ Corr, 95.
— Spinous dorsal longest, notched, its first rays highest ;
head with many fleshy slips.
Hemitripteride, the Sea Ravens.
hh. Body greatly compressed; the eyes lateral or anterior;
fins often filamentous; tail usually slender, the caudal
fin widely forked.
j. A series of bony shields along base of second dorsal.
Zenida, the John Dories.
J. No bony shields; usually two free anal spines.
Carangida, the Pilot Fishes
206 FISHES.
** Dorsal fin single, not divided to its base.
k. Fresh water species.
i. Ventrals I, 5; dorsal spines 5 to 12; vent normal. B. 6.
m. Teeth on vomer; anal spines 8to9. CENTRARCHIDZ, 92.
mm. No teeth on vomer; anal with 2 (or 1) spines, the
second very strong. s 2 6 ScranipH, 94.
mmm. No teeth on vomer; no lateral line; dorsal with
five spines; anal with three. , ELAssoMIDa, 92 (5).
UW. Ventrals 7-rayed; dorsal spines 3; vent jugular.
APHODODERID, 93.
kk. Marine species.
1. Cheeks mailed (as in Cottéda, etc.)
n. Body covered with bony, keeled plates; no dorsal
spines. . . «. Agonide, the Sea Poachers.
nn. Body with ordinary scales; spinous dorsal many-
rayed. . 4 Scorpaniday the Sea Scorpions.
2. With. broad, cutting, incisor-like front teeth, or with
crushing, molar-like lateral teeth or both; scales rather
large; usually a recumbent free spine in front of the
dorsal fin; lower pharyngeals not united.
o. Opercular bones entire; vertical fins not much scaly.
Sparide, the Sea Breams.
oo. Preopercle denticulated; soft parts of vertical fins
densely scaly. . Pimelepterida, the Fat-Fins.
&. Body much compressed and elevated; the soft rays of the
vertical fins covered high up with ctenoid scales; teeth
villiform; body often dark-banded.
p. Dorsal with less than 10 spines, separated by a notch
from the soft part; spinous dorsal scaleless.
Ephippide, the Moon Fishes.
pp. Dorsal undivided, with 10 or more spines, scaly
throughout; fins often filamentous.
Chatodontida, the Chetodonts.
4, Ventrals wanting; scales minute; body high, much
compressed. ; Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes.
5. Ventrals jugular, few-rayed or wanting; body long and
low; dorsal fin very long, occupying most of the back,
at least half of it and sometimes all composed of flexible
spines; scales small or none; usually an anal papilla.
FISHES. 207
q. Ventrals present.
7. Dorsal with both spines and soft rays.
Blenniida, the Blennies.
rr. Dorsal composed of spines only.
8. Lateral line usually present and sometimes dupli-
cated; head conic; compressed; pyloric ceca
present. 3 Stichaida, the Snake Blennies.
ss. No lateral line; ventrals I, 1; no pyloric ceca;
teeth, small, acute. Xtphidiontida, the Gunnels.
qq. No ventral fins.
t. Gill openings wide; scales rudimentary; cleft of
mouth not vertical; teeth strong.
Anarrhichadida, the Wolf Fishes.
#. Gill openings moderate; no scales; cleft of mouth
nearly vertical ; dorsal of spines only; body almost
eel-like. . Cryptacanthida, the Ghost Fishes.
6. With none of the preceding combinations.
u. Ventrals jugular, 4rayed; dorsal very high and long.
Bramida, the Winged Dolphins.
uu. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5.
». Dorsal of 50 or more rays running from head to tail;
the spinous part not differentiated.
Coryphenide, the Dolphins.
wo. Dorsal shorter, the two sorts of rays different.
w. Lateral line interrupted.
a. Scales ctenoid; dorsal spines 13; depth more
than half length.
Pomacentrida, the Demoiselles.
ax. Scales cycloid; dorsal spines 9; depth less than
half length. . Labride, the Wrasse Fishes.
ww. Lateral line continuous.
y. Opercle or preopercle or both distinctly serrated.
gz. Spinous dorsal longer than the soft part, of 18
spines which are tipped with little mem-
branous appendages; scales cycloid.
Labrida, the Wrasse Fishes.
208 FISHES.
ez. Dorsal spines 8, very low, nearly equal and
scarcely connected; snout blunt.
Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes.
eza. With neither of the preceding combinations.
a. No teeth on vomer.
Pristipomatide, the Red Mouths.
aa. Teeth on vomer.
b. Canines present; branchiostegals 7.
Serranide, the Sea Bass.
bb. No canines; branchiostegals 6; eyes
large. . Priacanthide, the Big Hyes.
yy. Opercular bones with entire edges.
c. Dorsal with nine to 20 spines; anal III, 8 or
more; lips large, fleshy.
Labrida, the Wrasse Fishes.
ce. Dorsal with 9 spines; anal IIT, 7.
* Gerrida, the Gerroids.
FAMILIES OF ANACANTHINI.
* Ventrals jugular, sometimes rudimentary.
+ Caudal fin developed as a separate fin; lateral lime continuous.
Gapipa, 97.
++ Caudal fin not separate, dorsal and anal confluent around the
tail.
+ Ventral fins developed, 4rayed. Lycodida, the Hel Pouts.
tt Ventral fins replaced by a pair of bifid filaments.
Ophidiida, the Cusk Hels.
** Ventral fins entirely wanting.
a. Vent remote from the head. Ammodytide, the Sand Launces.
aa. Ventat the throat; sizesmall. Ferasferide, the Fierasfers.
FAMILIES OF HETEROSOMATA.
* Pectoral fins well developed. . Plewronectide, the Flounders.
** Pectoral fins wanting or rudimentary. . Soleid@, the Soles.
FAMILIES OF PERCESOCES.
* First dorsal with 5 to 7 flexible spines; body elongated; sides
with a distinct silvery band. . ‘ ATHERINIDA, 99.
FISHES. 209
** First dorsal with 4 stiff spines; body compressed: no lateral
band. . . . . Mugilide, the Mullets.
FAMILIES OF HEMIBRANCHII.
* Bones of head moderately produced; ventral fins of a stout
spine and a rudimentary ray; dorsal preceded by free spines;
scaleless, naked or with bony plates; an oblong, silvery,
naked area in front of pectorals. . GASTEROSTEID, 98.
** Bones of head much produced, forming a long tube which
bears the short jaws at the end; ventral fins without spine.
+ Body compressed; no teeth; scales small; dorsal fins two;
first with spines. : . Centriscida, the Snipe Fishes.
++ Body greatly elongated; teeth present; no scales; no dorsal
spines; middle rays of caudal produced into a long fila-
ment. . F : Fistulariida, the Trumpet Fishes.
FAMILIES OF SYNENTOGNATHI.
* Jaws one or both elongated into a long beak.
+ Both jaws elongated; no finlets; size large.
Belonida, the Gar- Fishes.
t+ Lower jaw only elongate, or else dorsal and anal with
detached finlets, as in the Mackerels.
Scomberesocide, the Sauries.
** Jaws moderate; pectorals elongated, nearly as long as body,
used for “ flying.” . . Hxocetide, the Flying Fishes.
FAMILIES OF HAPLOMI.
* Snout depressed and elongated, its length more than half the
greatest depth of body; jaws, vomer, palate and tongue armed
with strong, hooked teeth ; = elongated, sub-terete; size
large; in fresh water. : wo Esocr#, 102.
** Snout rounded and rather short, its length being less than half
the greatest depth of body; teeth moderate; size small.
+ Vent jugular, in front of pectorals; eyes often undeveloped;
ventrals small or wanting; cave fishes. AMBIyvorsrD2, 103.
++ Vent normal: eyes present; ventrals well developed.
4
210 FISHES.
¢ Margin of upper jaw formed laterally by maxillaries; lateral
line inconspicuous; small dusky fishes of muddy brooks;
usually a black bar at base of caudal. UmsBripa, 101.
tt Entire margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries;
head depressed; small fishes of brackish or fresh waters,
often barred or striped with black.
CYPRINODONTID#, 100.
FAMILIES OF ISOSPONDYLI.
* Body entirely scaleless; deep sea fishes.
+ No adipose fin; throat with a long barbel; pectorals rudi-
mentary. . . . . Stomiatida, the Stomiatotds.
++ An adipose fin; no barbel; belly with phosphorescent spots.
Scopelida, the Scopelids.
** Body scaly; head naked ; scales sometimes small and imbedded,
sometimes large and deciduous.
} An adipose dorsal fin; belly rounded.
a. Margin of upper jaws formed by intermaxillaries alone.
b. Scales cycloid; deep sea fishes.
Synodontide, the Synodonts.
bb. Scales ctenoid; fresh water fishes; no teeth on vomer or
palate. é ‘ é F : Prrcopsips, 104.
aa. Lateral margins of upper jaw formed by maxillaries;
scales cycloid; in all waters. ‘ SaLmMonips#, 105.
tt No adipose dorsal; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by
maxillaries which are usually composed of three pieces;
scales rather large.
c. Abdomen compressed to an edge which is serrated; lateral
line obsolete; teeth very small or wanting; in all waters.
CLUPEIDs, 107.
ec. Abdomen compressed but not serrated; jaws, vomer and
tongue with strong teeth; scales large, silvery; body
compressed ; lateral line well developed; fresh water.
Hyopontipz, 106.
ccc. Abdomen rounded; teeth various; marine.
d. Upper jaw longest.
e. Lower jaw toothless; sides with bright silvery band.
Engraulide, the Anchovies.
FISHES. 211
ee. Both jaws with bands of villiform teeth; roof and floor
of mouth with coarse patches.
Albulida, the Lady Fishes.
dd. Lower jaw longest.
f. No gular plates; no lateral line; anal short.
Dussumierida, the Round Herrings.
of. A narrow bony plate between branches of lower jaw
(much asin Amia). . Hlopide, the Jew Fishes.
FAMILIES OF EVENTOGNATHI.
* Pharyngeal teeth in small number (not more than 7) and com-
paratively large; dorsal with 7 to 12 rays (in American spe-
cies); mouth moderately or not protractile; lips scarcely or
not enlarged; species mostly of small size (2 to 15 inches)
Dace and Minnows. : : % i CYPRINID&, 108.
** Pharyngeal teeth very numerous, small; mouth very protrac-
tile, roundish when protruded, with enlarged, fleshy lips;
dorsal with 11 to 40 rays; species often of large size. Suckers.
CaTosTomIp&, 109.
AA. FAMILIES OF NEMATOGNATHI.
* Margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; maxil-
lary rudimentary, forming the base of a long barbel.
SrLuriws, 110.
BB. FAMILIES OF APODES.
* Gape moderate; stomach ordinary; gill openings narrow.
+ Scales rudimentary; dorsal beginning at a considerable dis-
tance behind head; fishes of shores or fresh waters.
ANGUILLIDA, 111.
tt Scaleless; dorsal beginning close behind base of pectorals;
deep sea fishes. . Leptocephalida, the Conger Fels.
** Gape of mouth enormously wide, leading to an excessively
distensible stomach; tail band-like, tapering toa fine fila-
ment. : : 3 . Saccopharyngide, the Gulpers.
FAMILIES OF PEDICULATI.
* Head very broad; depressed.
+ Skin smooth, slimy; teeth strong, card-like; dorsal VI—8,
or more; the first three spines isolated, tentacle-like, on
the head, Lophiide, the Fishing Frogs.
912 FISHES.
tt Skin with conical tubercles; teeth villiform; dorsal I—4;
the spine tentacle-like, retractile into a cavity beneath a
prominent protuberance on forehead.
Maltheida, the Sea Bats.
** Head high, compressed; teeth card-like.
: Antennariide, the Diablos.
FAMILIES OF PLECTOGNATHI.
* Jaws modified into a sort of beak, without distinct teeth.
+ Both jaws divided by a median suture (teeth fused into two
in each jaw); belly greatly inflatable.
Tetrodontida, the Puffers.
++ Jaws without median suture; belly scarcely or not inflatable.
¢ Body scarcely compressed, spinous, with a distinct caudal
fin. : 2 ‘ : Diodontida, the Box Fishes.
+} Body much compressed, very short, truncate; the vertical
fins more or less confluent.
Orthagoriscide, the Globe Fishes.
** Jaws with distinct teeth.
a. Front teeth incisor-like; 1 to 3 dorsal spines; no carapace.
Balistida, the File Fishes.
aa. Teeth slender; no dorsal spines; body enveloped in a box-
like carapace, formed of hexagonal bony plates; snout,
bases of fins and tail free, covered with skin.
Ostraciontide, the Trunk Fishes.
FAMILIES OF LOPHOBRANCHII.
* Tail prehensile, without caudal fin; body abruptly contracted
at base of tail; head crested, out of line of axis of body.
Hippocampide, the Sea Horses.
** Tail not prehensile, with a developed caudal; body gradually
tapering; direction of head in a line with axis of body.
Syngnathide, the Pipe Fishes.
ORDERS OF GANOIDEI.
* Skeleton bony; body scaly; air bladder cellular, lunglike
(HyoganorwE!).
+ Scales cycloid; snout short, broad. . CycLoaaNnomet, CC.
FISHES. 918
++ Scales ganoid, diamond-shaped, enamelled plates; snout
lengthened, depressed. ‘ . RaomBocanowe!, DD.
** Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous; body naked or with 3 to5 rows
of bony ‘bucklers; vertical fins with fulcra. (CHONDROGAN-
OIDEI.)
¢ Mouth terminal, broad; lower jaw, maxillaries and palate
with many minute, deciduous teeth. SrLAcHostomt, EE.
tt Mouth narrow, inferior, toothless. - CHonproste!, FF.
CC. FAMILIES OF CYCLOGANOIDEI.
* A broad bony plate between branches of lower jaw; vertical
fins without fulcra; dorsal fin very long of more than 40
rays; body stout. , F F . . Amiman, 112.
DD. FAMILIES OF RHOMBOGANOIDEI.
*Vertical fins with fulcra; dorsal short, far back, of less than 12
rays; body elongated. . . . Leprposrers#, 113.
EE. FAMILIES OF SELACHOSTOMI.
* Skin naked; snout produced into a flat blade; opercle with a
long flap. . ‘ j 7 - . Ponyopontipa, 114.
FF. FAMILIES OF CHONDROSTEI.
* Body with 5 rows of bony shields (rarely deciduous); snout
produced; four barbels in front of mouth.
ACIPENSERID&, 115.
214 FISHES.
Sub= Class. — Teleostei,
(The Bony Fishes.)
Skeleton more or less ossified; tail homocercal; optic
nerves simply crossing, without chiasma; arterial bulb
simple, with two opposite valves at its origin; air
bladder, if present, not lung-like; body usually scaly,
sometimes covered with naked skin or bony plates;
membrane bones (opercles, etc.) developed in relation to
the skull. This group comprises the great majority of
recent fishes.
ORDER Z.—TELEOCEPHALI
(The Typical Fishes.)
This order again comprises the vast majority of recent
fishes, and is characterized rather negatively, as wanting
the peculiarities of the other orders than as having any
positive distinctions of its own. The maxillaries are
normally developed and distinct from each other, never
forming the base of a long barbel. The gills are pecti-
nated and of the ordinary pattern, and the gill-openings
are in front of the pectorals and never very narrow; the
subopercle is present. The scales are (when present)
very rarely ossified, and are generally either ctenoid or
cycloid. This group includes the Acanthopterygians
and Malacopterygians of Cuvier, and the nearly cor-
responding Ctenoidei and Cycloidei, Physoclysti and
ETHEOSTOMATIDA®.— LXXXIX. 215
Physostomi of later writers; but however different the
extremes of each (as Percoids and Cyprinoids) may be,
the intervening forms are too closely related to render
it possible to characterize them as distinct orders.
SUB-ORDER.—ACANTHOPTERI.
(The Spiny-rayed Fishes.)
FAMILY LXXXIX.—ETHEOSTOMATID.
: (Lhe Darters.)
Fresh water fishes of small size, closely related to the
Percide, but so peculiar in many respects that it seems
preferable to consider them as forming a distinct family.
Dorsal fins two, generally connected by membrane at the
base, the second and often both dorsals high and large;
anal usually well developed, with one or two spines;
pectorals (except in one or two species) very large and
broad, often reaching beyond base of anal; caudal large,
rounded or slightly forked; scales ctenoid, sometimes
absent on neck or belly, or both; head usually more or
less scaly; teeth well developed on jaws and usually
on vomer; branchios. 6; air bladder rudimentary; “ sub-
orbital arch incomplete.” Colors often very bright;
species of Peecilichthys and Diplesium being the most
brilliantly colored fresh water fishes known; sexual differ-
ences usually recognizable, the females being as a rule
duller in color and more speckled or barred. In most
species there is a dark streak from eye to snout, and
often a dark vertical bar below the eyes. Genera seven-
teen, or fewer; species about sixty, all belonging to the
U.S. and Mexico, east of the Rocky Mountains, being
most abundant in the Mississippi Valley, where almost
or nearly all the genera may be found in the same stream.
916 FISHES.
Most of them prefer clear running water, where they
lie on the bottom concealed under stones, darting when
frightened or hungry with great velocity for a short
distance by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped
pectorals, then stopping as suddenly. They rarely use
the caudal fin in swimming, and they are never seen
moving or floating freely in the water like most fishes.
‘When at rest they support themselves on their extended
ventrals and anal. Pleuwrolepis, unlike the others, pre-
fers a sandy bottom, where, by an almost instantaneous
plunge, it buries itself in the sand and remains quiescent
for hours at a time, with only its eyes and snout visible.
All are carnivorous, and, in their way, voracious. All
are of small size, the largest (Percina) reaches a length
of about eight inches, while the smallest (Jicroperca),
which is the smallest spiny-rayed fish known, barely
attains a length of an inch and a half.
* Lateral line complete; body much elongate, subcylindrical,
pellucid, with at least the entire ventral region naked.
a. Body entirely naked, except the caudal peduncle and the
lateral line; dorsal fins high, well separated, equal to the
anal fin and to each other; a single anal spine; head en-
tirely scaleless; mouth large, with vomerine teeth, the
upper jaw protractile. Bo ek AMMOCRYPTA, 1
aa. Body covered above with small, thin, imbedded scales, the
ventral region entirely naked, the dorsal scales obscure but
present; dorsal fins small, wide apart; one anal spine*;
cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth large, with vomerine
teeth, the upper jaw protractile. : PLEUROLEPIS, 2.
** Lateral line complete; body less elongate, entirely scaly, or
with definitely naked areas on throat, neck, or ventral line.
+ Second dorsal little, if any, larger than anal; the dorsal fins
distinct, the first the longer and usually the larger; body
little compressed ; two distinct anal spines.
* In the genus Ioa, two anal spines: see p. 404.
ETHEOSTOMATIDAl.— LXXXIX. 217
6. Upper jaw not protractile; vomerine teeth present.
ce. Mouth narrow, inferior, overlapped by a tapéring, trun-
cate, more or less “ pig-like’”’ snout; ventral plates pres-
ent, or, if fallen, a naked strip; body elongated; cheeks
and opercles scaly; size largest of all the darters.
PERCcINA, 3.
cc. Mouth wider, terminal, the upper jaw being but little
longer than the lower.
d. Ventral plates developed, or, if fallen, middle line of
belly with a naked strip.
e. Body and head elongate; the vertebre in increased
number, more than 20 in front of anus; well-devel-
oped teeth on vomer and palatines; dorsal spines 12
to 15; fins never tuberculate. . ALVORDIUS, 4.
ee. Body and head shortened; vertebree fewer, less than
20 in front of anus; a few minute teeth on vomer
and none on palatines; dorsal spines 10 to 12;
S colors brilliant, the male in Spring with the lower
fins tuberculate. . F ‘ : Ericosma, 5.
dd. Ventral plates not developed; middle line of belly
scaled like the sides. . . Haproprerus, 6.
bb. Upper jaw protractile, a distinct furrow separating it from
the skin of the forehead.
f. Noventral plates; posterior ventral region scaled ; anterior
region largely naked; vomer well toothed; head and
body stout and heavy; cheeks and opercles scaly; anal
fin (in adult males ?) ee elevated, reaehing to base
of caudal fin. . i F : Imostoma, 7.
ff. Ventral plates well developed, or, if fallen, a naked strip;
vomer with a few minute teeth; palatines naked; body
rather slender, with rather narrow head and small sub-
inferior mouth; cheeks naked; opercles scaly; anal fin
not enlarged. : . ; : RaxEooryprTA, 8.
tt Second dorsal considerably larger than anal fin; no ventral
plates, the middle line of the belly always covered with
small scales like those of the sides.
g. Upper jaw protractile.
218 FISHES. -
h. No teeth on vomer or palatines; mouth small, contracted,
subinferior ; head short and thick, with swollen cheeks;
spinous dorsal rather long; maaillary non-protractile;
anal spines aia body elongated, little compressed.
Drr.esrom, 9.
hh. Vomerine teeth ents dorsals contiguous, but distinct;
the spinous dorsal short; maa. protractile; the mouth
rather small, horizontal, sitiniacion
4. Anal spines two, well developed; the first the longer.
UxLocentRA, 10.
#z. Anal spines obscure and undifferentiated from the soft
rays. . . . . Bonrosoma, 11.
gg. Upper jaw not protractile:
j. Gill membranes broadly connected across breast ;
scales large; cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth small,
horizontal, subinferior (as in Boleosoma); caudal pe-
duncle rather slender. . . . #Nanostoma, 12.
gj. Gill membranes nearly free; body rather short,
deep, strongly compressed ; scales small; cheeks naked ;
mouth rather large, oblique (as in Pecdlichthys); caudal
peduncle deep. . ‘ F ‘ NortHonotvs, 18.
rt* Lateral line incomplete or wanting; no ventral plates; upper
jaw not protractile; second dorsal larger than anal; vomer
with teeth.
k. Lateral line present on anterior part of body; anal spineg
two.
7. Lateral line nearly straight.
m. Spinous dorsal fin well developed, two-thirds or more
the height of the second; the spines graduated, never
ending in little fleshy knobs; lateral line extending
more than half the length of the body; mouth moder.
ate, the upper jaw usually a little the longer; gill
membranes free... < Fi Pacrmuicatuys, 14.
mm. Spinous dorsal low and small, the spines subequal,
scarcely half the height of the soft rays, in males end.
ing in little fleshy knobs; gill membranes connected ;
body elongated, compressed. . Erneosroma, 15.
ETHEOSTOMATID 2.—-LXXXIX 219
WZ. Lateral line curved upward over the pectorals.
n. Jaws about equal; body elongated. . BoLEIcHTHys, 16.
kk. Lateral line incomplete; anal spine feeble. (See Addenda,
p. 405.) o % F 2 << - VATLLANTIA.
kkk. No lateral line; dorsal fins small, subequal, well separated ;
mouth small, with nearly equal jaws; scales large; size
smallest of all spiny-rayed fishes. . Muicroperca, 1%.
1. AMMOCRYPTA, Jordan. Sanv-prv=rs.
1. A. beanii, Jordan. Bran’s Darrer. Body very
slender; general form and appearance of Pleurolepis;
dorsal fins very high; color translucent, with a golden
lateral band; dorsal fin with large black spots; D. X—
10; A.I,9; lat.1.65. Lower Mississippi; a remarkable
species.
2. PLEUROLEPIS, Agassiz. Pr.uuctp Darrers.
1. P. pelfucidus, (Baird.) Ag. Sanp Darter. Depth 6.
to 8 in length; body nearly cylindrical; head elongated,
pointed; scales small, finely dotted, far apart, and deeply
imbedded; fins small; color pinkish white, pellucid in
life, with a series of small, squarish, olive (blue) blotches
along back, and another along sides, the spots connected
by a gilt line; D. X—9; A. I, 6; length 2 to 3 inches.
Ohio Valley, in sandy streams; one of the most interest-
ing of our fishes.
8. PERCINA, Haldeman. Loa Prrcuzs.
=Pileoma, DeKay.
1. P. caprodes, (Raf.) Girard. Loe Pzrcu. Hoe Fisu.
Rock Fisa. Salmon yellow or greenish, with about
fifteen transverse dark bands from back to belly, these
usually alternating with shorter and fainter ones reach-
ing about to lateral line; a black spot at base of caudal;
belly with a row of enlarged plates, shed at some
220 FISHES.
seasons; neck above scaly; D. XIII—12; A. II, 10.
Great Lakes and Western Streams, abundant, EH. to L.
Champlain; the largest of the Darters, reaching a length
of six or eight inches. (P. zebra, semifasciata, nebulosa,
and bimaculata of authors.)
2; P. manitou, Jordan. Manitou Darter. Head
notably shorter and broader than in P. caprodes; mouth
smaller and less inferior; fins larger; lateral bars shorter
and more blotch like, not meeting their fellows across
the back; space in front of dorsal fin entirely naked;
D. XV—14; A. II, 10. Indiana (Lake Manitou) to
Wisconsin.
4. ALVORODIUS, Girard. Buack-sipep Darrters,
(Ztheostoma, Agassiz—not of Raf.)
1. A. aspro, Cope & Jor. Brack-stpEp Darrsr.
Brenny Darrer. Head long, pointed, 4 in length; depth
5 to 53; belly with a series of caducous plates along the
middle line (shed at some seasons.) Straw yellow, with
dark tesselations and about seven large blotches along the
sides, partly confluent, thus forming a moniliform band;
D. XIII, to XV—12; A.TI,9. Ohio Valley, Great Lakes
and eastward; one of the most curious and elegant of
all the Darters. (A. aspro, Cope & Jor. ? Alvordius
and Hadropterus maculatus, Grd. Etheostoma blen-
nioides, Ag.)
2. A. variatus, (Kirt.) Jor. Ssrerpzep Darter.
Head shorter; sides with broad, brownish shades;
ventral shields much larger; D. XII—13; A. II, 9; lat.
1.53. Penn. (#. peltatum, Stauff.)
3. A. macrocephalus, Cope. Lone-HEapED DarrTeEr.
Head much elongated, 34 in length, the snout much
longer than the eye; cheeks and opercles naked; colora-
ETHEOSTOMATID A.— LXXXIX. 221
tion nearly that of A. aspro; scales quite small;
D. XV—13; A. II, 11; lat.1.77. Headwaters of Ohio
River.
4. A. phoxocephalus, (Nelson) Cope & Jordan. Suarp-
NoseD Darter. Body slender, compressed; head 4 in
length, very long, narrow and tapering, the snout very
acuminate, scarcely longer than eye; mouth large, with
the jaws about equal; cheeks, opercles and neck with
small scales; coloration as in the other species except
that the spots on the sides are nearly square and rather
small; a small black spot at the end of the lateral line;
D. XTI—13; A. II, 9; lat. 1.68. Indiana to Tennessee
and Kansas, a singular species known at once by the
coloration and the form of the head.
5. ERICOSMA, Jordan. GitpED Darrers.
1. E. evides, Jordan & Copeland. Body rather short
and deep; head heavy, 44 in length; mouth moderate,
the lower jaw the shorter; cheeks, neck above, and throat
naked; opercles with a few rather large scales; body with
about seven broad transverse bars, black in the female,
of a dark rich metallic blue-green in the male, the inter-
spaces between the bars creamy in the female, bronze
red in the male; belly chiefly yellow; cheeks orange red;
dorsal orange with a black spot; vertical fins chiefly
orange; anal somewhat dusky; ventrals blue-black;
males with the ventral and anal fins tuberculate in the
Spring; D. XI—10; A. II, 9. A most beautiful species,
as yet known only from the rapids of White River, above
Indianapolis. (2. nigrofasciatum, Ed. I., not of Agassiz.)
6. HADROPTERUS, Agassiz. CRrawl-A-BOTTOMS.
(Hypohomus, Cope.)
1. H. aurantiacus, (Cope) Jordan. Orancr Darter.
222 FISHES.
Bright yellow, with a black lateral band formed of con-
fluent spots in front; a few brown spots on back; fins
plain; D. XV—15; A. II, 11; sizelarge. Tennessee R.
2. H. tessellatus, Jordan. Head broad and heavy;
mouth large; cheeks and opercles naked, or nearly so;
D. X—12; A. TI, 8. Allegheny River.
7. IMOSTOMA, Jordan. Bic-HEapED Darrers.
1. L. shumardii, (Grd.) Jor. Body stout and heavy
forward, compressed behind; head blunt, broad and thick,
34 in length; mouth large, the jaws nearly equal; belly
naked anteriorly, scaly behind; cheeks, opercles and
neck scaly; breast naked; anal fin large, in males much
prolonged, reaching caudal; color dark, vaguely blotched
with darker; spinous dorsal with a large black spot be-
hind, a smaller one in front; a strong suborbital bar; D.
X—15; A. II, 11; ‘lat. 1.56. Indiana to Illinois and
Arkansas.
8. RHEOCRYPTA, Jordan. Rirriz Darrers.
1. RB. eopelandi, Jordan. CoprrLanp’s Darter. Body
rather slender; head rather long and narrow, 44 in length;
mouth small, subinferior; cheeks naked; opercles with
a few scales; color yellowish, with oblong black spots
along the lateral line, smaller than in the species of
Alvordius. D. XI—10; A. II, 9; lat. 1.56. Rapids of
White River, with Hricosma evides, a small and rather
plain, but graceful species.
9. DIPLESIUM, Rafinesque. Green-Sipzep Darrers.
=Hyostoma, Agassiz.
1. D. blennioides, (Raf.) Jordan. Gremn-SimeEp
Darter. Olive green and tessellated above; sides with
a series of about seven double transverse bars, each pair
ETHEOSTOMATID 4.—LXXXIX. 223
forming a Y-shaped figure; these are joined above,
making a sort of wavy lateral band; in life, these mark-
ings are of a clear deep green; sides sprinkled with
orange dots; head with olive stripes and the usual dark
bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above,
becoming pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich
blue green with some reddish; caudal greenish; young
specimens much duller, but the peculiar pattern is
unmistakable; body stout; head short and thick; D.
XII to XITI—13; A. II, 8; length 3 inches. Penn. to
Kas. and 8., abundant in Indiana, one of the handsomest
of fishes. [H. cymatogrammum, (Abbott) Cope.] Z.
blennioperca, Cope.)
10. ULOCENTRA, Jordan. Spucxs.
1. U. atripinnis, Jordan. Buack-Finnep Darrer.
Body rather stout; head extremely short and deep, 44 in
length of body; the snout very short and abruptly rounded
mouth small, with equal jaws; cheeks and opercles scaly;
fins large; head black above; about eleven indistinct,
bar-like blotches along the sides; fins chiefly black; D.
XII—10; A. II, 7% Cumberland River.
2. %U. simotera, (Cope) Jordan. Snus - NosEp
Darters. Body short and thick; head very short and
blunt; a series of square dark green blotches along sides
and another on the back; spotted above with red; belly
saffron; soft dorsal chiefly blood-red; first dorsal orange-
margined; D. X—11; A. II, 7; lat. 1.52; length 3 inches.
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers.
11. BOLEQSOMA, DeKay. Txrssettatep DarrTErs.
> Arlina and Estrella, Grd.
* Lat. 1. 40 or less; cheeks naked.
1. B. effulgens, (Grd.) Cope. Caudal peduncle
224 FISHES.
thick, not contracted; cheeks naked; snout blackish; D.
IX—13; A. II, 8; lat. 1.40; caudal rounded. Maryland
to N.C.
2. B. vexillare, Jor. Hicn-Finnep Darter. Sim-
ilar to the preceding, but with the second dorsal very
short and high and scales very large; head black; D. IX
—10; A. I, 8; lat. 1.34. Rappahannock R., Va,
** Lat. 1. more than 40.
3. B. olmstedi, (Storer) Ag. TESsELLATED Darter.
Fins stouter and higher than in the next; depth 54 in
length; head 44; olivaceous, fins barred; back tessel-
lated; a black streak forward, and another downward
from eye; cheeks and opercles scaly; neck and throat
bare; D. IX—14; A. I, 8; lat.1.50. New England to
Wisconsin; abundant eastward. (B. tessellatum, DeK.)
4. B. atromaculata, (Grd.) Jor. Neck and throat scaly;
fins very high; spinous dorsal with a large black spot at
base. Eastern streams.
5. B. nigrum, (Raf.) Jor. Jounny Darter. Paler and
more distinctly tessellated; brownish yellow; upper
surface dotted with brown, the spots forming a few dark
bars on back; a dark line from eye to snout; and some-
times a bar below eye; smaller and slenderer than the
preceding, with smaller fins; eye as long as the narrow,
pointed snout; cheeks, neck and throat naked; opercles
sealy; D. IX—12; A. 1, 8 to I, 10; lat. 1. 45. EH. U.S.,
abundant, west of the Alleganies. (B. brevipinne, Cope.)
6. B. wsopus, Cope. Caudal peduncle contracted;
dorsal outline curved; fins high; brownish, with spots on
back and sides; D. VII—14; A.10; lat.1.47. Allegheny
River, Penn.
ETHEOSTOMATID Al.— LXXXIX. 225
12. NANOSTOMA, Putnam. Zonep Darrers.
1. NW. zonalis, (Cope) Jor. Zonzp Darter. Oliv-
aceous, golden below; six dark brown quadrate spots
along the back, connected by alternating spots with a
brown lateral band from which eight narrow bands en-
circle the belly; lower fins yellow with brown spots;
spinous dorsal with a crimson band; a series of crimson
spots on base of soft dorsal; black spot on opercle, occi-
put and base of pectorals; black bars downward from
eye and forward; D. XI—12; A.II, 7; lat.1.52. Indiana
to Tenn.
13. NOTHONOTUS, Agassiz. Buiuz-Breasrep DartErs.
1. M. maculatus, (Kirt.) Ag. Trovur Darter. Body
moderately elongate, deep and compressed, head 4 in
length; depth 4%; head long and rather pointed; mouth
pretty large; jaws equal; dorsal fin elevated, the longest
rays reaching caudal; olive, sides with rather large spots
of brilliant carmine; vertical fins more or less barred
with red and white; D. XII, 13; A. II, 8; lat. 1. 60.
Mahoning River, Ohio, a rare and handsome species.
2. NW, camurus, (Cope) Jor. Buiuz-Breastep Darrer.
Body stout, head short, with the muzzle abruptly decurved,
so that the upper jaw is the longer, and the mouth some-
what inferior; dark olive; head blackish above; breast
and throat deep blue; sides greenish, sprinkled with
carmine spots, much as in a trout; series of olivaceous
lines along the rows of scales; vertical fins chiefly crimson
at base, then yellow, with a bright blue or black edging,
in 2 merely speckled; lateral line nearly complete; D.
XII—138; A. II, 8; lat. 1.52; length 24 inches. Ohio
Valley, not common, one of the handsomest of our fishes;
the coloration is often quite dark,
226 FISHES,
3. NW. sanguifluus, (Cope) Jor. Slender; muzzle not
decurved; black, with scattered crimson spots; breast
blue; fins crimson without dark margin; D. XIIJ—13;
A. II, 9; lat. 1.58. Cumberland River.
4. N. vulneratus, (Cope) Jor. Stout; muzzle not
decurved; back not arched; pale, with dark olive cross-
bars and some crimson spots; first dorsal with red spots;
second dorsal and caudal dark-margined; D. XIV—13,
A. II, 8; lat.1. 53. French Broad R.
5. NW. rufilineatus, (Cope) Jor. Stout; head, etc., as
in the preceding; back arched; coloration pale, with
narrow dark lines enclosing spaced, quadrate, red-brown
spots; belly orange; throat blue; fins largely orange,
with a broad vermillion border and a narrow black edge;
D. XI—13; A. IT, 8; lat. 1.45. French Broad River.
14. PECILICHTHYS, Agassiz. Rarrzow Darrzrs.
= Astatichthys, Le Vaillant.
1. P. ewruleus, (Stor.) Ag. Buuz Darter. Rain-
sow Fis. Broz Jounny. Olivaceous, tessellated above,
the spots running together into blotches; back without
black lengthwise stripes; sides with about twelve indigo
blue bars running obliquely downward, most distinct
behind, separated by rich orange interspaces; caudal
deep orange, edged with bright blue; anal orange, with
deep blue in front and behind; soft dorsal chiefly orange,
blue at base and tip; spinous dorsal crimson at base,
then orange, with blue edgings; ventrals bluish, often
deep indigo blue; cheeks blue; throat and breast orange,
these two shades very constant; ? much duller, with but
little or no blue or orange, the vertical fins barred or
checked; colors fade in alcohol; body short and stout;
head large; D. X—12; A. II, 7; lat.1. 45; length 2 to 3
ETHEOSTOMATIDA).—LXXXIX. 227
inches. Mississippi Valley, abundant; the most gaily
colored of all the Darters.
2. P. spectabilis, Ag. Streep Bruz Darter. Like
the preceding and equally brilliant, but larger and more
compressed, and more elongate; back with distinct black-
ish stripes along the rows of scales, pattern of coloration
similar, but the colors having a clear or bleached appear-
, ance; with the other, but less abundant; often found in
muddy water where P. variatus never ventures.
3. P. jessie, Jordan and Brayton. SourHzern Buiur
DarrEer. Cheeks scaly above—not entirely naked as in
the two preceding species; lateral line extending to end
of second dorsal—farther than in either of the preceding
species; chestnut colored above, with squarish blotches
of a dark, clear blue on the sides; fins mottled with chest-
nut or golden; D. XII—12; A. II,9. Tennessee River.
15. ETHEOSTOMA, Rafinesque. Strirrp Darrurs.
(Catonotus, Agassiz.)
* Head entirely scaleless; lateral line short; lower jaw longest.
1. E. flabellaris, Raf. Fan-Tattep Darrer. Oliva-
ceous, dusky above; sides with obscure dusky bars; each
scale with a brownish spot, these sometimes forming
series of longitudinal lines but never very distinct ones;
head narrow; mouth oblique; body rather slender; fins
strongly barred; D. VIII—12; A. II, 8; length 24 inches.
Great Lakes and streams from N. Y., 8. and W., abund-
ant. (Z. linsleyi, H. R. Storer. Oligocephalus humer-
alis and Catonotus fasciatus, Girard.)
2. E. lineolata, (Ag.) Jor. Srripep Darrer. Oliva-
ceous, each scale with a black spot, hence the body with
a series of fine dotted longitudinal lines which are very
distinct above; some (??) further marked with dark cross
228 FISHES.
bars; D. VITI—12; A. II, 8. Great Lakes and Missis-
sippi Valley, rather northward; body deeper and colors
much brighter than in the preceding, of which it is
probably a variety.
** Head scaly; lateral line nearly complete; jaws equal.
2. E. sqguamiceps, Jordan. Body elongate; head large,
34 in length; jaws shorter than in #. flabellaris; cheeks,
opercles, neck and throat densely scaly; lateral line
wanting only on about ten scales; colors dark; fins barred;
D. X—12; A. II, 7. Ohio Valley. A curious species,
in some respects intermediate between Htheostoma and
Nothonotus.
16. BOLEICHTHYS, Girard. Rep-Sipep Darrers.
> Hololepis, Agassiz.
1. B. fusiformis, (Grd.) Jordan. Fustrorm Darrer.
Lateral line on 12 scales, reaching middle of first dorsal;
head 3}in length; yellowish brown; spotted; D. VIII—
9; A. II, 7; lat.1.52. Charles R., Mass.
2. B. erochrous, (Cope) Jordan. Rxrp-Si1pEp Darter.
Lateral line extending to middle of first dorsal on 12 to
16 scales; head 4 in length; sides with dusky band,
interrupted by red dots; D. IX—10; A. TI, 7; lat. 1. 44,
New Jersey.
3. B. eos, Jordan & Copeland. Sunrisz Darter.
Body slender, elongate, with long caudal peduncle;
mouth small; lateral line to end of first dorsal on 22 to
26 scales; head 4 in length; dark olive with about ten
dark dorsal blotches, and as many dark blue or blackish
bars along the sides; the belly and interspaces between
these bars are of a clear vermillion; first dorsal bright
blue, with a broad median band of crimson; other fins
mostly barred; D. IX—11; A.II, 7; lat. 1.58. North-
PERCID.4.— XC. 229
western States, Northern Ohio to Minnesota; abundant;
a most brilliant species.
17. MICROPERCA, Putnam. Least DarrTErs.
1. M. punctulata, Putnam. Least Darter. Greenish
olive, sides with irregular dark bars and zigzag markings;
dusky lines along the rows of scales; a dark shoulder
blotch; a black streak forward from eye and a vertical
bar below it; D. VI to VII—9 to 12; A. II, 5 or 6;
length 14 inches. Western States.
FAMILY XC.—PERCID.
(The Perches.)
Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with
rather small, strongly ctenoid scales; opercular bones
mostly serrated; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer
and palatines; mouth slightly oblique; dorsals two, dis-
tinct, both well developed; ventrals thoracic I, 5; anal
with one or two spines; branchiostegals seven; air bladder
present, moderately developed; intestinal canal with a
few pyloric coeca. Carnivorous fishes of moderate or
rather large size, chiefly of the rivers of the Northern
Hemisphere. As here restricted, a small family of about
five genera and fifteen species.
* No canine teeth among the villiform ones; body compressed.
Prrca, 1.
** With strong canine teeth; body elongated. ST1zosTETHIUM, 2.
7. PERCA, Linnzeus. PERcuEs.
1. P. americana, Schranck. Common YELLOW PERCH.
Olivaceous, sides yellowish, with broad dark bars; head
31 in length; depth about the same; D. XIII—14; A.
Il, 7; lat. 1.63. Fresh waters E. U.S., chiefly north-
ward and eastward, [P. flavescens (Mit.) Cuv.]
230 FISHES.
2. STIZOSTETHIUM, Rafinesque. Piru Prrcuns.
* Pyloric cceca three only, subequal, all long, about as long as the
stomach ; soft dorsal nearly as long as spinous dorsal; body
more or less compressed. (Stdzostethiwm.)
1. S. vitreum, (Mitch.) Jordan & Copeland. Watt-
Evyep Pixs. “Satmon.” “ Dory.” Gass - Eyz. YELLow
Prix. Body slender, becoming compressed with age,
the back not especially depressed; dorsal spines high, more
than half length of head; eye 44 to 5 in head. General
color a heavy olive, finely mottled with brassy; a large
black spot on last rays of spinous dorsal, the fin other-
wise nearly or quite unmarked; D. XIII—1; 21; A. II,
12; lat. 1.90. Size very large; this species reaches a
length of nearly three feet, and a weight of 20 to 30 Ibs.
Great Lake region and some Atlantic streams, north to the
Fur Countries; an abundant and valued food-fish. (Zuci-
operca americana, Cuv.)
Var. salmoneum, (Raf.) Jor. Buon Pree. “WHITE
Satmon.” Body shorter, thicker and deeper, with slen-
derer caudal peduncle; mouth smaller; eye larger; dorsal
spines lower, 24 in head; coloration bluer, with silvery
instead of brassy mottlings; fin coloration darker; young
pale, with traces of vertical bars; D. XIV—1, 20; A.
IT, 13; lat. 1.95. This species or variety is very similar
to the preceding, but it is distinguished at sight by the
fishermen, and seems to rarely attain a length of more
than afoot. Lake Erie, Ohio River, and South.
** Pyloric cceca 4 to 7, unequal, all small (shorter than the
_ stomach ;) soft dorsal much shorter than spinous dorsal;
body thick, cylindric, depressed forwards, (Oynoperca, Gill
& Jordan.)
2. §. canadense, (Smith) Jor. Savezr. Sanp Prez.
Gray Pike. Body little compressed, broad across the
back and rather depressed; cheeks, top of head, etc.,
LABRACIDA).—XCL. 931
usually thickly scaled; colors rather paler and more
translucent than in S. vitrewm, the shades less blended;
olive gray, sides pale orange with much black mottling,
the black gathered into several definite dark areas; spin-
ous dorsal with two or three rows of round black spots;
a large black blotch at base of pectorals; dorsal XII—1,
17; A. ITI, 12; lat. 1. 95; size not large; length 12 to 15
inches. Ohio River and Great Lake region to Upper
Missouri; a strongly marked species. (Z. grisea, DeK.,
L. borea, Grd.)
FAMILY XCI—LABRACIDA.
(The Bass.)
Percoid fishes with the general characters of the pre-
ceding family, but having three anal spines, the verte-
bree and the spines of the dorsal reduced in number,
generally nine or ten of the latter; teeth on the tongue
in our species. Genera fifteen; species thirty-five. Mostly
of northern regions, the majority of them marine, often
entering rivers.
* Base of tongue with a patch of teeth; scales on head cycloid;
dorsal fins not connected. : : F . Roccvus. 1.
** Base of tongue toothless; scales on head ctenoid; dorsal fins
united at base; second anal spine enlarged: . Moronz, 2.
7. ROCCUS, Mitchill. Srripzp Bass.
< Labrax, Cuvier.
* Body little compressed; depth less than + of length; teeth on
tongue in more than one patch; chiefly marine. (Roccus.)
1. RB. lineatus, (Bl. & Schn.) Gill. Srriezp Bass.
Rock Fisu. Silvery or yellowish, with seven or eight
longitudinal bands; D. IX—1, 12; A. III, 11; lat. 1. 62.
Atlantic Coast, entering rivers.
** Body much compressed; depth more than + of length; teeth
on tongue in a single patch; fresh waters. (Lepibema, Raf.)
232 FISHES
2. RB. chrysops, (Raf.) Gill. Wauirz Bass. Srripzp
Lake Bass. Silvery, with six or more dark stripes,
sometimes “so interrupted and transposed as to appear
like ancient church music.” D. IX—1, 12; A. III, 13;
lat. 1. 55. Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi Valley and
N. (Labrax multilineatus, notatus, albidus and osculatit
of authors.)
2. MORONE, Mitchill. Wuutre Bass.
< Labrax, Cuvier.
1. M. americana, (Gmel.) Gill. Wuirz Perce. Whit-
ish, usually faintly striped; depth 3 in length; D. IX—I,
12; A. III, 9; lat. 1.50. Atlantic Coast, abundant also
in fresh water ponds, etc., coastwise; variable. (LZ. mu-
cronatus, rufus and pallidus, of authors.)
2. M. interrupta, Gill. Snort -Srripep or YELLow
Bass. Silvery, with interrupted black stripes; D.
IX—1, 13; A. ITI, 9. Mississippi Valley, chiefly south-
ward. (Z. chrysops, Grd., not of Gill.)
FAMILY XCII.—CENTRARCHIDA.
(The Sun Fishes.)
Percoid fishes with a single dorsal fin, either continu-
ous or deeply divided, with five to thirteen spines; anal
fin large, with three to nine spines; ventrals thoracic, I,
5; body oblong, more or less elevated, sometimes much
compressed; opercular bones feebly if at all serrated,
often with entire edges; scales scarcely ctenoid, some-
times cycloid; cleft of mouth more or less oblique;
branchiostegals 6; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and
usually on palatines; many species with a small super-
numerary bone lying behind the maxillary and parallel
with it; others with a more or less prolonged flap extend-
CENTRARCHID.AS.—XCIi. 233
ing backwards from the upper angle of the opercle;
nearly all with a black spot at this point, which also
covers the flap if the latter is developed; colors usually
brilliant, chiefly olive green, with spots or shades of blue,
yellow, orange or violet. Fresh water fishes; many of
them build nests which they defend with much courage,
all are carnivorous, voracious and “gamey.” Genera
about sixteen; species sixty; all American, and most
abundant in the Mississippi Valley, every where forming
a characteristic feature of our fish-fauna. The genera
are quite well known, and most of them are firmly estab-
lished; but the species of some groups, particularly
Xenotis and Lepomis are in a state of almost inex-
tricable confusion.
* Dorsal fin much more developed than anal fin (the base of the
former 14 to 3 times that of the latter), the soft parts of the two
fins about equal, of 8 to 14 rays, and ending at the same verti-
cal behind.
+ Body elongate, not greatly compressed ; spines little developed,
those of the anal fin, three in number, small and weak;
those of the dorsal, ten, low, the eighth and ninth quite short,
so that there is a deep notch between the spinous and soft
parts of the dorsal, almost breaking the continuity of the
fin; caudal emarginate; operculum emarginate behind,
ending in two flat points; mouth very large, the lower jaw
longest; palatine teeth well developed; tongue and ptery-
goids toothless; gill-rakers long and stout, armed with
teeth; supplemental maxillary bone well developed (M7-
croptering). MicroprTervs, 1.
t+ Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; anal spines
well developed; dorsal with strong spines, which are con-
tinuous with the soft rays, or at least not deeply notched
(Lepomina).
a. Tongue and pterygoid bones conspicuously armed with
teeth; mouth large, lower jaw longest; maxillary bone
broad and flat, with a strong supplemental ossicle behind
234 FISHES.
it; palatine teeth well developed; gill-rakers long and
strong, provided with coarse teeth ; form stout and heavy.
b. Operculum emarginate behind; anal spines 5 to 7.
e. Caudal fin emarginate; scales ctenoid.
d. Tongue with a single median patch of teeth; anal
spines normally 6; dorsal 10or11. AMBLOPLITES, 2.
ce. Caudal fin rounded behind; scales cycloid; anal spines
normally 5. . . . . AcANTHARCHUS, 8.
bb. Operculum ending behind in a convex “flap,” black in
color, anal spines 3; dorsal 10; caudal emarginate.
Cuanopryttus, 4.
aa. Tongue and pterygoid bones toothless; mouth moderate or
small.
d. Operculum ending behind in an entire convex process or
flap, which is always more or less black; dorsal fin
not notched; dorsal spines normally 10; anal spines.
8, the soft rays in each fin about 10 in number; caudal
fin emarginate.
e. Maxillary with a supplemental bone; gill-rakers long,
stout, dentate; mouth rather large, the lower jaw
protruding; palatine teeth present; spines low; flap
small. . - 2 2 ? ‘ APomortis, 5.
ee. Maxillary without supplemental bone; mouth rather
small, with subequal jaws.
f. Lower pharyngeal bones comparatively narrow, with
the teeth all conic and sharp, the outer short and
small, the inner long and pointed.
g. Gill-rakers of anterior branchial arch more or less
elongate, ossified, beset with small teeth.
Lzpomtis, 6.
gg. Gill-rakers undifferentiated, all short, thickish,
weak, unossified, provided with but few weak
teeth; no palatine teeth; opercular flap always
large, often greatly developed; coloration bril.
liant; spineslow. . ‘ 7 XeEnomT1s, 7.
of. Lower pharyngeal bones with the teeth or most of
them rounded or truncate above, z.¢., teeth paved;
OENTRARCHID4.—XcIr. 935
palatine teeth little developed, or more usually
wanting.
h. Lower pharyngeals narrow, formed as in Lepiopo-
mus, the teeth rounded, not truncate above; gill-
rakers rather long and slender; spines rather
high. +. . . XYSTROPLITEs, 8.
hh. Lower pharyngeals broad, concave, with large
truncate teeth close together; gill-rakers short
and thick, more or less strongly dentate; spines
high. . 6 5 ‘ Evpomoris, 9.
dd. Operculum emarginate behind, ending in two flat points,
with a dermal border ; caudal fin rounded behind; gill-
takers in small auniber, long and strong, dantate;
species of small size and brilliant coloration.
h. Dorsal fin angulated, the middle spines longer than
some of the posterior ones; supplemental maxillary
wanting (? or rudimentary); anal spines 3; dorsal
Mesogonistivs, 10.
hh. Dorsal fin continuous; supplemental maxillary bone
well developed.
z. Dorsal spines 9; anal 3. . Enneacanracs, 11.
zt. Dorsal spines 8; anal 4. 2 HEMIoPuitses, 12.
itt. Dorsal spines 10; anal 4; anal fin with an elongate
basis, its anterior rays being advanced.
CopELanpra, 13.
** Dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft portions
of the latter longest and most posterior, the two fins being
obliquely opposed; lower jaw longest; supplemental max-
illary bone present; palatine teeth present; operculum
emarginate behind; gill-rakers setiform, very long, finely
dentate, in large number (20 to 30 of the large ones on an-
terior branchial arch); fins large, the soft rays of the dorsal
and anal each with 14 to 18 rays; caudal fin emarginate;
scales not strongly ctenoid (Centrarchine).
j. Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12 in
number, not rapidly graduated; anal spines normally 8;
body deep; mouth moderate. . Crentrarcuvs, 14.
236 FISHES.
jj. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines 5 to 8 in
number, rapidly graduated; anal spines normally 6; body
compressed and rather elongate; mouth large.
Pomoxys, 15,
1. MICROPTERUS, Lacepede. Buack Bass.
> Huro and Grystes, C. & V.
= Calliurus, Raf. (not of Agassiz.)
1. M. pallidus, (Raf.) Gill & Jor. Larez-Mournsp
Brack Bass. Oswxco Bass. Dull olive green, more
or less spotted when young but not barred; usually with
an irregular dark lateral band, and three oblique stripes
on opercles; ends of caudal fin blackish, these markings
growing obscure with age; 3d dorsal spine twice as high
as first; notch between spines and soft-rays deep; eight
rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal; anal fin
somewhat scaly; mouth very wide; D. X,12; A. III, 10;
lat. 1.65 to 70. Great Lakes and rivers of the West and
South, abundant in most regions, and, like the next,
highly valued as a food fish. [Muro nigricans, C. & V.
G. nobilior and nigricans, Agass., IZ. floridanus (Le8.) |
2. M. salmoides, (Lac.) Gill. Smati-MoursEp Brack
Bass. Moss Bass. Dark green; young brighter and
more or less barred and spotted, but without lateral
band; tail yellow at base, then black, and edged with
white; opercle with oblique olivaceous streaks; third
dorsal spine half larger than ‘first; dorsal notch rather
shallow; scales smaller than in the preceding—eleven
rows between lateral line and dorsal; mouth smaller;
anal nearly scaleless; D. X. 13; A. YII, 11; lat. 1.70 to
80. Great Lakes and streams from L. Champlain 8. and
W.; common in N. Y. and in most regions west of the
Alleganies; introduced eastward. [G. fasciatus, (Les.)
CENTRARCHIDAl.—XOu. 237
Ag. C. obscurus, DeK. (young.) M. achigan, (Raf.) Gill,
etc., etc.]
2. AMBLOPLITES, Rafinesque. Rock Bass.
< Centrarchus, Cuvier.
1. A. rupestris, (Raf.) Gill. Rock Bass. Goaerz
Eyre. Rep Eryx. Depth about half length; head more
than one-third; eye nearly four in head, very large;
cheeks scaly; front convex; longest dorsal ray two-thirds
depth of head at front of orbit; brassy olive with golden
green and blackish markings; a dark spot at base of
each scale, which is conspicuous after death, giving a
striped appearance; D. XJ, 11; A. VI, 10; lat. 1. 42; L.
8. Great Lakes and rivers west of the Alleganies; an
abundant species. [A. wneus, (C. & V.) Ag. A. ichthe-
loides, (Raf.) Ag.]
2. A. eavifrons, Cope. Depth 24 in length; mouth
larger, muzzle more projecting, the front therefore con-
cave, cheeks nearly naked; eyes still larger, 3 in head;
longest dorsal ray equal to depth of head at front of
orbit; silvery, dusted with dark points; scales with dark
shades; D. X, 12; A. VI, 11; lat. 1.38. Roanoke R.
3. ACANTHARCHUS, Gill. Bass Sun Fisuzs.
< Centrarchus, Baird.
1. A. pomotis, (Baird) Gill. Mop Sun Fisa. Ellip-
tical; mouth large; dark greenish olive, with dull yellow-
ish markings and longitudinal dusky streaks; opercles
with dusky radiating bars; D. XI, 12; A. V,12; L. 5.
Muddy streams coastwise, N. Y. to 8. C.
4. CHANOBRYTTUS, Gill. Wan Mourus.
Calliurus, Ag.
1. €. gulosus, (C. & V.) Gill. Brack Sun Fisn,
Dark olive green above; sides greenish and brassy with
238 FISHES.
blotches of pale blue and bright coppery red—the latter
shade predominating; belly bright brassy yellow, pro-
fusely mottled with bright red; lower jaw chiefly yellow;
iris bright red, as in most Sun Fishes; opercular spot as
large as eye, black, bordered with copper color; three or
four wide dark red bands radiating backwards from eye
across cheeks and opercles, separated by narrow pale
blue ones; upper fins barred with black, orange and blue,
the former color predominating, lower fins blackish;
a few small faint black spots on last rays of dorsal; dorsal
spines moderately high, very stout, the longest as long
as from snout to middle of eye; head 23 in length; depth
24; eye as long as snout, 4 to 5 in head; mucous pores
about head very large; body very robust, broad forwards,
compressed behind; nape rounded; a depression over
eye, the snout projecting, and forming an angle; fins
rather low, with stout spines; mouth very large, with
strong teeth, the maxillary bone very broad and flat,
reaching to posterior margin of eye; tongue with one or
more conspicuous patches of teeth; teeth on palatines;
scales large; D.X,10; A. ITI, 9; lat. 1. 40. Great Lakes
South and West; a fine large species having the appear-
ance and dentition of Ambdoplites, but with three anal
spines and a rounded operculum as in Apomotis. (Ch.
charybdis, Cope, O. melanops, Grd.) In spirits, the
coloration is very dark.
2. C. viridis, (C. & V.) Jordan. Rzap-Eyzp Bream.
War-Mourn Percn. Very similar to C. gulosus, but
differently colored—olive green, with blackish spots on
the scales, and more or less reticulated; form somewhat
more slender; fins, etc., the same; Virginia to Florida.
(C. gillii, Cope.)
CENTRABCHID®.—xXcn, 939
5. APOMOTIS, Rafinesque. Rep Evzs.
(Telipomis, Raf., Bryttus, Cuv. & Val.)
1. A. cyanellus, (Raf.) Jordan. Buiux-Srotrrep Sun
Fis. Dark clear olive-green, each scale with a blue
spot and more or less of gilt edging, the body thus
appearing more or less striped along the rows of scales;
colors variable, golden olive, green or even almost blue;
cheeks with bright blue horizontal stripes; body more or
less sprinkled with irregular dark dots; vertical fins
marked with green and blue and more or less edged
with pale orange; usually a distinct black dorsal spot;
opercular spot small, with brassy edgings; depth 23 in
length, head 24; dorsal spines low and stout; lat. 1. 48;
L. 4 to6. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley and W., abundant.
(C. longulus and C. formosus, Grd., C. mineopas et mel-
anops, Cope.)
2. A. phenax, Cope & Jordan. Olive-green; body much
deeper and more compressed than in A. cyanellus; depth
24 in length; spines higher; opercular flap rather long;
mouth smaller, the jaws nearly equal; lat. 1. 43, the
scales therefore larger. New Jersey. Resembles Lepo-
mis rather than Apomotis. :
6. LEPOMIS. Rafinesque. Sun Fisnzs.
(Lepomis, Ichthelis and Pomotis, Raf.)
* Palatine teeth present; usually no black blotches on last rays of
dorsal and anal.
1. L. macrochirus, Raf. CHarn-Sipep Sun F isa.
Bright steel blue, with many bronze orange spots, which
cover nearly the whole surface, so arranged that the -~
ground color forms a series of vertical chain-like bars,
very conspicuous in life; vertical fins mottled with
bronze, and usually more or less edged with pale orange;
240 FISHES.
no black dorsal spot; no distinct blue cheek stripes, but
sides of head shaded with purplish; body rather elon-
gate; head somewhat acute; opercular spot small; depth
24 in length; head nearly 3; lat. 1.42; L.3 to 4. Ohio
Valley. A small species and one of the handsomest;
extremely hardy in aquaria, and perhaps the most vora-
cious of the Sun Fishes. (JZ. nephelus, Cope.)
2. L. bombifrons, (Ag.) Jor. Rounp-Facep Sun Fisu.
Light brown; fins pale, unspotted; belly and sides dotted
with golden orange; head much broader, deeper and
shorter than in any other species; the profile being ex-
ceedingly prominent, the forehead strongly arched, and
the greatest depth immediately over the opercle; flap
very short and small; soft rays of dorsal much higher
than spines; depth 24 in length, head nearly 3. Ten-
nessee R.; rare. (May be a Xenotis.)
3. L. anagallinus, Cope. Rupv-Srorrep Sun Fisa.
Dusky bluish, with greenish mottlings; sides with many
distinct, rather large, salmon-red spots; belly bright
salmon-red; opercular flap rather large, with a very wide
red margin, which entirely surrounds the black; some-
times a black dorsal spot; spines rather high; depth 24
in length; scales large; lat. 1. 33 to 36. Arkansas to
Tenn. and Kas.; a small, highly colored species.
4. L. oculatus, Cope. Coloration reddish, unspotted;
body short and deep; head short; caudal peduncle and
fin one-third length (more than one-third in Z. anagal-
linus,) opercular flap large, with a round black spot as
large as eye, surrounded by a broad white margin. Min-
nesota.
5. L. auritus, (L.) Raf. Lone-Earep Ponp Fisu.
Rep-Taitep Bream. Sun Percy. Dusky olive; belly
and vertical fins largely red; sides of body largely blue,
CENTRARCHID 4.—XOIL. 241
with rusty red spots; blue stripes on head; spines rather
short; body rather elongate; opercular flap very long,
longer than any in other species except the southern
Xenotis failax, and extremely narrow. Maine to Ala-
bama, east of the Alleghenies, abundant; the only long-
eared Sun-fish occurring in New England. A large
handsome species, known at once by the peculiar ear-flap.
L.6tol0. (L. rubricauda, appendiz, etc., of authors.)
** No palatine teeth; dorsal spines very high; amore or less dis-
tinct black blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal. (Heléoperca
Jor.)
6. L. pallidus, (Mit.) Gill & Jor. Buus Sun Fisu.
CoprER-NosED Bream. Olive green, adults dark; young
more or less silvery, often uniformly so in spirits; a more
or less distinct purple lustre in life; sides with undulat-
ing, sometimes chain-like, transverse bars, most con-
spicuous in the young; a@ black spot on base of’ dorsal
and anal behind; no blue stripes on cheeks; no red
on fins; opercular flap moderately long and wide in
adults, without pale edge, very short in young; body
deep, compressed, caudal peduncle rather slender; head
3 in length; depth about 2; dorsal spines very long;
D. X, 11; A. ITI, 10; lat.1.40 to 45; L. 8. Great Lakes
to Delaware R. (Addott) and 8., abundant. A large and
very variable species, but almost always recognizable by
the characters above emphasized. (ZL. ardesiacus, L.
megalotis, and L. purpurascens, Cope, Ichthelis incisor,
Auct.) Adult specimens are often nearly orbicular and
have the belly coppery red.
%. L. ischyrus, Jordan & Nelson. A large, heavily-
built species, similar to the preceding but with larger
mouth, shorter spines and different coloration; top of
head flat and short; opercular flap large, with a wide
h
249 FISHES.
pale margin entirely surrounding the black; cheeks with
wide blue bands; lower jaw, etc., dull leaden blue; belly
and lower fins chiefly orange. [Illinois River.
8. L. obscurus, (Agassiz) Jor. Briuz-Moutaep Sun
Fisu. A heavily-built, dark-colored species, chiefly blue
and coppery red in life; no blue stripes on cheek; lower
jaw dark leaden blue; opercular spot large, without dis-
tinct pale margin. Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.
7. XENOTIS, Jordan. Loneg-EARED Sun FIsHEs.
1. X. megalotis, (Raf.) Jor. Broz anp Orance Sun
Fish. Sun Percn. Brilliant blue and orange, back
chiefly blue, belly entirely orange, the orange forming
irregular, longitudinal rows of spots, the blue in wavy
vertical lines along the edges of the scales; fins with the
rays blue and the membranes orange; ventral and anal
shaded with dusky blue, appearing blackish when folded;
Jjlap very large, with a broad pale edge which is pink
behind, and bluish in front; lips blue; cheeks with bright
blue and orange stripes; top of head and neck blackish;
eyes bright red; spines very low, lower than in any other
species of this genus; the longest dorsal spine shorter than
JSrom snout to middle of eye; occiput depressed; profile
high and strongly curved; depth more than half length;
head with flap, a little less; eye 14 in flap; pectorals not
reaching vent; lat. 1.40. Great Lakes and Upper Mis-
sissippi River. A brilliantly colored species. (P. nitidus,
Kirt.)
2. X. sanguinolentus, (Ag.) Jor. Buioopy Sun Fisu.
Similar, but rather more elongate; the spines notably
higher and the blue cross-bars much more distinct. Ten-
nessee and South, perhaps a variety.
CENTRARCHID 4.—XCIl. 243
3. X. aureolus, Jor. GitpEp Sun Fisu. Pale olive,
young almost translucent; sides and fins profusely
speckled with golden orange, forming bars or chains;
orange below; cheeks with narrow blue horizontal lines;
no dorsal spots; jlap moderate, rather narrow, narrowly
bordered by light; forehead regularly convex, the bulk
of the body thrown forward; dorsal spines moderate;
pectorals nearly reaching anal; ventrals elongate; head
3 in length, depth 24; eye = flap, 4 in head; lat. 1. 42.
Ohio Valley and W., abundant, frequenting’small streams
in company with the next species and with Apomotis
cyanellus.
4. X. lythrochloris, Jor. Rep anp GREEN Sun Fisu.
Form af Apomotis, the body more elongate than usual
in Xenotis; spines very low; green above with blue
spots; belly, cheeks and fins generally blood red; cheeks
with blue lines; opercular flap very long, entirely black,
without any pale margin. Ohio Valley, a peculiar species
frequenting small brooks; size small. (JZ. auritus, Raf.,
not of L.)
5. X. inseriptus, (Ag.) Jor. Buiuzn-Green Sun Fisa.
Dark olive green, with blue shades; many scales marked
each with a short horizontal black line, like a pencil mark,
these forming faint stripes along the sides of the back; °
cheeks with blue lines; opercular flap moderate, rather
narrow, directed quite obliquely upwards, bordered above
and below by pinkish; spines long; depth 24 in length.
A small handsome species, abundant in the Valley of the
Ohio and 8.
6. X. peltastes, (Cope) Jor. A small deep-bodied
species, with large scales; caudal fin and peduncle more
than one-third the total length; golden brown; sides
somewhat spotted; belly and vertical fins largely orange;
244 FISHES.
flap rather long, with a wide red border; lat. 1.35. Mich.
igan to Illinois.
8. XYSTROPLITES, Jordan. Sun Fisuzs.
1. X. heros, (B. & G.) Jor. A species bearing much
resemblance to Lepomis pallidus, having the same
general coloration, the black dorsal spot, the high spines,
etc., but with the pharyngeal teeth more or less paved, and
with the opercular flap broadly tipped with pale scarlet.
Lower Mississippi Valley. Pomotis notatus, Ag., from
Tennessee is probably the same species.
9. EUPOMOTIS, Gill & Jordan. Ponp Fisuzs.
(Pomotis, Auct. not of Raf.)
1. E. pallidus, (Ag.) Gill & Jor. Parez Sun Fisa.
General color olivaceous, with faint darker bars; spines
high; general form, color and appearance of Lepiopomus
pallidus, but the mouth larger, the opercular flap broadly
tipped behind and below with scarlet, and the lower
pharyngeals very broad, concave, covered with large,
paved teeth. The gill-rakers are comparatively short
and weak. Illinois to Georgia and Louisiana.
2. E. aureus, (Walb.) Gill & Jordan. Common Sun
Fiso. Pumpkin Seep. Bream. Depth more than half
length; greenish olive above, sides orange - spotted;
orange yellow below; cheeks orange with blue wavy
streaks; ear-flap rounded, broadly edged with scarlet
below and behind; lower fins orange, upper orange-
spotted; spines rather high; D. X,10; A. III, 9; lat. 1.
37. Great Lakes and streams, chiefly northward and E.
of the Alleganies; our most familiar species. (P. ma-
culatus, auritus and vulgaris of authors.)
CENTRARCHID4.—XCII. 245
10. MESOGONISTIUS, Gill. Buack-BanpEp Sun FisuEs.
1. M. chastodon, (Baird) Gill. Biack-BanpEp Sun
Fisu. Suborbicular; depth about half length; spines
long, longest equal to distance from snout to preopercle;
eyes large, three in head; dirty straw color, clouded with
olive; sides with four to six well-defined black vertical
bars running up on the fins; first through eye, last at
base of tail; D. X,11; A. III, 12; lat. 1.28; 1.3. New
Jersey to Maryland, in sluggish waters; a small, hand-
some species, known at once by its peculiar coloration.
11. HEMIOPLITES, Cope. Four-Srinep Sun Fisuzs.
1. H. simulans, Cope. Four-Srinep Sun Fisu. Head
24 in length, depth 24; eye 33 in head; bright olive, with
dusky stripes; sides and cheeks with purple reflections;
D. VII, 11; A. IV, 10; lat.1.30. James R., Va. Re-
sembles £’. obesus.
12. ENNEACANTHUS, Gill. Nine-Sprnep Sun FisHes.
* Dorsal and anal moderately elevated in ¢.
1. £. obesus, (Baird) Gill. Sprorrmp Sun Fisa.
Depth about half length; dark olive green, with eight
strong black cross bars and purplish spots; lateral line
usually incomplete; cheeks with lines and spots; oper-
cular flap velvet black, bordered with purple; a dark
bar below eye; D.IX,10; A. ITI, 10; L.3. Streams
coastwise from Mass., southward; a handsome little fish.
2. E. margarotis, Gill & Jordan. Brur-Sporrep Sun
Fiso. Body without definite blackish cross-bars, in
males covered with round bright sky-blue spots; a pearly-
blue spot on opercle; body more elongate than in the
others; lateral line complete; D. IX, 10; A. ITI, 9; lat.
1,30. New Jersey to N. C. abundant.
246 FISHES.
** Dorsal and anal fins greatly elevated, in ¢ reaching middle of
caudal.
3. E. pinniger, Gill & Jordan. Larer-Finnep Sun
Fisu. General color of preceding; body and fins in
males with brilliant blue spots; size larger; lateral line
complete; D. IX, 10; A. III, 10; lat. 1. 33. Neuse
River, N. C.
13. COPELANDIA, Jordan. CoPpELANDIA.
1. €. eriarcha, Jordan. A species similar in appear-
ance to Hnneacanthus margarotis, but with a different
number of spines, a rather more elongate body and a
more advanced anal, which is reached by the ventral
spines; D. X, 9; A. IV, 8. Menomonee River, near
Milwaukee, Wis.,—the only specimens known collected
by Dr. P. R. Hoy; a singular and interesting species,
connecting Hnneacanthus with Centrarchus.
14. CENTRARCHUS, Cuvier. Mawny-Spinep Bass.
1. C. irideus, (Bosc) C.& V. Sarnine Bass. Bright
green with dark spots; vertical fins mottled; dorsal with
black spot behind, which is sometimes ocellated with
orange; body deep, depth half length; fins comparatively
low; the ventral spine less than half length of head and
not reaching vent; D. XI, 12; A. VII, 14; lat.1. 44.
Illinois to Va. and South, chiefly in lowland streams.
2. C. macropterus, (Lac.) Jordan. Lone-Finnep Sun
Fisu. Similar, but more elongate, depth less than half
length; ventral spine more than half length of head and
reaching to about the fourth ray of anal; mouth and eye
larger than in C. irideus; fins much higher; D. XII, 12;
A. VIII, 14; lat. 1.43. With the preceding but less
abundant.
ELASSOMID4.—XCII. 247
15. POMOXYS, Rafinesque. Grass Bass.
* Dorsal spines normally 7; body much elevated; depth half
length. (Hyperistius, Gill.)
1. P. nigromaculatus, (LeS.) Grd. Grass Bass. Carico
Bass. Depth 2 in length; head nearly 3; snout pro-
jecting, forming an angle with the descending profile;
mouth large, very oblique, but smaller than in the next;
fins very large; anal larger than dorsal; bright olive
green and silvery; sides and fins much mottled; the
anal fin nearly as much variegated as the dorsal; D. VII,
15; A. VI, 18; lat.1.41; L.8. Great Lakes to Delaware
R. (Addoz) and 8. W.; a handsome fish. [P. hexacanthus,
(C. & V.) Ag.]
** Dorsal spines normally 6; body less elevated; depth about
one-third length. (Pomomwys.)
2. P. annularis, Raf. Bacuztor (Ohio R.) New
Licut (Ky.) Crappie (St. Louis). Depth two-fifths to
one-third length, scarcely greater than length of head;
olivaceous, silvery below; sides with irregular clusters of
dark spots; the lower part of the sides, and the anal fin
usually plain; D. VII, (V to VII) 15; A. VI, 17; lat. 1.
43 (39 to 48), L. 10. Mississippi Valley, a food fish of
some value; abundant and exceedingly variable. (P.
storerius, nitidus, intermedius, protacanthus and brevt-
cauda of authors.)
FAMILY XCII. (0.)—-ELASSOMID.
(The Hlassomes.)
A provisional group framed for the reception of a
single species whose affinities are at present uncertain.
It includes small fishes similar in appearance to Centrar-
chide, but without lateral line, and the fins little devel-
oped; the scales cycloid, the upper jaw extremely
protractile and both jaws armed with strong teeth; no
248 FISHES.
vomerine teeth are apparent, and the number of branch-
iostegals appears to be but five. The vent is normal in
its position. Vertebree 28. Pharyngeals as in Aphodo-
derus, separate, with sharp teeth.
Its nearest relationships appear to be with the Aphodo-
deride. Two fossil genera, lately described by Prof.
Cope, Hrismatopterus and Amphiplaga, are perhaps
allied to Hlassoma.
* Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; jaws apparently
with but one row of stout conical teeth; dorsal spines five;
anal spines three; branchiostegal membranes broadly con-
nectéd across the chest; body elongate, compressed; caudal
fin rounded; cheeks and opercles scaly ;. bones of head entire.
Exassoma, 1.
1. ELASSOMA, Jordan. Eassomes.
1. E. zonata, Jordan. Head 3 in length; depth 34;
olive green, finely punctate, sides with eleven dark verti-
cal bands; adistinct round black spot behind the shoulder,
D.IV,10; A.III, 6; length of specimens known, one inch.
Lower Mississippi region and 8. W.; specimens seen
from Arkansas and Texas.
FAMILY XCIII.—_APHODODERID.
(The Pirate Perches.)
Vent anterior, usually in front of the ventral fins; dor-
sal fin single, high, with but three or four spines; ventrals
thoracic, without spines and with seven soft rays; pre-
orbital, preopercle and other bones of head strongly
serrated; teeth on jaws and palate; scales ctenoid;
branchiostegals six; coecal appendages about twelve;
air bladder simple.
APHODODERID4.—XCIII. 249
The two species known inhabit lowland waters, and
are remarkable for their voracity and for their nocturnal
habits. The unusual position of the vent (as in Ambly-
opside) distinguishes them widely from the Percoid
fishes.
The relations of this group are obscure. It much re-
sembles the Haplomi, and is perhaps as near to Umbride
as to Centrarchidw. Although the vent is normally
jugular, specimens occur with the vent variously poster-
ior. On specimens with the vent between the ventral
fins, the genus Asternotremia, Nelson was based. Others
have the vent even farther back. From the observations
of Prof. S. A. Forbes, it appears that in this group the
position of the vent is not a generic character—not even
specific, and that the four nominal species, Aphododerus
sayanus and A. cookianus, and Asternotremia isolepis and
A. mesotrema, are to be reduced to one species of one
genus.
1. APHODODERUS, LeSueur. Prrate Percuss.
1. A. sayanus, (Gilliams) DeK. Pirate Prrca.
Head 33 in length; depth 32; greenish olive; a sub-
orbital bar, and dark bars at base of caudal; caudal
rounded; lower jaw longest; D.IV, 11; A. II, 7; lat. 1.
50 to 55; length 5 inches. N. Y. to La., in brooks near
the coast; also throughout Mississippi Valley in sloughs
and bayous.
Nots.—The position of the vent in this family varies with age;
the young having the vent behind the ventrals, the adult in front
—the difference being due to the prolongation of the rectum.
Le)
Or
oO
FISHES.
FAMILY XCIV.—SCLENIDA.
(The Maigres.)
Body compressed, often elongate, covered with ctenoid
scales; lateral line continuous, often running up on the
caudal fin; teeth in villiform bands, sometimes with
canines; vomer and palate toothless; opercles weakly if
at all serrated; bones of skull moro or less cavernous,
with muciferous system highly developed; chin usually
with pores or barbels; lower pharyngeals distinct, except
in Haploidonotus and its relatives, where they are
firmly united (pharyngognathous) as in the Labride;
dorsals two, distinct or slightly connected, the soft part
most developed; vertical fins usually scaly; ventrals
I, 5, thoracic; anal spines generally 1 or 2; air bladder
large and often complicated (rarely wanting); stomach
ceecal, with a few pyloric appendages.
Chiefly marine, in temperate and warm regions, the
following only in fresh water. Genera about twenty;
species one hundred and ten, numerous on our coasts:
* Lower jaw shorter, received within the upper; both jaws fully
provided with teeth; no canines; lower pharyngeals united.
(HarLomonotin2.)
+ Body moderately elevated; depth about one. third length;
caudal double-truncate, slightly prolonged behind.
Haptoronortts, 1.
+t Body greatly elevated at the shoulders; depth nearly half
length; caudal truncate, is _ EvurycHELITHUS, 2.
1. HAPLOIDONOTUS, Rafinesque. Bupsiers.
= Amblodon, Raf.
1. H. grunniens, Raf. Sueepsazap (Lakes). WuitTE
Percs. Gronter. Drum. Depth 3 in length; head 3};
back elevated forwards, and much compressed; spines
strong; first anal spine short; the second very large,
COTTIDZ.—xXOv, 251
attached to a stout bone; grayish silvery, dusky above;
scales rather large and irregularly placed, punctate with
black; D. IX—I, 30; A. II, 7; lat. 1.54. Great Lakes,
Mississippi Valley, etc., abundant. (Corvina oscula and
C.. grisea, of authors.) Three other species of this genus
have been described but their validity is extremely
doubtful. Southward this species is considerably valued
as food, but in the Great Lakes its flesh is ill-scented
and worthless. The large “ear-bones” of this species
are marked with a rude “ Z,” and are highly valued by
Wisconsin boys as “lucky stones.”
2. EUTYCHELITHUS, Jordan. Lake Huron Drums.
1. E. richardsonii, (C. & V.) Jordan. MaasHEcanay.
Lake Drum. Head and shoulders much elevated; pro-
file very steep; eye moderate; mouth rather large; the
lower jaw rather projecting; head nearly one-third of
length; depth about one-half; anal spine stout (single?),
one-third shorter than the soft rays; pectorals pointed,
much longer than the ventrals; opercular bones all finely
serrated; greenish with dark bands on the back; D.
IX —I, 29; A.1I, 7%; lat.1.54. Lake Huron. (I retain
this genus with much doubt. No specimens except the
original type are known, and this may have been merely
a monstrosity of the ordinary Haploidonotus grunniens.)
FAMILY XCV.—COTTIDA.
(The Sculpins.)
Fishes with the cheeks mailed (7. ¢., the suborbital bone
extending backward over the cheeks, articulating with
the preopercle); head broad, usually not externally bony,
but always more or less spinous; eyes high up, near
together; body sometimes scaly, or with a series of bony
plates, naked in all our species; dorsals usually two,
252 FISHES.
soft dorsal largest; pectorals large, without detached
rays; ventrals thoracic, near together, usually imperfect,
but developed in all our species; air bladder usually
absent. Generaabout twenty; species about 70. Mostly
of the shores of northern regions; several small species
abounding in the fresh waters of Europe, Asia and North
America. In habits these fresh water species bear a
strong resemblance to the Etheostomoids. All of them
are singular looking fishes, and many of the marine
species are hideous in appearance.
Oxzs.—In the measurements given below, the total length of the
body is understood ¢nelusive ofthe caudal fin, not to’ base of caudal
as in other cases.
* Second dorsal moderately elevated, not remote from the first;
preopercle with 1 to 8 spines.
+ No teeth on the palate (pharyngeal teeth present, as usual); ven-
trals 1, 3; size small (length 2 to 3 inches). URanrmpna, 1.
tt Palate with teeth; ventrals 1,4; size usually larger (length
3 to 6 inches).
{ Skin smooth, excepting usually a small patch of minute
spines in the axils of the pectorals. | PotamocotTtvs, 2.
tt Skin beset, especially above the lateral line, with small
hooked prickles; preopercle armed with a strong sharp
spine, curved like a cow’s horn; back sub-carinate; caudal
peduncle slender. . - ; . Tavurmsna, 3.
*** Second dorsal very high, widely Setuentaa from the first; pre-
opercle with 4 needle-like spines. . ‘ TRIGLOPsis, 4.
1. URANIDEA, DeKay. Muitixr’s Taumes.
< Cottus, Girard.
* Slender, fusiform species; depth 6 to 64 in length,
1. U. gracilis, (Heckel) Putnam. Mitier’s Tuums.
Lirttz Star Gazer. Tips of pectorals reaching fourth
ray of second D., and first of anal; head 4 in total
length; eye 4 in head; grayish, mottled. D. VIII—16;
COTTID Z.—XCV. 258
A. 11 or 12. New England and New York; the common
Eastern species, found “quiescent” under stones, after
the manner of the Darters. (U. guiescens, DeK.) [U.
boleoides (Grd.), from Vermont, is said to be slenderer,
and with larger fins. U-. formosa, (Grd.) from stomachs
of Lota, in deep water, L. Ontario, is more elongate, with
shorter fins; it needs further examination. U. gobioides,
(Grd.) is larger, much stouter and with larger mouth. It
is from La Moille R., W. Vt.]
2. U. kumlieni, Hoy. Kumuimn’s Cotrus. A slender
species, with the head 3% in length (without caudal);
pectorals falling just short of anal; preopercular spine
large, directed upwards and backwards, not much hooked;
dorsals and anal high; D. VI—17; A.12. Lake Michi-
gan—in deep water.
** Stouter; depth about 54 in total length.
2. U. viscosa, (Haldeman) Cope. Strppery MiLLER’s
Tuums. Pectorals scarcely reaching second dorsal;
head 44 in total length; eye 5 in head; body sub-
cylindrical, covered with a viscid skin; dusky, mottled;
D. VIII—17; A. 12. Streams of Penn., Md., Va., ete.
frequent, often found in caves. (C. copet, Abbott.)
3. U. franklini, (Ag.) Jordan. FRanxurn’s Corrus.
Pectorals scarcely reaching second dorsal; first dorsal
scarcely lower than second; head 3% in total length; eye
41 in head; D. VIII—17; A. 12. S. and E. shores of
L. Superior.
4. U. hoyi, Putnam. Hoy’s Buri-Heap. Body small,
short and thick; head 34 in length, without caudal; pre-
opercle with a prominent, sharp, straight spine directed
backwards; below this a prominent spine directed down-
wards, and one or two minute spines still lower; mouth
254 FISHES.
contracted, with the lower jaw projecting; eyes very
large 32 in head; ventral fins long, reaching about to
vent; D. VI—15; A. 11; L. 24. Lake Michigan — in
deep water.
2. POTAMOCOTTUS, Gill. Buoss.
1. P. meridionalis, (Grd.) Gill. Cave Buri-Hzap.
Goruin. Bros. Murrite-Jaws. Head 3% in length;
depth 5; width of head 33; P. reaching beyond begin-
ning of soft dorsal, to anal; preopercle with a stout erect
spine and twosmaller ones below; mouth wide; palatine
teeth unusually strong; lateral line very distinct, chain-
like, sometimes vanishing behind, and sometimes not.
Grayish, mottled, three cross blotches on back; D. VI to
VIITI—16; A.12o0r13; V.1,4. N.C. to Ala., Tenn.,
and Ind., abounding in many of the streams issuing from
the caves in the limestone region; the largest species
of the genus, reaching a length of 6 inches. (C. merid-
tonalis, Grd. P. caroline, Gill., P. zopherus, Jor.)
2. P. richardsonif, (Ag.) Gill. Lake SupErior MIt-
LteR’s Tuums. Pectorals shorter than head, scarcely
reaching second dorsal; depth 6 in total length; head
44; eye 54 in head; vent near the middle of total length;
D. VITI—18; A.14. L. Superior; one of the largest
species.
3. P. bairdii, (Girard) Gill. Barrp’s Buiu- Heap.
Pectorals long, reaching beyond beginning of anal;
depth 6 to 64 in total length; spinous dorsal very low,
with a black bar; head 4} in length; eye 4 in head;
D. VI to VII—16; A.13. Ohio, ete.
4. P. alvordii, (Grd.) Gill. Similar to the preceding but
stouter, with the pectorals rather shorter, and the dorsal
spines higher, 7 or 8 in number; color dark, variegated;
COTTID Ai.—XCvV. 255
spinous dorsal with two black spots; D. VII—16; A. 13.
Rivers, Mich. to Ills. and Minn.
5. P. wilsoni, (Grd.) Gill. Wu son’s Buiu- Heap.
Rather larger than the last; spinous dorsal higher; and
the upper rays of the pectoral fins branched; Pennsyl-
vania to Indiana,
3. TAURIDEA, Jordan & Rice. Cow- Facrp
ScuLpPins.
1. 7. spilota, (Cope) Jordan & Rice. Ricx’s Scunrin.
Head and body elongate, depressed; head 33 in length;
without caudal; body abruptly contracted opposite base
of anal, forming an extremely slender caudal peduncle;
head very broad and flat, as broad as long; the profile
rising rapidly from occiput to dorsal, which runs along a
sort of keel; eyes close together, entirely superior; pre-
opercular spine extremely large, hooked backwards, and
slightly spiral, giving to the physiognomy a wonderful
resemblance to that of a cow; three spines hooked down-
wards below the large one, the lower concealed; base
of opercle with a strong spine directed downwards; head
smooth; space above lateral line behind head covered
with small stiff prickles, visible as small black specks
when the skin is dry; no spines in the axillary region;
coloration quite unlike that of our other Cottoids; pale
brown, finely speckled and mottled with darker; belly
white; D. VIII—17; anal 12; ventrals I,4. Lake Michi-
gan and tributaries—in deep water. (Cottopsis ricet,
Nelson; Uranidea spilota, Cope.) This species has
been thus far referred to as a Cottopsis, but it has little
affinity with C. asper. Cottopsis has essentially the
character of Potamocottus, but the skin above is densely
villous, covered thickly with short velvety projections.
256 FISHES.
In Yauridea, the prickles are much less numerous,
but are longer and stiffer. The coloration and form of
the body are essentially the same in Cottopsis and Pota-
mocottus, in Tauridea, quite different. Perhaps these
three genera should all rather be considered as sub-
generic sections of Uranidea.
3. TRIGLOPSIS, Girard. axe Scurrrns.
= Ptyonotus, Ginther.
1. T. thompsoni, Grd. DEEP Water Lax Scurry.
Body elongate; depth 7 in total length; head 34; eyes
very large, 4 in head; D. VI—18; A.15. Great Lakes
(L. Ontario, L. Michigan) in deep water; till lately
known only from remains found in the stomachs of Lake
Trout and Ling.1
FAMILY XCVI.—GOBIIDZ.
(The Gobdies.)
Body elongated, low, naked or scaly; dorsals two,
sometimes united, the spines flexible and less developed
than the soft rays; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals
1, 5 (rarely 1, 4), sometimes united, forming a disk; gill
openings narrow; teeth generally small; a prominent
papilla near the vent, as in the Blennies; air bladder
usually wanting; no pyloric appendages. Genera thirty;
species three hundred and twenty-five. Of the seas of
temperate and tropical regions, found on the bottoms
near the shore. A few species inhabit both salt and
fresh water.
* Body naked; ventrals united. ‘ < : Gozrosoma, 1.
i Norz.—- The number of species of fresh water Cottoids as here
given is much too great, as not more than seven of them are
certainly distinguishable. The current genera might with little
violence be all reunited to Cottus.
GADID 4.— xcovii. 257
1. GOBIOSOMA, Girard. Naxrp Gosizs.
1. G. molesta, Grd. Dusky brown; head 3$ in
length; D. VII—12; A.12. Coast of Texas, entering
rivers. A single specimen in the Museum of Comp.
Zodlogy from the Ohio R., near Louisville (Putnam.)
SUB-ORDER.—-ANACANTHINI.
(The Jugular Fishes.)
FAMILY XCVII.—GADIDA.
(The Cod Fishes.)
Body elongated, covered with small smooth scales;
dorsal fins 1, 2 or 3, occupying most of the back; rays
of posterior part well developed; vertical fins never
entirely united:(as in some related families); ventrals
jugular, usually several-rayed; gill openings wide; air
bladder usually present; no pseudobranchie; pyloric
coeca usually in large numbers (30 or more in Lota).
Genera about twenty-five; species about seventy. An
important family, found chiefly in the northern seas; a
single genus inhabiting the lakes and larger streams of
the northern parts of Europe and America.
* Chin with a barbel; dorsals 2; anal single; teeth villiform.
Lora, 1.
1. LOTA, Cuvier. Linas.
1, L. maculosa, (LeS.) Cuv. Line. Burzor. Laks
Lawyer. Ext-Pour. Laks Cusx. Dark olive, thickly
_ marbled with blackish; yellowish or dusky beneath; head
broad, depressed; body sub-cylindrical in front, com-
pressed behind; upper jaw (usually) longest; D. 13—76;
A. 68; V.7; length 14 to 24 feet. Great Lakes and
streams of New England, north to the Arctic Circle,
17
958 FISHES.
abundant; rather rare in the Miss. Valley. A curious fish,
rarely used for food, although the livers are said to be
delicious. [Z. maculosa, (Les.) Cuv. L. compressa,
(Les.) and Z. brosmiana, Storer. L. inornata, DeK.,
ete.] The common European species (L. vulgaris,
Cuv.) seems to be the same, but the American name,
maculosa, is the older.
SUB-ORDER.—HEMIBRANCHL.
(The Half-Gilled Fishes.)
FAMILY XCVIII.—GASTEROSTEIDA.
(The Sticklebacks.)
Small fishes with the body elongated and compressed;
caudal peduncle very slender; mouth large, with the cleft
oblique; villiform teeth on jaws and pharyngeals; bran-
chiostegals three; opercles unarmed; sub-orbital bone
articulated with the preopercle (as in Cottidw, with
which these fishes were formerly associated); skin naked
or with bony plates; dorsal preceded by two or more
isolated spines; ventrals abdominal, of a stout spine,
accompanied by a rudimentary ray; air bladder simple;
a few pyloric cceca. Genera about five; species twenty-
five or less, in fresh waters and arms of the sea in north-
ern Europe and America.
* Dorsal with 2 to 6 free spines.
+ Sides mailed; aserrated bony ventral cuirass and usually a,
bony caudal keel; dorsal spines not in a right line.
GASTEROSTEUS, 1.
tt Sides naked; no caudal keel; ventral cuirass reduced, not
serrated.
t+ Dorsal spines not in a right line when erected, the anterior
ones highest; ventral plates 2—not on median line;
caudal peduncle very slender. . . APELTES, 2.
GASTEROSTEID 4.—XCVII. 259
tt Dorsal spines in the same line, the lowest in front; ventral
plate single, on the middle line of abdomen; caudal
peduncle stouter. 3 . - Eveatia, 3.
** Dorsal spines 7 or more; sides wailed or not; dorsal spines
not in a right line. i : . F 3 PyeostEvs, 4.
1. GASTEROSTEUS, Linneus. Mai.ep StTiIcKLEBACKS.
1. G. noveboracensis, C.& V. New York SrTIcKie-
Back. Maine to Cape Hatteras, coastwise; sometimes
ascending streams.
2. APELTES, DeKay. Naxep SrickLEBacks.
< Gasterosteus, L.
1. A. quadracus, (Mitch.) Brevoort. Four-Sprvep
SrickLEBack. Abundant, with the preceding.
2. EUCALIA, Jordan. Nesr-Buripine STICKLEBACKS.
1. E. ineonstans, (Kirtland) Jordan. Broox SrickiE-
BACK. Ouro StickLtEBack. Head about 34 in length;
depth nearly 4; spines rather low; ventral spine about
equal to eye; color olivaceous, marbled with darker;
males in spring jet black, finely punctate; D. III to
V—I, 10; A.J, 10; length 24 inches. Ohio to Minne-
sota and Kansas, chiefly northward; abundant in sluggish
streams; an interesting species, remarkable for its pug-
nacity and for its nest-building habits.
Var. pygmoa, (Agassiz) Jordan. Lax SuPErior
Srickiesack. Depth 32 in length; head 33; caudal
peduncle short and stout; body shorter and deeper than
in the preceding; vent much nearer tip of caudal than
snout; color similar; D. III or IV—I, 6; A.I,6. L.
Superior.
“Var. cayuga, Jordan. Cayuga Lake STICKLEBACK.
Head 34 in length; depth 44; spines all high; caudal
260 FISHES.
peduncle slender; vent much nearer snout than tip of
caudal; D. IV—I, 10; A. I, 10. Cayuga L., N.Y,
dredged in deep water (Wilder). Probably this and the
preceding are varieties of the variable H. inconstans.
Length 13 inches.
4. PYGOSTEUS, Brevoort. Many-Sprnep STICKLEBACK.
1. P. occidentalis, (C. & V.) Brevoort. Trn-Sprnep
SrickitEBack. Coastwise, abundant; sometimes ascend-
ing streams.
Var. nebulosus, (Ag.) Jordan. Many-Srinep Laxr
SrickLEpack. Head 34 in length; ventral spine long;
caudal keeled; sides not mailed; silvery, much clouded
with olive; D. IX—10; A. I, 8. Great Lakes (not
distinct from preceding except in its fresh-water habits.)
2. P. mainensis, (Storer) Brev. Marne SricKLEBACK.
Sides with a serrated plate; body banded; D. VII—I, 9;
A. 1,8. Kennebec R., Maine.
SUB-ORDER.—PERCESOCES.
(The Silversides.)
FAMILY XCIX.—ATHERINIDA.
(The Stlwersitdes.)
Body elongated, more or less compressed, covered
with rather small cycloid scales; sides with a bright
distinct silvery band in all known species; dorsal spines
flexible and feeble; teeth small, numerous. Small, car-
nivorous fishes of warm regions, usually swimming in
schools near the shore; a few species in permanently
fresh water. Genera about five; species forty-five.
OYPRINODONTID.#.—C. 261
Besides the following strictly inland species, the common
Dotted Silverside [Chirostoma notatum (Mitch.) Gill]
ascends rivers from the sea.
* Mouth very oblique; the upper jaw plane above, concave within;
the lower jaw correspondingly convex, the protractile inter.
maxillaries forming a peculiar roof-like beak.
LaBipestaes, 1.
1. LABIDESTHES, Cope. River SILvERSIDES.
1. L. sieculus, Cope. Sitver Sxip-Jack. River
SitversipE. Depth 6 in length; head 44; eye 3} in
head; anal long, nearly one-third of length of body;
scales small; pale olive, translucent, dotted with black,
the silver lateral band very distinct; D.ITV—11; A. I, 23;
lat. 1.75; length 3 to4 inches. Western streams and
ponds, Mich. to Ills. and Tenn.; abundant where found,
but not noticed till comparatively lately. A very slender
and elegant species of delicate organism. The peculiar
“duck-like muzzle” is said to resemble that of some
Cyprinodonts, especially the Central American Belone-
sow.
SUB-ORDER.—HAPLOMLI.
(The Toothed Minnows.)
FAMILY C.—CYPRINODONTID.
(The Cyprinodonts.)
Head and body scaly; no barbels; margin of upper
jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; teeth in both jaws
and on pharyngeals well developed; dorsal fin far back;
caudal usually rounded; no adipose fin; lateral line rudi-
mentary; air bladder simple; no pyloric cceca; head
more or less flattened above, the lower jaw usually
longer; sexes commonly unlike, the female larger; anal
262 FISHES.
of male often modified into a sword-shaped intromittent
organ; chiefly viviparous.
Small fishes of fresh or brackish waters in both con-
tinents; most abundant in warm regions. Genera twenty-
five; species one hundred and twenty. A recently dis-
covered Cyprinodont (Protistius, Cope) from 8. A. is
said to have a rudimentary spinous dorsal fin, indicating a
close relationship between this family and the Percesoces.
Our numerous species are not well known, and the
current genera are but indifferently characterized. One
species (Girardinus formosus) from §. C. and Florida is
said to be the smallest known vertebrate. The species
here mentioned are carnivorous surface swimmers; many
southern species feed on mud and slime.
* Intestinal canal short, but little convoluted; bones of each
mandibilary firmly united; carnivorous species; anal fin not
modified into an intromittent organ; ventrals present.
+ Teeth in asingle series, incisor-like, notched; dorsal nearly
over ventrals; body stout and deep. CyPRinopon, 1.
tt Teeth all pointed, in bands.
a. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of anal.
bv. Branchiostegals6. . . . «. #MHyYpRARGYRA, 2.
bb. Branchiostegals 5. i ‘ ‘ , Fonpvuwts, 3.
aa. Dorsal beginning directly opposite anal; both fins large;
branchiostegals 4; coloration peculiar. Kenisma, 4.
aaa. Dorsal beginning behind origin of anal; branchiostegals
5B... ewe) ZYGONECTES, 5.
1. CYPRINODON, Lacepede. Mummicuoges.
1. €. variegatus, Lac. The common coastwise species,
entering streams.
2. HYDRARGYRA, Lacepede. May Fisuxs.
1. H. majalis, (Bloch & Schn.) C.& V. The common
eoastwise species—largest of our Cyprinodontide.
CYPRINODONTID2.—C. 268
3. FUNDULUS, Lacepede. Kiiurisuus.
1. F. diaphanus, (Les.) Ag. Barren Kuiirisu.
Spring Mummicuoe. Sides silvery olive, with twelve
to fifteen distinct, narrow, blackish, vertical bars; head
rather narrow; D. 13; A. 13; lat. 1. 42. Coastwise,
abundant, but ascending streams to their sources, hence
found in clear springs as far inland as Mich. (Cope),
Wisconsin (Copeland), Illinois, Colorado (Yarrow),
etc. [2. multifasciatus, (Les.) Val.]
2. F. menona, Jordan & Copeland. Similar but larger,
and the vertical bars bluish white on a darker ground.
D. 12; A.10; lat. 1.48. Rock River, Wis. |
3. F. heteroclitus, (L.) Gthr. A common species of
the coast, ascending streams; D. 11; A. 11; lat. 1. 35.
4. F. nigrofasciatus, (LeS.) C. & V. D.10; A.9; lat.
1. 33; males with numerous silvery cross bars; females
with black ones. With the preceding.
4. XENISMA, Jordan. Stup Fisuzs.
1. X. eatenata, (Storer) Jordan. Srup Fisa. May
Fiso. Pale steel blue, sides with series of bright bronze
spots, forming very distinct longitudinal streaks; head with
bright green stripes; 9 dull; throatand bars on dorsal and
anal bright orange; D.14; A.15; lat.1.47; length 6
inches. Tenn. R.; one of the handsomest of the family.
(X. steliifera, Jor., from Alabama River, with the spots
not in rows, is a still more brilliantly colored species.)
5. ZYGONECTES, Agassiz. Tor Mrinnows.
< Haplochilus, Giinther.
* Body elongate, rather slender. (Zygonectes.)
264. FISHES.
1. Z. notatus, (Raf.) Jor. Buack-Stped Kivurmisa.
Tor Minnow. Depth 44in length; head4; head broad,
depressed; clear pale olive with a few dots above; a
wide purplish-black band along sides from snout through
eye to caudal, its margin usually serrated; D. 9; A. 11;
lat. 1. 34; length 24 inches. Miss. Valley; abundant
(Z. pulchellus and tenellus, Grd., #’. aureus, Cope, Z.
olivaceus, Ag., etc.)
** Body short, deep, much compressed. (Mierdstius, Gill.)
2. Z. nottii, Agassiz. Srrirep Top Minnow. A
broad band and several dotted lines along sides; the
darker continuous bands alternating with fainter inter-
rupted ones; males transversely banded; silvery below.
Mississippi Valley and Southern streams.
3. Z. melanops, (Cope) Jordan. Yellowish brown;
belly golden; a black spot below eye; fins dotted; D. 6;
A. 8; lat. 1. 31. Neuse R. to Illinois.
4. Z. dispar, Ag. Srzipep Minnow. Depth 43 in
length; head 33; the width of interorbital space ¢ length
of head; the width between the eyes above nearly twice
as great as below; snout broadly rounded; fins small;
D. 7; A. 9; lat. 1. 34; color bluish, each scale with a
bronze spot forming very regular longitudinal lines,
which are very distinct; males with dark cross bars;
very small; L. 14. Rivers and lakes of Indiana and
Illinois, a singular and handsome species,
FAMILY CI—UMBRID 2.
(The Mud Minnows.)
Small fishes like the Cyprinodonts in most respects,
but with the mouth different; margin of upper jaw
formed by the intermaxillaries mesially and by the max-
illaries laterally; head and body scaly; no lateral line;
UMBRID.—CI. 265
scales moderate, cycloid; lower jaw longest; dorsal far
back; caudal fin rounded; gill openings wide; teeth
villiform, on jaws, vomer and palatines. Genus one (or
two); (Melanura has never been properly distinguished
from Umbra); species two, Umbra crameri of Austria
and the following. Both are found in sluggish brooks
in mud or among weeds. “A locality which, with the
water perfectly clear, will appear destitute of fish, will
perhaps yield a number of mud fish on stirring up the
mud at the bottom and drawing a seine through it.
Ditches in the prairies of Wisconsin, or mere bog-holes,
apparently affording lodgment to nothing beyond tad-
poles, may thus be found filled with Melanuras.”
(Baird.)
1. MELANURA, Agassiz. Mop Mrinnows.
< Umbra, Giinther.
1. M. limi, (Kirtland) Agassiz. Mup Minnow. Mup
Dace. Doe Fisu. Depth about 4 in length; head 33;
head rather large, flattish above; greenish or dark olive;
sides with narrow pale bars, often obscure; a distinct
black bar at base of caudal; D. 14; A. 9; V. 6; lat. L.
35; length 2 to 4 inches. Lake Champlain to Minne-
sota, chiefly northward and westward; most abundant in
Wisconsin; rare in Ohio Valley; usually associated with
Hucalia inconstans.
2. M. pygm@a, (DeK.) Baird. Eastern Mup Min-
wow. Dark brown with whitish longitudinal streaks and
no trace of cross bars; body less compressed than in M.
limi; head broader, less depressed, with larger eye;
snout shorter; profile more gibbous; D. 13; A. 7; lat. 1.
85. New York to S. C., only in Atlantic streams.
12
266 FISHES.
FAMILY CII.—ESOCIDA.
(The Pikes.)
Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, with rather small
scales; margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries
mesially and by the maxillaries laterally; mouth very
large; jaws elongate, depressed; teeth strong, hooked,
unequal, on intermaxillaries, vomer and palatines; dorsal
short, opposite anal; gill openings wide; air bladder
present. Voracious fishes of the fresh waters of north-
ern regions, two or three of the species reaching a large
size. With a single exception (2. lucius, L. the Pike
of Europe and Asia) all the species belong to the U. 8.
Genus one; species six or seven; the following seem
to be well characterized; many others have beén de-
scribed and some of them may be good, but that has yet
to be proven.
1. ESOX, Linneus. Press.
* Lower half of cheeks as well as opercles bare; branchiostegals
17% to 19; species of very large size, dark-spotted on a lighter
ground. (Muskallunges.)
1. E. nobilior, Thompson. MuskaLtuner. GRrxaT
Prxz. Cheeks as well as opercles half bare; grayish
with round black spots; a magnificent fish, reaching a
length of 6 feet; B. 18; D. 3,17; A. 3, 15; lat. 1. 155.
Great Lakes, etc. (Z. estor of some authors.)
** Lower half of cheeks scaly; of opercles bare; branchiostegals
15 or 16; species of large size, whitespotted on a darker
ground. (Pikes.)
2. E. lucius, L. Grear Lake Pree. Norruern
PicxerEL. Cheeks entirely scaly; depth 7 in length;
head 33; olive gray; sides with round yellowish spots as
large as peas; each scale with a shining V-shaped mark
opening downwards; B. 15; D. 20; A. 17; lat. 1, 122
ESOCID4.—CII. 267
Great Lakes and headwaters of the Mississippi. A fine
species reaching a length of 3 to 4 feet. (ZH. estor,
lucioides, boreus, etc., of authors.)
*** Cheeks and opercles scaly; branchiostegals 12 to 15; species
of moderate or small size, reticulated or barred with dark
green on a lighter ground—sometimes plain. (Pickerels.)
+ Branchiostegals 14 to 16; snout prolonged; front of eye nearly
midway in head.
3. E. reticulatus, LeSueur. Common Eastern Pick-
EREL. GREEN Pike. Head 34 in length; the snout
much prolonged; front of eye about midway in head;
eye more than three times in snout; green, sides with
a network of brown streaks; B.14to 16; D. 16 to 18;
A. 15 to 17; lat. 1.120 to 130. Streams of Atlantic
States abundant, but not found far in the interior;
smaller, than the preceding, but much larger than the
next.
tt Branchiostegals normally 12; front of eye nearer tip of snout.
4, E. eypho, Cope. Hump-Back PICKEREL. Resembles
£. salmoneus, but may probably always be known by
the elevated back and broad swollen ante-dorsal region.
Colors usually plain or somewhat reticulate. Western
States.
5. E. americanus, Gmelin. BanpEep PIcKEREL.
Trout PickEREL. Head 33 in length, the snout much
shorter than in the preceding; eye much nearer snout
than opercular margin, its diameter less than 3 in snout;
dark green; sides with about twenty distinct blackish
curved bars, scarcely reticulated; B.12; D.13; A. 13;
lat. 1.100; length scarcely a foot. Atlantic streams, with ,
the preceding. (HH. niger, scomberius, fasciatus and
ornatus of authors.) (Represented S. of Va. by Z. ra-
venelti, Holbr.)
268 FISHES.
6. E, salmoneus, Raf. Larrie Pickeren. Western
Trovr Pickrren. Size and general form of preceding
or slenderer; olivaceous green above; white below; sides
with many reticulations and curved streaks, instead of
bars; a black streak in front of eye as well as below;
B.12; D. 13; A.14; lat. 1.112. Western streams, abund-
ant in the Ohio Valley. (Z. wmbrosus, Kirtland.)
Resembles reticudatus more than americanus.
FAMILY CIII.—AMBLYOPSIDA.
(The Cave Fishes.)
Fishes with the ventral fins rudimentary or wanting;
the vent jugular, in front of the pectorals, and the eyes
sometimes rudimentary and concealed under the skin;
margins of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries alone;
head naked; body with small, cycloid scales, irregularly
arranged; no lateral line; villiform teeth on jaws and
palate; dorsal far back, opposite anal; stomach crecal,
with pyloric appendages; some (and probably all) vivi-
parous.
Fishes of small size living in subterranean streams and
ditches of the central and southern U. 8. Three genera
and four species are “all of the family yet known, but
that others will be discovered and the range of the
present known species extended is very probable. The
ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our South-
ern Coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of
numerous individuals, and perhaps of new species and
genera, while the subterranean streams of the central
portion of our country most likely contain other species.”
(Putnam.)
* Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin; body colorless.
Ventrals present, small. . . . AMBLyopsis, 1.
Ventrals entirely wanting. . . TyPHLicuTuys, 2.
AMBLYOPSID.—CIII. “269
** Eyes well developed; body colored; no ventrals.
CHOLOGASTER, 3.
1. AMBLYOPSIS, DeKay. Larerr Brinn Fisu.
1. A. speleus, DeKay. Buinp Fisn or tor Mam-
motu Cave. Head 3 in length; D. and A. equal, well
developed; head and body with papillary ridges; scales
small; colorless; D. 10; A. 9; V.4; P.11; length 2 to
5 inches. Subterranean streams of Ky. and Ind., Mam-
moth Cave, Wyandat Cave, etc,
2. TYPHLICHTHYS, Girard. Smati Burnp Fisu.
1. 7. subterraneus, Grd. General character of Am-
blyopsis, but the head rather blunter and broader for-
wards; D.7 or 8; A. 7 or 8; P. 12; length 2 inches or
less, Subterranean streams in Ky,, Tenn., Ala,
8. CHOLOGASTER, Agassiz. Ditcu Fisuus
1. @. cornutus, Ag. Head 3 inlength; eye moderate,
well developed; snout with two horn-like projections;
yellowish brown, dark above; sides with three dark lines,
becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of C. dark, fins
otherwise uncolored; D.8 or 9; A.8 or 9; P. 12; length
2 to 24 inches. Ditches in a rice field, Waccamaw, S.C.
Three specimens known.
2. €. agassizii, Putnam. Head 4 in length; eyes
larger; uniform light brown, otherwise as above; length
1 to 2 inches. Subterranean streams in Tenn. and Ky.
270 FISHES.
SUB-ORDER.—ISOSPONDYLL
(The Trout-like Fishes.)
FAMILY CIV.—PERCOPSIDA.
(The Trout Perches.)
Body covered with moderate-sized ctenoid scales; head
naked; no barbels; opercles well developed; gill open-
ings wide; an adipose fin; jaws with villiform teeth; no
teeth on vomer or palate; margin of upper jaw formed
by intermaxillaries alone; branchiostegals six. A single
genus and one or two species inhabiting the fresh waters
of the northern U.S. Interesting little fishes, with the
general characters of Salmonide, but having the mouth
and scales decidedly Perch-like.
1. PERCOPSIS, Agassiz. Trout PERcHES.
1. P. guttatus, Ag. Depth 4} in length; head 33;
silvery, almost pellucid; upper parts with rounded dark
spots made up of minute dots; D. 11; A. 7; L. 10;
Great Lakes; Ohio R. (Jordan); Potomac R. (Baird);
Delaware R. (Addot#.)
FAMILY CV.—SALMONIDA.
(The Trout.)
Head naked, body scaly, no barbels; margin of upper
jaw formed by intermaxillaries mesially and by maxil-
laries laterally; adipose fin present; belly rounded; air
bladder large, simple; pseudobranchiz present; pyloric
appendages usually numerous; eggs falling into the
cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Fresh waters
of northern regions, many species periodically descend-
ing to the sea; a few permanently marine.
Genera sixteen; species one hundred and sixty. The
SALMONID&.—CV. 271
variations due to age, sex and food are very great, and
have led to the establishment of a great number of nomi-
nal species in all the leading genera, particularly in
Salmo.
* Jaws with evident teeth.
+ Dorsal moderate, of less than 20 rays; teeth strong, on jaws,
vomer and tongue.
$ Scales small, often imbedded in the skin; lat. 1. 100 or
more. . . ‘ ‘i ‘é z ‘ F Samo, 1.
t+ Scales moderate, deciduous, not imbedded; lat. 1. 60 to 70.
OsMERUS, 2.
tt Dorsal very high of 20 or more rays; teeth small.
THYMALLUS, 3.
** Teeth wanting or reduced to slight roughnesses; scales rather
large, loose. . . ’ ‘i 5 ~ . Corzconus, 4.
1. SALMO, Linnzus. Satmons.
(ce For Revision of this group see Addenda, page 355.
* Anadromous species, running up from the sea into fresh water
to spawn; the young remaining there for a time, then return-
ing to the sea where they remain except during the season
of reproduction; upper jaw in males moderately if at all
hooked. (Salmo.)
1. S. salar, L. Great Sea Satmon. No red spots;
young (known as Parr, or Smoit) with dusky cross bars;
males in the spawning season with the lower jaw strongly
recurved and hooked; body covered with black and red
patches; others silvery, with small black dots; eleven or
twelve scales in a transverse series from behind the adi-
pose fin obliquely forward to the lateral line; D. 14; A.
11; lat. 1.120. Northern Europe and America, S. to
Cape Cod.
2. §. guinnat, Rich. Cotumspra River Satmon, known
272 FISHES.
by the large number of anal rays (16), has been lately
introduced into Eastern streams.
** Species not anadromous, living entirely in fresh water or only
occasionally passing down to the sea. (Trout.)
{ In flowing fresh water, retiring to deeper places in winter ;
red-spotted.
3. S. fontinalis, Mitchill. Brook Trout. Sprcxiep
Trout. Mouth wide; teeth moderate; body olivaceous,
variegated with blackish, with numerous red spots;
lower fins usually orange with black and white marginal
bands; dorsal with black spots; colors variable; young
barred; D. 12; A. 12; lat. 1. 200. A well known and
beautiful fish, in clear brooks from the French Broad R.
to the Arctic regions.
tt In deep rivers or lakes, ascending shallow streams to spawn.
a. Red-spotted.
4. §. oquassa, Grd. Biuz-Backx Trout. Oguassa.
Slender, “the most graceful of all the trouts;” blue or
bluish above; sides and below silvery in female, orange
in male; sides spotted with orange in both sexes; upper
fins bluish, bordered with orange; lower fins fiery orange,
margined with white. Oquassa L. and other lakes in
Maine.
aa. Black-spotted.
5. §. sebago, Grd. Smpaco Laxe Trour. Union
River Trout. Every where black-spotted; scales quite
large; D. 14; A. 10; V.10; lat. 1.115. Sebago L.,
Union R., and other waters in Maine. (8. gloveri, Grd.)
ttt Trout living in deep fresh water lakes, coming to the shores
to spawn in shallow water; never entering running brooks
or passing to the sea.
6. §. namaycush, Bloch. Macxinaw Trout. GREAT
Laxz Trout. Stout; head very large, 33 in length;
SALMONID.A.—CY. 278
bones of head strong; posterior point of juncture of
opercle and sub-opercle much nearer the upper end of
the gill opening than to the lower anterior angle of the
sub-opercle; teeth strong; fins large, the caudal deeply
forked; color grayish, more or less spotted, varying much
with circumstances; D. 13 to 14; A. 12; V. 9; lat. 1.
220; length 2 to 6 feet. All the Great Lakes, north to
the Arctic Sea; a fish of much firmer flesh than the next.
(S. amethystus, Mitch.)
v7. §. siscowet, Agassiz. Siscowxzr. L. Superior
Trout. Stout; head smaller, 44 in length; posterior
point of junction of opercle and sub-opercle nearer to
the lower anterior angle of sub-opercle than to the upper
end of gill opening; fins and teeth well developed but
weaker than in 8. namaycush; ventrals farther back;
caudal less forked; flesh fat and not firm; grayish, with
round white spots and markings; D.12 to 14; A. 12;
lat. 1. 200. L. Superior, L. Huron.
8. §. confinis, DeK. Lax Trout or New York.
Blackish, with gray spots; body unusually short and
thick. Lakes of Central and Western N. Y.; a doubtful
species.
9. S. symmetrica, Prescott. WINNIPISEOGEE TROUT,
Grayish and brown above, marbled with darker; white
below; body unusually slender and symmetrical. Lake
Winnipiseogee; also a doubtful species.
2. OSMERUS, Linneus. SmeE.rts.
1. 0. mordax, (Mitch.) Gill. Common Smetr. Head
4 in length; eye 4 to 44 in head; teeth stout, especially
large on the tongue; transparent greenish, a silvery band
along sides; scales very loose; D. 11; A. 15; lat. 1. 66.
18]
274 FISHES.
Coast, Nova Scotia to Virginia; also “Jand-locked” in
fresh water ponds in Maine, etc. (0. viridescens, Mitch ,)
Var. spectrum, (Cope) Jordan. Lanp-Lockep Smenr
Head 44 in length; eye large, 3 in head; depth 84 in
length. Wilton Pond, Maine.
Var. abbottii, (Cope) Jordan. Axssorr’s Smtr. Head
42 in length; eye 44 in head; depth 7 in length; colors
dark; lat. 1. 68. Cobessicontic L., Maine.
3. THYMALLUS, Cuvier. Gray tnas.
1. T. tricolor, Cope. Micuiaan Gravina. Depth
4% in length; head about the same; purplish gray, silvery
below; dorsal with rosy markings and rows of green or
blue spots; D. 27; A. 13; lat. 1. 97. Waters of the
north parc of the S. peninsula of Michigan; a beautiful
fish.
4. COREGONUS, Linneus. Waite Fisuus.
§ Lower jaw longest; Ciscoes. (Argyrosomus, Agassiz.)
* Body sub-fusiform; depth 4 to 5 in length.
1. C. artedi, LeS. Lake Herring. Micnican
Herring. Head 43 in length (44 to 54); depth 4 (32 to
43); eye 4 in head; maxillary 3} to 32; mandible 24;
scales rather large and loose; bluish above, silvery on
sides and below; D. 12; A. 13; lat. 1. 76; length 12
to 18 inches, Great Lakes, etc., very abundant; a
shallow water species. (Coregonus albus, clupeiformis,
lucidus, harengus, etc., of authors.)
Var. sisco, Jordan. Cisco or Laker TIPPECANOE.
Head 44; depth 44; eye 33 in head; maxillary 34; man-
dible 24; longest dorsal ray three times length of shortest;
steel blue above, sides silvery but without the clear luster
of C. hoyt, finely punctate; D. 11; A. 13; lat. 1. 84.
Lakes of Indiana and Wisconsin, living in deep water
SALMONID&.—CV. 275
except at the spawning season; very close to the preced-
ing, of which it is probably a variety, but the habits are
more like those of the next.
2. €. nigripinnis, (Gill) Jor. Buack Fin. Head 4} in
length; depth the same; eye 4in head; body compressed;
fins blackish, darker than in the others; D. 12; A. 12;
lat. 1.80; length 16 to 18 inches; a much larger fish
than the preceding. Lake Michigan, in deep water.
** Body elevated; depth about 3 in length.
3. €. tullibee, Rich. Tuxirpez. Head 4} in length;
D. 15; A. 15; lat. 1.77. L. Superior and N.
§ Upper jaw projecting beyond the lower; “White Fish.” (Core-
gonus.)
4. €. hoyi, (Gill) Jor. Cisco or Laxe Micatean.
Head 4 in length; depth 44; eye large, 32 in head; max.
illary 22; mandible 2; longest ray of dorsal four times the
length of the shortest; upper jaw somewhat projecting,
the mouth appearing much as in Coregonus; bluish
above, sides lustrous silvery, more brilliant than in any
other species; D.11; A. 12; lat. 1.74; length 8 inches.
Smallest and handsomest of the Ciscoes, in the deep
waters of the Upper Lakes.
_ 5. &. elupeiformis, (Mitch.) Lake Waits Fisn. Depth
34 in length; head small, 54; eye 4 in head, about as
long as snout; form varying much with age, sex and
food; the back generally elevated, and the sides com-
pressed; pale olive above; sides white; D. 13; A. 13;
lat. 1. 75 to 86. Great Lakes and bodies of water tribu-
tary to them, north to the Arctic Sea. (This species
seems to be Mitchill’s Salmo clupeiformis, and the latter
specific name will perhaps have to supersede albus.)
(C. sapidissimus, latior, richardsonii, etc., of authors.)
276 FISHES.
Var. otsego, (DeWitt Clinton.) Orsnco Lake Wurre
Fisu. A form, said to have smaller scales, and dusky
lateral stripes, and to be peculiarly excellent for food,
found in Otsego Lake, N.Y. (=C. clupetformis.)
Var.? novangliw, (Prescott.) .Suap-Warrer. Acomus and Minomus, Grd.
* Lateral line with 60 to 65 scales: snout comparatively short;
(Decadactylus, Rat.)
820 FISHES.
1. @. teres, (Mit.) LeS. Common Sucker. Warrr
Sucker. Depth about equal to length of head, 4 to 44
in length; olivaceous, sides silvery, with bright reflec-
tions; males with the sides roseate in spring; D. I, 12;
lat. 1. 63. U. S., abundant every where east of the
Rocky Mountains. (C. communis, bostoniensis, teres,
sucklit, etc., of authors.)
** Lateral line with about 100 scales; snout much produced.
(Catostomus.)
2. @. longirostris, LeS. Rxep-Sipep Sucker. Lone-
Noszp Suckur. Slender, depth less than length of
head; sides with a bright red: band, and upper part of
head with small tubercles in males in Spring; D. I, 10;
lat. 1.110. Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi and North-
ward, abundant. [C. hudsonius, LeS., C. aurora, Ag.;
C. griseus and C. lactarius, Grd.; C. forsterianus, (Rich.)
not C. forsterianus, Ag., which is probably C. commer-
sonii.]
8. CYCLEPTUS, Rafinesque. SuckERELs.
= Rhytidostomus, Heckel.
1. @. eflongatus, (LeSueur) Ag. Brack Horss.
Gourp-SzEp Sucker. Missouri Sucker. Body fusiform,
not greatly compressed; head and mouth very small;
depth four to five in length; head 64; eye small, well back,
6 to 7 in head; lobes of dorsal and caudal much atten-
uated; longest dorsal rays a little longer than head;
pectorals falcate, as long as head; anal fin small; scales
with the exposed surfaces broad; ¢ jet black above, sides
black with a coppery luster; snout minutely tuberculate
in spring; 9 olivaceous; D. 30; A. 7; lat.1. 56; length 2 to
3 feet; weight 2 to 15 tbs. Mississippi Valley, in large
streams. A singular species, quite unlike any other.
CATOSTOMID.4.—CIX. 321
9. CARPIODES, Rafinesque. Carp Suckers.
* First rays of dorsal very much elevated and attenuated, about
as long as the base of the fin.
+ Muzzle conic, projecting.
1. @. velifer, (Raf.) Ag. Srzar Fisa. Sam Fisu.
QuituBack. Sximpack. Muzzle conic, much less obtuse
than in the next; depth 24 in length; head 33; eye 4}
in head; color pale, scarcely silvery, as in all the species;
D. 22; lat. 1.37. Ohio R.
tt Muzzle very abruptly obtuse.
a. Anterior suborbital bone sub-triangular, longer than deep.
2. C. selene, Cope. Moon Carp-Sucker. Back
steeply elevated; intermaxillaries far in advance of
orbit; D. 26; V. 10; A. 8; lat. 1. 87; silvery. Great
Lakes, abundant.
aa. Anterior suborbital bone, much deeper than long.
3. €. cutisanserinus, Cope. Lone-FINNED Carp
Sucker. Mouth usual in position, the upper lip in
advance of the nostrils, etc.; dorsal fin beginning mid-
way of body more elevated than in any other species;
snout with small tubercles in spring males; head 4 in
length; depth 23; D. 26; V. 10; A. 8. Ohio Valley,
abundant.
4. €. difformis, Cope. Drrormep Oarr SvucKer.
Eye very large, and well anterior; the front edge of the
lower jaw in line with the anterior rim of the orbit, and
the end of the upper lip reaching the line of the anterior
rim of the orbit, the physiognomy being therefore
peculiar in the great obtuseness of the head; insertion
of dorsal anterior to middle of the head; D. 24; A. 8;
V.9; lat. 1.35. Ohio River.
** Anterior rays of dorsal scarcely filamentous, little more than
half the length of the base of the fin.
b. Head comparatively iarge, 34 to 4 in length,
21
322 FISHES.
5. 0. bison, Ag. Burratro Carp Sucker. Muzzle
very long, conic; eye median, large, 44 in head; body
elongate; depth 3 in length; dorsal fin elongate, nearly
as much so as in C. velifer; D. 28; lat. 1.40. Missis-
sippi Valley.
6. €. eyprinus, (LeS.) Ag. SiivEry Carp Sucker.
Muzzle prominent, but rather obtuse; eye small, anterior,
5 in head; depth 22 in length; longest dorsal rays about
2 the length of the base of the fin; D. 28, or 29; lat. 1.
40. N.Y. to Ala., Hast of the Alleghenies.
bb. Head smaller, 44 to 5 in length.
%. €. thompsoni, Ag. Laxn Carp Sucker. Short
and stout; dorsal region much arched; scales narrowly
exposed; longest dorsal ray reaching the 22d; eye small,
54 in head; head 4} in length; depth 24; D. 28; lat. 1.
41. Great Lakes.
8. €. carpio, (Raf.) Jordan. River Carp Sucker.
Body more elongate, the depth 3 in length, the head
small, nearly 5; longest dorsal rays shortest, reaching to
the 16th ray; eye small, anterior; D. 30; lat. 1. 36, the
largest species, approaching Jchthyobus. Ohio Valley,
abundant. (C. nummifer, Cope.)
10. ICHTHYOBUS, Rafinesque. Burrao Fisx.
(Sclerognathus, Val.)
* Body robust, little compressed, the dorsal region not especially
elevated.
1. /. bubalus, (Raf.) Ag. Brown ,Burrato- Fisn,
Depth 34 in length; head the same; eye small, 65 in
head; depth of head five-sixths its length; opercle very
wide, forming nearly half the length of head —convex
and furrowed; scales very large; dull brownish olive,
not silvery; D, 27; A. 10; lat.1.40; length (of specimen)
CATOSTOMID.—C1X. 323
27 inches; weight 15 ibs. Mississippi Valley (described
from specimen from Wabash R.)
** Body shorter, considerably compressed; the dorsal region
elevated. (These three the young of the preceding!)
2. L. eyanellus, Nelson. Buus Burrato. Head 3}
in length; depth 24; eye 43 in head; longest dorsal ray
reaching 18th; head very short, high and thick; mouth
quite small, oblique, somewhat overlapped by the obtuse
snout; insertion of dorsal rather anterior; steel blue,
paler below; D. I, 30; lat. 1. 38. Illinois River.
3. /. rauchii, Ag. “Dorsal much higher than in J.
bubalus, all other fins much larger and scales not higher
than long.” (Ag.) Mississippi River, Burlington, lowa.
An unrecognized species. Specimens in my collection
from near Burlington agree with J. cyanellus, except
that the insertion of the dorsal is midway.
4. I. isehyrus, Nelson. Heavy Burrato. “Thisisa
very stout and heavily built species; depth 24 in length;
head extremely broad between the eyes and but slightly
convex; its length 34 times in length of body; snout
short and rounded, opercular apparatus large; depth of
head 14 in its length; width of head 13; eye 63 in head,
12 in snout, 4 in interorbital space; caudal peduncle a
little deeper than long; scales 7—37—7, nearly uniform,
a little crowded anteriorly, finely punctate; fins all
small; dorsal I. 27; A. I, 8; bluish-olive above, yellow-
ish below; fins blackish.” (elson.) Rivers of Illinois.
11. BUBALICHTHYS, Agassiz. Burrato Fisuus.
1. B. urus, Ag. Buack Burrato. Bie-Movutazp
Burrato. Body much less elevated and less com-
pressed than in B. bubalinus, the back not at all
carinated; axis of body over the ventrals about at the
324 FISHES.
lateral line, and but an eighth or tenth further from the
dorsal line than the ventral; greatest depth midway of
body over ventrals and just in advance of dorsal; depth
34 in length; head strongly transversely convex, almost
ridged above, less narrowed downwards than in buba-
lus; greatest depth of head 1 in its length; interor-
bital space 24; eye=snout 54 in head, much smaller
than in dubalus ; snout scarcely projecting; no depres-
sion at occiput; an almost even curve from snout to
dorsal; head bounded by curves, therefore not trian-
gular, thicker, larger, and less pointed than in bubalus ;
mouth large, with a large and pappillose lower lip; man-
dible longer than eye; scales 8—41—7; fin rays D. I,
30; A. I, 11; dorsal not so high nor so rapidly depressed
as in bubalus, the longest ray scarcely half the length
of the base of the fin, reaching to the 15th, the 9th ray,
half the height of the first; anal reaching caudal, its
middle rays more rounded, not so much shorter than the
first; pectorals as long as ventrals, both longer than anal
and less than head; colors very dark; fins all black.
Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.
2. B. altus, Nelson. Dxxp-Bopizp Burrato. Boay
very deep and much compressed; the back is much
arched and the profile descends steeply in front to end
of snout, not forming an angle with it as in many
species of Ichthyobus; depth of body 24 in length; head
4 in length; greatest thickness of body 12 in length of
head; depth of head 14 in its length; width 14 in
length; eye 5} in head, 24 in interorbital space, which is
but little rounded; lateral line perfectly straight from
upper edge of opercle to caudal; scales 8—35—5; dor-
sal J. 25; A. I, 9; color in spirits, dull yellowish-olive;
fins dusky. Illinois. (WVelson. Same as the next!)
CATOSTOMIDAl.—CIX. 3825
3. B. bubalus, Agassiz. Smatu-MovuraEp Burrato.
Body considerably elevated and compressed above; the
dorsal region sub-carinate; belly thicker; depth 23 in
length; axis of the body above the ventrals, below the
lateral line and nearly twice as far from the back as the
belly; greatest depth of body at beginning of dorsal,
which is in advance of ventrals, and a trifle nearer the
snout than the caudal; head wide, rounded across the
top, wider above eyes than across cheeks; interorbital
space 2 in head; head 4 in length of body, its greatest
depth 14 in its length; eye=snout 4 in head, much
larger than in B. niger; mouth small, notably smaller
than in B. niger, and with thinner lips, which are granu-
lated and feebly plicate; mandible about equal to eye;
pharyngeal bones very strong, with large teeth, which
grow larger downward; intestinal canal long, longer
than body; a decided occipital depression; head trian-
gular in outline, viewed from the side; ante-orbital
region strongly elevated and curved; length of top of
head 22 in distance from snout to occiput; nostrils large;
scales 8—40—6 in two specimens, 8—39—6 in one, 7—
39—5 in the fourth; fin rays D. I, 28 in two, I. 29 in
rest; A. I, 10; V.10; dorsal elevated in front and rap-
idly declined, the seventh ray half the length of the
third or longest; the latter reaches to the base of the
18th ray, or more than half the base of the fin; anal
reaching caudal, its rays rapidly shortened; pectorals
shorter than anal, anal than ventrals, all than head.
Mississippi Valley, abundant. (B. bubalus, Ag., not
C. bubalus, Raf.)
326 FISHES,
ORDER AA.—NEMATOGNATHL
(The Sheat Fishes.)
Skin naked or with bony plates; no true scales; bar-
bels always present, maxillary bone rudimentary and
forming the base of the longest barbel; margin of upper
jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; sub-opercle absent;
air bladder generally present; usually an adipose fin,
and in all our species a spine in the dorsal and pectorals;
ventrals abdominal. Chiefly fresh water fishes, inhabit-
ing most regions, especially abounding in South America.
The leading family is Silurida.
FAMILY CX.—SILURIDA.
(Lhe Cat Fishes.)
General characters as above given; genera one hund-
red or more; species nearly seven hundred; a very large
family abounding in the fresh waters of: America and
the warmer parts of the Old World; a few are marine.
Our species constitute a peculiar group termed by Dr.
Gill Ichtheluri. The characters of this group are as
follows: The body is more or less elongated, compressed.
posteriorly, and terminating in a well-developed caudal
fin. The skin is naked and unprovided with sucking
cups; the head in profile presents the appearance of a
more or less elongated cone, and is covered with a skin
which is generally quite thick; it is more or less flat-
tened, and broad above, and gradually becomes narrowed
to the convex snout; there is never a casque, or helmet;
the supraoccipital terminates in a point; there are eight
barbels: the two maxillary, constant in the family; a
pair in front of the posterior nasal apertures; and two
pairs arranged in a curved line behind the lower jaw;
the nostrils form nearly a transverse parallelogram
SILURIDZ.— OX. 3827
between the intermaxillaries and the eyes; the anterior
are suboval or subcircular, and the posterior linear, with
x raised margin, from the front of which the upper bar-
bels originate; the eyes are generally placed in the
anterior half of the head; the dorsal and pectoral fins
are each provided with a stout, pungent spine. The adi-
pose fin is developed, not rayed, and the rays of the
Jorsal fin are few in number. The branchial apertures
are ample, continued from the supero-posterior angles
of the opercula to beneath the throat. The air-bladder
is well developed. The species commonly inhabit deep
or sluggish waters, and are very tenacious of life—
especially those_of Amiurus.
* Adipose fin with its posterior margin free, not connected with
the caudal fin.
¢ Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, abruptly trun-
cate behind, without lateral backward processes; branchi-
ostegals 8 or 9 (rarely 10 or 11); ventral fins normally with
8 rays.
} Supraoccipital bone prolonged backward, its apex emar-
ginate, receiving the pointed anterior end of the second
interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony bridge from
the snout to the base of the dorsal; branchiostegals 8 or
9; head elongate; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw
the longer; anal fin elongate, of 24 to 34 rays; caudal
fin furcate; body elongate, more or less slender, silvery,
covered with thin skin. ‘ r IcoTHa.Lurvs, 1.
${ Supraoccipital bone free behind, not connected with
the interspinal; branchiostegals normally 9 (varying
from 8 to 11); head broad; mouth broad, terminal;
anal fin moderate or rather long, with 15 to 27 rays;
caudal fin usually truncate, but often more or less
deeply emarginate or even forked; body usually
more or less shortened, covered with a rather thick
skin. : i : . . Amrorus, 2.
}+ Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, with a lateral
backward extension on each side; branchiostegals nor-
3828 FISHES.
mally 12; supraoccipital bone free behind; head long, broad,
and flat; mouth large, the lower jaw always the longer;
anal fin short, of 12 to 14 rays; ventrals with 9 rays; cau-
dal fin truncate, its numerous rudimentary rays recurrent
above and below the caudal peduncle; number of vertebrae
increased; body elongate, covered with thick skin.
PELODICHTHYS, 3.
** Adipose fin long and low, keel-like, adnate to the back, more
or less perfectly continuous with the caudal fin; supraocci-
pital bone free behind; branchiostegals 9; anal fin short,
with 11 to 20 rays; caudal fin rounded, with numerous rudi-
mentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle; ventral rays
usually 9; form various, but body usually more or less
elongate, depressed in front, compressed behind, covered
with a thickish but semi-transparent skin; size small.
Norouruvs, 4.
1. ICHTHALURUS, Rannesque. CHANNEL Cats.
* Hye small, anterior, the middle of the head being behind its
posterior margin.
+ Anal fin extremely elongate, its base one-third the length of
the body; its rays 32 to 34; body slender.
1. /. fureatus, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. Forx-Tarep Cuan-
NEL Cat. Head small, 4} in length, the slope from dor-
sal to snout somewhat concave; spines long. Missis-
sippi Valley, and Southwest.
t+ Anal fin shorter, 84 to 4 in length; its rays 27 to 30; body
robust, compressed.
2. L. robustus, Jordan. Rosusr CHANNEL Cat. A
stout, deep species, with shorter spines; dorsal region
elevated; the profile concave. Mississippi Valley.
** Hye large, median, the middle of the head falling before its
posterior margin; anal short, not greatly elongate, its rays
25 to 29.
8. /. punctatus, (Raf.) Jor. Common Cuannen Car.
Brus Cat. White Oat, etc. Head moderate, about 4
SILURID2.—cx. 829
in length; dorsal region not especially elevated; spines
long; coloration of the others, bluish silvery, young
spotted with olive. New York to South Carolina, West
to the Rocky Mountains and Mexico, very abundant.
It has been described under some twenty-three different
specific names. [JZ. ceerulescens, (Raf.) Gill.]
2. AMIURUS, Rafinesque. Cat FisHxs.
* Caudal fin forked, its lower lobe the larger; upper jaw longest;
colors more or less olivaceous or silvery.
¢ Anal fin elongate, of 28 to 28 rays.
a. Head rather broad; anal rays 25 or 26.
1. A. nigricans, (LeS.) Gill. Grear Fork-Tatep
Car. Cat Fisa or tHe Lakes. Miussisstppr Cat,
Fioripa Cat. Great Biuz Cat. Head comparatively
small, 43 in length, its width 5; barbels long; spines
short and stout, serrated; body rather low and moder-
ately stout; colors dark, mottled with paler; size very
large. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and South to
Florida, much the largest of our cat fishes, reaching a
weight of 100 to 200 ibs.
aa. Head narrow, decidedly longer than broad
+ Anal rays 23 or 24.
2. A. lupus, (Grd.) Gthr. Caudal fin deeply furcate;
head narrow, longer than broad; anal rays 23 or 24;
pectoral spines long and slender, dentate; barbels long;
depth about 5 in length; body rather slender; head nar-
rowed, its width 44 in length, being less than its length
above; distance from snout to dorsal spine 14 to 14 in
distance from dorsal spine to adipose fin; base of anal:
as long as head. The species strongly resembles the
species of Ichthelurus, and is almost intermediate
between the two genera, the supraoccipital bone being
880 FISHES.
almost connected with the inter-spinal. Southwestern
States.
3. A. niveiventris, Cope. Similar, but the head broader,
its width equal to its length above; distance to dorsal
spine 14 in distance from spine to adipose fin; base of
anal notably less than head. Neuse River, N. C.
tt Anal fin short, of 19 to 22 rays.
4. A. albidus, (LeS.) Gill. Wairn Cat. Caannen Cat
oF THE Poromac. Head narrowed, very wide in adults,
quite narrow in young, its width 4 to 5 in length of body;
upper jaw considerably the longer; dorsal spine nearer
adipose fin than snout; caudal deeply forked; base of
anal fin 44 in length; A. 21. Pennsylvania to South
Carolina, abundant. [.A. dyna, (Grd.) Gill.]
5. A. lophius, Cope. Bic-Movuraep Cat. Head
extremely wide, its width 33 in length, as great as the
length of the head; upper jaw slightly the longer; cau-
dal shallow-forked; base of anal fin 6 in length; A. 21;
color silvery as in the preceding. Tributaries of Chesa-
peake Bay, rather common. Very old specimens of A.
albidus resemble A. lophius, but may be recognized by
the characters above noted. A. lophius has the largest
mouth of any North American Cat Fish.
** Caudal fin rounded or slightly emarginate, usually truncate
when spread open.
. ¢ Anal fin very long, its base one-fourth or more the length of
the body; of 24 to 27 rays.
6. Head and body elongate; mouth narrow.
6.'4. erebennus, Jordan. Goopr’s Cat. Head and
oody elongated; the dorsal region considerably elevated;
the head quite long and narrowed forwards; much longer
than broad; its width in front of eye only about half its
length; mouth rather narrow, with equal jaws; barbels
SILURIDA.—Cx. 331
long; adipose fin large; spines strong; dorsal fin very
high; anal fin long and deep; caudal fin short; color
dark; gill openings narrow. Southeastern streams;
resembling A. nigricans, but with the caudal fin of A.
natalis.
bb. Heud broad; mouth wide; form stout.
7. A. natalis, (LeS.) Gill. Yztnrow Cat. Cuussy
Cat. Body stout and heavy, with large head; dorsal
spine nearer snout than adipose fin; a widely diffused
species running into many varieties. The following are
some of the principal ones:
Var. natalis, (LeS.) Body very short and obese, with
short, deep, fleshy caudal peduncle, and short caudal fin,
on which the flesh encroaches. This may be simply a
peculiar state of individuals rather than a distinct variety.
Var. /ividus, (Raf.) Jor. More elongate, dark colored;
the jaws equal. Western and Southern streams, com-
mon. (A. catus of authors.)
.Var. eupreus, (Raf.) Jor. Similar, but yellowish
brown, and with the upper jaw decidedly the longer;
generally abundant.
‘Var. ewnosus, (Rich.) Jor. Like eupreus, but green-
ish or black in color. Great Lakes.
Var. analis, Jor. Anal fin very large, of 27 rays, its
base nearly 4 length of body. §. W.
${ Anal fin moderate, of 18 to 22 rays.
ce. Lower jaw distinctly longer than upper.
8. A. vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lone-JaweEp
Cat. Body rather elongate, the depth 44 to 5 in length;
head 34; barbels long; mouth wide; head longer than
broad; dorsal nearer snout than adipose fin; head broad
forwards; A. 20° dark reddish brown, varying. to black.
832 FISHES.
ish. Great Lakes and tributaries, generally abundant.
[A. dekayi, (Grd.) Gill.]
Var. elurus, (Grd.) Jor. Has the head somewhat
narrowed. forwards, the dorsal region more elevated, and
its spine about midway of the body. Upper Mississippi
River.
ec. Jaws about equal, or the upper evidently the longer.
d. Eyes well developed.
e. Body not notably elongate.
f. Head moderately broad; a nearly even slope from the tip
of the snout to the elevated base of the dorsal.
9. A. catus, (L.) Gill. Buru-Hzap. Horn Poor.
Smaut Cat Fisu. Body rather elongate, depth 4 to 44
in length; head broader than in the next, the front less
steep, but its slope more uniform; body less rapidly nar-
rowed behind; anal fin longer, its base 44 in body, the
rays 21 or 22 in number; upper jaw distinctly the
longer; color dark yellowish brown, varying to blackish,
sometimes marbled, the young often quite black. Great
Lakes to Maine and South Carolina, the common East-
ern species. (A. atrarius, nebulosus, hoyi, etc., of
authors.)
10. A. marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jor. Marsiep Car.
Body sharply mottled with brown, greenish and whitish;
the coloration therefore singular among Cat Fishes; jaws
equal or nearly so; depth about 4 in length; slope of
profile very steep; dorsal fin high; the spine more than
half length of head; dorsal spine nearer adipose fin than
snout; barbels long; branchiostegals 10; head 34 in
length. South Atlantic States to Illinois.
11. A. melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Brack
Cat. Body very stout, short and deep, the depth 34 to
44 in length; head not very broad, rather contracted
SILURIDA.— OX. 833
forwards, the front steeply elevated, the body thick
across the “shoulders,” rather rapidly narrowed behind;
anal fin short and deep, of 18 or 20 rays, its base nearly
five in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp con-
trast with that of the membranes; upper jaw scarcely
longest; size small; color almost black. Mississippi
Valley, abundant. (A. catulus, obesus, confinis, etc., of
authors.)
Sf. Head very broad, the slope from snout to base of dorsal quite
uneven, there being a more or less decided angle at the
occiput.
12. A. xanthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. YELLow-HEapEp
Cat. Head about as broad as long, its length 4 in that
of body; dorsal nearer adipose fin than snout; anal fin
short, its base less than one-fifth the length of the body,
its rays usually 19; body stout and short; mouth very
broad; colors pale, chiefly yellowish; size small. Ohio
Valley, abundant; resembles A. natalis cupreus, but has
a much smaller anal.
ee. Body very elongate, slender, the head flattish and broad above.
13. A. platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. Furar-HeapEp
Cat. Form slender, elongate, approaching that of Pelo-
dichthys, the depth being 4 to 6 times in length of body;
head broad and flat, nearly as wide as long; anal fin
with 20 to 22 rays; the base of the fin 43 to 5 in body;
jaws equal; branchiostegals 11; mouth very wide; dor-
sal spine nearer snout than adipose fin; coloration some-
what marmorate; a blackish horizontal bar at base of
dorsal. Southern Rivers; approaches A. drunneus, but
less elongate, and with a different mouth.
dd. Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin; blind cave
species. (Gronias, Cope.)
14. A. nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill& Jor. Cave Cart Fisu.
834 FISHES.
Form, etc.sinearly. of Amiurus melas; but the eyes little
developed; anal short, of about 19 rays. Subterranean
stream, tributary of Conestoga River, E. Penn.
¢tt Anal fin small, 15 to 17 rayed.
‘g. Body short and stout.
15. A. pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Buack Butu- Hap.
Depth 4 in length; the head flattened, nearly as broad as
long; mouth large; dorsal nearer adipose fin than snout;
A. 16 or 17; color black, white below; size small. W.
N. Y. to New England.
gg. Body comparatively slender and eel-like.
16. A. brunneus, Jordan. GrrEn Cat. Body very
slender, elongate, the depth about 5} in length; head
broad and flat, about 4 in length, the width 44; the upper
jaw more projecting than in any other of the species
known; profile convex, not steep; dorsal fin very high,
% length of head, well forward, its spine nearer snout
than adipose fin; anal fin short and high, its base 5 in
length of body, its rays 16 to 18; pectoral spine serrated;
color pale olive-green; a blackish horizontal bar at base
of dorsal. The slenderest of the Amiuri, abundant in
many Southern streams.
8. PELODICHTHYS, Rafinesque. Mup Cats.
(Hopladetlus, Raf.)
1. P. olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. Mup Cat. Body
very long and slender, much depressed forwards, closely
compressed behind; head very long and flat, tapering
downwards and forwards, broadly rounded in front;
head 34 in length, depth 6 in length; dorsal spine some-
what enveloped in thick skin; pectoral spine very long,
flattened, serrated behind; adipose fin high and long;
jaws thin and flat the lower always the longer; colors
SILURID.41.—OX. 8385
much mottled; anal fin quite short, of 15 rays. A sin-
gular species, reaching a very large size, abounding on
the bottoms of our larger Western and Southern rivers.
4. NOTURUS, Rafinesque. Stonz Cats.
* Intermaxillary band of teeth with strong lateral backward pro-
cesses, as in Pelodichthys. (Noturus.)
1. W. flavus, Raf. Ye ttow Sronz Cat. Head much
depressed and flattened, little longer than broad; bar-
bels rather short; head 44 in length; depth 52; distance
from snout to dorsal 8; middle of body cylindrical, some-
what carinate above; adipose fin notched; spine of pec-
torals roughish behind, slightly retrorse-serrate in front.
St. Lawrence to Kentucky and Upper Missouri, abund-
ant, the largest species, reaching a length of a foot.
** Intermaxillary band of teeth without lateral backward pro-
cess. (Schilbeodes, Bleeker.)
+ Pectoral spines more or less serrate on the inner edge; adi-
pose fin notched.
a. Pectoral spines rather small, their internal serre feeble, less
than half the diameter of the spine; anal rather long, of
more than 14 rays.
2. N. insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jor. Marerep Sronz
Car. Upper jaw decidedly longest; pectoral spine about
half length of head, pretty strongly retrorse - serrate
externally, dorsal spine much nearer anal than snout, the
distance from snout to dorsal more than one-third the
length; anal fin with 16 to 19 rays; body elongate;
head flattened; dusky, a distinct black margin to dorsal
and caudal fins; size rather large; Pennsylvania to S.
Carolina, abundant. LW. lemniscatus, (Val.) Grd. WV.
marginatus, Baird.]
3. NW. exilis, Nelson. StenpDER Stone Car. A sort
of “starved” representative of the preceding, smaller
336 FISHES.
and slenderer, with smaller fins; pectoral spine about
one-third the length of the head; jaws almost equal;
dorsal spine nearer snout than anal; distance from snout
to dorsal less than one-third of length; anal rays 15;
color brownish, with some darker mottlings; tip of
dorsal black. Illinois to Kansas.
aa. Pectoral spines very strong, curved, their internal serre very
strong, spine-like, more than half the diameter of the spine;
coloration variegated; a series of definite black blotches on
the back; anal rays less than 14.
4. NW. miurus, Jordan. Saw-Srinep Sronr Oar.
Body moderately but not greatly elongate, the dorsal
region more or less elevated; adipose fin continuous,
high, interrupted by a notch which does not break the
continuity of the fin, the rudimentary caudal rays begin-
ning in the notch; color grayish, with four definite
broad dorsal cross-bars; one before the dorsal, one
behind it; one on middle of adipose fin and one small
one behind it; top of head and tips of fins black; A. 13.
Ohio to Iowa and Louisiana, abundant, readily known by
its coloration and its long, rough spines.
5. NW. eleutherus, Jordan. Free-Finnep Stone Cat.
Similar but larger and rather stouter; the adipose fin
divided to its very base, so that a space greater than the
diameter of the eye intervenes between the adipose fin
and the rudimentary rays of the caudal; anal 11 to 13;
colors much as in NV. miuvrus. French Broad River and
Tar River, N.C. ,
t+ Pectoral spines grooved on the inner edge, not serrated; adi-
pose fin high and continuous.
b. Pectoral spine very short and small, less than one-fourth the
length of the head; head very small and narrow.
6. NW. leptacanthus, Jor. Smatu-Sprnep Sronx Cat.
A small, slender species, with very feeble spines, found
in the Alabama and other Southern Rivers.
ANGUILLID.&.—CXI. 337
bb. Pectoral spines long and strong, entire without, grooved within,
about half the length of the head; color pale yellowish
brown, with dark streaks along the sides.
%. N. gyrinus, (Mit.) Raf. Tapporz Sronz Cat. A
“starved” representative of the next, slimmer in every
way; head shorter and smaller; body more elongate, and
more compressed, almost ribbon-shaped behind; barbels
pale; anal 13. S. E. N. Y., and Eastern Penn. and N. J.
8. W. sialis, Jordan. Cuussy Srong Cat. The
shortest and stoutest of all the species; head short and
very broad, nearly 4 in length; its width about the same;
depth 44 to 54; barbels dark; yellowish, a black lateral
‘streak and usually three dorsal ones. Ohio to Kansas,
N. to British America, abundant.
ORDER BB.—APODES.
(The Eels.)
Maxillary bones rudimentary; body serpentiform; no
ventral fins; scapular arch free from skull; scales small
or wanting.
FAMILY CXI.—ANGUILLIDA.
(The Hels.)
Body much elongated, nearly cylindrical, covered with
small scales; vent posterior; pectorals present; vertical
fins confluent; sides of upper jaw formed by the maxil-
laries; intermaxillaries more or less coalescent with the
vomer; stomach ccecal. Genera two or three; “an
infinite number of species have been described ”(Giin-
ther), but the actual number can not exceed forty. In
seas and sluggish fresh waters of all regions.
838 FISHES.
1. ANGUILLA, Thunberg. Hzts.
1. A. rostrata, (LeS.) DeK. Common American EEL.
Distance between dorsal and anal shorter than head. U.
S., chiefly coastwise, but ascending all rivers and intro-
duced into the Great Lakes. (A. bostoniensis, etc., of
authors.) But one species is recognizable in the North-
ern Hemisphere, according to a recent French writer,
M. Dareste, who unites our species with the European
A. vulgaris.
AMIIDA.— CX. 339
Sub-Class Ganoivei.
(The Ganoid Fishes.)
Skeleton bony or cartilaginous; tail more or less
heterocercal; optic nerves forming a chiasma; arterial
bulb rhythmically contractile, provided with several rows
of valves; air bladder frequently cellular and lung-like;
skin usually with bony plates; intestine usually with a
spiral valve; ventral fins, if present, abdominal. Of this
important sub-class but few species are now existing,
and these few vary widely from one another. Of the
earlier fossil fishes, a very large proportion are Ganoids.
ORDER CC.—CYCLOGANOIDEI.
(The Cycloganoids.)
This order contains but a single species among recent
fishes,
FAMILY CXII.—AMIIDA.
(The Bow-Fins.)
Body oblong, rather.stout, covered with thick cycloid
scales; tail heterocercal, the caudal peduncle curved
upwards behind, “like a sled-runner;” a large bony
buckler between branches of lower jaw; membrane
bones of head much developed, very hard; jaws broad,
with strong teeth in two sets, similar teeth on vomer,
_palate and pterygoids; snout short, rounded; ventrals
large, abdominal; dorsal very long, the ravs of nearly
840 GANOID FISHES.
uniform height; anal short and rather high; air bladi
large, cellular, lung-like, communicating by a glot
with the cesophagus; stomach large.
A single species is found in the larger bodies of fri
water in the U. S. from N. Y. to the plains. It
exceedingly tenacious of life, even more so than 1
species of Amiurus. The flesh is soft and pasty, a
mat ndAthia Tan tinea maaan Se cxuactbes aa acanschs
LEPIDOSTEID.Z.—CXILI. 341
FAMILY CXIII.— LEPIDOSTEID2L.
(The Gar Pikes.)
Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, covered with hard,
enamelled, lozenge-shaped, ganoid plates; snout elon-
gated, spatulate, or beak-like; upper jaw of several
pieces, longer than the lower, which .is formed of as
many parts as in Reptiles; both jaws and palate armed
with bands of rasp-like teeth, and series of larger,
conical ones; fins with fulcra (elongated modified scales)
in front; dorsal and anal short and placed far back,
moderately high; vertebree concavo-convex, with ball
and socket joints as in Reptiles; air bladder cellular,
like the lungs of Reptiles, connected with the pharynx;
stomach not ccecal but with numerous pyloric append-
ages; intestine with rudimentary spiral valve; no spir-
acles; branchiostegals three; pseudobranchie present.
Fresh waters of N. A., from New England to the Rocky
Mountains, S. to Central America and Cuba. Genera
two or three (Cylindrosteus seems to us to be rather a
sub-genus of Lepidosteus); species probably about five
although forty have been described; until some more
tangible distinctions are shown, we can admit but
three.*
*Inarecent work on these fishes, Prof. August Dumeril very laboriously
distinguishes the following “species” among the specimens of Lepidosteus in
the Museum at Paris:
L. osseus, (L.) (= L. gavialis, Lac.); L, louistanensis, Dum, (= L. oxyurus,
Raf. = Sarchirus vittatus, Raf.); L. harlani, L. ayrest, L. smithii, L. copei, L.
lamarii, L. clintonti, L. troostii, L. piquotianus, L. lesuewrii, L. elizabeth, L.
thompsont. L. horatii, L. milberti, L. treculii, Dumeril; and L. huronensis, Rich,
Of Cylindrosteus, he finds C. platystomus (Raf.); C. productus (Cope); C. pla-
tyrhyichus (DeK.); C. agassizit, OC. rafinesquet, O. bartoni, C. castelnaudii and
O. zadocki, Dum,
Most of these nominal species are based upon the most trifling individual
differences, and often the right side of a specimen indicates one “species,” and
the left another. As matters stgnd, we have no alternative but to reject them
all, and to wait for the time when systematic writers shall. be wiser or more
honest.
342 GANOID FISHES.
* Large teeth on the maxillaries in a single row; species oi
moderate size, 2 to 5 feet long. Lepipostevs, 1.
** Large teeth on the maxillaries in two rows; snout broad.
depressed, about equal to rest of head; size large, length
5 to 10 feet. . z LitHOLErIS, 2.
1. LEPIDOSTEUS, Lacépéde. Gar Pixus.
Sarchirus, Raf. (Young with the pectoral fins fleshy.)
POLYODONTID2,—CXIvV. 8438
Diamonp Fisx. Snout broad, depressed, the length of
the cleft of the mouth being about half the length of the
head; color olivaceous; head 3$ in length; D. 8; A. 8;
lat. 1. 60; very large, reaching a length of 8 feet or more.
Mississippi Valley, N. to Illinois and Ohio, abund-
ant southward. (A. ferox, Raf LZ. adamantinus
_ Raf.)
ORDER EE.—SELACHOSTOMI,
(The Spoon - Bilis.)
This order contains but the single family Polyodontide
FAMILY CXIV.—POLYODONTIDA.
(The Spoon-Billed Cats.) .
Body elongated; skin naked, with minute stellated
roughnesses, and some bony plates about head and tail;
mouth very wide, not inferior, but overhung by the long
snout; minute teeth on lower jaw, maxillaries and palate,
teeth sometimes deciduous with age; snout produced into
a very long and spatula-like process, thin and flexible at
its edges; no barbels; caudal with fulcra, as in Lepidos-
teus, heterocercal, the lower lobe well developed; opercle
with a long flap reaching to pectorals or beyond, and
sometimes to ventrals; spiracles present; no tongue; one
broad branchiostegal; air bladder large, communicating
with the cesophagus; intestine with a well-developed
spiral valve; stomach ccecal, with a broad divided pyloric
appendage. Fresh waters of U.S. and China. Species
two; P. folium from the Mississippi, and P. gladius
from the Yangtsekiang.
344 GANOID. FISHES.
. POLYODON, Lacépéde. Duck-Birizp Cats.
= Spatularia, Shaw.
= Planirostra, LeSueur.
1. P. foltum, Lacepede. Duck-BiLtEp Car. Spoo:
Bittep Srureron. Snout nearly $ of length; opercul
flap reaching much beyond pectorals; fins all more
less falcate; color gray; D. 55 to 60; A. 56; length
ACIPENSERIDA.—-CXY. 845
* Rows of bony bucklers distinct throughout; spiracles present;
snout rather narrow, sub-conical. : F ACIPENSER, 1.
** Rows of bony bucklers confluent behind, entirely surround-
ing the depressed tail; no spiracles; snout flattened, rather
broad, shovel-shaped. - . . SCAPHIRHYNCHOPS, 2.
7. ACIPENSER, Linnzus. Sturczons.
* Marine species ascending rivers; lateral shields 22 to 82.
1. A. sturio, L. Common Sea Sturcron. Swarpr-
Nosep Srurczon. Snout pointed, half the length of
head; dorsal shields 11 to 13; lateral shields 26 to 31;
D. 37 to 44 rays. Atlantic Ocean S. to Africa and West
Indies. (A. oxyrhynchus, Mit., the American form.)
2. A. brevirostris, LeSueur. Biunt-NosEep StuRGEON.
Snout blunt, one-quarter length of head; dorsal shields
8 to 10; lateral shields 22 to 28; abdominal 8 to 10; D.
30 rays; skin with minute scattered prickles and stellate
ossifications. Cape Cod to Fla.
** Species of fresh water; lateral shields 33 to 38.
3. A. maculosus, T.eSueur. Rock Sturezon. Bony
Srurazon. Snout pointed, nearly as long as rest of
head; head 34 in length of body; bony shields large,
close together, 13 to 16 in front of dorsal, 33 to 38 on
sides, 9 or 10 on abdomen, all of them rough and strongly
radiated, with more or less hooked or incurved tips; skin
rough; D. 37 tv 45. Great Lakes (?), Ohio R. and south-
ward.
4. A. pubicundus, LeSueur. Rep Srureron. Lake
Srurczon. Head 44 in length; eye 10 in head, nearly
midway; dorsal scutes 16 (to base of D), relatively small
and rather distant; lateral scutes 35; ventral scutes 9;
snout rather blunt, becoming more so with age, rather
shorter than rest of head; barbels nearer to end of snout
846 GANOID FISHES.
than to eye; scutes relatively smaller, smoother and 1
crowded than in the preceding; blackish, sides paler
reddish; length 2 to 6 feet; D. 37. Great Lakes a
Western Rivers.
2. SCAPHIRHYNCHOPS, Gill. Susoven-Noszep Srtt
GEONS.
fod ve? 7 oe fF FF os 4 wae ow
LAMPREYS. 347
Clas = Vit.— Marsipobranchii,
: (The Lampreys.)
Skeleton cartilaginous, without ribs, limbs, shoulder
girdle nor pelvic elements; skull imperfectly developed,
without true jaws; a single median nostril; gills in the
form of fixed sacs, without branchial arches; gill sacs
typically seven on each side; mouth nearly circular, suc-
torial; no scales; body elongated, eel-shaped; alimentary
canal nearly straight and simple; no arterial bulb.
(Class VI.— Exasmosrancai, the Selachians, repre-
sented on our Atlantic Coast by many species of Sharks
and Skates, is here omitted, as its members are exclusively
marine, and it does not therefore come within the scope
of this treatise. Class VIII.— Leprocarpn, the Lan-
celets, is also omitted for the same reason. The latter
class contains, as far as now known, but two genera,
Epigonopterus and Amphioxus, with two or three species.
One of these, Amphioxus caribeus, Sundevall, occurs
along the coast of our South Atlantic States.)
ORDERS OF MARSIPOBRANCHII.
* Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate.
Hyprrroartia, GG.
** Nasal duct penetrating the palate. _ HypERoTRETA, page 347
GG. FAMILIES OF HYPEROARTIA.
_* Branchial sacs seven on each side- intestine with spiral valve.
PETROMYZONTIDA, 116.
FAMILIES OF HYPEROTRETA.
* One external aperture on each side of body, leading by six ducts
to as many branchial sacs; no spiral valve; marine para-
sites, burrowing into the bodies of other fishes.
Myzinide, the Hag Fishes.
348 LAMPREYS.
ORDER GG.—HYPEROARTIA.
(The Lampreys.)
FAMILY CXVI.— PETROMYZONTIDA.
(The Lampreys.)
Body eel-shaped, naked; dorsal and anal fins long a
Taw vaneller aandtinuanne with tha nandal+ mauth enatari
PETROMYZONTID4&.—CXVI. 349
2. P. nigricans, LL. Larex Biack Lamprry. Head
very large, longer than the “chest,” 64 in length; depth
about 13; body little compressed; dorsal fins rather low,
distinctly separated; eyes and mouth very large; a
depression between eyes and snout; a single bicuspid
tooth in front.of cesophagus; mandibulary plate curved,
with about eight pointed teeth; rest of mouth covered
with rather large teeth disposed in oblique cross-rows,
five or more in each row; lips fringed; L.12. Lakes
and streams, Cayuga L., N. Y. ( Wilder), and E.; prop-
erly a marine species. Also in Europe. (P. nigricans,
LeS., the American form.) (Several other Lampreys
have been described from our Eastern streams and coast,
but they are very doubtful.)
2. ICHTHYOMYZON, Girard. LaMPERNs.
1. L argenteum, (Kirt.) Gir. Simtvery Lamprey.
Head quite small, shorter than “chest,” about 10 in
length; depth nearly the same, in adult; body stout,
compressed; dorsal fin very high, with a shallow depres-
sion; eyes distinct in adult, concealed in young; mouth
small, with inconspicuous teeth; color ashy silvery, with
numerous small black dots; larger ones above the gill
openings; L.12. Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, E. to
N.Y., frequent. (Ammoccetes concolor, Kirt., A. epyp-
tera, Abbott.)
8. AMMOCGTES. Dumerit LamMPERNs.
1. A. niger, (Raf.) Jor. Smart Brack LAMPREY,
Head moderate, longer than “chest,” 8% in total length;
depth 14; body scarcely compressed except behind;
dorsal fins rather high, slightly connected; eyes large;
mouth rather small, one tooth with two cusps well apart
350 LAMPREYS.
in front of cesophagus; mandibulary plate nearly straight,
with about eight sub-equal teeth; a few scattering teeth
on sides of mouth; snout rounded; dark blue black, un-
spotted, silvery below; L.8 toll. Great Lakes, Upper
Miss. and Ohio Valley, abundant in many localities,
ascending small brooks in the spring.
ADDENDA.
To page 16, after Canis lupus:
2. C. latrans, Say. Coyotz. Prairize Wotr. This
common species of the Western plains is said still to
occur occasionally in Wisconsin. It is much smaller in
size than C. lupus.
To page 19, after MEPHITIS MEPHITICA:
Subgenus Spilogale, Gray.
2. M. putorius, (L.) Coues. Lirriz Srripep Sxunx.
Black, with white patch on forehead; four parallel dor-
sal stripes, broken behind; tail black, with white pencil
at tip. Size very small. L.11; T. 74. Southwestern,
said to have occurred in Wisconsin.. (Hoy.)
On page 26, for the analysis of genera, substitute:
* Ears ordinary; feet fimbriate; tail at least as long as head and
body; teeth 32+29. . . . . Nxosorex, 1.
** Hars ordinary; feet not fimbriate; tail shorter than head and
body. ‘ ‘ ‘ : Sorex, 2.
*** Fars small, the parts alivsated Panipandlin so as to show no open
ing and no external ear whatever; feet ordinary; tail about
aglongas head. . . . . ~~. | BuaRina.
1. NEOSOREX, Baird. Warrr Surews.
1. W. palustris, (Rich.) Coues. Back hoary black;
belly ashy gray; largest of our shrews; L. 6; T. 24.
British America, S. to N. H. and Mass.
851
852 ADDENDA.
2. SOREX, Linneus. SareEws.
* Teeth colored, 32—29. (Sorez.)
1. S. forsteri, Rich. Ears small; tail 3 length of
head and body; snout slender; L. 44; T. 13. N. U.S.
2. §. richardsoni, Bach. Ears rather small; tail scant-
haired; L. 4; T. 14. Wis. and N.
3. §. platyrhinus, (DeK.) Wagn. Common SHreEw.
Ears very large for a Shrew; tail scant-haired; color
chestnutty; L. 33; T. 14. N. U.S.
4. S. cooperi, Bach. Ears large; chestnut brown; L.
33; T.14. N. U.S.
5. S. personatus, Geoff. St. Hilaire. Ears large;
chestnut brown; L. 23; T. 1; smallest of our Shrews.
Penn. and §.
** Teeth 30—18. (Mderosorex, Baird.)
6. §. hoyi, Baird. Hoy’s Sarew. Very small and
slender; ears large; olive brown; L. 3; T. 14. North-
ern States. (8. thompsoni, Bd.)
3. BLARINA, Gray. Suort-TaiLep Sarews.
* Teeth 82-28. (Blarina.)
1. B. brevicauda, (Say) Baird. Suort-Tartep Surew.
Size large for a Shrew; fur short and coarse; color dark
ashy gray; L. 44; T. 1. E. U.S, common. [B. tal-
potdes (Gapper) Baird.]
2. B. carolinensis, (Bach.) Bd. Smaller; leaden gray;
L. 34; T. %. U.S., chiefly southward.
3. B. angusticeps, Baird. Intermediate; skull usual-
ly narrow; uniform plumbeous. L. 3}; T.1. New
England.
** Teeth 830—1§. (Soriciscus, Coues.)
ADDENDA. 3853
4. B. parva, (Say). Body stout; iron gray, with
brown gloss; L. 34; T. %. Southern States, N. to Penn.
[B. cinerea (Bach.) Bd.]
5. B. exilipes, Baird. Small, fur full; feet very small;
hoary olive; L. 24; T. 3. Southern States, N. to Ills.
The number of species of Blarina and Sorex is still
uncertain, and their geographical distribution has been
little studied.
To page 28, after Tamias striatus:
2. T. quadrivittatus, (Say) Wagner. Missouri Cuip-
muNE. Smaller; inter-spaces between the stripes all
whitish (in 7. striatus, the upper interspaces are colored
like the back); L. 8; T.4. Wisconsin (oy) and North-
westward.
To page 61, after Helminthophaga pinus, add:
2. (b) A. fawreneii, Herrick. LawRENncr’s WARBLER.
Olive green above; wings bluish gray, with two white
bands; crown and under parts orange; a broad black
patch from bill through and beyond eye; chin, throat
and fore part of breast black, these patches separated
from the loral patch by a yellow stripe; L. 44; W. 23;
T.2. New Jersey, two specimens known.
2. (c) H. leucobronchialis, Brewster. Wuite-TaRoat-
ED WaRsBLER. Crown bright yellow; wing coverts
chiefly yellow; superciliary line, cheeks and entire under
parts silky-white, the breast tinged with yellow; nape
ashy; upper surface otherwise olive; a narrow stripe of
black from base of bill through and behind eye; no
traces of black on cheeks or throat; L. 54; W. 24; T.
13. Massachusetts, one specimen known.
354 ADDENDA.
To page 77, after Lanius borealis:
2. L. ludovicianus, (L.) LogGERHEAD SHRIKE.
Slate-colored above, the rump scarcely paler; black head
stripe not bordered above by hoary; L. 8g; W.4; T. 43.
Southern States, up to Illinois, etc.
To page 83, after Plectrophanes pictus:
*** Bill very large, turgid, without ruff; hind claw straight but
short. (Rhynchophanes, Kaup.)
4. P. maccownii, Lawr. Maccown’s Buntine. Crown
and pectoral crescent black; bend of wing chestnut;
superciliary line and under parts white; back streaked;
outer tail feathers white, inner partly white, the white
areas being cut squarely off; L. 64; W. 33; T. 23; B.
nearly 3. Plains, chiefly northward, EH. to Illinois.
(Nelson.) ,
To page 88, after Junco hyemalis:
2. J. oregonus, (Towns.) Scl. Orzcon Snow- Brrp.
Head, neck and breast black; back and wings with red-
dish brown, belly white, sides brownish tinged; ¢ duller;
L. 64; W. 3; T. 3. Rocky Mts. to Pacific Coast, stray-
ing East to Illinois. (elson.)
On page 105, line 5, add to the common names of C.
auratus, the name “ Yellow Hammer.”
On page 108:
In Otus brachyotus, occasionally but one primary is
emarginate; the species however differs strikingly in
color from O. vulgaris, the under parts especially being
less variegated. Mr. Ridgway informs me that the genus
Asio, Brisson, should probably stand instead of Otus.
Our species would then be called Asio otus and Asio
brachyotus.
ADDENDA. 355
On page 188, after R. palustris, add:
2. (b) A. cireulosa, Rice and Davis (sp. nov). Hoos-
1ER Frog. Head broad; body, head and sides with the
ground color largely predominating, and with narrow
rings of a greenish slate color, which become larger and
more irregular posteriorly; hind legs black, crossed with
irregular lines of yellowish slate color; fore limbs simi-
larly marmorate; tympanum black with pale ring; below
chiefly yellowish white; toes very long; size medium:
L. 34. Benton Co., Indiana, lately discovered by Mr.
E. F. Shipman. (Abridged from Mr. Rice’s Notes.)
On page 271:
Genus SALMO.
Since the part of this work referring to the Salmonide
has been stereotyped, Professor Gill and the writer have
been enabled to review the various species of that family
found in the United States. Under the genus “ Saimo,”
as defined in the text, at least four very distinct genera
are confounded, which may be briefly diagnosed as
follows:
* Anal fin elongate, of 14 to 17 rays, vomer narrow, long, flat, _
with weak teeth, no hyoid teeth; snout in adult males in the
spawning season in typical species greatly distorted, the
premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over the lower jaw,
which in turn is greatly prolonged upward and forward
and somewhat hooked at tip; the teeth of the premaxillaries
and of the tip of the lower jaw being then greatly enlarged ;
a fleshy hump also developed before the dorsal fin; species,
black-spotted. . . .« «6 «2 OncorHyncuHvs, 1.
** Anal fin short, of 9—12 rays.
+ Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft of
the vomer in two alternating rows or in one zigzag row,
placed directly on the surface of the bone, not on a free
356 ADDENDA.
keel-like crest; (posterior vomerine teeth sometimes
deciduous); species of various habit, black-spotted, the last
rays of the dorsal and anal somewhat elongate. Samo, 2.
++ Vomer somewhat boat-shaped, the shaft depressed and the
teeth placed not directly on the shaft but on a raised crest,
which is posteriorly free; a band of stout recurved
.teeth on the hyoid bone; scales small; caudal well
forked; dorsal and anal not elevated behind; species of
large size, gray-spotted, not anadromous, inhabiting
American lakes. . ‘ : - CRISTIVOMER, 3.
t+ Vomer somewhat boat-shaped; the shaft depressed and
entirely toothless; scales very small, in 225—250 rows;
dorsal and anal not elevated behind; species of rather
small size, eri¢mson-spotted, the lower fins with marginal
bands of black and pale; not anadromous, but some-
times descending to the sea, in salt water losing all
markings and becoming nearly plain silvery.
SALVELINUS, 4.
In the following account, I include all the species thus
far known from the waters of the United States, as the
general interest felt in this group of fishes seems to
render this arrangement desirable.
1. ONCORHYNCHUS, Suckley. Hooxrp-Jaw Sa.mons.
* Body not greatly compressed; upper jaw the longer; sexual
peculiarities excessively developed; size large. (Oncorhyn-
chus.)
. 0. gorbuscha, (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. Humr-
Back Satmon. Scales very small, in more than 200
transverse rows. N. W. Coast. (8. proteus, Pallas.
S. gibber, Bloch.)
2. 0. keta, (Walb.) G. & J. Exzwan. Scales
medium, in 170 (155—180) rows; B. 16. N. W. Coast.
(S. scouleri, Rich., 8. lagocephatus, Pall., S. Nee
Suckl.)
ADDENDA. 857
3. 0. nerka, (Walb.) G.& J. Doe Satmon. Scales
large, in 183 (120—140) rows; B. 13; C. feebly forked;
form elongate, heavy forwards. N. W. Coast. (8.
lycaodon, Pall., 8. canis, coopert and richardi, Suckley.
S. paucidens, Rich.)
4. 0. quinnat, (Rich.) Gthr. QuinnatT. CaLIFORNIA
Satmon. Scales large, in 120—140 rows; B. 15; C.
well forked; body deepest mesially, less elongate. W.
Coast, now largely introduced into Eastern waters. (S
argyreus, Grd., S. warreni, Suckley.)
** Body oblong, very strongly compressed, back elevated, the
dorsal fin posterior; mouth large, the lower jaw rather the
longer ; sexual peculiarities moderately developed ; size
small. (Hypsifario, Gill.)
5. 0. kennerlii, (Suckl.) Jor. Rep Satmon oF THE
CuiLowryuck. Scales large, in 130—140 rows. W.
U.S.
2. SALMO, Linneus. Saimons.
(Fario, Val., Salar, Val., Trutta, Siebold.)
* Anadromous salmon with the vomerine teeth little developed,
those on the shaft of the bone few, deciduous; scales large
(in about 180 rows); caudal fin well forked, truncate in very
old individuals; no hyoid teeth; lower jaws hooked upwards
in breeding males, the upper jaw being then emarginate
or perforate. (Salmo.)
1. S. sa/ar, L. Common Satmon (see text), When
landlocked in inland lakes, it becomes var. sebago. (S.
glovert, Grd., S. omiscomaycus, Walb.)
** River salmon, with the vomerine teeth largely developed, those
on the shaft of the bone numerous, in one zigzag row, or in
two alternating rows, persistent; caudal little forked.
(Salar, Val.)
+ Hyoid bone toothless.
a. Scales large, in 120—150 transverse rows; caudal fin
forked,
358 ADDENDA.
2. $. irideus, Gibbons. Pactric Bavox Trovr. Form
stout; head short, bluntish; mouth small, the maxillary
scarcely reaching beyond eye. Streams W. of Sierra
Nevada. (S. newberrii, Grd., 8. masoni, Suckl.)
aa. Scales small, in 165—205 rows.
b. Caudal somewhat forked; head small, conical, rather
pointed.
3. S. tsuppitch, Rich. Brack Trout or Laxz Tanox.
Rather slender; mouth moderate; opercle prolonged
backwards; scales in 180 rows. Streams W. of Sierra
Nevada.
bb. Caudal double-rounded; head heavy, shortish, convex.
4. S. spilurus, Cope. Bicg-Moursep Trout. Mouth
very large, the maxillary reaching much beyond eye;
opercle not specially prolonged; black spots most numer-
ous posteriorly. Rocky Mountain region, Wyoming to
Arizona.
Var. pleuriticus, Cope. Scales small, in 200 rows;
head carinate. Generally distributed.
Var. spilurus, (Cope). Scales larger, in 170 rows;
head strongly convex. Utah to Colorado, etc.
+ Hyoid bone with an elongate band of small teeth (easily
scraped off by careless observers).
c. Head large and long—acuminate; hyoid teeth weak; cau-
dal somewhat forked.
5. 8. henshawi,G.& J.(sp.n.) Sirver Trout or Lake
TanHor. Head little carinate; body elongate, not much
compressed; scales in 160—184 rows. Streams of Cal.
ce. Head comparatively short and blunt; byoid teeth rather
strong; caudal less forked.
6. S. stomias, Cope. Scales in 200 rows; head broad
and flat. Upper Missouri.
ADDENDA. 859
%. §. clarkii, Rich. Mrssourr Trour. ConumpBia
River Trout. Head somewhat carinate. All streams
from Rio Grande and Basin of Utah to Upper Missouri
and Northwestward to the Pacific.
Var. clarkii. Scales 155—165. Streams of Oregon
and Washington, chiefly W. of Cascade Range. (J.
stellatus, Grd., S. brevicauda and S. gibbstt, Suckley.)
Var. aurora, (Grd.) Scales 165—175. Streams chiefly
E. of the Cascade Range. (S. lewist & S. virginalis,
Grd., S. carinatus, Cope.)
3. CRISTIVOMER, Gill & Jordan. Grear Laxze Trovts.
1. @. namayeush, (Walb.) G. & J. Mackinaw Trovr.
Great Laks Trout. Lonce Toeus. (See text). Scales in
170—215 rows. Lakes, from Rocky Mountains to Maine,
and northward. Individuals from Eastern Lakes vary
somewhat, but can hardly be specifically distinct. Their
scales average rather larger, the colors are often darker,
and the gray spots sometimes tinged with red. (8. con-
Jinis, DeKay, S. symmetrica, Prescott, 8S. toma, Hamlin,
S. adarondacus, Norris.)
2. G. siscowet, (Ag.) G. & J. Siscowzr. Differs
from the preceding in the great fatness of the flesh, and
in having all the bones of the head shortened and broad-
ened; scales in 175—-180 rows. Lake Superior.
4. SALVELINUS, Richardson. CHarrs.
(Umbla, Rapp. Baione, DeKay. Salmo, Siebold.)
+ Hyoid bone with a median band of teeth.
a. Body elongate, slender, compressed; head quite small,
with mouth smaller than in any other of our trouts, the
maxillary not reaching to posterior margin of eye; cau-
dal well forked; adipose fin small; red spots small, con-
fined to the sides of the body.
360 ADDENDA.
1. S. oguassa, (Grd.) G.& J. Raneerey Lake Trovr.
(See text.)
aa. Body stout; head large, broad above, with large mouth,
the maxillary reaching past eye; caudal little forked;
adipose fin very large; red spots large, on back as well
as on sides,
2. §. spectabilis, (Grd.)G.& J. Pacrric Rep-Spotrep
Trout. Streams W. of Sierra Nevada. (S. campbelli
and S. parkii, Suckley.)
** Hyoid bone toothless; adipose fin small.
bo. Head very large and pointed.
3. §. bairdii, (Suckl.) G. & J. “Dotty Varpen
Trout.” Streams W. of Sierra Nevada.
bb. Head large; rather bluntish.
4. §. fontinalis, (Mitch.) G. & J. Common SpecKLED
Trout. (See text.). D. 2,11; A.2,9. Scales in 225
rows. Georgia (Little Tennessee River) to Lake Supe-
rior, Hudson’s Bay, and Newfoundland; entering the sea,
where it becomes the Canadian “Salmon Trout.” (8.
hudsonicus Suckley, S. immaculatus Storer, S. cana-
densis Smith, 8. hearnii Rich.)
On page 274:
Genus COREGONUS.
I am indebted to Prof. James W. Milner of the U. 8.
Fish Commission, for an opportunity to examine some of
the manuscript of his forthcoming review of the Core-
goni, and to study a very full series of the specimens on
which the review is based. For many of the conclusions
below given, I am indebted to Prof. Milner, but for the
generic and specific diagnoses and their arrangement
here, the present writer only is responsible. The species
referred in the text to Coregonus, fall into four well-
marked groups, three of which at least may at present
ADDENDA. 361
be regarded as genera, although they are much more
closely related than the genera of Salmons. These
genera or subgenera may be briefly defined as follows:
* Premaxillaries narrow, placed more or less nearly horizontally,
the mandible elongate, its tip about even with that of the
upper jaw; the general outline of the muzzle therefore rather
pointed; bones of head generally elongate. ARa@yRosomus, 1.
** Premaxillaries broad, placed vertically or turned inward, over-
lapping the tip of the lower jaw, the general outline of the
muzzle therefore rather bluntish or truncate; mandible and
bones of the head generally shortened.
¢ Supraorbital elongate; preorbital long and narrow; mazxil-
lary comparatively long, reaching to pupil; the small sup-
plemental bone ovate in form, rather broad; mouth not
verysmall . . - + . CorREGoNtS, 2.
¢¢ Supraorbital short, broadly ovate, cap-like; preorbital com-
paratively short and broad; maxillary short and rather
broad, not reaching to the line of the eye; the small sup-
plementary bone narrow and sharply elliptical; mouth
very small, the snout more or less produced.
Prosorroum, 3.
1. ARGYROSOMUS, Agassiz. Cuiscoxs.
* Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like; the sides strongly
compressed; curve of the back similar to that of the belly;
scales large, notably larger forwards, rather closely imbri-
cated, the posterior margin little convex. (Allosomus, Jordan.)
1. A. tullibee, (Rich.) Ag. Depth 3 in length; at
posterior point of adipose fin equal to length of can-
dal peduncle, 8} in length; head 4 in length, conic and
compressed; eye 44 in head; maxillary reaching nearly
to middle of eye; jaws equal; tongue with a patch of
teeth; D. 2,11; A. 2, 11; lat. 1. 74, 8 rows above it and
% below; white, each scale with a bright silvery patch,
these forming very distinct silvery stripes along the rows
of scales. Upper Great Lakes and N. A species of
this type occurs also in the eastern part of Lake Erie.
16
3862 ADDENDA.
** Body elongate, subfusiform, less compressed; dorsal and ven-
tral outlines dissimilar; scales smaller, loose and uniform,
posteriorly more convex. (Argyrosomus.)
2. A. nigripinnis, Gill. Buack Fin. Biur Fin. (See
text.)
3. A. artedi, (Le Sueur) Hoy. Common Laxze Hzr-
RING. (See text.)
4. A. hoyi, Gill. Cisco of Lake Michigan. (See text.)
2. COREGONUS, Linnzus. Wauits Fisues.
* Body elongate; tongue with evident teeth.
1. €. labradoricus, Richardson. Lake WHitine.
Brack Cisco. Body elongate, compressed, the depth
44 in length; head long and slender, somewhat pointed,
4% in length; mouth moderate, reaching front of pupil;
dorsal high in front, 2, 11; A. 2,11; lat. 1, 80—84; about
eight rows above and seven below; fins all blackish;
color rather dark bluish, sides silvery. Lakes from
Northern N. Y. to New Hampshire and Labrador. (C.
neohantoniensis, Prescott.)
** Body stout, becoming deep and elevated with age; no teeth.
2. €. elupeiformis, (Mitchill) Milner. Common WHITE
Fisu. (See text, C. albus.) (C. otsego, Clinton.)
3. PROSOPIUM, Milner. Rounp Wuarre Fisx.
1. P. quadrilatera/e, (Rich.) Milner. Mrnomoner
Wuite Fisu. (See text.) The Shad-waiter (C. novan:
glic, Prescott) of the lakes of N. N. Y. and N. H.,
is apparently identical with this species.
2. P. couesii, Milner. Cuter Mountain Waite Fis.
(See text.) (For further Addenda, see page 403.)
LIST OF PAPERS
OF WHIOH USH HAS BEEN MADE IN THE PREPARATION
OF THIS WORK.
The following list comprises many of the books and memoirs
which have been found useful to the author in the preparation of
this work, It is not designed to be exhaustive, and except in the
department of Fishes, it is not at all full. The recent elaborate
works on Mammals and Birds render references to earlier writ-
ingg less necessary in the study of those animals than inthe study
of the Fishes, all the literature pertaining to the latter being, as
yet, more or less scattering and incomplete.
The names of the authors have been arranged in alphabetical
order. Several of the longer or more irrelevant titles have been,
to save space, shortened or otherwise modified.
Agassiz (Louis). Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1842.
Lake Superior, 1850.
On a Collection ot Fishes from the Southern bend of the
Tennessee River in Alabama, 1854.
On the Ichthyological Fauna (Cyprinida) of the Pacific
Slope, in American Journal of Science and Arts, 1855.
Contributions to the Natural History of North America,
Part II, North American Testudinata, 1857.
ALLEN (Harrison), Monograph of Bats of North America, 1864.
ALLEN (Joel Asaph), Mammals of Iowa, 1869.
Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, 1870.
Bairp (Spencer Fullerton) and Grrarp (Charles), Catalogue of
North American Reptiles, Part I, Serpents, 1853.
Mammals of N. A., Vol. VIII, Pacific R. R. Explorations
and Surveys, 1857.
— Review of North American Birds in Smithsonian Miscel-
laneous Contributions, 1864 to 1872.
Barmp (S. F.), Brewer (Thomas M.), and Rrpeway (Robert),
History of North Am. Birds, Vols. I, II and ITI, 1874.
(363)
364 LIST OF PAPERS.
Core (Edward Drinker), A partial Catalogue of the Cold-
Blooded Vertebrata of Michigan, 1864-1865.
Review of Plethodontide and Desmognathide, and Review
of Ambiystomide, in Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy, 1866.
— Cyprinide of Pennsylvania, 1866.
——— Synopsis of the genera Hypsilepis and Photogenis, 1867.
On Phenacobius, 1867.
On the Fishes of the Allegheny Region of Southwest Vir-
ginia, 1868.
On some Etheostomine Perch from Tennessee and North
Carolina, 1870.
A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of North Carolina, 1870.
Report on Reptiles and Fishes, in Hayden’s Geological
Survey of Wyoming, for 1870. 1872.
Check List of North Am. Batrachia and Reptilia, 1875.
Cork (Edward Drinker) and Yarrow (Henry C.), Report on
Fishes in Lieut. Wheeler’s Explorations, 1876.
Couzs (Elliott), Key to North American Birds, 1872.
Check List of Birds, 1873.
Birds of the Northwest, 1874.
Synopsis of the Muride of North America, 1875.
Precursory Notes on N. Am. Insectivorous Mammals, 1877.
Monograph of Fur-bearing Animals (Musteléda), 1877.
Covss (Elliott) and Yarrow (Henry C.), Report on Mammals in
Lieut. Wheeler’s Explorations and Surveys west of the
100th Meridian, 1876.
Covss (Elliott) and ALLEN (J. A.), Monographs of North Ameri-
can Rodentia, 1877.
Cuvier (George Christian Leopold Dagobert) and VALENCIENNES
(Achille), Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 32 vols.
1828 to 1849.
DeKay (James E.), Natural History of New York—Fishes, 1842.
DoumeERIL (August), Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 2 vols., 1865
to 1870.
GiLL (Theodore Nicholas), Numerous minor papers in the Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences and
elsewhere, 1858-1865.
LIST OF PAPERS. 365
——— Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872.
—— Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, 1872.
On the genus Micropterus (Lac.), or Grystes (Auct.), 1873,
Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North
America in the Rept. U. 8. Fish Commissioner for
1871-1872. 1873.
Ichthyology of Capt. Simpson’s Explorations across the
Great Basin of Utah, 1876.
Scientific names of our Common Sun Fishes, in Field and
Forest, 1877, p. 188.
GrraRD (Charles), Monograph of the Fresh Water Cottoids of N.
A., in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1851.
Researches upon Cyprinoid Fishes in Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1856.
Explorations and Surveys for the Pacific R. R., Vol. X,
Fishes, 1858.
Ichthyology U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, 1859.
Ichthyological Notices, and other papers, in the Proceed-
ings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1859. ,
Gray (John Edward), Catalogue of Lizards in the British
Museum, 1842.
GuNTHER (Albert), Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes, 1858.
Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia, 1858.
Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum, 8 vols.
1859 to 1870.
HoisKoox (John Edwards), North American Herpetology.
Ichthyology of South Carolina, 1860.
JORDAN (David Starr) and CopELanpD (Herbert Edson), Check List
of the Fresh Water Fishes of North America, 1876.
JoRrpAN (D. §.), On the Fishes of North. Indiana, in Proceedings
of the Academy of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877.
—— A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, in
Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist of New York, 1877.
Review of Rafinesque’s Memoirs on Am. Fresh Water
Fishes, and Monographs of Szlurida, Catostomida, etc.,
in Bulletins IX, X and XII of the U.S. National
Museum, 1877-1878.
366 LIST OF PAPERS.
JoRDAN (D. 8.) and Brayton (Alembert. Winthrop), On the Dis-
tribution of the Fishes of the Alleghany region of the
Southern States, in Bulletin XII of the U.S. National
Museum, 1878.
JORDAN (D.§.) and Brayton (A. W.), On Lagochila—a new genus
of Catostomoid Fishes, 1877.
Kirrianp (Jared Potter), Fishes of the Ohio River and its Tribu-
taries, 1888-1845.
Kurpart (John H.), First Annual Report Ohio State Fish Com-
mission (descriptions by D. 8. Jordan and Chas. H.
Gilbert), 1877.
LeSveEvur (Charles A.), Monograph of the genus Catostomus and
numerous other papers in early numbers of the
Journal of the Phil. Academy, etc., 1817 to 1825.
MUILNER (James N.), On species of Argyrosomus and Coregonus,
and on the Grayling, in the Rept.U. S. Fish Commis-
sioner for 1872-1873. 1874.
NeEtson (Edward W.), A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of
Illinois, 1876.
Pornam (Frederick Ward), Bulletin of the Museum of Compara-
live Zodlogy, I, 1863.
The Mammoth Cave and its Inhabitants.
RaFINESQvE (Constantine Samuel), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820,
and numerous earlier papers, 1814 to 1820.
Ricwarpson (John), Fauna Boreali-Amer. III, Fishes, 1836.
Storer (David Humphreys), Synopsis of the Fishes of North
America in Memoirs of the American Academy, 1846.
History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1867.
Suckuey (George), Monograph of the genus Salmo, 1878.
VarLLant (Leon), Recherches sur les Poissons de eau douce de
Nord Amerique (Etheostomatide), 1874.
GLOSSARY
oF THE
Principat Trecanicat Terms
USED IN THIS WORK. *
Abdomen—Belly.
Abdominal—Pertaining to the belly—said of the ventral fins of
fishes when inserted considerably behind the pectorals, away
from the shoulder girdle.
Abortive—Remaining or becoming imperfect.
Acuminate—Tapering gradually to a point.
Acute—Sharp-pointed.
Adipose fin—A peculiar, fleshy, fin-like projection on the backs
of Salmons, Cat Fishes, etc., behind the dorsal fin.
Air bladder—A sac filled with air, lying beneath the back-bone of
fishes, corresponding to the lungs of the higher vertebrates.
Allantots—An organ of the embryo.
Alirices—Birds reared in the nest and fed by the parents.
Altricial—Having the nature of Altrices.
Alula—The feathers attached to the “thumb” of a bird.
Alweolar surface—A. portion of the jaw of a turtle, where the
teeth-sockets (alveola) might be expected to be.
Amnion—An organ of the embryo.
Amphicalian—Biconcave —said of vertebre.
Anadromous—Said of marine fishes which run up rivers to spawn.
Anal—Pertaining to the anus or vent.
Anal fin—The fin on the median line, behind the vent, in fishes.
Anal plate—The plate, immediately in front of the vent, in ser-
pents.
*In the preparation of this Glossary, the author has largely drawn from
Dr. Coues’ “ Glossary of the Technical Terms used in Descriptive Ornithology,”
in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s History of North American Birds, Vol. III.
pp. 585—560.
(867)
368 GLOSSARY.
Anteorbital plate—The plate, in front of the eye, in Serpents.
Antrorse—Turned forwards.
Anus—The external opening of the intestines.
Arterial bulb—The muscular swelling, at the base of the great
artery, in fishes, etc.
Articulated—Jointed.
Artiodactylous—Even-toed (toes 2 or 4.)
Attenuate—Long and slender, as if drawn out.
Auricle—The large lobe of the external ear; also, one of the
chambers of the heart.
Barbel—An elongated fleshy projection, usually about the head,
in fishes.
Basal—Pertaining to the base; at or near the base.
Beak—The bill of birds, or (in other animals) any beak-like
structure.
Bend of Wing—Angle at the carpus when the wing is folded.
Bicolor—Two-colored.
Booted—Said of the tarsus, when its scales coalesce and form a
continuous envelope.
Branchie—Gills; respiratory organs of fishes, etc.
Branchial—Pertaining to the gills. *
Branchiostegals—The bony rays supporting the branchiostegal
membranes, under the head of a fish, below the opercular
bones, and behind the lower jaw.
Bristle—A stiff hair, or hair-like feather.
Caducous—Falling off early.
Calcwreous—Containing or composed of carbonate of lime.
Canines—The teeth behind the incisors—the “eye-teeth”; in
fishes, teeth in the front part of the jaws, longer than the
others.
Carapace—The upper part of the shell of a turtle.
Carinate—Keeled, having a ridge along the middle line.
Carpus—The wrist.
Caudal—Pertaining to the tail.
Caudal fin—The fin on the tail of fishes.
Caudal peduncle—The region between the anal and caudal fins in
fishes.
Cavernous—Containing cavities, either empty or filled with a
mucous secretion.
GLOSSARY. 869
Cere—Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous covering of the base of
the Dill in many birds, particularly the Owls, Hawks, and
Parrots.
Cervical—Pertaining to the neck.
Chiasma—Crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve.
Chin—The space between the forks of the lower jaw.
Ciliated—F ringed with eye-lash-like projections.
Cinereous—Ashy in color.
Clamatorial—Pertaining to or like the Clamatores.
Clavicle—The collar bone. ;
Cecal—Of the form of a blind sac.
Cecum—An appendage of the form of a blind sac, connected with
the alimentary canal.
Commissure—The line on which the mandibles of a bird are closed.
Compressed—F lattened laterally.
Condyle—Articulating surface of a bone.
Controstral—Said of a bill like that of a Sparrow; conical in
form and with the commissure angulated.
Costal folds—Folds of the skin (of a Salamander) showing the
position of the ribs.
Crest—In birds, any lengthened feathers about the head; else-
where, any elevated or crest-like projection.
Crissum—The under tail coverts, in birds.
Ctenoid—Rough-edged, said of scales when the posterior margin
is minutely spinous or pectinated.
Culmen—The middle line or ridge of the upper mandible in birds.
Cuneate—Wedge-shaped; said of a bird’s tail when the middle
feathers are longest and the rest regularly shorter.
Cycloid—Smooth-edged; said of scales not ctenoid, but concen.
trically striate.
Deciduous—Temporary, falling off.
Decurved—Curved downward.
Dentate—With tooth-like notches.
Dentirostral—Having the bill notched near its tip.
Depressed—F lattened vertically.
Depth—Vertical diameter (usually of the body of fishes.)
Dermal—Pertaining to the skin.
Diaphanous—Translucent.
Digitigrade—Walking on the toes, like a dog.
Dorsal—Pertaining to the huck.
21
370 GLOSSARY.
Dorsal fin—The fin on the back of fishes.
Emarginate—Slightly forked or notched at the tip, or sometimes
abruptly narrowed (said of quills.)
Endoskeleton—The skeleton proper—the inner bony framework of
the body.
Epignathous—Having the bill hooked.
Hrectile—Susceptible of being raised or erected.
Hven—(Tail) having all the feathers of equal length.
Haoskeleton—Hard parts on the surface of the body.
Haserted—Projecting beyond the general level.
Facial—Pertaining to the face.
Falcate—Scythe-shaped; long, narrow, and curved.
Faleiform—Ourved, like a scythe.
Fasciated—With broad colored bands.
Fauna—The animals inhabiting any region, taken collectively.
Ferrugineous—Rusty red.
Fibula—The small outer leg bone.
Filament—Any slender or thread-like structure.
Filiform—Thread-form.
Fisstrostral—Having the bill very deeply cleft, beyond the base of
the horny part, as in the Swallows.
Forehead—Frontal curve of head.
Foramen—A hole or opening.
Forficate—Deeply forked.
Fosse—The grooves in which the nostrils of many birds open.
Fossorial—Adapted for digging.
Fulcra—Rudimentary spine-like scales extending up the fins of
some fishes.
Fuliginous—Sooty or smoky brown.
Furcate—Forked.
Fuscous—Dark brown.
Fusiform—Spindle-shaped; tapering toward both ends but rather
more abruptly forward.
Gape—Opening of the mouth.
Ganoid—Scales or plates of bone covered by enamel.
Gastrosteges—Band-like plates along the belly of a serpent.
Gills—Organs for breathing the air contained in water.
Gill openings—Openings leading to or from the branchiz.
Gill rakers—A series of structures like comb-teeth in the mouth
of some fishes.
GLOSSARY. 871
Glabrous—Smooth.
Gonys—The middle line of the lower mandible.
Gorget—Throat patch of peculiar feathers.
Graduated—Said of a bird’s tail when the outer feathers are
regularly shorter.
Granulate—Rough with small prominences.
Gular—Pertaining to the gula, or upper fore-neck.
Guttate—With rounded, drop-shaped spots.
Hallua—tThe great toe—in birds, the hind toe.
Height—Vertical diameter—practically the same as depth.
Heterocercal—Said of the tail of a fish, when unequal—the back-
bone evidently running into the upper lobe.
Hirsute—With shaggy hairs.
Homocercal—Said of the tail of a fish when notevidently unequal ;
the back-bone apparently stopping at the middle of the base
of the caudal fin.
Humerus—Bone of the upper arm.
Hyotd—Pertaining to the tongue.
Hypognathous—Having the lower mandible longer than the upper,
as in the Black Skimmer.
Imbricate—Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
Imperforate—Not pierced through.
Inarticulate—N ot jointed.
Incisors—The front or cutting teeth.
Interfemoral membrane—The membrane connecting the posterior
limbs of a bat.
Intermaaiilaries—The bones between the superior maxillaries,
forming the middle of the front part of the upper jaw, in
fishes: the premaxillaries.
Jugular—Pertaining to the lower throat —said of the ventral fins,
when placed in advance of the attachment of the pectorals.
Keeled—See Carinate.
Labials—Plates forming the lip of a serpent.
Lamella#—Plate-like processes inside of the bill of a duck.
Lamellate—Said of a bill provided with lamella, as in a duck.
Lateral—To or towards the side.
Lateral line—A series of muciferous tubes forming a radsed line
along the sides of a fish.
Laterally—Sidewise.
Lobate—Furnished with membranous flaps—said of the toes of birds.
372 GLOSSARY.
Longitudinal—Running lengthwise.
Loral plate—Plate between eye and mouth of a serpent.
Lore—Space between eye and bill.
Mailed cheeks—Having the suborbital bone extending over the
cheeks, articulating with the preopercle (cheeks not neces-
sarily hard or bony); said of some fishes.
Mandible—Under jaw (or in birds, either jaw.)
Mazxilla—Upper jaw.
Maxillaries—Outermost or hindmost bones of the upper jaw, in
fishes.
Metacarpus—The hand proper, exclusive of the fingers.
Metatarsus—The foot proper. (See Tarsus.)
Molars—The grinding teeth; posterior teeth in the jaw.
Moniliform—Necklace-shaped—widened at regular intervals.
Monogamous—Pairing; said of birds.
Muciferous—Producing or containing mucus.
Nape—Upper part of neck, next to the occiput.
Nasal—Pertaining to the nostrils.
Neural—Pertaining to nerves.
Nictitating membrane—The third or inner eye-lid, of birds, etc.
Nuchal—Pertaining to the nape or nucha.
Obscwre—Dark, scarcely visible.
Obsolete—Faintly marked; little evident.
Obtuse—Blunt.
Occtpital—Pertaining to the occiput.
Occipital plates—Plates on the head of a serpent, behind the
vertical plate.
Occiput—Back of the head.
Ocellate—With eye-like spots, generally roundish and with a
lighter border.
Ocherous—Brownish yellow.
Otd (suffiz)—Like—as Percodd, perch-like.
Opercle, or operculum—Gill cover; the posterior membrane bone
of the side of the head, in fishes.
Opercular bones—Membrane bones of the side of the head, in
fishes.
Opercular flap—Prolongation of the upper posterior angle of the
opercle, in Sun- Fishes, etc.
Opisthoceldan—Concave behind; said of vertebra.
Orbicular—Nearly circular.
GLOSSARY. 873
Orbit—Eye socket.
Oscine—Musical.
Oscine tarsus—By ellipsis, tarsus as in oscine birds; 7. ¢., its
envelope undivided behind and forming a sharp ridge.
Oviparous—Producing eggs which are developed after exclusion
from the body, as in all birds.
Ovoviviparous—Producing eggs which are hatched before exclu-
sion, as in the Blind Fish and Garter Snake.
Paiate—The roof of the mouth—in fishes, a part of the roof of the
mouth, lying behind the vomer and in front of the pharyngeals
(not to be confounded with either.)
Palatines—Bones of the palate.
Palmate—Web-footed, having the anterior toes full-webbed.
Papilla—A. small, fleshy projection.
Papillose—Covered with papille.
‘ Paragnathous—Having the two mandibles about equal in length.
Pectinate—Having teeth like a comb.
Pectoral—Pertaining to the breast.
Pectoral fins—The anterior or uppermost of the paired fins, in
fishes, corresponding to the anterior limbs of the higher
Vertebrates.
Pelage—The hair of a Mammal, taken collectively.
Pelagic—Living on or in the high seas.
Perforate—Pierced through; said of nostrils when without a
septum.
Perissodactylous—Odd-toed (toes 1, 3, or 5.)
Peritoneum—The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Phalanges—Bones of the fingers and toes.
Pharyngeal bones—Bones at the beginning of the esophagus of
fishes, of various forms, almost always provided with teeth.
Pharyngognathous—Having the lower pharyngeal bones united.
Pigment—Coloring matter. ;
Plantigrade—Walking on the sole of the foot, as do men and
bears. ©
Plastron—Lower shell of a turtle.
Plicate—Folded; showing transverse folds or wrinkles.
Plumage—The feathers of a bird, taken collectively.
Plumbeous—Lead-colored—dull bluish gray.
Potlee—Thumb; in birds, the digit which bears the alula—corre-
sponding to the index finger.
8T4 GLOSSARY.
Polygamous—Mating with more than one female.
Precoces—Birds able to run about and feed themselves at birth.
Precocial—Having the nature of Precoces.
Premaxillaries—Same as intermaxillaries.
Premolars—The small grinders; the teeth between the canines
and the true molars.
Preopercle—The membrane bone lying in front of the opercle and
more or less nearly parallel with it; the “false gill covers.”
Primary—Any one of the ten (often nine, rarely eleven) of the
large, stiff quills growing upon the pinion or hand-bone of a
bird, as distinguished from the secondaries, which grow upon
the fore arm.
Primary Wing Coverts—The coverts overlying the bases of the
primaries.
Projectile—Capable of being thrust forward.
Protractile—Capable of being thrust forward.
Pulmonary—Pertaining to the lungs.
Punctate—Dotted with points.
Pyloric cwca—Glandular appendages in the form of blind sacs
opening into the alimentary canal of many fishes at the
pylorus or passage from the stomach to the intestine.
Quadrate—Nearly square.
Quadrilocular—Four-chambered—said of the heart.
Quill—One of the stiff feathers of the wing or tail of a bird.
x
Quincunz—Set of five arranged alternately, thus a :
Radius—Outer bone of fore arm.
Ray—One of the cartilaginous rods which support the membrane
of the fin of a fish.
Rectrices—Quills of the tail of a bird.
Recurved—Curved upward.
Remiges—Quills of the wing of a bird.
Reticulate—Marked with a network of lines.
Retractile—Susceptible of being drawn inward, as a cat’s claw.
Retrorse—Directed backward.
Rictal—Pertaining to the rictus, as rictal bristles.
Rictus—Gape of the mouth.
Rostral—Pertaining to the snout, as rostral plate.
Rudimentary—Undeveloped.
GLOSSARY. 875
Ruff—A series of modified feathers.
Scansorial—Capable of climbing.
Scansorial tacl—Tail feathers sharp and stiff, as in the scansorial
birds (Woodpeckers).
Scapula—Shoulder blade.
Scutellate—Provided with scutella; said of the tarsus when
covered with broad plates in a regular vertical series, and
separated by regular lines of impression.
Scutellum—One of the tarsal plates or scutella.
Secondaries—The quills growing on the fore arm.
Second dorsal—The posterior or soft part of the dorsal fin, when
the two parts are distinctly separated.
Sectorial tooth—One of the premolars of carnivora, adapted for
cutting.
Semipalmate—Half-webbed; having the anterior toes more or less
connected at base by a webbing which does not extend to the
claws.
Septum—A. thin partition.
Serrate—Notched, like a saw.
Sessile—Without a stem or peduncle.
Setaceous—Bristly.
Shoulder girdle—The bony girdle posterior to the head, in fishes,
etc., to which the anterior limbs are attached.
Soft dorsal—The posterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes, when
composed of soft rays.
Soft rays—Fin-rays which are branching and articulate.
Spine—Any sharp projecting point; in fishes, those fin-rays
which are unbranched, inarticulate, and usually more or less
stiffened.
Spinous—Stiff, or composed of spines.
Spinous dorsal—The anterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes,
when composed of spinous rays.
Spiracles—Openings in the head or neck of some fishes and
Batrachians.
Spurious—Said of the first primary when less than about one-
third the length of the second. (The student will notice that
in Oseines the presence of a short or spurious quill indicates
ten primaries; its absence, nine.)
Sternum—The breast bone.
Striate—Striped or streaked.
876 GLOSSARY.
Sub (in composition) — Less than; somewhat; not quite; under,
etc.
Suffrago—Heel joint; tibio—tarsal joint.
Sub-caudal—Under the tail.
Sub-opercle—The bone immediately below the opercle.
Sub-orbital—Below the eye.
Subulate—Awl-shaped.
Superciliary—Pertaining to the region of the eyebrow.
Supra-orbital—Above the eye.
Syndactyle—Having two toes immovably united for some distance
—as in the Kingfisher.
Synonym—A different word having the same or a similar meaning.
Tail—In mammals, the vertebre, etc., posterior to the sacrum; in
birds, the tail-feathers or rectrices, taken collectively; in ser-
pents, the part of the body posterior to the vent; in fishes
(usually), the part of the body posterior to the anal fin.
(Everywhere used more or less vaguely.)
Tail Coverts—The small feathers overlapping the bases of the
rectrices.
Tarso-metatarsus—The correct name for the so-called tarsus of
birds; the bone reaching from the tibia to the toes, composed
chiefly of the metatarsus, but having at its top one of the
small tarsal bones confluent with it. _
Tarsus—The ankle-bones collectively; in birds, commonly used
for the shank-bone, lying between the tibia and the toes, the
tarso-metatarsus. .
Tectrices—The wing and tail coverts.
Temporal—Pertaining to the region of the temples.
Tenuirostral—Slender-billed.
Terete—Cylindrical and tapering.
Terminal—At the end.
Tertials—The quills attached to the humerus.
Tessellated—Marked with little checks or squares, like mosaic
work.
Thoracie—Pertaining to the chest; ventral fins are thoracic when
attached immediately below the pectorals, as in the perch.
Tibia—Shin-bone; inner bone of leg between knee and heel.
Tomium—Cutting edge of the bill.
Totipalmate—Having all fowr toes connected by webbing.
Tragus—The inner lobe of the ear; the lobe opposite the auricle.
GLOSSARY. 377
Transverse—Crosswise.
Trenchant—Compressed to a sharp edge.
Truncate—Abrupt, as if cut squarely off.
Tubercle—A. small excrescence, like a pimple.
Tympanum—Drum of the ear; external in some Batrachia.
Typical—Of a structure the most usual in a given group.
Uina—The inner or posterior bone of the fore-arm.
Ungulate—Provided with hoofs.
Unguiculate—Provided with claws.
Unicolor—Of a single color.
Urosteges—The plates underneath the tail of a serpent.
Vent—The external opening ot the alimentary canal.
Ventral—Pertaining to the abdomen.
Ventral fins—The paired fins behind or below the pectoral fins
in fishes, corresponding to the posterior limbs in ¢he higher
vertebrates.
Ventral plates—Gastrosteges in serpents.
Ventricle—One of the chambers of the heart.
Versatile—Capable of being turned either way.
Vertebra—One of the bones of the spine.
Vertical—Up and down.
Vertical fins—The fins on the median line of the body; the dorsal,
anal and caudal fins.
Vertical plate—Central plate on the head of a serpent.
Villiform—Said of the teeth of fishes when slender and crowded
into velvety bands.
Viscous—Slimy ; viscid.
Vitta—A. band of color.:
Viviparous—Bringing forth living young.
Vomer—In fishes, the front part of the roof of the mouth; a bone
lying immediately behind the premaxillaries.
Web—The vane of a feather, on either side of the rhachis or
“stem”; also, the membrane connecting the toes.
Zygodactyle—Yoke-toed; having the toes in pairs — two in front,
two behind.
Zygoma—The malar or cheek bone.
GLOSSARY
SPECIFIC NAMES.
The following Glossary includes all the Specific Names men-
tioned in this work, with the exception of words formed from
names of persons, and of a few words whose meaning I have been
unable to ascertain.
wise specified :
abacurus: Gr. checkered tail.
acadiacus: Acadian.
achigan: a Canadian French name
for the bass.
acutus: acute,
adamantinus: like a diamond.
aedon: Gr. a nightingale.
ezlurus: Gr. 2 cat.
gneus: brassy, or coppery.
zpypterus: Gr. high-finned.
gsopus: Gr. different-footed.
estivalis: pertaining tosummer.
gstivus: sunanaer.
affinis: akin to.
agilis: agile.
agrestis: living in fields.
albeolus: whitish.
albicollis: white-throated.
albidus: whitish.
albifrons: white-fronted.
albus: white.
alecyon: haleyon—a sea-bird—during
whose nesting there is always a
calm.
alexandrinus: Alexandrian (Egypt-
jan).
alleghaniensis: Alleghanian,
alpestris: alpine.
alpinus: alpine.
altus: high or deep.
amabilis: amiable.
amarus: bitter (salt water),
americanus: American.
They are all of Latin origin unless other-
amoenus: pleasing.
anagallinus: color of Scarlet Pimper-
nel.
analostanus: Analostan Island.
anglicus: English.
anisurus: Gr. tail unequal,
annularis: ringed.
anomalus: anomalous.
anthracinus: coal-black.
antillarum: living in the Antilles,
appendix: an appendage.
aquaticus: aquatic.
arcticus: arctic.
arctos: Gr. a bear.
ardens: burning.
ardesiacus: glittering.
arenarius: living in sand.
arge: Gr. sluggish.
argentatus: silvered.
argenteus: silvery.
argyritis: silvery.
ariommus: Gr. big-eyed.
artedi: to Peter Artedi, ‘“‘the father
of Ichthyology.”
asio: a horned owl.
asper: rough.
aspro: a genus of European Percoids.
ater: black.
atrarius: blackish.
atratus; blackened.
atricapillus: black-capped.
atricillus: blackish.
atripinnis: black-finned.
(379) ‘
880
-atrofuscus: blackish-brown.
atromaculatus: black-spotted.
atronasus: black-nosed.
aura: pertaining to air.
aurantiacus; orange.
auratus: golden.
aureolus: gilded.
aurevs: golden.
auricapillus: golden-crowned.
auritus: long-eared.
aurora: sunrise.
austerus: austere.
baltimore: to Lord Baltimore, in
sportive allusion to his black coat
and scarlet vest.
bernicla: a barnacle-goose.
bicolor; two-colored.
bifrenatus: two-bridled (stripe
through snout).
biguttatus: two-spotted.
bilineatus: two-lined.
bimaculatus: two-spotted
bison; a buffalo.
blennioides: blenny-like.
blennioperca; blenny-perch.
boleoides: darter-like,
borealis: northern,
boreus: northern.
boschas: a kind of duck.
bostoniensis; Bostonian,
brachyotus: Gr. short-eared.
branta; brant.
brevicauda: short-tailed.
breviceps: short-headed.
brevirostris: short-billed.
brosmianus: like a cusk.
brunneus: brown.
bubalinus: buffalo-like.
bubalus: buffalo.
buccatus: big-jawed.
buccinator: trumpeter.
bucco: big-cheeked.
pullaris: bubbling.
bursarius;: purse-bearing.
cxruleus: blue.
cerulescens: bluish.
californicus: Californian,
calligaster: Gr. beautiful belly.
callipteryx: Gr. beautiful-finned,
calendulus: a little lamp.
calvus: bald,
camurus: decurved.
canadensis: Canadian,
candidissimus: most white.
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
caninus: dog-like.
canis: a dog.
cantabrigensis: from Cambridge.
cantiacus: Kentish.
canutus: hoary.
caprodes: Gr. like a pig.
carbo: coal-black.
caribeus: Caribbean.
caribou: French Canadian name.
carinatus: keeled.
carnivorus: carnivorous.
carolinensis: Carolinian.
carolinus: Carolinian.
carpio: a carp.
caspius: Caspian.
castaneus: chestnut-colored.
cataracte: from Niagara Falls.
cataractus: a cataract,
catenatus: with chain-like lines.
catulus a kitten.
catus: a cat.
caudacutus;: sharp-tailed.
caudafurcatus: fork-tailed.
caudatus: long-tailed.
eavifrons: having the front concave,
cayuga: Cayuga Lake.
cedrorum: living among cedars.
celatus; concealed.
cephalus: Gr. big-headed.
cervinus: tawny, like a deer.
chetodon: a marine genus.
chalybeeus: steel-colored.
charybdis: asomewhat noted whirl-
pool.
chrysaetus: Gr. golden eagle.
chrysocephalus: Gr. golden-headed.
chrysochloris: Gr. golden-green.
chrysoleucus: Gr. golden-white,
chrysops: Gr. golden-eyed.
chrysopsis: Gr. golden appearance,
chrysopterus: Gr. golden-winged.
cinereoargentatus: silver-gray.
cinereus: asby-gray.
circulosus: with circles or rings.
ciris: a water-bird of some kind.
citreus: citron-yellow.
clamitans: screaming.
clangula: a sharp bird’s scream.
clausus: closed.
clupeiformis: herring or shad-shaped.
clypeata: shielded.
coccogenis: Gr. scarlet-cheeked.
coenosus: muddy.
collapsus: slab-sided.
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
collaris: collared.
colubris: pertaining to a snake.
columbarius: pertaining to a dove,
columbianus: Columbian.
communis: common.
compressus: compressed.
concinnus: handsome.
concolor: one-colored.
confinis: confined (in its range).
conspersus: bespattered,
constrictor: one that hugs.
contortrix: contorted.
conus: a cone.
corax: a raven.
coregonus: a white-fish.
cornutus: horned.
coronatus: crowned.
corporalis: big-bodied.
erassilabris: thick-lipped.
crepitans: screaming.
crepuscularis: pertaining to twilight.
crinitus: long-haired.
cristatus: crested.
eucullatus: hooded.
cunicularius: pertaining to a cony
(prairie dog).
cupido; Cupid.
eupreus: coppery.
eurvirostra; curved-billed.
cutisanserinus: goose-skinned.
eyanellus: Gr. bluish.
cyaneus: Gr. blue.
cyanocephalus: Gr. blue-headed.
cyanonoton: Gr, blue-backed.
eyclotis: Gr. rounded.
cymatogrammus: Gr. wavy-lined.
cypho: humpback.
eyprinella: a small carp.
cyprinus: a carp.
delawarensis: Delaware.
diaphanus: transparent.
difformis: deformed.
dilectus: delightful.
dilophus: Gr. two-crested.
diuemus: Gr. two-threaded (a lateral
line and a lateral streak).
diplemius: Gr. doubly-bloody.
discolor: two-colored.
discors; discordant.
dispar: dissimilar,
dissim{lis: dissimilar. .
doliatus: sorrowful,
domesticus: domestic.
dominicus: from San Domingo.
381
dorsalis: dorsal.
dorsatus: pertaining to the back.
dubius: dubious.
duquesnii: from Fort DuQuesne
(Pittsburg).
durissus; hard.
eburneus: ivory.
effulgens: shining.
egretta: Italian—an Egret,
elapsoidea: like Elaps,
elegans: elegant.
eleutherus: Gr. free,
ellipticus: elliptical,
elongatus; elongate.
enucleator: one who takes the seed
from the husk.
eos: Gr. color of sunrise.
erebennus: Gr. jet-black.
eriarchus: Gr. with a large anal fin.
ermineus: ermine.
erythrocephalus: Gr. red-headed.
erythrogaster: Gr. red-bellied.
erythrogrammus: Gr. red-lined.
erythronotus: Gr. red-backed.
erythrophthalmus: Gr. red-eyed.
erythrurus: Gr. red-tailed.
estor: devourer,
euryops: Gr. wide-faced.
evides: Gr. comely.
excubitoroides: like excubitor—a
sentinel.
exilipes: slender-footed.
exilis: slender,
eximius: excellent.
falcinellus: fala—a scythe.
fallax: deceptive.
familiaris: familiar.
fasciatus: banded.
ferinus: wild.
ferox: ferocious.
ferrugineus: rust-colored.
fiber: a beaver.
fissipes: cloven-footed.
flabellaris: fan-shaped.
flabellatus: fan-shaped.
flammeus: flame-colored.
flavescens: yellowish.
Alavifrons: yellow-fronted.
flavipes: yellow-footed.
flavirostris : yellow-billed,
flaviventris: yellow-bellied.
flavus: yellow.
floridanus: Floridian.
fluviatilis: living in rivers,
882
folium: a leaf.
fontinalis: living in fountains.
forficatus: deeply forked.
formosus: comely.
fretensis: inhabiting straits (Detroit
River).
frontalis: forehead prominent.
frugivorus: eating fruits,
fulicarius: like a coot.
fulvus: reddish-yellow.
funduloides: like Fundulus,
furcatus: forked.
fuscescens: somewhat dusky or
tawny,
fuscicollis: dusky-throated.
fuscus: dusky.
fusiformis: fusiform.
galacturus: Gr. milky-tailed.
galeatus: helmeted.
gallopavo: Gallus: a cock; Pavo: a
peacock.
garrulus: garrulous,
gavialis: like a crocodile,
geographicus: map-like.
georgianus: Georgian.
gibber: gibbous.
gibbosus: with rounded outlines.
gilvus: pale yellow.
glacialis: icy.
gladius: a sword.
gilaucus: glaucous.
glutinosus: viscid.
gobioides: goby-like.
gobioninus: gudgeon-like.
gorbuscha: a Kamtschatkan name.
gracilis: slender.
grammacus: Gr. striped.
gramineus: pertaining to grass.
griseus: gray.
grunniens: grunting.
pryllus: a cricket.
gulosus: big-mouthed.
guttatus: with drop-like spots.
gyrfalco: a gyr-falcon.
gyrinus: Gr. a tadpole.
hematurus: Gr. bloody-tailed.
halecinus: halec—a shad (appears in
shad-run season).
haliaetus: Gr. a sea-eagle.
harengus: a herring.
helveticus: Swiss.
herodias: Gr. a heron.
heros: a genus of Cichlide.,
heteroclitus: Gr. different slope.
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
heterodon: Gr. teeth otherwise.
heterurus: Gr. tail uneven.
hexacanthus: Gr. six-spined.
hieroglyphicus: Gr. marked with
crow-tracks,
himantopus: Gr. crook-shanks,
hirudo: aleech,
hirundo: a swallow.
horiconensis: from Lake George.
horreorum: inhabiting barns.
horribilis: horrible.
horridus: horrid.
hudsonicus : from Hudson’s Bay or
River.
hudsonius: Hudsonian.
humeralis: a spot on the shoulder.
humilis: humble.
huronensis: Lake Huron.
hyalinus: transparent.
hybridus: hybrid.
hyemalis: wintery.
hyperboreus: Gr. far-northern.
hypogeus: Gr. underground.
ichtheloides: like a sunfish.
icterocephalus: Gr. oriole-headed.
iliacus: Trojan (why?).
immaculatus: unspotted.
incisor; one that cuts.
anconstans: inconstant,
ingens: prodigious.
inornatus: not ornamented.
inscriptus: inscribed.
insculptus: sculptured.
insignis: insignificant.
insociabilis: unsociable,
intermedius: intermediate,
interpres: an interpreter.
interruptus: interrupted.
irideus: rainbow-colored.
ischanus: Gr. thin.
ischyrus: Gr. stout,
islandicus: Iceland.
isolepis: Gr. equal-scaled.
jaculus: something thrown.
jamaicensis: Jamaican.
kentuckiensis: Kentuckian.
keta: a Kamtschatkan name.
labradorius: Labradorian,
labradoricus: Labradorian.
lacertinus: lizard-like,
lacertosus: lizard-like.
Jacerus: torn.
lachrymalis: pertaining to tears.
lacustris: living in lakes,
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
levis: smooth.
lagopus: Gr, rough-footed, like a rab-
bit.
lapponicus: pertaining to Lapland.
lariformis: shape of a gull.
lateralis: pertaining to the side.
latior: broader.
latrans: barking.
leberis: thick-skinned.
lemniscatus: adorned with ribbons.
leptacanthus: Gr. slender-spined.
leuciodus: Gr. whitened.
leucobronchialis: Gr. white-throated.
leucocephalus: Gr. white-headed.
leucophrys: Gr. white-crowned.
leucops: Gr. white-eyed.
leucopsis: Gr. white-faced.
leucopterus: Gr. white-finned.
leucopus: Gr. white-footed.
leucurus; Gr. white-tailed.
limi: pertaining to mud.
limosus: muddy.
lineatus: lined (with narrow stripes).
lineolatus: finely-lined.
liosternus: Gr. smooth-breasted.
lirus: Gr. lily-white.
lividus: livid.
livius: dove-colored.
loculator: a big-talker.
longicaudus: long-tailed.
longiceps: long-headed.
longirostris: long-snouted.
longirostrum: loug-snout.
lophius: the fishing frog.
lotor : one who washes (from the
raccoon’s habit of washing his paws
and everything else in reach).
louisianensis: Louisianian.
lucidus: shining.
lucifugus: shunning the light.
lucioides: like a pike.
lucius: a pike.
ludovicianus: Louisianian.
lunatus: crescent-shaped.
lunifrons: crescent forehead.
lupus: a wolf.
luscus: one-eyed (from the condition
of Linnzeus’ unfortunate specimen).
lycaodon: Gr. wolf-toothed.
lynx: a wild-cat.
lythrochloris: Gr. bloody-green.
macrocephalus: Gr. long-headed.
macrochirus: Gr. long-armed.
macrolepidotus: Gr. large-scaled.
383
macropterus: Gr. large-finned.
macrotis: G. large-eared,
macrurus: Gr. long-tailed.
macularius: spotty.
maculaticeps: spotted-headed,
maculatus: spotted.
maculosus: spotted.
magnus: large.
mainensis: Maine.
majalis: pertaining to May.
manitou: Lake Manitou.
margaritus: pearly.
margarotis: Gr. pearly-eared.
marginatus: margined,
Inarinus: marine.
maritimus: maritime.
marmoratus: marbled.
martes: a marten.
martinicus: from Martinique.
maxillilingua: Jaw-tongue.
means: moving.
megalotis: Gr. big-eared.
melanoleucus: Gr. black and white.
melanops: Gr. black-eyed or faced.
melanostictus: Gr. black spotted,
melas: Gr. black.
meleagris: afowl.
melodius: melodious.
melodus: melodious.
menona: Lake Menona.
mephiticus: ill-scented.
Merganser: diving-goose.
meridionalis: southern.
mesotrema: Gr. vent intermediate.
mexicanus: Mexican.
michiganensis: Michigan.
micropteryx: Gr. small-finned.
microstomus: Gr. small-mouthed.
migratorius: migratory.
miniatus: vermilion color.
minimus: smallest,
Mineopas: Lake Minneopa, Minn,
minor: smaller.
minutillus: minute.
mississippiensis: Mississippian.
missuriensis : Missourian,
mitratus: mitred.
miurus: Gr. curtailed; notched.
molestus; uneasy.
mollissimus: softest.
monachus; solitary.
monax: a hermit.
montanus: pertaining to mountains
monticolus: living in the mountains.
384
+ mordax: biting; snapping.
motacilla: wag-tail.
mucronatus: abruptly and sharply
pointed.
mugitans: mooing, like a cow.
multifasciatus: many -banded or
striped.
joultilineatus: many-lined.
musculus: a little mouse.
tmustelinus: color of a weasel (foxy
red).
muticus: unarmed,
nevius: with small spots.
namaycush: Indian name.
nasutus: long-nosed.
natalis: with a projecting rump.
nebulosus: cloudy.
neglectus; neglected.
neogeus: Gr. New World.
neohantoniensis: New Hampshire.
nephelus: Gr. clouded.
nerka: a Kamtschatkan name.
niger: black.
nigricans: blackish.
nigricollis: black-throated.
nigrilabris: black-lipped.
nigripinnis: black-finned.
nigrofasciatus: black-barred.
nigromaculatus: black-spotted.
nitidus: shining.
nivalis: snowy.
niveiventris: white-bellied.
niveus: snow-white.
nobilis: noble.
nobilior: nobler.
noctivagans: wandering at night.
notatus: known (as by a spot, hence
spotted).
noveangliz: New England.
noveboracensis: New York.
nuchalis: pertaining tothe nape.
nummifer: money - bearing (nickel
color).
obesus: fat.
oblongus: oblong.
obscurus: dusky.
obsoletus: obsolete.
obtusus: obtuse.
occidentalis: western.
occipitomaculatus :
spotted.
ocellicaudus: ocellate spots on tail.
ochrophzus: Gr.dark orange-brown,
oculatus: with eye-like spot.
back of head
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
odoratus: odorous.
olivaceus: olivaceous.
olivaris: olivaceous.
omiscomaycus: an Indian name fora
Smolt.
opacus: opaque.
oquassa: Lake Oquassa,
ordinatus: in rows (spots).
oregonensis: Oregonian.
oregonus: Oregonian.
ornatus: ornamented.
oryzivorus: rice-eating.
osculus: small-mouthed.
osmerinus: like a smelt.
osseus: bony.
ossifragus: bone-breaking.
otsego: Lake Otsego.
oxyurus: Gr. sharp-tailed.
palmarum; living among palm trees.
palliatus: cloaked.
pallidus: pale.
palumbarius: pertaining to pigeons,
palustris: living among swamps.
papillosus: paplllose.
paradisea: of paradise.
parasiticus: parasitic,
parietalis: pertaining to the sides.
parvus: small.
passerinus: sparrow-like.
paucidens: few-toothed.
pecoris: pertaining to cattle.
pelagicus: oceanic.
pellucidus: pellucid.
peltastes: Gr. large-scaled.
peltatus: shielded.
penelope: a widgeon; also the wife of
Ulysses.
pennsylvanicus: Pennsylvanian,
peregrinus: wandering.
perspicillatus: transparent,
phaenna: translucent.
phasianellus: a little pheasant.
phenax: Gr. deceptive.
philadelphia: Gr. brotherly love.
philadelphica: Philadelphian.
pheeniceus: crimson,
photogenis: Gr. born of light.
phoxocephalus: Gr. tapering-headed.
pictus: painted.
pidiensis: Great Pedee River.
pileatus: capped; crested.
pilosus: with thin hairs.
pinetorum: living among pines,
pinniger: large-finned,
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
pinus: pine tree.
pipiens: chirping ; piping.
piscivorus: fish-eating.
pisculentus: fishy.
plagiatus: thievish.
plargyrus: Gr. silver-sided.
platycephalus: Gr. flat-headed.
platyrhinus: Gr. flat-nosed.
platyrhynchus: Gr. flat-nosed.
platystomus: Gr, flat-mouthed.
plumbeolus: lead-colored.
pecilura: Gr. tail variegated.
polyglottus: many-voiced.
pomatorhinus: Gr. snout operculate.
podiceps: a grebe.
pomotis: a sunfish.
porosus: porous.
porphyriticus;: purplish.
portlandicus: pertaining to Portland.
prestabilis: standing first.
pratincola; living in meadows.
princeps: princely.
principalis: princely.
procne: Gr. a swallow.
productus: produced.
promelas: Gr. black forwards,
proriger: having a prow.
prosthemius: added.
protacanthus ;: Gr.
large.
proteus: of many shapes.
proximus: near.
pruinosus: frosty.
pseudogeographicus : not quite geo-
graphicus.
pseudoharengus: not quite a herring.
pubescens: pubescent.
pugnax: quarrelsome.
pulchellus: pretty.
pullus: dusky.
punctatus: dotted.
punctulatus: finely dotted,
purpureus: purple.
pusillus: weak.
putorius: ill-scented.
pyrgmezus: pigmy.
quadracus: four-spined,
quadrilateralis: four-sided.
quadrivittatus: four-striped
querulus: querulous.
quiescens: quiescent.
quinnat: an Indian name for the sal-
mon, meaning glittering.
radix: Root (river in Wisconsin).
17
anterior spine
385
rattus: rat.
regius: royal,
reticulatus: reticulate.
rhombifer: bearing rhombs,
rhotheus: Gr. pertaining to falls.
rigidus: rigid.
riparius: pertaining to shores.
robustus: robust. .
rostratus: large-billed or snouted,
rubellus; reddish.
ruber: red.
Tubicundus: ruddy.
rubidus: ruddy.
rubricaudus: red-tailed.
rubricroceus: saffron-red.
rubrifrons: red-faced.
rufescens: rusty-red.
ruficapillus; rusty-crowned,
rufilineatus: rusty-lined.
rufus; rusty-red.
rugosus: rough.
rupestris: living among rocks,
rusticola: living in the country.
ruticilla; somewhat fiery red.
Tutilus: fiery red,
sacer: sacred.
salar: a salmon.
salmoides: like a salmon.
salmoneus: like a trout.
sanguifluus: blood-flowing.
sanguinolentus: bloody.
sapidissimus: most delicious to eat.
satrapa: a prince (knight).
sauritus: like a lizard.
savanna: Savanna.
scaber: rough.
scabriceps: rough-headed.
scandiacus : ascending (or Seandl-
navian?)
scomberius: mackerel-like.
scopiferus: bearing a mark.
scutatus: with scutes.
scylla: a rock near Charybdis
sebago: Lake Sebago.
selene: Gr. the moon.
selenops: Gr. moon-eye,
semifasciatus: half-banded.
semipalmatus: semipalmate.
septentrionalis: northern.
serpentinus: serpent-like,
serrator: one that saws.
serripinnis: saw-finned.
sexlineatus: six-lined.
sialis: plump.
386
sicculus: dry, 4. ¢., found in pools left
by drying of streams.
simoterus: Gr. snub-nosed.
simulans; resembling.
simus: Gr. snub-nosed.
sirtalis: like a garter.
sisco: vernacular, Cisco.
siscowet: Indian name,
socialis: sociable.
solitarius: solitary.
sparverius: pertaining to a sparrow.
spatula: aspatula.
speciosus: handsome.
spectabilis: notably handsome,
spectrum: a sight to see.
spectrunculus: a little image.
spelzeus: living in caves.
spilopterus: Gr. spotted-finned.
spilotus: Gr. spotted.
spinifer: spine-bearing.
spirlingulus: French eperlanule, a
little smelt or sprat.
sponsa: a bride.
spurius: spurious.
squamiceps: scaly-headed,
stellaris: starry.
stellatus: star-spotted.
stelliferus: star-bearing.
stigmaticus: Gr. spotted.
stramineus: straw-colored.
streperus: noisy.
striatulus: narrowly striped.
striatus: striated.
sturio: a sturgeon.
subczruleus: somewhat blue.
subis: sudden.
stibterraneus: underground.
subujatus: subulate.
subviolaceus: somewhat violet,
sucetta: French sucet, a sucker.
superciliaris: pertaining to the region
over the eye.
superciliosus: ridge above the eye.
sylvaticus: living in the woods.
symmetricus: symmetrical.
talpoideus: mole-like.
talpoides: mole-like.
tarandus: a reindeer.
telescopus: Gr. far-seeing
tenellus: slender.
teres: terete.
teretulus; terete.
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
tergeminus: triple.
tergisus: polished,
tessellatus: checkered.
thalassinus: Gr. sea-green.
tigrinus: tiger-colored.
toma: name ofan Indian.
torquatus: with a collar.
trachyrhynchus: Gr. rough-billed.
trichas: Gr. a kind of thrush.
tricolor: three-colored.
tridactylus: three-clawed.
tridecemlineatus: thirteen-striped.
triseriatus: three-rowed.
triunguis: three-clawed.
tristis: sorrowful.
troglodytes; a wren.
truncatus: cut off squarely.
tuditanus: hammer-headed,
tullibee: Indian name.
typicus; typical.
tyrannus: a king-bird.
ulula: 2 bird that hoots.
umbellus: ruffed.
umbrosus: shady-colored.
undulatus: wavy.
uranops: Gr. sky-gazing.
urus: a wild bull.
vallisneria: eel-grass(which food im-
proves the flavor).
vandoisulus . French vandoise, a
dace.
variatus: variegated.
variegatus: variegated.
varius; various.
velatus: with a large sail.
velifer: sail-bearing.
venenosus: venemous.
ventralis: on the belly.
vermis: a worm.
vernalis: spring.
versicolor: various colored.
verticalis: vertical (on high).
vespertinus: evening.
villosus: hairy.
violaceus: violet.
virescens: greenish.
virens: green.
virginianus: Virginian.
viridescens: greenish.
viridis: green.
viscosus: viscid.
vison: ascout; spy.
GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 387
vitreus: glassy. vulpinus: fox-like.
vittatus: striped. xanthocephalus: Gr. yellow-headed.
vitulus: a bull-calf, xiphias: Gr. a sword.
vociferus: loud-voiced, zebra: zebra.
volucella: flying, zonalis: banded.
vulgaris: common. zonatus: banded.
vulneratus: wounded. zopherus: Gr. dusky
INDEX TO NAMES
OF
GENERA AND HIGHER GROUPS,
WITH THEIR DERIVATIONS.
Norsz.—In this index, names of genera recognized in this work
are printed in ordinary type, as Dendreeca; families and higher
groups in small capitals, as Emypip#; synonyms and sub-genera
in italics, as Ambdlodon. In giving the etymology of terms, all
words not otherwise designated are understood to be Greek; L.
indicates Latin.
in Roman characters.
PAGE.
Abastor: a coined name, » 181
Ablabes: ablabes, harmless, . 179
Abramis: L., a bream, » « 801
Acantharchus: akantha—spine;
archos—anal (many anal
spines), ge 8 237
ACANTHOPTERI: akantha—spine;
pteron—fin, E: " 215
Accipiter: L., 2 hawk, » 113
Acipenser: L., a sturgeon (sharp
fins), . . + + 845
AOIPENSERIDA, . . « 344
Acomus: acoined name,. . 319
Acris; L., sharp —from the note, 190
Actiturus: actaino —to move
quickly; owra—tail (wagtail), 129
Actodromas: akte—sea beach;
dromos—a running,
Aigialitis: atgialites — pertaining
to the shore,
127
121
Aigiothus: atgtothos —a hedge
sparrow, . . 82
ZHsalon: aisalon—a merlin (kind
of hawk), . . + » 111
Agelzus: agelaios—gregarious, 92
Aix: aia—goat (why?), . . 142
ALAUDID&: L., alauda—a lark
56
(L., laudo to praise),
Greek words are here, for convenience, printed
PAGE,
Alburnellus: Dim, of Alburnus
the Bleak (from L. albus, white)296
Alburnops: Alburnus-like, » 290
Alce: an elk (Scandinavian), . 21
ALOEDINID: L,, alcedo—a King-
fisher, . eo ot we NO
ALECTORIDES: alektor—a cock:
eidos—likeness,. . . . 184
Alligator: L., one who binds, . 157
Allosomus: allos—otherwise; soma
body, * % 361
Alosa: German, alse—a shad,. 278
Alvordius; to Major Alvord, 220
Amblodon: amblus — blunt; odon
tooth, . . . . . . 850
Ambloplites : amblus — blunt;
hoplites—armed, s « » 887
AMBLYOPSIDA: é + 268
Amblyopsis: amblus—blunt; opsis
vision, . . . « « « 269
Amblystoma: amblus — blunt;
stoma—m outh, a ue a OS
AMBLYSTOMID&: - 194
Amia: amia—name of some sea-
fish, probably the bonito, 340
AMIIDAS, . . - 339
Amiurus: a—not; meiouros—cur-
tailed or notched (the tail), . 3829
389
390 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE.
Ammocecetes: inigiaiaie ra Arlina: acoinedname, . . 223
thesand,. . . 849 Aromochelys: aroma—odor; che-
Ammocrypta; ammos — sand; lus—turtle, . . 166
kruptos—hidden, .. . 219 Arquatetla: L., arcuatus — bent
Ammodromus: ammos — sand; likeabow,. . « « “12g
dromos—running, . . . 84
Ampelis: ampelis—a kind of sing-
ingbird,, . . . . 13
AMPELIDA,. . eo 2
Amphioxus; ampht—everywhere;
(both ends); ozus—sharp, . 248
Amphiplaga: amphi — every-
where; plage—a wound, : 248
Amphiuma: meaning unknown, 197
AMPHIUMIDZ, . . . . 197
Amyda: L.,aturtle(Emys) . 168
ANAOANTHINI: @ — without;
akantha—spine, i @ 2 B57
Anas: L., a duck, + «6 « 140
ANATIDA, . » « 18%
Ancistrodon: agkistron—a hook;
odon—tooth, oe 184
ANGUID: L., anguis—the “blind
worm,” . » «+ 170
Anguilla: L., an eel (from anguis)338
‘ANGUILLIDA, ek oe ow BBR
Anorthura: a— without; orthos—
regular; owra—tail, oo. 55
Anser: L.,agoose, . . . 140
Anthus: anthos—a flower, or
something bright, . 57
Antrostomus: antron— cavern; 5
stoma—mouth,. . . . 99
ANURA: a—without; owra—tail, 187
Apeltes: a—without; pelte—shield,259
Aphododeride, . . . . 248
Aphododerus: aphodos— excre-
ment; dere—the neck or throat, 249
APODES: a—without; pous — foot
(ventralfins) . . . . 837
Apomotis: a—without; poma—
opercle; ous—ear, . . . 239
Aquila; L.,aneagle,. . . 114
Archibuteo: L., chief of buzzards,114
Arctomys: arktos— bear: mus—
mouse, a Gott & 28
Ardea: L., a heron, a ook 2 LBL
ARDEIDS, 5 - «+ 130
Ardetta: L., alittle heron, « 133
Argyreus: argureos—silvery, . 307
Argyrosomus: arguros — silver;
soma—body, @ 274-361
ARID: from Ara, L., a macaw, 105
Arvicola: L., living in "felas, . 32
Asio: L.,a horned owl, from the
asinine, ear tufts, . . 354
Aspidonectes: aspis—shield; nek-
tes—a swimmer, 6 + 168
Astatichthys: astatos—never
standing still; ichthus—fish, 226
Asternotremia: a—not; sternon—
breast (sternum); trema—vent
(aperture), eo we R49)
Astragalinus ; bia ad — the
ankle bone, . at Tae 83
Astur: L., a goshawk, es « 12
‘Asturina: L., diminutive of
Astur, . . » + 1183
Atalapha: (atalos—tender?) ; 23
ATHERINID&: atherine—a small
bony fish (from ather, an ar-
row), . « «+ 260
Atractosteus , “atraktos — spindle;
osteon—bone, . . . . 842
AvzEs: L., birds, e a & 36
Aythya: aithuia—a kind of water
bird, i> % - + 148
Beone: baion—a small fish, men-
tioned by classic writers—from
baios, small, a a oy a SE
Bascanium: baskanos—malignant 178
BATRACHIA: batrachos—a frog, 185
Belonesox: L., Belone—a silver
gar; Esoxv-apike, . . . 261
Bernicla: Latin name(abarnacle) 140
Blarina: a meaningless name, 26-352
Boleichthys: bolis — dart; ichthus
—fish, . + 228
Boleosoma: bolis — - dart; soma—
body, . . + 228
Bonasa: L, a pull, from the
“drumming,” . . . . 119
Botaurus: L., bos-tawrus — bull
from the “booming,” . 133
Brachyotus: brachuotos — short-
eared, . . - « «+ 108
Branta: English, brant, » « 140
Bryttus: brutto—to growl, . 289
Bubalichthys: bowbolos — buffalo;
ichthus—fish, . . . . 823
Bubo:L,,ahornedowl, . . 109
INDEX. 391
PAGE, PAGE.
Bucephala: bous—bull; kephale— Centurus: kenteo—to tie oura
head, . . «© «. « «© 148 tail . 104
Bufo: L., atoad, Bree see ve 190
BUFONID#:. . . . . 190
Buteo: L., a buzzard, a ya 113
Butorides: L., bittern-like, . 132
Oalemys: kalos—beautiful; emus
—turtle, a pe we EG
Calidris: L., 2 sanderling, + 128
Oalliurus: kallos—beauty; owra—
tail, oo oe 8 le a 886
Oalopisma: kalos — beautiful ;
lopisma—skin, . . ‘181
Campephilus: kampe-— caterpillar,
phileo—to love, » « « 103
Campostoma: kampe — curve ;
stoma—mouth, 287
Camptolemus; kampte - flexible; iB
ltaimos—throat, 8 4 144
Canace: L., a daughter of Holus, 118
CANIDA, a a ar 16
Canis: L.,a dog, . .« 17-351
CAPRIMULGID: from L., Capri-
mulgus—goat-sucker, . . 98
Carassius: L., a crucian carp, 308
Cardinalis: L., cardinal, . é 89
Cariacus; froma vernacularname, 22
CARNIVORA: L., flesh-eating, 15
Carphophiops: karphos—a dry
twig; ophis—snake; ops —ap-
pearance, . . . . . 182
Carpiodes; L., carp-like, . 321
Carpodacus: karpos—fruit; dakno
—to bite . . . « . 82
Castor: L., abeaver,. . . 29
CASTORIDA, E oe 29
Catharista: kathatro—to cleanse, 115
Cathartes : kathartes—one who
purifies, < 4« «© & « Wo
CATHARTIDA, . . . . 114
Catonotus: kato—low ; notos —
bath: «& « & «& w= & “RQ
CATOSTOMIDZ, . . . . 809
Catostomus: kato—low; stoma—
mouth, 5 319
Caudisona: L., cutie tails sono
—tosound,. . « « 184
Celuta: L., celer—swift, - «+ 182
CEuNTRARGHIDA, + 8 + 282
Centrarchus ; kentron — spine ;
archos—anal (many anal spines) 246
Oentrophanes: kentron — spine ;
phaneo—toshow, . «© 45 83
Ceratichthys: keras—horn; ichthus
fish, . . . .«. « « 805
Certhia: L., acreeper wren, . 53
CERTHIIDA, awe Re) oa 53
CERVID#, . . « « « 20
Cervus: L.,adeer, . . . 22
Ceryle: kerulos—a kingfisher, 101
Chenobryttus: chaino—to yawn ;
bruttos—a sun fish (growler), 237
Chetura : chaite—mane (bristle);
oura—tail, . Pe ‘ i 100
Chamepelia: chamai — on the
ground; peleia—ring-dove (pel-
elos—dusky), . . . . 116
CHARADRIIDH, . . « . 120
Charadrius: charadrios —a lap-
wing or some other water-bird
(from charadra, atorrent),. 121
Chatoessus: chateo—to yawn, . 279
Chaulelasmus: chaulos —loose, or
gaping ; elasmos — a plate, or
blade, . 2. 2 «O41
Chelopus: chele—claw; pous —
foot, Fi 162
Chelydra: cheludros—a water tur-
tle: « & «= & » w« J6e
CHELYDRIDA, . - + 166
CHIROPTERA: cheir—hand; pteron
—wing, . 22
Chirostoma : chetr — hand; stoma
mouth, 8 8 «6 = 261
Chloris: chloros—green, . . 60
Chologaster: cholos — defective,
lame; gaster — belly, (ventral
fins) . .« 2 «© + « 269
Chondestes : chondros — grain ;
esthio—toeat, . . . 85
CHONDROSTEI: chondros - — carti-
lage; osteon—bone, . 344
Chordeiles: choreo — to wander:
deile—twilight, . . . 99
Chorophilus: choros— dance
(chorus); phileo—tolove, . 189
Chreecocephalus : chrota— ia
kephale—head, . “ 7 150
Chrosomus; chros—color; soma—
body, . .- 302
Chrysemys : chrusos - golden $
emus—water-turtle, - +» 163
Chrysomitris : chrusos — golden;
mitra—cap, os « @ 82
392
PAGE.
Circus: L., a sacred falcon which
fliesin circles, . . . . 112
CINOSTERNIDZ, oe «) 165
Cinosternum: kineo—to move;
sternon—sternum, . 166
Cistothorus: kistos — rock - - rose;
therewo—to seek, . . . 55
Cistudo: kiste—a box, « = 262
Clangula: Latin name, clangor—
asharp pird’s scream. . 143
Olinostomus: klino—to incline;
stoma—mouth, » « « 800
Cliola: anIndianname, . . 298
CLUPEID#: from L., clupea—a
herring, . . 278
Cnemidophorus: knemidophoros—
wearing leg armor, » ~« 170
Coccygus: kokkua—a cuckoo, 102
Colaptes : kolapto—to strike with
the bill, $ @ & « 6» 205
Coliscus : kolos—adeficiency, 289
Collurio: kKollwrton—a shrike
(butcher) . . . 11-354
Coluber: L.,a harmless snake, 178
COLUBRID&, ce es LR
Columba: L., a dove, 5 5 116
COLUMB2: L., doves, = oe 115
COLUMBIDA, Par wee 116
COLYMBID&, ae 154
Colymbus: kolumbus—a diver, 154
Condylura: kondulos—node; oura
—tail (from the beaded appear-
ance when dried), . . 25
Conocephalus: konos—cone; keph-
ale—head, . . . «. « 181
Contopus: kontos-spear; pous-foot, 97
Conurus: konos—cone; owra—tail, 106
Copelandia: dedicated to Herbert
Edson Copeland, re 246
Coregonus: korre— the temples;
gonos—angle, . . . 274-360
Coronella: L., corona—a crown, 180
CoRVIDA, . . oe 93
Corvina: from corvus, » « 251
Corvus: L.,araven, . . . 94
Corynorhinus: korune — club;
rhin—snout, ae, jee Ihieyy is 24
Coryphodon: koruphe — vertex,
point; odon—tooth, . . . 1%8
CoTtip#: L., cottus—a sculpin
(kottos—head), . - 251
Cottopsis: Cottus; opsts— appear
ance, . .« « + 255
INDEX.
PAGE.
Cottus: kottoes—head (from the
great size of that part), + 252
Coturniculus: diminutive of ko-
turnia—a kind of grouse. . 84
Cotyle: kotule—a cavity or hole, 72
Craxirex: L, crax—a gallinace-
ous bird; rex—king, . 113
Cristivomer: L., crista — crest ;
vomer—vomer, . 359
CROCODILIA: krokodetlos—a cro-
codile . . . . «. » 15%
Crocodilus, . . . . « 15%
CROTALIDA, . > + 183
Crotalophorus: krotalon—a rattle;
phoreo—to bear, > » « 184
Crotalus: krotalon—arattle. . 183
CUCULID: L., cuculus—a cuckoo,101
Cupidonia: L., cupido—the god of
love, . . 119
Cyanospiza: ianeos— bine? spiea
—sparrow, . 89
Cyanurus: kuaneos — blue: oura
tail, . .. 94
Cycleptus: kuklos—circle; lptos—
slender; (i e ‘“‘small round
mouth”), . . . . 320
CYOCLOGANOIDEI: eycloid- ganoid 339
Cyclophis: kwklos—circle; ophis
—snake, a - 179
Cygnus: kuknos—a swan, - 139
Cylindrosteus: kulindros—a cylin-
der; osteon—bone, .. 342
Cynoperca: kuon—a dog; eres
perch (from the canine teeth), 230
Cyprinella: dim. of Cyprinus, 280
CYPRINID#,. . . «. « 280
Cyprinodon: kuprinos—a carp;
odon—atooth, . . . . 262
CYPRINODONTID&, . . . 261
Cyprinus: kuprinos—a earp, . 809
CYPSELIDS: L., cypselus—a swift
(kupsele—acavern,. . . 99
Dafila: Latin name, . 5 < 141
Decadactylus: dekas—ten; daktu-
los—digit (ten ventral rays), 319
Dendreeca: dendron—tree; oikeo—
toinhabit, . . . «. . 61
DESMOGNATHIDH, . . .. 191
Desmognathus: desmos—a bond;
gnathos—jaw, . 192
Diadophis: dia—to divide; ophis
—snake. woo we ae ee AD)
DIDELPHIDID&, 35
INDEX. 393
PAGE. PAGE:
Didelphys: dis—two; delphus— ETHEOSTOMATID#, . . . 215
uterus, Cale ee cane oe 35 Eucalia: ew—true; kalia—nest, 259
Diemyctylus: meaning unknown, 191
Diplesium: dis—two; plesion—
nearly (dorsal fin), + + 222
Dolichonyx: dolichos—long; onux
—claw,. . 91
Dorysoma: doru—lance; soma—
body, . ee Pte “oces | Seay GOD
DORYSOMATID&, % - 278
Ectopistes: ektopisteos — disposed
todepart, . . . ey ote 116
Elanus: elanos—akite, . . 112
ELAPipa, . - «+ 182
Elaps: elaps—a harmless snake, 183
ELASMOBRANOHII: elasmos—a
Plate; bragchia—gill, . . 847
Elassoma: elassoma—a being re-
duced, ordiminished, . . 248
ELASSOMIDS, . . . . 247%
Elattonistius: elatton — smaller;
histios—banner (dorsal fin),. 277
Empidonax: empis — a mosquito;
anax—a prince, gta ot ys 97
EmMypIDa, . . . . . 161
Emys: emus—a water tortoise, 163
Enneacanthus : ennea — nine ;
akantha—spine, + 2 « 245
Episema: epi—above; sema—ban-
ner (dorsal fin above ventrals), 298
Eremophila : eremos — desert ;
phileo—to love, . . 56
Erethizon: erethizo—to irritate, 34
Ereunetes: ereunetes—an aang
searcher, . . 126
Ericymba; eri—an intensive pare
ticle; kwmba—hollow or cavity, 299
Ericosma: er — spring-time ; kos-
meo—toadorn, . . 221
Erimyzon: eri—an intensive par-
ticie; muzao—tosuck, . . 819
Erismatopterus : ereisma—a prop
orlever; pteron—fin, . . 248
Erismatura: ereisma—a support,
prop; owra—tail, . . . 145
Esooipé, . eo oe a R66
Esox: L. apike, . . . . 266
Estrella: a word of euphony, 223
Etheostoma : said by Rafinesque
to mean “various mouths,”
from the variety in that respect
inthe genus as at first consti-
tuted, . 2. « «© « « 22%
Eudytes: eu—well; dutes—a diver, 154
Eumeces: ewmekes—long, of good
stature, 6 & & » WL
Eupomotis: ew—well or true;
Pomotis, . . " 244
EURHIPIDURA : pie ae “ rhipis
fan; owra—tail, eae 37
Euspiza: eu—true; spiza—a spar-
row, . . . 88
Eutenia: eu—true; ‘tainia—rib-
bon, es - 176
Eutychelithus ; eutuches - lucky; :
lithos—stone, . . . 251
EVENTOGNATHI : eu—true; entos
—within; gnathos—jaw, - 280
Evotomys : evotos — long - eared;
mus—mouse, . a 32
Exoglossum: exo—outside 3 H glossa
tongue, c 308
Faleinellus: L. (jalan scythe, 134
Falco: L.,a falcon, . . . 111
FALCONID&, 7 + «© « 109
Farancia: a word of euphony, 181
Fario: L.,abrook trout, . . 271
FELID2, > ep EC a me 15
Felis: L.,acat, . . . 16
FER: L., fera—wild, savage, 15
Fiber: L.,a beaver, . . . 33
Florida: Florida, one of the U. §S.
where Herons abound, » 132
FRINGILLIDS: from L., Fringilla
—afinch, . . 7 6 V7
Fulica: L., a coot (sooty), 136
Fuligula: diminutive of Fulia, 142
Fulix: sameas Fulica, . . 142
Fundulus: L., fundus—bottom, 263
GADID: L., gadus—a cod-fish, 257°
Galeoscoptes : g alee — weasel ,
skoptes—mocker, . é 48
GALLIN: L., Gallus—a cock, 117
Gallinago: L., Gallina—a kind of
wader,. . « « 126
Gallinula: diminutive’ of Gallina, 136
GANOIDEI: ganos—splendor, . 339
Garzetta: a proper name, » 132
GASTEROSTEIDA, « % % 258
Gasterosteus: eee ost-
eon—bone, . . 259
Gelochelidon : jen t0 laugh ;
chelidon—a swallow, . . 1651
GEOMYID4, . . . « . 29
394 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE.
Geomys: ge—the earth; mus — Helioperca: helios—the sun; perke
mouse,. . 29 —perch, 4 & @ % al
Geothlypis: ge—the earth; " inlupis Helminthophaga: helmins—a
awarbler(?), . 68 worm; phago—to eat, 60-353
Gila: Gila River, where the typical Helmitherus: helmimns—a worm;
speciesoccurs, . . . . 800
Girardinus: to Dr. Chas. Girard, 262
GLIRES: L., glis—a dormouse, 26
Glottis: glottis—name of some bird,128
Glyptemys: gluptos — sculptured;
emus—tortoise,. . . . 168
GOBIIDa: L., gobius—a goby, 256
Gobiosoma: L., gobius—-a goby ;
soma—body, ow ae fer RBM
Goniaphea: gonos—cheeks (?);
phaios—black, . . . 88
Goniochelys: gonia—angle; chelus
—turtle, . .
Graculus: L., a jackdaw, from its
note—gra, gra, . . - 147
Graptenys : graptos — engravens ?
emus—tortoise,. . , . 164
Gronias: grone—a cavern, - 333
GRUIDA, S #4 @ ~e 184
Grus: L., a crane, S - 135
Grystes: gruzo—to growl, . - 286
Guiraca: meaningless, . . 89
Gulo: L., gulo—a glutton, . Z 19
Gypochelys: gups~a vulture; che-
lus—aturtle, . . 167
Gyrinophilus: gurinos—a tadpole:
phileo—to love,. . 194
Hadropterus: hadros—stout; pte-
ron—fin, és é “ e % 221
H#2MATOPODIDA, « « 122
Hematopus: haima—blood ; pous
foot, Sw ee oe we | ARR
Haldea: meaningless? . . 181
Haliaetus: hals—sea; aetos—eagle, 114
Haplochilus : haploos — single,
simple; cheilos—alip, . 263
Haplodontia: haploos — simple ; ;
odon—tooth, a 29
Haploidonotus: haploidos—cloak-
ed; notos—back, from scales on
dorsalfin, . . . . . 250
HAPLOMI: haploos—simple; omos
—humerus, > ® we ae I26E
Harelda: L., a herald, « « 143
Harporhynchus : harpe—a sickle;
rhunchos—a bill, . . . 48
Hedymeles: hedus — sweet; melos
—asong, . + + «© « 88
thereuo—to seek, eax a 60
HEMIBRANCHII: hemi—half;
bragchia—gills, fe. ge FRBSr
Hemidactylium: hemi — half;
daktulos—claw, . 193
Hemioplites: hemi—half; “hoptites
—armed, . 245
Hemitremia: hemi—halt; ema
aperture (lateral line half
way), 7 x“ ¢ 303
Herodias: herodios—a heron, . 182
HERODIONES, . . »«. . 130
Hesperiphona: hesperos—evening;
phoneo—to sing, " . . 81
Hesperocichla: hesperos — even-
ing; kichle—a thrush, . * Aq
Hesperomys: hesperos— evening;
mus—a mouse, . 81
Heterodon: heteros > different;
odon—tooth, we oe ge AE
Hierofalco: L., hierax—a hawk;
falco—afalcon, . . 111
Himantopus: himantop: owe—a
kind of water-bird (crook-
shanks), % 5 . x 4% 123
HIRUNDINIDA, . . . - vil)
Hirundo: L., a swallow, . “ vel
Histrionicus: L., a harlequin, 144
Hololepis: holos—entirely; naa
a scale, : 228
Hopladelus: hopleis — ‘armed; " ae-
los—visible, P a 334
Hucho: a Latinized name, (Ger.
Hecht, apike) . . . . 271
Hudsonius: Hudson River, 290
Huro: Lake Huron, . a . 236
. Hybognathus: hubos — gibbous;
gnathos—jaw, * 289
Hybopsis: hubos—gibbous ; A ovels
—face,, . 290
Hyborhynchus : naubaa - aibbous: Z
rhunchos—snout, . . 288
Hydrargyra: hudor — water ; ar-
guros—silver, . . . 262
Hydrochelidon : hudor — ayatee ;
chelidon—swallow, ,_. 153
Hydrophtlox: hudor—water; nites
—flame, : + 292
INDEX. 395
PAGE. PAGE,
Hyla: hule—forest, . . . 189 Ischnognathus: ischnos — thin;
HYLIDA: oi » + 189 gnathos—jaw, . . 176
Hylocichla: hule — ” sorest; kichle— ISOSPONDYLI: ‘oe—equaly Spon
thrush,. . . . 46 dulos—a vertebra, . . . 270
Hylomyzon: hilus —mud: muzo— Ispida: a Latin name, » +» 101
to suck, 8 319 Jaculus: L., something thrown, 30
Hylotomus: hule — wood: tomar Junco: meaningless, 88-354
cutting, . 103 Labidesthes: labis—a pair of for-
Hyodon: L., os hyotdes — bone of
the tongue; odon—a tooth (in-
tended for “toothed tongue”), 277
HYODONTID#: . . « « 2%6
Hyostoma: hus—swine; stoma—a
mouth,. . 222
Hypentelium: hupo—under Qip?);
enteles— perfect (more likely—
hupo—under (lip); pente—five;
the lower lip was said by Rafin-
esque to be five-lobed), . 319
Hypohomus: hupo — beneath; ho-
mos—uniform, . . 221
Hyperistius: huper—high: histion
—a sail (dorsal), s s 247
HYPEROARTIA: huperoa—palate;
artios—perfect,. . . 347
HYPEROTRETA: huperoa—palate;
tretos—perforate, . . 347
Hypsifario: hupsi—deep; L., Farto
—atrout, . 357
Hypsilepis: mapst: — high; lepis—
scale, . . » 6 293
Ibis: name in Greek, » . 134
Ichthelurus: ichthus—fish; ailu-
ros—cat, r 828
Ichthelis: ichthus — fish; pelo
the sun, “ 239
Ichthyobus: ichthus—tish; bous—
buffalo,. . 322
Ichthyomyzon: “tenthus - _ as sh;
muzo—tosuck, . . . . 849
Ictinia: iktinos—akite, . . 112
Icteria: ikteros—a yellowish green
bird, the sight of which would
cure the jaundice (ikteros). In
the process the bird dies, . 68
IcTERIDZ, . . . . . 90
Icterus: same as Icteria, . . 92
IGUANID&: Iguana—a vernacular
pame, . . 169
Imostoma: eimi—to move; stoma
mouth (mouth protractile), , R22
INSECTIVORA: L., insecta—insect;
voro—to eat, o 24
ceps; esthio—to eat, « « 262
LABRAOCIDA, . + 4 231
Labrax: labraw—name of some
voracious sea-fish, . . . 281
LACERTILIA: L., lacerta—a lizard 168
Lagochila: sass pease — hare-lip-
ped, ag + « 811
Lagopus: lagopous -~@ ptarmigan
from lagos—a hare; pous — foot
(rough-footed like a hare), . 119
LAMELLIROSTRES: L., lamella—
athin plate; rostrum—bill, 137
Lampropeltis: lampros — shining;
pelte—shield, . . . 180
LANIID2: L., lanius—a shrike
(butcher), . . ee x 16
Lanivireo: lanius- -viren, oF 76
LARIDA, . » «6 148
Larus: laros—a sea a. gull, > + 150
Lasiurus: lasios — hairy ; oura —
tail, : 2 . . . . 24
Lepibema. lepis—scale; bema—
step, ‘‘in allusion to the scaly
basis of the unpaired fins,” . 231
LEPIDOSTEIDH, . : ri ie 341
Lepidosteus: lepis—scale; osteon—
—bone,. . + «6 « 842
Lepiopomus: lepion—a scale ;
poma—opercle,. . . 239
Lepomis: lepis— scale ; poma'—
opercle, os eel ot ae. -SRBG
LEPORIDA, . so. 34
LEPTOCARDII: leptos—thin; kar-
dia—heart, . . .« 347
Leptophis : leptos—slender ; ophis
—snake, ote OSE cs 179
Lepus: L., a hare, < & 34
Lestris: lestris—a robber, a 149
Leuciscus : L., a dace (lewkos—
white), . ‘ + 295
Leucosomus: lewkos—white; soma
—body, ae 304
LIMICOL&: L., Wmus—mud ; ‘e616
—to inkabit, e 4 + 120
Limosa: L., Wmosus—muddy, 128
396 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE
Liopeltis: leios —smooth ; pelte— Mesogonistius : mesos — middle ;
shield, a te é 179 gonia—angle: histion—sail (dor-
Litholepis : lithos —stone ; ; lepis— 8al), «© a we ews wm RAS
scale, . » 3842 Micristius: mikros—small ; his-
Lobipes: lobos—lobe ; pots—toot: 123 tion —sai] (dorsal), . . 264
LONGIPENNES: L., longus — lone: Micropalama: mikros — small ;
penna—wing, . . . 147 palame—palm(web), . . ‘196
Lophodytes: lophos—crest; atites— Microperca: mikros—small; perke
diver, . . 145 —aperch, . . .« . «. 229
Lophophanes : lophos —- sorest ; Micropterus : mikros — small ;
phaino—toshow, . . . 51 pteron—a fin, % 236
Lota: L., aling, . . . . 25% Microsorex: mékros—small; sorex
Loxia: lovos—crosswise, . . 82 —shrew, . 352
Lucioperca: L., lucitus—a pike; Milvulus: dim. of L., een
perca—a perch, » « w 2380 kite, Be ke * 8 96
Lutra: L., anotter, . . . 19
Luxilus: 2 shiner (L., lua—light), 293
Lynx: lugx—a wildeat, . . 16
Lythrurus: luthron — blood; oura
tail, 7 ey ve Se ae 4295
Macrochelys : makros — large ;
chelus—a turtle, ees 167
Macrorhamphus : makros—large:
rhamphos—bill, > «© « 126
Malacoclemmys: malakos — soft;
klemmus—aturtle, . . . 164
MAMMALIA: Latin name (mamma) 12
Mareca: meaningless, » » 141
MARSIPOBRANCHII : marsipion—
apouch; bragchia—gills, . 847
MARSUPIALIA: marstipiton—
pouch,. . . bo 35
Meda: a classical Aaa rs 280
Melanerpes: melas— black; herpo
—tocreep, . . 104
Melanetta : melas—black ; netta—
a duck, c » . 144
Melanura: melas-black; owra-a tail265
MELEAGRIDA, . ~ . 119
Meleagris : meleagris — a fowl,
(from the hero Meleager, whose
sisters wept themselves into
Guinea-hens), ‘ 11%
Melospiza: melos—song ; " spiza—a
sparrow, . 87
Menobranchus : menos—strength;
(meno—to remain) ; bragchos—a
gill, & Lar pote, ae ate ak SLOB
MENOPOMIDA, . . . . 196
Menopoma: menos — strength :
poma—opercle,. . . .« 196
Mephitis: L., a bad odor, 19-351
Mergus: L., mergo—todive, . 145
Mimus: mimos—a mocker, : 48
Minnilus: English minnow;
French, menuise; L., minus—
small, . . » « -» 296
Minomus: meaningless, » » 819
Minytrema: minus — reduced ;
trema—aperture (laternal line), 318
Mniotilta: mnion — moss; tillo—to
pull, o 59
Molothrus: molos—a mass; throos
—a rustling (?), . a * 91
Morone: meaningless, es B82)
MOTACILLID# : L.. motacilla —a
wagtail, 1 56
Moxostoma: muxo—to ‘suck; stoma
—mouth, . . 319
Murenopsis: muraina — an eel ;
opsis—appearance, . . . ‘197
MURID&, oe Sy 30
Mus: mus—a mouse, . . . 31
Mustela: L., a weasel, Seppe 18
MUSTELID, i . 1%
Myiadestes : myia—a fy; deo —to
bind (catch), . 48
Myiarchus: myia—a ay: ‘archos—
chief, . . 96
Myiodioctes: rere ty: dioko—
tochase, . . 68
Myonomes; mus—mouse; nomos—
pasture, “ 82
Myxocyprinus : quote suck;
kuprinos—carp. A 309
Myxostoma: muao—to suck; atonia:
—mouth, . 312
Nanemys: ‘iano’ awart + emus—
turtle, . 163
Nanostoma: nanos—small; stoma
—mouth, . . . - « 5
INDEX. 397
PAGE, PAGE.
Nauclerus: naucleros—aruler, 112 Oryzomys: L., oryza—rice; mus—
Necturus : nekios — swimming ; mouse,. . . 2. 2. « 32
oura—tail, 4 3 198 Osceola: Name of an Indian
NEMATOGNATHI : nema— “parbel; chief, . . . - «+ 181
gnathos—jaw, . 3826 Osmerus: osmeres—odorous, . 273
Neocorys: jeos—newi corus—hel- Otocorys: ous—ear; korus—helmet, 56
met, a a ee 57 Otus: otos—a horned owl (otos—
Neosorex: sieo=t0 swim; L., sorex eared), . * « « #& TO
—ashrew, . 351 Ozotheca: ozo—to give out an
Neotoma: neo —to swim ; ems — odor; theke—a box, . . 166
@ cutting (Rodent), . e 31 Pagophila : pagos—ice ; phileo—to
Nerodia: neros—moist, . . 1%5 love, . - >» 150
Nettion: nettion—a little duck, 142
Nisus: a king of Megara, changed
to an eagle, 5 a 113
Nocomis: Ind, nokomis—daugh-
terofthe moon, . . 305
Notemigonus; notos — back; hems
—half; gonia—angle, . . 3801
Nothonotus : nothos — spurious :
notos—back, & @ i we - RBS
Notophthalmus : not os— back ;
ophthalmos—eye, . 5 191
Notropis: notos — back ; tropis—a
keel,’ . - + « 296
Noturus: notos—back:; oura—tail 335
Numenius; nowmenia —the new
moon, . . « « «© « 129
Nyctale: nuktalos—nocturnal, 108
Nyctea: nuktios—nocturnal, . 109
Nyctherodius : nuktios — noctur-
nal; herodios—aheron, . . 182
Nyctiardea: L., a night-heron, 132
Nycticejus: nua—night, ‘ 23
Ochetodon: ochetos — a channel;
odon—atooth, . . . . 32
CGdemia: oidema—a swelling, 144
Oligocephalus : oligos—a few
(small); kephale—head,. . 226
Oligosoma : oligos—small ; soma—
body, . . a 2 =» ML
Olor: a Latin name, ae 139
Oncorhynchus : 0n kos — hook ;
rhugchos—snout. . "356
Opheosaurus: ophts—snake; sau-
ros—lizard, . . 170
Ophibolus : ophis—snake ; bolis—
dart. . . - « 180
OPHIDIA: ophis~snake, oe « AYR
Oporornis: opora —early autumn
(fruit); ornis—bird, . . 67
Ortyx: ortue—a European
quail, . . . - «+ + 119
Pandion: annie in ‘mythology, 112
Pantosteus: pantos—every where;
osteon—bone (from the closing
of the fontanelle, which chiefly
distinguishes the genus from
Catostomus) . . . . 809
PARIDA, a ae ee oe 51
Parula: dim. of Parus, . . 60
Parus: L., a titmouse, ey 51
Passer: L., a sparrow, el 83
Passerculus: dim. of Passer, . 84
Passerella: dim. of Passer, . 88
PASSERES, . 44
Pediccetes: pedion—a field; koite
—a nest, — » 118
Pedomys: pedion— field; mus —a
mouse, ao ee ee 33
PELEOANIDZ, . + «© «. 146
Pelecanus: pelekan—a pelican, 146
Pelidna: pelidnos—livid, . . 127
Pelionetta: peleios— blackish;
netta—duck, o » «= ww 246
Pelodichthys: pelos — mud; ich-
thus—fish, .. 334
Perca: perke—a perch (parkoe=
dusky). eo ~ 229
PERCESOCES: L., worea=perchi:
esom—apike, . . . . 260
PEROID#, . . + © « 229
Percina: dim. of Perca, . . 219
PERCOPSIDA, . + + 270
Percopsis: perke—a perch; opsis—
appearance, : » 2970
PERDICID&: L., perdia—a Eerie
ridge, . . w 119
Perisoreus: pert—around; soros—
ahillaheap, . . 95
Perissoglossa: ‘pertssos—odd; glos-
sa—a tongue, . 61
Petrochelidon: petros —a rock;
chelidon—a swallow, . - a
398 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE,
Petromyzon: petros—a stone; muzo Plethodon: plethos — abundance;
—tosuck, . . . . . 848 odon—tooth,
PETROMYZONTIDZ,. . . 3848 PLETHODONTID2, . . . 192
Peucea: peuke—a pine tree, . “87
PHALACROOORACID: phalakros
—bald; korax—a raven, . 147
PHALAROPODIDZ, . . . 123
Phalaropus: phalaros — shining;
pous—foot, eo 123
Phenacobius: phenaz—deceptive;
bios—life, . e 299
Philohela: phileo—to love; hele—
sunlight; (hilus—mud?), . 125
Philomachus: phileo—to love;
mache—a fight, . 129
Photogenis: Photogenis — born of
light, « « - 294
Phoxinus: phowtnos—a minnow;
(phoxos—tapering), 2 3802
Phrynosoma: phrune—a toad: 80-
ma—body, - - .- . +. 170
Pica: L.,amagpie, . . ‘ 94
PICARLA#: L., picus—a wood-
pecker, Ce eee ne 98
PICIDz, . - +» 102
Picoides: L., like a woodpecker, 104
Picus: L.,a@ woodpecker,. . 103
Pileooma: piltema— something
compact, . 7 Cr 219
Pimelodus: pimelodes—fat, - 800
Pimephales: pimele—fat; kephale
—head, . » 7. 288
Pinicola: L., living amoue pines, 81
Pipilo: L., pipilo—to chirp, . 89
PIscEs: L., fishes, « ss « ‘99
Pittymys: pitus—a pine-tree; mas
—mouse, , ». «© « «© 33
Pityophis: pitws—a pine-tree;
ophis—snake, . . 178
Placopharynx: plax—anything flat
and broad; pharuna—pharynx, 296
Planesticus: Greek, planesticos—
wandering, vagabond, .. 47
Planirostra: L., planus—flat; ros-
trum—snout, ae ha a 344
Plargyrus: plewra—side; aeguras
—silver, ‘ 293
Platygobio: platus—broad or flats
L., Gobio—a gudgeon, . . 804
Plectrophanes: plektron — a spur;
phaneo—to show, . . 83-354
Plestiodon: pleistos—many; odon
—tooth, o © © « « 12
PLEURODELID2: Pleurodeles ;
plewron—side; deleeis — destruc-
tive, . 190
Pleurolepis: Dison = _ sides lepis
—scale, ee eee)
PLOTID#, . . , + « 146
Plotus: plos—a swimmer, ~ 146
Podiceps: L., podex — rump; pes—
foo, . . « « « «© 155
PODICIPIDA, 6 we oR o% “1S
Podilymbus: L., podiceps—a
grebe; colymbus—aloon, . 156
Pecilichthys: poikilos — varie-
gated; ichthus—fish, = »« 226
Polioptila: ees digi
feather, “ 50
Polyodon : polus — niany 3 enon
tooth, . fe . . . 344
POLYODONTIDA, rr.)
Pomolobus: poma— opercle; lobos
lobe, . 6 ww we RD
Pomotis: poma—opercle; ous—
ear, c e 239
Pomoxys: poma-—operele; oxwus—
sharp, . . 247
Pocecetes; poa— ‘ nisadGweerass;
koite—nest, e 84
Porphyrio; BEDI OH red
water bird, from porphurios,
purple,. . . es « « £86
Porzana: meaningless, . . 136
Potamocottus: potamos — a river;
kottos—a sculpin, - «© » 254
Procyon: pro—before; kuon—dog 20
PROOYONIDE, . vs 20
Progne: a daughter of Pandion,
who was changed into aswallow %2
Prosopium: prosopeta—a mask (in
allusion to the broad preorbital), 362
PROTHIDA, . .« «© « « 197
PROTHIDZ, . .« « « + 19%
Proteus: anameinmythology, 197
Protistius: protos—before, in ad-
vance; histion—sail (dorsal fin), 262
Protonotaria: L, noted above
others: prothonotary, . . 60
Pseudemys: ial aes emus
—a tortoise, . . 164
Pseudobranchus: pacudous _- false; +
bragchos—gills, o ow « 198
INDEX. 399
PAGE. PAGE,
P. ston: pseud false: tri- Rhynchops: rhunchos—snout: ops
ton—a water Salamander, . 194 —face,. . . 6 «© - 153
PSsITTAOT!: L., psittacus—a parrot, 105 Rhytidostomus: rhutis —rough ;
Pteromys: pteron — wing ; mus— stoma—mouth,. . . 320
mouse, Cae oe ae ee 27 Rissa: a Latin name Gr ious
Piychemys: ptuche—a fold or laughing) . . . - 150
wrinkle; emus—a tortoise, . 164 Roccus: from vernacular, Rock-
Ptychostomus: ptuche — a fold or fish, a. ~_ ww » 23E
wrinkle; stoma—mouth, » 812
Ptyonotus: ptuon—a fan; notos—
pack, . . « « 256
Putorius: L., ill- scented, . 18
PYGOPODES: puge—rump; pous—
foot, . . a w= 158
Pygosteus: puge—rump; osteon—
bone, . e 260
Pyranga: pire ages ; Ianagra—
tanager, . . ores 70
Pyrgita: purgites-a house sparrow, 83
Quassilabia: Li quassus — broken
or torn; labia—lip,. . . 402
Querquedula: L.,ateal, . . 141
Quiscalus: quiscala—a vernacular
mame, . + + «»« « «+ 93
RaLltipa, . . « - + 135
Rallus: L., a rail, » «© «© 185
Rana: L.,afrog,. . . 187-357
RANIDA, s * - « 187
Rangifer: L., areindeer, ae 21
RAPTORES: L.,robbers, . . 106
Recurvirostra: L., recurvus — re-
curved; rostrum—bill, . . 1238
RECURVIROSTRIDZ,. . . 122
Regina: L.,aqueen, . . . 1%5
Regulus: L., akinglet, . i 50
Reithrodon: reithron—a channel;
odon—tooth, ye 32
REPTILIA: L., repto—to creep or
crawl . . + 5 157
Rheocrypta: rheo—to flow rapidly;
kruptos—bidden (hiding in the
rapids), 5 . 222
Rhinichthys: rhin-—snout; échthus
—fish, . . . 807
Rhinogryphus :r hin — ‘snout :
grups—a griffin, ae. ae ee 115
RHOMBOGANOIDEL: rhombus—a
diamond-shaped figure, @
rhomb; ganoidei—ganoids, . 340
BRhyacophilus: rhwasx — river ;
phileotolove, . . 129
Rhynchophames : aehuntenos - pill;
phameo—to show, . » 3854
RODENTIA: L., rodo—to gnaw, 26
Salamandra: L, a Salamander, 193
Salar: L., a trout (salio — to
leap), . . «8 291-857
Salmo: L., a trout (salio—to
leap), . . «© «+ «© 271-356
SALMONID&, » + « 270-855
Salvelinus: German, salbling — a
small salmon, . . 271-359
Sarchirus: sara — fish; chetr —
hand. . . . . . « 842
Sarcidium: sarkidion — a little
lump offlesh . . 299
SAXICOLID: L., suicola—iving
among rocks, . . . 49
Sayornis: to Thomas Say; ornis—
abird,. . . 96
Scalops: skalops — a aitT8) from
skallo—todig, . . . 25
Scapanus : skapane — a hoe or
shovel, 2 «. «© « «© «= 25
SOAPHIOPIDH, . . . «. 188
Scaphiopus: skaphos--spade; pous
—foot, .. . 189
Scaphirhynchus : akaihbe Apne: 5
rhunchos—snout, 346
Scaphirhynchops : Scaphtrhynch-
us; ops—appearance, . . 346
Sceloporus : skelos — leg; poros —
pore, . 169
Schilbeodes : from. Schilbe, a for-
eign genus of Silurida,. . 335
SCLHZNIDZ: sciena—Latin name, 250
SoOINCID4: skigkos—a kind of liz-
ard, . ' a . a 171
SOIURIDZ, . . + « » 26
Sciurus: skiowros —a squirrel ;
(skia—shade; owra—tail), . 27
Scluropterus : skiowros—a squir-
rel; pteron—wing, . . . 2%
Sclerognathus : skleros — hard ;
gnathos — jaw, a, ee” ORR
Scolecophagus : skolex— worm ;
phago—toeat, . . « «+ 93
400 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE
Scolecosoma; skolex—worm; soma Steganopus: steganos — webbed;
—body,. . . . .«. . 849 pous—foot,. . 123
SOOLOPAGIDH, . . . . 124
Scolopax: skolopax—asnipe, . 126
Scops: skops—ascreechowl, . 108
Scotiaptexr: skotia — darkness ;
ptesso—to frighten, . . 108
Scotophilus: skotos — darkness ; :
phileo—tolove,. . 22
Scotophis: skotos—darkness; ophis
—asnake, . . > « 178
SELACHOSTOMI: selachos—a shark
(cartilage); stoma—mouth, . 843
Semotilas: sema—a banner (dor-
sal fin), teleis, or some similar
word, supposed by Rafinesque to
mean “spotted,” . . 304
Setophaga : ses—a moth ; pepo
toeat, . . a 69
Sialia: stalis—plump, ea 49
SILURID&: Silurus: silowros—
some river fish, ab. 326
Siredon: seiredon —a siren (seira
—entangling), . . . . 194
Siren: seiren—a siren, + + 198
SIRENIDZ. . - « 198
Sitta: sitte—a nuthatch ne: 52
SITTID&, feet 8 52
Siurus: sei—to wag; oura—tail, 66
Somateria: soma — body ; erion—
woo, . . . ox 144
Sorex: L., a shrew- mole, 26-352
SORICIDA, . . 25-352
Soriciscus; diminutive of Sorex, 352
SPALACOPODID2 : Spalacopus ;
spalax—a mole; pous—foot, 83
Spatula: L.. aspatula, oe 142
Spatularia: L., spatula, . . 344
Spelerpes: speos—a cave; herpes—
reptile... . 193
Speotyto: speos—a eaves hitok a
nightowl,. . . . , 109
Spermophilus: sperma — seed ; :
philos—lover, . . 28
Sphyrapicus: sphura—a hammer:
pikos—a woodpecker, . . 104
Spilogale: spilos—a spot; galee—a
weaselor other musteline ani-
mal, . . 351
Spizella;: dim. of spiza —a Spat:
Tow, tl ie a 8 86
Squatarola: a vernacular name, 121
STEGANOPODES : steganos — web-
bed; pous—foot, eee 146
Stelgidopteryx: stelgis—a ‘Tana of
scraper; pterua—wing . . 2
Stercorarius: L., stercus — excre-
ment, . , eo Gee Oy 149
Sterna: L., sterno—to spread out, 152
Stilbe: stilbe—splendor, . . 3801
Stilbius: same as Stilbe, . . 3801
Stizostethium: stizo—to prick;
stethion—breast, ow) ty 2280)
Storeria: to Dr. David H. Storer, 176
Strepsilas: strepso—to turn; laas—
stone, oe 2+ © «© «© 122
STRIGIDA, . - « 106
Strix: striga —some hight - bird
with asharpcry, . . . 107
Sturnella: L., sturnus—a starling, 92
Surnia: surnia—anowl, . . 109
Sylvicola: L., sylvicola—living in
the forest, . . .« « | 60
SYLVICOLIDZ, . . . 57
SyYLvup2: L. ’ sylva—woodland, : 49
Symphemia: swn—together; phemi
—totalk, . . j 128
Synaptomys: sunaptos - connect-
ing; mus — mouse (joinIng Ar-
vicola and Myodes), c 33
Synechoglanis: synecho — to com-
press; glanis—the fish Stlurus, 328
Syrnium: surnion—an owl, . 108
Tachycineta: tachus—swift; kineo
—tomove,. .. . . vel
TALPID: L., talpa—a mole, . 24
Tamias: tamias—a steward, 28-353
TANAGRID&: Tanagra (tanagra
acopper kettle?), . . . 69
TANTALIDA, . - 133
Tantalus: a mythological name, 133
Tauridea: taura—a cow; eidos—
appearance,face, . . . R255
Taxidea: Tavus—an allied genus;
eidos—appearance, . . .« 19
Trip: Tejus—a vernacular name,170
TELEOOEPHALI: teleos — perfect;
kephale—head, . . .« «= 215
TELEOSTEI: teleos—perfect; osteon
—bone, ewe ae RT
Telipomis: _telets — full-grown
(“spotted”); poma—opercle, 239
Telmatodytes: telmatoduti liv-
inginponds, . . 55
Teretulus: L., teres—cylindrical, 312
THSTUDINATA, . . « +» 159
FURTHER ADDENDA.
It is practically impossible to keep a faunal work like
the present fully “up with the times.” Since the last
proofs were read, the following additions to our fauna
have been noted :
To page 70, after Pyranga wstiva, add:
3. P. ludoviciana, (Wils.) Bon. “ Lovtstana Tana-
GER.” Male bright yellow; back, wings and tail black;
head scarlet; two yellow wing-bars; 9 as in rubra,
known by the wing-bars. Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, accidental at Lynn, Mass. (Brewer.)
To page 88, after Passerella, add:
18. (6) CALAMOSPIZA, Bonaparte. Larx Buntines.
1. €. bicolor, (Towns.) Bon. Wuitn-WiNekD Brack:
Birp. Black, with a large white wing-patch, and white
on quills; @ streaky, like the female Bobolink, but
known by the whitish wing-patch; bill stout; inner sec-
ondaries as long as the primaries; L. 6}; W. 33; T. 2.
Western plains, accidental in Massachusetts.
Page 154. The females of Colymbus torquatus and
of some other swimming birds, lack the head markings
described in the text, and are dull or streaky.
Page 155. The occurrence of Podiceps ecristatus in
America at all, is lately denied by Dr. Brewer.
403
404. ADDENDA.
To page 219, after Plewrolepis pellucidus, add:
2. P. aspre/lus, Jordan. Roves Sanp Darter. Form
of P. pellucidus, but the squamation much more com-
plete, and the scales rougher; sides, back and breast
with imbricate scales; size larger and colors darker than
in pellucidus; fins high; D. 1X—10; A. L., 8, lat. 1. 98.
Sandy streams in Illinois. ‘Has in life all the colors of
the rainbow.”
2. (6) 10A, Jordan and Brayton.
1. . vitrea, (Cope) Jordan. Gutassy Darter. A
species apparently similar to the last, but with smaller
fins, and much larger scales; D. VII—14, A. I, 9; lat.
1.56. North Carolina.
On page 225, after Nanostoma zonalis, add: .
2. WN. vinetipes, Jor. May be known from N. zonalis,
by the absence of the bands encircling the belly, and by
the fact that all the fins, including the ventrals, are
strongly barred. Illinois River.
On page 227, after P. jessie, add:
4. P. asprigenis, Forbes. Rovgu-CuEEKED Darrer.
Short and stout; cheeks and opercles entirely scaly ;
scales large; lateral line about to end of second dorsal;
spines high; coloration apparently as in variatus ;
spinous dorsal dusky behind; D. XII—13; A. IT, 8; lat.
1, 48. Illinois River.
5. P. virgatus, Jor. A slender species, known by the
naked head, black-striped body (as in Htheostoma lineo-
latum), and by the presence of a black humeral scale.
Rock Castle R.
6. P. punctulatus, Ag., from Mo. and §., has likewise
a black humeral scale, but the cheeks are scaly and the
body not striped.
ADDENDA. 405
On page 229, after B. eos, add:
4. B. barratti, Holbr. Short, chubby and compressed;
depth 44 in length; head 34; lat. 1. on 13 to 30 scales;
D. X—18, A. II, 7; lat. 1. 42 to 56. Colors greenish,
with dark specks, no blue or red. Georgia to Texas,
lately taken by Prof. Forbes in Southern Illinois.
16. (6) VAILLANTIA, Jordan.
1. V. camura, (Forbes) Jordan. A slender species,
resembling Boleichihys eos in form, and Boleosoma
nigrum in color. D. X—11; A.I, 8. MTllinois.
On page 247. Many specimens of H’lassoma zonatum
have been lately obtained by Professor Forbes in South-
ern Illinois. The fish, I think, unquestionably forms a
separate family, the relations of which are with Aphodo-
deride, as indicated in the text. Its pharyngeals are as
in Aphododerus ; the vertebrae are but 28 in number;
the fin rays are usually, D. IV, 10; A. III, 5. -No speci-
mens have been taken more than an inch in length.
On page 296, after Lythrurus ardens, add:
4. L. atripes, Jordan. Dusky Rep-Fin. A strongly
compressed, deep-bodied species, known at once by the
coloration of the fins, the dorsal spot being faint, and
there being a dusky bar across the upper part of the
fin; the anal is similarly colored to the dorsal, but
fainter, and the ventrals are dusky; A.I,11. Southern
Illinois.
On page 284, after jj. Lytarurus, add:
a. Teeth without masticatory surface, their edges always
serrate. 3 % ‘ ‘ CYPRINELLA, 8 (0).
On page 296, before Minnilus, add:
406: ADDENDA.
8. (6) CYPRINELLA, Girard.
1. @. forbesi, Jordan. Forszs’ Rep-Fisa. Body
short, very deep, much compressed, the depth 3 in
length; color in life chiefly red, a violet crescent behind
opercle; fins plain red; head and caudal peduncle pro-
fusely tuberculate; A.I, 8; lat.1.35; teeth 4—4. South-
ern Illinois, an elegant little fish.
On page 223, et. seq. Generic names ending in the
Greek neuter roots “soma,” “stoma,” “isma,” etc.,
have been in this work considered as Latin feminine
nouns, and the adjective has been made to agree with
them accordingly, as * Boleosoma maculata,” “ E’'theos-
toma flabeliaris.” This was done in deference to cer-
tain recent authorities in classical matters, who regard
such latinized words ending in @ as feminine. It is
‘probably better, however, to follow the common custom,
and to consider them as neuter, until some other rule is
definitely adopted.