Spihterssgr Survie b= & 8a Seige tae 2 ee Ft ee Ce Paes FALE PEUrerere rut +re ror es error = 8G argh 44h — tt 9 = LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY o> . “ZY Faltice Sz 2A CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY logy Laboratory of Orit head 459 Sapsucker Voir Cornel University Ithaca, Now York 1485 ! AMERICAN SPARROW HAWKS. COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS FRANK M. CHAPMAN ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Author of ‘‘ Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,’’ ‘* Bird-Life,’’ Etc. ‘ With Upward of 800 Drawings BY CHESTER A. REED, B.S. NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1903 et Ate Nig y ' pti COPYRIGHT, 5: DOUBLEDAY, PAGE& CO, 190300 E In z Bee are resin se ite + eo i ys PREFACE. O learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure, food, and habits of the birds of the world, or de- sire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identi- fication. From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascertain the bird’s name. Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural out- come of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude. We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird- lovers whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent interest in nature. Frank M. CHAPMAN. American Museum of Natural History, New York City, 1903. iii ILLUSTRATIONS. The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings whick most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to present a bird’s characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given at the beginning of each description. The figures are based on the male bird. iv CONTENTS. PAGE LINGRODUGIMONE pie etna ten erie ne orale eee Nore tise tae Ne Mia arg SANS MNS Wook LSD i 1) Uh 1 HowitorbearntarBird?seN ater ori s 4 ois sro usta olels\G. o Ga vive side msleun Ev ulees seas 1 FTOWABITASWATCH NAME Rete slactn hiate (caaiaalsiea iver tele earecenaai a ciaientuslicnicte ctaaiotaticteress 4 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ............ 9 COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS..........ccccceccecceceecccceeseeees 41 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ......---ceceeeeeceeeeeeees 257 TIN EVE Nahe tess pene ete er eee rehearse ee wees andl ot ns nae haven oglapentnagers eater diac ty Aver tes is oy 291 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 3. The sign of Mars, signifying male. 2. The sign of Venus, signifying female. Ad Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage. Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plu- mage of the adult. L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat shorter. W. Wing, the distance from the ‘bend’ of the wing to the end of the longest feather T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the longest one. Tar. ‘Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of the so-called ‘leg.’ B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip. Nore. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation 2f about ten per cent. from the figures given may be expected. The num- ber before the name of each species is that of the American Ornitholo- gists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of North American Birds.’ vi INTRODUCTION. HOW TO LEARN A BIRD’S NAME. “How can I learn to know the birds?’ is the first question of the seeker after bird-lore. The scientist’s reply, ‘““By shooting them and studying their structure and markings in detail,’’ may do for the few who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is em- phatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life. In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group, figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehend, but, further than this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to color and markings. A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have much difficuly in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight times out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order PASSERES, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one’s selection by reading the description of the bird’s characteristics and the outline of its range. How To LEARN A Birp’s NAME. In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most sub- species resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone, and in such cases a bird’s name is to be learned by its color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is seen. During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature with some certainty, for itis a law that only one sub- Species of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations, and in the winter, when several subspecies of one species may be found associated, itis frequently impossible to name them with accuracy. For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in call- ing the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Merula migratoria achrustera;) but later, when the Northern Robins (Merula migratoria) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not im- possible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds. If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observa- tion he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experi- ences. It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone, can you expect to compete with those who use the gun. It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect speci- mens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural characters. Z How To LEARN A BIRD’s NAME. To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where the chief end in view is to learn a bird’s name, the more technical side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be of practical benefit in one’s future. labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we know. As one learns to recognize bird after bird itis an admirable plan to classify systematically one’s list of bird acquaintances under their proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which pre- cede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically. In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descrip- tions of birds’ notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird’s song to a person who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard. An adequate method of transcribing bird’s notes has as yet to be devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life. As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be do- ing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds’ haunts and food, their seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their young, these anda hundred other subjects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life, add to our love of birds. 3 HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED. Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits. The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them. Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnzeus and their formation and application are governed by certain definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnzan system, as it is now employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in ad- dition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied to any other animal. Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows: CLASS AVES, BIRDS. ORDER PASSERES, PERcHING Brrps. SUB-ORDER Oscines, SINGING PERCHING BIRDS. FamiLy Zurdidzg, Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc. Sus-FAmMiILy 7urding, Thrushes. Genus, Werula, Thrushes. SPECIES, migratoria, American Robin. The Robin’s distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone possesses, is erula migratoria. ‘There are numerous other members of the genus JZerula, but not one of them is called mzgratoria, and this combination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird. It should also be observed that, under what is known as the ‘Law of 4 How Brros Aare NAMED, Priority,’ the first specific name properly given to an animal is the one by which it shall always be known, provided of course, the same name in combination with the generic term euployes has never been used for any other animal. The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird “Robin” and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely dis- tributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The Flicker (Co/aptes auratus), for instance, has over one hun- dred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different birds. Our Robin(Merula migratoria) is not even a member of the same family as the European Robin (Frithacus vubecola,( If, therefore, we should write of birds or attempt to classily them only by their common names we should be dealing with such un- fixed quantities that the result would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers. Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of the scientific names. Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the Amer- ican Ornithologists’ Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomen- clature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this ‘Color Key’ are those of the American Ornithol- ogists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of North American Birds.’ It will be observed that in this ‘Check-List,’ and consequently in the following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific, and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Merula migratoria propingua. What is the significance of this third name? In the days of Linnzus, and for many years after, it was supposed that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied 5 How Birps ARE NAMED. from a recognized type. But in comparatively recent years; as speci- mens have been gathered from throughout the county inhabited by a - species, comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another part of its range. At in- tervening localities, however, intermediate specimens will be found connecting the extremes. Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rain- fall a bird’s colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate are ac- companied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates, Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub- specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In nam- ing them a third name, or trinomial, is employed, and the possession of such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial rep- resentative of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades. Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer pair of tail- feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and west- _ ward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is _dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens sharing the characters of both eastern and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Merula migratoria propingua, (propingua, meaning sue related). 6 How Brrps ARE NAMED. A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern part of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Merula migratoria achrustera, (achrustera, meaning less highly colored). It may be asked, Why give names to these geographicalraces? Why not call eastern, western and southern Robins by one name, Merula migratoria, without regard to their climatic variations? In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be in- advisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob- whites of southern Mexico, through a long series of intermediates in- habiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, white- throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to:'the Mexican Bob-white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly differ- ent birds; a fact.of the first importance to students of the evolution of species. For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect, we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so toaltera species, both in size and color. that, as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climatic changes are accompanied by correspond- ingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. In nam- ing these animals we are, in effect, giving a feaaic to the fact’ of their evolution by environment. How Brirps ARE NAMED. The study of the distribution of birds and the mapping of their natural life-areas are also intimately connected with this recognition by name of their geographical variations, but into this phase of the” subject we will not enter. : Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degrees of difference are deserving aname. It follows, therefore,that in some cases ornithologists do not agree upon a bird’s claim to subspecific rank. In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists’ Union, and their decision establishes anomeclature, which is accepted as the standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume. : Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic list of North America birds, but are not described or figured in the body of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im- pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture of specimens. In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtednesss to William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens tor description and illustration. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. The figures are all life-size, except as stated. WATER BIRDS. ORDER I. Grepes, Loons, anpD AuKks. PYGOPODES. (3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.) Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than hich, and without flutings, ‘gutters,’ or serrations on its side; wings short, never with a bright colored patch or ‘speculum’; tail rudimentary, not noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued, dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing. PIED-BILLED GREBE. Family 1. GREBES. PODICIPIDA. Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting. FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK. 9 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. LOON. Family 2.. LOONS. GAVIIDA. Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present. Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCIDA. Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present. ORDER II. GuLLs, TERNS, JAEGERS, Etc. LONGIPENNES. (3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.) f Birds generally seen on the wing, as arule, over water. Bill strong, thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls, long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young Gulls are dark. oom, PARASITIC JAEGER. Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STERCORARIIDE. ; Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a scaly shield. 10 SyNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. . “Se COMMON TERN. Ss Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. LARIDA. ‘ Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larine). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked (Terns, subfamily Sternine ). ; Yao Z < ee aS \ RAN —= : = EX Lae Ss = Ue Se eee aN BLACK SKIMMER. NS alalt SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPIDA. Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than the mandible; tail slightly forked. ORDER III. ALrsarrossEs, SHEARWATERS, PETRELS, Erc. TUBI- NARES. (2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.) Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually gray or black and white; no bright markings. BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. Family 7, ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEIDA. Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill. (Gye ue, N\A \\ \ ; SS FULMAR. LEACH PETREL. Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS, PROCELLARIIDE. Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill. 12 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER IV. CORMORANTS, PELICANS, GANNETS, MAN-O’WAR BIRDS, - AND Tropic-Birps. STEGANOPODES. (6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.) Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear- ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four toes joined by webs. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD. Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTIDA. Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered. ei . \ Wat. Size. GANNET. Family 10. GANNETS. SULIDA. Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not “fluted.’ 13 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ————— ANHINGA. Family 11. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. ANHINGIDA. Bill straight and slender; chin and eye Space bare; tail rounded; its middle féathers fluted. VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT. Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACID. Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish, MAN-O' WAR BIRD. 14 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. i BROWN PELICAN. Family 13. PELICANS. PELECANID. Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare. Family 14. MAN-O’ WAR BIRDS. FREGATID2. Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered. ORDER V. Ducks, GEESE, AND Swans. ANSERES. (1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies. ) Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks, broad and with rows of ‘strainers’ or ‘gutters’ on either side; wings short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum; tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued. Ss RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 15 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. — = El-A-Sn ——S ee Wltacs MALLARD. Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATIDA. Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan- sers. Subfamily Mergine.) Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind toe without alobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily 4uatine. ) Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily Fudiguline.) Bill proportionately narrower than inthe River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserine.) Large, usually white birds with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygnina.) ORDER VI. FLAmMINGcoEs. ODONTOGLOSSA. (1 family, 1 species.) Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings rather short; legs long; feet webbed. 16 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. m= Va | = Nat. Size, A (EO = G, q SEE a0 Y Ayres? = CY Vd hwsrtuie chee ie Wm MRAN Cy IEEE X I LMR RARARE ER COREE AMERICAN FLAMINGO. Family 16. FLAMINGOES. PHOENICOPTERIDA. Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order. OrpDER VII. Herons, BITTERNS, IBISES, AND SPOONBILLS. HERODIONES, (4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies. ) Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed; in the Ibises,; slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon- bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same + level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly with the neck straight, the head being extended. 17 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. LSS ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Family 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEIDA. Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare ‘in adults; toes partly webbed. WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS. Family 18. IBISES. IBIDIDA. Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed. a Se ee wie eee ee » cas = Nat Size Sra WOOD IBIS. Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. CICONIIDA. Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate. 18 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. GREEN HERON. Family.2o0. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEIDA. Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge. ORDER VIII. Cranes, Rarys, Coors, GALLINULES, Erc. PALU- DICOLE. (3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies.) Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and differing from //erodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav- ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from. which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion of the head when swimming, aud habit of pattering over the water when alarmed. SANDHILL CRANE. 19 SyNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 21. CRANES. GRUIDA. Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults. LIMPKIN, Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMIDA. Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed. CLAPPER RAIL. 20 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. AMERICAN COOT. Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. RALLIDA, Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings short and rounded; tail short. OrDER IX. Snipes, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, PLOVERS, ETc. LIMICOL. (7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.) Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats, and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing. NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Family 24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODIDA. Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe. 21 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Sn, + CE BLACK-NECKED STILT. 22 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 25. AYOCETS AND STILTS. RECURVIROSTRIDA. Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved; in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight. HUDSONIAN CURLEW. Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. SCOLOPACIDZ. Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft, used as a probe. 23 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER, Family 27, PLOVERS, CHARADRIDA. | __ Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales; bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout. TURNSTONE. Family 28. SURF BIRDSAND TURNSTONES.. APHRIZIDA. Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard. 24 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER. Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. HAMATOPODID-. : Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com- ‘pressed, and said to be used for opening shells. MEXICAN JACANA. Family 30. JACANAS. JACANIDA., Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides. LAND BIRDS. ORDER X. GROUSE, PaRTRIDGES, Bos-WHITES, Etc. GALLINE. (3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.) Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray. 25 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TETRAONIDA. Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan. 26 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BK « o> NN ee \ O\ SS eS '\ ds MeN \ )) ANAT Sh i WY AW : Ny M ; \ LZ ZE G4 SS g TURKEY. Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANIDA. Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Pea- cock); head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences. CHACHALACA. Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. CRACIDA. Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level. ORDER XI. Pickons anp Doves. COLUMB. (1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies. ) Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender, grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually grayish brown. Call-notes a eiauiakedcar ley cooing. MOURNING G DOVE. Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. COLUMBID#. Characters those of the Order. 27 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XII. VuLTuRES, Hawks, AND Owts. RAPTORES. (4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies. ) Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long, curved nails ; wings large; tail rather long, usually square. TURKEY VULTURE. Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTIDA. Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare. RED-TAILED HAWK. 28 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. er FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK. Ae Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC. \ FALCONIDA. Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of \ AN bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close; tarsus usually largely bare. \s we 4 1 pesaes ON 3 Nat $22e. BARN OWL. 29 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 37. BARN OWLS, STRIGIDA. Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail Serrate; no ‘ears’; tarsus feathered. TDN es V4 Hie LY " | iM Maas Nast + Nat. Size, SCREECH OWL. Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONIDA. Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered. ORDER XIII. ParogueTs AND Parrots. PSITTACI. (1 family, 2 species.) Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scooped- shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, general- ly square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two behind. CAROLINA PAROQUET, Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. PSITTACIDA. Characters the same as those of Order. 30 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XIV. Cucxoos, TrRoGons, KINGFISHERS, Etc. COCCYGES. (3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.) A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela- tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad, stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moder- ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King- fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium; three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for half their length. Ore ers ROSS Xv YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. CUCULIDA. : Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair. COPPERY-TAILED TROGON. Family 41. TROGONS. TROGONIDA. Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate; tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above. BELTED KINGFISHER. 31 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 42. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINIDA. tah Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes join- PICI. ed; bill, stout and long. ORDER XV. WOODPECKERS. (1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.) Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed, stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two behind, except in Pcozdes, which has two in front and one behind. Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the crown. FOOT OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. ANY yan PILEATED WOODPECKER. Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PICIDA. Characters the same as those of the Order. 32 , SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. OrpDER XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS. MACROCHIRES. (3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies. ) Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum- mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet, in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds, usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied hues. WHIP-POOR-WILL, Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIMULGIDA. } Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin- ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles. CHIMNEY SWIFT. Family 45. SWIFTS. MICROSPODIDA. Biil small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable, in Cheiura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short; plumage usually dark. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCHILIDA. Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable. often assuming the most striking shapes. 33 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XVII. FLycatcHers, Jays, BLACKBIRDS, FINCHES, SWAL- Lows, WARBLERS, THRUSHES, AND OTHER PERCHING Birps. PAS- SERES. (18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.) Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the chind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the re- ‘maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less certainty, be referred to the Passeves. PHOEBE. Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANNIDA. : Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the sec- ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical. HORNED LARK. Family 49. LARKS. ALAUDIDA. E Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well .as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary -short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing. 34 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BLUE JAY. Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVIDA. Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos- trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest; fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long. PURPLE GRACKLE. SS BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTERIDA. Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead; nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length. REDPCLE. SONG SPARROW. 35 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. EVENING GROSBEAK. CARDINAL Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLIDA. Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch: shorter; the majority are small’birds and but few are over eight inches in length. SN SUMMER TANAGER. Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRIDA. Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical. forms, toothed or dentate. _ TREE SWALLOW. Family 55. SWALLOWS. HIRUNDINIDA. Bill short, broad and flat; feet smail and weak: wings long and narrow; tail notched and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing. 36° SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. CEDAR WAXWING. Family 56. WAXWINGS. AMPELIDA. Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Family 57. SHRIKES. LANIID. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike; feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds. RED-EYED VIREO. Family 58. VIREOS. VIREONIDA. Bill small but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves. 37 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Tor AMERICAN REDSTART. CHAT. Family 60. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTIDA. Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at the tip; in the genera Wlsonia and Setophaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout; back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal length. AMERICAN PIPIT, Family 61. WAGTAILS. MOTACILLIDA. Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging motion of the tail. AMERICAN DIPPER. Family 62. DIPPERS. CINCLIDA. Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams. 38 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BROWN THRASHER. HOUSE WREN. Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TROGLODYTIDA. Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary longest, the outer half as long; bill in thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles; in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth. BROWN CREEPER. Family 64. CREEPERS. CERTHIIDA. Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened. Sie es 3S N CHICKADEE. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARIDA. Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub- family Parzne) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is. rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittin) have a long, slender bill, short, square tuil, and large feet. 39 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIDZ. Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth. . WOOD THRUSH. Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDIDA. Tarsus ‘booted’, without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order Passeres); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or less in length; second to fourth of about equal length. 40 COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ORDER I. DIVING BIRDS. PYGOPODES. = Family 1. GREBES. Popicipip#. 6 species. Family 2. LOONS. Gavirp#. 5 species. Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Atcip#. 21 spe- cies, 3 subspecies. Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests are made ‘on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely found far from the water. Whenon land they may lie flat on their breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring part- ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap- pearance. Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore, but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest at will. The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for- mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age. The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape. In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When moved it does not roll away as would a hen’s egg but revolves about its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites. 42 ees *~2. Holbell Grebe (Colymbus holbelli). L. 10. Ads. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white; foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale rufous. Yxg. Similar but no rufous. Notes. “An explosive Aup’’ and ‘‘An exceedingly loud harsh voice not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater volume. The calls were also given more slowly and indeed with singular deliberatiot., car,, car, three or four times, sometimes lengthened to caar, and again, broken and quavering like c¢a-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r.”’ (Brewster. ) Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally in the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and southern California, chiefly on the coasts. “3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Crown, hirdneck, and throat glossy black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut; abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; be- low white. Range.—Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely In the interior from eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to Gulf States and southern California. 4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis californicus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white. Winter. Grayish brown above; white below. Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col- umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast,and Texas southward. 5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus). L. 10 Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish; below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower California south to northern South America. *6. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish; belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white, breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A loud, sonorous, ‘‘cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow- uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh.”’ Range.—Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California southward. 43 Grebes and Loons. Grebes and Loons. {. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (£chmophorus oc- cidentalis). LL. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and _hind- neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un- der parts white. W/enter. Crown and hindneck like back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle. Range.—Western North America; in summer eastward to Shoal ke, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from northern California‘and North Dakota northward; winters from British Columbia to Central Mexico. 4 “7. Loon (Gavia imber). L.. 32. Ads., summer. Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and neck with white streaks; back and wings with white spots or bars; belly white. Winter Above blackish margined with grayish; no white spots; below white. Notes. A loud, maniacal taugh. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts. 8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii). L. 36. Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish. Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.) Range.—‘‘Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; casual in northern Europe.’’ (A. O. U.) 9. Black-throated Loon (Gavia arcticus). L. 27; W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with white; crown and nape gray; belly white. Winter. Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal ‘‘too- too-e-e.’’ (Turner. ) Renee = Nother part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Col- umbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island. 10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacificus). Similar to No. 9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green; hindneck paler; smaller, W. 11. Notes. A harsh ‘‘zok, kok, kok.”’ (Murdoch.) Range.—Western North Amerlca; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico. {f. Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L.25. Ads., summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy. Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted with white. Notes. A harsh ‘“‘gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga, gr-r.”” (Nelson. ) Range.—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern California. 44 12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L..15. Ads., summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty. Winter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng. Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish. Range.—Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara Islands north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine. “13. Puffin (Fratercula arctica). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8. Ads. Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red. Notes. A hoarse croak. Range.— North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green- land; winters south to Long Island. 13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7; B. 2.1. Similar to No. 13, but larger. Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland. 14. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Simi- lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish. Notes. ‘‘A hoarse snuffling, rattling note’’ (Nelson.) Range. ‘Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum- bia.”’ (A. O. U.) 15. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhkinca monocerata). L. 15.5. Ads., summer. A horn on base of bill; two pairs of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray- ish; belly white. Wenter. Similar, but nohorn. Yug. Similar to winter ad. but no tufts. Range.—“‘North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Far- allones; in winter south to Lower California and Japan."’ (A. O.U.) 45 Auk, Murres, and Puffins. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 16. Cassin Auklet. (Ptychorhamphus aleuticus). L. 9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A shrill, squealing ‘‘Come bear-r-r, come hear-r-r.”” Range.—‘‘Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to Lower California;breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30° ).’’ (A. O. U.) 23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). L. 9.7. Ads., summer. No crest; above dark brown, finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above gray; head dark; below white; a nearly complete white nuchal collar. Yxg. Similar to winter ad. but blacker above; sprinkled with blackish below. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian Islands; winters south to southern California. 24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevtrostris). L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. 6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes yellow. ‘Ad. Gray phase. Above buffy gray irreg- ularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty and black. Ad. Red phase. Above bright rusty brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked with black and barred with rusty brown. Yung. Above gray or rusty barred with black and white; below white thickly barred with blackish. Notes. A fre- quently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like Snapping of the mandibles. Range.— Eastern North America from Florida north to New Bruns- wick, Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident. 373a. Florida Screech Owl (M. a. floridanus). Smaller than No. 373, W. 6.9; T. 2.8. Two color phases. Similar to those of No. 373, but averaging darker and more heavily marked below;. especially in red phase. Range.— Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to Louisiana. 373b. Texas Screech Owl (M. a. mccalli). Simi- lar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, es- pecially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes barer. I have seen only a gray phase. Range. - ‘‘From western and southern Texas across east border of tablelands of Mexico.’’ (Bailey.) 373c. California Screech Owl (MM. a. bendiret). W.6.6. A gray color phase only. Resembling No. 373, but somewhat darker above; less buff about the nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; un- derparts much as in No. 373b. Range.—California and southern Oregon. 373d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. a. kennicotttt). L. 10; W. 7. 25. Ads. Sooty brown prevailing above; blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls. Range. — Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka. 373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl (MM. a. max- wellie). W.7. Similar to No. 373f above but paler; pale grayish buff predominating; black markings throughout much narrower and less numerous than in No. 373g; palest of our Screech Owls. Range.—‘‘Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Moun- tains from Colorado north to Montana’ (Bendire). 141 Owls. Owls. 373f. Mexican Screech Owl (M. a. cineraceus). A gray color phase only. Similar to No. 373b, but much grayer above; buff markings of No..373b almost wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and narrower than in No. 373b. Range.—'‘New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western Mexico.”’ (A. O. U.) 373g. Aiken Screech Owl (M. a. aikeni). A gray color phase only. W.6.5. Similar to 373f, but still grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on head, back, and underparts. Range.—'Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona.”’. (A. O. oly 373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M. a. macfarlanet). -A gray color phase only. Ads. Ofthe size of zenni- cotta’, but with colorand markings of bendired. W. 7.2; T. 3.8. (Brewst.) Range.—''Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of British Columbia.’’ (Bailey.) 373.1. Spotted Screech Qwl (Megascops trichopsts). L. 7.7. Ads. Above mixed black, grayish brown and buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback with buffy white spots on either side near the end; below much as in No. 373f. Range.—Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico, 373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantusi). W. 5.3. Ad... Above drab, back tinged with. pink- ish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown; breast) paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or rusty; belly whitish: underparts finely barred with red- dish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 374, Flammulated Screech Owl (Megascops flam- meola). L. 7. Ads. Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape and tips of scap- ulars largely rusty; neck band rusty. (See p. 141.) Range.—Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 speci- mens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarely to California (z specimens). 374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (M. f. cdahoens’s). Sim- ilar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, es- pecially on underparts where ground color is white and black markings are restricted. Range.—Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell). 142 * 375. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). ©, L. 22; W. 15. Ads. Ears conspicuous; the feathers nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc rich rusty. Notes. A loud, low, deep-toned whoo, hoo- hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same note; rarely a hair-raising scream. Range.—Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central America; resident. 375a. Western Horned Owl (8. 0. pallescens). Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc washed with rusty. Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba and British Columbia; south to Mexico. 375b. Arctic Horned Owl (8. v. arcticus). Black and white prevailing above; bases of feathers light yellowish buff; below black and white with little or no buffy; facial disc gray. ; Range.—Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51°; in winter straggles south- ward to adjacent border of United ‘States; rarely to Wyoming and Nebraska. 375c. Dusky Horned Owl (8. ». saturatus). Size of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equal- ling white ones in width; darkest bird of group. Range.—'‘Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador.’”’ (A. O. U.) 375d. Pacific Horned Owl (8. 0. pacificus). Some- what smaller than No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No. 375 in color but less rusty. Range.—California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona. 375e. Dwarf Horned Owl (B. 2. elachistus). Sim- ilar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. j’, 12.8; 9, 13-4. (Brewster. ) Range.—Lower California. *%.376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea). L. 25. Ad. Q. White more or less barred with blackish. Ad. 9. . Sim- ilar, but more heavily barred. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Lat. 50° northward; winters south to northern United States; straggles as far as Texas and California. 377a. American Hawk Owl (Swriia ulula caparoch). L. 15; I. 7-2° long and rounded. Ads. Above brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars con- spicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly barred. Notes. A shrill cry generally uttered while flying. (Fisher.) Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland and northern Montana_ northward; winters south to northern United States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and lllinois; rare on Pacific coast. 143 Owls. ORDER XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS. PSITTACI. Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. Psrrracrpz. 2 species. Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in Florida and possibly Indian Territory, ORDER XIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, ETc. COCCYGES. Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. Cucurmp&. S5species 2 sub- species. Family 2. TROGONS. TrocGonip#. 1 species. Family 3. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINID. 2 species. The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found. The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of other birds is well known. The American species, however, build nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made struc- tures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may de- posit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family. Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees. Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known King- fishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archi- pelago. 144 382. Carolina Paroquet (Conurus carolinensis). L. 12.5. ds. Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of head yellow. Yxg. Forehead and loral region orange; rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of wing. Notes. A sharp, rolling Ar-r-r-r-r-r. Range.—Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory. 382.1. Thick-billed Parrot (Rhyunchopsitta pachy- rhyncha). L. 16.5. Ads. Forehead, loral region, stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green. Range — Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona. 145 Parrots and Paroquets. Cuckoos. 383. Ani (Crotophaga ani). Resembling No. 384, but upper mandible without grooves. Notes. A com- plaining, whistled o0-eeek, oo-ceek. Range.—Eastern South America; north to West Indies and Ba- hamas: rarely to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Penn- sylvania. 384. Groove-billed Ani (Crotopbaga sulcirostris). L. 12.5; B..7 Aigh; the upper mandible with ridges and furrows. Ads. Blue-black, many of the feathers with iridescent margins. Range.—Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisi- ana, and Florida. 385. Road-runner (Geococcyx californianus). L. 23. Toes two in front, two behind.. Ads. Above glossy olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins: tail much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Notes. A soft cooing and a low chitterimg note produc- ed by striking the mandibles together. Bendire men- tions a note like that of a hen calling her brood. Range.—Central Mexico_north (rarely) to southwestern Kansas, southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to southern Oregon. 386. Mangrove Cuckoo (Coceygus minor). L. 13. Ads. Underparts uniformly rich buff; above grayish brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black, outer feathers broadly tipped with white. Range.—Northern South America, north through Central America, Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and Louisiana; migrating south in fall. 386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Simi- lar to No. 386, but underparts paler, the throat and forebreast more or less ashy white. Range.—Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys. 387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccygus americanus). L. 12.2. Ads. Below white; lower mandible largely yellow; tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with white. Notes. Tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, usually given in part. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America. 387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis). Sim- ilar to No. 387, but somewhat grayer and larger; the bill slightly longer, 1.05. Range.—Western North America; north to southern British Col- umbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico. 4 388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthal- mus). L. 11.8. Ads. White below; bill black; tail, seen from below, grayish zarrowly tipped with white; above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387. Notes. Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the cow notes connected. Range.—Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to Brazil. 146 389. Coppery-tailed Trogon (Trogon ambiguus). L. 12. Ad. ¢'. Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail coppery tipped with black; outer web andend of outer feathers white, mottled with black. 4d. 9. Ear-cov- erts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper belly grayish; ventral region pink. Notes. Resemble those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.) Range.—Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona. “% 390. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). L. 13. Ad. S. Breast-band and sides like back. Ad. &. Breast-band and sides rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh rattle. Range.—North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern California south to northern South America. 391. Texas Kingfisher (Cerple americana septen- trionalis). L. 8.7. Ad. 3’. Breast rusty brown; back greenish; a white collar. 4d. 9. Throat and breast white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly band of greenish spots. Notes. When flying, a sharp, rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking. Range.—Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas, 147 Trogon and Kingfishers. ORDER XV. WOODPECKERS. PICI. Family 1. WOODPECKERS. Picip#. 24 species, 22 sub- species. ‘The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Aus- tralia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in the New World.. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larve of insects, which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more north- ern parts of their range at all times of the year. Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by them- selves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are born naked and are reared in the nest. In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or lay- ing bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white, pine tree, twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, though perfectly sound wood to reach the larve at work in the heart of the tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the ‘song’ of Woodpeckers being a rolling tatoo produced by rapid tappings on some resonant limb. As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value. Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly of noxious insects. 148 Woodpeckers. »; 392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus princt- palis). L. 20: B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad. GJ. Crest scarlet. Ad. 2. Similar to the #, but crest black. Notes. A sharp, penny trumpet-like yap-yap. Range.—Florida west to eastern Texas: north to southern Miss- ourl and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana. 400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picordes arc- ticus). L. 9.5. Back shining black without white; toes two infront, one behind 4d. ¢. Crown yellow. Ad. 9. Crown black. Notes. A sharp, shrill, chirk, chirk. (Hardy.) Range.—‘‘Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to northern United States, (New England, New York. Michigan, Minne- sota and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe.”’ oO. X 401. American Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides americanus). L. 8.7. Back with white: toes two in front, one behind. 4d. @. Crown yellow; white bars on back broken, detached wot confluent. Notes. A prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. ( Turner.) Range.—Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Maine, mountains of New !!2 hire, northern New York, and northern Minnesota northward; souih it winter, rarely to Massachusetts, central New York, and northein Illinois. 40la. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. fasciatus). Similar to No. got, but white bars on back confluent forming a more or less continuous white patch. Range.—‘‘Alaska Territory; casually? south through western British Columbia to northwestern. Washington (vicinity of Mt. Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory.’’ (Bendire.) 40fb. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsa- lis). Similur to No. gota, but larger. W. 5; bill Narrower. Notes. A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden, sharp whip, whip, whip, (Mearns.) Range.—‘Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and Idaho south into New Mexico."” (A. O. U.) . ™ 405. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophl@us pileatus). L. 17. W.8.9. Ad. o'. Crown,crest, and streaks on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing white. 4d. 2. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of throat. Notes. A sonorous cow-cow-cow, repeated slow- ly many times and a wichew call when two birds meet; both suggesting calls of the Flicker. Range.—Southern United States north to South Carolina. 405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abze- ticola). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9; T.6:2. Range.—Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to Lat. 63°. 149 Woodpeckers. 393. Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus). L. o; W. 4.7. Outer tail-feathers white without terminal black marks. Ad. 3%. Wing-coverts spotted,.under- parts white; nape with ared band. Ad. 9. Similar but nape band white. Notes. A sharp peek and a King- fisher-like rattle. Range,-—Eastern United States from North Garolinal to Canada. ¥ 393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker (D. 2. leucome- las). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2. Range.—British America north to Alaska. 393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. 2. audu- bonit). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L.8; W. 4.2. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina. 393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v. barris:). Simi- lar to No. 393, but wing-coverts usually without white spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Colum- bia. 393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. hyloscopus). Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below. Range.—California, east to Arizona. 393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker (D. vc. monticola). Similar to No. 393c, but pure white below; larger, size of No. 3930. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north to British Columbia. 393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v picoideus) Similar to No. 393c, but middle of back barred «and spotted ‘i black; flanks streaked with black. (Osgood. ) Range. ipaat Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. F _ 394. Southern Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens). L.6;W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white with terminal black marks. Ad. of. Nape-band red; smallest of group, underparts dingier than in Na a white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. $ Similar but nape-band white. Notes. A eure peek and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud. Range. —South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas. 394a. Gairdner Woodpecker (D. p. gairdnerit). Similar to No. 394b, but underparts sooty gray; the darkest below of any form in the group. Range. —Pacific coast from northern” California north to British Columbia. 394b. Batchelder Woodpecker (D. p. bomorus). Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky | ee Pb is — “Rocky Mountain region of the United States.’’ (A. i "3946. Northern Downy Woodpecker (D. p. median- us). L.6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but larger; whiter below; white markings of greater extent. Range.—Eastern North America South to South Carolina. 394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. elsont). W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and pe largest of the group. Range.—Alaska, 150 394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turat’). Simi- lar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.) Rangs.—'‘Californla, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marion Co., and region north of upper end of Sacramento Valley.” (W. K, Fisher.) 395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates bore- alis). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered by black below. Ad. 3’. A nearly concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead. 4d. 9@. Similar, but noredon head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, vank, yank. Range. - Southern United States; west to e.stern Texas; north to Virginia and Arkansas. 396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris baird:). L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal tufts brownish. Ad. ¢. All crown feathers tipped with red; back barred: below brownish white, spotted and.streaked with black. 4d. 2. Similar but top of head wholly black. Range.— Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and south- eastern California. 396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (D. s. lucasanus). Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half or less, - except sometimes on inner web. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, Cali- fornia. 397. Nuttalk Woodpecker (Dryobates xnuttallii). L. 7.5. Below white only slightly soiled; outer tail- feather barred only on end half. 4d. gd. Crown black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. 2. Similar but top of head entirely black, usually with a few white spots. Yng. Topof head dull red. Notes. A sharp gquee-quee-quee-queep; a diminutive chittah. (Bail- ley.) Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.) Range.—Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern Oregon. 398. Arizona Woodpecker (Dryobates . arizonc). L. 8.2. Above brown. below spotted. -Ad. 3. A red nape band. Ad. Y. Similar but no red on nape, brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yug. Whole crown red. Range.—Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. 399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albo- larvatus). L. 9. Whole head and_ part of wings white. Ad. 3. Nape red. Ad. 2. Nape white. Notes. Asharp, clear wztt-witt; a rather silent bird. (Bendire.) Range—.Mountains of western United States from southern Cali- fornia north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western Nevada. Woodpeckers. Woodpeckers. % 402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius). L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad. 3’. Crown and throat red;a whitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed with yellow; breast patch black Ad. 9. Similar, but throat white; crown rarely black. Yng. Breast gray- ish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yel- lowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear on throat and crown. Notes. A clear ringing cleur re- peated; alow snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird. (Brewster. ) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern. Illinols north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in Alleghanies to northwest_Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern Virginia to Central America. 402a, Red-naped Sapsucker (S. 0. nuchalis). Sim- ilar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering streaks; female the same but chin white. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and north— eastern California (?), north t> British Columbia; winters from south- ern California south to northwestern Mexico. 403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber). L.9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red; in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes. Jay or chaé, peeve, pinck, and peurr. (Bendire.) Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to southern Oregon. 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S, 7. notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower. Range.— Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cali- fornia, north to southern Alaska. % 404. Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyrot- deus). L.9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. . Above black; a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-cov- erts white. 4d. 2. Crownand throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. Yng. Similar to 2, but breast barred like sides. Notes. A shrill buit-buit uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is brok- en or interrupted. Range.—Hicher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico. 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish red; above shining green black. Yung. No gray collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak, Peapine twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent ird. Range.— Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizo- na, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon aud Colorado south to western Texas and southern California. 152 406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythro- cephalus). L.9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red; ° end half of secondaries white. Yung. Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck, Rer-r-ruck. Range.— Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and oc- casionally from New York, southward. 407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). L.9.5. Breast band streaked with white; trump white. Ad. ¢{. Forehead, white, crown, nape, and breast-spot red. Ad. 9. Center of crown witha black band of same width as white band on forehead. Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr. Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. baird?). Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Callfornia to southern Oregon. 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f.' angust- ifrons). Ad. §. Similar to No. 407, but'smallér,* W. 5.2; the throat brighter yellow. 4d. 2. With black crown-band wider than white forehead band. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. og’. Top of head and nape entirely red. Ad. 9. Nape red,crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse, chtth-chib. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as Massachusetts. 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus auri- frons). L, 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. 3. Fore- head yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. @. Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas. 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. to. Center of belly yellow. Ad. g. Top of head and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. 2. Top of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dcehirr, dchurr; when flying, a shrill Aw#t like call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and Lower California. 153 Woodpeckers. Woodpeckers. ‘ 412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Small- er than No. 412a, W. 5.6. Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina. Y\412a, Northern Flicker (C, a. luteus). L.13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown;, a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad. 6. With black patches on the sides of the throat. Ad. 8. Without black throat patches. Notes. A loud, emphatic keé-ver; a low chuckle when taking flight; a weéchew repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a mellow cah-cah-cah-cuih, repeated, doubtless a song. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains ‘an Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413 at the western border of its range. “ 413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. of. Patches at side of throat red. 4d. ‘9. No red throat patches. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412. Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with’ No. 412 at the eastern border ofits range. '413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown. Range.—Pacific coast region; reed FG Oregon Rone to avis ern Alaska; winters south to northwest California. 414, Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). L. 123 W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. Ad. i. No red band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. qe No red on sides of throat. Notes. ‘Resemble those of No. 412. (Bendire.) Range.—'‘Central and-southern Arizona from rae 34° to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30° (A. O. U. 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens)... Simi- lar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony). Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30° 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Sim- ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more, more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 154 ORDER XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING- BIRDS. MACROCHIRES. Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. CaprRIMULGID®. | 6 species, 6 sub- species. Family 2. SWIFTS. Microropip#, 4 species. Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS, Trocuirips. 17 species. _ The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting... Our species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. ’ Goat- suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering” loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective. Swifts are birds-of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy- five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can sur- pass them.in power of flight, but with feet so weak, and small that many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when-resting, cling to a vertical surface and-use their tail to aid their feet in supporting themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white. Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five) hundred known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and_Ecua- dor. Only one’ species is found east of the Mississippi, and: ‘nine of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican border. Hummingbirds nests ‘are the most exquisite of birds’»homes. Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white... The young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, spend about three weeks in the nest. The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex- cited chipperings. 155 Goatsuckers. 416. Chuck-will’s-widow (Axtrostomus carolinensis). L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. Ad. ¢’. End half of outer tail- feathers white, rusty, and black on outer webs; chin chiefly rusty; throat-patch buffy. Ad. 9. No white in tail. Notes. A loudly whistled chuck-will’s-widow, repeated many times. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern Florida southward. + 417. Whip-poor-will (Axtrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7- Mouth bristles without branches. Ad. 3’. Three outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white: white on inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. 2. Three outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled whip-poor-will, repeated many times. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. 417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (4. v0. macromy- stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch rusty; white on inner web ot outer feather Jess than 1.3 wide. Range.—‘‘Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala.’’ (Bailey.) 418. Poor-will (Phalenoptilus nuttalli). L. 7.7. Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. @. Three outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths. Ad. 2. Similar, but tail- tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow- day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon- tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward. 418a. Frosted Poor-will (‘P. 2. tidus). Similar to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter, more frosty. Range.—‘'Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to northern Mexico,"’ (Bailey.) Lower Califorr ia. 418b. California Poorwill (P. 1. californicus). Similar to No. 418, but darker. Range.—Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; winters from southern California southward. 156 419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctedromus albicollis mer- rilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad. 6. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather white except at base. Ad. 2. Outer tail-feathers brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and sometimes running into a whit-whtt-whit, ker-whee-you. Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of Rio Grande. K 420. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus). L. 10; W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. o. Above black with white and buff markings; throat and band near end of tail white. Ad. 2. Throat rusty, no white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent; and in the breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of United States. 420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryz). Simi- lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more numerous; belly washed with rusty. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south of United States; exact distribution unknown. 420b. Florida Nighthawk vr v. chapmant). Simi- lar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and paler; white and buff markings above larger and more numerous. Range. Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in winter to South America. 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C. 0. sennett:). Simi- lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail- ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks. Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States. 421. Texan Nighthawk (Chordedles acutipennis tex- ensis). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff. 4d. of. Throat-patch and band near end of tail white. Ad. 2. No white band in tail. Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming sound. (Merrill. ) Range.—Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, south- ern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in California; winters south of United States. 157 Goatsuckers. Swifts. _ 422. Black Swift (Cypselordes niger borealis). L. 73 W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads. Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye; se whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Ben- ire. Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states. % 423. Chimney Swift (Chatura pelagica). L. 5.4; W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads. Above sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish. Notes. A rolling twitter. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to Central America. 424. Vaux Swift (Chetura vauxii). L. 4.5; W. 4.4. Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are less frequently uttered. (Bendire.) Range.—Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona; winters south of United States to Central America. +425. White-throated Swift (4éronautes melanoleu- cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads. Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic twitter. Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pa- cific coast north to Lat. 38°; winters south of United States to Cen- tral America. 158 426. Rivoli Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). L. 5.1. A small white spot behiad eye. 3g Crown purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail somewhat more bronzy. Ad. 9. Above bronzy green, all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat feathers green centrally. Yng. 3. Throat with more or less green, belly and above more bronzy thanin @. Range.—Nicaraugua, north in mountains to mountains of southeast- ern Arizona,and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United States. 429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alex- andrt), L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. 3. Chin and upper throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked, feathers pointed. Ad. 2. Throat yrayish white; chin buffy; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yung. g'. Similar to 9, but throat with dusky spots. Range.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters south of United States. 430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte cost#). L. 3.1. No rusty in plumage. Ad. o. Crown, throat and lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green. Ad. 9. Below grayish white; above grayish green; outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip white. Yung. 3. Similar to ¢, but throat usually with some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border southward. 437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer.) L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. &. Throat purplish pink, feathers at its side much lengthened; tail teathers very narrow, the outer ones less than .o5 in. wide on end half. Ad. 2. Below nearly uniform rusty buff, above bronzy green; tail-feathers white-tipped. Range.—‘‘From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the city of Mexico and Puebla.’’ (Bailey.) 440. Xantus Hummingbird (Basilinna xantust). L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. Q’. Chin, forehead and cheeks Slack; throat green; tail rusty brown. Ad. Y. Below uniform rusty, above green; outer tail-feathers rusty brown. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in Cape Region. 159 Hummingbirds. Hummingbirds. 427. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Caligena clem- ence). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller one before eye. Ad. g’. Throat blue; belly grayish; back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly white tipped. 4d. 9. Similar but throat dusky gray. Range.- Southern Mexico north, in mountains to mountains of southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. 438. Reiffer Hummingbird (Amazilis tzacatl). L. 4.1. Ads. Above, throat and breast shining green; belly grayzsb; tail square, rusty brown, xarrowly mar- gined with coppery. Yuxg. Similar but more rusty above. Range.—Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. 439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amagilis cerctnt- ventris chalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty gray, tailforked and broadly margined with coppery green. Range.—Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. : 440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Baszdinna leu- cots). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. oi. Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. 9. Crown rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with eee outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. <. imilar. Range.—Nicaraugua north, in spring, through mountains to south- erm Arizona. 441. Broad-billed Hummingbird (Jache latirostris). L.4. Ad. go’. Above green; below darker; throat purplish blue; tail darker. 4d. 9. Below gray; outer tail-feathers green at base,then bluish black tipped with gray. Yung. G'. Similar to Ad. @, but tail blue Dae with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green eathers. Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. * 428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus col- ubris). L. 3.5; W.1.5. Ad. og’. Throat ruby, chin blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. @. Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yug. gf’. Like Y but throat with dusky spots. (See next page.) Range.— Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern Florida to Central America. 160 431. Anna Hummingbird (Calppte anne). L. 3.6. Ad. 3. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink; feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. Q. Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white tip. Yxg. Similar but browner above. Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island. 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platy- cercus). L.4. Ad. 3’. Outer primary very narrow, end sharp; crown green, throat pz; tail green above, purplish below without white tips. 4d. 9. Outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty. Range.—Rocky Mountains; west, rarely to eastern Californias North to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States. 433. Rufous Hummingbird (Selaspborus rufus). L. 3.6. Ad. §. Nextto middle pair of tail-feathers notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown some- times washed with green. Ad. @. Sides rusty, back green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby, outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a white tip, the feather more than .12 wide; middle tail- feathers green at base, end black. Yung. g’. Similar to 2 but ali tail-feathers rusty at base. Range.— Western United States; breeds from the hlgher mountains of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; dur- ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico. 434. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni). L. 3.6. Ad. 3. Crownand back green, and tail rusty tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other respects like No. 433. Ad. 2 and Yung. O'. Like the same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in. wide. Range. - Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British reall migrates south through Arizona, and southern California to Mexico. 435. Morcom Hummingbird (4tthis morcom?). L.2.9. Ad. 2. Above bronzy green; middle tail- feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal _ half; rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty, throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male unknown. Range.~ Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one specimen.) 436. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope). L. 3. Ad. . Throat purplish pink, white at base showing through; above green. Ad. &. Sides rusty, throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black, then_white cz mearly equal amounts. Yung. 3. Similar to 2. Range.—Mountains of western United States; breeds north to Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and eastern California; winters south of United States; rare on Pacific coast of United States. 161 Hummingbirds. ORDER XVII. PERCHING BIRDS. PASSERES. Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. , Tyrannipat. 32 species, 7 sub- species. Family 2. LARKS. Atraupipa. 1 species, 13 subspecies. Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvip#. 21 species, 14 sub species. Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. IcTERIDH. 18 species, 14 subspecies. Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID&. 87 species, 92 subspecies. Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanacrip#. 4 species, 1 subspecies. Family 7. SWALLOWS. HIrRuNDINID&. 9 species, 2 subspecies. Family 8. WAXWINGS. AMPELID#. 3 species. Family 9. SHRIKES. Lanup#. 2 species, 3 subspecies. Family 10. VIREOS. VirEonrtp&. 13 species, 10 subspecies. Family 11. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTID&. 55 species, 18 subspecies. Family 12. WAGTAILS. MoraciLiip&. 3 species. Family 13. DIPPERS. Cr1ncrirpa. 1 species. Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TrocLopytTip#. 26 species, 24 subspecies. Family 15. CREEPERS. Crrtuima. 1 species, 4 subspecies. Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Paripa&. 21 species, 20 subspecies. Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sytvip2. 7 species, 3 subspecies. Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turpipa#. 13 species, 14 subspecies. The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds, which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscznes, or Sing- ing Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching Birds. While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ, they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument. 162 PERCHING BIRDS. The Flycatchers, (Family TZyzvannid~) number somewhat over three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these are found only on our southern borders. Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch- ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance. Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees, has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly injurious spe- cies, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be- ing drones. The true Larks, (Family Alaudide) are chiefly Old World birds, the Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in the United States. The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com- pared with those of its famous relative. The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidz) number about two hundred species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere. To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of their family. The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare- ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre- sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are 163 PERCHING BIRDS. migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows. While the Crows and Jays are technically ‘Song Birds’ their voices are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more or less ease. _ The Starlings, (Family Sturnid@) are Old World birds represented in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur- rounding country. The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family /cteridg) number about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where, migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be- come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds. The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a single tree. The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc.,(Family /yingillide) number nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world, except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting North America. ; Varying widely in color, the Fringillidae all agree in possessing stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds. on which they feed so largely. The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification, are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths, where their plumage -either harmonizes with their surroundings or where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation. Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them 164 PERCHING BIRDS. indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons. Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them, from the field student’s point of view, highly important members of the great class Aves. From an economic standpoint the Fringillidz are no less deserving of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made, Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 fons of weed seeds, chiefly of the ragweed. : The Tanagers, (Family Zanagridz) are found only in the New World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics. As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of their plumage. Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam- ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical. Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un- dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male.of our Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the following spring. Itis worn, however, only during the nesting season after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired, the wings and tail, however, remaining black. Swallows, (Family Hirundinidz) are of world-wide distribution, and as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer, and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil. Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their 165 PERCHING BirRDS. long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and lens), widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding. In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character. Compare for instance, the mud- made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff Swallows with the tunelled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes how little the character of a bird’s home may depend on the structure of it's builder. The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, ‘“‘consists of many small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju- rious Or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination.”’ The true Waxwings, (Family Ampfelid~) number only three species with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, .with our Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly. Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits, chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims. The Shrikes, (Family Lanzide) are represented in America by only two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family being found inthe Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths, or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch ofalimb. This proceed- ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observ- ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dis- secting their food. Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de- stroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes. The Vireos, (Family V’ireonide) number fifty species, all American. 166 PERCHING BIRDS. They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds. Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis- takable. The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct- ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which they are most skilfully woven. The Warblers, (Family MZniotil/tidg) like the Vireos are distinctly American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer- ica birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local- ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at, the height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larg- er number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in Sep- tember they return to us in increased numbers. The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es- * pecially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them as we may there are still species which have escaped us. By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and Helminthophila); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seturus). Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our most beneficial birds. Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidz), are inhabitants of the 167 PERCHING BIRDS. Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distrib- uted species. Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tip- ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest. The Dippers (Family Ciuclidz) though numbering only twelve species are distributed throughout the larger part of the, world from the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia and Africa. - Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain torrents, over and wnder which they seem equally at home. Darting into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming a waterproof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young are well protected by an effective roof. The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Zyeglodytide) form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily 7Zroglody- ting) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of which are confined to America. The. Thrashers and Mockingbirds, (Subfamily Aiming) number some fifty species, all of which are con- fined to America. As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely - passed near or on the ground. Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability. The Creepers, (Family Certhdid~) number twelve species, only one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico or of'California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine. The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick 168 PERCHING BIRDS. out an insect’s egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related. The Nuthatches and Titmice, ‘(Family Paridz), like the Wrens and Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches, (Subfamily Széézx@) number about twenty species, only four of which inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Paviz~) number some seven- ty-five species, of which thirteen are American. Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes, however, are long, and their nails large and BUDE; evidently giving them a fad grip on the bark of trees. The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these birds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and suet which we spread for him at that season. Feeding largely on the eggs or larve of insects particularly injurious to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to men, The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Sy/- viide) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets, (Subfamily Reguling) seven species, three of which are American; the Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Polzoptilinz) some fifteen species, all Amer- can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sy/vziz@) about one hundred species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast of Alaska. The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistakeu for Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field, they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi- cal cong, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs. The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest beautifully covered with lichens. 169 PERCHING BIRDS. The Thrushes, (Family 7urdide@) are variously classified by different ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists’ Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires, and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species, of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily 7urdine). ‘The members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them being among the best known song birds, and froma musical point of view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds. If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be awarded singing birds. . In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro- posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well asin another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling our Perching Birds are grouped as follows: 1. With red markings. With blue markings. 3. With orange or yellow markings. 4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of patches or uniformly colored areas. Brownish, generally streaked birds. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings. 7. Gray, black, or black and white birds. dS an While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange- ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct- ural characters. (see page 2.) Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re- ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9. 170 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 607. Louisana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). L. 7.5. Ad. g\. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head more or less red. Ad. @. Above olive-green, head rarely red-tingéd; below dusky greenish yellow; wings and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish white wing-bars. Yuxg. 3. Like 9, but head and rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit- tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen- tral America. * 608. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). L. 7.4. Ad. 3%. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. @. Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish brown, no wing-bars. Yug. ¢'. Like Y, but brighter, wing-coverts black. Ad. ¢', Winter. Like Yng. 8, but wings and tail black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin’s song, but less musical, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; re- peated with pauses. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. 609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8. Bill large. Ad. 3g. Vermilion, back grayish;tail dull red. Ad. No wing-bars; above grayish olive; crown and tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yug. 3. Like 9 and variously intermediate between it and ad. ©. Notes. Call, clut-tuck; song, like that of No. 608, but somewhat more robin-like. Range.—From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Ari- zona; winters in Mexico and Central America. 610. Summer Tanager (‘Piranga rubra) L. 7.5; W.3.8 Ad. g. Rosyred. Ad. 9. Olive-yello above, dusky saffron below. Yung. ¢'. Variously in- termediate between 4d. ¢' and Y. Notes. Call, chichy-tucky-tuck; song, resembles in form that of No. 608 but is more musical and less forced. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains;.breeds from Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America. 610a. Cooper Tanager (P. 7. coopert). Similar to Ae 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors paler. Range.—'‘Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado.’’ 171 Pershing Birds Marked With Red. * 593. Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). lL. Ww. 3.7; 7.4.1. Ad. G. Forehead with a well- aeaned bieele band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage) tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray. Ad. 9. Above olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray; breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp, insignificant tsp; song, a rich, sympathetic "whistle, whe-e-c-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry- hurry, quich-quick-quick, and other notes. Range.—Eastern United States: resident from northern Florida and eastern Texas north to southern New York and lowa. 593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c. superbus). Largest of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; margins to back feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually sep- arated by base of culmen. Ad. 9. Gray above like No. 593¢, but breast richer, much as No. 593d; gray of throat more restricted and often confined to the chin. Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. 593b, Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Simi- lar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3-6; T. 4; G' with even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; 2 paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined. Range.—Southern Lower California. 593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal (C. c. canicaudus). W. 3.7. Ad. 3. Red bright as in No. 593d, but black on forehead narrower, usually separated by base of cul- men. Ad. 2. Grayer than 9 of No. 593, the edgings of wings and tail usually gray wethout an olive tinge. Range.—Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and north- eastern Mexico. 593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. foridanus). Smaller than No. 503, W. 3.4; d’ averaging deeper red; 2 darker and richer in color, particularly on breast. Range.—Southern half of Florida. 594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia Giprninege stnuata). L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. 3’. Gray; in fresh plumage washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally dull red; under wing- coverts, center of breast and of belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red. Aan Qh Usually little or no red about bill or on under- parts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song, a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey. ) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwest- ern New Mexico, and Arizona. 594a. Texas Oardinal (P.s. texana). Similar to No. 594, but bill larger; upperparts averaging slightly grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier. Range. —Northeastern Mexico, north to southern Texas. 594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsule). Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 172 Perching Birds Marked With Red. % 515. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura). L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. 3. Rosy red in varying amounts; belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. @. Gray, head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. Yng. &. Like 9, but with head and rump reddish. Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.) Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District of Columbia and Kansas. 515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. mon- tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.) Range.—''Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico.’’ (Ridgway.) 515b. Galiforia Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. californica). Similar to No. 515, but G' with red much brighter; feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; @ with little if any greenish on rump. Range.—Higher parts of ‘‘Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer County and south to Fresno County, California’ (Grinnell.) 515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. alascensis). Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.) Range. -‘‘Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed- ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum- bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc.’’ (Ridgway.) 515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. flammula). Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish. Range.—‘‘Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.’’ (Ridgway.) % 521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). L.6.1; W. 3.4; B..66. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. 3. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or yellow. Ad. 9. Olive-green, rump and underparts yellower. Yung. Resemble Ad. 2. Notes. Calls, when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and musical, but of small volume. Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from northern New England (in Alleghenies from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually to South Carolina and Louisiana. % 52!a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi- lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78. Range.—‘‘Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala.”’ (A. O. U.) : 173 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia Jeucoptera). L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. of. Rose- pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars. Ad. 2. Olive-green and dusky; rump and under- parts yellower; wings with two white bars. Yung. Like Ad. 2. Notes. Resemble those of No. 521. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south irregularly to Virginla, Illinols, British Columbia, and Nevada. %595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludovicia- na). L. 8 Ad. of. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. Ad. 9. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white line over eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. g’. Resem- bles 9, but under wing-coverts vose; breast more or less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peck; song, arich, fluent, joyous carol. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. * 517. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feath- ers; tail slightly forked. Ad. oj’. ull rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye. Yung. Resemble Ad. 2. Notes. Call, creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (Seepage 175.) Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of Mexico. 517a. California Purple Finch (C. p. californicus). Similar to No, 517, but of duller and darker; & decided- ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.) Range.—Paclific coast region; breeds Inthe mountains of Callfor- nla; west of the Slerra north to British Columbia; winters from cen— tral Oregon to southern Arizona. 174 ite Perching Birds Marked With Red. 518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. 6.5. Ad. %. Similarto Ad. Gof No. 517 and No. 517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing like a_cap; be- low much paler. 4d. @. Similar to Ad @ of No. 517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, both above and below. Notes. Resemble those of No. 517. Range.— Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia. % 519. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. g.. Throat, breast, forehead, line over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with brownish. Ad. Y. Above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish, zo olive tint; below white streaked with brownish. Ad. G' in Winter. Red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yung. Resemble Ad. @. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, re- mindirg one of that of No. 517, but recognizably diff- erent. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and Oregon. 5 19b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex- tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts. Range,—Southern Lower California. 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis) Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short- er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora- tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.) Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion. Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower Californla. 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus me- gregort). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California. 175 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannit). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. Aredcrown-patch. Ad. ¢'. Rump, lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked; breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink. In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with buff. Ad. 2. Similar to ¢', but no pink on breast or rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked. Range.—Breedsin Greenland; winters south to Labrador. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (4. 4. exilipes). Similar to No. 527. but smaller and darker; rump still wate, but cme sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; re Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; In America, winters south irreg- ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan. %528. Redpoll (Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. of. Above blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides heavily streaked. Ad. 2. Similar, but no pink on rump or breast. Yng. 3. Like female. Notes. Call like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit; song like that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.) Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer- Ica, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. 528a. Holbell Redpoll (4. 2. holbelliit). Similar to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.33 B. .38. Range.—Breeds In northern parts of northern hemisphere; !n Amer- ica, winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, On- tario, and Massachusetts.) 528b. Greater Redpoll (4. 2. rostrata). Similar to No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28. Range.—‘‘Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.),and west to Manitoba.” (Ridgway.) “% 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. of. A more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. 2 and Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, varied, flute-like whistle. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward and southin the Rocky Mountains to Arizo- na and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Car- olina and Oregon southward to Central America. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelii). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buffy below. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern. Alaska; winters south- ward to California. 176 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to No. 749, but above sooty olive. Ad. 3. With crown- patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.) (See page 176.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. —European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). L. 5.50. Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band; inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, tw#; song, “sweet and varied.”’ (See page 176.) Range.—Introduced In this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1873; now not uncommon near New York City. 443, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Musctvora forfica- ta). L. 14.5. Ad. 3. Above gray, back washed with red or yellow; crown-patch red. 4d. 2. Similar, but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes. Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing. Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Cen- tral America; accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay. 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus). L.6. Ad. 3. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. Ad. 2. Above -rownish, below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or yellow. Yug. df. Similar to 9 but spotted with red below and on crown. Notes. A shrill qi-bréé, z0-bréé, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air. (Bendire.) Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely) ; ‘‘winter vis- Itant to southern California.’ (Grinnell.) 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white. Range—Mexican plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). L. 5.2, Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck red, crown and ear- -coverts black, nape band and rump whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes. A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to south. ern Arizona and western New Mexico. 177 Perching Birds Marked With Red. © “ 498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius pheniceus). L. of, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. ¢. Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. 4d. 92. Above brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng. co. Similar to Ad. (, but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chat, chick, areedy cack; song, a chorus song, aliquid Aong-quér-réé; alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward. 498a. Sonoran Red-wing (A. pf. sonoriensis). Sim- ilar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; @ paler, sucelsine below browner. W. Q, 4.8; B .95; depth at ase .5. Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (4. p. brvanti). Simi- lar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish instead of black. Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida. 498c. Florida Red-wing (4. p. floridanus). Simi- lar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; g', W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4. Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf coast to Texas. 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Simi- lar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportion- ately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5. Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other Interior districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from Rockies to Minnesota, lowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) 498e. San Diego Red-wing (4. p. neutralis). Sim- ilarto No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the 2 with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5. Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (4. 9. caurinum). Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the 2 with median wing- coverts deeper buff, the 2 much darker, streaks be- low wider, darkest 2 of group. W. 4.8; B..9; depth at base .45. Range.—Pacific coast from north California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California. 178 Perching Birds Marked. With Red. 499, Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator californicus), Ad. 3. Similar to No. 498, but median wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black, concealing as arule, their brownish bases. Ad. @. Very different from 2 of No. 498; above and below blackish slightly edged with rusty. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 498, but with easily recogniz- able differences. (See page 178.) Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California northward, west of Slerra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washing- ton; migratory at north part of range. 500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). Ad. 3. Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing- coverts darker, median wing-coverts whzte; in winter black more or less edged with grayish brown; median wing-coverts dingy. 4d. 2. No rusty; above black- ish edged with grayish; below black bordered with whitish. Notes. ‘‘Said to be quite different’ from those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.) Range.—Northem Lower California north to southern Oregon; local in valleys of interior. 523. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte griseonucha). Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut- chocolate; larger, W. 4.4. Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (resident); In winter, Shumagin Islands, lower portion of Aliaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island. 524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephro- cotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. f. Reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail- coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and lower belly tipped with pk; forecrown black; hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat browit. Ad. @. Similar but duller. Yung. Nearly uniform brownish; margins of primaries showing some pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qu, quz. (Silloway.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra ‘Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on White Mountains (Grinnell); northin Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska. 524a, Hepburn Leucosticte (L. ¢. iittoralis). Sim- ilar to No. 524, but cheeks gray like hindhead; throat often grayish. © Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as far north as Kadiak Island. 525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Simi- lar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish_ black in Ad. 3’, or dusky slate brownish in Ad. 2 and Yung. Range.—Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; -winters south to Colorado and Utah. 526. Brown-capped Leucosticte (Leucosticte aus- tralis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into brown of nape and back. Range.—Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet alti- tude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico. 179 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amena). L. 5.5. Ad. 3. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In winter more or less tipped w th rusty. 4d. 9. Middle wing-coverts tipped with whitish; above grayish brown with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and lesser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. Yug. Like ¢, but browner, no blue. Notes. Suggest those of the Indigo Bunting. Ringe.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. 600. Varied Bunting (Cyanospiza versicolor). L. 5.5. Ad. 3. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. Ad. @. Above brownish gray; below whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on rump, wings and tail. Much like 2 of No. 598, but less brown above and no streaks below. Yung. Re- semble 2 Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. 600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. 2. pulchra). Similarto No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple, throat with less red. Range.—Southern Lower California. 601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospira cris). L. 5.4. Ad. 3. Below red, rump duller, back green, head dark blue. Ad. 2. Bright, shining olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yung. <. Like 2;second year variously intermediate between Ad. d' and @. Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo Bunting but possess less volume. Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; win- ters in Mexico and Central America. yo 654, Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica cerulescens). LL. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of primaries. Ad. g’. Throat and sides black; belly white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers with white. 4d. 9. Grayish olive-green; below yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above coverts; tail witha bluish tinge. Yug. @'.. Like Ad. g, but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, a sharp, characteristic chips song, usually, zwee-zwee-gwee in an ascending scale. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Min- nesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and South America. 654a. Cairns Warbler (D, c. cazrns?). Similar to No. 654, but G’ darker, the back with more or less black; @ darker and duller. Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghenles; winters. - south of United States, 180 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 658. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerula). L. 5. Ad. 3. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray- blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail white. Ad. 9 and Yng. 3B. Above blue-gray washed with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line overeye. Notes. Call, a warbler dsp and tchp of the Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.) Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; gener- ally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and winters in Central and South America. 597. Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cerulea). L. 7; W. 3.4. Ad. 3. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brown- ish above and below. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, deepest on head; below grayish white washed with buffy: wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or less blue, particularly about head. Yung. dv. Like &, but browner. Notes. Call, a strong, harsh, pichick; song, a_ beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. TRidew Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into Oeoke and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and uebec. 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. ¢. Jagula). Sim- ilar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6: male brighter blue; back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 507. Female averaging paler, less brown. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in Mexico and Central America. ~ 598. Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea). L. 5.4. No white wing-bars. Ad. g’. Deep blue, darkest on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less mixed with blue. Ad. 2. Above brown; below whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks; lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with blue. Yxg. Similar to Q but below more streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge. Notes. Call, a sharp pt; song, a tinkling, unsympa- thetic, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer’s here; morning, noontide, evening, list to me. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Col- orado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central America. 181 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. * 766. Bluebird (Sialza stalis). L.7. Ad. 3. Above, including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast rusty brown, belly whitish.. 4d. 9. Above grayer, below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty. Notes. Call, tur-wee, tur-wee; song, a rich and sweet but short warble. ~ Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern Illinois southward 766a. Azure Bluebird (S. s. aurea). Similar to No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more cerulean. Range.—Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona. 767. Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana occidentalis). L.7. Ad. 3. Above bright blue,foreback with more or less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat blue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. : Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated; throat bluish gray, breast paler than in CALONMENSIS ers. cuted 70 140 Blue-winged Teal........... Querquedula discors.......... 78 141 Cinnamon Teal............- os cyanoptera...... 78 261 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. peer COMMON NAME. jaaten{Sheldrake. sfc. 2 < seis 142 Shovellers.ve cscs cee voces cece RAS tally ecto ce aw crsle wre cleo EAA TSE VVOOGT)DUCHS carers «ts ore, 6 wins ver [145 ]Rufus-crested Duck......... TAGL Redhead). fsouus AMENIGAMIS COL sey! cartes c= {in@ai|Melvetes cotenssee nase ooner-s 165 White-winged Scoter........ TOG SUT, SEOLOI ease ct tes tc tree 167 a Ruddy Ducky wisi wa.ser. te or [168]Masked Duck.............. 169 Lesser Snow Goose........- 1692 Greater Snow Goose.......- 165s BluesG:00Sesy eae ee ee 170 Ross Snow Goose......... [171] White-fronted Goose........ 171a Amer. White-fronted Goose. . [ez sn} BeansGoosenc acces ee 72a Canada Moose ciate taerear- 172a ‘Hutchins Goose-. ..- 32 ee o- “172b White-cheeked Goose. ...... 172c (Cackling Goose2® .< foo 2c Bs Bran teers. oes oe. ae 174> eBlackiBrants. vases oe oe [275] Barmacle\Goose:-.-..-.-.. T7Ou Emperors GOOSEiee- arene 177. Black-bellied Tree-duck ..... 262 SCIENTIFIC NAME. PacE Gasaréa-caSarCal~.= = a2 ae eee A.V. Spatulasely peatal. << <5 <5 atte 78 Dafila‘acutas<<). oss. cs careers 76 AIX'SpOUSA, 2315 502s See ee 78 Netta rufinal.= =. 2 sos Seater A.V. Aythya americana ...........- 79 soe (MallISNCEA trie sere 79 £€ [Manilay.% a. cao ese ED iil ikeparese se ice tee +8 79 $0) ) COUANIS ioc taieee ee 79 Clangula clangula americana .. 80 fO* {SlanliGaketc sete 8o Charitonetta albeola .......... 80 Harelda hyemalis. .....--.2.<% 81 Histrionicus histrionicus....... SI Camptolaimus labradorius...... 81 Eniconetta‘stelleris.o < PUulica’ atfatn, icon. = okra 221 American Coot. Scab swe ‘« americana. Yt UO ORDER LIMICOLAE. SHORE BIRDS. Family PHALAROPODIDA. PHALAROPES. 222 Red Phalarope. ............ Crymophilus fulicarius.........102 223 Northern Phalarope......... Phalaropus lobatus............ 102 224 Wilson Phalarope........... Steganopus tricolor............102 Family RECURVIROSTRID4. AVOCETS AND STILTS. 225 American Avocet........... Recurvirostra americana....... 103 226 Black-necked Stilt.......... | Himantopus mexicanus ........ ‘105 264 . 4 ; | 4 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family SCOLOPACIDA,. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. NI COMMON NAME. [227]European Woodcock......... 228 American Woodcock........ (229|European Snipe ............ 230) WilsOnsSnipe..... i625. 6.3. [230.1] Great Snipe....-......... Date MIDOWILEMEL tasters tester + © ss 232 Long-billed Dowitcher....... DAZ MUStUtSAMGPIPEL srseyescerectes) oiellevs 234 Knot.. fa’ Gohan 235 Purple Sandpiper. Ri Nerrereo 236 Aleutian Sandpiper.......... 2370 BriDiOhOAanGpIpen smoOrinella 9. eee 102 284 Black Turnstone............ ae melanocephala....... 107 Family HEMATOPODID. OySTER-CATCHERS. [285] Oyster-catcher ............ Hematopus ostralegus ....... A.V. 286 American Oyster-catcher.... a palliatus *.........104 286.1 Frazar Oyster-catcher....... se ARAZATT |S ere ae 104. 287 Black Oyster-catcher....... f bachmani..........104 Family JACANIDA. JACANAS. [288 ]Mexican Jacana............ Jacanaspinosa .............. 102 ORDER GALLINAZ. GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. 266 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family TETRAONIDA:. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. ah COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME, Pace 289 Bob-white . PEL ehs re Colinus virginianus. ese TG 289a Florida Bob- white. sons Serene ng floridanus. »115 256 DmexAneBOD=Willteve- +1 en re s texanus. meer 291 Masked Bob-white.......... sa Ua eer en oe 292 Mountain Partridge......... Oreortyx pictus . ‘ 23 S16 2o2a,PlumedvPartnidpe. <.. es... ay plumiferus «. - 116 292b San Pedro Partridge........ a a confinis . ca GH: 293 Scaled Partidge.. Callipepla squamata..........116 293a Chestnut-bellied Scaled hae ridge. . aere wit ss ** castanogastris 116 204 California Partridge .. ave Lophortyx Galiiormicay. =. sa1 LO 294a Valley Partridge.. eee us vallicola .. 116 2O lea Gambelubartnidge, setts cey- 2 UG Pambellia:-a2.:<.. 116 Boom Mearnsibartnidge sn. ec Cyrtonyx montezumez mearnsi 115 2O7 DUSKY: GrOUSEs. tiacietaels ts tse Dendragapus obscurus . Beas Oly 2O 7 dys OOLYMGLOUSE <4) soiree s ete ef fuliginosus 117 297b Richardson Grouse......... a «« richardsonii 117 298 Canada Grouse . .+..... Canachites canadensis. esr 7, 298b Alaskan Grouse. ae 4 of se osgoodi. 117 298c Hudsonian Spruce ( Grouse.. Bs cs canace..117 299 Franklin Grouse............ fe franklin. cn. sr LL, 300 Ruffed Grouse . pea DONASAUMbPEIUS 1c seis ELS 300a Canadian Ruffed Grouse... .. A os togata..... -118 300b Gray Ruffed Grouse........ oe ee umbelloides.. 118 300c Oregon Ruffed Grouse...... is fr Sabine casvs.c Ow 301 Willow Ptarmigan.......... serge TAS OPUS pe gecsg-'s ereisaetsce aie) LG) Z01aeA llenslztarmiGanie se... 00: igo pmrall Lruiees arsieyerct=n #11) BO2mROCK =PianmiGan spe ese st os. fr TUPESERIS: = cals se Sets) 302a Reinhardt Ptarmigan........ Ee “s reinhardti ...- 119 302b Nelson Ptarmigan........... a as MelSOnitsetest es 119 202¢ burner Ptarmigan-e...-.. 2)... ce us atkhensis..... 120 302d Townsend Ptarmigan........ ce rs townsendi....120 302.1 Evermann Ptarmigan....... cs evermanni ...120 303 Welch Ptarmigan.. eas OS DWeEICHILR eye chee oins eee erst L2O 304? White-tailed Ptarmigan... COS eu GURUS ar ears er 118 304a?Kenai Ptarmigan............ “ ‘* peninsularis ....118 zo. [PRabinte ls Otcsponabdonpeodue Tympanuchus americanus..... Tair 305a Attwater Prairie Hen........ “ attwateri..121 aed) lnteioleinogatoodogenenooe ne GU PICO emer sg T 307 Lesser PrairieHen.......... uy pallidicinctus aeoeleT 308 Sharp-tailed Grouse......... | Pedicecetes phasianellus........121 267 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. os COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 308a ColumbianSharp-tailedGrouse Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus I21 308b Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.. ss ay campestris ..121 309 Sage Grouse. ++eeeees Centrocercus urophasianus..... 122 Family I PHASIANIDA:. PHEASANTS, ETC. chro) Niel utd AVeRcqeuse apoo od on Meleagris gallopavo silvestris. ..122 310a Merriam Turkey............ <5 TS * 375c Dusky Horned Owl.......-- es J saturatus......143 375d Pacific Horned Owl.......-- 2 # pacificus.......143 375e Dwarf Horned Owl......... ct ae elachistus.... 143 BVORs SNOW Ye OWilasis cee ics ss sles << Nycteainyctea 2s... s3ss ec. <5 143 (377]Hawk Owl.. ave se sie OUlMa Ula iets oe As 377a American Hawk Owl. ioAeero aise id SS GADALOCN sj siry.8G 6 = aE 3 378 Burrowing Owl . 5S ee Speotyto cunicularia hy pomea. -138 378a Florida Burrowing Owl Aiea ce tloridana..138 379 Pygmy Owl...-. ...-. Glaucidium gnoma. Se - 140 379a California Pygmy Owl. eee de ne californicum 140 379.1Hoskins Pygmy Owl .....--. 2 hoskinsil's wack. -e AO 380 Ferruginous oe Owl. a phalenoides........140 381 Elf Owl. coca ee IGrOpallasiwhitne yi 0. .ce. --2-140 ORDER eee PARROTS, MACAWsS, PAROQUETS, ETC. Family PSITTACID4. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. pote Garolina, Paroqueb.. <2:.40..:-5 Conurus carolinensis..........145 382.1 Thick-billed Parrot.......... Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. ..145 ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOOS, ETC. Family Cuculide. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. ([S3SiINNGsS 636-5 cee coe @rotophagavanise.2ccast =e ee 146 384 Groove-billed Ani,.......... as sulcirostris ..:.....- 146 Ro Gm hOad -MINNE Gan. Gar- 2) cs 3 0 Geococcyx californianus....... 146 386 Mangrove Cuckoo.......... Coccyzus minor ............--146 [386a] Maynard Cuckoo.......... “i “<< maynardi.<:..146 387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo........ of americanus......... 146 387a California Cuckoo.......... Hy ** occidentalis 146 388 Black-billed Cuckoo......... st erythrophthalmus.. . . 145 [388.1 ]Kamchatkan Cuckoo....... Cuculus canorus telephonus...A.V. Family TROGONID. TROGONS. 389 Coppery-tailed Trogon...... Trogon ambiguus ............. 147 Family ALCEDINID. KINGFISHERS. 390 Belted Kingfisher............ Ceryle aleyGacOred ate odtes 147 [391.1] Ringed Kingfisher...... 85 ‘¢ torquata..............A.V. 391 Texas Kingfisher..........-. «« americana septentrionalis147 271 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ORDER PICI. A.O.U. No. 392 393 3934 393b 393C 393d _ 393¢€ 393f 304 3944 394b 394¢ 394d 394e 395 306 3964 307 398 399 400 401 4o1a 4o1b 402 402a 403 403a COMMON NAME. Ivory-billed Woodpecker..... Hairy Woodpecker.. Northern Hairy Woodpecker.. Southern Hairy cedbecker Harris Woodpecker.. : Cabanis Woodpecker... Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker Queen Charlotte Woodpecker Southern Downy Woodpecker Gairdner Woodpecker....... Batchelder Woodpecker...... Downy Woodpecker........- Northern Downy Woodpecker Willow Woodpecker........- Red-cockaded Woodpecker... Texan Woodpecker........-- Saint Lucas Woodpecker... .. Nuttall Woodpecker.... Arizona Woodpecker White-headed Woodpecker... Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker Alaskan Three-toed Woodpkr. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker Yellow-bellied Sapsucker... .- Red-naped Sapsucker......... Red-breasted Sapsucker..... Northern Red-breasted Sap- SUGK CTE utirerrenet ct oicteteners Williamson Sapsucker. . Pileated Woodpecker.. Northern Pileated Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker..... Ant-eating Woodpecker...... Californian Woodpecker..... Narrow-fronted Woodpecker,.,. Lewis Woodpecker.......... 409 Red-bellied Woodpecker...... 410 Golden-fronted Woodpecker. . 404 405 405a 406 407 4o7a 407b 408 22 WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ETC. Family PICIDA. WOODPECKERS. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PaGE Campephilus principalis........ 149 Dryobates villosus............ 150 se ‘« leucomelas...150 Hy «* audubonii....150 “s £5 hialttiSiil ies seopner 150 Wu ‘¢ hyloscopus...150 ea «¢ —monticola....150 ce ) \picoideus caso (pubescens. -)-n = yas mas) GY ‘ gairdnerii...150 ee cs homorus....150 GG s medianus....150 « oa nelsoni...... 150 aM u turatl: = eer I5I # Dorealise: weer ISI a scalaris bairdi,...... I51 a ‘¢ _ Jucasanus... 151 ee nuttallii oe eee 151 ue ATIZOM G2. wr tarete eee Xenopicus albolarvatus........ 151 Picoides'arcticusi. 7.9... eye 149 ne americanus.........149 eg ‘* fasciatus....149 i‘ “ sdorsaliseanes 149 Sphyrapicus VaiilUSl= coe cerns 152 ot nuchalis....152 no TSU G terior feeaten ehohet etna 152 a > p NOLKENSIS seealige we «« thyroideus..152 Ceophlceus pileatus wee 149 “« abieticola ...149 Melanerpes erythrocephalus.. ..153 fs formicivorus....... 153 i SC" bairdit} seems * ‘« angustifrons. 153 Asyndesmus torquatus ........ 152 Centurus carolinus............ 153 $07) QUTITLONS chrcies cre aeeiees 153 AO.U. No. 41 412 412a 413 4l3a 4l4 414a 415 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. COMMON NAME. Gila Woodpecker........... Southern Flicker............ Northern Flicker... ...2+-0+8 Red-shafted Flicker.......... Northwestern Flicker........ Gilded lickers... 0-3. 0% Brown Flicker...... Guadalupe Flicker.. Masini ORDER MACROCHIRES. Family CAPRIMULGIDAi. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. 416 - 417 417a 418 418a 418b 419 420 420a 420b Chuck-will’s-widow......... Whip-poor-will............. Stephens Whip- peers -will..... Poor-will . ead Frosted Poor- “will. oer Dusky Poor-will..........4. Merrill Parauque............ INiginthawkeaecrettsten couryscisisee cs Western Nighthawk......... Florida Nighthawk.......... 42oc Sennett Nighthawk....... 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 43! [431. 432 433 Texan Nighthawk........... SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Centurus uropygialis.......... 153 Colaptes AUILALUS 2 7 sycrs sieen use tee 154 “ luteus-3 202: 154 He cafer collaris........ 154 oY af saturatior.154 ee chrysoides ..........154 He ‘« brunnescens.154 re rufipileus,.........-. 154 GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, ETC. Antrostomus carolinensis ...... 156 Hy vociferus. . 150 uy oe macromystax. 156 Phalzenoptilus MUGtal liye ee cee 156 “* nitidus....156 ce ce californicus. 156 Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli..157 Chordeiles virginianus,........ 157 eo een yllacetyers 157 tg ‘« chapmani....157 ee sok rE SCMMEGU ere iG 7, a acutipennis texensis. .157 Family MICROPODIDA. SwiFTs. Black Swifts to. 20 he. ae. Chimney Swift. se os. Vaux Swift.... White-throated Swift........ Cypseloides niger borealis..... 158 Cheetura pelagica............. 158 oY WEboileohs ode oo ona. 158 Aeronautes melanoleucus...... 158 Family TROCHILIDA. HUMMING BIRDS. Rivoli Hummingbird......... Blue-throated Hummingbird... Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Black-chinned Hummingbird.. Costa Hummingbird......... Anna Hummingbird......... 1]Floresi Hummingbird...... Broad-tailed Hummingbird.... Rufous Hummingbird........ Eugenes Tulgensi m1. 2 che» «1. 159 Cceligena clemenci@ .......... 160 Trochilus colubris............. 160 a alexandri sacra at 159 Wally DUS COStae re eats ck ates nn a 1590 re Hit inoanind prin an om oe 161 Selasphorus floresii........... A.V ss platycercus......... 161 uo HUTUSHesuareerscreehesuee 161 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ‘No. | COMMON NAME. 434 Allen Hummingbird......... 435 Morcom Hummingbird....... 436 Calliope Hummingbird....... 437 Lucifer Hummingbird.......- 438 Rieffer Hummingbird........ 439 Buff-bellied Hummingbird.... 440 Xantus Hummingbird........ 440.1White-eared Hummingbird . .. 441 Broad-billed Hummingbird.... SCIENTIFIC NAME, Selasphorus alleni.. ......tcese 161 Atthis morcomi... Stellulacalliopes(s..-..)- aera @alothorax lucifer. nrias saree 159 Amazilis tzacatl “* cerviniventris chalconota. 160 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS. Family COTINGIDA:. COTINGAS. [441.1] Xantus Becard............ Family TYRANNID. 1442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher....... 443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher..... AM AGIA ovitelan ora wortcenooooodad AAG menGst aby isi DIT deters! ste etalee slate 446° Couch Kingbird.......5...<. ; 447 Arkansas Kingbird.......... 443 — Cassin Mine Ditd: i252 2. at 449 Derby Flycatcher........... [450] Giraud Flycatcher .. Aone E 481 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. . 452 Crested Flycatcher. . : 453 Mexican Crested Flycatcher. : 453a Arizona Crested Flycatcher. . 454 Ash-throated Flycatcher. . 4542 Nutting Flycatcher.. : 4546 Lower California Fl yeatcher. {455 |Lawrence Flycatcher.. 4554 Olivaceous Flycatcher....... Alc © mas ltl Os DE mm meemey a statyeae cciea erent AGG. ssybe lees somucocreno tb ooas AIS Oma aly ince Deerars cts) estate ctelee 45;8a Western Black Phoebe...... 459 Olive-sided Flycatcher...... 460 Coues Flycatcher. abe 46t Wood Pewee. envorae 4062 Western Wood Pewee. eae Basilinna xantuSi..............159 £€- J@UCOLIS <> sfereyae orere aera 160 Iache latirostris........... - 160 Platypsaris albiventris........ A.Y. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. Basar engeeann Aron ociocds\y NY. fe forficata. . 7) Tyrannus tyrannus . : dominicensis. . : ie melancholicus couchii202 oe Vitalis: atccren-lopenteee 202 se Vociferans®. «-1-ysee 202 Pitangus derbianus,........... 202 . Myiozetetes similis superciliosusA.V Myiodynastes luteiventris...... 202 Myiarchus crinitus............ 202 oe mexicanus . 202 he o magister - 203 “f cinerascens. . 202 ‘o of nuttingi 3202 he er pertinax.. 202 # lawrencei.. ....... A.V. es “« olivascens. 202 Sayornis phceebe.............. 208 PumeSC A Glodidtc tiaorudo 6 4° 205 So) SMIGRIGAMSH fey spelen 251 is «> semiattaly-t 2/25 Nuttallornis borealis. . 208 Contopus pertinax pallidiventris 208 cs WUE Hoodoo oobi dn 208 ui richardsonii.. .......208 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ONE COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pace 462a Large-billed Weod Pewee.... Contopus richardsoni Sa z 208 463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.... Empidonax flaviventris.. .. 211 464 Western Flycatcher......... difficilis . ee aD 464.1 St. Lucas Flycatcher........ Wu cine ritius : So ee lO 464.2 Santa Barbara Flycatcher.... 0 INSUNGOlA se - arene eeLO. 465 Green-crested Flycatcher.... oh virescens......... 210 400 Traill Flycatcher.......5.... ef tra ilies ctetroe ee eG 466a Alder Flycatcher............ a 58 almOrUitles-<4205) AO7mMbeastEly.catcChenran. «.1sse n« se MUM MUS ccs ZOD) 468 Hammond Flycatcher........ os Hammond! cet1. 200) 469 Wright Flycatcher.......... cs Wit OU stets seach pao 469.1 Gray Flycatcher............ is PTISEUS isa es ao . 206 [470] Fulvous Flycatcher.......... ee fulvitrons.........A.V. 470a Buff-breasted Flycatcher... .. se #6 pygmzeus. 115 471 Vermilion Flycatcher........ Pyrocephalus rubineus mexican- us . ; ml 7, 472 Beardless Flycatcher........ Ornithion imberbe. . EAL OO) 472a Ridgway Flycatcher........ _ ‘C ridgwayi... 199 Family ALAUDIDZE. LARKS. [473 ]Skylark. . tite iets ee Alauidararvensis. . Pee pate aera 474 Horned Lark. BexdenMtoa. Otocoris alpestris. . See OO 474a Pallid Horned Lark,. ae ‘ arctic ala. Pete 200 474b Prairie Horned Lark. ae us ‘~ praticolas.. ..200 474c Desert Horned Lark... Amo ooo Ht “Jeucolama...201 474d Texan Horned Lark......... ve ‘ye CATAL tees a 200 A474e Californian Horned Lark..... Oh <1) saGtiac 2Ol 474f Ruddy Horned Lark......... oe STUD C ARR ee. ee 201 474g Streaked Horned Lark....... ue SS Strigata. e201 474h Scorched Horned Lark....... Wo SOM AGUSTAN se et 201 474i Dusky Horned Lark......... ue of PS ienmillittes se 201 474) Sonoran Horned Lark.,...... ot coe) pallida. 201 474k Hoyt Horned Lark.......... ot SS hoytiens a. 3 200 4741 Montezuma Horned Lark..... fe ‘* occidentalis. . 201 474m Island Horned Lark.......... os ‘« —insularis ....201 Family CORVIDAE. CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. 475 American Magpie........... Pica pica hudsonia... 476 Yellow-billed Magpie........ Pica nuttalli. ge , BGG (BIWS IES Racoon ono boLomone a Cyanocitta cristata . Sar T 4774 Florida Blue Jay............ ag florincola. . 182 Vii Sa Stelle he Vayiis ele crastehalapcleaiersis ce stelieri. 185 47Sa Blue-fronted Jay............ £9 “ frontalis .. 182 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Aa: COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 478b Long-crested Jay........6.. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata...185 478c Black-headed Jay.........4. ue ‘* —annectens...185 478d Queen Charlotte Jay........ ne «¢ carlotta ....185 AZO peElOTic awd Aye. tramps tre crete sie eters Aphel ocoma cyanea ....-----.184 480 Woodhouse me ee rrr oie at woodhouseii.....184 480.1 Blue-eared ys Bag soba oe CyanOtisuents items 184 480.2 Texan Jay. . a Mee chileoucamado 6 184 481 California Jay. ee californica....... 184 481a Xantus Jay.. Reet ree ree ue “« hypoleuca. 184 ASTM He) Mine ya yie este siedelsnacusteteteyens ee ge obscura. 184 AStntosantanGnuz Vaya case ae ties ce insularisi..We-narae 184 AS2) PATIZONAI Asan jetaeaiecseyere rates: a sieberii arizone..183 AS 2am Ouch Ay ss tuetetefeter.cimaterats re «« | couchii. . 183 Ake AGidslel thal hari aama ae scour esr Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens. .185 484 Canada Jay.. ......+- Perisoreus canadensis... -- «a. 252 484a Rocky Mountain n Jay. Anes 0 ‘. capitalis.2.252 484b Alaskan Jay... Se aes uu ‘« fumifrons. ..252 ASAGMIMADTAGOR JAY. = erat-iteai-t cles ue ‘« nigricapillus. 252 midis Oyteetorln Fis on bone oubn oon ‘ig ODSCUTUS seer arere 252 SE GTENy AENon oman Babu ub Ao do OF WY &t- VOnISCUS ae eae 486 American Raven............ Corvus iGordx. eon ae a eee 255 486a Northern Raven .......... 56 uC «¢ principalis creme. 255 487 White-necked Raven........ ‘« cryptoleucus..... +255 488 American! Crow.) esas okt. fe americanus. 2... ss)semma5is Adsamkel OnldauG@ nowseet. ciety teste a (| pascuus..e 255 489 Northwest Crow............ CauriMnUS®./-1-1-) ercnese 255 AGloln Jee Ci Gonan na mons Como us us OSSifragus™. = -).)a- cleus 255 491 Clarke Crow............... Nucifraga columbiana ......... 252 4O2M PINON VAVietse sy e-telo cetera Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. . 183 Family STURNID. _ STARLINGS. [493]Starling.......... Sturnus vulgaris............4. 253 Family ICTERIDA:. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. AOA eo! link ansfeide stashaetaenarl ese Dolichonyx oryzivorus ........ 251 495 Cowbird.. ae crejeeiee) s MOLOtITUSHAte Tes traenetpater senerie 253 495a Dwarf Cowbird,. fg «¢ obscurus.....-.253) 496 Red-eyed Cowbird. . ... Callothrus robustus........... 253 497 Yellow-headed Blackbird. . Baar Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199 498 Red-winged Blackbird.. Agelaius PHcEniCenS ree 178 498a Sonoran Red-wing.......... au sonoriensis. . 178 498b Bahama Red-wing.......... ib a bryanti...... 178 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. aes COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 498c Florida Red-wing.. Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus..178 498d Thick-billed Red- -wing. Co") ose onos 178 498e San Diego Red-wing........ es «« neutralis....178 498f Northwestern Red-wing...... es ‘* caurinus....178 499 Bicolored Blackbird.......... “i BpperOetor californicus..179 500 Tricolored Blackbird........ *« tricolor... -179 501 Meadowlark.. aati Sturnel Jagimalem ah esyaatsessttsl es « 199 5o1a Mexican Meadowlark........ ee EOC peSi- cr. 199 501b Western Meadowlark........ te cee nler| ectarcr, LOG soic Florida Meadowlark.......... ee ‘* argutula ....199 { 502 ]Troupial.. risa te Aeron Icterus icterus...............A.V. 503 Audubon Oriole. : os audubonii...........186 DOA OCOMIOMOlC sia rcclest alesse «6 A PARISOLUM «2.00. i. anes 186 505 Hooded Oriole. . : fe cucullatus sennetti...186 505a Arizona Hooded Oriole. . fu e nelsoni..... 186 506 Orchard Oriole...........4. as SPU USsntet. veers 206 507 Baltimore Oriole............ i PalbUlaea se eceereheiercteces 186 508 Bullock Oriole.............. es bullOckiss J). faces TOO 509 Rusty Blackbird.......... Scolecophagus carolinus....... 254 §10 Brewer Blackbird........... a cyanocephalus...254 511 Purple Grackle............. Quiscalus UISGUla Ww erackeenerersy ars 254 §11a Florida Grackle............. ue pene baer ee 254 511b Bronzed Grackle.... i «« —eeneus. 254 513 Boat-tailed Grackle.......... Megaquiscalus major.. 2254: 513a Great-tailed Grackle........ ‘« macrourus. 254 Family FRINGILLIDAZ. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. §14 Evening Grosbeak.. . Hesperiphona vespertina.. 199 514a Western Evening Grosbeak... oh montana. - 199 515 Pine Grosbeak..........-+5 Pinicola enucleator leucura..... I7I 515a Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak... Be ‘« montana....171 515b California Pine Grosbeak.... & «« californica ..171 515c Alaskan Pine Grosbeak..... UG ‘« alascensis...171 515d Kadiak Pine Grosbeak....... by ‘« flammula....171 [516 ]Cassin Bullfinch............ Pyrrhula cassini.........+++- A.V. 57 (Purple inchs. sieve. ass « Carpodacus purpureus.. . 171 s17a California Purple’Finch...... « californicus. 171 518 Cassin Purple Finch........ ue CASSINI 5 las Saecalscae = 175 519 House Finch.......... canes es mexicanus frontalis.- 175 519b St. Lucas House Finch...... oe ««ruberrimus : 175 519c San Clemente House Finch .. a «« clementis....175 520 Guadalupe House Finch..... as AMplUSmeame setseleeien 175 520.1 San Benito House Finch..... ss MESTSC ONIN wives cats 175 521 American Crossbill..... ++»+. Loxia curvirostra minor........ 173 277 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. et COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. __ Pac 521a Mexican Crossbill,.......... Loxia curvirostra stricklandi,...173, 522 White-winged Crossbill...... ‘© leucoptera’. 28) 6 2 ee eelizan 523 Aleutian Leucosticte.... ... Leucosticte griseonucha........ 179: 524 Gray-crowned Leucosticte. .. at tephrocotis ...... 179. 524a Hepburn Leucosticte........ cs (es littoralise ee 179. 525) | Black-eucosticte. 2.5.41 -.). es atratales. cise 179 526 Brown-capped Leucosticte.... ie AUStraliSes-)1oc eee 179 527 Greenland See .-sweevses ACanthisihornemannii-=. «ta seno1 Ravay HOanye Red polliceise a. «sls srs x fe xilipes suena yo 528 Redpoll.. dies Bus Setieaie i linatias 22 ae 176 528a Holboll Redpoll.. matatceens cg «* holboslliif=aai76 528b Greater Redpoll. aoa ae “ foOstratazece: 176 529 American Goldfinch. . Belniheo.6 Astragalinus tristis.. ae LOe 529a Western Goldfinch.......... oy pallidus. ae 192 529b Willow Goldfinch........... as ‘* salicamans.. 192 530 Arkansas Goldfinch......... us psaltria .. rae . 192 ae Mexican Goldfinch.......... o ob mexicanus. - 192 Lawrence Goldfinch.. Sia bo uf lawrencel.. Are B) fitch) p22] Black-headed Gol dfinch.. pik are Spinus notatus......). 275 eAnve 533 Pine Siskin.. dtaomeon od fe Pins). vom yecoes cere 226, 534 Snowflake.. Jieeseecees ) eaSSehnalnivalise seiteee eee 211 ae §34a Pribilof Snowflake. obit sees sf ‘* townsendi....21r 535 McKay Snowflake........... ut hyperboreus .. vel)-c 2) 530° Lapland Longspur-.°- 3.5... Calcarius lapponicus..........219 536a Alaskan Longspur.......... Gu alascensis. 210 ae 527) Smitha Ones puter eye ete i pictus Jo: 26 eee 2207 am 538 Chestnut-collared Longspur. . a OrNatus (. 22s... ee an 539 McCown Longspur ......... Rhynchophanes mccownii.. .. ..218 540 Vesper Sparrow...........- Pocecetes Pramineus...-1e eee 220 oe 540a Western Vesper Sparrow. Hi “ ~ COnfinis...-122 aaaam 540b Oregon Vesper Sparrow..... a a affinis ....221 541 Ipswich Sparrow........... Passerculus princeps. .........225 542 Sandwich Sparrow.. sete aH sandwichensis ....223 542a Savanna Sparrow........... ss «savanna . 223, 542b Western Savanna Sparrow. ae x «« alaudinus 223 542c Bryant Marsh Sparrow ..... as fc bryantiaees: 543 Belding Marsh Sparrow...... a JoENGNANE| Sodom dows 223. 544 Large-billed Sparrow........ cs rostratus ........ 223mm 544a St. Lucas Sparrow.......... es “« guttatus ..223 - 544b Abreojos Sparrow........... fe ‘« halophilus.224 544c San Benito Sparrow......... “* sanctorum.224 545 Baird Sparrow..... .... ‘Coturniculus bairdii: -)....- 2. .2o7eeee 546 Grasshopper Sparrow... ae ‘* savannarum passerinus.224 — 278 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ae COMMON NAME. 546a Western Grasshopper Sparrows «02.6... «+ 546b Florida Grasshopper Sparrow. 547 Henslow Sparrow........... 547a Western Henslow Sparrow... 548 Leconte Sparrow............ 549 Sharp-tailed Sparrow...... 549.1 Nelson Sparrow..........-. 549a Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow 550 Seaside Sparrow..........+. 550a Scott Seaside Sparrow....... 550b Texas Seaside Sparrow...... 550c Fisher Seaside Sparrow...... 550d MacGillivray Seaside Sparrow 551 Dusky Seaside Sparrow..... Poy MICAT Kae SPANLOW sjatssdere ale ole! se1e 552a Western Lark Sparrow...... 553. Harris Sparrow. . : 554 White-crowned Sparrow. . 554a Gambel Sparrow............ 554b Nuttall Sparrow..........6. 557 Golden-crowned Sparrow.... 558 White-throated Sr payee 559 Tree Sparrow.. ies 559a Western Tree Sparrow. Ase 560 Chipping Sparrow.......... 560a Western Chipping Sparrow.. 561 Clay-colored Sparrow. . FOZ MMB LeWel SpabtOworeertcris est. : 563 Field Sparrow.. 563a Western Field Sparrow. Berets 564 Northern Sparrow.. wees 565 Black-chinned Sparrow. ae Biche 566 White-winged Junco........ 567 Slate-Colored Junco...... 567a Oregon Junco.............. 567b Shufeldt Junco......eeeseen FOZ CG MMUTDEL WIUIMCO..ensie ele 1 567d Poi 567e Carolina Junco............. 567.1 Montana Junco............. 568 Pink-sided Junco,,.......... 569 Gray-headed Junco......... PAGE SCIENTIFIC NAME. Coturniculus savannarum bima- UIT e.ca eae c conor ne 224 Be i) iloridanus,...22 “ henslowii.. - +224 ay ue occidentalis. 224 as TSEOMLCII eter renee ce 225 Ammodramus caudacutus......22 bs ME] SOMMeeereteretereie.s 225 me ** subvirgatus 225 ai maritimus......226 ce ce peninsula. 226 sennetti...226 6 ay ‘i ems etien220 ob « macgillivrali 226 “ nigrescens...... 220 Chondestes grammacus........ 228 ae se 4225 FonebichiA querula.. Sat 220) ss leucophrys Enea aeenys “ os gambeli..227 oe i nuttalli..227 EE) = COROMATA St) a)ete are ene 227 LAT GOULTSSyenare) saofezet one 227 Spizella monticola. . opt tooo s ochracea. Bi ADD SES SOGIaliSHras cute acsncsaveue ae 222 SEAT ZOO Nae ae ete 8 cere ae 22 Che” joe ilieL ar dunks ue nie ro eRbtrs 228 SPMD CWE lainey sarsea stam stepsteuee 2 2G UP JOOS s an haces cmap ees Bere ne Ht Gee ACI AGC Ale cert ne 12 22 COP WOTLMCMaeeat eer ere eo UGS | Gl doped ENMs\ Sar bic) ig trea CAC) Jumeovaikenle eer yt 4 O ceeny.emialismmeticmatssy ss 240 af MP OVER ANU Ss tana ae 2AM a SourSnutelcdtion mye. ae SaMeC OED ETI cietensn sates: 241 ad Ses HIMOSUS reteuieranshr 2a os ‘« carolinensis...... 240 Se Re INOMCAMUS seteueten-r-eGeiels aaa 2A O POMMRITNCARINS lernageeeia cueperotsleetn 221 O RINGS oes boon coe 241 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ae COMMON NAME, 570 Arizona JUNCO,....... see 570a Red-backed Junco.......... Gat lee NGtold filmes senaime.oomna coo 571.1 Townsend Junco........+.- 572 Guadalupe Junco..........- 573 Black-throated Sparrow...... 573a DesertBlack-throated Sparrow Li Ae Sell SDAGTOW Marts svesera sisters stare 57Aa Sage’ Spartow sere ests ew e'e fe > 574b Gray Sage Sparrow......... 575 Pine-wood Sparrow......... 575a Bachman BEE ONe: 570 Arizona Sparrow.. 578 Cassin Sparrow.. 579 Rufous-winged Sparrow. . 580 Rufous-crowned Sparrow. 580a Boucard Sparrow........... 580b Rock Sparrow... .....0eeeeee 580c Laguna Sparrow...........- g81 Song Sparrow...........06- 581a Desert Song Sparrow. ...... 581b Mountain Song Sparrow. .... 581c Heermann Song Sparrow . 581d Samuel Song Sparrow....... 581e Rusty Song Sparrow........ 581f Sooty Song Sparrow........ 581g Brown Song Sparrow.-. 581h Santa Barbara Song Sparrow. 581i San Clemente Song Sparrow. 581j Judd Song Sparrow......... 581k Merrill Song Sparrow 5811 Alameda Song Sparrow...... 581m San Diego Song Sparrow .... 581n Yakutat Song Sparrow....... 5810 Kenai Song Sparrow......... eed 581.1 Bischoff Song Sparrow....... 582 Aleutian Song Sparrow...... ER ameiNeOln SpanrOw, ace oust: 583a Forbush Sparrow........... 584 Swamp Sparrow............ 585 Fox Sparrow............... *The species of Junco are here given as in the ‘Check-List’, the A. O. U. not having as yet acted on Ride SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Junco phzonotus palliatus..... 241 On dorsalis...... 241 CC “Baird: sswonw ner ere nere 240 COOP TOW MSEMCI ey )er-tage eens 240 CC SIN SUAGIS serepste neta temratite a+ +240 Amphispiza bilineata - . . 249 ves deserticola 249 iD bellies: /acrnt we seete 228 “B «« nevadensis....228 a f¢ “GINEFEa...'. «2 220) Peuczea estivalis.............. 221 of ‘« bachmanii..... 221 CO DOttERI Negrete sorte ee 221 € .CASSINIs.. v13\9. 0+ ae nee Aimophila carpalis............220 ie TUfICepS.i.. 26s 220) A ef scotti.......220 a a eremceca. .. .220 tt oy sororia. .....220 Melospiza cinerea melodia...... 229 fallax ae der 220 i ‘* mOlitand eee 220 as ‘ heermanni. ..229 i «« samuelis.. ...230 oe ‘© morphing’ ar 230 qi PAE Eg Gao: 230 fe s* hivulanl Sistecar 229 ui «* graminea..... 230 0 «« clemente..... 230 a WS Usted neon os 229 So COO TMETH! lieeryoters 229 ut cc pusillula,. ....230 ee ‘> Goopeniey 230 ut ‘C Mcauringye: ser 230 ae «« ~kenaiensis. ....230 ie «* insignis ....-.230) ss CIMETEA\.,. . je altro nea) ub lincolnii.... .. 2 ...reee i «© ” ‘striata...... 20m wet peorgiana.... ......22am Passerella iliaca............+- 231 way’s revision of this group which {s followed, essentially, in the body of the book. 280 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. eo: COMMON NAME. 585a Townsend Sparrow 585b Thick-billed Sparrow 585c Slate-colored Sparrow. ...... 585d Stephens Sparrow........... 586 Texas Sparrow............. 587. Towhee 587a White-eyed Towhee ........ 588 Arctic Towhee............. 588a Spurred Towhee 588b Oregon Towhee 588c San Clemente Towhee 588d San Diego Towhee 588e Mountain Towhee 589 Guadalupe Towhee.......... 591 Canon Towhee 591a Saint Lucas Towhee........ s91b California Towhee 591c Anthony Towhee 592 Abert Towhee.............. 592.1 Green-tailed Towhee 593 Cardinal 593a Arizona Cardinal........... 593b Saint Lucas Cardinal 593c Gray-tailed Cardinal........ 593d Florida Cardinal 594 Arizona Cardinal ee ee et se ee ae eens ae ee ee i ee 594a Texas Cardinal............. 594b Saint Lucas Cardinal........ 595 Rose-breasted Grosbeak..... 506 Black-headed Grosbeak...... 597 Blue Grosbeak ............. 597a Western Blue Grosbeak...... 598 Indigo Bunting. ............ 599 6Lazuli Bunting............. 600 Varied Bunting............. 6o0a Beautiful Bunting........... 601 Painted Bunting ............ 602 Morellet Seed-eater......... [lOOZNGrassquite its. lactis welee +s [603.1] Melodious Grassquit....... Go, IDielkeiecell en ocanqcomodaon oo 605 Lark Bunting............... SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis . 231 uy ‘« -megarhyncha.. .231 Bi i eschistaceal’...7.231 ef «« stephensi.......237 Arremenops rufivirgata........215 Pipilo erythrophthalmus. ...... 204 i fe alleni...204 ‘« maculatus arcticus.......204 ce megalonyx ..-.204 on Be oregonus.. ....204 Mt oe clementa. ... .204 as au atratus........ 204 a “ magnirostris ...204 a CONSODTAINUS tae see aleve! steter erste 204 “« fuscus mesoleucus....... 205 ef UE) ails ailelnponad Hoot 205 at pee ChISSAllSercn emerster ee 205 cs fo) Senicula wate 205 US" alnesadln sd neanrnoncan Gos 205 Oreospiza chlorura . Bora eviels: Cardinalis cardinalis ..........172 We ‘« superbus. ..172 - po eTONeUSH ree li 2 Of ‘* canicaudus .172 oY «« floridanus. .172 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata........... 172 SS tex andseues 172 ue ‘« peninsule. .172 Zamelodia ludoviciana......... 174 du melanocephala...... 207 Guinacarczenuleae cele 181 “6 ins lazulasser ee Cyanospiza cyanea............ 181 te amoena............180 ae versicolor .........180 MY «« ~~ pulchra ..180 se Cidieous abe aneods 180 Sporophila morelleti........... 249 MMATISUDIGOLON ee «chee eines terol tenors A.V. SOMRCA MOL Ai crers!s tral sis) ater cece A.V. Spiza americana. ....... -198 Calamospiza melanocorys ...... 251 281 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 4.0.U. on COMMON NAME. Family TANAGRIDA. TANAGERS. [606] Blue-headed Euphonia....... 607 Louisiana Tanager.......... 608. ‘Scarlet: Tanager: +...2....5- 609 Hepatic Tanager...... 6 610 Summer Tanager........... 610a Cooper Tanager..........4. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Euphonia elegantissima....... A.V. Piranga ludoviciana. .........-171 “« erythromelas .........171 SO Nhe patica sree eee tte ree Logg 6 ru brale, So. sues ote eee lial se fC“ NEOOPETI ao eis acl eysters 17I Family HIRUNDINIDZ. SWALLOWS. Gln RUTpIEMManti IN a stew «+1 + aime 611a Western Martin............ 611.1 Cuban Martin.............. 612 * Clit Swallows. . 22. 0.).2. 2/0 [612.1]Cuban Cliff Swallow...... 612.2 Mexican Cliff Swallow ...... 613. Barn Swallow.............. 614 Tree Swallow. : ee 615 Violet-green Swallow. 615a St. Lucas Swallow. [615. 1]Bahaman Swallow........ 616 Bank Swallow....... 617 Rough-winged Swallow . eee ee eee Progne subis. Ha loldh slallete sister PGC ‘ a hesperia janrepiaaes 250 ‘6 SchyptolewG@arcre sete aie 250: Petrochelidon lunifrons. ....... 250 UE fulvay see ABV 4g melanogastra ....250 Hirundo erythrogastra ........250 Iridoprocne bicolor............ 250 Tachycineta thalassina lepida.. 250 ‘se ‘« ~ brachytera25@ Callichelidon cyaneoviridis.... A.V. Ripaiaynlpariaes: melee sacra 211 Stelgidopteryx serripennis..... 211 Family AMPELIDA=. WaxwinNGs. 618 Bohemian Waxwing......... 619 Cedar Waxwing............ 620) Phainopeplansctaciei veins) Family LANIIDA. 621 Northern Shrike............ 622 Loggerhead Shrike.......... 622a White-rumped Shrike........ 622b California Shrike........... 622c Anthony Shrike............ Family VIREONID€. 623 Black-whiskered Vireo....... 624 ' Red-eyed Vireo.-......-..-- 625 Yellow-green Vireo.......... 626 Philadelphia Vireo.......... 627 Warbling Vireo............. 627a Western Warbling Vireo .... Ampelis garrulus ...........--198 ) )cednonum see terre 198. Phainopepla nitens............ SHRIKES. Lantus ‘borealis: %./.in..s-vace eter 248 « sludovicianus\=;er-s- Sec 248 oe SS excubitorides248 ke oh gambeli..... 248 anthonyi....248 VIRENS, Vireo calidris barbatulus .......212 © VOlVAGEUS? esis cecal cetera 212 6 HlaVOVAniGiSty rpms 238 «« philadelphicus........ ae 21 me BIVUS. A ete eae af (f) SSWAIMSOMI ss. sea elelice SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ane COMMON NAME. ~ SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pace 628 Yellow-throated Vireo....... NireO flaviltOnS...0- ars os ste se 198 629 Blue-headed Vireo.......... SPP SOMLATIUS Soe s wtere ie farcun Se 213 629a Cassin Vireo, ...........08. as fe ACASSINT Wer ge ei esene ee 23 629b Plumbeous Vireo............ i <~ splumbeus.. 4.55203 629c Mountain Solitary Vireo..... fe oS PAIR COLAM sa iste na 0S 629d St. Lucas Solitary Vireo. .... ts (% SIUGASANUS'. ene 1203 630 Black-capped Vireo. ........ See miathiGa pillwSt aadaveks eres sane: 245 631 White-eyed Vireo........... ‘* noveboracensis.. .-....-. 213 631a Key West Vireo............ af ee maynardi...213 631b Bermuda Vireo. ............ oe A bermudianus213 631c Small White-eyed Vireo...... as “ micrus...... 213 gay HUttON VANE Os ince stlee secs peee “« huttoni. AoE ne eee fe 632a Stephens Vireo..... ....... a as stephensi Hela aes 212 632c Anthony Vireo.............. ‘ Se pe ODSCUNUS s starahrater 212 633,. Bell VireOri. so escjo tt ee > UGS Mayall Jumatuete wee e ca Re er ie 213 633a Least Vireo......-......... COM PUSINUSI Nhe sucky ase ee 2LG 634 Gray Vireo.........e ss eens COS FVACIIN OL aseeeatt otlactterss 20203 Family COEREBID4Z. HONEY CREEPERS. 635 Bahama Honey Creeper..... Ccereba bahamensis.......... A.V. Family MNIOTILTIDA, WOOD WARBLERS. 636 Black and White Warbler.... Mniotilta varia ...............249 637 Prothonotary Warbler....... Protonotaria citrea............ 187 638 Swainson Warbler.......... Helinaia swainsonii ...........215 639 Worm-eating Warbler....... Helmitheros vermivorus .......215 640 Bachman Warbler.......... Helminthophila bachmanii...... 191 641 Blue-winged Warbler........ te PINUS ee ease 101 642 Golden- -winged Warbler.. oe ef chrysoptera....189 643 Lucy Warbler. MWe ane “a NI Gia) reese pce) 8200 644 Virginia Warbler.. RRR esas ie A Wibeall ne cena eae 197 645 Nashville Warbler.......... ot rubricapilla ....195 645a Calaveras Warbler.......... if ‘© gutturalis 195 646 Orange-crowned Warbler.... ce Celatarn vee TO 646a Lutescent Warbler.......... ee “« lutescens. 210 646b Dusky Warbler......... .. i . oe aera) Family CINCLID4E. DIPPERS. 7or1 American Dipper......-.... Cinclus mexicanus.¢..........247 Family TROGLODYTIDA. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. 702 Sage Thrasher............. Oroscoptes montanus......... 233 OR MONNOGKINGDIFG. s croletutets i eterisi's « Mimus polyglottos.. br oes pid 227 703a Western Mockingbird....... ce leucopterus.. - 248 Fowl. (Candoiasl wid godooueus pennies Gaeunes carolinensis...... 247 705 Brown Thrasher............ Toxostoma rufum............. 233 706 Sennett Thrasher........... “ longirostre sennetti.233 707 Curve-billed Thrasher....... cs curvirostre ........ 216 7o7a Palmer Thrasher........... ee 64 palmeri..216 708 Bendire Thrasher......... Fy sf benditeitirscs sstiees 216 709 St. Lucas Thrasher......... ss cinereum .........216 709a Mearns Thrasher........... ee ne mearnsi...216 710 California Thrasher......... cs redivivum......... 217 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cacti COMMON NAME. 710a Pasadena Thrasher...... 7it Leconte Thrasher........... 7iia Desert Thrasher...........- 712) (Srissaleiiras eMac. susan 73 | @actuse Wrenner «<=: 713a Bryant Cactus Wren. use 713b St. Lucas Cactus Wren. Ce 715 Rock Wren. Sty eeye 716 Guadalupe Rock Wren. Peer 717. White-throated Wren....... 717a Canon Wren. : 717b Dotted Canon “Wren. 718 Carolina Wren. Beene MOAM a ONIGABNV GEM ertrere elect sisietelsue» USO MeOMItAWW GeMeitcteme ese Fle BEWIGKANV FEM stayeetlersnevate ces) t = FAOAVI LOTS ENV FEM aca # ase: eters) )airel sts 719b Baird Wren. Bala ste 719c Texas Bewick ‘Wren. Roane 719d Southwest Bewick Wren... 719e Northwest Bewick Wren..... 719.1San Clemente Wren........ 720 Guadalupe Wren....... ... eal Iolowiiee WWitGinigs Nocoiec on he Ge 72 1a Wankmane WViGetlags eis) eteneanctsnent 721b Western House Wren....... 722 Winter Wren.. Sees 722a Western Winter Wren. picast pt ees 722b Kadiak Winter Wren........ 723) Alaskan Wireless ces le 723-1Aleutiany Wihemaeeeen ces kr et. 724 Short-billed Marsh Wren..... 725 Long-billed Marsh Wren..... 725a Tule Wren.. ese 725b Worthington Marsh Wren.. os 725c Interior Tule Wren........0. 725.1Marian Marsh Wren......... PAGE SCIENTIFIC NAME. . Toxostomaredivivum pasadcnerss 27 gt lecontei . arti, ne ss arenicola. SoMa f crissalis. Sl an7 Heleody tes brunneicapil lus. 238 a bryanti. 233 “ af affinis.. 233 Salpinctes obsoletus...........234 ie guadcloupensis...... 234 Catherpes mexicanus .........234 = ** —-conspersus. . 234 punctulatus. 234 Thryothorus ludovicianus...... 234 tas “« miamensis 234 lomitensis. 234 Thryomanes BE WACKAIGarensen siete 235 “spilurus....235 “ *« Jeucogaster . 235 cryptus ....235 charienturus235 calophonus . 235 be 6é (a3 oe ce oe éé sé 66 ay Family CERTHIID4. CREEPERS. vers), JBhOhwan (Cilas\lainon on anaodoae 726a Mexican Creeper. . : : 720b Rocky Mountain Creeper... ‘ leucophrys .....-235 brevicaudus .....235 Troglodytes aedon. ae) a i parkmanii.. 230 @ © -AZTeCUS) serene 236 Olbiorchilus hiemalis..........236 os fC) pacificus.-2236 ri fy ohtelleriveae23 6 ss alascensiS ........ 236 a meline;USe seeks 236 Cistothorus stellaris........... 230 Telnvatany, tes’ palustris: 22 jest 237 ‘ paludicola 237 - ‘- ‘* griseus. ..237 se «¢ plesius . ..237 es MANIA 1s icleter sere 237 Certhia familiaris americana... .237 Ge a albescens.. ..237 Gi Py montana ....237 a SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Ole COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pace 720c California Creeper.......... Certhia familiaris zelotes......238 yeody SiemanGreepera:. .... 2. ase Uc us occidentalis. . 237 Family PARIDAZ. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. 727. White-breasted Nuthatch.... Sitta carolinensis. ee ve 2AO 727a Slender-billed Nuthatch ..... U0 ne aculeata . Mae 2A6 727b Florida White-breasted Nut Nate hae serene ths 4 aura fee MG a ALKINS Ie wees ie ZAG 727c Rocky Mountain Nuthatch... ue ie nelsoni.......246 727d St. Lucas Nuthatch......... se ny laguna... 4246 728 Red-breasted Nuthatch...... Be VE GATIACIEMS Swaeeatsen otee eet) 729 Brown-headed Nuthatch..... SSP DUST Ales shesatags so eketa otsys!e eu, AO 730 Pygmy Nuthatch. “ pygmea.. . 246 730a White-naped Nuthatch . as ee leuconucha . -247 731 Tufted Titmouse. . : Beeolophus bicolor. 243 731a Texan Tufted Titmouse mre a texensis . 243 732 Black-crested Titmouse...... ce atricristatus. s243 PB aw sol al aleltiM OUSC. a. eis <6 cio ess 0 up IMOLMAtUS 0.0.4 «eto 7B ae Grhalys VM OUSC a: «cc 010% 2s olor es “ griseus....242 PR SORASHY. MILTMOUSGincst. eis se = cs Oh cineraceus. 242 734 Bridled Titmouse........... se WOIWEDER al earrs os 244 7B Spee MGKAMe Gate sjetels tele es oei Parus atricapillus. 245 735a Long-tailed Chickadee....... ie ey septentrionalis. 245 735b Oregon Chickadee.......... ce a occidentalis....245 736 Carolina Chickadee......... co) SCarolimensisua-. sacs. 2245 730a Plumbeous Chickadee....... ms ee AOINSie ase ZAG 737. Mexican Chickadee........- fn ESGIATCHlrsieumaenttory sane 245 738 Mountain Chickadee........ ‘tote Farm Deli ger meee atta aers eres 24 A, 739 Alaskan Chickadee......... ‘« —cinctus alascensis.......244 740 Hudsonian Chickadee....... aealUC SONIGUS errctatieke tei ee A. 740a Kowak Chickadee.......... ce Gt StOME Vilecsasiete 244 740b Columbian Chickadee....... a uy columbianus .244 741 Chestnut-backed Chickadee. . «« —rufescens.. ae 244 741a California Chickadee........ ca “s neglectus . 244 741b Barlow Chickadee.......... es Sony ban OWily-s1r a 244 742 Coast Wren-Tit............ Chameea fasciata.............215 jaca sallidiWirem= Tit csc oe se tf fy) phea.: 215 PACH SENEINE co oneo bogeunon none Psaltriparus minimus. pane 743a California Bush-Tit......... a californicus. 242 743b Grinda Bush-Tit............ in fe OFING ae ys 242 744 Lead-colored Bush-Tit....... BG plumbeus ......... 242 744.1 Santa Rita Bush-Tit......... Psaltriparus santarite......... 242 745 Lloyd Bush-Tit. . Be Ks lloydi. . 242 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF soy eh COMMON NAME. 746 Verdin 746a Bai NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Auriparus flaviceps............ 195 ot ‘* — lamprocephalus 195 Family SYLVIID4E. WARBLERS, KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS. 747 Kennicott Willow Warbler... Phyllopseustes borealis........212 748 Golden-crowned Kinglet..... Regulus satrapa.............. 187 748a Western Golden-crowned.... Kinglet.. cree ae “ olivaceus...... 187 749 Ruby- -crowned Kinglet.. enema bie ' vcalendulay ere 176 749a Sitkan Kinglet.............. ut a pine crore 1097/0) 750 Dusky Kinglet...... ROA Oi “ obscurus.. sa elentenreale yy, 751 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher...... Polioptila Sill ondoan secs be 243 751a Western Gnatcatcher. ...... se ObSCUTa ae 243 752 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher..... 2) plmbeay ery-rien- enero 753 Black-tailed Gnatcatcher..... + californica ae. )-rpaerors Family TURDIDAE. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, STONECHATS, BLUE- BIRDS, ETC. 754 Townsend Solitaire.......... Myadestes townsendii......... 247 755 Wood Thrush.............. Hylocichla mustelina . +6233 756 Wilson Thrush. ..........-. aC fuscescens. . od on 2s 756a Willow Thrush. ..........4- us ue salicicola. 238 757 Gray-cheeked Thrush....... ue ENGR 5 Gone wes 6 2 239 757a Bicknell Thrush ............ “ Ss bickniell ifeeersss 2390 758 Russet-backed Thrush....... a ustulata. 3... <)54s236 758a Olive-backed Thrush........ ts a swainsonii . . 239 758b Monterey Thrush........... a6 “ cedica.....--239 758c Alma Thrush............... se almz.......239 759 Alaska Hermit Thrush....... oe guttata pico SAE! 759a Audubon Hermit Thrush..... ff i auduboni... .238 759b Hermit Thrush. ............ a su) pallasiiqereeaoes 759c Dwarf Hermit Thrush....... us ot Nana so.eee 238 [760]Red-winged Thrush......... Turdus iliacus. A.V. 761 American Robin............ Merula migratoria. . Bb 204 7601a Western Robin.....+...eeees ue propinqua.. . 207 761h Southern Robin............. ue ee achrustera .. . 207 762 St. Lucas Robin............ 2COnfiInIS s).1. sa ee 207 763 Varied Thrush............. Ixoreus nevius. ...... Pou Oy 763a Pale Varied Thrush......... se ae meruloides.. soca 207 [764]Red-spotted Bluethroat...... Cyanecula suecica. BRINN: WO WOW goog ommnan aob08d00 Saxicola cenanthe.............248 — 765a Greenland Wheatear........ us «« ~leucorhoa..... 248 Heo) Jrilb\piitéls aowano oonoonoueT SEMEVGENG Gaus connonsopiscccc 182 288 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMEICAN BIRDS. BNee COMMON NAME. ‘SCIENTIFIC NAME, 766a Azure Bluebird. ............ Sialia sialis azurea...... 767. Western Bluebird seeps stoetelste ‘« mexicana occidentalis... 767a Chestnut-backed Bluebird... .. ab sd Dairies : 767b San Pedro Bluebird.,........ a on anabele....... 768 Mountain Bluebird.......... CCSEAT Ctl GAmateoy state fetes erates INDEX —e Acanthis hornemannii............... 176 a exilipes ....... 176 WIA IANaptemtomien tele aes vie esate: 176 peep O | DGel lise tgee wee ane octee 170 Pemabeal OSCR ACA Sel ccever ete relay ete ve ot 176 Accipiter atricapillus. . B olehd daa iitaliltntone 131 striatulus........ 131 BOODENI Sie emyeseae te ote egret 131 VCLOK eres avec cieceevays Se Susttuatancel ters 131 PACEILISOMAGUIATIAN oa cat's vase tre saris ales 197 Actodromas acuminata.............4. 109 Wallicliitaptes ne went tony wi te cterenceavetes sie 109 FUSGIEO Steir vane te aie pismnesoreyersvacs 109 IMAGUIATA tra «: BsteC ain seetele 0s aete a ack Ye 109 igeVVolb Od Teeter es eat eer 109 /Echmophorus occidentalis.... ..... 144 He oialitis hiaticula...2-40h2.+e--.-s- 112 jankollayaleys Gerntervc Gee colic peckcaeeee ty Ree 112 ae CINCUIMGINCtArere «hays ce oeriste ¢ 112 MMOS Aer eymet Pucustese ticieqe teisiete lets sieseto 112 SOMUIPAMMACA aii peu esters | cessie ote ieiens 112 Aéronautes melanoleucus.......... ..158 PAE SiMe lAtATISTI Efile. ais) os -\2's wis soe sefepere 260 MAS ICAL aerate heap naire eres weg 65 SCALATIS Manta sets salen vi eaceeleset 260 Agelaius gubernator californicus...... 179 phoeniceus tind, CE a ee eee 178 DGyaMtiinsronatiatc eiyleectn 178 a GAULINUS ssc sedis 178 re HOTIGAIUS tees etriteee ace 178 ie PONE Smenteatecs cmt 4.) 178 + MET HALISCeer Meares cr rel: 178 i sonoriensis ............. 178 UNO) OR ae eee ae en Saree ale ees 179 AimophilasearpaliS.ic.-205- <).027.-8 220 CUTICE DSi reece estates ce eins 220 a EfeMmoccaty, naveevia Seca t 220 n SGCOUM IG sey tees e clon eles fetes 220 ay SOLOK AR ey ite alent ois 220 AIX SPONSAMsleldeteniy sic rein) 2 estes 78 PAS AIAN AAT A aictire hee Plsearer te espera 215 chrysoides. .2c.). -/..2.-=-pec eee 154 Glvaradniiaeie os ee ee acted nee 24, 100 “ brunnescens.......- 154 Charadrius dominicus eStats SPE ee 110 FUP PIlEUS (0) Faroese a elo tees eee 154 fulvuSss.2242see 110 Colinus ridgwayi......... -..--+..- 115 Charitonetta albeola...... .......-:. 80 virginianus ARCS Amer ° ba eee 115 Ghat, Wong-tailedhs. yack eteeks tee 198 ts floridanus=:=2#*2 2-2 eee 115 Yellow-breasted........ ..... 38, 198 fC" Stexanusi. 22 ceo eee 115 Chaulelasmus streperus.. . ......... 77, Golumbatfasciatal =. 22.47. s-eeee 124 M@henecerulescenstsy socee ens ee ae 185 a VIOSC29 teen eee “6125 yPODOKeae ree oc hase ctora.as ates 84 flavirostriSiinciocs 13.22 es eee 124 e NivaliSeeahedscastetee 84 leucocephala. .--<\5 3 3.2te eee eee 124 TOSS Ist atotencls Meee ies tener teres 84-7 \Columbaewee see cic eter eee 27,123 Ghewinkey cise serdieiinis ss sls olee syerore 204°, ‘Columbidee.4. get once eee 27,123 (@hickadee oA ow ree nes so as cie ens 39 © Columbigallina passerina bermudiana. 126. NAS MANS c cites eM we ea aca gees 244 pallescens. 126 Barlow. ea en 2s 7 een aaeee 244 s: terrestris ..126 Black-cappedij2- an. 92 se Sates 245. ‘Colymbus auritus:22. =. eee ce aees 43 Galiforinals esi ee. eecc seca sa 244 dominicus brachypterus.......... 43 Gamadlanive sme: «niece ane 244 holboel ite nee ee ee 43 G@arolinatyteh ses. seaanceee 245 nigricollis californicus...... oars 43 Chestnut-backed........... .... 244 Compsothypis americana. eae cee 195. Golumbianayye ese ccceor oasis eee 244 usnes! Secs we 195. PUdSOM ans. fest sw meas tare 244 nigrilora......... Baiiodset sect ase 195 Kowakkistes oie. bsaten satan ty ater 244- ‘Condotosiees. ts, «tee cleitsoe wane 129 one=tanledi sees. cera sigan s Aas 245 Contopus borealis................... 208 MSA eigoysoontac see aee Are oe pertinax pallidiventris............ 208 icin encashnhreteereoamdoiac. richardsonii ve kiejece so cietctela te eee 208. @yecogeenacas.: trie ty peninsula.) .-5eee 208. Plumbeous VITENS jain ee Se eae ee 208. Chondestes grammacus.............. 218 Conurus carolinensis ............... 145 BETIS AUS @ sere tictaealelole a cteieke 218 1 Coot; American)-sscsces ee eee 21,09 Chordeiles acutipennis texensis....... 157. .Cormorant.. $3.20. ce eee 71 A “ MIP@IMMANUS serene eee 157 Baird 4). eee. ke oe ees 71 : fe ss chapmani . ...157 Brandt). 270.333 eee 72 i Ke < NENT yi erec ee oe 157 Double-cresteds..25-52.821nes ate 71 { ee se sennettio.2.--5 157 Farallone’:: 22.0: 2 See 71 i Ghuckawillstwidowsssacc.eeee ce 156 Floridac2.:. ite eee 71 4 @iconiidzec 22. ta eee 18, 87 Mexicani.t. 5... ).Sk aes e eee 71 b Ginclid# 23.22 4389) = 3. ae Be ee. 38,168 Pelagi¢wts. 'oc canto eee 72 ; Ginclus imexicanus).2-)25. 224" --2 220 247 Red-faced.. 3s sa.nh anata 72 Gircus NUGSONIUS yee ts eee ese 130 Violet-greenccss- oe cee Seog 7a) Gistothorusistellariss. voc .2c ee a veacee 236 White-crested ..... ............. 71 Clangula clangula americana......... 80. Corvide cc. 2s aoe eee 35,163 ISlANGICaertocteeseuhe wots etree te 80 Corvus americanus .... . ....... 6255, (ocey Gesteteee eee ete seer 31,144 : pascuus.: 22 eee 255 @aceyzus americanus... 20%. 4... 146 CAUTINUS!, i... os 6 eee 255. accidentaliSt eos isc we Serene -146 corax principalis.............. eo MINOhas esses sageungascsseshoo Ae 146 * “sinuatus, ©... seen ene 255 Hime LITANVINEAR CA) votece) er sTa reser eepeter 146 Cryptoleucus;..5 24: csusetemeenenn 255. erythrophthalmus.........2...... 146 ossifragus.; <..2eo. one eee eee 255, Goeligenalclemencite-~- 0 -)0-see neces 160 Coturniculus Savannarum aces 224. Golaptes auratus tran cscens cee eter 154 bimaculatus. ...224 eRe NUTEUS ntnceeteta nese 154 ‘<< - stloridanus) coe 224 caferscollanisnpmte sate. saceaeee. 154. Gowbird 3c... 0 hoe ee eee eee 253 Dwarf .... “obsoletus>..e.sseee plefeleepa lO Harlequin scijecs sate ae ss SParverlus).- 220 +s seeepieee eer 137 AZaloradOnsarasicccicionceiacuicteiele peninsularis. .......... 138 WESSETISGAUP weteyelcieisy) sin sle usbevstelerets ((- phalecnaleeheectee merce 138 Masked........ psnem edaopon got Falcon, Aplomado ...,......... Peau uey) INVOttlecl Weyer telat voctaksteteleieiaveia cere Peale: eee eee cee eee Red-legged Black...... .....0..- 77 Prairies 2. pecan eee nee Ring-necked s.jie ose ssielee(erea sere 79 Falconidgy:) asc. a. css ee eer RTA eat vostctorsts tolarcretercherareleretere eye's 80 Finch, California Purple Rufous-crested i505. 0.5 etc. 262 ASSIM 2). aoe ee ese eee Scaup San kansean Bese hosts seca 79 Guadalupe House Nora tee na ae astaanenarieeiorincae 78 Ci eae re erect odecdodc PING: .J-'(srn were ee meters Eagle, alse Bald isacrwect morrsmir 136 Burple: i-cic ster stearate ete MERA bf cnereletancaiate pile tee ite 136 San Benito House. eae PA Nae eA A 136 San Clemente House Ectopistes migratorius Bienen pada: 125 Sti WWucastHouses ey meee cree Bigret wAmenicamyy)0leretecs elsctueir fetes 96. “Rlamingod ei. 2.. cet irereteisiererelerateteeey 7, 89 Egretta candidissima ................ o2 | FlickerjBrowm's soe sciersiri 260 Pelecamidaeneweiacnectevcam scielssetiels 15, 67 Pelecanus californicus et OL A ae ae 73 rile erythrorhynchus........eeeeeeees 23 Puale wontilus nuttallii.. OCCidentaliSsseema ie sst-\ete cisienerelaiers 73 Pelican, American White............. 7B BrOWi te ee ae eaeccscen teteatets 15,73 Phalarope, Northern. California Brown ............55- 73 Red Pelidna alpina pacifica.. ............. 108 Perisoreus canadensis . ... ........ 252 Phalaropodide fumifrons....... 252 Phasianide ODSGULUS awed omen erence 252 oe @TISCUS teeters tere ct 252 Pheasant English PetrelwAShiyiiicrraciscr-sielsleretciste eletels ialere 65 i Blache ceraetvewtoeteleene ne pas 66 Philacte canagica Black=-cappedtiyyrrmuncdnes assis 65 Philohela minor Bulwer Fisher Fork-tailed Guadalupemedetes veer crreicedtet ty lawallameyscsiecte cpisteeileloierssertiniers Phcebetria fuliginosa. IRCECI Deere repelstevotenters/eletareleaperstatetetshs Phcenicopteridae Meeacht nyadworw see maiee eiserreccars Phoenicopterus ruber Teast) is,.s bee cadisate reermeinoiee Phyllopseustes borealis Pinitadoiscivceciercomierrensctelncen Pica pica hudsonia Scalediieriviuerscm cers eloretonerstetterer eye STONY ates crseteteyeretete tte ielela/sfetarere Picidze White- orelieas White-faced.......++00 Wilson...... Ae unetaete bachmanii.......... 221 bottertiewcsikernndietslaneaieaced 221 CASSINT pete oe esc eaieeerel omer 221 Pewee, Western Wood.............. 208 seme ee eee cee Ge nigricapillus... 252 Phasianus colchicus emcee cere eer eeeeeeee see ewww ew cceee Feet we meee meee reece cees ctein Black Picoides americanus ....... Pigeon, Band-tailed Beek we wee e esse eee ees see we eee eee eee see ee eee Cee tee eee White-crowned INDEX. Pinicola enucleator alascensis......... 173 Poor-will, California......... .....0. 156 californica. ........ 173 TOStedeeaccctera ti stawte ieee 8:4 aretacdeaceass 156 Ee flammula.......... 173) ~Porzana carolina. ..5.!0 . s..5c5 ees uae 08 Hy leuGuYAal A mete ee 173 GOLUEMIGUIMS ans eeslels s eclere 2 sees .124 3 montana.......... 173 JAMAICENSISMSe esate «fete, cy.ctats 98 Rirtai litters, spctest ave dt vetiaeayccs,av0 pe Si eee 76 noveboracensisS............20000- 97 Pipilomabertintm meus tise lorstsnuitaee sees 2OG We Utalnieshlelta se iets tatec ed velalarataleraye leis te 176 di Figlboell ean arenas e teenies: 176 Redstart, American.............. 38, 187 Painted) cies cele cies ie eine pee 177 Red- -wing, Bahaman ... ..........-. 178 Floridan gnccas an te neers 178 Northwestern...... 0 .2. 0 cess ee 178 SANG Diego weareeeneacceeeet: 175 SOMONAI MMe ta tare sieiefehay sci eeeletetedr Pere 178 Mnick=Pilled esis cassie + cele minrer 178 Regulus calendula .............. 176, 215 By grinnelli . 176, 215 ODSCUNUS) 2h eal nes) aersore se meee 177 Sattapabecnis qcec uta eect tiaras 187 HO MOLIVACEUS 2s yaa seth nee 187. Rhodostethia rosea .........-- sees 56 Rhynchophanes mccownii .........- 218 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha... ..... 145 Ripaniainipanialin daceteeeedeenicr 211 Rissa brevirostris ...........e00eeee 52 tridactyla\h 2 sianesiee cements 52 me pollicatiS: ns s.seueaee 52 Rioad=nummet es nn icaurinumcice ae: 139 VARIN mien ayaenaics satrneiokioecs 139 pam allemiicge ni ccreitacriantlasnreaie 139 ‘vehelveolum ss. ccsst sy cece 139 Tachycineta thalassina lepida......... 250 brachyptera....250 sanaver@Oopeliars sais oes «see ciel: 171 HLepationeeccee een asi bea cielo des 171 IS OUISTATI alee aietstereieters, cites cca ieee 171 Scarletternrahichecrnens nc ac eieictentas 17 SUMMMEL se eteversttee sie| vee aia lalo me 6 36, 171 IWiESEeTM eats eictseinanctero soe sieescanenss 171 sltanagridzescim.c o-1s a ee a - oe a7 “ A a ryt) — Pi ; F ; : ’ ¢ Beat b he ad | MeL al 19m sisssee 3 z SateEse a =} ieee wipes a. = ae 58 = g =e Sates iiss Sy Satssetectmaresizes orerert : i ase Setecsrer aio essere 2 etusaen. 5 Spence = a. a ts esieseeeeartiees : easter atrnrecsn EaSepieessin =e - : rt estas é z : ze a rT rl sriataers “ Fort ee Se se E a Eas : ie reece sis = Bee = Sere stot asestpratessratretaranins see = = = ssetets = sreskssasess ey = eee = a= Bae = = : ; : Lara Sep ir SES a Se: : Sigaeieiern negate sveratetinees SEH peraseseseere a sasepirsase ee HSE zi ee ESSE s SSE Se See 7 See a See e e se ae pears stares « ietatemizaeeen es pet ssi peasetsty es *tetererets ae ares poate ; - Sooo eresstesasetaqeastecieen gs egestas eas retenee eet Sipe Cas es a spose — : a= = Sascha Saba ett se aie. ees gepietene Es S Fe ee Seen Peshonarremmrertaes at sree atts Suites 2 Ts erictear sas Soni tstaerSeeatg cei iaee as patejeree ssi ¥s5 i eyeete Na Set ee ragenseeip sate eee? : = z aa ee ee Pinos oats Bssecrsstepasterssates eee Se : : oe Betiipteestee ence as ¢ seticeselasisesessrsstevesecsies = Be tates iasa=s pad aatstate Sosa feces tassesestevacasst reset eaaes? ea ee ieapeeteees tae sosnee -peee er ere =o spapeaengeetretetateratye : = Sp ieie eee ee api ata iets e ee ata eas $2 x ES sspereses Seas siete ret eaters = ats : Soo ee i Ee eee = — 7 seapeestecstes Se = Ss es Prensa peeeratay a = = = = Ee ee gosireaiess Saree : es 3 : SHES Sree tee stclaeee as ae = ee nee Soe eenee : sttetst tases! aoe ssties Sessa sierra t7 ey se a = sisperiasiarer eters a es es Str sueteseors Bee a = 5 ae Seeaes fess eecesesesasseepepetercs saseia ne ep estcer tse a Beesess: 5 es = is 7 Se = eeeeseers sis eee apcatitocstecetety 3 ifetptataturstatatece fe evevegeret rsecs = Se See Ss ae ates = ss re ewatstetia 5 i; zs ae ay eS Het : perp aes : 3: aechareis pesbyintested aerate eeaeasiesieses See gost geretseeaseeioeea ce = = Sa = : 8. aerate: oe : : : peeareseates pretaestecites aes = ee - a5tates ec rhetaes = : Serene aoe = oe oe ieee ee : : é =: nr = : 7 3523 : = Sa eee eee = = as r ar = = Ee