CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN I891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE EN Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024538823 OUR GARDEN FLOWERS BOOKS BY HARRIET L. KEELER PusiisHep By CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS Our Garden Flowers. Cr.8vo, . . net, $2.00 Our Northern Shrubs. Cr. 8vo, - net, $2.00 Our Native Trees. Cr.8vo, . . . met, $2.00 Each volume profusely illustrated OUR GARDEN FLOWERS A Popular Study of Cheir ative Zands, Cheit Lite Histories, and Cheit Structural Affiliations By HARRIET L. KEELER AUTHOR OF ‘‘OUR NATIVE TREES" AND ‘‘OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS" WITH 90 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND 186 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS NEW YORE = tra: °s & 260 l\% Kb A35qse5 CopyRIGHT, 1910, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS Published May, 1910 TO ADELIA A. F. JOHNSTON HER FRIEND DEDICATES THIS VOLUME PREFACE Tas book is the outcome of a lifelong search for a volume with which one might make a little journey into the garden, and become acquainted with the dwellers therein; their native land, their life history, their structural affiliations. Among the many species of a genus it has often been necessary to select but one for description. As a rule the choice has been either the typical form, or the one longest in cultivation, or the greatest favorite. While it has been the aim to make the book a fairly complete study of all the annual and perennial flowering herbs commonly found in a hardy garden, it is by no means intended to be a cata- logue. The half-tones are from photographs, of which the larger num- ber were made by Mr. Nathan R. Graves, of Rochester, New York. The outline drawings, with the exception of the few that are marked, are the work of Miss Mary Keffer, of Lake Erie College, Painesville, Ohio. The following list names the books which have been especially helpful in the preparation of this volume: “Cyclopedia of American Horticulture,” L. H. Bailey; ‘‘Favor- ite Flowers of Garden and Greenhouse,” Edward Step, F.L.S., and William Watson, F.R.H.S.; ‘‘The Flowering Plants of Great Britain,” Anne Pratt; “Plantes Utiliores, or Illustrations of Useful Plants Employed in the Arts and Medicine,” M. A. Bur- nett; ‘Manual of the Flora of the United States,” M. L. Brit- ton; Gray’s “New Manual of Botany,” seventh edition; Gray’s “Field, Forest, and Garden Botany,” revised edition. CONTENTS Preface Genera and Species Illustrations Descriptions of Garden Plants Sweet Herbs Glossary of Botanical Terms Index 533 537 GENERA AND SPECIES NAJADACES . ‘ : F Aponogeton distachyum ARACE F : Richardia africana CoMMELINACE& é Tradescantia virginiana Tradescantia fluminensis Zebrina pendula Commelina nudiflora PONTEDERIACE® . Pontederta cordata LILIACE& Lilium . Lilium candidum Lilium longiflorum var. Lilium philadelphicum Lilium elegans Lilium speciosum . Lilium auratum Lilium tigrinum Lilium superbum . Lilium canadense . Tulipa Gesneriana Tulipa suaveolens Fritillaria meleagris Fritillaria imperalis Scilla sibirica Chionodoxa lucilie ex- PoNDWEED FAMILY Cape Pondweed . Arum FamILy Calla Lily SPIDERWORT FAMILY Spiderwort . Wandering Jew . Wandering Jew . Wandering Jew PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY Pickerel-weed Lity FamiILy Lily. . Madonna Lily Easter Lily Wood Lily . Upright Lily Japanese Lily . Gold-banded Lily Tiger Lily . 5 Turk’s Cap Lily Meadow Lily Common Tulip Fragrant Tulip Checkered Lily Crown Imperial . Siberian Squill Glory of the Snow xi PAGE 12 GENERA AND SPECIES Lit1ace2—Continued Ornithogalum umbellatum Muscari botryoides Hyacinthus orientalis Hyacinthus candicans Funkia subcordata Hemerocallis fulva Hemerocallis flava Kniphofia aloides . Yucca filamentosa Allium cernuum Allium cepa Allium schenoprasum Trillium grandifiorum Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Sprengert Asparagus plumosus Asparagus medeoloides . Convallaria majalis Eremurus robustus Paradisia liliastrum Bulbocodium vernum Colchicum autumnale Tricyrtis hirta DIoscOREACE: Dioscorea divaricata AMARYLLIDACE . Narcissus : Narcissus pseudo-narcissus Narcissus bulbucodium . Narcissus incomparabilis Narcissus poeticus Narcissus tazetta alba Narcissus tazetta orientalis Narcissus tazetia Narcissus jonquilla Galanthus nivalis . Galanthus Elwesii Leucojum vernum . Polianthes tuberosa Star of Bethlehem Grape Hyacinth . Hyacinth : Summer Hyacinth Funkia Day Lily Lemon Lily Torch Lily Yucca : Wild Onion Common Onion . Chives : White Trillium Garden Asparagus Ornamental Asparagus Ornamental Asparagus Smilax ‘ Lily of the Valley Eremurus ‘ St. Bruno’s Lily . Woolly Bulb Meadow Saffron Toad Lily Yam FAMILY Cinnamon Vine . AMARYLLIS FAMILY Narcissus : Trumpet Daffodil Hoop-petticoat Daffodil Superb Daffodil . Poet’s Narcissus Paper White Narcissus Chinese Sacred Lily Polyanthus Narcissus . Jonquil Common Snowdrop Larger Snowdrop Spring Snowflake Tuberose é xii TRIDACEE Tris Iris germanica Iris pumila Iris xiphium . Iris xiphioides Iris levigata Gladiolus yErocus . Crocus sativas -Tigridia pavonia . Belamcanda chinensis ~Tritonia crocosmeflora SCITAMINACER Canna hybrida ORCHIDACE& *Cypripedium URTICACEE . a : Humulus lupulus . Humulus japonicus ARISTOLOCHIACE Aristolochia macrophylla ‘-POLYGONACE : Polygonum Sieboldi Polygonum sachalinense Polygonum baldschuanicum Polygonum orientale Fagopyrum esculentum . Rheum rhaponticum CHENOPODIACE Beta vulgaris Spinacia oleracea Chenopodium botrys ‘Kochia scoparia Boussingaultia baselloides GENERA AND SPECIES Iris FAMILY Tris German Iris Dwarf Iris . Spanish Iris English Iris Japanese Iris Gladiolus Spring Crocus Saffron Ixia. : Tiger Flower Blackberry Lily Montbretia BANANA FAMILY Canna OrcHis FAMILY Lady’s Slipper NETTLE FaMILy Common Hop Japanese Hop BIRTHWORT FAMILY Dutchman’s Pipe BuUCKWHEAT FAMILY Bushy Polygonum Bushy Polygonum Twining Polygonum Prince’s Feather Buckwheat Pie Plant GoosEFOOT FAMILY Beet Spinach Feather Geranium Mock Cypress Madeira Vine xiii PAGE 100 103 104 105 107 108 108 Iog IIo II 113 II4 115 115 116 GENERA AND SPECIES AMARANTACE Amarantus caudaltus Amarantus gangeticus Amarantus tricolor “Gomphrena globosa LCelosia cristata LT elanthera KTresine Herbstii LSYcrAGINACE /Mirabilis jalapa ‘Abronia umbellata CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus barbatus Dianthus chinensis Dianthus caryophyllus . Dianthus plumarius Lychnis chalcedonica Lychnis githago Lychnis Flos-cuculi Agrostemna coronaria Silene armeria Saponaria officinalis Gypsophila paniculata Cerastium tomentosum Stellaria media Stellaria Holostea . Rosacex Potentilla caniaionede Potentilla argyrophylla Geum triflorum Geum chiloense PORTULACACE@ Portulaca grandiflora Portulaca oleracea NYMPH@ACEEZ Nymphea odorata Nelumbium indica Nelumbium luteum AMARANTH FAMILY Prince’s Feather Love-Lies-Bleeding Joseph’s Coat Globe Amaranth Celosia Alternanthera Achyranthes Four-o’CLock FAMILy Four-o’Clock Abronia Pink FaMILy Sweet William China Pink Carnation Garden Pink Maltese Cross Corn Cockle Ragged Robin Mullein Pink Sweet William Catchfly Bouncing Bet Gypsophila Mouse Ear Chidkweed Chickweed . Easter Bell Rose FAmity Cinquefoil Garden Potentilla Long-plumed Avens Chilian Geum PuRSLANE FAMILY Portulaca Purslane Water Lity Famity White Water Lily Sacred Bean Water Chinquapin xiv PAGE 117 11g 11g IIQ 120 122 123 125 126 128 130 132 134 135 136 136 136 138 139 140 141 142 144 146 146 147 147 148 149 150 153 153 RANUNCULACE Peonia hybrida Aquilegia vulgaris Aquilegia canadensis Aquilegia jormosa . Aquilegia cerulea . Aquilegia chrysantha Aquilegia glandulosa Aquilegia Skinneri Delphinium . conitum napellus Clematis virginiana Clematis viorna Clematis Davidiana Clematis paniculata Clematis Jackmanni ‘Anemone coronaria Anemone hortensis Anemone japonica . Anemone patens Anemone nemorosa Anemone pennsylvanica Anemonella thalictroides Trollius europeus “Trollius asiaticus . i ‘Ranunculus acris var. flore- pleno : Thalictrum aquilegijolium ‘Hepatica acutiloba tAdonis vernalis 4€altha palustris Felleborus niger Nigella damascena BERBERIDACE Akebia quinata ‘ Epimedium macranthum PAPAVERACEE Papaver somniferum Papaver rheas Papaver nudicaule Papaver alpinum xV GENERA AND SPECIES Crowroot FAMILY Peony Columbine . : Red Columbine . Western Columbine Colorado Columbine Golden Columbine Siberian Columbine Mexican Columbine Larkspur Monkshood Wild Clematis Leather-leaf Clematis Bush Clematis Japanese Clematis Large-flowered Clematis Poppy Anemone Garden Anemone Japanese Anemone Pasque Flower Wood Anemone Pennsylvania Anemone Rue Anemone Globe Flower Globe Flower Double Buttercup Thalictrum Hepaticar~. Spring Adonis Marsh Marigold Christmas Rose . Nigella BARBERRY FAMILY Akebia Large-flowered Barrenwort Poppy FAMILY Common Poppy . Scarlet Poppy Iceland Poppy Alpine Poppy PAGE 155 160 162 164 165 166 166 166 167 168 170 I7I 172 172 174 174 174 175 176 176 176 176 177 177 178 179 179 182 183 184 186 188 189 190 193 194 195 GENERA AND SPECIES PAPAVERACE&—Continued Papaver orientale Bocconia cordata Sanguinaria canadensis Eschscholizia californica Chelidonium majus Argemone platyceras Romneya Coulteri . FUMARIACES Dicenira spectabilis Dicenira canadensis Dicentra cucullaria Dicentra eximia Dicentra formosa Adlumia cirrhosa . CRUCIFER@Z i Matthiola incana Iberis umbellata Iberis amara Alyssum maritimum Alyssum sexatile Lunaria biennis Hesperus matronalis Brassica oleracea Brassica campestris Brassica nigra Brassica alba Arabis alpina Draba 2 Aubretia deltoidea . Cheiranthus cheiri Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium armoracia Barbarea vulgaris . RESEDACEA Reseda odorata SARRACENIACE® . Sarracenia purpurea Oriental Poppy Plume Poppy Bloodroot California Poppy Celandine Prickly Poppy Matilija Poppy Fumitory FAMILY Bleeding Heart Squirrel Corn %. Dicentra Dicentra Dicentra Adlumia MusTarpD FAMILY Stock : Purple Candytuft Bitter Candytuft Sweet Alyssum Yellow Alyssum Honesty Sweet Rocket Wild Cabbage Field Turnip Black Mustard White Mustard Rock Cress Whitlow Grass. False Wall Cress Wall Flower Common Water Crass, Horseradish Winter Cress MIGNONETTE FAMILY Mignonette PircHER PLANT FamiLy Pitcher Plant xvi PAGE 195 107 198 200 201 202 202 203 204 206 206 208 208 210 213 214 214 215 215 216 217 218 219 219 219 219 219 219 220 220 220 222 224 CRASSULACE2 Sedum telephium Sedum acre Sedum spectabile Sedum ternatum Sempervivum tectorum SAXIFRAGACE Saxtfraga virginiensis Saxifraga crassifolia Tiarella cordifolia Hleuchera sanguinea LEGUMINOS& Lathyrus odoratus Lathyrus latifolius Centrosema virginianum Pisum sativum Baptisia australis . Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens Trifolium hybridum Trifolium agrartum Trifolium arvense Trifolium incarnatum Lespedeza Sieboldi Lupinus polyphyllus Melilotus alba Coronilla varia Phaseolus vulgaris Dolichos lablab A pios tuberosa Ononis rotundifolia Vicia oroboides Pueraria Thunbergiana Wistaria chinesis . Medicago sativa Cassia floribunda . Arachis hypogea LINACE2 Li usitatissin Linum perenne GENERA AND SPECIES ORPINE FAMILY Live-for-ever Stone Crop Showy Sedum Sedum : Hen-and- Chickens SAXIFRAGE FAMILY Early Saxifrage Thick-leaved Saxirage Tiarella Heuchera PEA FAMILY Sweet Pea Everlasting Pea . Butterfly Pea Garden Pea Baptisia Red Clover White Clover Alsike Clover Hop Clover Rabbit-foot Clover Italian Clover Lespedeza . ‘ Many-leaved Lupine Sweet Clover Coronilla Kidney Bean Hyacinth Bean Ground Nut Rest Harrow Pea-like Vetch Kudzu Vine Wistaria Alfalfa Cassia Peanut Fiax FAMILY Common Flax Perennial Flax xvii PAGE 227 228 228 228 230 232 232 233 233 235 238 239 239 240 242 243 243 244 244 244 244 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 252 252 252 254 254 254 256 257 GENERA AND SPECIES OXALIDACE Oxalis violacee Oxalis acetosella Oxalis. stricta GERANIACE Pelargonium hortorus : Geranium maculatum Geranium Roberti Tropeolum majus . Tropa@olum peregrinum . RUTACE® 3 Ruta graveolens Dictannus albus CELASTRACE: Celastrus scandens: Euonymus radicans EvUPHORBIACE Euphorbia marginata Euphorbia corollata Euphorbia puicherrima . Euphorbia heterophylla Ricinus communis ° Pachysandra procumbens SAPINDACE Cardiospermum halicocabum BALSAMINACE® Impatiens balsamina Impatiens sultan . Impatiens julva VITACE® Ampelopsis quinguefolia. Ampelopsis Veitchii Vitis vulpina Vitis labrusca Woop SorrEL FAMILY Violet Wood Sorrel White Wood Sorrel Sheep’s Sorrel’ GERANIUM FAMILY Garden Geranium Wild Geranium . Herb Robert Nasturtium Canary-bird Flower Rue FAMILy Common Rue Gas Plant Starr TREE FAMILY Climbing Bitter-sweet . Climbing Euonymus SpuRGE FAMILY Snow-on-the-Mountain White-flowering aie Poinsettia Annual Poinsettia Castor-Bean Mountain Spurge SOAPBERRY FAMILY Balloon Vine ToucH-ME-Not Famity Garden Balsam . Sultana Jewelweed . VinE FaMILy Virginia Creeper (/ Boston Ivy . , River-bank Grape Northern Fox Grape . xviii PAGE 258 258 258 259 261 261 262 265 266 268 269 269 270 272 273 274 274 275 276 277 278 278 280 281 282 283 MALvAcEz Althea rosea . : Althea officinalis Hibiscus moscheutos Hibiscus trionum . Hibiscus esculentus Malva moschata Malva rotundifolia Malva sylvesiris Gossypium herbaceum Gossypium arboreum Lavatera trimestris Malope trifida Callirrhe involucrata TERNSTROEMIACEE Actinidia HYPERICACE® ‘ Hypericum moserianum CISTACE® j A lication vidlgare VIOLACE® Viola tricolor var. hybrida Viola odorata Viola cornuta var. hybride Viola cucullata PASSIFLORACE Passiflora incarnata Passifiora cerula LoASACEE Bartonia aurea LyTHRACEZ Lythrum salicaria . Cuphea ignea GENERA AND SPECIES MALtow Famity Hollyhock Marsh Mallow Hibiscus 3 Flower-of-an-Hour Gumbo ; Musk Mallow Common Mallow Tree Mallow Cotton Tree Cotton Lavatera Malope Poppy Mallow TEA FAMILY Actinidia St. JoHN’s-wort FAMILY Gold Flower RockrosE FAMILY Rockrose VIOLET FAMILY Pansy Sweet Violet Bedding Violet Common Blue Violet Passion FLOWER FAMILY Passion Flower Passion Flower Loasa FAMILY Bartonia LoosEsTRiFE FAMILY Swamp Loosestrife Cigar Plant xix PAGE 285 288 288 290 2g 292 292 293 293 293 204 204 294 295 296 298 299 302 302 393 306 308 399 310 GENERA AND SPECIES ONAGRACE Gnothera biennis . Cnothera fruticosa Cnothera amena . Fychsia macrostemma Epilobium angustifoium Gaura parvifolia Clarkia elegans BORAGINACE Mertensia virginica Myosotis palustris Echium vulgare Borago officinalis . Pulmonaria saccharata . Heliotropium peruvianum UMBELLIFERE Daucus carota Pastinaca sativa Atgopodium podograria . Eryngium amethystium PLUMBAGINACE/@ Statice latifolia Armeria vulgaris . PRIMULACE : ‘ ‘ Primula variabilis var. poly- anthus F Primula officinalis Primula elatior Primula acaulis Lysimachia vulgaris Lysimachia quadrifolia Lysimachia nummularia Dodecatheon Meadia GENTIANACEZ Gentiana crinita EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY Evening Primrose Sundrops Godetia Fuchsia 5 ‘ Great Willow-herb Gaura Clarkia Borace Famity Mertensia Forget-me-not Viper’s Bugloss Common Borage Bethlehem Sage . Heliotrope . PARSLEY FAMILY Wild Carrot Parsnip Bishop’s Weed Eryngium LrEapwort FAMILy Sea Lavender Thrift PRIMROSE FAMILY Polyanthus Cowslip Oxlip Primrose Lysimachia Whorled Loosestrife Money ‘ Shooting Star GENTIAN FaMILy Fringed Gentian xX PAGE 314 315 316 318 318 319 320 322 324 325 325 326 326 328 329 33° 331 334 335 338 339 339 340 342 342 343 343 345 APOCYNACEZE Vinca minor . Vinca major . Vinca rosea Nerium oleander Amsonia tabernemontana Apocynum androsemifolium . ASCLEPIDACEE Asclepias tuberosa Periploca greca CONVOLVULACE Ipomea hybrida Ipomea bona-nox . Ipomea pandurata Ipomea quamoclit Ipomea batatas Convolvulus sepium Convolvulus japonica Convolvulus tricolor POLEMONIACE Phlox paniculata Phlox Drummondii Phlox divaricata Phlox subulata Cobeea scandens Gilia tricolor Polemonium reptans Polemonium ceruleum HyDROPHYLLACE® Nemophila insignis VERBENACEE Verbena hybrida : Caryopteris mastacanthus LABIAT& Salvia splendens : Monarda didyma . GENERA AND SPECIES DocBaNnE FAMILy Vinca . Larger Periwinkle Rose Vinca . Oleander Amsonia Dogbane MILKWEED FaMILy Butterfly Weed Silk Vine CONVOLVULUS FAMILY Morning-Glory Moon-Flower Man-of-the-Earth Cypress Vine Sweet-Potato Convolvulus California Rose . Tricolored Convolvulus PaLox FAMILY Perennial Phlox . Annual Phlox Wild Phlox Moss Pink . Cobcea 2 Tricolored Gilia . Greek Valerian Blue Polemonium WATER-LEAF FAMILY Nemophila . VERVAIN FAMILY Verbena Blue Spirea Mint Famity Salvia Fragrant Balm xxi PAGE 347 348 348 350 35° 350 351 352 353 356 357 358 358 359 360 360 362 362 364 364 365 368 369 369 371 372 374 375 376 GENERA AND SPECIES Lapiata—Continued Monarda fistulosa . Physostegia virginiana Coleus hybrida Rosmarinus . Lavendula vera Nepeta glechoma Lamium maculatum tachys lanata SOLANACE Petunia hybrida Salpiglossis sinuata Nicotiana alata Datura fastuosa Browallia demissa Lycium vulgare Schizanthus pinnatus Lycopersicum esculentum Solanum tuberosum Solanum dulcamara Nierembergia Physalis alkekengi Capsicum annuum Solanum melongena Solanum pseudo-capsicum SCROPHULARIACEE Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum maurandioides . Linaria vulgaris Collinsia verna Digitalis purpurea Chelone obliqua Torenia Fourniert . Penstemon digitalis Veronica longiflora RUBIACEZ Galium mollugo Asperula orientalis Wild Bergamot Physostegia Garden Coleus Rosemary Sweet Lavender . Ground Ivy Dead-Nettle Hedge-Nettle NIGHTSHADE FAMILY Petunia Salpiglossis Nicotiana Datura Browallia Matrimony Vine Butterfly Flowers Tomato Potato Nightshade Cup-Flower Ground Cherry Red Pepper Egg-Plant Jerusalem Cherry Ficwort FAMILY Snapdragon Maurandia . Toad-Flax . Collinsia Foxglove Chelone Torenia Penstemon . Veronica Mapper FAMILY Galium Asperula xxii BIGNONIACE& Tecoma radicans Incarvillea Delavayi _ Calampelis ACANTHACE Thunbergia alata Acanthus mollis CAPRIFOLIACE Lonicera japonica . Lonicera sempervirens VALERIANACE® Valeriana officinalis Cenanthus ruber CuCURBITACE Cucurbita pepo, var. maxima . Cucurbita pepo Curcurbita pepo, var. ovifera Cucumis sativus Cucumis melo Citrullus vulgaris Echinocystis lobata CAMPANULACEE Campanula medium Campanula rapunculoides Campanula persicifolia . Campanula carpatica Campanula pyramidalis Campanula rotundifolia Platycodon grandiflorum LOBELIACE Lobelia erinus Lobelia cardinalis . Lobelia syphilitica DipsAcacEs Scabiosa atro purpurea GENERA AND SPECIES PAGE BIGNONIA FAMILY Trumpet Flower . ‘ . 418 Incarvillea . : F . 419 Calampelis . : ; . 419 ACANTHUS FAMILY Thunbergia . : . 420 Bear’s Breech. , 421 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Honeysuckle : - 422 Trumpet Honeysuckle 423 VALERIAN FAMILY Valerian : ; . 426 Red Valerian 428 GourD FAMILy Hubbard Squash : - 429 Pumpkin. : ; . 431 Gourd : ‘ : 431 Cucumber . : . 432 Muskmelon . : . 433 Watermelon . F » 434 Wild Cucumber . : - 435 BELLFLOWER FAMILY Canterbury Bells 2 . 437 Creeping Bellflower. . 438 Narrow-leaved Bellflower 440 Carpathian Bellflower . 440 Chimney Campanila - 442 Harebell: . ‘ ; . 442 Platycodon ; : . 444 LoBetiaA FAMILY Blue Lobelia P ; . 446 Cardinal-Flower ; - 447 Great Lobelia. : . 448 TEASEL FAMILY Sweet Scabious . i . 450 xxiii GENERA AND SPECIES Composita . Helianthus annuus Helianthus debilis Helianthus decapetalus . Helianthus tuberosus Heliopsis laevis Helenium autumnale Rudbeckia laciniata Echinacea purpurea Lepachys pinnata . Achillea ptarmica . Dahlia variabilis Chrysanthemum coccinium Chrysanthemum carinatum Chrysanthemum coronarium . Chrysanthemum balsamita Chrysanthemum segetum Chrysanthemum aureum Chrysanthemum frutescens Chrysanthemum uliginosum . Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chrysanthemum Chrysanth parth Anthemis tinctoria Gaillardia Arctotis grandis Calendula officinalis Tagetes erecta Tagetes patula Coreopsis lanceolata Coreopsis tinctoria Callistephus chinensis Aster Boltonia asteroides Emilia flammea Bellis perennis : Brachycome iberidijolia Zinnia elegans Cosmos bipinnatus Solidago Centaurea cyanus . Centaurea moschata Composite FAMILY Common Sunflower Small Sunflower Perennial Sunflower Jerusalem Artichoke Heliopsis Helenium Rudbeckia . Purple Cone Flower Lepachys The Pearl Dahlia Pyrethrum . Summer Chrysanthemum Garland Daisy Costmary . Corn Marigold Golden Feather . Marguerite . Giant Daisy Ox-eye Daisy. Hardy Chrysanthemum Feverfew Yellow Chamomile Gaillardia Arctotis Marigold. African Mar igold French Marigold Coreopsis Coreopsis China Aster Aster . Boltonia Tassel Flower English Daisy Swan River Daisy Zinnia Cosmos Golden-rod . Cornflower . Sweet Sultan xxiv . 487 PAGE 453 457 460 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 47° 471 472 472 472 473 473 473 474 474 475 476 477 478 480 482 484 484 485 486 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 496 499 502 GENERA AND SPECIES PAGE Composita—Continued Cichorium intybus Ff . Chicory. » ee 504 Ageratum conyzoides. . Ageratum . : . 4. 506 Helichrysum bracteatum . Golden Immortell : . 507 Anaphalis margaritacee . Pearly Everlasting . 510 Ammobium alatum : . Winged Ammobium . . 51r Echinops exaltatus ‘ . Globe Thistle. ‘ . 512 Eupatorium purpureum . Joe Pye Weed . i . 513 Eupatorium perjoliatum . Boneset - : : 4 513 Eupatorium ageratoides . Eupatorium ; F . 513 Liairis . : , : . Blazing Star : ; - 514 Doronicum . : . Leopard’s Bane . ; . 514 Artemisia abrotanum . Southernwood . . 514 Artemisia absinthium . . Wormwood ‘ ‘ . 514 Santolina chamecyparissus . Lavender Cotton ‘ . 516 Tanecetum vulgare : . Tansy : : . 516 SWEET HERBS Salvia officinalis . ; . Sage . : : . 520 Thymus vulgaris . : . Thyme ; ; j 521 Origanum marjorana . Sweet Marjoram A . 522 Satureia hortensis . ‘ . Summer Savory . ; 523 Ocimum basilicum . i . Sweet Basil . : . 524 Mentha peperita . : Peppermint : é . 524 Mentha viridis. . Spearmint . : : - 525 Feniculum vulgare . Sweet Fennel . : . 526 Anethum graveolens . Dil. ‘ - : 520 Carum petroselinum . Parsley ea os . 531 xXXV ILLUSTRATIONS Garden Walk, . . Cape Pondweed, Leat atid Flowers of . Calla Lily, Flowers a , Spiderwort, Flowering Stem of Wandering Jew, Spray of Pickerel-weed, Leaf and Spike of .. Madonna ee Flowering’ Stems of Pe Easter Lily, Flower of Upright Lily, Flower of Japanese Lily, Flowering Stem of .. Gold-banded Lily, Single Flower Tiger Lily, Flowering Stem of Meadow Lily, Flowers of Tulips, Flowers of . Checkered Lily, Flowers at Crown Imperial, Flowering Stem of . Scilla, Bavine ‘Plant of Grape Hyacinth, Plants of Hyacinth, Plant of Roman Hyacinth, Flowering Stem of is Funkia, Flowering Stems at Lemon Lily, Flower of . . Torch Lily, Flower Spike of Yucca, Flowering Plant of . Wild Onion, Umbel of White Trillium, Stems of : Asparagus, Spray of 3 Lily of the Valley, Flowering Plant of : Eremurus, Flowering Plant of . Cinnamon Vine, Leaves and Flowers of PAGE 2 Flowering” Trumpet Daffodil, Flower of Superb Daffodil, Flowers of Hoop-petticoat Daffodil, Flower Of ge ee Poet’s Narcissus, Flowers ob Polyanthus Narcissus, Flowering Stems of : Jonquil, Flowers and Leaves of Snowdrops, Flowering Plants of Spring Snowflake, Flowering Stems of Tuberose, Flowers of German Iris, Flower of Spanish Iris, Flower of Japanese Iris, View of E Gladiolus, Flowering Stems of Spring Crocus, Divided Plant of Ixia, Flowering Stems of Tigridia, Flower of Blackberry Lily, Fruit é uae Montbretia, Flowers and Leaf of a eo38 Canna, Flower of . Cypripedium, Flowering Stem ef Japanese Hop, Leaf of é Dutchman’s Pipe, Leaf and Flowers of Bushy Polygonum, Leaf and Flower of Prince’s Beather, Spikes of . . - Buckwheat, Flowering Racene of . Feather Geranium, Leaf anal Fruiting Panicle of Flowerin 2 Prince’s Feather, Flowering Stem of bk Globe Amaranth, Flowering Heads of xxvii ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Celosia, Flowering Plant of . 121 Alternanthera, Leafy Stem of . 122 Achyranthes, Leavesof . . . 123 Four-o’Clock, Flowering Stemof 126 Sweet William, Flowering Stems of .. . 129 China Pinks, Flowering ‘Stems of . 131 Garden Pink, Flowering "Stems of . » 133 Scarlet Lightning, Flowering Stem of . . z= = 336 Mullein Pink, Flower of ea 137 Sweet William Catchfly, Flowers of .. . 138 Bouncing Bet, Flowers of . . 139 Gypsophila, Flowersof . . . 141 Cerastium, Flowering Stems af 143 Portulaca, Flowering Stem of 148 Purslane, Leafy Stemof . . . 149 White Water-Lily, Flowers of . 151 Nelumbium, Leaf, Flower and Fruit of . . 154 Double Red Peony, Flower of . 157 Single White Peony, Flower of 159 Columbine, Flowering Stems of 161 Red Columbine, Flowering Stemsof . . . . » 163 Golden Columbine, Flower at 166 Larkspur, Flowers of. . . . 168 Monkshood, Flowers of . . . 169 Clematis, Flowers of . . - 1971 Clematis, Fruiting Spray of . . 172 Jackman’s Clematis, Flowers of 173 Japanese Anemone, Flower of . 175 Hepatica, Flowering Tuft of . 181 Christmas Rose, Flowersof . . 185 Nigella, Flower and Fruiting Capsule of . . - 187 Akebia, Leaf and Flowers of - 188 Common Poppy, Flowers in va- riety . . « » I9z Scarlet Poppy, Flower of + + 193 Iceland Poppy, Capsule of . . 195 Oriental Poppy, Flower of . . 196 Plume Poppy, Leaf of . . . 197 Bloodroot, Leaf and Flower of 199 California Poppy, Flowers of Prickly Poppy, Flower of Bleeding Heart, Flowering Spraysof . . .- . ss Dicentra, Flower of ‘ Dicentra, Leaf and Flowering Stem of . a Squirrel Corn, Leaves and Flowering: Stems of Dicentra, Flowering Stem of Adlumia, Leaves and Flowering PAGE 201 + 202 - 205 . 206 . 206 - 207 - 208 Stemsof . . 5 + « 209 Stock, Flowering Stem of «+ QII Candytuft, Flowering Head of . 213 Sweet Alyssum, Flowering Ra- cemeof .... + 215 Lunaria, Flower and Pod of - 216 Sweet Rocket, Flower of . . 217 Wild Cabbage, Plant of . 218 Mignonette, Flowering Stem of . 222 Pitcher Plant, Flowering Tuft of Live-for-ever, Leaf of Stone Crop, Flowering Stem of Sedum, Flowering Plant of Hen and Chickens, Rosette of Heuchera, Leaf and Flowering Stemof ... Bn Sweet Pea, Flowers of 2 oh Everlasting Pea, Flowering Ra- ceme of . . Garden Pea, Blowesing Spray 225 . 224 228 + 229 + 230 . 234 236 » 237 of .. . 240 Baptisia, Flowering Spray of . 24 Red Clover, Leaf of . . . . 242 White Clover, Head of + 243 Many Leaved Lupine, Flower- ing Stems of . . é Lespedeza, Leaf and Flowers of Sweet Clover, piganaiis Stems Of 2 we % See MD Coronilla, Leaf of . . . Kidney Bean, Leaf and Flowers of «4 : Hyacinth Bean, Flowers and Podof. . Kudzu Vine, Lent of. Wistaria, Flowering Racemes of Xxvili » 245 246 247 . 248 - 249 . 250 « 252 253 Alfalfa, Flowering Head of . 254 Flowering Flax, Flowersof . . 257 Nasturtium, Half a Flower of . 263 Common Rue, Leaf of, . . . 266 Dictamnus, Flowering Stems of 267 Climbing Bitter-sweet, ee Spray of . . - » 269 Snow-on-the-Mountain, ‘Blow ering Stemof . . 8 QFE Snow-on-the-Mountain, Sins Involucral Group of . . . 272 Castor-Bean, Leafof . . . . 275 Balloon Vine, Leaf and Fruit as 276 Garden Balsam, Single Flower of .. oe aseey Jewelweed, Flower oe : - 278 Jewelweed, Fruiting Capsule of . x #299 Virginia Creeper, Leaf of +. 280 Boston Ivy, Leaves and Fruit of. 281 Hollyhock, Flowering Stems ab 286 Hollyhock Column of Anthers . 287 Hibiscus, Flowering Stem of . 289 Flower-of-an-Hour, Flower and Leaves of . . +. 291 Musk Mallow, Flower and Leaves of . . * = % * 292 Actinidia, Leaf of oe » 295 Gold Flower, Flowering Stem a 296 Pansy, Flower of . - 301 Blue Violets, Flowering Tut af 305 Passion Flower, Flowering Spray of .. te te 1, BOF Swamp Loosestrife, Flowering Stemsof .. + 311 Cuphea, Flower and Leaves ae, 312 Evening Primrose, papiiens Stem of . » 313 Cnothera, Single Flower oh. + 315 Fuchsia, Flowering Spray of . 317 Gaura, Flowering Stem of . . 319 Clarkia, Flowering Stem of . 321 Mertensia, Flowering Stems of . 323 Forget-me-not, Flowering Stem of : - 324 Borage, Flowering Stem of » 325 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Wild Carrot, Leaves, wai: and Fruit of . . 327 Bishop’s Weed, Leaf a. 330 Eryngium, Flower-head of . . 332 Statice, Flowering Stem of . . 333 Thrift, Leaves and Flower-head Of 4 4 3 + 336 Polyanthus, Ladies and Flower- ing Stems of . . . . . . 337 Cowslip, Flower of 340 Primrose, Flowering Plant of 341 Money, Flowering Stem of . 343 Fringed Gentian, Flowers of . 346 Larger Periwinkle, Leaves of . 348 Rose Vinca, Flowering Stems of 349 Butterfly Weed, Single Flower of 352 Morning-Glory, Flowers of . 355 Moon-Flower, Flower of + 356 Cypress Vine, Leaves and Flower of . . - 358 Hedge Bindweed, Leaf and Flower of . . . » 359 Three-Colored Convivulus, Flowersof . ... 360 Perennial Phlox, Flowering Pan- icle of . . - 363 Moss Pink, Flowering Stems of 365 Cobcea, Leaf and Flower of. . 366 Gilia, Flowering Stems of 367 Polemonium, Single Flower of . 369 Nemophila, Flower and Leaves OW) ha 3 137 Verbena, Flower Clusters at s 373 Scarlet Salvia, Flowering Stems (0) re + 377 Fragrant Balm, Flower-head of 378 Physostegia, Flowering Stem of 379 Coleus, Leaf of . 380 Lavender, Leaves of . . 381 Ground Ivy, Leaves of . 382 Petunia, Flowersin variety . 385 Salpiglossis, Flower of . . 387 Nicotiana, Flower of . . 389 Datura, Flowers of . - 391 Browallia, Flowering Stem of 392 Matrimony Vine, Flowering Spray of . o. 4 393 xxix ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Butterfly Flower, Flowering Plantof . . - «© « « + 395 Tomato, Flowersof . . . . 396 Potato, Flowers of . - 397 Nightshade, Flowers and Fruit of .. - 398 Maurandia, Leaves awd Blower of. « + 402 Snapdragon, Flowering Stans of 403 Toad-Flax, Flowering Spike of 404 Foxglove, Flowering Spike of . 407 Chelone, Flowering Stem of . 409 Torenia, Flowering Stem of 411 Penstemon, Flowering Stem of . 413 Veronica, Flowering Spike of . 414 Galium, Flowering Spray of ~. 415 Asperula, Flowering Stem of . 416 Trumpet Flower, Flowering Spray of . . ww! ey ALG Thunbergia, Flower of i a 420 Honeysuckle, Flowers of . . 422 Trumpet Honeysuckle, Flower- ing Sprayof. .. . - 425 Common Valerian, Flowering Stems of . . + 427 Hubbard Squash, Flower oF » 430 Cucumber, Flowering and Fruit- ing Stemof . . . . . . 433 Wild, Cucumber, Flowering Spray of . . - 436 Creeping Bellflower, Blower a 438 Canterbury, Bells, Flowering Stemof . . - 439 Narrow-leaved Bellflower, Flow- ering Stem of... - 441 Harebell, Flowering Stents af . 442 Platycodon, Flower of . . . 444 Lobelia, Flowering Stem of . 446 Cardinal-Flower, Flower of . 447 Great Lobelia, Flowering Stem OE ge - . 448 Scabious, Flower-head of » 450 Sunflower, Flowers in Four Stages . . - 454 Great Sunflower, "Flower-head of 455 Perennial Sunflawer, Flower- headsof. . . 2. 1.) 459 PAGE Helenium, Flowering Stem of . 462 Purple Cone Flower, Flower- head of .. - « 463 Lepachys, Flower-head af » » 464 White Tansy, Flowering Stem of 465 Achillea, Flowering Stems of . 467 Dahlia, Flowers in variety . . 469 Summer Chrysanthemum, Flow- er-head of. . - 471 Garland Daisy, Flower-head bE 472 Golden Feather, Leaf and Flow- ersof . . - 473 Costmary, lowering Stem af + 473 Feverfew, Flowers and Leaf of . 475 Golden Marguerite, Flower and Leaves of . - 476 Arctotis, Flower-head and Lent OLE cs coe GP % eee 478 Gaillardia, Flowers i in variety . 479 Marigold, Flower-head of . 481 African Marigold, Flowers in variety . . » = 483 Coreopsis, Flower-head at - » 485 China Aster, Flowers of . . . 487 White Aster, Flowering aes OR ae en & . 488 Boltonia, Flower head ot . . 489 Tassel Flower, Flowering Stem Of a arc - 490 Swan River Daisy, Flowerchead and Leafof . . . . . . 492 Zinnia, Flowers in variety . . 495 Cosmos, Flower-head of . . 496 Golden-rod, Flowering Stems of 497 Centaurea, Flowers in variety . 501 Dusty Miller, Leafof . . . 502 Sweet Sultan, Flower-head of . 503 Chicory, Flowering Stem of . 505 Golden Immortelle, Flowering Stemsof . . . . » 509 Pearly Everlasting, Flowering Sprayof ... . . 510 Winged Ammobium, Flower: heads of . . SII Globe Thistle, Flower-head a“ 512 White Eupatorium, fein: Stemof . . . oe SIS XXX PAGE Southernwood, Leaf of . . . 514 Lavender Cotton, Sprayof . . 514 Leopard’s Bane, Flowering Stemsof . 2. 1. 1. . 815 Sage, Leaves of . . + + 519 Thyme, Leafy Stem of +. 4 §20 Sweet sales Niet Spray Of 5. % ae ay we 52 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Summer Savory, Flowering Stem Of eww eS ie Se 22 Sweet Basil, Flowering Stem of: « « 7 « $29 Spearmint, Leafy Stem of > s 525 Sweet Fennel, Flowering and Fruiting Umbel of . . 527 Dill, Fruiting Umbel of . . ~ 529 xxxi OUR GARDEN FLOWERS | Garden Walk at the Country Home of Miss Sherwin at Gates Mill, Ohio ei mh NAJADACE4E—PONDWEED FAMILY CAPE PONDWEED. WATER-HAWTHORN A ponogéton distdchyum. Potamogéton distéchyum. Aponogeton, neighbor to water; in allusion to its habitat. A hardy, aquatic plant with floating leaves; cultivated in water- gardens. Native to the Cape of Good Hope. Roots.—Tuberous. Leaves.—Floating, oblong or lance-shaped, round-based, long- petioled. : Flowers.—Fragrant; white in effect; borne in fleshy, forked spikes, which consist of a double row of alternate, thick, white, wax-like bracts on a thick white axis. At first the entire inflorescence is enclosed in a tapering spathe which is forced off as the bracts develop. Stamens.—Six to eighteen, with short filaments and reddish-brown anthers. Carpels.—Four to six, with short style and simple stigma. Seeds four in each carpel. This Pondweed, with its pretty floating leaves and curious flowers, is perfectly hardy in the water-gardens of northern Ohio. The usual fault found with it is that it spreads too rapidly, as the ripe seeds fall to the bottom of the pond and quickly germinate. Although the plant cannot compare in beauty with Nymphea or Nelumbium, it has its personal merits and is worthy of culti- vation. The inflorescence first appears enclosed in a tapering spathe which is forced off as the white mass of bracts develop. When in full bloom the flowering axis and the bracts together make 3 PONDWEED FAMILY a white, waxen mass, in texture not unlike that of a tuberose and very fragrant. The bracts are alternate and each sustains and protects a little group of brown-anthered stamens, surrounding Cape Pondweed. A fponogéton distachyum a group of carpels. After fertilization of the flowers, the bracts become green and look like tufts of leaves among which the large, beaked carpels will be found. This Pondweed was introduced into English water-gardens in 1788, and the fragrance of the flowers gave it the common name of Water-Hawthorn. There is a variety known as La- grangei with violet bracts and leaves violet beneath. ARACEA:—-ARUM FAMILY A peculiar inflorescence marks all the Arums. The flowers are borne on a terminal fleshy axis called a spadix, carefully wrapped about by an enfolding bract called a spathe. This spathe is usually large, sometimes beautiful, and always protective to the buds. The individual flowers consist of stamens, or of pistils, or of both, and frequently are absolutely destitute of calyx and corolla; sometimes these are present in the form of a few scales. The roots are tuberous. The most familiar example of the family in cultivation is the Calla Lily; the best-known wild species are Jack-in-the-Pulpit and.the Skunk Cabbage. CALLA LILY. LILY-OF-THE-NILE Richdrdia africana. Richardia, in honor of L. C. Richard, a French botanist; 1754-1821. The familiar Calla of Easter decorations; grown at the North only in greenhouses, as a window plant, or partly submerged in aquariums. Southern Africa. Root.—A thick rhizome, perennial. Leaves.—Radical, variable; blade about twice as long as wide, cordate- sagittate at base, cuspidate at apex; petioles long, stout, sheathing at . the base. Flowers.—Moncecious, both staminate and pistillate borne on a spadix at the summit of a scape, and wrapped about by a large white bract called a spathe; the pistillate flowers at the base of the spadix and the staminate above; there is neither calyx nor corolla. The spathe is broad, spreading above, convolute at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above with yellow stamens; below with ovaries, each imperfectly three-celled. 5 : ARUM FAMILY Calla Lily. Richdérdia africana CALLA LILY “Richardia africana was introduced into England from the Cape of Good Hope in the year 1731, under the name of Calla Aithi- 6pica, by which it is still known in many trade lists; though it has long been removed from the genus Calla. The flowering column starts from the fleshy root, protected by the enrolling leaf or leaves, which it finally outstrips in height. As the spadix rises and matures, the spathe enlarges, flattens, and bends backward, becomes cream-white in color, but still wraps so close about its treasures that only the top of a little column suggests the wealth of stamens and pistils hidden within. Sports with double and triple spathes often occur. The species has varied into many forms, both standard and dwarf. COMMELINACEE—SPIDERWORT FAMILY SPIDERWORT Tradescéntia virginiana. Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England. A native perennial, transferred to the garden. New York, Virginia, and westward. May—August. Stem.—One to three feet tall, erect, leafy, mucilaginous. Leaves.—Alternate, parallel-veined, lance-linear, keeled, ten to four- teen inches long, sheathing the stem at base. Flowers.—Showy, violet-blue, rarely white; borne in many-flowered, terminal or axillary cymes; subtended by two leaf-like bracts; pedicels slender, villous. Sepals.—Three; ovate, acute, or obtuse, villous. Petals —Three; orbicular, alternate with the sepals; blue, some- times white. Stamens.—Six, showy; filaments violet, bearded; anthers brilliant orange. Ovary.—Oblong, three-celled; style thread-like; stigma capitate. Capsule.—Three-celled, several-seeded. The Spiderwort is rather an unusual type of flower. The blossoms are at the summit of what looks like an iris stem; usually two or three are open, but more drooping buds are clustered be- tween long, blade-like bracts. The rich blue petals, the brilliant orange anthers set upon a cluster of blue bearded filaments, and the dark-green sepals and leaves, form a pleasing combination of color. The plants are robust, strong-growing, and form dense clumps. 8 SPIDER WORT ’ . Boge ee Spiderwort. Tradescantia virginiana SPIDERWORT FAMILY WANDERING JEW Tradescéntia fluminénsis. Zebrina péndula. Commelina nudiflora. Perennials; often grown in water as house plants, noticeable for their shining, striped leaves. Spread by branching and rooting freely. Native to South America and Mexico. Stem.—Prostrate, trailing, branching, rooting at the joints. Leaves.—Sheathed at base, alternate, parallel-veined, oblong; green or purplish above, often variegated with two broad stripes of silvery- white. Flowers.—White, rose-red, or blue; in terminal clusters, subtended by two leaf-like bracts. Sepals.—Three, ovate, acute. Petals.—Three, broad cvate; white, red, or blue. Stamens.—Six; filaments bearded; anthers conspicuous. Ovary.—Oblong, three-celled; style thread-like; stigma capitate. Capsule.—Three-celled, many-seeded, Wandering Jew is the common name for three forms of Trades- . cantia, all alike in essential charac- teristics, though varying in minor points. They dwell principally in the dim light under greenhouse benches, yet often appear in hang- ing baskets. They are remarkably tenacious of life; a small branch put into water will root and grow indefinitely in the temperature of the ordinary living-room. The leaves of well-grown plants shine as if dipped in silver; when they have little light they are green, but when they have plenty of sunshine they become striped white or cream, and red-purple beneath. Both stem and leaves are succu- Io Wandering Jew. Commelina nudifiora WANDERING JEW lent and the plant must have an abundance of moisture to do well. Tradescantia fluminensis is tender; sheaths of the leaves hairy at the top and the flowers white. Zebrina pendula is also tender; the sheaths hairy at the top and the flowers rose-red. Commelina nudiflora is the hardy form; the sheaths are glabrous and the flowers blue. . It PONTEDERIACE/—PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY A family of perennial bog plants having usually large thick leaves standing up well above the mud and water on long petioles. The flowers are perfect, more or less irregular, and borne upon a spadix that issues from a spathe which is soon outgrown. The familiar Pickerel-weed of shallow, clear-flowing, northern streams is the one species transferred from its wild home to the garden. PICKEREL-WEED Pontedéria corddta. Named in honor of Giulio Pontedera, professor of botany in Padua; 1688-1757. Stem.—Rather stout, two to three feet high, one-leaved, with several sheathing bract-like leaves at the base. Leaves.—With many parallel veins, ovate, cordate-sagittate, the apex and the basal lobes obtuse; basal lobes often with long narrow appendages; radical leaves long-petioled. Spadix and Inflorescence.—Glandular-pubescent. Flowers——Terminal, ephemeral, numerous, borne on a spadaceous spike; blue; trimorphous. Perianth.—Funnel-shaped, two-lipped, tube slightly curved; upper lip of three ovate lobes, the middle lobe longest; the lower lip of three linear spreading lobes. Stamens.—Six, borne at unequal distances upon the perianth tube, three of them opposite the lower lip; the others opposite the upper lip. _ Ovary.—Three-celled, two cells abortive and empty, oblong, tapering into the style; stigma minutely toothed. Fruit.—Enclosed in the thickened base of the perianth. To one who, as a child, played and fished in northern streams the Pickerel-weed suggests long summer days, clear slow-flowing water, trout and pickerel hidden among the weeds of the brook- 12 PICKEREL-WEED side or pond. The plant still stands in its ancient home, but of late years it has also come into the water-garden and made the acquaintance of civilization. It is an interesting creature, lifting Pickerel-weed. Pontedéria cordata up above the water and the weeds one large, blunt arrowhead of a leaf on a stem crowned with a showy spike of bright-blue ephemeral blossoms—blue from tip to toe—perianth blue, filaments, an- thers, and style, all blue—with but one tiny dash of yellow within each open cup. The flowering season is long, beginning in June, and October is toward its close before the end comes. 13 LILIACEA—LILY FAMILY The Lily Family is one of the large botanical groups. In it the calyx and corolla so nearly resemble each other and are so often more or less united, that they are usually called by a single name—perianth; that is, floral envelope. This perianth-has six divisions. The stamens are six, one opposite each division of the perianth. The ovary is three-celled, always free from, and in position above, the base of the perianth. The fruit is a pod or berry; usually many-seeded. The family includes the Lily, Tulip, Hyacinth, Squill, Funkia, and Yucca, together with other genera not so well known. LILY Lilium. Lilium, an ancient Latin name of unknown meaning. The genus Lilivm is the type of the order Liliacee and contains about forty-five species of perennial bulbous plants mostly native to the north temperate zone. The larger part of our best garden species come to us either from western Asia or from Japan and China. None of the American species are especially successful in our gardens. Leaves.— Alternate or in whorls, variable in shape, often bearing bulb- lets in the axils. Flowers.—Funnel-form or bell-shaped, nodding or erect. The peri- anth is a combination of sepals and petals, three each; the sepaloids can be detected by their habit of overlapping the petaloids; there is often some slight difference in form; all are nectar-bearing. Stamens.—Six, attached more or less to the base of the segments; filaments long and slender, bearing at their tips the swinging anthers heavy with pollen. 14 LILY Ovary.—Superior, that is, above the base of the perianth; three- celled; style long and slender; stigma club-shaped, three-lobed. Fruit.—A three-celled, many-seeded capsule. Lilies are not so extensively cultivated as theit beauty would seem to warrant, and the explanation, doubtless, is that in several respects they are peculiar plants and require especial treatment. The bulbs differ materially from the bulbs of tulips or hyacinths, in that they are composed of many overlapping fleshy scales; that is, the bulb leaves are broken off, do not wrap round each other closely and make a compact mass, but are separate and loose. Hence, in a way, the heart of the Lily bulb is open to the air and is easily injured by careless exposure. Furthermore, the Lily needs a moist, cool root-run and that is one reason why it is well to plant it among shrubs. In the case of most bulbs the fibrous roots start only from the base; this is plainly seen in any hyacinth forced in a glass. But when the Lily bulb becomes established it sends out roots from above as well as from below, and it is these roots that feed upon the surface soil and these are the ones that suffer most in heat and drought. Failure to understand this characteristic is at the bot- tom of much failure in Lily culture. The books divide the Lilies into six groups or sub-genera; five of which have representatives among our familiar garden species; the sixth is a central Asian group, rarely cultivated in this country. In the first stand the Madonna and Easter Lilies, marked by a funnel-shaped perianth, with oblanceolate segments which re- curve only at the tip. The second finds a representative in our native Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum, whose upright cup takes in the sunshine unabashed. This group is marked by either single or umbellate flowers, the perianth erect and spreading; the segments recurved only in the extended flower but not rev- olute; the stamens diverging from a straight style. In the gar- den, Lilium elegans is one of the best of this type. The third group includes the well-known and highly prized Tiger Lily, as well as the two beautiful Japan Lilies, Lilium speciosum and Lilium auratum. It is marked by a funnel-form 15 LILY FAMILY perianth whose segments finally spread or twist and become distinctly revolute; they are usually papillose within, and the stamens diverge from a curved style. The fourth group is well defined by our nativé Turk’s Cap, Lilium superbum, with its strongly nodding flowers, its very revolute perianth segments, and the stamens diverging from a curved style. The beautiful Meadow Lily, Lilium canadense, which in midsummer lights up our northern lowland meadows with its nodding bells, is our best example of the fifth group. There are many species and more variants; yet, notwithstand- ing all the variations of size, color, inflorescence, leaves, and stems, the lily type of flower remains unchanged. A Lily is a Lily all the world over. WHITE LILY. MADONNA LILY. Lilium céndidum. Native of southern Europe and western Asia; long in cultivation. Bulb.—Ovoid, large. Stem.—Two to four feet high, erect, stiff. Stem-leaves.—Scattered, sessile, acute, bract-like above. Flowers.—Six to twenty-five in a raceme; pure-white, fragrant. In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea. —Jvu1ta Warp Howe. The great white lily with his chalice of silver, the old lord of the garden, the only authentic prince whose nobility dates back to that of the gods themselves—the immemorial lily! —MAETERLINCK. Perhaps it is safe to say that this is the oldest and loveliest . lily in cultivation; certainly for more than a thousand years it has wrought upon the imagination of the people of Europe as the flower of the Madonna. Its exquisite shape, its snowy petals, its delicate fragrance, have made it the symbol of beauty, purity, and love. In sacred pictures, Gabriel kneeling before the Virgin bears it in his hand; smiling angels chant in heavenly choirs 16 MADONNA LILY Madonna Lily. Lilium céndidum LILY FAMILY amid its clustered bells, and no pictured saint but is ennobled by the presence of this matchless flower. With all these associations gathered about it, the plant was brought to this country to be our Easter Lily. But however the florist proposes, in the end the climate disposes. Outdoor bloom in April and May was obviously quite impossible and when forcing was attempted the plant proved wilful. Our best Madonna Lilies are now the outdoor product, blooming in June, thriving in any good soil and rejoicing in abun- dant light and air. The secret of success in their culture is to let them alone after they are once well established. EASTER LILY. BERMUDA LILY Lilium longiflorum var. eximium. Native to the temperate regions of Japan, China, and Formosa. Bulb.—Globose. Stem.—One to three feet high, erect. Leaves.—Scattered, abundant. Flowers.—Trumpet-shaped, nearly horizontal; fragrant; waxy-white; tube scarcely widened from base to middle. Until the early eighties the Easter Lily of America was the Madonna, Lilium candidum, the well-known white-flowered species of southern Europe. But the Madonna Lily did not take kindly to forcing—florists could never be quite certain when their lilies would bloom—and to have a fine crop come into mar- ket one or two weeks after Easter sometimes spelled ruin to the grower. Hence the introduction to the trade by William K. Harris, a Philadelphia florist, of the Bermuda Lily under the name Lilium Hrrisii, was hailed with enthusiasm. The new species, though received by way of Bermuda, had long been known to botanists as a lily of China and Japan. This, however, was quite immaterial to the florist, the name was nothing, the native land was even less; here was a white lily that could be relied upon to come when called, and that was everything. 18 EASTER LILY The new species had larger flowers and more of them than the Madonna Lily; it was two months earlier, requiring only thirteen weeks for development under favorable conditions; and, best of all, it took kindly to forcing-house temperature. For a few years its vogue was tremendous, its position unrivalled. It adorned the pack of Santa Claus, it lay upon the altars of Easter, it wreathed the soldiers’ monu- ments on Decoration Day. Thousands of bulbs were im- ported from Bermuda and from Japan. But the effort to comply with the demand for early bloom wrought destruction to the Ber- muda crop; the bulbs were not allowed time to ripen and the entire crop became for a time seriously diseased. This, of course, was a passing condition. Under the general title of Easter Lily there is now offered’ by the trade not only Lilium Harrisii, which is the Bermuda variety, but Lilium longiflorum, the original type; also, a species from the Philippines. When this lily is in the shops the flowers are usually mutilated; frequently not only the anthers but all the stamens are removed. There are two reasons for this: one, the abundant pollen which would soon be scattered over the inner surface of the flower and so mar its exquisite whiteness; the other, that if fertilization is prevented the life of the flower is extended; the florist knows that the flower lasts longer even if he does not know the reason why. There are those who will not buy mutilated lilies, but their number is small. Easter Lily. Lilium longiflorum var. eximium 19 LILY FAMILY WOOD LILY. RED LILY Lilium philadélphicum. The only native lily of the North whose bells are not recurved. Pre- fers dry or sandy ground; and ranges from New England south to North Carolina, and west to the Mississippi. Bulb.—Annual, rhizomatous, small, with few thick, brittle scales, Stem.—Erect, leafy, one to three feet high. : Leaves.—Lanceolate or lance-linear, in whorls of five to eight. Flowers.—One to three at the summit of the stem; opening upward; the six segments narrowing to a stem-like slenderness toward the base. Color varying from orange-scarlet to scarlet-orange and paler, more or less spotted with purple-brown on the inner part of the cup. The Wood Lily is our native representative of the second sub- genus of lilies, of which Lilium élegans and Lilium céncolor are excellent garden forms. One finds it on midsummer days a blaze of orange and scarlet amid the grass and weeds of upland meadows, or glowing like a lamp in the shadow of the hill forest. It is our one lily whose petals do not recurve, whose cup is open to the sun—lily to its heart’s inmost core—nevertheless, ‘it neither droops nor nods; it is erect, upright, unyielding. UPRIGHT LILY Lilium élegans. Bulb.—Perennial, ovoid. _ Stem.—One to two feet high, stiff, erect, slightly cobwebby, or some- times nearly glabrous. Leaves.—Scattered or crowded, lanceolate, five to seven-nerved. Flowers.—One to five, erect, spreading; segments oblong, spatulate, usually self-colored in yellow or orange-red, sometimes more or less dotted. June. Lilium elegans is a Japanese lily much cultivated under a variety of forms and of names. In the type the flower is self-col- 20 UPRIGHT LILY Upright Lily. Lilium élegans LILY FAMILY ored in a range of orange, yellow, and red, without spots; but in its hybrids and variants it appears more or less spotted. The one essential is the poise of the flower cup; the petals do not recurve, as the blossom opens they spread. The short, sturdy stem often bears five flowers all clustered at the summit. JAPANESE LILY. SHOWY LILY Lilium specidsum. One of the most beautiful of the lilies of Japan, now appearing in many varieties. Bulb.—Perennial, globose. Stem.—One to three feet high, stiff. Leaves.—Scattered, lance-ovate or oblong; five to seven-nerved; slightly petioled. Flowers.—Fragrant; borne in panicled racemes; segments reflexed and somewhat twisted; white, suffused with pink, and spotted with red dots and warty projections inside. Stamens.—Spreading; with large chocolate anthers. Lilium speciosum with its varieties, rubrum and dlbum, is a very satisfactory lily for the hardy garden. It is thrifty, its foliage graceful, the habit of the plant self-reliant, and the flowers charm- ing in shape and beautiful in color. The florists’ custom of mutilat- ing lilies, depriving them of their stamens and sometimes of both stamens and pistils, so disfigures them that it is quite impossible to obtain a correct idea of their grace and beauty from specimens bought in the shops. To know a lily well one must grow it. The variety rubrum is considered more vigorous than the type, as well as more beautiful. 22 JAPANESE LILY Japanese Lily. Lilium speciosum LILY FAMILY GOLD-BANDED LILY Lilium auratum. Native of Japan, brought into western cultivation in 1862. Bulb.—Perennial, globose. Stem.—Two to four feet high. Leaves.—Scattered, five-nerved. Flowers.—In a short raceme, with bractiolate pedicels, spreading; segments reflexed and somewhat twisted, white, more or less marked Gold-banded Lily. Lilium auratum with bands of yellow and spots of carmine or dull-red; at the base thickly studded with fleshy excrescences. Stamens.—Long, with large chocolate anthers. Style.—Long, with deep-red stigma. There is in this splendid lily that has come to us out of the East, an air of distinction as if belonging to a caste apart. Unques- tionably the most magnificent lily of the genus—superb, regal, in- comparable—one may marshal all the adjectives and yet fall 24 TIGER LILY te Tiger Lily. Lilium tigrinum LILY FAMILY short of its royal perfection. Ten to twelve inches from tip to tip, its white petals thickly fretted with deep-red, and a gold band running lengthwise through each, with chocolate-colored anthers and a red-tipped pistil to lend an added charm to the lily bell. The plant is a true Oriental—difficult to grow—a little wilful— doing well—doing ill—not as yet quite comprehended—possibly beyond the reach of the amateur—unwilling, as yet, to make its home in the West. TIGER LILY Lilium tigrinum. A thoroughly old-fashioned and very useful plant which lives and thrives from year to year in the open border, where it should be planted’ in masses. China and Japan. Bulb.—Perennial, globose. Stem.—Three to five feet high; greenish-purple or dark-brown. Leaves.—Sessile, deep-green, scattered, lanceolate, five to seven- nerved, the lower ones enlarging more at the apex. . Bulblets—Appear in the axils of the upper leaves, adhering to the stem at first, finally falling off to produce new plants. Flowers.—Large, three to ten or more in a wide, panicled raceme, nodding; segments recurved, bright red-orange, thickly dotted with large dark spots. ; The Tiger Lily from eastern Asia was probably the first lily brought to this country, as the lists of old-time garden flowers always include it. The type has been improved, and a plant of great natural dignity and beauty, now under the guise of tigrinum spléndens, represents the older form. The plants are easily recognized by the little black bulblets in the axils of the leaves. hg 8 26 TURK’S CAP LILY TURK’S CAP LILY Lilium supérbum. Our most vigorous and picturesque native lily; its habitat extends from Canada to Georgia and west to the Mississippi. Should be culti- vated among shrubbery. Bulb.—Large, rhizomatous. Siem.—Three to six feet high; tall, erect. Leaves.—Lanceolate, pointed; three to five-nérved; lower leaves whorled, upper more or less scattered. ‘ Flowers.—Nodding; ten to forty in a pyramidal paniculate raceme; bright red-orange with numerous-dark:purple spots inside; segments lanceolate, acute, strongly recurved. * The Turk’s Cap Lily is found rarely enough in its extended habitat to make the finding—certainly the first finding—an event. To come upon a slender leafy pillar crowned by a score of nodding lily bells in a fence corner whose possibilities you thought you knew absolutely, is like finding an alert ivory-billed woodpecker under the maples in your city lot, or a tired loon in your country barn-yard, or the Grass of Parnassus when you are out for Goldenrod, or a bright blue’ violet , in Jate November. All these things happen, and the day ‘they happenis memorable. The segments of the mature blossoni are greatly recurved, the brown anthers swing free, and the half-nodding orange cup is freckled with brownish-purple spots. This is our best representa- tive of the Martagon type of lily, and is worthy-of cultivation. It should be planted among high shrubs and it will climb to light and sunshine. MEADOW LILY. WILD YELLOW LILY Lilium’ canadénse. The familiar, nodding lily of northern meadows. Its range extends from New Brunswick to Georgia and west to the Mississippi; prefers moist lowlands. June, July. 27 LILY FAMILY a A DAY LILY DAY LILY Hemerocdllis fiulva. Hemerocallis, Greek, from hemera, day, and kallos, beauty—beauti- ful for a day. A tall, robust, lily-like plant, which has escaped from cultivation and borders roadsides and streams, flourishes in meadows and on abandoned house sites. Native of Europe and Asia. Blooms from June to September. Root.—Perennial, fleshy, fibrous. Leaves.—Linear, keeled, eighteen to twenty-four inches long. Flowers.—In loose corymbs of six to twelve at the summit of leafless scapes three to five feet high; tawny-orange, opening for a day. Perianth.—Funnel-shaped, lily-like, the short tube enclosing the ovary; the spreading limb six-parted; the sepaloid lobes narrower than the petaloid lobes. Stamens.—Six inserted at the summit of the perianth tube; filaments long and slender; stigma club-shaped. Capsule-—Three-celled, many-seeded. This plant is not misnamed; its flowers are beautiful and live but for a day, yet as the succession is continuous the flowering period is extended. The books call the blossom tawny-orange, and as you look down into the cup you see a heart of dull yellow which deepens at the point where the segments curve and lightens again as the color runs to the tips. The result is dull orange on a base of yellow. The sepaloid segments are readily distinguished by shape as well as by position. The long orange filament bears anthers heavily loaded with pollen and the style is a slender yellow wand four inches long, extending far beyond the pollen zone. Evidently cross-fertilization is desired. What is to be done, how- ever, must be done quickly, for opening under the stimulus of the rising sun the blossom dies with his departing rays; and the flower erst so lovely becomes a mass of decay on the parent stem. These tawny lovers of the sun live their own lives, freed both from the protection and the domination of man. They gather at the road- 45 LILY FAMILY side; you find them in the tangle with the milkweeds and the teasel; they border the meadows; they mass themselves in old dooryards; they are beautiful, wild, and free. Gardeners recom- mend them for planting among shrubbery, doubtless because of their ability to take care of themselves. The Lemon Lily, Hemerocallis flava, is structurally the same as Hemerocallis fulva, but more delicate, with nar- rower leaves and clear, pale-yellow, fragrant flowers. One finds it a most satisfactory garden plant, on account of its beauty, its early bloom, and its ability to live without coddling. The race is hardy, and : though this one has not as yet become a wanderer like its tawny blood-brother, it may any day leap the garden wall and attain freedom. The trade offers variants of both forms in singles and in doubles, and the two are the oldest cultivated representatives of the genus. Lemon Lily. Hemerocéllis flava TORCH LILY. KNIPHOFIA Kniphéfia aloides. Kniphofia, named in honor of Prof. Kniphof, of Erfurt; 1704-1763. A plant known in the trade as Tritoma, as well as Kniphofia. Native to southern Africa. September. Root.—A rhizome with numerous thickish root-fibres. Leaves.—Sword-shaped, two to three feet long, keeled, glaucous, scabrous on the margin, growing in a tuft. 46 YUCCA Flowers.—Red and yellow, borne in a many-flowered, terminal spike. Perianth.—Cylindrical, an inch or more long, six-toothed. Stamens.—Six, protruding. Ovary.—Three-celled; style thread-like; stigma minute. Capsule—Three-celled, several-seeded. Kniphofia is one of the most unique plants in general cultiva- tion, and rejoices in several common names—Red-Hot-Poker, Flame Flower, Poker Plant, Torch Lily—all emphasizing the spectacular effect of its cylin- drical spike of blazing blossoms, a veritable flame mixture of red and orange and yellow. The genus is African, and although there are several species in cultivation, aloides with its hybrids and variants is the favorite. The long, narrow, keeled leaves form a tuft from whose centre rise several scapes two to three feet high, each crowned by a spike four to eight inches long, of perhaps a hundred tubu- lar, drooping flowers, glowing in fiery red and yellow. The trade advertises many different varieties, but at heart they are all aloides. YUCCA. ADAM’S NEEDLE Yucca filamentosa. Yucca, an Indian name without application Torch Lily. Kniphafia to this flower; given by mistake. aloides The hardy species of Yucca which fruits in cultivation at the North. Native to the Southern States. June. Leaves.—Borne upon a short trunk; evergreen, long, narrow, spiny- pointed; rather weak, somewhat concave, with slender, curly, margi- nal fibres. Flower-Stem.—Three to four feet high, bearing a loose, long-stalked panicle of cream-white nodding bells. , Perianith.—Of six oval, acute, distinct segments; the three inner broader than the outer. 47 LILY FAMILY Stamens.—Six, shorter than the perianth. Ovary.—Oblong; stigmas’ three, sessile. Capsule.—Oblong, three-lobed, many-seeded. Yucca is a genus comprising a few liliaceous plants native to the semi-arid portions of the United States and Mexico. A few species are hardy at the North; Yucca glasica, whose home is the Rocky Mountain region and the Western Plains, flowering early in June; and Yucca filamentosa, native to our Southern States, are the two most satisfactory in our Northern gardens. The effect of a blooming bed of Yuccas, when properly placed, is particularly good; but the stiff tropical habit of the plant does not harmonize with softer vegetation. If one would know the Yucca in its best estate, one must see its blooming panicles by moonlight, for it is the moon’s own flower. The mass of nodding bells, comparatively dull and opaque by day, by moonlight are transfigured and fairly radiate a soft, silvery lustre impossible to describe. One of the most extraordinary cases of the mutual dependence of an insect and a flower, says Campbell’s “‘ Text Book of Botany,” is found in the species of Yucca known by the common name of Yucca filamentosa, native to the southern Atlantic States, and common in gardens. This species depends for its pollina- tion upon a small nocturnal moth of the genus Pronuba. This moth deposits its eggs within the ovary of the Yucca, and the larvz feed upon the young seeds. In order that the flower may be fertilized so that the ovules will develop into the seeds necessary to nourish the larve, the moth deliberately collects a quantity of pollen, which it pushes into the cavity at the apex of the stigma, thus insuring the fertilization of the ovules. In this species of Yucca it is absolutely necessary, in order that seeds may be formed, for the moth to do this, and if the insect is absent the flowers will all re- main sterilé. The larve of the Pronuba do not destroy all the seeds; a considerable number remain unigjured and mature in the ripe capsule. 48 Yucca. Ydcca filamentosa LILY FAMILY WILD ONION. ALLIUM , Allium cérnuum. Allium, the ancient Latin name of the garlic. Bulb.—Coated, onion-scented. Leaves.—Linear, flattened, sharply keeled. Scape.—Angular, nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping, few to many-flowered umbel of pale pink or purple flowers, from a scarious spathe. Perianth.—Of six segments, united only at the base. Stamens.—Six; filaments slendér, exserted. Ovary.—Crested; style slender. Capsule.—Crested, three-lobed. The Alliums are a genus of strong-scented and pungent herbs; the leaves and stems arise from a coated bulb; and the flowers Wild Onion. - Allium cérnuum appear in a simple umbel, wrapp