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Cornell University 


The original of this book is in 
the Cornell University Library. 


There are no known copyright restrictions in 
the United States on the use of the text. 


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024544771 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA: 


THE GAMOPETALA, 


BEING 


A Seconp Eprrion or Vou. I. Parr II., anp Vou. II. Part I., coL_ecrep. 


By ASA GRAY, LLD., 


F.M.R S.&L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. ; 
Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, p 
Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France. 


FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


Published by the Smithsonian Unstitution, GAashington. 


NEW YORK: 
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 


LONDON: WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND, 
AND TRUBNER & CO. 


LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL 
JANUARY, 1886. 


5 


A: 20606 


CORNELL’ 
‘UNIVERSITY| : 
\ LIBRARY 


University Press: 
JOHN WILSON AND Son, CAMBRIDGE. 


NOTICE 


EXPERIENCE having shown that some years must elapse before this work 
can be completed, and a new impression of the part first published Gn 
1878) being called for, it is expedient now to issue the two parts, which 
together comprise all the Gamopetalous Dicotyledons, in the form of a 
single voirme, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Both parts have been corrected, as far as could well be done upon 
the electrotype plates; a supplement of eleven pages is added to the very 
recently published Volume I. Part II., and its full index has been made 
anew. The tabular enumeration of the contained genera and species has 
been transferred to the end of the Gamopetale. To Volume II. Part I., a 
supplement of seventy pages is added, and a few pages have been recast; a 
tabular enumeration of all the gamopetalous genera and species is appended, 
and a complete index of genera, species, synonyms, &c.,— making an 


extension from 402 to about 500 pages. 


HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 
January 1, 1886. 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Diviston II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 


PERIANTH consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or 


less gamopetalous. (Exceptions: A part of Hricacee, Plumbaginacee, 
Styracacee, and Oleacee have unconnected petals; some Oleacee, &c., 


ar 


e apetalous.) 


GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 


* Ovary inferior or mainly so: stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with 
its lobes, and 
+ Unconnected: leaves opposite or whorled. 


69. CAPRIFOLIACEH, Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linnea, 


70. 


72. 


73. 


doubled by division in Adoxa). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite: stipules none, 
or rare as appendages to base of petiole. 

RUBIACE. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with 
two or more cells or placente. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire, 
with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without stipules, 
the additional leaves probably representing them. 


. VALERIANACE. Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with 


one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and 
commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules. 

DIPSACACE. Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four. 
Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous 
seed, Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 


+ + Stamens with anthers connate into a tube. 


COMPOSIT. Syngenesious stamens as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some- 
times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous 
seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Flowers in involucrate 
heads. No stipules. : 

1 


2 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS, 


« * Ovary either inferior or superior, two-several-celled: stamens free from 
the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its 
lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them: no stipules. 
(Orders from these onward are in Vol. II. Part I.) 


+ Juice milky except in the first order: corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate 
in the bud. 


74, GOODENIACEZ. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments 
distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky. 

75. LOBELIACE. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona- 
delphous or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not indusiate. Cells of ovary or placentz 
two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence 
centripetal. 

76. CAMPANULACEA. Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinct. 
Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen- 
collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky 
and bland. (Exception : Sphenoclea.) 


+ + Juice not milky nor acrid: corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some- 
times convolute in the bud. 


77. ERICACEA. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra~pentamerous through- 
out: corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 
distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the 
ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the 
calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided. 


* * * Ovary superior, many-celled: stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes 
of the hypogynous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube. 


78. LENNOACE. Root-parasites. 


*« * * * Ovary superior: stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same 
number as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them: flowers 
regular. 


+ Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base: 
seeds small. 


80. PLUMBAGINACE. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in 
Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or com- 
pletely distinct unguiculate petals. Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene or 
utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby. 

81. PRIMULACEA,. Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla 
(or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes): stam- 
inodia only in Samolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta. 
Fruit capsular. Herbs. 

82. MYRSINACEA. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or 
very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta: otherwise as Primulacee., 


GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 3 


+ + Ovary few-several-celled, with solitary oyules in the cells, usually only 
one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp. 

83. SAPOTACE. Shrubs or trees, mostly with milky juice and alternate simple 
leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra—heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much 
imbricated in the bud; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appendages within, 
sometimes petaloid staminodia also. 


* * * * * Ovary inferior or superior, few-several-celled: cells of the fruit 
one-seeded: stamens at least twice as many as the petals or lobes of the 
corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their 
base or tube: flowers regular: shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves, 
sometimes a resinous but no milky juice. 


84. EBENACEX. Flowers dicecious or polygamous; the male ones polyandrous. 
Ovary superior and corolla hypogynous. Styles as many or half as many as the 
cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few 
large seeds with bony testa and cartilaginous albumen. 

85. STYRACACE. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous 
cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer 
stamens monadelphous in a single series. Style and stigma entire. Corolla epigy- 
nous, in Styrax perigynous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one-four-seeded, when dehiscent 
the seed bony: albumen fleshy. 


* * * * * * Ovary or gyncecium superior, dicarpellary, or in some monocar- 
pellary, very rarely tri-pentacarpellary, sometimes appearing to be tetra- 
carpellary by the division of the two ovaries: stamens borne on the corolla 
(in apetalous Oleacee, &c., on the receptacle), alternate with its divisions 
or lobes, of the same number or fewer. 


+ Corolla not scarious and veinless, 


++ Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals, or no corolla: style 
one: seeds solitary or very few. 

86. OLEACE. Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves : no stipules, 
no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate with the carpels ; these two-ovuled, 
or sometimes four-ovuled : seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Jorestiera and part of 
Frazinus apetalous and even achlamydeous. : 


++ ++ Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions, five or four. 


= Ovaries two (follicular in fruit); their stigmas and sometimes styles perma- 
nently united into one: plants with milky juice: flowers hermaphrodite: 
leaves simple, entire. ‘ 
87. APOCYNACEZ. Stamens distinct, or the anthers merely connivent or lightly co- 
hering: pollen ordinary. Style single. 
88. ASCLEPIADACEA. Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached 
to a large stigmatic body: pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometimes granu- 
lose masses. Carpels united only by the common stigmatic mass. - 


_ GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 


= = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94. 


= = = Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five) 
cells or placenta: stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate). 

a. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line 
connecting their bases: no milky juice. 


89. LOGANIACEA. Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled : style single, but stigmas occa- 


90. 


79. 


91. 


92. 


sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous: embryo rather small, in copious 
albumen. 


b. Leaves with no trace of stipules: milky juice only in Convolvulacee. 


GENTIANACEA. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in Menyan- 
thee. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled: placente or ovules parietal. 
Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, i. e. dehiscent through the 
placentz or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu- 
men. Herbage smooth. 

DIAPENSIACEA,. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary, 
three-celled, as also the loculicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu- 
mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous: in 
some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in- 
flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent. Calyx and corolla imbri- 
cated in the bud. Style one: stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. 
Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials. 

POLEMONIACEZ. Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary 
tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule, 
with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five, 
distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla; the latter convolute in the bud, 
the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit: stigmas in- 
trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen. 

HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided. 
Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla 
five-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct. 
Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style (with one exception) two-parted or two- 
lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introfiexed pla- 
cent, each bearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal) 
seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placente in the axis. Seeds 
with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in 
solid albumen. 


. BORRAGINACEA, Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt 


to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cymose, commonly in the scorpioid 
mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac- 
teate false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or 
convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming 
tetramerous, being of four (i. e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style, 
maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets; or ovary not lobed, two—four- 
celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli- 
tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen: radicle superior 
or centripetal. 


GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5 


94. CONVOLVULACEH. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or 
trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun- 
cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four—five-lobed 
or commonly entire margin, plicate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes 
induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with 
a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds 
(these sometimes separated by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or 
hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle- 
dons (in Cuscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little 
or no albumen : radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries. 

95. SOLANACEA. Leaves alternate, sometimes unequally geminate. Inflorescence 
various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or 
border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled 
(occasionally three-five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placentw in the 
axis: style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved 
or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel- 
dom much broader than the radicle. 


++ ++ ++ Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (#); its lobes variously 
imbricaté or convolute, or sometimes almost regular: stamens fewer than 
corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two: style undivided: stigma 
entire or two-lobed or bilamellar; the lobes anterior and posterior: ovary 
in all dicarpellary ; the cells-or carpels anterior and posterior. 


= Pluriovulate or multiovulate. 


96. SCROPHULARIACEZ. Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placente occu- 
pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in- 
definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in 
copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle. 

97. OROBANCHACE. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many- 
ovuled placente. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having 
no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage. 

98. LENTIBULARIACEZ. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multiovulate pla- 
centa: globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen, 
filled by a solid oblong embryo. Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens 
two: anthers confluently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or 
scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless. 

99. BIGNONIACEZA. Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition 
beyond the two parietal placente, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds 
numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo : 
cotyledons broad and foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal 
notch including the short radicle: no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing, 
large-flowered : leaves commonly opposite. 

100. PEDALIACE. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placente, which 
are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from 
the walls. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, with 
thick and close testa, filled by the large straight embryo: cotyledons thickish. Herbs, 
with mainly opposite simple leaves ; juice mucilaginous. 


6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 


101. ACANTHACEA. Ovary two-celled, with placente in the axis, bearing a definite 
number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule. 
Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Hlytraria), either globular 
on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat 
cotyledons, 

== = Cells of the ovary uniovulate or biovulate. 


102. SELAGINACEA. Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu- 
men : radicle inferior. Leaves alternate. 

103. VERBENACEA. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in 
Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or 
half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior. 

104. LABIATA. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry 
seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with 
little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Commonly aromatic herbs or undershrubs, 


+ + Corolla scarious and nerveless: flowers tetramerous, regular. 


105. PLANTAGINACEA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one-two-celled : cells 
sometimes again divided by a false septum. Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate, 
with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one- 
many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves. 


CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 7 


OrperR LXTX. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 


Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally 
destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow- 
ers; calyx-tube adnate to the 2—5-celled or by suppression I-celled ovary; sta- 
mens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linnea one fewer, in Adoxa doubled) 
and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base; embryo small in the axis 
of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatro- 
pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat 
adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous. 


Tripe I. SAMBUCEZ. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed. 
Style short or hardly any: stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells. Fruit 
baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose. 


* Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order. 


1. ADOXA. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary; limb 
about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, 
each with a peltate one-celled anther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united 
at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-celled: style short, 3-5-parted. Ovule 
suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut- 
lets. Cauline leaves a single pair; radical ones and scales of the rootstock alternate ! 


* * Frutescent to arborescent: inflorescence compound-cymose: flowers articulated with 
their pedicels: stamens as many as corolla-lobes: anthers 2-celled: calyx 5-toothed. 


2. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5- 
celled, forming small baccate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly 
the length of the albumen. 

3. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. 
Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or 
stone. Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate. 


Tribe II. LONICEREZ. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly more 
or less irregular. Style elongated: stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stipules 
or stipular appendages seldom seen. 


* Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit. 


4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5- 
lobed; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4-5-) celled, with a single 
suspended ovule in each cell: style slender: stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a- fleshy drupe, crowned 
with the persistent calyx-lobes: putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4 
or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets. 


* * Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded 
fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 


5. LINN 4A. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the 
globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al- 
most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled; two 
of the cells containing several abortive ovules; one with a solitary suspended ovule, forming 
the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted: 
stigma capitate. 

* * * Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing: fruit 2-many-seeded: style slen- 
der : stigma capitate, often 2-lobed. 


6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb. 
Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as 


8 CAPRIFOLIACEA. Adoxa. 


many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled; two cells contain- 
ing a few sterile ovules: alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo- 
bose berry-like drupe, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a 
seed; sterile cells soon obliterated. ; 

7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb. 
Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base; the limb irregular and 
commonly bilabiate ({), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few- 
several-seeded berry. . 

8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily 
deciduous lobes. Corolla funnelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu- 
late), inconspicuously gibbous at base; a globular epigynous gland within occupying the 
gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube 
or throat of the corolla: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at- 
tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 


1. ADOXA, L. (From &£oégos, obscure or insignificant.) — Single species, 
an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order. 


A. Moschatéllina, L. (Moscnarey.) Glabrous and smooth: stem and once to thrice 
ternately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock : cauline 
pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets: flowers small, greenish- 
white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule: corolla of the terminal one 
4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft: drupe merely succulent: odor of plant musky. — Lam. 
I. t. 320; Geertn. Fruct. t.112; Schk. Handb. t.109; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 649. — Subalpine, 
under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains to Colo 
rado. (Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 


2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Exper. (Classical Latin name, said by some 
to come from capPv«n, a stringed musical instrument.) — Suffrutescent to arbo- 
rescent (in both Old and New World); with large pith to the vigorous shoots, 
imparipinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous) 
in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. 
Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species; but stipels not rare. Flowers 
occasionally polygamous, produced in summer. 


* Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral 
primary branches, these mostly trifid and again bifid or trifid: pith of year-old shoots deep 
yellow-brown: no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves ; early flowering 
and fruiting. 

S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks: branches 
spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong : 
flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), oily: nutlets mi- 
nutely punctate-rugulose. — Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. Fl. i. 181; DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13; 
Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. S. pubescens, Pers. Syn. 
i. 328; Pursh, FI. i. 204. — Rocky banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of 
Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- 
fornia. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. arboréscens, Torr. & Gray,l.c. A form with leaflets closely serrate with 
strong lanceolate teeth. — Washington Terr. to Sitka. 

Var. laciniata, Kocu, with leaflets divided into 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or 
laciniate segments, occurs on south shore of L. Superior, Austin. 

S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5 to 7, 
rarely 9: cyme convex, as broad as high: flowers white: fruit black, without bloom: 
otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76.— Ravines of the Rocky Moun- 
tains of Montana ( Watson) to those of E. Oregon (Cusick), south to the Wahsatch ( Watson), 


Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE. 9 


New Mexico (Fendler), and the Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, Bolander): a plant with 
foliage not unlike that of S. Canadensis. 


%* * Compound cymes depressed, 5-rayed; four external rays once to thrice 5-rayed, but the rays 
unequal, the two outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays 
smaller and at length reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers: pith of year-old shoots 
bright white: ‘‘ berries’ sweet, never red: nutlets punctate-rugulose. 


S. Canadénsis, L. Suffrutescent or woody stems rarely persisting to third or fourth year, 
5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves 
beneath : leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 
not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe: stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped 
with a callous gland: fruit dark-purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. — Spec. 
i. 269; Michx. Fl.i.281; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.13. S. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 141. S. hu- 
milis, Raf. Ann. Nat.13. S. glauca, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66 (not Nutt.), narrow-leaved 
form; Bot. Mex. Bound. 71.— Moist grounds, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, south 
to Florida, Texas, west to the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; fl. near mid- 
summer. Nearly related to S. nigra of Eu. 

Var. laciniadta. Leaflets or most of them once or twice ternately parted into lanceo- 
late divisions. — Indian River, Florida, Palmer. A still more dissected form, in waste 
places, Egg Harbor, Mfrs. Treat, may be S. nigra, var. laciniata, of the Old World. 

S. glatica, Nurr. Arborescent, 6 to 18 feet high; the larger forming trunks of 6 to 12 
inches in diameter, glabrous throughout : leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, ovate to narrowly oblong ; 
lower ones rarely 3-parted : stipels rare and small, subulate or oblong: fruit blackish, but 
strongly whitened with a glaucous mealy bloom, larger than in S. Canadensis. — Nutt. in 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278, in part. — 
Oregon and throughout California, common near the coast, eastward to Idaho and Nevada. 

S. Mexicana, Prest. Arborescent, with trunks sometimes 6 inches in diameter: leaves 
and young shoots pubescent (sometimes slightly so, sometimes cinereous or tomentulose- 
canescent) : leaflets, &c., nearly as preceding: fruit (as far as seen) destitute of bloom. — 
Presl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. S. glauca, 
Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. in part. S. velutina, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. 
v. 8.— California, from Plumas Co. southward to mountains of Arizona, and New Mexico 
on the Mexican border. Glabrate forms too near S. Canadensis. (Mex.) 


38. VIBURNUM, L. (Classical Latin name of the Wayrarinc-TRER, 
V. Lantana, of Europe.) — Shrubs or small trees (of various parts of the world) ; 
with tough and flexible branches, simple and not rarely stipulate or pseudo-stipu- 
late leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of mostly white flowers, produced in 
spring or early summer. — Viburnum and Opulus, Tourn. 


V. Tinus, L. (Tinus, Tourn., Gerst.), the Laurestinvs, cultivated from Europe, with puta- 
men not flattened and ruminated albumen, is left out of view in our character of the genus, as 
also the outlying forms with campanulate or more tubular corolla, upon which CEérsted (in 
Vidensk. Meddel. 1860) has founded genera, with more or less reason. The albumen in the 
N. American species is even, or obscurely ruminated in the first species. 


§ 1. Cyme radiant; marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas 
as in Hydrangea: drupes coral-red turning dark crimson or purple, not acid: puta- 
men sulcate: leaves pinnately straight-veined, scurfy: winter-buds naked. 


V. lantanoides, Micux. (Hozsrenusu.) Low and straggling, with thickish branches, 
sometimes 10 feet high, scurfy-pubescent on the shoots and inflorescence: leaves ample 
(when full grown 6 inches long), conspicuously petioled, rounded-ovate, abruptly acumi- 
nate, finely doubly serrate, membranaceous, minutely stellular-pubescent and glabrate 
above, rusty-scurfy beneath on the 10 or 12 pairs of prominent veins, and when young also 
on the very numerous transverse connecting veinlets: stipules small and subulate, or obso- 
lete: fruit ovoid, flattish ; the stone moderately flattened, 3-sulcate on one face, broadly and 
deeply sulcate on the other, and the groove divided by a strong median ridge, the edges also 


10 CAPRIFOLIACE. Viburnum. 


slightly suleate: seed reniform in cross section and somewhat lobed ; the albumen not rumi- 

nated. — Fl. i179; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.18; Audubon, Birds Amer. i. t. 148. V. alnifolium, 

Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. Lantana, var. grandiflorum, Ait. Kew. i. 372. V. grandifolium, 

Smith in Rees Cycl.—Moist woods, New Brunswick and Canada to N. Carolina in the 

higher mountains; fl. spring. (Japan ?) 

§ 2. Cyme radiant, or not so: drupes light red, acid, edible, globose: putamen 
very flat, orbicular, even (not sulcate nor intruded or costate): leaves palmately 
veined: winter-buds scaly. — Opulus, Tourn. 


V. Opulus, L. (Hicu Cranperry, Cranperry-Tree.) Nearly glabrous, occasionally 
pubescent, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves dilated, three-lobed, roundish or broadly cuneate at 
3-ribbed or pedately 5-ribbed base; the lobes acuminate, incisely dentate or in upper leaves 
entire: slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near summit, and usually setaceous 
stipules near base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branches, radiant. — 
‘Spec. i. 268; Ait. Kew. i. 373 (var. Americanum) ; Michx. Fl. i. 180 (vars.); Torr. & Gray, 
lc. V. trilobum, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. opuloides, Muhl. Cat. V. Oxycoccus & V. edule, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 203.—Swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Brit. 
Columbia and Oregon, and in Atlantic States south to Pennsylvania. Variable in foliage ; 
no constant difference from the European, which is cultivated, in a form with most flowers 
neutral, as SNowBALL and GUELDER Rosg. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

V. paucifi6drum, Pyzarz. Glabrous or with pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling: 
leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either obso- 
letely or distinctly 3-lobed (the lobes not longer than broad), about 5-nerved at base, loosely 
veiny: cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate 
with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers: stamens very 
short: fruit nearly of preceding. — Pylaie, Herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 17; Herder, Pl. 
Radd. iii. t.1, 1.3. V. acerifolium, Bong. Veg. Sitka, 144. —Cold moist woods, Newfound- 
land and Labrador, mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, west to Alaska and 
Washington Terr., southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. 

§ 3. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity. 

* Leaves palmately 3-5-ribbed or nerved from the base, slender-petiolate: stipules subulate-seta- 
ceous: pubescence simple, no scurf: primary rays of pedunculate cyme 5 to 7: filaments equal- 
ling the corolla. 

+ Pacific species: drupe oblong-oval, nearly half-inch long, bluish-black. 

V. ellipticum, Hoox. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: winter-buds scaly: leaves from orbicular- 
oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at 
length rather coriaceous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel: corol- 
las 4 or 5 lines in diameter: stone of fruit deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces ; the 
furrow of one face divided by a median ridge. — Hook. Fl. i. 280; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278. 
— Woods of W. Washington Terr. and Oregon (first coll. by Douglas), to Mendocino and 
to Placer Co., California, Kellogg, Mrs. Ames. 


+— + Atlantic species: drupe globular, quarter-inch long, bluish-purple or black when ripe: 
cyme mostly with a caducous involucre of 5 or 6 small and subulate or linear thin bracts. 


V. acerifélium, L. (Arrow-woop, Dockmacxkiz.)  Soft-pubescent, or glabrate with 
age, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender branches: winter-buds imperfectly scaly: leaves mem- 
branaceous, rounded-ovate, 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, and with 3 short 
and acute or acuminate divergent lobes (or some uppermost undivided), usually dentate to 
near the base (larger 4 or 5 inches long): cymes rather small and open: corolla 2 or 3 lines 
in diameter: stone of drupe lenticular, hardly sulcate on either side.— Spec. i. 268; Vent. 
Hort. Cels. t. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 180; Wats. Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 118 (poor); Hook. Fl. i. 280 
(partly); Torr. & Gray, l. v.17; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ii. t. 19.— Rocky and cool woods, 
New Brunswick to Michigan, Indiana, and N. Carolina. 

V. densifidrum, Cuapm. Lower, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves smaller (inch or two long) 
with mostly shorter lobes or sometimes none: cyme denser: involucrate bracts more con. 
spicuous and less caducous: stone of the drupe undulately somewhat 2-sulcate on one face 
and 3-sulcate on the other. —Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624.— Wooded hills, W. Florida, Chapman. 
Also, Taylor Co., Georgia, Neisler, a glabrate form. Too near V. acerifolium. 


Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEA, 11 


* * Leaves pinnately and conspicuously veiny with straight veins (impressed-plicate above, promi- 
nent beneath and the lowest pair basal), thinnish, coarsely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous: 
cymes pedunculate, about 7-rayed: stone of the drupe more or less sulcate. AnRow-Wwoop. 

+ Stone and seed flat, slightly plano-convex: leaves all short-petioled or subsessile. 


V. pubéscens, Prrsu. Slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong- or more broadly ovate, 
acute or acuminate, acutely dentate-serrate (14 to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 to 4 lines long, 
or upper hardly any), sott-tomentulose with simple downy hairs beneath, but varying to 
slightly pubescent (and in one form almost glabrous with upper face lucidulous) : peduncle 
generally shorter than the cyme: drupe oval, 4 lines long, blackish-purple, flattened when 
young; stone lightly 2-suleate on the faces, margins narrowly incurved, no intrusion on 
ventral face. — Fl. i. 202 (excl. habitat, and syn. Michx.); Torr. Fl. i. 320; DC. Prodr. 
iv. 326; Hook. Fl. i. 280; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206; CErst. 1. c. t. 7, 
fig. 21,22. 1. dentatum, var. pubescens, Ait. Kew. i. 372? 1. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, 
Michx. Fl. i. 179, in small part (spec. from L. Champlain). V. villosum, Raf. in Med. Rep. 
1808, & Desy. Jour. Bot. i. 228, not Swartz. V. Rafinesquianum, Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 
630.— Rocky ground, Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, west to Illinois, south to Stone 
Mountain, Georgia. (Not, as Pursh would have it, in the lower parts of Carolina.) 

“+ +- Stone deeply sulcate-intruded ventrally : transverse section of seed about three-fourths 
annular, with flattish back: leaves rather slender-petioled. . 


V.dentatum, L. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous or nearly 
so, no stellular pubescence: leaves from orbicular- to oblong-ovate, with rounded or sub- 
cordate base, acutely many-dentate (2 or 3 inches long); primary veins 8 to 10 pairs (some 
of them once or twice forked), often a tuft of hairs in their axil: peduncle generally longer 
than the cyme: drupe ovoid, three lines long, terete, bright blue, darker at maturity. — 
Spec. i. 268 ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t.36; Torr. 1.c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 25; Torr. & Gray, 
l.c., excl. var.; Gray, Man. lc. V. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Kew. 1. c.— Wet ground, 
chiefly in swamps, New Brunswick to Michigan, and south to the mountains of Georgia, 
Seems to pass into following, but the extremes widely different. 

V. molle, Micux. Young shoots, petioles, cymes, &c. beset with stellular pubescence : 
leaves orbicular or broadly oval to ovate, more crenately dentate, soft-pubescent at least 
beneath (larger 4 inches long); veins of the preceding or fewer: petioles shorter: drupe 
4 lines long, more pointed by the style: calyx-teeth more conspicuous. — Fl. i. 180, but 
foliage only seen; Gray, Man. ed. 3 & ed. 5, 206. V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. 
lc. in large part; Ell. Sk. i. 365. V. dentatum, var. ? scabrellum, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 16. 
V. seabrellum, Chapm. Fl. i. 72. — Coast of New England (Martha’s Vineyard, Bessey) to 
Texas: flowers at the north in summer, later than V. dentatum. 

* * * Leaves lightly or loosely pinnately veined, of firmer or somewhat coriaceous texture, 
petioled, mostly glabrous: stipules or stipule-like appendages none: mature drupes black or 
with a blue bloom, mealy and saccharine; the stone and seed flat or lenticular, plane: winter- 
buds of few and firm scales: petioles aud rays of the cyme mostly lepidote with some minute 
rusty scales or scurf. 

+— Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed: drupes globose-ovoid, 3 lines long: stone orbicular, flattened- 
lenticular: shrubs 5 to 8 or 12 feet high, in swamps. 

V. cassinoides, L. (Wirue-rop.) Shoots scurfy-punctate: leaves thickish and opaque 
or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1 to 3 inches 
long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire: peduncle shorter 
than the cyme. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 384 (pl. Kalm), excl. syn., at least of Mill. & Pluk.; Torr. 
FL. i.318; DC. Le. V. squamatum, Willd. Enum. i. 827; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 24. V. 
pyrifolium, Pursh, Fl. i. 201, not Poir. V. nudum, Hook. Fl. i. 279; Emerson, Trees of 
Mass. ed. 2, 411, t. 18. V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 14; Gray, Man. 1. c. 
— Swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New England to New Jersey and Pennsylvania : 
flowers earlier than the next. ; 

V. nidum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate: leaves more veiny, oblong or oval, sometimes 
narrower, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (commonly 2 to 4 inches long): 
peduncle usually equalling the cyme.— Spec. i. 268 (pl. Clayt.); Mill. Ic. t. 274; Willd. 
Spec. i. 1487; Michx. Fl. i.178; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2281; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., var. Claytont. 
— Swamps, New Jersey or S. New York to Florida and Louisiana: fl. summer, or southward 
in spring. 


12 CAPRIFOLIACES. Viburnum. 


- 


Var. angustifélium, Torr. & Gray, lc. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late. —V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. i. 371, ex. char. —N. Carolina to Louisiana. 

Var. grandifélium. Larger leaves 8 inches long, 4 wide.—E. Florida, Mrs. Treat. 

Var. serétinum, Ravenen, in Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 624. A strict or more simple- 
stemmed form, with foliage of the type, and smaller blossoms, produced in November ! — 
On the Altamaha River, near Darien, Georgia, Ravenel. 


+— -+— Compound cymes sessile, of 3 to 5 cymiferous rays, subtended by the upper leaves, 


a Many-flowered: trees or arborescent, 10 to 30 feet high: winter-buds minutely rusty-scurfy or 
downy, ovoid and acuminate: leaves ovate or oval, lucid, closely and acutely serrate, abruptly 
rather long-petioled : drupes comparatively large, oval, 5 to 7 lines long, when ripe sweetish 
and black or bluish from the bloom, with very flat stone. — Buack Haw, SHEEP-BERRY, 
Sweet VIBURNUM. 

V. Lentadgo, L. Often arboreous: leaves ovate, acuminate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), 
thickly beset with very sharp serratures: petioles mostly undulate-margined: larger winter- 
buds long-pointed, grayish. — Spec. i. 268; Michx. 1]. c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 21; Hook. 
l. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 15.— Woods and banks of streams, Canada to Saskatchewan, 
Missouri, and mountains of Georgia; fl. spring. 

V. prunifélium, L. Seldom arboreous: leaves from roundish to ovate or oval with little 
or no acumination and finer serratures (larger ones 2 or 3 inches long): petioles naked, or 
on strong shoots narrowly margined, these and the less pointed winter-buds often rufous- 
pubescent. — Spec. i. 268 (M€espilus prunifolia, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 4, f. 2); Michx. 1. ¢.; 
Duham. Arb. ii. t. 38 (Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 237); Torr. & Gray, ].c. V. pyrifolium, Poir. 
Dict. viii. 653; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 22.— Dry or moist ground, New York (and Upper 
Canada?) to Michigan, Illinois, and south to Florida, Texas, and Kansas: flowering early. 


++ ++ Cymes (3-4rayed) and the lucid coriaceous commonly entire leaves small. 


V. obovatum, Watt. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high: leaves from obovate to cuneate-spatulate 
or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, with some obsolete teeth or none (half-inch to thrice that 
length), narrowed at base into very short petiole: flowering cymes little surpassing the 
leaves: drupes oval, 5 lines long, black; stone thickish-lenticular, the faces obscurely sul- 
cate. — Walt. Car. 116; Pursh, Fl. i. 201; Ell. Sk. i. 366; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t 1476; DC. 
Prodr. iv. 326. V. cassinoides (Mill. Ic. t. 83%); Willd. Spec. i. 1491; Michx. Fl. i. 179, 
not L. V. levigatum, Ait. Kew. i. 371; Pursh, 1. c.; DC. 1. c. — Wooded banks of streams 
and swamps, Virginia to Florida in the low country. 


4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Frverworr, Horst-Genrian. (Name shortened 
by Linneus from Triosteospermum, Dill., meaning three bony seeds or stones 
to the fruit.) — Coarse perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America, one Japanese 
and one Himalayan); with simple stems, ample entire or sinuate leaves more 
or less connate at base, and pinnately veiny; the dull-colored sessile flowers in 
their axils, either single or 2 to 4 in a cluster, produced in early summer, fol- 
lowed by orange-colored and reddish drupes. In our species the foliaceous 
linear calyx-lobes are as long as the corolla (about half-inch), and longer than 
the fruit. — Lam. Ill. t. 150; Gaertn. Fruct. t. 26. TZriosteospermum, Dill. Elth. 
394, t. 2938. 


T. perfoliatum, L. Minutely soft-pubescent, or stem sometimes hirsute, stout, 2 to 4 feet 
high: leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, narrowed below either to merely connate or more 
broadened and connate-perfoliate base: corolla dull brownish-purple : nutlets of the drupe 
3-ribbed on the back. — Spec. i. 176; Schk. Handb. t.41; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 90, t.19; Bart. 
Veg. Mat. Med. t.4; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45; Torr. & Gray, Fl ii12. 7. majyus, 
Michx. FL. i. 107. — Alluvial or rich soil, Canada and New England to Ilinois and Alabama. 
— Also called TinKER’s-WEED, WILD CoFFEE, &c. 

T. angustifélium, L.1.c. Smaller: stem hirsute or hispid: leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
narrower, tapering above the more or less connate bases: corolla yellowish. — Torr. & Gray, 
lc. ZT. minus, Michx.1.c. Periclymenum herbaceum, &c., Pluk. Alm. t, 104, f. 2. — Shady 
grounds, Virginia to Alabama, Missouri, and Illinois. 


Symphoricarpos. CAPRIFOLIACE. 13 


5. LINNALA, Gronov. Twry-rLower. (Dedicated to Linneus.) — Gro- 


nov. in L. Gen. ed. i, 188. — Single species; fl. carly summer. ‘ 


L. borealis, Groxov. Trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, somewhat 
pubescent: leaves obovate and rotund, half-inch to inch long, crenately few-toothed, some- 
what rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles filiform, terminating ascending 
short leafy branches, bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a fili- 
form one-flowered pedicel, occasionally the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of 
flowers; pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular- 
hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over it or enclosing and even 
adnate to the akene-like fruit: flowers nodding: corolla purplish rose-color, rarely almost 
white, sweet-scented, half-inch or less long.—L. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, f. 4, & Spec. ii. 631; 
Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 171, t. 9, f.3; Fl. Dan. t. 3; Schk. Handb. t. 176; Lam. Ill. t. 536; Torr. 
& Gray, FL ii. 3. — Cool woods and bogs, New England to New Jersey and mountains of 
Maryland, north to Newfuundland and the Arctic Circle, westward in the Rocky Mountains 
to Colorado and Utah, the Sierra Nevada in Plumas Co., California, and northwest to 
Alaskan Islands; in Oregon, &c. Var. tonarriora, Torr. in Wilkes S. Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 
327, with longer and more funnelform corolla. (N. Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 


6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowserry, Inpray Currant. 
(2vpdopéw, to bear together, xaprds, fruit, the berry-like fruits mostly clustered 
or crowded.) — Low and branching shrubs (N. American and Mexican), erect 
or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire (occasionally undulate or lobed, 
very rarely serrate) and short-petioled leaves, scaly leaf-buds, and 2-bracteolate 
small flowers, usually crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely 
solitary, produced in summer; the corolla white or pinkish. — Dill., Elth. 371, 
t. 278; Juss..Gen. 211; DC. Prodr. iv. 338; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4; Gray, 
Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. Symphoria, Pers. Syn. i. 214. 


§ 1. Short-flowered: corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines 
long. 


* Style bearded: fruit red: flowers all in dense and short axillary clusters: corolla 2 lines long, 
glandular within at base. 


S. vulgaris, Micnx. (Corat-serry, Inpray Currant.) Soft-pubescent or glabrate: 
branches slender, often virgate, flowering from most of the axils: leaves oval, seldom over 
inch long, exceeding the (1 to 4) glomerate or at length spiciform dense flower-clusters in 
their axils: corolla sparingly bearded inside : fruits very small, dark red. — Fl. i. 106; DC. 
Prodr. iv. 339; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. ¢. 10. Symphoricarpos, 
Dill, lc. S. parviflora, Desf. Cat., &c. Lonicera Symphoricarpos, L. Spec. i.175. Symphoria 
conglomerata, Pers. 1. c. 3. glomerata, Pursh, Fl. i. 162.— Banks of streams and among 
rocks, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois, Nebraska, and Texas. 

Var. spicatus (5. spicatus, Engelm. in Pl. Lindh. ii. 215) is a form with fructiferous 
spikes more elongated, sometimes equalling the leaves. — Texas, Lindhewmer. 


%* * Style glabrous: fruit white, in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils. 


5S. occidentalis, Hoox. (Wotr-Berry.) Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent: leaves 
oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long): axillary flower-clusters not rarely peduncu- 
late, sometimes becoming spicate and inch long: corolla 3 lines high, 5-cleft to beyond the 
middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs: stamens and style more 
or less exserted. — F]. i. 285; Torr. & Gray in FI. ii. 4 Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. lc. Sym- 
phoria occidentalis, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Jour.— Rocky ground, Michigan to 
the mountains of Colorado, Montana (and Oregon 7), north to lat. 64°. 

S. racemosus, Micux. (Snow-Berry.) More slender and glabrous: leaves round-oval 
to oblong (smaller than in the preceding): axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest 
one-flowered: corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded 
within, narrowed at base: stamens and style not exserted.— Fl. i. 107; Hook. 1.c¢.; Torr. 
& Gray,l.c.; Gray, Lc. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. 1.v.; Pursh, Fl. i. 169; R. Br. Bot. 


14 CAPRIFOLIACES. Symphorecarpos. 


Mag. t, 2211; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 230; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 19. S. elongata and S. 
heterophylla, Presl, ex DC.— Rocky banks, Canada and N. New England to Penn., Sas- 
katchewan, and west to Brit. Columbia and W. California, even to San Diego Co. 

Var. paucifidrus, Rossrys. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only inch 
long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal 
cluster. — Gray, Man. & in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c.— Mountains of Vermont and Penn., Niagara 
Falls to Wisconsin and northward, in Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, west to Oregon. 

S. mollis, Nurr. Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent, even velvety-tomentose, some- 
times glabrate: leaves orbicular or broadly oval (half to full inch long) : flowers solitary or 
in short clusters: corolla open-campanulate and with broad base (little over line high), 
5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within: stamens and style included. — Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. 1. ¢.; Gray, lc. & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. ciliatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, l.c., a 
glabrate form, from the char.— Wooded hills, California, both in the Coast Ranges and the 
Sierra Nevada, first coll by Coulter and Nuttall. 

Var. actitus. Not improbably a distinct species, but materials incomplete: leaves very 
soft-tomentulose, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes 
irregularly and acutely dentate. — S. mollis? Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 328, — 
Washington Terr. east of the Cascade Mountains, Pickering § Brackenridge, with the 
narrower and entire leaves. Lassen’s Peak, N. E. California, J/rs. Austin, with broader 
leaves, commonly having 3 or 4 unequal serratures on each margin. 


§ 2. Longer-flowered: corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed 
only at summit: fruit (in the Mexican S. microphyllus flesh color, ex Bot. Mag. 
t. 4975) in ours white: flowers mostly axillary: leaves small. 


* Style glabrous: corolla with broad and short lobes slightly or merely spreading. 


S. rotundifélius, Gray. Tomentulose to glabrate: leaves from orbicular to oblong- 
elliptical, thickish (half to three-fourths inch long): corolla elongated-campanulate, 3 or 4 
lines long ; its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the 
lobes: nutlets of the drupe oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends.— Pl. Wright. 
ii. 66, Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. ¢., & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 132, 
partly. — Mountains of New Mexico and adjacent Texas to those of Utah, N. W. Nevada, 
adjacent California, and north to Mt. Paddo, Washington Terr., Suksdorf: first coll. by 
Wright and Bigelow. 

S. oredphilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence: leaves oblong to 
broadly oval, thinner: corolla more tubular or funnelform, 5 or 6 (rarely only 4) lines 
long ; its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes: nutlets of the 
drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. —Jour. Linn. Soc, 1. c. 12, & Bot. 
Calif. 1. v. Sw montanus, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not HBK.— Mountains of 
‘Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and E. Oregon; first coll. 
by Parry. 

* %* Style bearded: corolla with oblong widely spreading lobes. 

S. longiflérus, Grax, lc. Glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, glaucescent : leaves 
spatulate-oblong varying to oval, thickish, small (quarter to half inch long): corolla white, 
salverform, slender; the tube 4 to 6 and lobes one and a half lines long, very glabrous 
within: anthers linear, subsessile, half included in the throat: nutlets of the fruit oblong. — 
Mountains of S. Nevada and Utah, Miss Searls, Parry, Ward, Palmer, &. Apparently 
also S. W. Texas, Havard. 


7. LONICERA, L. Honrysucxie, Woopsine. (Adam Lonitzer, Lat- 
inized Lonicerus, a German herbalist.) — Shrubs of the northern hemisphere, 
some erect, others twining; with normally entire leaves, occasionally on some 
shoots sinuate-pinnatifid ; the flowers variously disposed, produced in spring or 
early summer. 


§ 1. Xyztésrzon, DC. Flowers in pairs (rarely threes) from the axils of the 
leaves, the common peduncle bibracteate at summit, the ovaries of the two either 


Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACES. 15 


distinct or connate: ours (the genuine species of the section) all erect and 
branching shrubs, with rather short corollas; the calyx-limb minute or obsolete. 
— Xylosteon, Tourn., Juss. Xylosteum, Adans., Michx., &e. 


* Bracts at the summit of the peduncle small or narrow, often minute, sometimes obsolete or 
caducous: bractlets to the two flowers minute or none. 


+— Leaves glaucescent or pale both sides, oblong-elliptical, very short-petioled, reticulate-venulose 
beneath: corolla ochroleucous, sometimes purplish-tinged, 4 to 6 lines long. 


L. certilea, L. A foot or two high, from villous-pubescent to glabrous or nearly so: 
leaves little over inch long, very obtuse: peduncles shorter than the flowers, usually very 
short: corolla moderately gibbous at base, not strongly bilabiate (sometimes glabrous, 
sometimes hairy): bracts subulate or linear, commonly larger than the ovaries; these 
completely united, forming a globular 2-eved (black and with the bloom blue) sweet-tasted 
berry. — Spec. i. 174; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 37; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1965; Jacq. Fl. Austr. v. 
Suppl. t. 17; Hook. Fl. i. 283; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 9; Herder, Pl. Radd. iii. 15, t. 3. 
L. villosa (Muhl. Cat.) & L. velutina, DC. Prodr. iv. 337, excl. syn. in part. Xylosteum 
villosum, Michx. F. i. 106 (the very villous or hirsute form, L. cerulea, var. villosa, Torr. & 
Gray, l.c.); Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 88; Richards. App. Frankl. Jour. X. Solonis, Eaton, 
Man. Bot. 518.— Moist ground, Newfoundland and Labrador, south to the cooler parts of 
New England, Wisconsin, &c., north to the Arctic Circle, west to Alaska, and south in the 
higher mountains to the Sierra Nevada, California. The American and E. Asian forms 
somewhat different from the European. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

L. oblongifélia, Hoox. A yard or more high, minutely puberulent to glabrous, glau- 
cescent: leaves 1 to 3 inches long: peduncles filiform, commonly inch long: corolla with 
conspicuous gibbosity at base, deeply bilabiate, the narrow lower lip separate far below the 
middle: bracts minute or caducous: ovaries either distinct, or united at base, or com- 
pletely connate (even on the same plant): berries red or changing to crimson, mawkish. 
— Fl. i. 284, t=. 100; Torr. & Gray, lc. LZ. villosa, DC. 1. c. in part. Xylosteum oblongi- 
JSolium, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour, vi. 323. — Bogs, Canada and N. New England and New 
York to Michigan. 


+ + Leaves bright green, thinnish, ovate or oblong: peduncles slender: berries red: shrubs 
with slender spreading or straggling branches. 


++ Corolla dark dull purple, strongly bilabiate: calyx-teeth subulate: bracts subulate, caducous. 


L. conjugidlis, Kerroce. Leaves pubescent when young, ovate or oval, often acuminate, 
short-petioled (1 to 24 inches long): peduncles at least thrice the length of the flowers: 
corglla 4 or 5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate, with upper lip crenately 4-lobed; throat 
with lower part of filaments and style very hirsute: ovaries two-thirds or wholly connate. 
— Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 67, fig. 15; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 133. JZ. Breweri, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 537, vii. 349. — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, 
at 6,000-10,000 feet, first coll. by Veatch. Also mountains of Washington Terr., Howell, 
Suksdorf. 
++ ++ Corolla honey-yellow or ochroleucous, rarely a slight tinge of purple, oblong-funnelform, 

two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with 5 short almost equal lobes; the tube with a small but 
prominent saccate gibbosity at base, merely pilose-pubescent within: calyx-limb barely 
crenate-lobed or truncate: divergent ovaries and mostly the berries quite distinct, subtended 
by very small subulate bracts, and each with minute rounded bractlets. 


L. Utahénsis, Wars. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short- 
petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon glabrate, not ciliate, reticulate-venulose 
at maturity (inch or two long): peduncle seldom over half-inch long.— Bot. King Exp. 
133. — Mountains of Utah, Watson, Parry, Siler. Montana, and Cascades from Oregon to 
Brit. Columbia. 

L. ciliata, Mcay. (Fry-Hoxeysuckre.) Leaves ovate to oval-oblong, acutish or some- 
what acuminate, loosely pilose-pubescent when young, especially the margins, 2 inches long 
at maturity, more distinctly petioled: full-grown peduncles two-thirds to nearly inch long: 
berries distinct, light red, watery. — Cat. 22; DC. Prodr. iv. 235; Hook. FI. 1 C5 Torr. & 
Gray, l.c. L. Canadensis, Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 260. Xylostewm Tartaricum, Michx. 


16 CAPRIFOLIACEA. Lonicera, 


FL i. 106. X. ciliatum, Pursh, Fl. i. 161, excl. var., which is Symphoricarpos racemosus 

according toNutt. Vaccinium album, L. Spec. i. 350, specimen of Kalm.— Rocky moist 

woods, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, and New England to Penn. and Michigan. 

Flowering in spring, when the leaves are developing. 

L. TarrArica, L., of the Old World, with rose-colored flowers, is commonly planted as an 
ornamental shrub, and is becoming spontaneous in Canada. i 


* %* Bracts at the summit of the peduncle oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous: bractlets 
conspicuous and accrescent. 


L. involucrata, Bayxs. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from acutish to acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled: peduncles 
an inch or two long, sometimes 3-flowered: corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, half-inch 
or more long, tubular-funnelform, with 5 short hardly unequal lobes: bractlets 4 or united 
into 2, viscid-pubescent, at first short, obovate or obcordate, in fruit enlarging and enclosing 
or surrounding the two globose dark-purple or black berries. — Spreng. Syst. i. 759; DC. 
Prodr. 1. v. 336; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1179; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 280. 
L. Ledebourii, Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. (1826) x. 284; DC. 1c. £. Mociniana, DC. 
1. c., probably from California, not Mexico. JL. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 
154, fig. 47. Xylosteum involucratum, Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. 6.— Wooded grounds, 
from Gaspé Co., Lower Canada (Allen), and S. shore of Lake Superior northward, west to 
Alaska, southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, and nearly throughout 
California. 


§ 2. Carprirétium, DC. Flowers sessile in variously disposed terminal or 
axillary clusters, commonly quasi-verticillate-capitate: corolla more or less elon- 
gated: berries orange or red at maturity: stems climbing (twining): upper leaves 
usually combined into a connate-perfoliate disk. — Caprifolium, Juss. 


* Limb of corolla almost regular or slightly bilabiate, very much shorter than the elongated 
tube: stamens and style little exserted: flowers nearly scentless. — Periclymenum, Tourn. 
TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLES. 


L. sempérvirens, L. Evergreen only southward, glabrous: leaves oblong, glaucous or 
glancescent beneath, uppermost one or two pairs broadly connate: flowers in 2 to 5 more 
or less separated whorls of 6: the spike pedunculate: corolla scarlet-red varying to 
crimson and yellow inside, or sometimes wholly yellow; the narrow tube inch or more long; 
lobes sometimes almost equal, sometimes short-bilabiate, merely spreading, seldom over 
2 lines long. — Spec. i. 173 (Herm. Hort. Lugd. 484, t. 483); Ait. Kew, i. 230; Walt. Car. 
131; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1781, & 1753; Bot. Reg. t. 556; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.5; Meehan, 
Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 45. L. Virginiana & L. Caroliniana, Marsh. Arbust. 80. Capri- 
folium sempervirens, Michx. Fl. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 160; Ell. Sk. i. 271. — Low grounds, Con- 
necticut and Indiana to Florida and Texas. Commonly cultivated. (There are indications 
of a nearly related species in Lower California.) 

L. cilidsa, Porr. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous; 
uppermost one or two pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk: whorls of flowers single 
and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of 
leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled: corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubescent, 
yellow to crimson-scarlet, with thicker tube than the preceding, more ventricose-gibbous 
below ; limb slightly bilabiate; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. — Dict. v. 612; DC. Prodr. 
iv. 333; Torr. & Gray, le. Caprifolium ciliosum, Pursh, Fl. i. 160. C. occidentale, Lindl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1457. Lonicera occidentalis, Hook. Fl. i. 282.— Rocky Mountains in Montana 
to the coast of Brit. Columbia, the mountains of California and of Arizona. From moun- 
tains near Chico, California, comes a form which, by nearly naked margin of leaves and 
three-whorled pedunculate spike, makes transition to L. sempervirens. 


* * Limb of corolla ringent; the spreading or recurved lips comparatively large, and stamens 
and style conspicuously exserted. — Caprifolium, Tourn. True Honrysuckues. 
\ 


+ Tube of corolla elongated (fully inch long), wholly glabrous inside, as are stamens and style: 
flowers very fragrant: Atlantic species resembling the cultivated Italian or Sweet Honeysuckle 
of Middle and S. Europe, L. Caprifolium, L. 


Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACES. 17 


L. grata, Arr. Glabrous: leaves obovate or oblong and the wpper one or two pairs con- 
nate, paler or somewhat glaucous beneath: flowers in terminal capitate cluster and from 
the axils of the connate-perfoliate leaves : corolla reddish or purple outside ; the limb white 
within, fading to tawny yellow; lips over half-inch long; tube not gibbous: berries orange- 
red. — Kew. i. 231; Willd. Spec. i. 984; DC. Prodr. iv. 332; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 159; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 5. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh, FI. i. 161.— Moist and rocky wood- 
lands, N. New Jersey to Pennsylvania and mountains of Carolina according to Pursh, to 
““W. Louisiana, Hale,” in Torr. & Gray, Fl. But it may be doubted if really different 
from L. Caprifolium of Europe, and if truly indigenous to this country. 


+ + Tube of corolla less than inch long, but larger than the limb; the throat or tube below 
hairy within: Atlantic species. 

++ Corolla bright orange-yellow; tube not gibbous, fully half-inch or more long: filaments and 
style glabrous: *‘ flowers fragrant,’’ produced early. 


L. flava, Sims. Somewhat glaucous, wholly glabrous: leaves broadly oval, 2 or 3 upper 
pairs connate into a disk: flowers in a terminal capitate cluster: corolla glabrous ; the slen- 
der tube at upper part within or prolonged adnate base of filaments hirsute-pubescent. — 
Bot. Mag. t. 1318; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 338; DC. Prodr. iv. 332. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pursh, 
Fl. i. 160, excl. N. Y. habitat. C. flavum, Ell. Sk. i. 271.—‘‘ Exposed rocky summit of 
Paris Mountain in 8. Carolina,” in Laurens Co., Fraser. This very ornamental plant was 
first noticed in Drayton’s View of South Carolina, published in 1802, p. 64, as growing on 
Paris Mountain, Greenville; afterwards it was collected by Fraser. Ell. lc. Upper 
Georgia, Boykin, &c. It has not been found elsewhere; but it is still sparingly in 
cultivation. 


++ ++ Corolla shorter, more or less hirsute within the throat; tube usually somewhat gibbous. 


== Rather freely twining and high-climbing, little or not at all glaucous, pubescent: leaves deep 
green above. 


L. hirstta, Earox. Leaves oval, conspicuously veiny and venulose both sides (3 or 4, 
inches long), soft-pubescent (as also usually the branchlets) and pale beneath; upper one 
or two pairs connate, lower short-petioled: corolla orange-yellow fading to dull purplish 
or brownish, more or less viscid-pubescent outside ; tube half-inch long, little exceeding the 
limb; throat and lower part of filaments hirsute. — Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 307 (1818) ; 
Torr. Fl. i. 342; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3103, & FL i. 282; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.6. L. villosa 
Muhl. Cat. 22, not DC. LZ. Douglasii, Hook. 1. ¢., being Caprifolium Douglasii, Lindl. 
Trans. Hort. Soc. vii. 244; DC. 1. c.; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 530, fig. 972. L. 
parviflora, var.? Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7, mainly. LZ. pubescens, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 194; DC. 
Prodr. iy. 332; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 529 (under L. flava). L. Goldii, Spreng. 
Syst. i. 758. Caprifolium pubescens, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323; Hook. Exot. FI. 
t. 27. — Rocky banks, &c., Northern New England and Canada to Penn., Michigan, and 
north shore of Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan. 


== = Feebly twining or merely sarmentose or bushy, 2 to 6 feet high, conspicuously glaucous. 


L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length much whitened with the glaucous bloom, 3 to 6 feet 
high, glabrous: leaves oval and obovate-oblong, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, all those of 
flowering stems sessile, and most of them connate, the uppermost into an orbicular disk: 
corolla pale yellow, glabrous outside; tube half-inch or less long, little longer than the 
limb: filaments nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am Acad. xix. 76.—Z. u. sp.? Sulliy. Cat. Pl 
Columb. 57. Z. flava, var. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Man., mainly. — Central Ohio to 
Tllinois, Wisconsin, and Lake Winnipeg. also Tennessee and apparently in mountains of 
N. Carolina. 

L. glatica, Hirx. Glabrous, or sometimes lower face of leaves tomentulose-puberulent, 
3 to 5 feet high, generally bushy: leaves oblong, often undulate (glaucous, but less whitened 
than in the preceding, 2 or at most 3 inches long), 2 to 4 upper pairs connate : corolla quite 
glabrous outside, greenish yellow or tinged or varying to purple, short; the tube only 3 or 
4 lines long, rather broad, nearly equalled by the limb, within and also style and base of 
filaments hirsute. — Hort. Kew. (1769) 446, t.18; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. L. dioica, 
L. Syst. Veg. 215; Ait. Kew. i. 230; Bot. Reg. t. 138, but not dicecious. L. media, Murr. 
in Comm. Geett. 1776, 28, t. 3. L. parviflora, Lam. Dict. i.728 (1783); Torr. Fl. i. 243; DC. 

2 


18 CAPRIFOLIACEE. Lonicera. 


lc.; Hook. l.¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. excl. var.; Gray, Man., and a part of var. Douglasii. 
Caprifolium glaucum, Moench, Meth. 502. C. bracteosum, Michx. FI. i. 105. Cc. parviflorum, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 161. C.diotcum, Rem. & Schult. Syst. vy. 260.— Rocky grounds, Hudson’s 
Bay? and to Saskatchewan, Canada, New England, Penn., and mountains of Carolina ? 

L. albiflora, Torr. & Gray. Wholly glabrous, or with minute soft pubescence, bushy, also 
disposed to twine, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves oval, inch long, or little longer, glaucescent both 
sides, usually only uppermost pair connate into a disk and subtending the simple sessile 
glomerule: corolla white or yellowish-white, glabrous; the tube 3 to 5 lines long, hardly 
at all gibbous: style and filaments nearly naked.— Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii, 213. 
L. dumosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, the minutely pubescent form. 
— Rocky prairies and banks, W. Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, first 
coll. by Berlandier, Leavenworth, Lindheimer, &¢. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 


+ + + Tube of corolla only quarter-inch long, equalled by the limb, gibbous, more or less 
hairy within: Pacific species. 

L. hispidula, Dover. Bushy and sarmentose, often feebly twining: leaves small (inch or 
so in length, or the largest 24 inches), oval, or from orbicular to oblong, rounded at both 
ends, or lower and short-petioled ones sometimes subcordate, uppermost connate or occa- 
sionally distinct: spikes slender, commonly paniculate, of few or several whorls of flowers : 
corolla from pink to yellowish, barely half-inch long: filaments and especially style more 
or less pubescent at base. — Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1761 (the latter figured and pub- 
lished the species as Caprifolium hispidulum) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 280. ZL. microphylla, Hook. Fl. i. 283. — Polymorphous species, of which the typical form 
(var. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c.) is hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, disposed to climb : 
lower leaves mostly short-petioled and inclined to subcordate, not rarely a foliaceous stipule- 
like appendage between the petioles on each side: inflorescence and pink corollas glabrous. 
—Wooded region of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first coll. by Douglas. 

Var. vacillans, Gray, 1l.c. Stem and leaves either glabrous or pubescent, with or 
without hirsute hairs: inflorescence and corollas pubescent or glandular, varying to glabrous : 
otherwise like the Oregon type.— Z. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7; Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. JL. ciliosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 143, 349, not Poir. ZL. pilosa, Kellogg, Proc. 
Calif. Acad. i. 62. — From Oregon to Monterey, California. 

Var. subspicata, Gray, 1.c. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular-pubescent 
above, at least the pale pink or yellowish flowers: leaves small (half-inch to inch long), even 
uppermost commonly distinct: stipule-like appendages rare. — ZL. subspicata, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 349; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. — Common in 
California, from Monterey to San Diego. 

Var. interripta, Gray, 1c. Like the preceding, or sometimes larger-leaved and 
more sarmentose, but glabrous or minutely puberulent, more glaucous: spikes commonly 
elongated, of numerous capitellate whorls: corolla perfectly glabrous, pinkish or yellow- 
ish, less hairy inside. — Z. interrupta, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313. —Common in California: also 
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 


8. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Busw Honeysucxre. (Dr. Dierville took 
the original species from Canada to Tournefort in the year 1708.) — Low shrubs 
(of Atlantic N. America, Japan, and China); with scaly buds, simply serrate 
membranaceous leaves, and flowers in terminal or upper axillary naked cymes, 
produced in early summer. — The E. Asian species, Weigela, Thunb. (of which 
D. Japonica is, common in cultivation),have ampliate and mostly rose-colored 
corollas, herbaceous calyx-lobes deciduous from the beak of the fruit, and reticu- 
late-winged seeds. Ours have small and narrow-funnelform corollas, of honey- 
yellow color, thin-walled capsule, and close coat to the seed, the surface minutely 
reticulated; herbage nearly glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 10. 

D. trifida, Mexcu. Branchlets nearly terete; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, distinctly 


petioled: axillary peduncles more commonly 3-flowered : limb of the corolla nearly equal- 
ling the tube, sometimes irregular, three of the lobes more united, the middle one deeper 


Diervilla. RUBIACES. 19 


yellow and villous on the face: capsule oblong, with a slender neck or beak, crowned with 
slender-subulate calyx-lobes.— Meth. 492; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. excl. var. D. Acadiensis 
Jruticosa, &c., Tourn. Act. Acad. Par. 1706, t. 7, £1; L. Hort. Cliff. 63, t.7; Duham. Arb. 
ed. 1. D. Tournefortii, Michx. Fl. i. 107. D. humilis, Pers. Syn. i. 214. D. Canadensis, 
Willd. Enum. 222; DC. Prodr. iv. 330; Hook. Fl.i. 281. D. /utea, Pursh, F1.i.162. Lonicera 
Diervilla, L. Mat. Med. 62, & Spec. i. 175.— Rocky and shady ground, Newfoundland and 
Hudson’s Bay to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Maryland, and in the mountains to 
N. Carolina. 

D. sessilifolia, Buckiey. Branchlets quadrangular: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually 
acuminate, closely sessile, of firmer texture, more acutely serrulate: cymes several-flowered ; 
corolla-lobes nearly equal, shorter than the tube, one of them obscurely pilose : capsule short- 
oblong, short-necked, and crowned with short lanceolate-subulate calyx- lobes. — Am. Jour. 
Sci. xlv. 174; Chapm. F].170; Fl. Serres, viii. 292. — Rocky woods and banks, mountains of 
Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Curtis. 


OrpER LXX. RUBIACEZ. 


Herbaceous or woody plants; with opposite entire and stipulate leaves, vary- 
ing to verticillate, or in the Stedlate the leaves in whorls without stipules (unless 
accessory leaves be counted as such); mostly hermaphrodite regular flowers, 
either 5-merous or 4-merous; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; and stamens as 
many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube or 
throat. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Fruit various: 
seeds in our genera albuminous. 

Of this vast and largely tropical order 26 of the 140 recognized genera come 
within our limits, but more than half of them only in subtropical Florida. They 
rank under 14 of the 25 recognized tribes, —too large a scaffolding for a frag- 
mentary structure. So they are here disposed under three series; of which the 
third is only a special modification in foliage of the second. 


Series I. Crncnonace&#. Ovules numerous in each cell. 
* Fruit capsular: seeds numerous, flat, winged all round. 


1. EXOSTEMA. Calyx with clavate tube, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with long and 
narrow tube and 5-parted limb; lobes long-linear, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted 
near the base of the corolla-tube: filaments and style filiform, exserted: anthers slender- 
linear, fixed by the base. Capsule 2-celled, septicidal. Seeds downwardly imbricated on the 
placentz. 

2. PINCKNEYA. Calyx with clavate tube ; limb of 5 subulate-lanceolate lobes, or in the 
outer flowers of the cyme one (or rarely two) of them an ample petaloid and petiolate leaf, 
all deciduous. Corolla salverform with somewhat enlarging throat, and 5 oblong recurved- 
spreading lobes, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the corolla: 
filaments filiform : anthers oblong, fixed by the middle, slightly exserted. Style exserted: 
stigma barely 2-lobed. Capsule didymous-globular, 2-celled, loculicidal, and valves at length 
2-parted. Seeds horizontal, with small nucleus, broad and thin lunate-orbicular wing, and 
comparatively large embryo: cotyledons broad. 

3. BOUVARDIA. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous. Calyx with turbinate or campanulate 
tube, and 4 subulate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular or salverform, the 4 short lobes 
valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat or on the tube below it: anthers sub- 
sessile, oblong or linear. Style filiform and more or less exserted in long-styled flowers, much 
shorter in the other sort: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule didymous-globose, 
coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds peltate, somewhat meniscoidal, imbricated on the globular 
placentz. 


20 RUBIACEA. 


* * Fruit capsular or at least dry, 2-celled: seeds several or numerous in each cell, wing-. 
less: calyx-tube short ; lobes persistent: corolla valvate in the bud: almost all herbs, with 
leaves no more than opposite: stipules not setose, or in one species setulose. 


+ Summit or sometimes even three fourths of the capsule free from the calyx at maturity : 
flowers in most and probably in all heterogone-dimorphous: seeds peltate: albumen cor- 
neous. 


4, HOUSTONIA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes mostly distant. Corolla salverform to 
funnelform, with 4-parted limb. Stamens (according to the form) inserted either in the 
throat or lower down on the tube: anthers oblong or linear, fixed by near the middle. Style 
reciprocally long or shorter: stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Capsule usually somewhat didy- 
mous-globular, or emarginate at the free summit, there loculicidal, occasionally afterwards 
partially septicidal. Seeds few or moderately numerous in each cell, on usually ascending 
placentz, acetabuliform, meniscoidal, or sometimes barely concave on the hilar face, not 
angulate; testa scrobiculate or reticulate. 


+ + Summit of capsule not extended beyond the adnate calyx-tube: flowers not hetero- 
gone-dimorphous, small: seeds numerous, angulate or globular, smooth or nearly so: 
albumen fleshy. 

5. OLDENLANDIA. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla from rotate to short-salverform, 4-lobed. 
Stamens short: anthers oval. Capsule hemispherical, oval, or turbinate, loculicidal across 
the summit. , 

6. PENTODON. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube turbinate or obpyramidal: limb of 5 del- 
toid-subulate teeth, in fruit distant. Corolla short-funnelfurm, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, short: 
anthers short-oblong. Capsule obconical, obscurely didymous, loculicidal across the trun- 
cate summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, reticulated. Stipules or some of them 2-4- 
subulate. ' 

* * * Fruit baccate or at least fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded (rarely few-seeded), 

+ Five-celled: shrubby. 

7. HAMELIA. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens inserted low on the tube: filaments short: anthers linear. Style filiform: 
stigma fusiform, sulcate. Berry ovoid. Seeds very numerous in the cells, minute, angulate 
or flattened. Inflorescence scorpioid-cymose. 


+— + Ovary and fruit 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so by the placenta not meeting in 
the axis: shrubs. 


8. CATESBAA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel- 
form ; lobes short, ovate or deltoid, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the 
tube: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled: style filiform: stigma undivided. Berry coriaceous, 
globular. Seeds flattened. 

9. RANDIA, Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-7-merous. Corolla salverform or somewhat ‘fun- 
nelform; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla: 
filaments short or none: anthers linear, acute or acuminate. Ovary completely 2-celled: 
style stout: stigma clavate or fusiform, entire or 2lobed. Berry globose or ovoid. Seeds 
mostly imbedded in the pulpy placentz, sometimes very few: testa thin, adherent to the 
corneous albumen. 

10. GENIPA, Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube more or less produced beyond the summit 
of the ovary, the border truncate or sometimes bearing small teeth. Corolla salverform; 
the lobes convolute in the bud. Anthers linear, nearly sessile. Ovary one-celled, with two 
projecting parietal placente: which almost meet in the centre. Berry large, becoming 2- 
celled by the junction or coalescence of the ample pulpy many-seeded placente in the centre. 
Seeds large, flat: albumen cartilaginous. 


Series II. Correacez. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary: leaves 
with obvious stipules, opposite or only casually in threes or fours. 
% Shrubs: flowers compacted in pedunculate heads with a globose receptacle. 


11. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers 4-merous, crowded in a long-pedunculate head, but 
distinct, dry in fruit. Calyx oblong, soon obpyramidal: limb obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla 


RUBIACEA. 21 


tubular-funnelform, with 4 short lobes imbricated in the bud, one lobe outside. Stamens 
included : filaments short, inserted in the throat: anthers 2-mucronate at base. Style long- 
exserted: stigma clavate-capitate. Ovary 2-celled, a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous 
from near the summit of each cell. Fruits akene-like, obpyramidal by mutual presstfre, 1-2- 
seeded. 

12. MORINDA. Flowers usually 5-merous, compacted and the ovaries or fruits confluent 
in a short-peduncled fleshy head. Calyx urceolate or hemispherical, with truncate or ob- 
scurely dentate limb. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnelform, mostly short; lobes yal- 
vate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat. Style bearing 2 slender stigmas. 
Ovary 4-celled, or rather 2-celled and the cells 2-locellate ; an ascending ovule in each cell. 
Fruits drupaceous, maturing 2 to 4 bony seed-like nutlets, all confluent into a succulent 
syncarp. 

* * Shrubs: flowers distinct, in cymes or panicles: fruit drupaceous, 
+ With 4 to 10 cells, at least in the ovary. 


13. GUETTARDA. Flowers 4-9-merous (sometimes polygamo-dicecious). Calyx with 
ovoid or globular tube, continued above the ovary into a cupulate or campanulate limb; the 
border truncate, commonly irregularly denticulate or dentate. Corolla salverform, with 
elongated tube, and rounded or oblong lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on 
the tube or throat of the corolla, included: filaments short or none: anthers linear. Style 
filiform : stigma subcapitate or minutely 2lobed. Ovary 4-9-celled: an anatropous ovule 
suspended from the summit of each cell on a thickened funiculus. Drupe globular, with 
thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous 4-9-celled and lobed putamen; the cells and contained 
seed narrow. Embryo cylindrical: albumen little or none. 

14. ERITHALIS. Flowers 5-merous, varying to 6-10-merous. Calyx with obovate or glob- 
ular tube and a truncate or denticulate short limb or border. Corolla rotate, parted into 5 
or more oblong-linear divisions, valvate, or at tips slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens 
inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments hairy at base: anthers linear-oblong. Style 
thickish : stigma of 5 or more minute lobes. Ovary 5-10-celled, with solitary pendulous 
ovules. Drupe small, globose, 5-10-sulcate, containing as many bony seed-like nutlets. Em- 
bryo small in copious albumen. 


+— + With 2 (rarely by variation 3) cells to the ovary: ovules anatropous. 


15. CHIOCOCCA. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx with ovoid 
or turbinate tube and 5-toothed limb. Corolla funnelform, 5-cleft; the lobes valvate or at 
apex obscurely imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla: 
filaments monadelphous at base, somewhat hairy: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma 
clavate. Ovules suspended. Drupe globular, small, containing two coriaceous seed-like 
nutlets. 

16. PSYCHOTRIA. Flowers (small) 5-merous, sometimes 4-merous, in terminal naked 
cymes. Calyx short. Corolla from campanulate to short-tubular or funnelform, not gib- 
bous; lobes valyate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat of the corolla, distinct. 
Stigma 2-cleft. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drupe globular, small, containing 
2 flattened and commonly costate or cristate nutlets. Leaves mostly dilated and mem- 
branaceous. Flowers in some heterogone-dimorphous. 

17. STRUMPFIA. Flowers (very small) 5-merous, in axillary thyrsiform cymes. Calyx 
short, 5-toothed. Corolla short, 5-parted ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, lightly imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla: filaments very short, monadelphous : 
anthers oblong, with adnate introrse cells, connate by their broad coriaceous connectives into 
an ovoid tube. Style hirsute: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. 
Drupe small, with a 2-celled 2-seeded (or by abortion single-seeded) putamen. Leaves linear, 
rigid, Rosemary-like. : 

* * *& Suffraticose and procumbent plants: flowers axillary and sessile: fruit drupaceous, 
2-celled : seeds peltate. 

18. ERNODEA. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes elongated, subulate-lanceo- 
late, persistent. Corolla salverform; lobes valvate in the bud, linear, at length revolute. 
Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, much exserted: filaments filiform: anthers 
linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with a peltate amphitropous ovule borne at the middle of the 


22 RUBIACEA. 


cells. Style filiform, exserted: stigmas 2, obtuse. Drupe obovate, thin-fleshy, containing 

2 cartilaginous plano-convex nutlets. Seed plano-convex. Embryo straight in fleshy albu- 

men : cotyledons cordate, foliaceous: radicle inferior. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, sessile. 

* ¥* * * Low herbs, with entire and naked interpetiolar stipules: ovules erect, anatropous : 
style filiform: stigmas filiform or lineav. 

19. MITCHELLA. Flowers (3-6-) generally 4-merous, heterogone-dimorphous, geminate 
at the summit of a peduncle and the ovaries of the two connate. Calyx-teeth persistent. 
Corolla between salverform and funnelform ; lobes valvate in the bud, upper face densely 
villous-bearded within. Stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, with oblong anthers, on 
short filaments when the filiform style is exserted, on long exserted filaments when the style 
and stigmas are included. Style-branches 4, hirsute-stigmatose down the inner side. Fruit 
a globular baccate syncarp, containing 8 compressed roundish cartilaginous nutlets (4 to each 
flower). Albumen cartilaginous: embryo minute. Prostrate and creeping evergreen. 

20. KELLOGGIA. Flowers (3-5-) generally 4-merous, singly slender-pedunculate. Calyx 
with obovate tube and minute persistent teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salver- 
form; lobes naked, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, more 
or less exserted : filaments flattened : anthers oblong-linear, fixed above the base. Style fili- 
form, exserted : stigmas 2, linear-clavate, papillose-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled: ovules erect 
from the base, anatropous. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with uncinate bristles, 
separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels, which are conformed and adherent to the seed, 
somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large, in fleshy albumen: coty- 
ledons elliptical, as long as the radicle. 

* * * * * Low herbs, with short-vaginate stipules setiferous or sometimes only 4-6-cus- 
pidate: ovary 2-4-celled: solitary ovules borne on the septum and amphitropous: fruit 
dry: seed sulcate or excavated on the ventral face: embryo in corneous or firm-fleshy 
albumen; the radicle inferior: flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary glomerules : 
corolla funnelform or salverform; lobes valvate in the bud. 


+ Fruit circumscissile, upper part with persistent calyx-limb falling off, exposing the seeds. 


21. MITRACARPUS,. Flowers commonly 4-merous, capitate-glomerate. Calyx-lobes per- 
sistent, unequal, the alternate pair mostly shorter or minute and stipule-like. Stamens in- 
serted on the throat of the corolla. Short style-branches or stigmas 2. Fruit didymous, 
membranaceous, 2-celled, a pyxidium, the upper half separating from the lower by transverse 
circular dehiscence. Seed cruciately 4-lobed on the ventral side. 

+ + Fruit septicidal into its 2 to 4 component carpels: calyx-limb gamophyllous at base 
and circumscissile-deciduous as a whole at or before dehiscence: stamens borne on the 
throat of the corolla. 

22. RICHARDIA. Flowers (4-8-) commonly 5-6-merous and 2-4-carpellary. Calyx-lobes 
ovate-lanceolate or narrower. Corolla funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear or spatulate. 
Carpels separating from apex to base, coriaceous, roughish, closed or nearly so; no per- 
sistent axis. 

23. CRUSEA. Flowers (3-5-) usually 4-merous and 2- (sometimes 3-4-) carpellary. Calyx- 
lobes subulate to triangular-lanceolate, sometimes very unequal or intermediate ones reduced 
to small teeth. Corolla salverform to narrow funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear to spatu- 
late-oval. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating from a persistent axis into obovoid or globular charta- 
ceous carpels, which either open at the commissure or sometimes remain closed. 

+ + + Fruit septicidal at summit or throughout, its 2 or rarely 3 carpels or valves bear- 
ing persistent and quite or nearly distinct calyx-teeth. 

24. SPERMACOCE. Calyx-teeth, lobes of the short corolla, and stamens 4, or two of the 
former sometimes abortive. Fruit small, from membranaceous to thin-crustaceous, one or 
both the carpels opening ventrally to discharge the seed : no persistent carpophore, or some- 
times a thin dissepiment remaining. 

25. DIODIA. Calyx-lobes (1 to 6) usually 2 or 4, distinct, distant. Corolla funnelform or 
nearly salverform, with mostly 4-lobed limb, and stamens as many, inserted in its throat. 
Style filiform, entire or 2-cleft: stigmas 2. Fruit somewhat fleshy-drupaceous or crustaceo- 
coriaceous, tardily separating through the dissepiment into 2 closed carpels: no car- 
pophore. 


Bouvardia. RUBIACE. 23 


Series III. Srerrar#. Ovules (peltate and) solitary in the cells of the 
ovary: embryo incurved, in corneous albumen: leaves verticillate without stip- 
ules, unless the supernumerary leaves be foliaceous stipules, which may in some 
cases be nearly demonstrated. 


26. GALIUM. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 3-merous), 2-carpellary, sometimes dicecious. 
Calyx-tube globular ; limb obsolete, a mere ring or obscure border. Corolla rotate; lobes 
valvate, and commonly acuminate or mucronate apex inflexed in the bud. Stamens with 
short filaments and anthers. Style 2-cleft or styles 2: stigmas capitellate. Ovary 2-celled, 
2-lobed ; a single amphitropous ovule borne on the middle of the dissepiment in each cell. 
Fruit didymous, dry, fleshy-coriaceous, or occasionally baccate, articulated on the pedicel, 
tardily separating into two closed carpels, or only one maturing. Seed deeply hollowed on 
the face: seed-coat adnate to the albumen within, and often also to the pericarp. 


1. EXOSTEMA, Rich. (Not Exostemma, to which later authors have 
changed the name, which is from ¢&w, on the outside, and orjua, stamen, i. ¢. 
stamens exserted.) — Tropical American shrubs or trees, one reaching Florida. — 
Rich. in Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aquin. i. 131, t. 88. Exostemma, DC. Prodr. 
iv. 8358; A. Rich. Rub. 200; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 42. Cinchona § Exostema, 
Pers. Syn. i. 195 (1805), where the name first appears. 


E. Caribéum, Rew. & Scucrt. Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate 
to lanceolate, coriaceous: stipules subulate, small: flowers on short and simple axillary pe- 
duncles, fragrant: calyx-teeth very short: corolla white or tinged with rose; tube inch long 
and lobes hardly shorter: seeds narrowly winged.— Syst. v. 18; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. 
Cinchona Caribea, Jacq. Amer. t. 179; Lamb. Cinch. t. 4. C. Jamaicensis, Wright, in Phil. 
Trans. lxvii. t. 10; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 481. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.) 


2. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Georera Bark. (Charles Cotesworth Pinck- 
ney.) — Single species. 

P. ptibens, Micux. Tall shrub or small tree, pubescent: leaves ample, oblong-oval to 
ovate, acute at both ends, petioled: stipules subulate, caducous: cymes terminal and from 
upper axils, pedunculate: petaloid calyx-lobe resembling the leaves in form, pink-colored, 
2 inches or more long: corolla inch long, cinereous-pubescent, purplish: capsule half-inch in 
diameter. — Fl. i. 103, t. 18; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 49; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 7; Audubon, 
Birds, t. 165; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 37. P. pubescens, Gertn. Fruct. iii. 80, t. 194. Pinkneu 
pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 197. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poir. Dict. vi. 40.— Marshy banks of 
streams in pine barrens of the low country, S. Carolina to Florida; fl. early summer. 


8. BOUVARDIA, Salisb. (Dr. Charles Bouvard.) — Low shrubs or per- 
ennial herbs (from Texas to Central America, some cultivated for ornament) ; 
with mostly sessile and not rarely verticillate leaves, subulate interposed stipules, 
and handsome tubular flowers in terminal cymes. — Parad. Lond. t. 88; HBK. 
Noy. Gen. & Spec. ili. t. 288; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 36. — Leaves in our 
snecies mostly verticillate and corolla not glabrous, its short lobes ascending or 
barely spreading. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous in the manner of Houstonia. 


B. ovdta, Gray. Herbaceous, glabrous, obscurely scabrous: leaves mostly in fours, short- 
petioled, ovate, one or two inches long, costately 5-veined on each side of the midrib: corolla 
probably purple or reddish, inch long, minutely puberulent. — Pl. Wright. ii. 67. —S. Ari- 
zona, between San Pedro and Santa Cruz, Wright. 

B. triphylla, Saxiss. Suffruticose or more shrubby, scabro-puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high: 
leaves in threes or fours (or on branchlets in pairs), from oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 
usually hispidulous-scabrous, at least the margins, 3-4-veined each side of the midrib: corolla 
scarlet, about inch long, outside furfuraceous-pubescent. — Parad. Lond. 1. c. (broad-leaved 
var., but not with villous-closed throat in any form); Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 107; Sims, Bot. 


24 RUBIACE. Bowvardia. 


Mag. t. 1854; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 37. B. Jacquin, HBK. 1. c. 385; DC. Prodr. iv. 
365; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 67. B. quaternifolia, DC. 1.¢. 4 B. coccinea, Link, Enum. i. 139. 
B. ternifolia, Schlecht. in Linn. xxvi. 98. B. splendens, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3781. Ixora 
ternifolia, Cav. Ic. iv. t. 305. £. Americana, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. t. 257. Loustonia coc- 
cinea, Andy. Bot. Rep. t. 106.— Rocky ground, 8. Arizona, &c., Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, 
Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

Var. angustifolia. Cinereous-puberulent or hirtellous: leaves smaller (8 to 18 lines 
long), subsessile, less veiny, from oblong-lanceolate to almost linear. — B. hirtella & B. angus- 
tifolia, HBK. 1. c. 384. B. hirtella, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 80, ii. 67. —S. W. Texas to Arizona, 
Wright, &c. (Mex.) , 


4. HOUSTONIA, Gronoy. (Named by Gronovius, as says Linneus, in 
memory of Dr. Wm. Houston, who died in Jamaica in 1733.) — Low herbs, 
or one or two suffruticulose (Atlantic-American and Mexican), with heterogone- 
dimorphous flowers; the corolla blue or purple to white, upper face of lobes 
sometimes puberulous. — L. Hort. Cliff. 35, & Gen. ed. 1 (1737); Juss. Gen. 197 ; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 818, & Man. ed. 5, 212; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 60. 
Hedyotis in part (Wight & Arn.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. (Macrohoustonia, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314, is a peculiar group of Mexican species, between 
this genus and Bouvardia.) 


§ 1. Evnoustéx1a. Low herbs, comparatively small-flowered: leaves not 
rigid: capsule more or less didymous or emarginate, sometimes septicidal as well 
as loculicidal across the broad summit. : 

* Delicate species, inch to span high: corolla salverform: anthers or stigmas included or only par- 
tially emerging from the throat: peduncles single, elongated and erect in fruit: seeds rather few 
acetabuliform with a deep hilar cavity: stipules a transverse membrane uniting the petioles, 
mostly entire or truncate and naked. 

+— Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems: peduncles filiform, inch or 
two long: seeds subglobose with orifice of the deep hilar cavity circular. 

H. certlea, L. (Biuets of the Canadians, InnocENcE.) Perennial by slender rootstocks, 
forming small tufts, erect, a span or more high, glabrous, and with lower leaves hispidulous : 
these spatulate to obovate and short-petioled; upper small and nearly sessile: corolla violet- 
blue to lilac, varying to white, with yellowish eye; tube (2 or 3 lines long) much exceeding 
calyx-lobes, longer than or equalled by those of corolla: capsule obcordate-depressed, half 
free. — Spec. i. 105 (Moris. Hist. sect. 15, t. 4, £1; Pluk. Alm. & Mant. t. 97, f. 9); Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 370; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 34, f.1. H. pusilla, Gmel. Syst. i. 236% HA. Lin- 
neei, var. elatior, Michx. Fl. i. 85. H. serpyllifolia, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 2822, from habitat 
and figure, but corolla-tube too short. Hedyotis cerulea, Hook. FI. i. 286; Torr. & Gray, 
FL ii. 38. ZH. gentianoides, Endl. Iconogy. t. 89. Oldenlandia cerulea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 174. 
— Low and grassy grounds, Canada to Michigan and the upper country of Georgia and 
Alabama; fl. early spring. 

H. serpyllifolia, Mronx. Perennial by prostrate extensively creeping and rooting fili- 
form stems, and some subterranean ones, glabrous or slightly and minutely hispidulous 
below: leaves orbicular to ovate or ovate-spatulate (2 to 4 lines long) and abruptly petioled, 
or upper ones on flowering stems oblong and nearly sessile: corolla deep violet-blue, rather 
larger than in H. eerulea. —FI. i. 85; Pursh, Fl. i.106. JZ. tenella, Pursh, 1. ¢. Hedyotis 
serpyllifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 39. Oldenlandia serpyllifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2; Chapm. 
Fl. 180:— Along streamlets and on mountain-tops in the Alleghanies, from Virginia to 
Tenn. and S. Carolina; flowering through early summer. 

+ + Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root, glabrous or obscurely scabrous: pedun- 
cles a quarter-inch to at length sometimes an inch long: capsule somewhat didymous, less than 
half free; mature seeds generally as of the preceding. 

H. patens, Eri. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect pe- 
duncles ; leaves spatulate to ovate: corolla much smaller than that of ZZ. cerulea; the tube 
twice the length of the calyx-lobes and more or less longer than its lobes, violet-blue or pur. 


Houstonia. RUBIACEA. 25 


‘plish without yellowish eye.— Sk. i. 191; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. JT. Linnai, vay. 
minor, Michx. Fl. i. 85. Hedyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. in part, & WZ. eerulea, var. 
minor. — Dry or sandy soil, 8. Virginia to Texas in the low country, also Illinois? and Ten- 
nessee ; fl. early spring. 

Var. pusilla. An inch or so high, more diffuse in age: leaves narrowly spatulate 
(half a line or a line wide) ; upper ones nearly linear: seeds smoother, with more open and 
oval hilar cavity, and sometimes an elevated line within, as described in Proc. Am. Acad. 
1. ¢., a character not found in the larger and broader leaved form. Perhaps from the char. 
this is the true ZZ. patens, Ell. But we have it only from Louisiana (/Zale, Drummond) and 
Texas, Drummond and others; there passing into the other form. 

H. minima, Brecx. More diffuse, commonly scabrous: leaves spatulate to ovate: flowers 
usually larger: calyx-lobes more foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes 2 lines long, very 
much longer than the ovary, eyualling the tube of the purple or violet corolla; lobes of the 
latter 2 or 3 lines long: primary peduncles sometimes declined in fruit ?— Amer. Jour. Sci. 
x. 262; Gray, lc. Hedyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., in part only. — Dry hills, Mis- 
souri and Arkansas to Texas, first coll. by L. C. Beck about St. Louis; fl. early spring. 

* % Slender leafy-stemmed annual, with lateral horizontal peduncles, and very small flowers: 
corolla short-salverform: seeds crateriform, with a medial hilar ridge. 

H. subviscdésa, Gray. .\ span or two high, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, with rather 
simple spreading branches: leaves narrowly linear, half-inch long: peduncle in first fork 
and from all following nodes, rather shorter than leaves, horizontally refracted in fruit : 
calyx and capsule a line high: corolla about same length, white : capsule didymous, only the 
summit free: seeds 10 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. Oldenlandia subviscosa, 
Wright in Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68. —S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. 

* * * Depressed or low-tufted species: corolla salverform or in one species funnelform: fila- 
ments as well as anthers or summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: 
Jructiferous peduncles all short and recurved. 

+— Annual, with small funnelform corolla: seeds open-crateriform: scarious stipules setulose- 
ciliate! 

H. humiftsa, Gray. Much branched from the root, repeatedly dichotomous, forming a de- 
pressed tuft, puberulent and viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, thickish (half-inch or more long), 
mucronate : flowers in all the forks, crowded with the leaves at the ends of branchlets: calyx 
4-parted into long setaceous-subulate spreading lobes: corolla pale purple or nearly white, 
open-funnelform, 3 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx; the oblong lobes puberu- 
lous inside: capsule a line in diameter, globose-didymous, three-fourths free, only the base 
girt by the short accrete calyx-tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314 (not of Hemsl. Biol. Bot. 
which is H. Wrightii). Hedyotis (Houstonia) humifusa, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 216. — Sandy 
or gravelly plains and hills, Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, Reverchon, &c.: fl. spring. 

+ + Perennials, prostrate, with naked stipules and elongated salverform corolla, flowering con- 
spicuously in early spring; later growth producing through the summer inconspicuous cleistoga- 
mous flowers, with short (yet mostly well-formed but unopening) corollas. 

H. rotundifolia, Micux. Perennial by slender rootstocks or shoots, more or less creep- 
ing, glabrous or with some hispidulous pubescence: leaves somewhat orbicular, slightly 
petioled, not longer than the internodes: peduncles 2 to 4 lines long or in cleistogamous 
flowers very short: developed corollas bright white, with filiform tube (3 or 4 lines long) 
longer than the oblong lobes: capsule more than half free, somewhat didymous: seeds 
comparatively large (half-line in diameter), rough-scrobiculate, acetabuliform.— Fl. i. 85; 
Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. lc. Hedyotis rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 38. Oldenlandia rotundi- 
folia, Chapm. Fl. 180, the later “apetalous fruiting ” flowers noted. — Low sandy ground, 
S. Car. to Florida and Louisiana. 

H. rubra, Cav. Suffrutescent and multicipital from a deep root, forming a depressed tuft 
of 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous or minutely puberulent, densely leafy: leaves narrowly 
linear, an inch or more long, or earlier ones rather lanceolate and shorter: corolla “red” 
or rather purple, sometimes lilac or varying to white; tube half-inch to nearly inch long, 
slender; oblong acute lobes 2 or 3 lines long: capsule 2 lines wide, less high, didymous, fully 
threefourths free: seeds open-crateriform. — Ic. v. t. 474; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 15. IZedyo- 
tis (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 61. Oldenlandia (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, Pl. Wright. 
ii. 68. — Stony or gravelly hills, New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex.) 


26 RUBIACEA. Houstonia. 


+ + + Lignescent-rooted perennial, with small and short corolla and naked stipules. 


H. Wrightii, Gray. Many-stemmed from a deep root, a span or less high, erect or 
spreading, glabrous or very obscurely pruinose: branches quadrangular : leaves thickish, 
linear or lowest rather lanceolate (half-inch to inch long): flowers in terminal glomerate 
leafy cymes: corolla purplish or nearly white, between salverform and funnelform, 2 to 
hardly 4 lines long, with narrow oblong lobes: capsules on very short recurved peduncles, 
globose-didymous, about three-fourths free: cells 5-8-seeded: seeds crateriform, with a 
small hilar ridge. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 202. H. humifusa, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 82, & 
Oldenlandia humifusa, Pl. Wright. ii. 68, chiefly, not Pl. Lindh. — Hills, 8. W. Texas and 
New Mexico to S. W. Arizona, first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex., Parry § Palmer.) 


* * * * Erect perennials: corolla funnelform or in one species almost salverform, small: stamens 
and summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: fructiferous peduncles erect: 
capsule from a third to nearly half free: seeds oval or roundish, barely concave on ventral face 
and with more or less of a medial hilar ridge: stipules entire, scarious, between and connecting 
the bases of the sessile cauline leaves: fl. mostly in summer. 


H. purptirea, L. Forming small tufts or offsets by filiform rootstocks, a span to a foot high, 
hirsutulous-pubescent to glabrous: radical leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled: flowers 
corymbosely cymose: corolla funnelform, light purple or lilac, varying to nearly white : 
capsule globular and obscurely didymous, upper half free. — Spec. i. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 107 ; 
Gray, Man. ed. 5,212. 4. varians, Michx. Fl. i. 86. H. pubescens, Raf. Med. Rep. & Desv. 
Jour. Bot. i. 230, if of the genus. Oldenlandia purpurea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. Hedyotis 
lanceolata, Poir. Suppl. ili. 14. H. umbellata, Walt. Car. 85% Anotis lanceolata, DC. Prodv. iv. 
433. — Canada to Texas. — Truly polymorphous, of which the typical form “leaves ovate- 
lanceolate,” L., or /atifolia, is comparatively large, often a foot high and pubescent: leaves 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, inch or two long, the larger with rounded closely sessile base: 
calyx-lobes subulate, sometimes slightly sometimes conspicuously surpassing the emarginate 
summit of the capsule. — H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.40. This form from Maryland to 
Arkansas, and southward to Alabama, especially in and near the mountains. 

Var. ciliolata, Gray, Man. 1.c. A span high: leaves only half-inch long, thickish ; 
cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, in rosulate tufts, hirsute-ciliate: calyx-lobes 
a little longer than the capsule. — ZZ. ciliolata, Torr. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 40, & FI. i. 
173. H., longifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3099, not Gertn. Hedyotis ciliolata, Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 40 (excl. syn. . serpyllifolia, Graham).— Chiefly northward, on rocky banks along 
the Great Lakes and their tributaries, Canada to Michigan and south to Kentucky, passing 
into the next. 

Var. longifélia, Gray, lv. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved : 
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 to 20 lines long) ; radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, 
not ciliate: calyx-lobes little surpassing the capsule. — H. longifolia, Gertn. Fruct. i. 226, 
t. 49, f.8; Willd. Spec. i. 583. Hedyotis longifolia, Hook. Fl. i. 286; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
HT. angustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 106, partly. — Rocky or gravelly ground, Canada to Saskatche- 
wan, Missouri, and Georgia. 

Var. tenuifélia. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, with loose inflorescence, 
almost filiform branches and peduncles: cauline leaves all linear, hardly over a line wide: 
otherwise as preceding. — J. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 95. Hedyotis longifolia, var. tenuifolia, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —S. E. Ohio, and through the mountains, Virginia to N. Carolina and 
Tennessee. 

Var. calycdésa. Near a foot high: leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish: calyx-lobes 
elongated (2 to 4 lines long), much surpassing the capsule. — Hedyotis calycosa, Shuttlew. in 
distrib. Pl. Rugel.— Mountains of Alabama (fugel) to Arkansas (Nuttall), and Illinois 
(E. Hall) ; also coll. by Drummond. 

H. angustifolia, Micux. Rather rigid, becoming many-stemmed from a perpendicular 
root, glabrous: leaves narrowly linear or lowest somewhat spatulate, on the stems commonly 
fascicled in the axils: flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled or sub- 
sessile: corolla nearly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, mostly white, upper face of the lobes 
commonly villous-pubescent: capsule with turbinate or acutish base, only the summit free, 
and barely equalled by the short calyx-teeth, first opening across the tip, at length septi- 
cidal: seeds obscurely concave on the hilar face. (Transition to Oldenlandia.) —FI. i. 85; 
Gray,lc. H. fruticosa & H. rupestris, Raf. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. & Gray, lc. Olden- 


Oldenlandia. RUBIACEA. 27 


landia angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68, & Man. ed. 2.— Barrens, Illinois to Kansas, and 
Tennessee to Florida and Texas. 

Var. filifélia, Diffuse, disposed to be lignescent at base: cauline leaves mostly fili- 
form: flowers and capsules smaller, more pedunculate.— Oldenlandiu angustifolia, Chapm. 
Fl. 181.— Rocky pine barrens near the coast, Florida. In Texas passing into the ordinary 
form. 

Var. rigidiuscula. A span to a foot high, stouter: leaves mostly rigid, from linear 
to lanceolate : flowers disposed to be glomerate and sessile, but some pedunculate. — 8. and 
W. Texas, Palmer, Havard, &c. Coast of E. Florida, Rugel. (Mex.) 


§ 2. Ereic6tis. Fruticose or fruticulose: leaves setaccous or acerose-linear, 
rigid, fascicled : flowers (purplish) and seeds nearly as in the last preceding sub- 
division. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203. 


H. fasciculata, Gray, 1c. A span to a foot or more high, decidedly shrubby, with rigid 
and tortuous spreading branches, glabrous or hirtello-puberulent: stipules very short: 
leaves subulate-linear, thickish, 2 to 4 lines long, much fascicled : flowers cymulose, short- 
pedicelled : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, between salverform and funnelform, the tube some- 
times hardly or sometimes twice longer than the lobes: capsule barely a line long, about 
one-third free: seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, elongated-oblong, barely concave on the ventral 
face. — Includes some of Hedyotis stenophylla or Oldenlandia angustifolia, var. parviflora of 
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. & ii. —S. W. borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow, 
Wright, G. R. Vasey. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 

H. acerésa, Grar, 1. c. A span or two high, fruticulose, tufted, with slender ascending 
branches, minutely hispidulous-pubescent or glabrate, very leafy throughout: stipules short, 
commonly with a median cusp: leaves acicular-setaceous, 3 to 5 lines long: calyx-lobes 
similarly setaceous : flowers sessile : corolla purplish, salverform with slightly dilated throat ; 
its slender tube 3 or 4 lines long, much exceeding the ovate lobes: capsule globular, over a 
line long, about a quarter part free, much overtopped by the acicular calyx-lobes; cells 
12-20-seeded : seeds roundish, with small ventral excavation. — [/edyotis (Ereieotis) acerosa, 
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 81. Oldenlandia acerosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 67. Mallostoma acerosa, 
Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 31.— High plains and hills, S. W. Texas, and adjacent 
New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) 


5. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. (Dr. H. B. Oldenland.) — Mostly subtrop- 
ical and humble herbs, with inconspicuous white or whitish flowers. — Nov. 
Gen. 42, t. 36, & Pl. Am. ed. Burm. t. 212, f.1; L. Gen. ed. 1, 862; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 58. 

* Corolla salverform, surpassing the calyx: flowers cymose: calyx-lobes distant in fruit. 


O. Greénei, Gray. Erect annual, paniculately branched, a span or more high, glabrous : 
leaves spatulate-linear or broadly linear with narrowed base (the larger ones inch long): 
flowers sessile in the forks and along the lax branches of the pedunculate cyme: calyx-teeth 
triangular-subulate, about the length of the turbinate tube: corolla less than 2 lines long, 
with tube longer than its own lobes and those of the calyx: capsule quadrangular-hemi- 
spherical, or at first somewhat turbinate: seeds moderately angled. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 77. — Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Huachuca Mountains, §. Arizona, 
Lemmon. 

%* * Corolla rotate, shorter than the calyx-lobes, inconspicuous: capsule rounded at base: stipules 
mostly bimucronate or bicuspidate: calyx-teeth approximate at base: diffuse low herbs; fl. 
summer. 

O. Béscii, Caarm. <A span or so high from a perennial root, diffusely spreading, slender, 
glabrous: leaves linear with attenuate base, inch or less long, obscurely one-nerved : flowers 
few or solitary and nearly sessile at the axils: calyx-teeth broadly subulate, rather shorter 
than the capsule.—FI1. 181. Hedyotis Bosci. DC.1.¢.420; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 41.— Low 
or wet ground, S. Carolina to Arkansas and Texas. 

O. glomerata, Micux. A span to a foot high from an annual root, erect or soon diffuse, 
freely branching, somewhat hirsutulous-pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, thinnish, 


, 


28 RUBIACEA. Pentodon. 


half-inch long, contracted at base as if petioled: flowers in terminal or lateral sessile glome- 
rules, rarely solitary : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, foliaceous, longer than the subglobose or 
hemispherical hirsute capsule. — Fl. i. 83; Pursh, Fl. i. 102. O. uniflora, L. Spec. i. 119 

name passed by as incorrect. Hedyotis auricularia, Walt. Car. 85, not L. H. glomerata, Ell. 
Sk. 1. 187; DC. c.; Torr. & Gray, Le. H. glomerata & H. Virginica, Spreng. Syst. i. 412. 
— Low grounds near the coast, Long Island, New York, to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.) 


6. PENTODON, Hochst. (Ilévre, five, ddovs, tooth, differing from the pre- 
ceding genus in 5-merous flowers, therefore five calyx-teeth.) — Tender and weak 
somewhat succulent annuals, glabrous; with 4-angular branching and diffusely 
spreading stems, ovate or oblong short-petiolate leaves, 2-3-flowered terminal 
peduncles, occupying the forks of the stem or becoming lateral, or by suppression 
of leaves bearing several quasi-racemose flowers: corolla white. — Flora, 1844, 
522; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 59. Hedyotis § Pentotis, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 42. 
—-Consists of an African species (P. decumbens, Hochst. 1. ¢., Oldenlandia pen- 
tandra, DC.) and the following, which differs from the character of that plant in 
the points mentioned below. 

P. H4lei. Leaves rather obtuse: peduncles shorter than the leaves, or hardly any: pedi- 
cels only twice the length of the flowering or fruiting calyx, soon clavate-thickened : 
corolla only a line long, not hirsute within. — Hedyotis Hale’, Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. Olden- 


landia Halei, Chapm. F): 181.— Low swampy grounds, W. Louisiana, Hale. Florida, Rugel, 
Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba.) 


7. HAMELIA, Jacq. (A. L. DuHamel du Monceau.) Tropical Ameri- 
can shrubs: with petiolate sometimes verticillate leaves, interpetiolar lanceolate- 
subulate stipules, and red or yellow flowers in naked and scorpioid terminal 
cymes.— Stirp. Amer. 71.t.50. Duhamelia, Pers. Syn. i. 203. 

H. patens, Jace. 1. c. Shrub 8 or 10 feet high, cinereous-pubescent on all young parts: 
leaves more commonly in threes, oval-oblong, acuminate: cyme 3-5-rayed, with flowers 
almost sessile along its branches: corolla crimson, puberulent, almost cylindrical, over half- 


inch long: fruits black, small. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 107. &. coccinea, Swartz, Prodr. 46.— 
Keys and shores of E. Florida. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 


8. CATESB.ALA, Gronov. (Mark Catesby, author of Nat. Hist. of Caro- 
lina, Florida, etc., and of Hortus Brit.-Amer., etc.) —W. Indian spinose shrubs; 
one has reached the shores of Florida. — L. Gen. ed. 1, 356. 


C. parviflora, Swartz. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with rigid very leafy branches, glabrous, 
spinose from the axils: leaves mostly fascicled at the nodes, coriaceous, shorter than the 
spines (quarter to half inch long), roundish, lucid: flowers very small for the genus, solitary 
and sessile : corolla only half-inch long, white: berry small, white. — Prodr. 30, & Fl. i. 236; 
Vahl, Ecl. i. 12, t. 10; Griseb. FI. W. Ind. 317; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, Suppl. 625. — Bahia 
Honda Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind.) 


9. RANDIA, Houst. ex L. (Dedicated by Houston, in a letter to Lin- 
neus, to John Rand, an English apothecary.) — As now received, an ample genus 
of tropical shrubs or trees, largely Asiatic and African, but the original species 
American, often spinose, and with sessile flowers in the axils or terminating 
short branchlets. — L. Hort. Cliff. 485, & Gen. ed. 1, 376; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 88. 


R. aculedta, L. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous, with rigid spreading branches: axillary 
spines simple, sometimes few, not rarely wanting: leaves obovate to elliptical, at length 
coriaceous, from 2 inches down to half-inch long, many fascicled in the axils or on short 
spurs: calyx-teeth short and small: corolla white, 3 or 4 lines long: berries less than half 


Guettarda. RUBIACE&. 29 


inch long, subglobose, blue or black, not many-seeded.— P. Browne, Jam. t. 8, f£. 1; Griceb, 
Fl. W. Ind. 318; Chapm. Fl. 179. R. aculeata & R. mitis, L. Spec. ii. 1192, the latter 
nearly a spineless form. AR. latifolia, Lam. Dict. iii. 24, & Ill. t. 156. Gardenia Randia, 
Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 526; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1841.— Coast and Keys of S. Florida. 
(W. Ind., &e.) 


R. Xavapensis, Mart. & Gal., occurs not very far beyond the Mexican border. 


10. GENIPA, Plum. (Altered from an aboriginal name.) — Shrubs or 
small trees of Tropical America; with ample coriaceous and mostly lucid leaves, 
deciduous interpetiolar stipules, no spines, but rather large white or whitish 
flowers which are more or less pedunculate in a terminal cyme, and a large 
firm-rinded berry. — Plum. Cat. 20. & Pl. Amer. ed. Burm. 127, t. 186; Tourn. 
Inst. 658, t. 486, 437; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 316. 


G. clusizfdlia, Grisrs.1.c. Glabrous:. plant blackening in drying: leaves obovate, very 
obtuse or retuse, mucronulate, slightly petioled, 2 to 5 inches long, nearly straight-veined, 
fleshy-coriaceous, lucid: truncate calyx-limb bearing 5 distant and slender subulate teeth : 
corolla inch long, fleshy, glabrous within and without ; tube longer than the oblong-lanceolate 
lobes: acute tips of anthers exserted: stigmas 2, subulate: fruit 2 or 3 inches long, ovoid. — 
Gardenia clusiefolia, Jacq. Coll. App. 37, t.4; DC. Prodr. iv. 381. Randia? clusiefolia, 
Chapm. F].179. Seven-years Apple, Catesb. Car. i. 59, t.59.— Keys and shores of S. Florida, 
first coll. by Blodgett. (Bahamas, Cuba.) 

GarDENIA FLORIDA, L., cult. as Carpe Jessamine, belonging to the genus most allied to 

Genipa, is planted out freely in the Southern Atlantic States. 


11. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Burtron-svsn. (Kedar, head, and dvOos, 
flower, the blossoms densely aggregated in a round head.)—Two or three 
American and as many Asiatic or African species. 

C. occidentalis, L. Shrub 3 to 15 feet high, glabrous or pubescent : stipules one on each 
side between the petioles, triangular, sphacelate, at length deciduous: leaves ovate to lanceo- 
late: flowers white: setiform bractlets between the flowers glandular-capitate: calyx not 
glandular, a little hairy around the base. — Spec. i. 95; Lam. Ill. t. 59; Michx. Fl. i. 87; 
Schk. Handb. t. 21; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 91; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 31; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 282. —- Swamps and along streams, Canada to Florida and Texas, Arizona, and Cali- 
fornia; fl. summer. Var. brachypodus, DC., of Texas, and var. Californicus, Benth. PI. 
Hartw., are mere forms, with leaves short-petioled and often in threes. Var. salicifolius 


(C. salictfolius, Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aquin. t. 98) is an unusually narrow-leaved Mexican 
form. (Mex., Cuba.) 


12. MORINDA, Vaill. (Name contracted from Morus Indicus, the syn- 
carp resembling a mulberry.) — Tropical shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous ; 
with oval to lanceolate leaves, their bases or petioles united by small scarious 
stipules, terminal or axillary peduncles, and white flowers. — Rotoc, Plum. Nov. 
Gen. 11, t. 26. 

M. Roioc, L. Low shrub, or sometimes climbing by twining: leaves oblong-lanceolate : 
stipules subulate-pointed : peduncles solitary, bearing single or sometimes geminate small 


heads. — Spec. i. 176; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 16; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 129.— Coast and Keys of 
S. Florida. (W Ind.) 


138. GUETTARDA, L. (Dr. J. E. Guettard.) — Tropical and subtropi- 
cal shrubs, chiefly American, and one widely diffused littoral species: leaves ovate 
to oblong, petioled, with prominent primary veins beneath: flowers in axillary 
pedunculate cymes; the corollas sericeous-canescent outside. — L. Gen. ed. 5, 
428; Vent. Choix, t.1; DC. Prodr. iv. 455, excl. § 4. Mathiola, Plum. Gen. 
16; L. Gen. ed. 1, 49. 


30 RUBIACE. Guettarda. 


G. scdbra, Lamu. Arborescent: leaves obovate to oblong (4 or 5 inches long), mucronate, 
coriaceous, at length rugose, hispidulous-papillose and scabrous above, soft-pubescent be- 
neath; primary veins (9 to 11 pairs) very prominent beneath and veinlets between well reticu- 
lated: peduncles elongated : corolla often inch long; tube retrorsely silky-villous ; lobes 5, 
rarely 6 or 7: drupe quarter-inch in diameter, 4—6-celled. — Ill. t. 154, f. 3 ; Vent. Choix, 
t.1; DC. le. 456; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 332. G. ambigua, Chapm. Fl. 178, not DC. Mathivla 
scabra, L. Spee. ii. 1192. —S, Florida, Chapman, Garber. (W. Ind.) 

G. elliptica, Swartz. Arborescent: leaves from broadly oval to elliptical-oblong (inch or 
two long), thinnish, pilose-pubescent, often glabrate, at least above; primary veins 4 to 6 
pairs; transverse veinlets not prominent: peduncles and small cymes shorter than the 
leaves. flowers usually 4-merous: corolla quarter-inch long, externally canescent: drupe 
size of a pea, 4-8-celled, 4-2-seeded. — Prodr. 59, & FI. Ind. Oce. i. 635 ; DC. 1. ¢. 457; Torr. 
& Gray, FI. ii. 35; Griseb. lc. G. Blodgettii, Shuttlew. distrib. coll. Rugel; Chapm. Fi. 
178.—S. Florida, first coll. by Blodgett. (W. Ind., Mex.) 


14. ERITHALIS, P. Browne. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, from 
%o., very much, and OadAds, green shoot. Pliny applied it to some green Sedum, 
and P. Browne to this lucid green shrub.) — West Indian littoral shrubs or low 
trees, very smooth and resiniferous: the following is the principal species. 


E. fruticésa, L. Leaves mostly obovate, about 2 inches long, coriaceous: cymes pedun- 
culate, many-flowered: border of the calyx repand-truncate: corolla white, quarter-inch 
long; lobes widely spreading: drupes not over 2 lines in diameter, purple. — Spec. ed. 2, 
ii. 251; DC. Prodr. iv. 465; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 242; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 35; Griseb. Fl. 
W. Ind. 336. L. fruticulosa, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 165, t. 17, f. 38. £. odorifera, Jacq. Stirp. 
Amer. 72, t. 173, £. 23. —Shores and Keys of S. Florida. (All W. Ind.) * 


15. CHIOCOCCA, P. Browne. SnowBeErRy. (Xudv, snow, xéxkos, berry.) 
— Tropical American shrubs, commonly sarmentose or twining, glabrous; with 
coriaceous shining leaves on short petioles, and small yellowish-white flowers in 
axillary racemes or panicles; the small berry-like drupes at maturity white. — 
P. Browne, Jam. 164; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 68; L. Gen. ed. 6, 92. —Some species 
are obviously heterogone-dimorphous ! 


C. racemosa, L. Usually twining and climbing: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate- 
oblong, shining, about equalled by the racemiform panicles: corolla short-funnelform, at most 
4 lines long: anthers included: mature drupe quarter-inch in diameter and globose; only the 
immature flattened and when dried didymous. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 246; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 284; 
Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 93; DC. Prodr. iv. 482; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 32. Lonicera alba, L. Spec. 
ed. 1, 175.— Var. parvifolia (C. parvifolia, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 337) is a smaller-leaved and 
low form, mostly with simple and shorter racemes. — Coast and Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. 
to 8. Am.) 


16. PSYCHOTRIA, L. (Name changed by Linneus from the original 
Psychotrophum of P. Browne, which was formed of yyy, soul, and tpod%, nour- 
ishment: seeds used as a substitute for coffee.) — A large genus of shrubs, of most 
tropical regions, commonly with membranaceous leaves, and small flowers in naked 
terminal cymes; in some heterogone-dimorphous. — Psychotrophum & Myrsti- 
phyllum, P. Browne. 

P. undata, Jace. Shrub 8 to.18 feet high, with woody spreading branches, glabrous or 
with some ferruginous pubescence: stipules rather large, broad, blunt, united and sheathing, 
sphacelate-scarious, caducous (the sheath usually splitting down one side): leaves from oval 
to elliptical lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; primary veins transverse or little ascending: 
cyme sessile, of about 3 primary rays and secondary divisions: corolla white or whitish, vil- 
Jous in the throat, with lobes shorter than tube: drupes red, ellipsoidal when dry ( subrotund, 
Jacquin), the nutlets striate-costate on the back. — Hort. Scheenb. iii. 5, t. 260; DC. Prodr, 


Kelloggia. RUBIACES. 31 


iv. 513; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 342. P. nervosa, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 403. P. lanceolata, 
Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. vy. 290, ferruginous-pubescent form, in fruit, and glabrous form also 
mentioned ; DC. l.c.513. P. chimarrhoides, & P. oligotricha, DC. 1. ¢. 514, glabrous or nearly 
glabrous forms. P. rufescens, HBK.? Griseb. 1. v., the ferruginous-pubescent form. — Woods 
of E. and 8. Florida along the coast, first coll. by Michaux and Ware. (W. Ind., Mex.?) 


P. tenuifdlia, Swarrz. Shrub 1 to 4 feet high, with more simple and erect partly herba- 
ceous flowering branches, glabrous or commonly with a very minute pruinose puberulence, 
no ferruginous hairiness: stipules distinct, ovate, often acute, sometimes setaceously-acumi- 
nate, caducous : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader (3 to 6 inches long), acuminate at both 
ends: cyme either short-peduncled or sessile, compactly many-flowered: flowers nearly of the 
preceding : drupes not seen in the Florida plant, according to Swartz “oblong,” (ellipsoidal, 
Grisebach,) in Cuban specimens globose. — Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 402 (ex char.) ; Griseb. 1. ¢. 341. 
P. lanceolata, in distrib. coll. Rugel, in part, & coll. Curtiss; also Chapm. Fl. 1. ¢. in part ; 
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 135, not Nutt. (Near P. pubescens, Swartz, but has different stipules.) 
— Rich woods, 8. Florida; Tampa and Manatee River, Leavenworth, Rugel, Indian River, 
Cuitiss. (W. Ind.) 


17. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. (C. C. Strumpf, who edited the fourth edition 
of Linn. Genera Plantarum.) — Stirp. Amer. 218; Lam. Ill. t. 731; A. Rich. 
Mem. Rub. t. 9; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 117. — Single species. 


S. maritima, Jace. Low shrub, much branched, erect, exceedingly leafy : branches where 
the leaves have fallen annulate-roughened by the squarrose remains of the stipules, which 
closely approximate : leaves more commonly in threes, firm-coriaceous and rigid, linear, with 
strongly revolute margins, glabrous or puberulent, at length shining, inch or less long, 
mostly exceeding the flower-clusters: corolla white: fruit white. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 208; 
DC. Prodr. iv. 470; Chapm. Fl. 178; Griseb. 1. c. 336. Yournefortia, &c., Plum. Amer. ed. 
Burm. t. 251, f. 1. — Rocks on the sea-shore, Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.) 


18. ERNODEA, Swartz. (‘Epvséys, sprouting or branching.) — Prodr. 29, 
& Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 223, t. 4. Knoxia, P. Browne, Jam. 140. Zhymelea, Sloane, 
Hist. Jam. t. 169. — Single species. 


E. littordlis, Swartz, 1. c. Procumbent, suffruticose, glabrous: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, 
lanceolate, acute, inch or less long, crowded on the branchlets, obscurely nervose-veined : 
stipules short-vaginate, produced between the leaf-bases into cuspidate points: corolla yel- 
lowish, half-inch or less long: drupe yellow, pisiform, crowned by the conspicuous calyx- 
lobes. — A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 5, f. 2; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 347. — 
Shores of S. Florida. (W. Ind.) - 


19. MITCHELLA, L. Parrriper-serry.— (Dr. John Mitchell of Vir- 
ginia, earliest N. American botanical author, founder of several new genera in 
1741.) — Gen. ed. 5, 49; Lam. Ill. t. 63. Chamedaphne, Mitch. — Of a single 
species, for that of Japan seems not different. 


M. répens, L Small creeping evergreen, glabrous or nearly so: leaves deep green, ovate or 
subcordate, half-inch to near an inch in length, slender-petioled : stipules triangular-subulate, 
minute: peduncle short, terminal: corollas white or tinged with rose outside ; tube half 
inch long, surpassing the oblong lobes ; two-eyed “berry” rather dry and tasteless, bright 
red, sometimes white. — Spec. i. 111 (Lonicera, &c., Gronov.; Syringa baccifera, &e., Pluk. 
Amalth. t. 444, Catesb. Car. t. 20); Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 979; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t 95, f. 1; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 34; Gray, Struct. Bot. ed. 6, fig. 467-469. A. undulata, Sieb. & Zuce.; 
Miquel, Prolus. Jap. 275. — Woods, especially under Coniferm, Nova Scotia and Canada to 
Florida and Texas. (Mex., Japan.) 


20. KELLOGGIA, Torr. (Dr. Albert Kellogg, of California.) — Wilkes, 
S. Pacif. Ex. Exped. xvii. 832 (1874), t. 6 (1862); Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137; 


32 RUBIACE. Kelloggia. 


Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539, & Bot. Calif. i. 282. — Single species: most allied 

to Galopina of S. Africa. 

K. galioides, Torr. 1.c. Slender and glabrous or puberulent perennial, a span to a foot 
high, with foliage of a Houstonia (leaves only opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and 
entire or 2-dentate interposed stipules), fruit and paniculate inflorescence of a Galium, and 
corolla (of Asperula) white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long, the lobes equalling or shorter than 
the tube. —Mountain woods, mostly under coniferous trees, Sierra Nevada, California (first 
coll. by Brewer and Torrey), south to mountains of Arizona, east to Utah, and north to Wash- 
ington Terr. and N. W. Wyoming. 


21. MITRACARPUS, Zuccarini. (Mizpa, a girdle or head-band, evi- 
dently taken in the sense of mitre, and xapzds, fruit.) — Low annuals or per- 
ennials (American and one or two African) ; with the habit of Spermacoce, and 
with small white flowers. — Zucc. in Rem. & Schult. Syst. Mant. iii. 210, name 
given only in the accusative case, “ Mitracarpum,” in index rightly under the 
nominative “ Mitracarpus.”’ Mistaken for a nominative, we have the ungram- 
matical Mitracarpum, by Cham. & Schlecht., followed by A. Rich., DC., Endl., 
Benth. & Hook., and wrongly corrected by Benth. Bot. Sulph. and Gray, PI. 
Wright.,into Mitracarpium. (Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77.) Staurospermum, 
Thonning in Schum. Pl. Guin. 73, is of same date (1827). 

M. breviflérus, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, nearly glabrous and smooth, bearing 
2 or 3 axillary verticillastrate-capitate clusters and a terminal one: leaves lanceolate, about 
inch long: stipules with few setiform appendages: two larger calyx-lobes lanceolate-subu- 
late, longer than tube, equalling or surpassing the small (barely line long) glabrous white 
corolla ; intermediate ones small and dentiform, hyaline. — Pl. Wright. ii. 68; Rothr. in 
Wheeler Rep. vi. 137. — Ravines and hillsides, S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, &c. 
(Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &c.) 

M. trveEAnris, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, ‘also coll. by Xantus, has narrow leaves, 
and tube of corolla at least twice the length of the calyx. 


22. RICHARDIA, Houst., L. (Dr. H. Richardson of London, father of 
Richard Richardson, the correspondent of Gronovius, &c. See Smith’s Corr. 
Linnzus and other Naturalists, ii. 173.) — Hispid or hirsute perennials or annu- 
als, natives of Tropical America; with broadish subsessile leaves, setiferous 
stipules, and whitish flowers ; these mostly in a terminal capitate cluster, involu- 
crate by the one or two uppermost pairs of leaves. — Gen. Pl. ed. 1,100; Gaertn. 
Fruct. t. 25; Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Per. & Chil. t. 279; Hiern in Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 
242, Richardsonia, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iv. 480, & HBK. Nov. Gen. & 
Spec. iii. 350, t. 279: but it appears that this, which correctly indicates the 
naturalist to whom the genus was dedicated, cannot be allowed to supersede the 
original name, faulty as it is in this respect. , 

R. scAsra, L. Loosely branching,and spreading: leaves ovate to lanceolate-oblong (inch or 
two in length), roughish: stipules with rather few setiform appendages: glomerules of 
flowers and fruit depressed : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. — Spec. i. 330. R. pilosa, Ruiz & Pay. 
l.c.; HBK.1 ¢. Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil. Pl. Us. Bras. 8, t. 8; DC. Prodr. iv. 567: 
Chapm. Fi. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. — Low or sandy grounds, abundantly naturalized in the low 
country, S. Carolina to Texas, called Mexican Clover in Alabama, and relished by cattle ; the 


root in 8. America used as an emetic and as a substitute for Ipecac. Sparingly occurs as a 
ballast-weed at Northern ports. (Nat. from Mex. & S. Am.) 


23. CRUSEA, Cham. (Prof. Wm. Cruse, of Keenigsberg, who wrote on 
Rubiacee.) — Perennials or annuals (of Mexico and adjacent districts), with habit 


Spermacoce. RUBIACE. Bp 


of Diodia, the rose-colored or white corollas elongated in the typical species: sta- 
mens and style usually exserted. — Linnea, v. 165; DC. Prodr. iv. 566; Hook. 
& Arn. Bot. Beech. t. 99; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 144 (calyx wrongly said to 
persist on the fruit); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77, where the genus is 
extended. 

* Corolla rose-purple, with slender almost filiform tube: erect annual. 


C. Wrightii, Gray. Sparsely hirsute, about a foot high, with long internodes: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, nervose-veiny, upper attenuate-acute ; uppermost four or more involucrate 
around the solitary capitate gloumerule: calyx-lobes 4, attenuate-subulate and almost equal, 
nearly equalling the corolla-tube, or two of them sometimes very short, hispid-ciliate toward 
the base: corolla salverform, 2 lines long: stigmas 2, short-linear: ovary and immature fruit 
didymous. — Pl. Wright. ii. 68.— Plains and mountains of S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 
Habit of C. rubra, but far smaller-flowered. 

* * Corolla white or whitish, small (about 2 lines long): stamens and style little exserted: stig- 
mas short: low and diffuse annuals or perennials. 


C. subulata, Gray. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems ascending from an annual 
root, a span or two high, somewhat paniculately branched: branches flowering from most 
of the axils: leaves narrowly linear becoming subulate (inch or less long): clusters rather 
few-flowered : corolla almost salverform : calyx-lobes 2 or 3 lanceolate and foliaceous, one or 
two much smaller and partly scarious or reduced to stipule-like teeth: gyncecium 2-merous: 
fruit cuneate-obovate, slightly didymous, obscurely puberwlent: carpels coriaceous, at ma- 
turity separating from a narrow linear and bifid persistent carpophore (not unlike that of 
some Umbellifer) and opening on the ventral face. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 78, not that 
of Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am., which is a slip of pen or type for C. subalata, Hook. & Arn. 
Spermacoce subulata, Pav. ex DC. (Borreria subulata, DC. Prodr. iv. 543); Hemsl. 1. ¢. 60.— 
8. Arizona, Wright (from seeds which were raised in Botanic Garden, Cambridge, in 1852), 
Lemmon. (Mex.) 

C. allocécca, Gray, 1.c. Hirsute or hispidulous to almost glabrous, diffusely branched 
from a perennial root, low and much spreading or depressed, flowering from summit and 
uppermost axils: leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate (half-inch to barely inch long) : 
corolla funnelform, 3-4-lobed : calyx-lobes 3 to 5, commonly 4 and equal, lanceolate, longer 
than the ovary and fruit: gyncecium 3-4-merous: stigmas short and broad: fruit obovate- 
globose, sometimes glabrous and smooth, sometimes partially or wholly hispidulous, 3-4- 
coccous, more commonly 3-coccous ; the carpels flattened on the ventral face, separating from 
a weak scarious carpophore, either closed or torn open ventrally. — Diodia tricocca, Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 30. D. tetracocca, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 56, t. 40, f. 10-15. Sperma- 
coce ? tetracocca, Martens & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. xi. 132, fide Hemsl. — Prairies of Texas, 
first coll. by Berlundier, Drummond, &c. (Mex.) 


24. SPERMACOCE, Dill. (Sréppo, seed, dxwx, point; the carpels 
pointed or crowned with one or more calyx-teeth.) — Low herbs, with small and 
white sometimes bluish or purplish flowers, and small fruits in sessile glomerules 
at the nodes; chiefly tropical, the greater number American. — Dill. Elth. ii. 
370, t. 227; L. Gen. ed. 1, 25; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 145. Spermacoce 
& Borreria, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 79; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iii. 310, 
855; DC. Prodr. iv. 540, 552. Fl. summer: corolla in our species short and 
white. 

S. iwvotucrAta, Pursh, Fl. i. 105, appears to have been founded on Crusea rubra, Cham. 
& Schlecht. (notwithstanding the “flowers white”), and without much doubt was wrongly 
attributed to this country. 


% Leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate, contracted into a narrow base or short and margined 
petiole, obliquely more or less pinnate-veined, in ours smooth and glabrous or a little scabrous: 
fruit splitting into the two carpels, one broadly open on the ventral face and discharging its 
seed, the other closed (at least at first) by the membranaceous or coriaceous dissepiment.— 
Spermacoce, G. F. W. Meyer, 1. c.; DC. 

3 


34. RUBIACEA. Spermacoce. 


+— Corolla very villous in the throat, very short: root apparently perennial. 


S. gl4bra, Micux. Spreading or decumbent, smooth and glabrous: stems a foot or so long: 
leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblong (inch or two long), not prominently veined : corolla 
more campanulate than funnelform, little surpassing the large calyx-teeth (only a line and a 
half long): subsessile anthers and style included: fruit somewhat turbinate, smooth (nearly 
2 lines long), crowned by the 4 conspicuous at length triangular-lanceolate spreading calyx- 
teeth, their bases slightly united. — Fl. i. 82; Pursh, FI. i. 105 (excl. the remark that corolla 
is longer than in the next); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 27. Diodia glabra, Pers. Syn. i. 124. Prob- 
ably Spermacoce verticillis tenuioribus, Dill. Elth. 1. c., therefore S. tenuior, L. Spec. except as 
to syn. Pluk. — River-banks, S$. Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 

+ + Corolla glabrous or merely pubescent in the throat: root annual. 

S. tentior, L. partly, Lam. Ascending or spreading: leaves oval-oblong to oblong-lance- 
olate, more or less seabrous, with 4 or 5 pairs of more prominent veins: corolla funnelform, 
twice or thrice the length of the calyx, and with more or less exserted stamens and style, 
yet in some plants nearly as short as in the preceding species, and with stamens and style 
included (probably dimorphous) : fruit didymous-obovate, commonly pubescent or puberu- 
lent (only a line or so long), coriaceo-crustaceous, crowned with the four short deltoid 
or triangular-lanceolate distinct calyx-teeth.— L. Spec. i. 102, as to Pluk. Alm. t. 136, f. 4, 
perhaps also of Dill. Elth. 1. c.; Pursh, Fl. 1.¢c.; Lam. IIL i. 273, t. 62, f.1; Schk. Handb. 
t.32; A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 4, no. 2, excl. fig.¢?; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 349. S. Chapmanii, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 27, form with the more conspicuous corolla, &c.— River-banks, Florida 
and Louisiana; rare. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 

S. Portoricénsis, Bareis. Annual or perhaps perennial, diffusely spreading, wholly 
smooth and glabrous: leaves smaller than in the preceding (half-inch to inch long), drying 
blackish, with inconspicuous venation: glomerules mostly small and few-flowered: corolla 
only half-line long, short-campanulate, glabrous inside: subsessile anthers and style included: 
fruit globular (a line or less long), very smooth or rarely obscurely puberulent, thinnish, 
crowned with small narrowly subulate calyx-teeth, their bases distant: seed strongly scro- 
biculate-punctate. — DC. Prodr. iv. 552; Polak in Linn. xli. 373. S. tenuior, Torr. & Gray, 
FL ii. 27, & of distrib. Rugel, Curtiss, &c. S. tenuior, var. Portoricensis, Griseb. — Keys and 
near shores of Southern Florida, Blodgett, Rugel, Garber, Curtiss. (W. Ind., &e.) 

% * Leaves in our species narrow and sessile: fruit septicidal through the thin dissepiment and 
both carpels ventrally dehiscent.— Species of Borreria, Meyer, 1. c.; DC. 1. ¢. Bigelovia, 
Spreng. Syst. . 

S. parvifléra. Annual, glabrous or a little hirtellouspubescent: stems slender, spreading 
or erect, a span to a foot high: leaves from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate-oblong (inch or 
less long), obscurely veined: glomerules in many of the axils, globose: corolla salverform, 
about a line long: stamens and style included: fruit half a line Jong, didymous-globular, 
thinnish, surmounted by the four attenuate-subulate and longer nearly equal calyx-teeth, two 
on each carpel: seed scrobiculate. — Borreria parviflora, Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 83, t. 1, f. 1-3; 
DC.1.¢. B. micrantha, Torr, & Gray, FI. ii. 28. B. Domingensis, Griseb. Cat. Cub. 141. 
Hardly Spermacoce hirta, Swartz, referred here by Griseb.— Waste grounds, 8. Florida, 
Leavenworth, Garber, Curtiss. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.) 

S. podocéphala. Suffrutescent perennial, a span to a foot high in tufts, glabrous and 
smooth or sometimes obscurely hirtello-puberulent: stipular bristles few: leaves numerous, 
about the length of the internodes and usually axillary-fascicled, narrowly linear (inch or 
less long), seldom over a line wide, veinless, not rarely with revolute margins, 2 to 6 upper- 
most raised on a longer peduncle-like internode and involucrating the solitary terminal glo- 
bose glomerule: corolla short-funnelform, a line or little more in length: fruit obovate and 
didymous, each carpel surmounted by a rather shorter subulate or obtuse calyx-tooth ; inter- 
mediate teeth rudimentary or wanting: seed minutely scrobiculate.— Borreria podocephala, 
DC. Prodr. iv. 542; Chapm. Fl. 175 (var. pumila); Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 350, the W. Indian 
specimens attenuate and with less fascicled leaves. Spermacoce pygmea, Wright in Sauv. Fl. 
Cubana, 72.—S. Florida, Blodgett, &c. 8. Texas, Berlandier, Palmer. (Mex., W. Ind.) 


25. DIODIA, Gronov. (Avo8os, a thoroughfare, wayside plants.) — Low 
herbs (nearly all American), usually decumbent; with white or bluish flowers 


Galium. RUBIACEA. 35 


either solitary or few and sessile in the axils of the leaves, produced all summer; 
stipules long-setiferous. — L. Hort. Cliff. App. 493, & Gen. ed. 2, 291 (bad char- 
acter, genus there attributed to Gronovius); Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 29; Lam. II. i. 276, 
t. 63; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 28, excl. spec. 8. Diodia § Hudiodia, DC. 


§ 1. Style 2-cleft and stigmas filiform, and anthers nearly linear; both ex- 
serted: fruit somewhat drupaceous-fleshy before maturity. 


D. Virginiana, L. Diffusely spreading or procumbent from a perennial root, from nearly 
glabrous to hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, inch or two long, bright green, with 
4 or 5 pairs of oblique veins: stipular bristles strong and flat, not very many, commonly 
sparingly hirsute: corolla about half-inch long, with slender tube: fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 
from glabrous to hirsute, crowned with 2 (or sometimes 3 or 4) lanceolate conspicuous calyx- 
teeth: carpels suberose-crustaceous, with a thin epicarp, 3-costate on the back. — Spec. i. 104, 
& Mant. ii. 330; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 29, with vars. D. Viryinica, Jacq. Je. Rar. 1. ¢.; Lam. 
l.c.; Michx. Fl. i. 81; Pursh, FL i. 105; DC. Prody. iv. 562. D. tetragona, Walt. Car. 87. 
D. harsuta, Pursh, Fl. i. 106. Spermacoce Virginiana, A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 4, no. 3, fruit 
only. — Low grounds, along streams, S. New Jersey to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas. 


§ 2. Style entire: stigma capitate-2-lobed, and with the short anthers shorter 
than the purplish corolla-lobes: fruit wholly dry and thin-crustaceous. 


D. téres, Warr. Diffusely spreading or ascending from an annual but sometimes lignescent 
root, rigid, from puberulent to hirsute: branches terete, rather quadrangular above: leaves 
from linear to lanceolate, commonly inch long, rather rigid, scabrous: bristles of the trun- 
cate stipules numerous, long and slender, usually equalling the flowers and surpassing the 
fruit: cotolla only 3 lines long: fruit obovate-turbinate, commonly hispidulous, only 2 lines 
high, crowned with the mostly 4 shorter and equal or unequal deltoid-lanceolate or at length 
ovate calyx-lobes, often 3 on une carpel and one on the other. — Car. 87; DC. Prodr. iv. 562; 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. Diodia, Gronov. in Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, 71, ed. 2, 17, at least in part, 
fide herb. Spermacoce diodina, Michx. Fl. i. 82; Pursh, Fl.i.105.— Saudy soil, New Jersey 
and Penn., toward the coast, to Florida, Texas, and in Mississippi Valley to W. Hlinois. 
(Adj. Mex., W. Ind., for it probably includes D. prostrata, Swartz.) 

Var. angustata. Slender: stem often simple, all the upper part quadrangular : 
leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear: fruit hispidulous to puberulent, varying tv quite 
smooth, and to smooth and glabrous herbage. — D. teres, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 69. — 
S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Lemmon, the latter specimens a remarkably smooth form. 


26. GALIUM, L. Bepstraw, Creavers. (Gallium, as written by the 
old herbalists, and even by Tournefort ; supposed to come from ydaAa, milk, which 
some species were used to curdle, in place of rennet.) — Very large genus, in- 
digenous to all temperate regions: leaves sessile: flowers small, in summer. — 
Gen. ed. 5, 46. Galium & Aparine, L. Gen. ed. 1-3. Gallium, Aparine, & 
Cruciata, Tourn. Galium & Relbunium, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 149. 


Roara (R. tinctoria, L., of the Old World, is the cultivated MappEr) has 5-merous flowers 
and baccate fruit, the latter a character of several species of Galium. 

AspérvLa opordta, L., the Wooprurr of Europe, sweet-scented in drying, has been occa- 
sionally found around German settlements. 


§ 1. Species locally naturalized in the Atlantic States: fruit dry at maturity. 


G. vérum, L. Perennial: stems smooth, erect: leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, 
roughish, soon deflexed: flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow, rarely cream-color : 
fruit usually smooth.— Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.) 

G. Moiitco, L. Perennial, smooth throughout: stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3 feet long: leaves 
8 or on branchlets 6 in the whorls, oblanceolate to nearly linear: flowers very numerous in 
ample almost leafless panicles: fruit smooth. — Roadsides and fields, New York and Penn. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 


36 RUBIACE. Galiwm. 


G. Ayexicum, Hups. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom a’ foot high, glabrous: leaves 5 to 7 
in the whorls, oblanceolate to nearly linear (quarter-inch long), minutely spinulose-scabrous 
on margins and angles of stem: flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish- 
white, very small: fruit glabrous, but more or less tuberculate-granulate. — G. Parisiense, L. 
var. Anglicum, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. &c.— Roadsides in dry soil, Bedford Co., Virginia, 
A. H. Curtiss. (Nat. from Eu.) 

G. tricérne, Wirs. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches, 
spreading or procumbent: leaves 6 or 8 in the whorls, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate 
(inch or less long), retrorsely prickly-hispid on margins, as also on angles of stem: flowers 
usually only 3 in the umbelliform cymules, dull white: fruits comparatively large, tubercu- 
late-granulate, not hairy, hanging on recurved stout pedicels (likened to the three balls of a 
pawnbroker’s shop). — Rare in waste or cult. fields eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Indigenous species: fruit dry. 
* Annuals: fruit more or less uncinately hispidulous or hirsute, in one species sometimes naked: 
flowers hermaphrodite: corolla white or whitish. 
+— Coarse, reclining: leaves 6 to 8 in the whorls. 

G. Aparine, L. (Cieavers, Goosr-Grass.) Stems 1 to 4 feet long, retrorsely aculeolate- 
hispid on the angles, as also on the margins and midrib of the oblanceolate or almost linear 
cuspidate-acuminate leaves: peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal, bearing 
either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate flowers: fruit not pendulous, rather large, granulate- 
tuberculate and the tubercles tipped with bristles. — Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1597. — Shaded 
grounds, Canada to Texas, and Aleutian Islands to California; eastward mainly as an intro- 
duced plant, or appearing so. (Eu., Asia.) 

Var. Vaillantii, Kocu. Smaller, more slender: leaves seldom inch long: flowers 
usually more numerous: fruit smaller (carpels when dry only a line or so in diameter), hir- 
sute or hispidulous.— Fl. Germ. ed. 1, 330. G. Aparine, var. minor, Hook. Fl. i. 290. G. 
Vaillantii, DC. FI. Fr. iv. 203. — Texas to California, Montana, and Brit. Columbia; certainly 
indigenous: perhaps so in Canada, &. (Eu.) 

++ + Small and low, more erect: leaves mostly 4 in the whorls. 
++ Flowers on solitary naked peduncles. 

G. bifélium, Warson. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high, sparingly branched 
slender: leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, four in the whorls (larger half-inch long), the 
alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair: fructiferous peduncles 
about the length of the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispidulous fruit decurved on 
the naked tip. — Bot. King Exp. 134, t. 14.— Mountains of Utah, Nevada, and S. Montana, 
Watson. W. Colorado, Brandegee, and Sierra Nevada, California. 


G. Texénse, Gray. Hispidulous-hirsute or upper part of stem glabrous, weak and slender, 
a foot or less high: leaves broadly oval, equal, in fours, thin, one-nerved (only 3 or 4 lines 
long), the sides and margins equally beset with straight bristly hairs: peduncles terminal 
and 1-flowered; the primordial ones naked and filiform, 4 to 10 lines long; single axils 
proliferous into a similar shoot which bears an unequally 4-leaved small whorl and a short 
peduncle or pedicel: bristles of the fruit much shorter than the carpels, barely uncinulate. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. Californicum, var. Texanum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20. G. un- 
cinulatum, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 215% probably not DC., nor G. obstipum, Schlecht., which are 
perhaps perennial and have a different inflorescence, but are nearly allied. — Hills and river- 
banks, Texas, Drummond (immature), Lindheimer, Wright, Hall, Reverchon. 
++ ++ Flowers and fruit solitary and sessile between a pair of bracteal leaves which resemble the 

cauline ones: stem and leaves hispidulous, or sometimes nearly glabrous. 

G. virg4tum, Nurr. A span or two high, simple or with simple and strict branches from 
the base: leaves oblong-linear or oblong, thickish, 2 or 3 lines long; most of the axils flo- 
riferous: peduncles exceedingly short, reflexed in fruit, not proliferous: carpels copiously 
uncinate-hispid, shorter than the arrect bracteal leaves, which often appear as if belonging 
to the whorl itself. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 20; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 215. G. Texanum, Scheele 
in Linn. xxi. 597, badly described. — Naked prairies of Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, 
first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. leiocdrpum, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Fruit quite smooth and glabrous: herbage 
commonly almost so. With the ordinary form. 


Galium. RUBIACEA, a1 


G. proliferum, Gray. More branching, less hispidulous or glabrate, weaker; leaves thin- 
ner, oval or oblong, alternate ones rather smaller: flowers solitary terminating a pedunculi- 
form axillary branch of twice or thrice the length of the whorled leaves, and the fruit barely 
surpassed by its pair of bracts, or one or even two more by prolification from the bracts: 
fruit of the preceding. — Pl. Wright. ii. 67. G. virgatum, var. diffusum, Gray, Pl. Wright. 
i, 80.— Stony hills, along the Rio Grande between Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &c. 
Hills near Tucson, Arizona, Pringle. Perhaps S. Utah, Mf. E. Jones, specimen insufticient. 
(Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 

* * Perennials, wholly herbaceous: slender roots of several species containing red coloring-matter 
(madder): flowers hermaphrodite (at least not dicecious): bristles on the fruit short and uncinate 
or none. 

+— Leaves in fours throughout or rarely even fewer, comparatively large, either broad or inch or 
more long, none cuspidate-pointed, 

++ Broad, one-nerved, with usually an obscure pair of lateral veins at base: flowers yellowish 
white to brown-purplish: fruit hispid. 

G. pilé6sum, Arr. Commonly hirsutulous-pubescent :- stems ascending, two feet long, panic- 
ulately branched above: leaves oval, callous-mucronulate, puncticulate (the largest hardly 
inch long): cymules few-flowered: flowers all short-pedicelled. — Ait. Kew. i. 145; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24. G. Bermudense, L. Spec. i. 105, as to syn. Pluk., from 
which also the specific name, but with the incongruous char. “ foliis linearibus”; and the 
plant seems unknown from Bermuda. G. purpureum, Walt. Car. 87, not L. G. puneticulosum, 
var. pilosum, DC. Prodr. iv. 601.— Open woods in dry soil, S. New England to Indiana, 
Arkansas, Texas, and Florida. (GC. obovatum, HBK., of S. America, is near to this.) 

Var. puncticuldsum, Torr. & Gray, lc. Almost glabrous: leaves varying to 
elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate. — G'. Bermudense, L. 1. c. as to syn. Gronov. G. puneticu- 
losum, Michx. Fl. i. 80; DC. 1c. G. Bermudianum, Pursh, Fl. i. 104. G. punctatum, Pers. 
Syn. i. 128. — Virginia to Texas. 
++ ++ Leaves broad, distinctly 3-nerved, pointless or merely callous-mucronate: flowers never 

bright white. 

== Fruit hispid: cymes rather few-flowered, with divisions or peduncles in fruit divaricate or di- 
verging: corolla from dull cream-color or greenish to brown-purplish: stems comparatively 
simple and low. 


G. Kamtschaticum, Sretier. A span to a foot high: stems weak, mainly glabrous: 
leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (half-inch to inch or so long), slightly pilose or hirsutu- 
lous, at least the nerves and margins: flowers few or several in the pedunculate cymules, 
all distinctly and rather slenderly pedicellate: corolla glabrous, yellowish white, not turning 
dark, its lobes merely acute. — Steller in Roem. & Schult. Syst. iii. Mant. 186; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. obovatum, Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii.412; Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 263 ; Maxim. 
Mel. Biol. ix. &c., not of HBK., which is S. Amer. and has pinnately veiny leaves. G. Lit- 
tellii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. vii. 177 (1841); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388. G. cireezans, 
var. montanum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24.— Mountains of Gaspé, Lower Canada (Dr. Allen), 
higher mountains of New England (Littell, Tuckerman, Oukes, &c.); also those of Oregon 
and Washington Terr. (Hail, Howell, Henderson, Suksdorf, chiefly forms with oblong-ovate 
and acutish leaves), to Unalaska, Eschscholtz. (Adj. E. Asia, the Sachalin plant exactly that 
of N. New England and Canada.) 

G. circézans, Micux. About a foot high, hirsutulous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves oval 
or oblong-ovate, obtuse (largest inch and a half long): flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile 
in the fork and along the simple branches of the cyme: fruit at length deflexed: corolla 
greenish, hirsutulous outside, the lobes acute or acuminate. — Fl. i. 80: DC. 1.¢.; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c. excl. vars. G. brachiatum, Muhl. Cat., not Pursh. G. boreale? Walt. Car. 257. 
G. circeoides, Roem. & Schult. Syst. iii. 256.— Dry woods, Canada to Florida, N. W. Arkan- 
sas, and Texas. Leaves sweet-tasted, wherefore called Wild Liquorice. 

G. lanceolatum, Torr. A foot or two high, simple-stemmed, nearly glabrous: leaves 
(except lowest) broadly lanceolate, verging to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish (2 inches 
long): corolla glabrous, larger and the lobes more acuminate than in preceding, yellowish 
turning dull purple: inflorescence similar: fruit less hispid.— Fl. N. & Midd. States, 168 ; 
Hook. Fl. i. 280; Gray, Man. G. Torreyi, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 56. G, circezans, var. 


on 


38 RUBIACEA. Galium. 


lanceolatum, Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. 23; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24.—Dry woods, New England 


to Upper Michigan and Canada. ; 
== = Fruit very smooth and glabrous, rather fleshy: corolla dark brown-purple ; lobes acuminate. 


G. latifélium, Micux. A foot or more high, somewhat glabrous: leaves oblong- to ovate- 
lanceolate (mostly 2 inches long), hispidulous-ciliate, lineate-puncticulate, almost petiolate : 
cymes effusely paniculate, many-flowered ; flowers on filiform pedicels, which are erect even 
in fruit. —Fl. i. 79; DC. Prodr. iv. 599; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 25, excl. var.— Open woods 
in the Alleghany Mountains, Penn. (Porter) to Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Michauz. 


++ ++ ++ Leaves narrow, with lateral nerves obscure or none: otherwise like G. latifolium. 


G. Arkans4num, Gray. Less than foot high: stem and branches glabrous, slender: 
leaves from lanceolate to linear (at most inch long, 1 to 3 lines wide), hispidulous-ciliate on 
the margins and midrib beneath: effuse cymes, flowers, &c. of the last preceding: fruiting 
pedicels minutely upwardly scabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. latifolium, var., Torr. 
& Gray, 1. c.— Arkansas, near the Hot Springs, Engelmann, Dr. Foreman. 

++ ++ ++ ++ Leaves narrow, distinctly 3-nerved, blunt: flowers bright white, copious. 

G. boredle, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and glabrous, very leafy : leaves 
from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils: flowers 
in numerous close cymules collected in a terminal and ample thyrsiform panicle ; the upper- 
most leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts: fruit small, hispidulous, 
or at first canescent and soon glabrous and smooth. — Spec. i. 108; Fl. Dan. t. 1024; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 104; Hook. Fl. i. 289; Torr. & Gray, lc. G. septentrionale, Roem. & Schult. Syst. iii. 
253; DC. Prodr. iv. 601. G. strictum, Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y.23. G. rubioides of Am. authors, 
form with smooth fruit and broadish leaves. (True G. rubioides, L., N. Asia to Kamtschatka, 
has evident reticulate venation between the ribs of the broader leaves, and enlarged vesicu- 
lar as well as smooth fruit.) — Rocky banks of streams, Canada to Penn., New Mexico, Cali- 
fornia, and north to Arctic regions, in various forms. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


+ + Leaves in fours, fives, or sixes, small, one-nerved, pointless: plants low, slender and weak, 
and slender-rooted: flowers very small, white: fruit smooth and glabrous. 

G. Brandegéi, Gray. Loosely cespitose-depressed, with the aspect of Callitriche or Elatine, 
smooth and nearly glabrous: branchés or stems a span or less long : leaves in fours, obovate 
to spatulate-oblong, slightly succulent, 1 to 3 lines long, one or two of the whorl usually 
smaller than the others; midrib indistinct: peduncles solitary in upper axils or geminate 
and terminal, one-flowered, little longer than the leaves. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58.— New 
Mexico, in valley of the upper part of the Rio Grande at Los Pinos, 9,000 feet, spreading on 
moist ground, Brandegee. 

G. trifidum, L. Weakly erect, branching, 5 to 20 inches high, smooth and glabrous, except 
the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and usually more hispidulous and sparse rough- 
ness of the midrib beneath and margins of the leaves: these in sixes, fives, or not rarely 
fours, linear or oblanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long ; the midrib evi- 
dent: peduncles slender, scattered, 1-several-flowered ; flowers often 3-merous (whence the 
specific name), 4s commonly 4+-merous. — Spec. i. 105; Fl. Dan. t. 48; DC. Prodr. iv. 597 ; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 22. G. tinctorium, L. 1. c. 106; DC.1.c¢., larger form with leaves in 
sixes and flowers 4-merous. G. Claytoni, Michx. Fl. i. 78; Hook. FI. i. 288. — Sphagnous 
bogs and wet ground, Newfoundland and Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to Texas, 
Arizona, and California. (Eu., N. Asia, Japan.) 

Var. pusillum, Gray, Man., among the many forms of the species, is the smallest, a 
span or two high: leaves only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reflexed : 
peduncles 1-flowered.—In cold bogs, a Northern form, and in the Rocky Mountains and 

_ Sierra Nevada to Colorado and California. 

Var. latifélium, Torr. The larger and broadest-leaved form: leaves 6 or 7 lines 
long, often 2 lines wide: cymules few-several-flowered.—Fl- N. & Midd. States, 165; 
Gray, Man. G. obtusum, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 65.— Canada to Texas and mountains of 
California. : 

G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and erect, freely branching, about a foot high, 
smooth and glabrous, except the roughened angles of the stem and margins of the leaves: 
these all in sixes, oblanceolate-linear, mucronulate, veinless, rather lucid and firm (drying 
bright green), the midrib prominent beneath: flowers numerous in loose and Open cymes on 


Galiwm. RUBIACEZ. 39 


filiform peduncles or branchlets, and on filiform but rather short pedicels: corollas bright 

white. — Fl. ii. 23; Gray, Man. 1.c. Perhaps G. parviflorum, Raf. in Med. Rep. v. 360, & 

Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227  — Dry hills, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Michigan, Ilinois, Ken- 

tucky, and Arkansas, first coll. by Short. 

+ + + Leaves in sixes, sometimes fives or on the branchlets fours, cuspidately mucronate or 
acuminate. 

ia A smooth and glabrous: plant rough and adhesive by retrorse prickles: flowers bright 
white. 

G. aspréllum, Micnx. Glabrous, paniculately branched, erect and 2 feet high, or when sup- 
ported by bushes 3 to 5 feet high, very floriferous: leaves lanceolate, about half-inch long, in 
sixes or on the branchlets fives or fours ; their margins, midrib beneath, and prominent angles 
of the stem armed with strong retrorse prickles rather than bristles: cymes many-flowered : 
fruits small, like those of G. trifidum.— Fl. i. 78; DC. Prodr. iv. 598; Torr. & Gray, 
FI. ii. 23. G. Pennsylranicum, Muhl. Cat. ; Willd. ex Rem. & Schult. Syst. Mant. iii. 183. 
G. spinulosum, Raf. Prec. Decouv. 1814, 40. G. micranthum, Pursh, Fl. i. 103? by the char., 
except as to fruit.— Alluvial ground, especially low and shaded banks of streams, Canada, 
New England to Michigan and mountains of Carolina. (E. Asia ?) 
++ ++ Fruit from scabrous or papillose to uncinately hispid: angles of the stem and midrib beneath 

minutely retrorse-hispidulous or scabrous or nearly naked in the same species: margins of leaves 
either antrorsely or retrorsely hispidulous-ciliolate, or naked in the same species, or even on 
different. parts of same leaf. 

G. aspérrimum, Gray. Stems erect or diffusely ascending, but weak, a foot or two high, 
probably from a perennial root: leaves lanceolate (about half-inch to inch long): cymes 
twice or thrice dichotomous, with filiform peduncles and pedicels: corolla white or turning 
purplish: ovary merely puberulent or scabrous: fruit granulate-scabrous, and sometimes 
minutely hispidulous. — Pl. Fendl. 60, & Bot. Calif. i. 284; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 134; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 138. — Shady places in mountains, New Mexico (first coll. by 
Fendler) and Arizona to Nevada, California, and E. Oregon; mostly var. asperulum, Gray, 
Bot. Calif. 1. v.; but the hispid or hispidulous roughness very variable. 

G. trifl6rum, Micux. Diffusely procumbent, smoothish: herbage sweet-scented (as of 
Asperula odorata) in drying: stems a foot to a yard long: leaves elliptical-lanceolate to 
narrowly oblong (inch or two long): cymes once or twice 3-rayed: pedicels soon divari- 
cate: corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of the 
ovary: fruit uncinate-hispid.— Fl. i. 80; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 66; Pursh, Fl. i. 104; Hook. 
l.c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. G. cuspidatum, Muhl. Cat.; Ell. Sk. i. 197; DC. Lc. G. bra- 
chiatum, Pursh, 1. c. 103. G. suaveolens, Wahl. FJ. Lapp. 48. G. Pennsylvanicum, Barton, 
Comp. Fl. Philad. 83. Open and dry or moist woods, Canada to Alabama, Colorado, Rocky 
Mountains, W. California, and north to Alaskan Islands. (N. Eu., Japan.) 

* * * Perennials with suffrutescent or suffruticose base: leaves 4 in the whorls; their margins, 
midrib, and angles of stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness: fruit hirsute with long 
and straight (not at all uncinate-tipped) bristlés: Western species of arid districts. — § Tvicho- 
galium, Gray. 

+— Flowers hermaphrodite or moncecious-polygamous, paniculate and short-pedicelled, small: 
corolla only a line in diameter, brown-purple: stems numerous in tufts from the woody base, 
a foot or less high, slender, much branched: leaves narrow, 2 to 4 lines long, one-nerved, 
pointless. 

G. Rothréckii, Gray. Glabrous, erect: leaves narrowly linear, rigid : bristles not very 
copious, not longer than the body of the fruit.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203.— §. Arizona, 
Wright (mixed with the following species), Rothrock, Lemmon. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.) 

G. Wrightii, Gray. Hirsute-pubescent throughout, diffuse: leaves linear to narrowly 
oblong, hardly at all rigid: bristles of fruit as long as its diameter. — Pl. Wright. i. 80, ii. 
67. — Crevices of rocks in ravines, W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 


4— +— Flowers diccious: corolla greenish white or yellowish. 


++ Leaves narrowly linear, with midrib little prominent and no lateral nerves or veins: stems 
elongated. : 

G. angustifélium, Nutr. Becoming shrubby at base, 1 to 4 feet high, with rigid virgate 

branches, smooth and glabrous or minutely pruinose-puberulent: leaves barely mucronulate 


40 RUBIACEA, Galium. 


(half-inch to inch long or on branches shorter, half-line to line wide): cymes small, in 
narrow panicles, the fertile more or less condensed: corolla a line or two in diameter, 
dull white; bristles of the fruit about the length of the body. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 285. 
G. trichocarpum, Nutt. (not DC.) & G. angustifolium, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 82.— 
California, common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, Tejon, and apparently to the 
Mohave. 


a+ ++ Leaves narrowly-lanceolate to ovate, with midrib prominent beneath and continuous with 
stem-angles, sometimes a pair of lateral nerves: stems low or diffuse. 


G. Matthéwsii, Gray. Glabrous and smooth, paniculately much branched, woody at base: 
leaves rigid, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, veinless, with stout midrib, 2 or 3 lines long, some 
of the upper cuspidate-acute: flowers (of fertile plant) naked-paniculate : corolla barely a 
line in diameter : bristles of immature fruit rigid, not longer than the body.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 80. Arid district, Inyo Co., E. California, Dr. Matthews. Probably same from 
borders of S. W. Colorado and New Mexico, with rather longer and narrower leaves, 
Brandegee. 

G. stell4tum, Kertoce. Diffuse and bushy from woody base, a foot or two high, much 
branched, hispidulous-puberulent, sometimes nearly glabrous: leaves rigid, ovate-lanceolate 
(and 4 or 5 lines long) to narrow-lanceolate and small on flowering branches, acuminate- 
cuspidate, destitute of lateral nerves and veins; margins either naked or hispidulous-ciliate : 
flowers paniculate and crowded : corolla white, little over a line in diameter: bristles of the 
fruit soft and flaccid at maturity, longer than the body. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 97, fig. 26. 
G. acutissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350, male plant. — Rocky cafions and dry hills, 
S. Utah and Arizona, first coll. by Newberry. (Islands off Lower California.) 

G. multifidrum, Kerioce. A span toa foot high from a barely suffrutescent base, in 
tufts, glabrous, pruinose-puberulent or sometimes pubescent: leaves from broadly ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-apiculate, or minutely and abruptly acuminate, thickish, 4 to 7 
lines long, a pair and sometimes two pairs of indistinct or obvious lateral nerves from the base ; 
uppermost leaves on flowering shoots usually only opposite: flowers short-pedicelled, thyr- 
soid-crowded in upper axils, or the fertile often solitary and sparse: corolla yellowish, a line 
or two in diameter: fruit when well formed densely clothed with hirsute bristles considera- 
bly longer than the body. — Proc. Calif. Acad. 1. v., fig. 27. (Very poor name, the flowers not 
abundant for the genus and scattered.) G. Bloomeri & G. hypotrichium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
vi. 538, the latter founded on imperfect specimens with polygamous flowers and undeveloped 
fruit. G. Bloomeri & G. multiflorum, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 135; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 285. — 
E. California to Utah, on the mountains of the drier districts, first coll. by Bloomer, Veatch, 
&e. Specimens east of the Sierra Nevada and vicinity mostly of the subjoined var. 

Var. Wats6éni. Mostly glabrous and smooth: leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate 
(commonly about half-inch long and 2 lines wide), with lateral nerves either distinct or 
obsolete. — G. multiflorum, Watson, 1. c. in great part.— Cafions and gulches, N. Arizona 
to E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho. 

Var. hirsttum, G. Bloomeri, var. hirsutum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., is an ambiguous 
form, with broad but thinnish leaves and whole herbage hirsute-pubescent. — Sierra Valley, 
California, Lemmon. 


§ 3. Indigenous species, perennials : fruit baccate (leaves 4 in the whorls, one- 
nerved). — Relbunium, Endl. 


* Pacific species, with ovate to oblong-linear (not rigid acerose) leaves: flowers of most and per- 
haps of all subdiecious or polygamous, yellowish, purplish, or white; sterile flowers in small 
loose cymes; fertile somewhat solitary and scattered. 


+ Berry so far as known purple or black, small. 


G. pibens, Gray. Wholly herbaceous, somewhat cinereous with a fine and partly soft 
partly scabrous pubescence : stems much branched, diffuse, a foot or two long: leaves from 
roundish-oval to oblong, thickish, mostly pointless (largest half-inch long); margins at most 
hispidulous-scabrous : forming fruit glabrous and smooth; mature fruit not seen, probably 
fleshy. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350; Bot. Calif. i. 284, with var. scabridum, growing in more 
exposed situations. —California, in and near Yosemite Valley, first coll. by Torrey and 
Bolander. 


Galium. RUBIACE. 41 


G. Califérnicum, Hoor. & Arn. Wholly herbaceous, from slender creeping rootstocks, 
often in low tufts, a span or two high, or diffuse, with slender stems a foot long, hispid or 
hirsute, rarely glabrate in age: leaves thinnish, ovate or oval, apiculate-acuminate (quarter- 
inch to half-inch long), margins and midrib hispid-ciliate ; fruit glabrous, on recurved pedicels. 
— Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 349; Torr. & Gray, 1. v. 20 (excl. var. Texanum) ; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 283. — Shady ground, common in the western part of California, especially in the 
coast ranges, 

G. Nuttallii, Gray. Tall and much branched from suffrutescent base, often supported by 
and as if climbing over bushes, or procumbent, mostly glabrous, except minutely aculeolate- 
hispidulous angles of stem and margins of leaves, these sometimes naked: leaves small, 
oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mucronulate, or obtuse: fruit smooth and glabrous. — Pl. 
Wright. i. 80, & Bot. Calif. i. 283. G. sugfruticosum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 21, not 
Hook. & Arn. — California toward the coast, from San Diego to Humboldt Co. 


+ + Berry white (blackening in drying), very smooth, juicy. 

G. Bolanderi, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody root, diffuse, a foot or two high, glabrous, 
sometimes pubescent: angles of the stem not at all or hardly scabrous: leaves oblong-linear 
or lanceolate, rather acute, about half-inch long, thickish, with margins and midrib either 
smooth and naked or sparsely hispidulous ; those of branchlets not rarely opposite: corolla 
dull purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350, xix. 80, & Bot. Calif. i. 284, male plant. G. mar- 
garicoccum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 371, in fruit.— Dry ground, western side of Sierra 
Nevada, California, from the Yosemite northward, and apparently to Humboldt Co.; first 
coll. by Bolander, and the fruit by Gray and Hooker. 

* * New Mexican, with linear leaves, dicecious: fruit unknown. 

G. Féndleri, Gray. A span or two high from a tufted frutescent base, cinereous-puberulent 
and barely scabrous, slender: ‘leaves hardly if at all rigid except the very small and squa- 
maceous ones which are imbricated on the bases of the annual shoots; those above linear, 
about 4 lines long, less than line wide, rather acute, with midrib somewhat conspicuous be- 
neath: flowers somewhat paniculate, short-pedicelled: corolla yellowish. — Pl. Fendl. 60.— 
Exposed mountain-sides, near Santa Fé, New Mexico, Fend/er, male plant; and a female 
which is glabrous (also the ovary), or below barely pruinose-puberulent, perhaps not of the 
species. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, male only. 


* * * Texano-Californian, herbaceous, with very narrow and rigid small leaves, and very small 
white corollas. 

G. Andréwsii, Gray. Depressed-cespitose and with slender creeping rootstocks, glabrous 
or nearly so; the matted tufts a span or less high: leaves very crowded, acerose-subulate, 
usually shining, either naked or sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 2 to 4 lines long: flowers dicecious ; 
male slender-pedicelled in few-flowered terminal cymes; female solitary, subtended by a 
whorl of leaves which are longer than the fructiferous at length deflexed pedicel: berry 
dark-colored, smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 538, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 286.— Dry hills, on the 
coast of California from Lake Co. to San Diego, and in the interior to Tejon, first coll. by 
Dr. Andrews. Also Oregon, Howell. 

G. microphyllum, Gray. Diffusely spreading or ascending, smooth and glabrous, but 
not shining ; branches a span to afoot long: leaves shorter than the internodes and narrowly 
linear (or small, broader, and crowded at the base of stems), usually mucronate, with narrow 
midrib prominent beneath and callous naked margins, mostly 2 to 4 (rarely 5 or 6) lines long: 
flowers apparently all hermaphrodite, solitary on a very short or on a longer and peduncle- 
like axillary branchlet and sessile in its whorl of involucriform leaves, or this proliferous and 
bearing a second whorl and flower: ovary and young fruit scabro-puberulous or at length 
granulose, at maturity fleshy-baccate.— Pl. Wright. i. 80, ii. 66. telbunium microphyllum, 
Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 63. — Rocky ravines, &., 8. W. Texas to 8. Arizona, first 
coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex., where there is a pubescent variety, Relbunium polyplocum, 
Hemsil. 1. c.) 

%* * * * Atlantic North American, herbaceons, with oval to linear leaves, and usually solitary 
hermaphrodite flowers: corolla white: berry purple, in our species naked-pedicellate beyond the 
ultimate involucriform whorl, mostly pendulous at maturity. — Relbunium, Benth. & Hook. 

G. uniflérum, Micux. Smooth and glabrous: stems assurgent from filiform rootstocks, 
slender, rather simple: leaves linear (about inch long and a line wide), with somewhat 


42 RUBIACES. Galiwm. 


scabrous margins: flowers solitary or in pairs from the pedunculiform axillary branchlet ; 
the pedicels in fruit longer than or equalling the involucrate whorl, when in pairs one of 
the two commonly involucellate or unibracteate; ovary and berry glabrous. — Fl. i. 79; 
Ell. Sk. i. 95; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 21.— Woods in rich soil, 8. Carolina to Florida and 
Texas. , 

G. hispidulum, Micux.].c. Hirsute-pubescent, hispidulous, scabrous, or sometimes almost 
smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branched and spreading: leaves oblong or 
oval, mucronate, a quarter to half an inch long: branchlets only floriferous: pedicels solitary 
or commonly 2 or 8 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them minutely 
bracteolate : ovary scabrous-puberulent: berry glabrate.— Ell. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 
Gi. hispidum, Pursh, Fl. i. 104. Rubia peregrina, Walt., not L. R. Brownet, Michx. 1s 
excl. syn. Browne. R&R. Walteri, DC. Prodr. iv. 590.— Dry or sandy soil, 8. New Jersey to 
Florida, along the coast. 


Orpen LXXI. VALERIANACEZ. 


Herbs (rarely suffruticose); with opposite leaves, no stipules, hermaphrodite 
or sometimes polygamo-dicecious flowers in cymose inflorescence, a 5-merous 
somewhat irregular epigynous corolla, bearing fewer (1 to 3, rarely 4) stamens 
on its tube, an ovary invested by the calyx-tube, and of one to three cells, but 
only one ovuliferous, a solitary suspended seed with a straight embryo and no 
albumen. Limb of calyx none, or of lobes or teeth, or evolved on the fruit into a 
kind of pappus. Corolla either obscurely or manifestly irregular (bilabiately, 2) ; 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments and style filiform: stigma undivided and 
truncate, or minutely 3-cleft. Ovule anatropous. Fruit dry and indehiscent, a 
kind of akene. 

1. VALERIANA, Calyx-limb of 5 to 15 setiform lobes, which are inrolled and inconspicu- 
ous until fruiting, when they are evolute and form a kind of plumose pappus. Corolla from 
campanulate-funnelform to salverform, the tube or body often gibbous or slightly saccate 
anteriorly. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled, and with mere vestiges of two lateral cells, ripen- 
ing into a flattened akene, which is mostly 1-nerved on one face, 3-neryed on the other, 


and with a more or less evident nerve at each margin, which marks the position of a sup- 
pressed empty cell. — Perennials (with hardly an exception), the roots with a peculiar scent. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Calyx-limb not pappose, in all ours more or less obsolete. Corolla 
from short-funnelform to salverform, with or without gibbosity, or sometimes a sac or spur 
at base; limb 5-parted, from nearly regular to obscurely or plainly bilabiate, or 4-parted with 
the posterior lobe notched or 2-cleft. Stamens 3, very rarely 2. Fruit various, the two 
abortive cells sometimes obsolete and nerviform at the lateral angles, commonly enlarged, 
sometimes converted into wings. Annuals, with entire or sparingly dentate or incised leaves ; 
cauline sessile. 


1. VALERIANA, Tourn. (Old herbalist’s name, from valeo, to be strong, 
from use in medicine.) — Herbs ‘(chiefly of northern temperate zone); with roots 
of peculiar scent, various leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers, in terminal 
cymes, produced in early summer.—L. Gen. 8, in part; DC. Prodr. iv. 632; 
Heeck in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. iii. 2. 


PuytvdActis opovAta, Nutt. Gen. i. 21, is omitted, having been described from a plant of 
the Upper Missouri, not yet in flower, perhaps an undeveloped V. edulis. 
%* Erect from a large fusiform perpendicular stock branching below into deep and thickened roots: 
leaves thickish, nervosely veined, not serrate. 
V. édulis, Nurr. Glabrous or glabrate; the nascent herbage often tomentulose-puberulent, 
sometimes remaining so on the leaf-margins, a foot or at length 3 feet or more high: radical 
leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, entire or some sparingly 


Paleriana. VALERIANACEA, 43 


laciniate-pinnatifid ; cauline rarely none, commonly 1 to 3 pairs, sessile, and pinnately parted 
into 3 to 7 linear or lanceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulate; flowers polygamo-dic- 
cious, yellowish white, sessile in the cymules, which form an elongated thyrsiform naked 
panicle: fruit ovate, puberulent or glabrous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 48; Gray, Pl. 
Fendl. 61, & Man. Bot. JV. ciliata, Torr. & Gray, lc. Patrinia ceratophylla, Hook. 1. i. 
290. P. longifolia, Macnab in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xix.— Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and 
W. Canada to Brit. Columbia, and south in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada to New 
Mexico and Arizona. Root a staple food of the Root-diggers and other Indians. 


* * Erect from creeping or ascending (but not vertical) rootstocks, which emit slender roots, gla- 
brous or with a little sparse pubescence: leaves thinnish, loosely veiny, often with some simple 
and some divided and margins either entire or dentate on same plant; the radical ones on slen- 
der naked petioles: bracts of the cyme slenderly linear-subulate, mostly longer than the (usually 
quite glabrous) fruit: flowers hermaphrodite, but in the first species more or less dimorphous : 
corolla white to light rose-color. 


_ ‘+ Tube of corolla from shorter than the throat and limb to less than twice their length: no sar- 
mentose radical branches. 


V. sylvatica, Bayxs. Stems from 8 to 30 inches high: radical leaves mostly simple and 
ovate to oblong, occasionally some 3-5-foliolate ; cauline more or less peticled, 3-11-foliolate 
or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-toothed: fruiting cymes open, at length thyrsoid- 
paniculate: corolla 3 lines or in more fertile form only 2 lines long; the tube short: stigma 
nearly entire. — Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2,2; Hook. Fl. i. 291; Beck, Bot. 164; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 47 (with var. uliginosa, a somewhat pubescent form); Gray, Man. & 
Bot. Calif. i. 287. V. dioica, Pursh, Fl. ii. 727. V. dioica, var. sylvatica, Gray in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. 1863, 63; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 136.— Wet ground, Newfoundland and 
Hudson’s Bay country, south to S. New York, west to Brit. Columbia, and southward in the 
mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. In S. Utah it occurs with puberulent fruit, as 
collected by Palmer. 

V. Sitchénsis, Boye. More robust, from thicker and branching ascending rootstocks: 
leaves larger; cauline short-petioled, only 3-5-foliolate; the divisions orbicular to oblong- 
ovate, or in the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, not rarely dentate or repand (larger 2 or even 
3 inches long) : cymes contracted : corolla funnelform, 4 lines long (but also a shorter form) : 
stigma entire.— Veg. Sitch. 145; Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii. 438. V. pauciflora, Hook. FI. i. 292, 
t. 101, not Michx. V. capitata, var. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 48. — Moist woods, Sitcha, 
British Columbia, and through Washington Territory to S. Idaho and the northern Rocky 
Mountains. 

V. capitata, Pari. Stem rather slender from a creeping rootstock, 6 to 20 inches high, 
with long internodes ; cauline all sessile (or lowest very short-petioled), only 2 or 3 pairs, all 
undivided and entire or few-toothed or some of them 3-parted, mainly ovate or oblong, an 
inch or two long: cyme capituliform or in fruit open-glomerate: corolla, &c. as of the pre- 
ceding, 3 or 4 lines long: stigma 3-lobed. — “ Link Jahrb. i. 3, 66,” ex Rem. & Schult. Syst. 
Mant. i. 257; DC. Prodr. iv. 637; Hook. 1. v.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (excl. var.) ; Ledeb. Ic. 
Pl. Ross. t. 346, & FI. Ross. ii. 435; Trautv. Imag. t. 39. — Alaskan coast and Islands, north 
to Arctic region, first coll. by Pallas. (Adj. Asia to N. Eu.) 


+— + Tube of corolla slender, much longer than the throat and limb. 


V. Arizénica, Gray. A span or two high from tufted creeping rootstocks, glabrous, no 
sarmentose branches: leaves somewhat succulent; radical ovate (inch long), mostly entire 
and simple, some with one or two pairs of minute lobes on upper part of the rather long and 
margined petiole; cauline 2 pairs, subsessile, 3-5-parted, lobes oblong to lanceolate: cyme 
glomerate: corolla half-inch long, tubular, with gradually expanding throat: stigma mi- 
nutely 3-cleft.— Proc. Am. Aead. xix. 81. — Arizona, in the mountains near Prescott, Palmer. 
Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon. Fruit not seen. 

V. paucifi6ra, Micux. Stem 1 to 3 feet high from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, and 
with basal sarmentose branches or runners: leaves thin; radical and lowest cauline cordate 
and long-petioled, crenate or entire, not rarely with one and sometimes two pairs of small 
roundish lateral leaflets; upper cauline pinnate, with 3 larger leaflets ovate, one or two 
lower pairs smaller and more remote, lowest near base of petiole: cyme corymbiform and 
somewhat glomerate, commonly many-flowered (notwithstanding specific name): tube of 


44 VALERIANACEZ. Valeriana. 


corolla almost filiform, half-inch and more long, several times longer than the throat and 
limb, — Fl. i. 18; Nutt. Gen. i. 20; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Alluvial river-banks, Pennsylvania 
to Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee; first coll. by Michaux. 


* * #* Sarmentose-climbing or diffuse, with fibrous roots, glabrous: flowers very numerous in 
diffuse and compound paniculate cymes: bracts very small: corolla minute, seldom over a line 
long. 

V. sorbifdélia, HBK. A diffuse form of the Mexican species: stem weak, 2 or 3 feet long, 
springing from an annually produced small oblong tuber: leaves pinnate (except sometimes 
the radical), 5-13-foliolate; leaflets from rounded-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely ser- 
rate, or even laciniate: cymes loosely flowered in an elongated and naked (often foot long) 
terminal panicle. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 332. — Cafion in the Huachuca Mountains, 8. Ari- 
zona, Lemmon, in a form with only 5 to 7 unusually large and broad leaflets, some almost 
2 inches long, from rounded-ovate to oblong. (Mex.) 

V. scandens, L. Root unknown: stem sarmentose and feebly twining, branching: leaves 
long-petioled; cauline 3-foliolate, with leaflets from deltoid- to vblong-ovate, acuminate, 
entire or repand, rarely with a few teeth, or lowest leaves simple and cordate: panicles 
effuse, axillary and terminal, elongated, the ultimate branches with the sessile flowers spi- 
cately disposed. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 47; Willd. Spec. i. 180; DC. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 47. 
— Thickets in 8. Florida, climbing several feet high. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 


2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. Corn Sarap. (Diminutive of Valert- 
ana.) — Annuals, commonly winter-annuals (of the northern temperate zone), 
mostly low or slender and erect, ours glabrous or nearly so, except the fruit: 
leaves similar in all the species, from obovate to oblong and spatulate, entire or 
upper ones occasionally incised or toothed, radical rosulate, cauline sessile or even 
somewhat connate at base: flowers variously glomerate-cymose, the corolla from 
white to rose-color or rarely bluish. As in some species of Valertana, so in some 
of these, the hermaphrodite flowers in different individuals are dimorphous as to 
size of corolla and exsertion of stamens and style, yet not as in heterogone dimor- 
phism. — Vaill., Haller, &c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 81. Valerianella & 
Fedia, Mcench, Meth. 486, 493. Fedia, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 36, t. 86; Woods in 
Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 23, t. 21; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50. Valerianella, Du- 
fresnia, Betckea, & Fedia, DC. Prodr. Valerianella, Plectritis, & Fedia, Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 155, 156. 


§ 1. VALERIANELLA proper. Corolla with nearly regular 5-parted limb, fun- 
nelform or more open throat with or without a small saccate gibbosity at its base 
anteriorly, and a short proper tube: stamens 8: fruit with the two empty cells 
manifest, or often enlarged and closed, sometimes at length confluent into one 
and rarely bursting: calyx-limb in American species none, or a mere tooth or 
oblique border: stem dichotomous above; the branches or pedunculiform branch- 
lets terminated by corymbosely disposed glomerate cymes or cymules of small 
flowers. — Valerianella, Mcench ; Dufresne, Hist. Valer. 56; Krok, Monogr. Valer. 
in Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. v. no. 1, 1864; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 156, 
excl. § Siphonella. 

* Introduced species: corolla bluish: a gibbous corky mass at the back of the fertile cell of the fruit. 


V. orrr6ria, Pott. Fruit flattish and obliquely roundish-rhomboidal: empty cells as large 
as fertile one and its corky back, contiguous, the thin partition between them at length 
breaking up.— Hist. Pl. Palat. i. 30; Moench, 1. c.; Dufresne, Valer. 56, t. 3, f.8; Krok, 
1. c. 88, t. 4, f.40. V. caerulea (& rhombicarpa), Aikin in Eat. Man. Bot. Vailicetaie, Ioenet 
olitoria, L. Spec. i. 33. Fedia olitoria, Vahl, Enum. i. 19; Woods, 1. c. 430, t. 24, f.1; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 51; Porter in Am. Nat. vi. 386, fig. 102.—Old fields near dwellings New 
York to Penn. and Louisiana; not common. (Nat. from Eu.) ‘ 


Valerianella. VALERIANACEA. 45 


* * Indigenous species: corolla white: no corky mass behind fertile cell of the fruit. 

+ Fertile cell decidedly larger and broader than the two empty ones, and cross section of the fruit 
more or less triangular, the empty cells occupying the obtuser angle: tube of the corolla slender, 
commonly as long as the throat and limb. 

V. chenopodifdlia, DC. Stem a foot or two high, with long internodes and few forks: 
leaves comparatively large (1 to 3 inches long): glomerate small cymes few and slender- 
peduncled: bracts broadly lanceolate, narrowly scarious margined when dry: fruit glabrous 
or minutely pubescent, 2 lines long, ovate-triangular, the cross section triquetrous or more or 
less rounded at the sterile angle, two empty cells about as deep but not as broad as the fertile, 
sometimes confluent into one when old. — Prodr. iv. 629; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 82, 
founded on Fedia chenopodifolia, Pursh, FI. ii. 727, from specimen in herb. Sherard. V. tri- 
quetra, Hochst. & Steud. ex Shuttlew. in Flora, 1837, 211, t. 3; Krok, 1. ¢. 54, t. 2, f. 13. 
Fedia radiata, Torr. Fl. i. 35, not Michx. F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 51; Gray, 
Struct. Bot. ed. 5, fig. 881-884; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t. 46; Porter, 1. c. fig. 103: name from 
likeness of fruit to buckwheat. Valerianella Fagopyrum, Walp. Repert. ii. 527.— Moist 
grounds, W. New York to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. 

V. amarélla, Krox. A span or two high, amply corymbosely branched above, bearing 
numerous and more open cymes: bracts lanceolate-linear, small: fruits very small (about 
half a line long), trigonous-ovate, densely white-hirsute, with rather obtuse lateral angles 
and that of the empty cells rounded, these decidedly shorter as well as much smaller than 
the fertile, almost filiform or sometimes almost obliterated. — Monogr. 1. c. 55, t. 2, f. 14; 
Gray, lv. Fedia amarella, Lindheimer, ex Engelm. in Pl. Lindh. ii. 217. Spec. name from 
a peculiar bitterness of the herbage. — Low grounds, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Hall, Rever- 
chon, &c. Gibbosity at base of corolla-throat sometimes very prominent and saccate, almost 
spur-like. 

+ + Fertile cell fully as broad as the two introrse and parallel contiguous and more or less 
inflated empty ones, occupying the whole back of the fruit, apex projecting in a short obtuse 
tooth of a line long, the cross section quadrate, a conspicuous groove down the anterior face: 
stem a foot or two high, twice or thrice forked and spreading, the pedunculiform branchlets 
bearing one to three glomerate cymes: fruit in same species either pubescent or glabrous. 

V. radiata, Durr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent or sometimes glabrous on one 
or all sides ; fertile cell oblong-ovate, flattish ; sterile cells as thick as or thicker than the fer- 
tile, a broad shallow groove between them. — Hist. Valer. 57; Krok, 1. c. 64, t. 2, f. 22, not 
DC., who seems to have had V. olitoria. Valeriana locusta, radiata, L. 1. . (the plant of Clay- 
ton); Walt. Car. 166. V. radiata, Willd. Spec. i. 184. Fedia radiata, Michx. Fl. i. 118; 
Ell. Sk. i. 42; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 52; Porter, 1. c. fig. 164. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michi- 
gan, Florida, and Texas. Var. letocurpa is a smooth-fruited form of it. 

V. stenocarpa, Krox. Fruit tetragonal-oblong, commonly glabrous, sometimes pubes- 
cent; fertile cell oblong, obscurely narrowed upward, flattish and straight, thicker than 
the linear-oblong approximate sterile cells, and the groove between the latter narrow. — 
Monogr. Valer. 1. c. t. 2, f.1. Fedia stenocarpa, Engelm. Pl. Lindh. ii. 216.— Texas, Ber- 
landier (part of no. 334), Lindheimer, Hall. 
+— + + Fertile cell much narrower or smaller than the ampliate empty ones, one-nerved on 

the back, the fruit of orbicular or round-ovate circumscription, glabrous or with slight sparse 

pubescence. 

V. Woodsiana, Warr. Habit of V. radiata and V. chenopodifolia. Fruit a line or more 
long; fertile cell oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped by a small soft and blunt tooth; 
empty cells introrse, either contiguous or somewhat diverging, inflated, with an oblong de- 
pression in the middle, sometimes an open concavity.— Walp. Repert. ii. 527; Krok, 1. c. 
66, t. 38, f. 23; Gray, 1c. 82. Fedia Woodsiana, Torr. & Gray, 1.¢. 52. F. radiata, var., 
Porter, 1. c. fig. 105. — Moist grounds, New York and Penn. to Texas. 

Var. umbilicdta, Gray, l.c. Empty cells ampliate and in age confluent, vesicular by 
incurvation of circular margin, forming a deep and rounded or obscurely cruciform umbili- 
cation. —V. umbilicata, Krok, 1. c. 67, t. 8, f. 25. Fedia umbilicata, Sulliv. in Am. Jour. 
Sci. xlii., & Gray, Man. ed. 1,183. F’. radiata, var. umbilicata, Porter, 1. v. 387, fig. 108. — 
New York & Penn. to Ohio and southward, first coll. by Sullivant. 

Var. patellaria, Gray, 1. c. Empty cells divergent and obcompressed-dilated, so 
that the sterile face becomes open-concave, emarginate at top and bottom, and the whole 


46 VALERIANACEZ. Valerianella. 


fruit meniscoidal or saucer-shaped, the expanded and flattened sterile cells forming a kind 
of wing, or at length this incurved at base, or also at summit, and so nearly passing into 
var. umbilicata. — V. patellaria, Krok, 1. v. 67, t. 8, £. 24. Fedia patellaria, Sulliv. 1. ¢. 
V. radiata, Shuttlew. in Flora, 1837, 209, t. 3. Fedia radiata, var. patellaria, Porter, 1. c. 
387, fig. 106. — Ohio (Sullivant), Pennsylvania, &c. 


§ 2. SreHontiia, Krok. Corolla salverform; the slender tube double or 
quadruple the length of the obscurely bilabiate-irregular limb, commonly bear- 
ing a minute boss or incipient spur near middle or base, sometimes with none ; 
lobes oblong, the two posterior slightly more united and averse from thé three 
anterior: stamens 3: fruit with divergent empty cells much larger than the fer- 
tile: habit and inflorescence of the preceding: bracts ciliate with gland-tipped 
denticulations. — Gray, 1. c. 82. Fedia § Siphonella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50. 
(Species referred to Plectritis by Nutt. in herb.) 


V. longifléra, Warr. Leaves ligulate-oblong and lower ones spatulate: cymes glomerate, 
many-flowered, corymbosely disposed : tube of corolla nearly filiform, 4 or 5 lines long, not 
rarely with a small boss at base, purplish or pink, 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes: fruit 
nearly orbicular in outline, somewhat meniscoidal; the semioval empty cells coriaceous with 
membranous face, parallel-contiguous and separated by a narrow partition, but widely diver- 
ging, each larger than the oblong obtusely short-tipped fertile one. — Repert. ii. 527; Krok, 
Monogr. l. c. 97, t.4, £46. Fedia longiflora, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Low rocky grounds, N. W. 
Arkansas, Nuttall, Engelmann, Harvey. 

V. Nuttallii, War. 1.c. Tube of the white or cream-colored corolla only about twice the 
length of the limb, bearing a little boss near the middle: fertile cell with a narrow soft 
projecting tip.—Krok, lc. Fedia Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains of Arkansas, 
Nuttall, Engelmann. Handsome in cultivation, a span or two high, very floriferous. 


§ 8. Prectritis, Lindl. Corolla with either manifestly or very obscurely 
bilabiate limb; proper tube shorter than the broadly or narrowly funnelform 
throat, which bears a descending spur at its base, this in one species obsolete or 
wanting: fruit one-celled, its body triangular or nearly so, one angle dorsal, the 
lateral angles bearing wings (these in place of the two empty cells, and appar- 
ently formed by their early separation and evolution from the middle of the ven- 
tral face), or in one species wingless: calyx-limb none: plants all nearly alike 
in herbage and thyrsoid-glomerate inflorescence ; the cymules condensed into a 
capituliform or interrupted spiciform glomerule terminating stem or branches, 
and commonly one to three others verticillastrate at the nodes or axils below: 
flowers rose-color or white: all Pacific-American. — Bot. Reg. t. 1094; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. Plectritis & Betckea, DC. 1.c. Plectritis, Benth. & 
Hook. 


* Fruit somewhat meniscoidal, only obtusely angled dorsally: cotyledons incumbent, i. e. parallel 
to the ventral face and expanded wings. 


V. macrocera, Gray. Flowers small, commonly in 2 to 4 somewhat distant and spicately 
disposed verticillastrate clusters: corolla narrow, white or pinkish, only a line or two long, 
with spur sometimes as long as the throat or body, sometimes only half its length; limb 
somewhat equally spreading and hardly at all bilabiate, or equally 4-lobed and posterior 
lobe emarginate-bifid : fruit commonly glabrous or puberulent, obtuse or even lightly lin- 
eate-sulcate on the dorsal angle, the broad wing of orbicular circumscription, sometimes 
spreading or very open, so that the ventral face is saucer-shaped, sometimes incurved so 
that it is acetabuliform. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. Plectritis congesta, var. minor, Hook. 
FI. i. 291. P. macrocera, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 287, excl. syn. Fisch. 
& Meyer. — Dry ground, Washington Terr. to S. California, Nevada, and Arizona, Varies 
much in length and thickness of the spur, also in that of the tubular part of the corolla 
below the spur, which is sometimes slender and stipe-like, sometimes short. 


on 


Dipsacus. DIPSACACES. 47 


* * Fruit strongly carinate-angled dorsally: cotyledons accumbent (transverse) to the ventral face. 
+ Wings conspicuous, more or less introrse, in the last species small. 


V. congésta, Lixpt. Commonly rather stout: flowers in a capituliform or oblong simple 
or interrupted thyrsus, or sparingly verticillastrate below: corolla rose or flesh-colored, 3 or 
4 lines long or in some individuals smaller, with obviously bilabiate limb, and spur half or 
less the length of the very gibbous throat: fruit broadly winged, and with prominent but 
rather obtuse keel, from glabrous to puberulent or sometimes thickly short-villous either on 
fertile cell or on wings also. — Bot. Reg. t. 1094; Gray, ].c. Plectritis congesta, DC. Prodr. 
iv. 631; Hook. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 287. P. brachystemon, Fisch. & 
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, Suppl. 47 (22), a form with smaller flowers (the state with 
included stamens and style) and villous-pubescent fruit, according to specimen from St. 
Petersb. garden ; but the char. of flowers, four times smaller than in P. congesta and white, 
would be that of 1. macrocera. — Low and moist ground, Brit. Columbia to W. California. 

V. anomala, Griy. Either slender or rather stout, freely branching : corolla only a line 

. long, white or flesh-colored, wholly destitute of spur, at most a small mammeform gibbosity 
near the base of the short and broadly funnelform throat; limb small, obscurely bilabiate 
(usually 4-lobed and posterior lobe emarginate or 2-cleft) : fruit comparatively large (mostly 
a line and a half long), acutely angled with sharp edge on the back, with broad wings usually 
inflexed at base and expanding above, but some fruits wingless. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. 
—Wet grounds on and near the Columbia River; Multnomah Co., Oregon, Howell, and 
Klickitat Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf. 

V. aphanoptera, Grar,l.c. Slender, with aspect and inflorescence of the next: corolla 
only a line long, white, with obviously bilabiate limb and short basal spur: fruit puberulent 
or glabrate, trigonous ; dorsal angle salient but rather obtuse ; lateral angles with distinct but 
narrow incurved wings. — Springy ground on hillsides, along the Columbia River, Washing- 
ton Terr., Suksdorf. Columbia Plains, Nuttall, under unpublished name of Plectritis capi- 
tata, appears to be the same; specimen insuflicient. 


*+— + Wings wholly wanting to the triquetrous fruit, the lateral angles of which resemble the 
dorsal. — Betckea, DC. 


V. samolifolia, Gray, lc. <A span to a foot high: verticillastrate clusters 2 to 4, small: 
bracts slender-subulate (not pinnately parted as Heck states, but uppermost sometimes pal- 
mately 3-parted) : corolla a line or so in length, obscurely bilabiate, with short conical-saccate 
spur: akene-like fruit of the shape of buckwheat, glabrous or a little pubescent, in Chilian 
plants hardly, in ours rather over, a line long. — Betckea samolifolia, DC. 1. c. 642. B. major, 
Fisch. & Meyer, lc. (5) 30. Plectritis samolifolia & P. major, Heck in Engler, Jahrb. iii. 37. 
— Low grounds on the Columbia River, Washington Terr., Oregon (Suksdorf’), and coast of 
California, coll. by the Russian botanists. (Chili, smaller form.) 


OrperR LXXII. DIPSACACEA. 


Herbs (all of the Old World); with opposite or verticillate leaves, no stipules, 
capitate and involucrate inflorescence ; the flowers subtended by bracts, and each 
with a more or less obvious involucel, hermaphrodite; calyx-tube adnate to the 
one-celled simple ovary; corolla epigynous; stamens inserted on its tube alter- 
nate with its lobes, of equal number or fewer, wholly unconnected; style fili- 
form and stigma simple; ovule solitary and suspended, anatropous; seed with 
a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Corolla irregular or nearly regular; the 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fruit an akene, more or less adnate to the involucel 
which embraces it. 


Scagidsa aATRopURPUREA, L., Sweet Scapiovs of the gardens, is familiar; and one 
or two of the following genus have become spontaneous. 


1, DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teaser. (Greek and Latin name of Teasel, said 
to come from duds, thirsty.) — Flowers in a terminal head or short spike, in which, 


48 DIPSACACE. Dipsacus. 


however, the anthesis is not simply centripetal; the subtending bracts and those 

of the conspicuous polyphyllous and unequal involucre spinescent. Involucel 

calyx-like, prismatic, truncate and crenulate at the border, enclosing the whole 
ovary and fruit, at length adnate to its thin walls. Calyx-limb cup-like, 4-toothed 

or lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform, 4-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4. 

Stigma lateral. Coarse and rough or prickly biennials, with cauline leaves 

mostly connate and cup-like at base. 

D. sytvésrris, Mizu. Prickly, 3 to 5 feet high: leaves lanceolate-oblong : involucre longer 
than the head: flowers flesh-colored: bracts of the receptacle tipped with a long and straight 
flexible awn. — Roadsides of the Eastern States: fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 

D. roiiénom, L. (Fuvzer’s Teaser.) Probably an ancient derivative of the preceding: 
involucre usually shorter than the cylindraceous head, at length reflexed: bracts of the re- 
ceptacle rigid-spinescent, the tips recurved or hooked; whence useful for raising a nap on 
woollen cloth. — Escaped from cult. in some places, apparently established in 8. California. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 


Orper LXXITI. COMPOSIT A. 


Flowers in an involucrate head on a simple receptacle, 5-merous or sometimes 
4-merous ; with lobes of the epigynous corolla valvate in the bud; stamens as 
many as corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube; anthers con- 
nate into a tube. (syngenesious) ; style in all fertile flowers 2-cleft or lobed at sum- 
mit and bearing introrse-marginal stigmas; ovary one-celled, a single anatropous 
ovule erect from the base, becoming an exalbuminous seed with a straight embryo, 
the inferior radicle shorter and narrower than the cotyledons ; the fruit an akene. 
Tube of calyx wholly adnate to the ovary; its limb none, or obsolete, or devel- 
oped into a cup or teeth, scales, awns, or capillary bristles. Corolla with nerves 
running to the sinuses, then forking and bordering the lobes, rarely as many 
intermediate nerves. Anthers commonly with sterile tip or appendage; the cells 
introrse, discharging the pollen within the tube; this forced out by the lengthen- 
ing of the style, which in hermaphrodite and male flowers is commonly hairy- 
tipped or appendaged. Pollen-grains globose, echinulate, sometimes smooth, in 
Cichoriacee 12-sided. Leaves various: no true stipules. Development of the 
flowers in the head centripetal; of the heads, when clustered or associated, more 
or less centrifugal, i. e. heads disposed to be cymose. Juice watery, in some 
resinous, in the last tribe milky. 

Heads homogamous when all its fowers are alike in sex; heterogamous when 
unlike (generally marginal flowers female or neutral, and central hermaphrodite 
or by abortion male) ; androgynous when of male and female flowers; monecious 
or diecious when the flowers of separate sexes are in different heads either on 
same or different plants ; radiate when there are enlarged ligulate flowers in the 
margin; wholly légulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas; discoid 
when there are no enlarged marginal corollas. When these exist they are some- 
times collectively called the ray: the other flowers collectively occupy the disk. 
The head (compound flower of the early botanists), in Latin capitulum, is also 
named anthodium. Its involucre (pericliniwm of authors) is formed of separate 
or sometimes connate reduced leaves, i. e. bracts (squame or scales of De Can- 
dolle, &c.): the innermost of these bracts subtend the outermost or lowest flowers. 
The axis within or above these is the receptacle (clinanthium of some), which 


COMPOSITA. 49 


varies from plane to conical, or oblong, or even cylindrical or subulate. When the 
receptacle bears flowers only, it is naked, although the surface may be alveolate, 
Jfoveolate, or merely areolate, according as the insertion of the ovaries or akenes 
is surrounded or circumscribed by honeycomb-like or lesser elevations; or, when 
these project into bristles, slender teeth, or shreds, it is fimbrillate : it is paleaceous 
when the disk-flowers are subtended by bracts; these usually chaff-like, therefore 
called palee, chaff, or simply bracts of the receptacle. In place of calyx-limb 
there is more commonly a circle of epigynous bristles, hairs, or awns, the pappus, 
a name extended to the calyx-limb of whatever form or texture: its parts are 
bristles, awns, palez, teeth, &c., according to shape and texture. Corollas either 
all tubular (usually enlarging above the insertion of the stamens into the throat, 
and 4—5-lobed at summit, mostly regular); or the marginal ones strap-shaped, 
i. e. Ligulate, the elongated limb (igule) beg explanate, and 3-5-toothed at the 
apex. Such are always female or neutral, or, when all the flowers of the head 
have ligulate corollas, then hermaphrodite. Anthers with basal auricles either 
rounded or acute, or sometimes produced into tails (caudate). Branches of the 
style in female flowers and in some hermaphrodite ones margined with stigma, 
i. e. stigmatic lines, quite to the tip; in most hermaphrodite flowers these lines 
shorter, occupying the lower portion, or ending at the appendage or hairy tip. 
— An immense order, comprising a tenth part of known phanogamous plants, an 
eighth of those of North America. 


KeEy TO THE TRIBES. 


Ser. I. Tuscttirtor#. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaphrodite 
flowers. 


Heads homogamous and discoid: flowers all hermaphrodite and never yellow : anthers 
not caudate at base. 

Style-branches elongated filiform-subulate, hispidulous throughout; stigmatic lines 
only near the base: leaves alternate... . . . . I. VERNONIACEA. 

Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thickened upward and obtuse, minutely 
papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle. II. EUPATORIACEA. 

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate: flowers not rarely yellow : 
style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines mostly prominulous 
and extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct pubescent 
or hispidulous tip or appendage. 

Anthers not caudate at base : style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flattened and 
with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage : disk-corollas gener- 
ally yellow : rays of same or different color. . . . . . Ill. ASTEROIDEZ. 

Anthers caudate: style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute of any 
terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending quite to (or vanishing near) the 
naked obtuse or truncate summit: leaves alternate: heads in our genera discoid 
exceptin Inula. . . . . . « . IV. INULOIDEZ. 

Anthers not caudate : sfyletinanches with exit or variously appendiculate pubes- 
cent or hispid tips : involuere not scarious : receptacle paleaceous, i.e. with chaffy 
bracts subtending at least the outer disk-flowers: pappus various or none, never of 
fine capillary bristles. . . . : .. . . V. HELIANTHOIDES. 

Anthers not caudate : receptacle raleads pappus from paleaceous to setiform or none : 
herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands: otherwise nearly 
asprecedingg . . . 1. +). ss ss ss « « VI. HELENIOIDES. 

4 


50 COMPOSITA. 


Anthers not caudate: receptacle naked or sometimes paleaceous: involucre of dry 
and scarious bracts : style-branches mostly truncate: pappus coroniform, or of short 
palee or squamelle, ornone. . . . . . . . . « « WIT. ANTHEMIDEZ. 

Anthers not caudate: receptacle naked: involucre little or not at all imbricated, not 
scarious. Pappus of numerous soft-capillary bristles. VIII. SENECIONIDES. 

Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated mostly connate cartilaginous ap- 
pendages at tip : style-branches short or united, destitute of appendage, stigmatic 
quite to the obtuse summit, smooth and naked, but sometimes a pubescent or his- 
pidulous ring or node below : involucre much imbricated : receptacle densely setose 
or fimbrillate, or favose: akenes thick and hard : pappus usually plurisetose. Heads 
never truly radiate. . . 2. 1. . ee ee ee ee) 6ULLX. CYNAROIDEA. 

_Also GocHNaTIEd of X. MUTISIACEA. 


Ser. II. Laprarirror#. Corollas of all or only of the hermaphrodite flowers 
bilabiate. 


Receptacle naked: anthers conspicuously caudate: style-branches short, smooth, not 
appendaged. . . 2. 1 we ee ew ew ew ee . KX. MUTISIACES. 


Ser. III. LicurirLor#. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite. 


Receptacle naked or paleaceous: anthers not caudate: style-branches filiform, naked, 
stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice. XI. CICHORIACE. 


TRIBE I, VERNONIACES. Heads homogamous, discoid, with flowers all hermaphro- * 
dite and corollas tubular, regular or nearly so, except Stokesia. Involucre imbricated. 
Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches slender, filiform or attenuate-subulate, 
acute, hispidulous or hispid ; stigmatic lines only near the base. Leaves usually 
alternate. Flowers never yellow. 


* Anomalous genus, with enlarged and palmately quasi-ligulate outer corollas. 


a 


. STOKESIA. Heads many-flowered. Involucre broad; its bracts in several series 3 outer- 
most wholly foliaceous and spreading; inner with foliaceous pectinately spinulose-ciliate 
spreading appendage to an appressed coriaceous base. Receptacle fleshy, flat, naked. Cen- 
tral corollas tubular and deeply 5-lobed, slightly more cleft posteriorly, otherwise regular ; 
outer successively more and more palmately ligulate and radiant, the marginal ones larger 
and wholly so, the narrowly cuneate-oblong ligule longer than the tube and (regularly or 
irregularly) 5-cleft. Akenes short, thick, 3-4-angled, slightly contracted at the callous base 
and apex. Pappus of 4 or 5 aristiform smooth and white palex, caducous. Flowers blue. 


* * Normal genera, with tubular 5-lobed corollas. 


2, ELEPHANTOPUS. Heads 2-5-flowered, condensed into glomerules. Involucre nar- 
row, compressed; the imbricated bracts dry and somewhat chaffy, alternately plane and 
conduplicate; the four outermost shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla commonly. a 
little irregular, being slightly deeper cleft on the inner side; the deeply 5-lobed limb there- 
fore somewhat palmate. Akenes 10-striate, the apex truncate. Pappus of rigid bristles or 
awns, mostly with paleaceous base, persistent. 

3. VERNONIA. Heads not glomerate, several-many-flowered, rarely one-flowered. In- 
volucre of dry or partly herbaceous much imbricated bracts. Receptacle plane, naked. 
Corolla regularly 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Akenes mostly 10-costate, with truncate apex 
and a cartilaginous callous base. Pappus double, at least in all our species; the inner of 
rigid capillary hirtello-scabrous bristles, outer a series of small squamelle or short and stout 
bristles, both more or less persistent. 


TriBe Il. EUPATORIACEH. Heads homogamous, discoid, with flowers hermaphro- 
dite and corolla tubular and regular. Receptacle in a few genera paleaceous, in most 
naked. Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate 


COMPOSITE. 51 


or thickened upward, minutely papillose or puberulous, or glabrous; the stigmatic 
lines only near the base and inconspicuous. Leaves either opposite or alternate. 
Flowers never yellow, at most ochroleucous. 


* Akenes 5-angled, destitute of intervening ribs: corolla-lobes or teeth usually short. 
+ Pappus various, but never wholly capillary, sometimes obsolete or wanting. 


++ Involucre 5-flowered (sometimes 3-4-flowered), cylindrical, of 5 or 6 mostly equal rather 
rigid bracts: receptacle small, naked : corolla narrow. 


4. STEVIA. Akenes linear, slender, sometimes compressed. Pappus coroniform-paleaceous 
or aristiform, or composed both of awns (one or more) and short scales. 


++ ++ Involucre many-flowered, lax, of 12 to 18 herbaceous or submembranaceous equal and 
nerveless bracts: receptacle naked: corolla abruptly much dilated above the narrow tube, 
rose-purple or flesh-color. 


5. SCLEROLEPIS. Receptacle conical. Style-branches elongated, filiform-clavate. 
Akenes with an inane stipitiform base. Pappus conspicuous, of 5 broad and very obtuse or 
truncate cartilaginous nerveless scales. Leaves verticillate. 

6. TRICHOCORONIS. Receptacle convex. Style-branches comparatively short, linear, 
flat or flattish-filiform, not enlarged upward. Akenes not contracted above the basal callus. 
Pappus minute or small, multisetulose-coroniform. Leaves opposite or alternate. 


++ ++ ++ Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or hemispherical, of 2 or more series of 
striate-nerved bracts, more or less imbricated: receptacle flat or convex: corolla rather 
narrow: akenes not stipitate-attenuate, but with a strong basilar callus. 

7. AGERATUM. Involucre of mostly narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series, not conspicuously 
unequal. Receptacle either naked or paleaceous. Pappus simple, paleaceous, and the palez 
either muticous or aristate, or coroniform; the crown sometimes almost obsolete. 

8. HOFMEISTERIA. Involucre more imbricated ; outer bracts successively shorter. Re- 
ceptacle naked. Pappus of 2 to 12 slender or capillary bristles equalling the narrow corolla, 
and as many or fewer alternating or exterior short and thin palewx. 

+— + Pappus wholly of capillary and mostly uniserial bristles ; 
++ These merely scabrous, indefinitely numerous: receptacle naked. 

9, MIKANIA. Involucre 4-flowered, composed of 4 or sometimes 8 similar and equal thin 
bracts, with or without a loose and somewhat herbaceous subtending one. Receptacle 
small. Stems (at least in ours) twining. 

10. EUPATORIUM. Involucre few-many-flowered, of more than 4 bracts. Neither 
twining nor climbing. 

++ ++ These long-plumose, rather few: receptacle naked. 

11. CARMINATIA. Involucre several-flowered, cylindraceous, of several lanceolate-linear 
3-5-striate thin imbricated bracts, the exterior shorter. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Co- 
rollas slender, 5-toothed. Style-branches filiform, acutish. Akenes slender, narrowish at 
the apex. Pappus of 10 to 18 bristles, which are slightly coherent at base in a single series, 
plumose with long arachnoid hairs, deciduous together. 

* * Akenes 10-costate or striate. 

+ Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous, striate-nerved, conspicuously so when. dry, regu- 
larly imbricated ; the outer ones successively shorter : receptacle naked : corollas slender, 
5-toothed at summit; the teeth mostly glandular externally: pappus a single series of 
plumose or scabrous capillary bristles: heads few-many-flowered. 

12. KUHNIA. Pappus conspicuously plumose. Bracts of the involucre narrow, in few 
series. Leaves nearly all alternate. 

13. BRICKELLIA. Pappus from barbellate or subplumose to merely scabrous. Leaves 
opposite or alternate. 

+ + Bracts of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, inconspicuously when 
at all striate or nerved, even when dry, 

++ Well imbricated, the outer successively shorter: leaves punctate, entire: flowers rose- 
color, or abnormally and rarely white. 

4 


52 COMPOSIT. 


== Pappus paleaceous-aristiform : leaves opposite. 

14, CARPHOCH ATE. Heads 4-6-flowered. Involucre cylindrical; the bracts acumi- 
nate, rather few. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla narrow and long, hypocrateriform ; limb 
5-parted into slender linear-lanceolate lobes. Akenes slender, barely puberulent. Pappus 
of long linear-subulate erose-denticulate scarious palez, the thickened costa continued into a 
barbellulate scabrous awn ; and with 1 to 5 small nearly nerveless muticous palez. 
== = Pappus of numerous capillary or stouter bristles, from plumose to barbellulate-sca- 

brous: anther-tips emarginate or retuse: leaves alternate. 

15. LIATRIS. Heads 4-many-flowered. Involucre spirally imbricate. Receptacle naked. 
Corolla narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated-lanceolate or linear spreading 
lobes. Akenes slender or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus about a single 
series of firm and mostly equal bristles, from plumose to barbellate. Herbs, with heads in a 
terminal reversed spike or raceme, sometimes becoming paniculate. 

16. GARBERIA. Heads about 5-flowered. Involucre imbricate in 5 nearly vertical ranks 
(3 or 4 in each rank) of somewhat herbaceous acute bracts. Receptacle small, naked. 
Corollas with slender tube, abruptly cyathiform-ampliate throat, and lanceolate spreading 
lobes. Akenes, &c. of Liatris. Pappus copious, in two or more series of slender barbellate- 
scabrous bristles, the outer smaller and shorter. Broad-leaved shrub, with heads corymbosely 
cymose. 

17. CARPHEPHORUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate ; the imbricated 
bracts all appressed. Receptacle chaffy ; the chaff subtending the outer flowers, and mostly 
shorter than they, thin, deciduous with the fruit. Corolla-lobes ovate or short-lanceolate. 
Akenes of Liatris. Pappus of one or more series of barbellate or plumose bristles. Herbs, 
with heads corymbosely cymose. 
++ ++ Little-imbricated involucre of bracts nearly all equal in length: receptacle plane,, 

naked: corolla narrow, with short-ovate or oblong lobes: leaves broad, obscurely or not 
at all punctate: perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted from a small caudex. 

18. TRILISA. Heads 5-10-flowered. Pappus of rather rigid minutely barbellate bristles, 
nearly in a single series. Leaves entire; cauline sessile. Cymules paniculate or somewhat 
cymose. 


Trize II. ASTEROIDEH. Heads either heterogamous and radiate, the ligulate ray- 
flowers feminine or rarely neutral, or homogamous with the flowers all hermaphrodite 
and tubular, or rarely the female flowers with filiform corolla and no ligule, or in Bac- 
charis dicecious and the female corollas all filiform. Receptacle seldom paleaceous. 
Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers regularly 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed (obscurely pal- 
mate in Lessingia). Anthers obtuse and entire or barely emarginate at base. Style- 
branches of hermaphrodite flowers flattened, conspicuously margined by the stigmatic 
lines, and extended into a hispid or papillose (sometimes very short) appendage. 
Pappus various, or sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate. Disk-flowers usually 
yellow. — Tribe of nearly 100 genera, the largest being Aster and Solidago. The 
characters of the subtribes fail in a few instances, either through absence of the rays, 
or as to their color. 


Subtribe I. Homocnromes. Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color 
as the ray when that is present, mestly yellow: these corollas tubular with more or 
less ampliate throat and 4-5-lobed limb. Receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely con- 
vex. Involucre closely imbricated, mostly in several series. (Flowers white in most 
species of Lessingia : rays often white in Pentachceta and in one Solidago.) 

* Pappus none, or coroniform or paleaceous, or squamellate, or somewhat setose only in 
infertile disk-flowers: heads radiate: involucral bracts coriaceous or chartaceous, some- 
times with herbaceous or greenish tips, the outer successively shorter. (See also Penta- 
cheta. The four following genera are very close.) 

19. GYMNOSPERMA. Heads several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong ; its bracts 
obtuse, concave. Receptacle small. Ligules very small, not surpassing the disk-corollas. 
Akenes oblong, slightly compressed, 4-5-costate, glabrous, destitute of pappus. Heads very 
small and numerous, in glomerate terminal cymes, 


COMPOSITZ. 53 


20. XANTHOCEPHALUM. Heads many-flowered, pluriradiate. Involucre broadly 
campanulate or hemispherical. Receptacle flat or convex. Ligules usually elongated, 
numerous. Akenes truncate and naked at summit, or edged with a ring bearing a minute 
coroniform or squamellate pappus, or none. Heads larger, solitary at the end of the branch- 
lets or in open cymes. 

21. GUTIERREZIA. Heads few-—many-flowered. Involucre oblong-clavate or turbi- 
nate to campanulate. Receptacle from plane to conical, commonly alveolate or fimbrillate. 
Style-appendages mostly slender. Ligules 1 to 8. Akenes short, obovate or oblong, terete 
or 5-angled. Pappus pluripaleaceous, but the pale often reduced to a crown or minute, in 
the ray commonly smaller and sometimes wanting. Heads small, paniculate or cymose- 
clustered. Disk-flowers, or some of the central ones, occasionally infertile. 

22. AMPHIACHYRIS. Heads few-many-flowered; the ray-flowers only fertile; those 
of the disk hermaphrodite or subhermaphrodite but infertile. Involucré, &c. of Gutierrezia. 
Style-appendages lanceolate ; the stigmatic lines below them indistinct or obsolete. Fertile 
akenes pubescent. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, or of a few setiform 
squamelle ; of the disk setiform-paleaceous, viz. of 5 to 20 aristiform pales or weak bristles 
more or less dilated and united at base, nearly equalling the, corolla. 

33. BRACHYCHAATA. Heads, &. as in Solidago. Pappus both in the ray and disk of 
bristles abbreviated to squamelle. 


* * Pappus pauciaristate, i. e. of few (less than 10) elongated awns or rigid bristles, some- 
times caducous or wanting: heads radiate or in same genus rayless, solitary at the end 
of the branches. 


23. GRINDELIA. Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose ; its bracts 
numerous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or less herbaceous 
tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, 
or the outer triangular, truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 caducous nearly smooth awns 
or corneous bristles. 

24. PENTACH ATA, Involucre many-several-flowered, hemispherical or campanulate, of 
thin and scarious-margined appressed bracts, destitute of herbaceous tips, commonly tipped 
with a delicate mucro. Style-appendages filiform-subulate, hispid. Akenes oblong to fusi- 
form-obovate, somewhat compressed and villous. Pappus of mostly 5 (rarely 3 to 6 or 
even 12) slender and persistent scabrous bristles with somewhat enlarged base, sometimes 
reduced to this base, or even this obsolete. Receptacle short-alveolate. Rays either yellow, 
or white or pink! 


* * * Pappus multisetose in either the disk or ray, but not in both, and akenes of disk 
and ray unlike. 


25. BRADBURIA. Involucre campanulate, of rather broad and thin scariously margined and 
mucronate-acuminate appressed bracts. Ray-flowers about 12, fertile; the style very short. 
Disk-flowers about the same number, infertile; their style-branches destitute of stigmatic 
lines, filiform, barbellate-hispid. Akenes of the ray sparsely villous, trigonal-turbinate with 
a strong rib at each angle; the pappus of numerous unequal rigid capillary bristles, little 
longer than the akene: those of the disk abortive, with pappus of very few (usually 2) bristles 
which are somewhat chaffy-dilated at base. 

26. HETEROTHECA. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, of narrow rather 
rigid bracts. Receptacle alveolate. Ray- and disk-flowers numerous, both fertile. Style- 
branches of the hermaphrodite flowers tipped with a lanceolate or sometimes (in the same 
species ?) ovate-triangular appendage. Akenes of the ray thickish, often triangular, with no 
pappus or an obsolete crown, rarely a bristle or two; of the disk compressed, sericeous- 
hirsute, and with a double pappus; the inner of copious and long capillary scabrous bristles, 
outer of numerous short and stout bristles or setifurm squamellz. 


* & * * Pappus multisetose and double, both in disk and (when present) in the ray ; the 
inner capillary; outer very short and setulose or squamellate. 


27. CHRYSOPSIS. Heads many-flowered, with rays numerous, or rarely wanting. In- 
volucre campanulate or hemispherical, of narrow regularly imbricated bracts. Style- 
appendages from linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Akenes compressed, but often turgid, 
from obovate to linear-fusiform. Principal pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles ; 


54 COMPOSITA. 


this surrounded at base by a series of minute short bristles or squamelle; these sometimes 
inconspicuous or obsolete. (One or two species of Lrigeron with ochroleucous and even 
yellow rays may be sought here.) 
_* * * * * Pappus multipaleolate or aristate rather than capillary-setose: involucre sub- 
globose or hemispherical, of very broad bracts, all or inner ones scarious-margined ; re- 
ceptacle alveolate-fimbrillate ; the fimbrille little shorter than the akenes. : 


28. ACAMPTOPAPPUS. Heads 12-36-flowered, discoid or radiate: flowers all fertile. 
Bracts of the involucre chartaceo-coriaceous, round-oval or broadly oblong and concave, 
bordered by an erose-fimbriate thin-scarious margin, closely imbricated in about 3 series. 
Disk-corollas funnelform. Style-branches tipped with a thickish subulate appendage. 
Akenes globular-turbinate, very densely long-villous and at length tomentose, 5-nerved 
under the wool. Pappus hardly longer than the akene, equalling the corolla, of 15 to 18 
flattened and rigid paleaceous awns, the tips of which are mostly a little dilated, and of as 
many shorter unequal setiform awns or bristles, persistent. 

29. XANTHISMA. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the flowers all fertile. Bracts of the 
involucre closely imbricated and appressed, mainly ovate or obovate, with short coriaceous 
base and herbaceous upper portion, more or less scarious-margined; some smaller inner 
ones. Disk-corollas narrowly funnelform. Style-branches tipped with u filiform-subulate 
appendage. Akenes turbinate, 4-5-costate-angled, and with intermediate less conspicuous 
ribs, sericeous-pubescent. Pappus paleaceous-aristate, persistent, composed of 10 or 12 rigid 
bristles which are minutely scabrous above, gradually paleaceous-dilated towards the base, 
and longer than the disk-corolla, as many more one-half shorter, and usually 5 still smaller 
and shorter external ones. 

* * * * * * Pappus capillary-multisetose and mostly alike in all the flowers, simple, 
consisting of numerous capillary scabrous bristles in one or more series: receptacle more 
or less alveolate and the alveoli often dentate. 


+- Disk-corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the lobes from ovate to oblong or narrower: flowers 
yellow, with rare exceptions : style-appendages from ovate-lanceolate to filiform. 

27. CHRYSOPSIS. Species with outer pappus obscure or wanting would be sought here. 

30. APLOPAPPUS. Heads usually many-flowered, radiate, rarely discoid, or with infer- 
tile rays. Disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Involucre usually (but not always) broad; the 
bracts with or without herbaceous tips. Akenes from turbinate to linear. 

31. BIGELOVIA. Heads 3-30-flowered, destitute of rays, small. Involucre narrow; the 
bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, mostly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Akenes 
narrow, terete or angled, hardly compressed, mostly at least 5-nerved. Pappus of somewhat 
equal bristles. Inflorescence not racemiform. 

32. SOLIDAGO. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered, mostly radiate, small, com- 
monly in racemiform or spiciform clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cymose or in a thyrsus. 
Involucre narrow ; its bracts mostly not herbaceous-tipped. Akenes terete or angulate, 5-192- 
nerved or costate. Pappus of equal elongated bristles. Leaves not cordate. 

33, BRACHYCH ATA. Heads (very small) and flowers of Solidago. Pappus of mere 
rudimentary bristles, shorter than the akene. Lower and radical leaves cordate. 


+ + Disk-corollas with limb 5-parted into long and narrow lobes, in the same genus either 
yellow, white, or violet-purple : no true rays: style-tips comose-bearded. 


34. LESSINGIA. Heads homogamous, 5-25-flowered : flowers all perfect. Corollas with 
slender tube divided into long and narrow lobes ; the marginal ones sometimes larger and with 
a deeper cleft on the inner side, somewhat imitating a palmate ligule. Involucre campanulate 
or turbinate : its bracts well imbricated and appressed, mostly with herbaceous tips. Recep- 
tacle flat, alveolate. Anthers included, tipped with a slender-subulate appendage. Style- 
branches tipped with a very short and obtuse or truncate densely hispid appendage, which 
usually bears either a setiform cusp among the tufted bristles, or a more conspicuous subu- 
late prolongation. Akenes turbinate or cuneiform, silky-villous, 2-5-nerved. Pappus of 
numerous or fewer unequal rigid and scabrous and sometimes awn-like bristles. 


Subtribe II. Hrrrrocuromes. Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers ; 
their corolla yellow, or rarely cream-color, sometimes changing to purple ; the ray not 


COMPOSITA. 55 


yellow, wanting only in certain species (much reduced and inconspicuous in a section 
of Erigeron and one of Aster). Receptacle naked (not paleaceous), with an occasional 
exception. 

* Pappus of both disk and ray none or coroniform. 


+ Involucre broad, many-flowered : rays numerous, fertile, conspicuous. 


85, BELLIS. Bracts of the involucre nearly equal in length, herbaceous or somewhat 
membranaceous. Receptacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches tipped with a short 
triangular appendage. Akenes obovate and compressed, nerveless except at the margins. 
Pappus none. 

36. APHANOSTEPHUS. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in few series, broadly 
lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous with scarious apex and margins, the outer shorter. Recep- 
tacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches with a very short and obtuse appendage. 
«\kenes prismatic or terete, truncate: the broad apex bordered with a short coroniform and 
either dentate or entire and minutely setulose-ciliate pappus. Base of corolla-tube often 
skirrousthickened in age. 

37. GREENELLA. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in a few series, the outer shorter, 
all oblong, coriaceo-chartaceous, with scarious margins and an herbaceous dorsal tip. Re- 
ceptacle flat, barely convex. Style-branches with a linear rather obtuse appendage, which 
is four times the length of the quadrate stigmatiferous portion and much exserted. Akenes 
short, somewhat turbinate, obscurely 8-nerved, hispidulous. Pappus a hyaline-scarious 
crown cleft into numerous setule or denticulations. 


+ + Involucre narrower and flowers less numerous. 


38. KEERLIA. Involucre narrowly campanulate or turbinate; its bracts imbricated in 
few series, of unequal length, oblong, smooth, thin-membranaceous with scarious margins, 
mostly setaceously mucronate. Receptacle small and flat. Rays 5 to 15, with oblong ligule 
on a slender tube. Style-appendages either short and obtuse or long and slender. Akenes 
obovate and compressed or subclavate, 2-3-nerved, and with very small epigynous disk; 
those of the disk-flowers mostly sterile. Pappus minute and coroniform or evanescent from 
the mature akenes. 


* * Pappus of solitary or few setiform awns or bristles and of a few palew or a crown: 
rays conspicuous, fertile: akenes without wings or callous margins: receptacle flat or 
nearly so. 


39. CHATOPAPPA. Involucre several-many-flowered, campanulate or narrower; its 
bracts oblong or lanceolate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious margins and tip, imbricated in 
two or more ranks, the outer shorter. Rays 5 to 20; the ligule oblong, raised on a slender 
tube. Disk-flowers often sterile: their styleappendages short. Akenes either fusiform or 
compressed, 2-5-nerved. Pappus of five or fewer thin and nerveless short palex, alter- 
nating with as many or fewer mostly long and setiform scabrous awns, or the latter some- 
times wanting. 

40. MONOPTILON. Involucre many-flowered, broad; its numerous bracts equal and 
almost in a single series, narrowly linear, somewhat herbaceous. Rays numerous; the ligule 
obovate or oblong and with a rather long tube: this and the tube of the disk-corolla sparsely 
villous. Style-appenglages triangular and obtuse. Akenes oblong-obovate, compressed, one- 
nerved at each margin, or the outermost also on one face. Pappus both in disk and ray a 
short and cupuliform barely denticulate crown, and a single setiform awn which is barbellate 
or plumose toward the apex. 


* * * Pappus short-setulose or squamellate and mostly biaristate, i. e. a ring of very short 
bristles or setiform squamelle and a pair of naked upward-tapering awns, one over each 
edge of the broad and flat winged or callous-margined akene: involucre many-flowered, 
hemispherical or broader; the bracts somewhat herbaceous and thin-margined: Tecep- 
tacle strongly convex or low conical: rays conspicuous, fertile; their akenes occasionally 
3-winged. 

41. DICHA.TOPHORA. Involucre somewhat uniserial; the lanceolate bracts of equal 
length. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers triangular-lanceolate. Akenes surrounded by 
an almost orbicular firm wing, its edge and the body of the akene glochidiate-hispid. 
Pappus of two divergent awns bout half the length of the akene, and of several minute 


56 COMPOSITA, 


squamellx, which are shorter than and concealed by the bristly hairs of the akene. Low 
annual, 

42. BOLTONIA. Involucre imbricated, appressed ; the outer bracts shorter. Style-append- 
ages short-lanceolate. Akenes obovate, very flat, with callous or winged margin, glabrous 
or minutely and sparsely hispidulous. Pappus of several short-setulose squamellz, and usu- 
ally of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) elongated rigid awns. Leafy-stemmed perennials. 


* * * * Pappus asingle series of long awns (or only 2 or 3) or of coarse and rigid bristles, 
or in the (fertile and conspicuous) ray reduced to squamelle or pales: receptacle flat. 


43, TOWNSENDIA. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated; the bracts lanceolate, 
with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous. Re- 
ceptacle broad, merely areolate. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong, 
much compressed, and with thickish or mostly callous margins, those of the ray sometimes 
triangular. Awns or bristles of the pappus from hispidulo-scabrous to barbellulate. 


* * * * %* Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, at least in the disk, with or without a 
short setulose or squamellate outer series: receptacle flat or barely convex: akenes mostly 
compressed. 

+ Style-appendages of disk-flowers comose-bearded: anthers tipped with slender-subulate 
appendages, as in Lessingia: rays neutral. 


44, CORETHROGYNE. Involucre broad, imbricated; its bracts with herbaceous or 
green tips. Receptacle foveolate, rarely with a few chaffy bracts toward the margin. Style- 
appendages short-lanceolate, dorsally beset with long hispid hairs forming a bearded tuft. 
Akenes of the ray abortive and with reduced scanty pappus or none; those of the disk 
narrow, silky-villous or pubescent, few-nerved; their pappus of rather rigid and unequal 
capillary bristles. 


+ + Style-appendages merely hispidulous or puberulous, not comose. 
++ Pappus none or a mere vestige in the ray-flowers: these often sterile but styliferous. 


45, PSILACTIS. Involucre hemispherical; its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and with 
herbaceous tips, or the outer herbaceous. Rays in a single series, sometimes short. Akenes 
pubescent, narrow; those of the ray sometimes with an obscure ring in place of pappus; 
those of the disk bearing a single series of soft capillary bristles. Leafy-stemmed annuals. 


++ ++ Pappus present and mostly similar in ray and disk: flowers (with rare exceptions) 
all fertile. Genera of difficult limitation. 

46. EREMIASTRUM. Involucre broad, many-flowered, of numerous Jax and linear 
bracts, all as long as the disk and nearly in a single series, herbaceous, with hyaline-scarious 
and erose-fimbriate margins, their back setose-hispid. Receptacle broad and flat. Rays 
numerous in a single series; ligules broad, their base and tube villous-barbate. Style-ap- 
pendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate-oblong, compressed, 2-nerved. Pappus of rather few 
very unequal and somewhat rigid bristles; the stronger ones considerably shorter than the 
disk-corolla and only 8 to 12; the smallest and outermost setulose and scarcely longer than 
the hirsute pubescence of the akene, sometimes coalescent irregularly at base; intermediate 
ones of various length and more numerous. Depressed winter-annual. 

47. SERICOCARPUS. Involucre several-flowered, narrow, of closely imbricated and 
appressed whitish and coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts, with green-herbaceous abrupt and 
looser or spreading tips. Receptacle small, foveolate. Corollas both of ray and disk white 
or cream-color ; the rays seldom over 5 or 6, rather broad; disk-corollas (8 to 20) with 5-cleft 
limb. Style-appendages lanceolate-subulate. Akenes narrow, little compressed, 2-nerved, 
sericeous-pubescent. Pappus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles. Leafy-stemmed 
perennials. 

48. ASTER. Involucre from hemispherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or turbinate, 
imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous. Rays 
numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate-acute, com- 
monly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 10-4-2-nerved, and the pappus mostly simple 
and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stemmed herbs, the greater part perennials. 

49. ERIGERON. Differs from Aster in the more naked-pedunculate heads, simpler in- 
volucre of narrow and erect equal bracts, which are never coriaceous, nor foliaceous or with 
distinct herbaceous tips, narrower and usually very numerous rays often occupying more 


COMPOSITA. 57 


than one series, very short and roundish or obtuse style-appendages, small akenes for the 
greater part 2-nerved, and more scanty or fragile pappus, in many with a conspicuous short 
outer series. 


Subtribe III. Conyzza. Characters of the preceding subtribe; but corolla of the 
numerous female flowers reduced to a filiform or short and narrow tube, wholly des- 
titute of ligule. 


50. CONYZA. Heads small, many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre narrow, 
inappendiculate, in 1 to 3 series. Female flowers much more numerous than the hermaphro- 
dite ; their filiform or slender tubular corolla shorter than the disk and style, truncate or 
2-4-toothed at the apex. Akenes small, compressed. Pappusa single series of soft capillary 
bristles, sometimes an added outer series of short bristles or squamella. 


Subtribe IV. BaccHaripEs&. Heads discoid and unisexual. Corolla of the fertile flow- 
ers filiform. Pappus of capillary bristles. 


51. BACCHARIS,. Heads completely dicecious, many-flowered. Involucre regularly im- 
bricated, of squamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chaffy. Flowers 
of the male heads with tubular-funnelform 5-cleft corolla, and style-branches as of Aster or 
Solidago, but the stigmatic portion obsolete and ovary abortive; the female with corolla 
reduced to a slender truncate or minutely toothed tube, shorter than the filiform style. 
Akenes 5-10-costate. Pappus of the male flowers of a series of scabrous and often tortuous 
and more or less clavellate bristles; of the fertile flowers of usually more numerous and fine 
bristles, and often elongated in fruit. Shrubby or some herbaceous. 


Tribe IV. InuLompE#. Heads heterogamous and either radiate or discoid; the 
female flowers being either ligulate or filiform (rarely open-tubular), or sometimes 
homogamous and tubuliflorous. Anthers sagittate, and the base of the lobes produced 
into more or less of a tail (caudate) or other appendage. Style-branches of the her- 
maphrodite flowers filiform or flattish, not appendaged ; the stigmatic lines running to 
or vanishing near the roundish or truncate tip, which is at most papillose or somewhat 
penicillate: style of staminate-sterile flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capil- 
lary or none. Leaves mostly alternate and heads homochromous ; the involucre com- 
monly dry or scarious, rarely foliaceous. See also Senecionidece, subtribe Tussilaginee. 
(No North American species has conspicuous rays, except a naturalized Inula.) 


Subtribe I. PLucnernex. Heads discoid, heterogamous and mostly androgynous. In- 
volucre more or less dry, but hardly scarious. Receptacle not paleaceous. Female 
flowers with filiform corolla, Adjacent anther-tails or acuminate bases connate, at 
least in our genera, 

52. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers, a few hermaphrodite but 
usually sterile ones in the centre. Involucre imbricated, of coriaceous to submembranaceous 
bracts ; the outer broad, all but the innermost persistent. Receptacle flat, naked and glabrous. 
Corolla of the female flowers reduced to a slender truncate or 2-3-toothed tube, shorter than 
the style; of the hermaphrodite-sterile ones regularly 5-cleft, the style either entire or 2-cleft 
at apex. Akenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a series of capillary and soft or 
rigid bristles. Heads cymosely clustered or scattered. 

53. PTEROCAULON. Heads and flowers as in Pluchea, but involucre of fewer and 
linear or subulate bracts: these deciduous with the matured flowers, leaving a few short 
basal ones which are more persistent, mainly by their implexed wool. Receptacle small, 
naked, sometimes pilose. Heads glomerate and the glomerules spicate. Perennial herbs. 


Subtribe IJ. Fitacinzz. Heads heterogamous, mostly androgynous, discoid. In- 
volucre of few scarious or firmer bracts, Receptacle chaffy ; a chaff (palea) or 
involucral bract enclosing or subtending each female flower or akene. Corolla of the 
female flowers a filiform tube, shorter than the style; of the few hermaphrodite com- 
monly sterile flowers regularly 4-5-toothed ; their anthers sometimes only acutely 
sagittate or auriculate at base, and the short style-branches or undivided style not 


58 COMPOSITA. 


truncate. Akenes (with one or two exceptions) smooth and even, small and seed- 
like, the very thin pericarp destitute of nerves or other markings, conformed to the 
seed and sometimes connate with the simple seed-coat, or evanescent. Low and floc- 
cose-woolly annuals, (Characterized to the exclusion of three outlying Indo-African 
genera.) 


* Akenes gibbous, so that the corolla- and style-bearing true apex is introrsely lateral, 
enclosed in the compressed and cucullate mostly indurating bracts or chaff. 


54. MICROPUS. Heads several- but hardly many-flowered ; female flowers in one or two 
series on a small and rarely somewhat elevated receptacle, each enclosed (all but the style) in 
a conduplicate cucullate herbaceous lanate bract or chaff, only the tip of which is scarious- 
appentliculate; the few hermaphrodite-sterile ones in the centre mostly naked. Involucre 
outside of the flower-bearing bracts scanty and scarious. Ovary and akene obovate, later- 
ally compressed, destitute of pappus, remaining enclosed in the usually indurating laterally 
compressed fructiferous bracts, which sooner or later fall away. Pappus of the sterile 
flowers none, or rarely a few caducous bristles. 


* % Akenes (straight or slightly curved) with the minute epigynous disk at the summit. 
+ Female flowers all bracteate and all destitute of pappus ; 


++ The fructiferous bracts enclosing the akenes and deciduous with them, tipped with a 
hyaline appendage. ; 

55. STYLOCLINE. Heads ovoid; the boat-shaped fructiferous bracts borne on a slender 
column or receptacle, their erect hyaline tips usually conspicuous, the involute or saccate- 
conduplicate body or base embracing the obovate or oblong more or less compressed akene : 
those subtending the 4 or 5 central hermaphrodite-sterile flowers barely concave or plane. 
Pappus of the latter flowers a very few caducous bristles or none. 

56, PSILOCARPHUS. Heads globose; the numerous fructiferous bracts heaped on the 
globular or oval receptacle, cucullate-saccate and utricular, half-obovate or half-obcordate in 
outline, very rounded at top, herbaceo-membranaceous, the apex introrse, and the ovate or 
oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or porrect, or sometimes erect. Akene loose in the com- 
paratively ample utricular bract, oblong or narrower, straight, slightly compressed. No 
bracts and no pappus to the few hermaphrodite-sterile flowers. Leaves mainly opposite ! 

++ ++ Fructiferous bracts open and merely subtending the (usually numerous) akenes. 

57. EVAX. Akenes from obcompressed to terete, sometimes minutely papillose or puberu- 
lent. Bracts of the female flowers from scarious to firm-chartaceous, not hyaline-appendaged. 
Hermaphrodite flowers sometimes fertile, destitute of pappus. Receptacle from barely con- 
vex to subulate. 
+- + Female flowers more or less of two kinds: the upper ones surrounding the her- 

maphrodites and like them with a capillary pappus; the others destitute of pappus. 

58. FILAGO. Receptacle from subulate to obconical or hemispherical; its naked summit or 
centre bearing several or somewhat numerous commonly fertile flowers, which are all pro- 
vided with a pappus of rather copious capillary bristles; the few central ones hermaphrodite, 
the others female; the cluster subtended by open scarious bracts; the sides or base of the 
receptacle bearing several or numerous female flowers, each subtended or its calvous akene 
loosely enclosed by a concave or boat-shaped bract. Akenes terete or obscurely compressed, 
sometimes roughish-papillose. 


Subtribe III. GnapHaLinz (Vere). Heads discoid, heterogamous and androgynous or 
diceciously homogamous ; the hermaphrodite or staminate flowers when in the same 
head much fewer than the female; the latter with filiform-tubular corolla shorter 
than the style ; the former with style or style-branches mostly truncate ; all usually 
with capillary pappus. No bracts or chaff on the receptacle : bracts of the involucre 
numerous, more or less scarious, or with scarious and often colored or petaloid sum- 
mits. Anther-tails slender. Ours floccose-woolly herbs, with alternate leaves. 

59. ANTENNARIA. Heads diccious, many-flowered. Involucre pluriserially imbricated. 
Receptacle convex or flattish. Male flowers with mostly undivided style and a rather scanty 
pappus of clavellate or apically barbellulate or crisped bristles. Female flowers with oblong 


COMPOSITA. 59 


or narrower and terete or flattish akenes, and a copious fine-capillary pappus, the soft 
and naked bristles of which are commonly united at base, so as to fall in a ring. Low 
perennials. 

60. ANAPHALIS, Heads diccious, but usually with a few hermaphrodite-sterile flowers in 
the centre of the female heads. Pappus of male flowers of bristles little if at all thicker at 
the apex; of the female flowers not united at base but falling separately. Otherwise as in 
the preceding ; the female plant differing from the following only in the sterility of the few 
central flowers. 

61. GNAPHALIUM. Heads heterogamous, fertile throughout, of few or many series of 
female surrounding a smaller number of hermaphrodite flowers. Involucre pluriserially 
imbricated ; the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts with or without colored papery 
tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous merely 
scabrous capillary bristles, in a single series. 


Subtribe IV. Evinutem. Heads heterogamous, with the female ligulate and radiate, 
and the disk-flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile (or the former sometimes wanting). 
Receptacle naked. Style-branches of the latter linear, rounded at the apex. Akenes 
mostly coriaceous. Old-world genera, one naturalized. 


62. INULA. Heads many-flowered; the rays numerous. Involucre imbricated, hemispher- 
ical or campanulate ; outer bracts herbaceous. Receptacle flat or nearly so. Akenes more 
or less 4—5-costate. Pappus of capillary scabrous bristles. Flowers yellow. 


Subtribe V. ADENOCAULEH. Heads heterogamous, discoid ; both female and_her- 
maphrodite (sterile or fertile) flowers with tubular more or less ampliate 4-5-toothed 
or lobed corollas. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Akenes elongated, 
striate or nerved: pappus none. Leaves alternate, partly floccose-woolly. (Here 
also Carpesium, L.) 

63. ADENOCAULON. Heads several-many-flowered ; the marginal flowers female ; 
the more numerous central ones hermaphrodite-sterile. Involucre of few thin-herbaceous 
bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all somewhat alike ; of the sterile flowers broadly 
funnelform and deeply 4-5-cleft; of the fertile ones less ampliate, either regularly 4-lobed or 
(in the Chilian species) bilabiate, the outer lip 3-lobed; the style of the former undivided, 
somewhat clavate ; of the latter with short and broad stigmatic branches. Anthers sagittate, 
and the auricles minutely but evidently caudate, connate. Akenes obovoid-oblong or 
clavate, very obtuse, lightly 4-5-nerved, much exceeding the involucre, the upper part beset 
with stout stipitate (nail-shaped) glands: ovary of the sterile flowers inane. Leaves floc- 
cose-woolly underneath. 


Trips V. HELIANTHOIDEH. Heads heterogamous and the female flowers ligulate and 
radiate, or rarely with corolla wanting, and in the latter case some are moneecious ; or 
sometimes homogamous by the absence of the ligulate ray-flowers ; those of the disk 
all with regularly 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with 
bracts (palew, chaff) subtending either all the disk-flowers or the marginal ones only, 
except in the first subtribe and the peculiar uniflorous or 2-4-locular heads of the 
third, Anthers at most sagittate, not caudate at base. Style-branches of hermaphro- 
dite or sterile flowers (or the undivided style in some of the latter) truncate or con- 
tinued into a hairy (from conical to subulate) appendage. Pappus various or none, 
never of truly capillary bristles. Leaves more commonly opposite, at least the lower 
ones, — A varied tribe of more than 100- genera, 


Subtribe I. Mitterim#. Ray-flowers solitary or few and fertile: disk-flowers her- 
maphrodite-sterile. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. (Artificial group.) 


64, PLUMMERA. Heads of 2 to 5 ray and 6 or7 disk-flowers. Involucre obpyramidal, 
double; the outer composed of mostly 4 ovate-oblong obtuse carinate bracts, which are 
united to or above the middle into a coriaceous or cartilaginous cupule; the inner of as 
many barely equal cuneate-obovate plane alternating bracts, their rounded summit firm- 
scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Female flowers with a dilated-cuneate 3-lobed ligule on a 


60 COMPOSITAE. 


short tube. Hermaphrodite-sterile, with usually a stipitiform abortive ovary, tubular-funnel- 
form 5-toothed corolla, its short proper tube thickened, and a truncate-bicapitellate style. 
Akene of the fertile flowers obovate, turgid, free, thinnish, nearly nerveless, the upper part 
villous with long soft hairs, wholly destitute of pappus; the epigynous areola small and 
slightly depressed. Flowers yellow. 

156. BLENNOSPERMA. Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, broad. Akenes 
pyviform. Perhaps belongs here rather than to the elenioidee, where it has no near rela- 
tives: perhaps it should stand next to Crocidium, no. 186. 


Subtribe II. MELAMPODIES. Ray-flowers ligulate (sometimes obscurely so) and 
fertile, the ligule mostly deciduous: disk-flowers hermaphrodite-sterile. Akenes usually 
with coriaceous or thicker pericarp, the style mostly entire. Receptacle paleaceous 
throughout, Parthenice excepted. (Artificial group.) 


* Involucre of the several-flowered heads cylindrical or fusiform, of membranaceous or thin- 
nish and striate-nerved oblong bracts, not enclosing or embracing the few narrow and 
somewhat obcompressed akenes; those of the small and flat receptacle scarious. (Allied 
to the Coreopsidew.) 

65. DICRANOCARPUS. Involucre of 3 or 4 narrow bracts (and rarely 1 or 2 short and 
subtending herbaceous ones), at length loose, deciduous in age. Ray-flowers 3 or 4; the 
ligule very small, shorter than the style, 2-3-lobed, and with hardly any tube. Disk-flowers 
3 or 4: corolla with rotately-spreading limb parted into 5 ovate lobes, rather longer than 
the narrow tube: style tipped with an entire conical appendage: ovary inane. Akenes di- 
morphous, one or two elongated to fully twice or thrice the length of the involucre, from 
subulate to oblong-linear, nearly smooth, puberulent, long persistent on the receptacle, 
tipped with two diverging or divaricate and stout persistent naked rigid awns or horns; the 
others shorter, comparatively thicker, often tuberculate-rugose, the truncate apex bearing a 
pair of very short divaricate horns or hardly any. 

66. GUARDIOLA. Involucre of 3 concave and herbaceo-membranaceous bracts com- 
pletely enclosing 3 or 4 narrower white-scarious ones ; and there are narrower similar palez 
subtending the sterile flowers. Tube of the corolla both of ray and disk long and filiform; 
in the 1 to 5 fertile flowers equalling the oblong ligule; in the 5 to 20 sterile flowers com- 
monly several times longer than the abruptly dilated deeply 5-cleft limb (its lobes linear). , 
Filaments very villous! Style of the disk-flowers mostly 2-cleft at apex, its branches linear 
or subulate, hispid to the base: ovary inane. Akenes oblong, slightly obcompressed, smooth, 
the rounded apex wholly destitute of pappus; the base suberose-fleshy, sometimes as a boss 
upon one side. 

* * Involucre of the many-flowered heads broad; the inner bracts concave, embracing 
and half enclosing the thick and turgid obovoid akenes: pappus none. 

67. POLYMNIA. Heads hemispherical or broader. Involucre of about 5 loose exterior 
bracts, and as many or more numerous smaller and thinner interior ones, subtending as 
many fertile flowers: sterile flowers subtended by mostly scarious chaffy bracts of the flat 
receptacle. Ray-flowers with a short hairy tube bearing either a short or a long ligule, or 
none at all. Corolla of the disk-flowers thin, ampliate above, and with ovate lobes. Sterile 
style commonly 2-cleft or 2-pointed at the hairy apex. Akenes very thick, short, smooth, 
marginless. 

* * * Involucre double, strongly dimorphous; exterior of 4 or 5 herbaceous or folia- 
ceous plane bracts; interior of a single series of small bracts, which completely and 
permanently enclose the obovate or oblong more or less compressed smooth and glabrous 
akenes with a pericarp-like accessory covering, at length deciduous together: pappus none. 

68. MELAMPODIUM. Fructiferous and transformed involucral bracts commonly in- 
durated, naked or unarmed. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes more or less obovate 
and incurved. 

69, ACANTHOSPERMUM. Fructiferous involucral bracts armed with hooked prickles 
or spines, forming a kind of bur. Otherwise as Melampodium. Ligules minute, concave or 
cucullate. 

* * * * Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts; innermost subtending ob- 
compressed (mostly much flattened) akenes, but not enclosing nor embracing them. 


COMPOSITA. 61 


+ Ray-flowers, or rather their ovaries and akenes, in more than one series, and with elon- 
gated exserted deciduous ligules ; the akenes falling free, or with ouly the subtending 
bract. (Schizomeria of Mexico is of this section, but with fewer ray-flowers.) 


70, SILPHIUM. Heads large, many-flowered. Involucre of thickish more or less folia- 
ceous imbricated bracts; the innermost (next to the akenes) small and chaffy. Receptacle 
comparatively small, the central part bearing the sterile flowers somewhat turbinate in age; 
its chaffy bracts linear, flat, or involute around the pedicilliform abortive ovaries. Corollas 
of the ray with along and spreading ligule on a very short tube; of the disk cylindrical- 
tubular, the teeth very short and thickish. Sterile style entire, much elongated in anthesis, 
hispidulous. Akenes very flat and broad, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, completely free 
from the subtending bract and from those of adjacent male flowers, surrounded by a winged 
margin which is produced more or less beyond the summit on each side into a callous tooth 
or auricle ; pappus none or sometimes a pair of short rigid awns or teeth, with which the 
wing is confluently united. ; 


+- + Ray-flowers and akenes in a single series; the latter with 2 or 3 bracts of sterile 
flowers (pale of the receptacle) attached to their base on the inner side, which they 
take with them, and commonly also the subtending involucral bract, when they fall. 


++ Heads conspicuously radiate; the ligules plane and exserted, subsessile, yellow, oblong 
or oval: receptacle flat: its bracts or chaff, or at least the outer, of rather firm texture and 
more or less involving their sterile flowers or inane ovaries. 


71. BERLANDIERA. Heads broad, with 5 to 12 radiate fertile and many hermaphrodite- 
sterile flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader ; its bracts in about three series; outer- 
most smaller and more foliaceous; the succeeding larger and usually dilated-obovate; 
innermost thinner, becoming membranaceous or chartaceous and reticulated in age. Disk- 
corollas, style, &c. as in SiJphium. Akene very flat or slightly meniscoidal, obovate, wing- 
less, not toothed or notched at summit, carinately unicostate down the inner face, with 
evanescent or obsolete pappus (sometimes two minute and caducous bristly teeth or awns), 
at the back more or less coherent with the base of the subtending plane involucral bract, at 
length falling away with it, the ventral face partly covered by the spatulate bracts of the 
2 or 3 attached sterile flowers. Alternate-leaved perennials. 

72. CHRYSOGONUM. Heads of mostly 5 radiate fertile and rather numerous sterile 
flowers. Involucre campanulate, double; outer of 5 loose and obovate or spatulate folia- 
ceous bracts which surpass the disk; inner of as many small oval firm-membranaceous erect 
bracts, each subtending a fertile flower. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle thin, linear, the 
outer broader and partly enclosing as many sterile flowers. Ligules oblong: disk-corollas 
cylindraceous, with 5 small spreading teeth. Akene obovate or oval, flat or slightly menis- 
coidal, with acute but wingless margins, one-nerved on the convex back, carinately 1-2- 
costate on inner face, crowned with a truncate or crenately emarginate semi-cupulate 
pappus, i. e. the crown wanting on the inner side ; the involucral bract with which it falls 
little larger than its back, and closely applied to but not cohering with it: adjacent sterile 
bracts less persistent with the akene than in the following genus. Low and opposite-leaved 
perennial. 

73. LINDHEIMERA. Heads of 4 or 5 radiate fertile and rather numerous sterile 
flowers. Involucre double; outer of 4 or 5 loose and foliaceous narrow lanceolate bracts ; 
inner of as many larger ovate-oblong herbaceous bracts, becoming chartaceo-membranaceous, 
subtending the fertile flowers. -Receptacle small; its inner bracts chaffy, narrowly linear 
and nearly plane; the outer more herbaceous, spatulate, and enclosing the filiform abortive 
ovary, which forms a long pedicel to the subtended sterile flower. Ligules oval or oblong, 
almost entire: disk-corollas funnelform. Akene obovate, flat, slightly meniscoidal, unicos- 
tate on the middle of each face (dorsally not adnate to the much larger subtending bract), 
surrounded by a cartilaginous entire wing, which is confluent at apex with two triangular- 
subulate rigid teeth or horns; a similar but smaller and naked tooth projecting from the 
summit of the ventral costa. Erect annual, with sessile leaves, the upper opposite. 

74, ENGELMANNIA. Heads of 8 to 10 conspicuously radiate and of many sterile flowers. 
Involucre hemispherical, somewhat double; the outer of about 10 rather linear mainly 
foliaceous bracts in two series, i. e. the outermost smaller and wholly loose and foliaceous, 
the succeeding similar but with ovate-dilated and appressed coriaceous base; inner of firm- 


62 COMPOSITA. 


coriaceous oval or obovate concave bracts with short and abrupt foliaceous tips, subtending 
the fertile flowers. Bracts of the receptacle all firm-coriaceous and persistent, linear or 
lanceolate, partly enclosing the sterile flowers or their pedicel-like inane ovary. Ligules 
oblong, almost entire: disk-corollas narrowly funnelform, 5-lobed. Sterile style somewhat 
clavate, very hispid. Akenes filling nearly the whole deeply concave face of the subtending 
bract (not adnate to it), and covered by the 2 or 3 rigid internally attached chaffy bracts of 
sterile flowers, obovate, wingless, both faces carinately. unicostate: indurated bases of the 
bract, the chaff, and the akene firmly and inseparably united, tardily falling away from the 
receptacle. Pappus a conspicuous and persistent firm-scarious and hispid crown, more or 
less cleft into 3 or 4 irregular lobes or into a pair of lanceolate scales; that of the abor- 
tive ovaries somewhat similar but rudimentary, nearly as in Silphium. Alternate-leaved 
perennial. , 


++ ++ Heads small, mostly hemispherical, nearly or quite discoid ; the corolla of the 5 to 8 
female flowers with the ligule very short, often broader than long, or obsolete : receptacle 
conical or convex : flowers whitish : corollas of the sterile ones tubular-funnelform, and the 
style glabrous except the more or less dilated and truncate pubescent summit, their ovary 
obsolete: akenes more turgid dorsally : involucre of rather few ovate or orbicular appressed 
bracts, in about two series: leaves alternate. 


75. PARTHENIUM. Fertile flowers 5, with obcordate or 2-lobed almost sessile concave 
ligule barely surpassing the disk, or a truncate emarginate cup. Bracts of the involucre 
chartaceous or partly herbaceous, and the inner more scarious: those of the usually conical 
receptacle cuneate, tomentose at summit, partly enclosing the sterile flowers. Akenes oval 
or obovate, commonly pubescent, surrounded by a filiform callous margin, which is firmly 
coherent at base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of sterile flowers and of 
the subtending bract, at length tearing away from the akene; the summit bearing the mar- 
cescent corolla, and a pappus'of two chaffy awns or scales, or sometimes hardly any. 

76. PARTHENICE. Fertile flowers 6 to 8, with corolla hardly equalling the disk, not 
longer than the style, an obliquely cleft tube, with ligule obsolete or reduced to 2 or 3 small 
teeth; sterile flowers 40 or 50, with funnélform corolla. Involucre of 5 somewhat herba- 
ceous oval exterior bracts, and of 6 or 8 somewhat larger orbicular-obovate and more 
scarious interior ones, these subtending the fertile flowers. Receptacle convex, with linear- 
oblong or spatulate chaffy bracts subtending the outer series of sterile flowers, but mostly 
minute or wanting to the inner flowers. Akenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, wingless, but 
acute-margined, with an incurved apiculation terminated by a small sphacelate obtuse tip, 
inserted by a very small base, falling away at maturity with the involucral and two recep- 
tacular bracts, but these readily separating. Pappus none; and corolla deciduous. 


Subtribe ITI. Amsrosiz#. Fertile flowers apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube 
or ring around the base of the 2-parted style : disk-flowers staminate, with funnel- 
form or obconical 4-5-lobed corolla, anthers slightly united and their short terminal 
appendage inflexed, the abortive style hairy only at the somewhat enlarged and 
depressed summit, the ovary a mere rudiment. Pappus none (or a vestige in Oxy- 
tenia and Dicoria). Heads small; the flowers whitish or greenish. 


* Head androgynous (rarely all male in Dicoria), having few (or rarely solitary) female 
flowers at the margin ; the more numerous male flowers all or most of them subtended 
by slender and commonly spatulate chaffy bracts: anther-tips short and obtuse, rarely 
pointed : involucre open: akenes usually large for the size of the head, free. — Jrew, DC. 

+ Akenes turgid, mostly obovate or pyriform, marginless: dilated summit of the sterile | 
style hispidulous or radiately penicillate. 


77. IVA, Female flowers 1 to 5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla. 
Akenes more or less obcompressed, glabrous, puberulent, or glandular; the terminal areola 
small. 

78. OXYTENIA. Female ,flowers about 5, wholly destitute of corolla; their style with 
2 oval or oblong and very obtuse stigmatic lobes. Involucre of about 5 coriaceo-herbaceous 
dilated-ovate and rather rigidly acuminate bracts. Receptacle convex, small; the 10 to 20 
sterile flowers subtended by slender chaffy bracts with cuneate-dilated tips, or these wanting 
to the central ones. Akenes (immature) obovate and turgid, very villons, nearly pyriform 


COMPOSIT A. 63 


(sometimes with a single diaphanous and minute squamella to represent pappus!), with 
large terminal areola bearing around the base of the style a fleshy annular disk. Lower 
part of the disk-flowers and their chaff beset with some villous hairs, like the very long and 
soft ones which thickly clothe the akenes. 


+ + Akenes flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined. 


79. DICORIA. Female flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla; male flowers 6 to 12, 
with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous bracts ; 
and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the fertile flowers ; 
or these wanting in male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few narrow and hyaline 
chaffy bracts among the flowers. Filaments almost free from the obconical corolla, mona- 
delphous up to the lightly connected anthers! the tube dilated and 5-toothed at summit. 
Akenes much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat, convex or somewhat 
angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarious pectinate-dentate wing or edge. Pap- 
pus rudimentary, of several small and setiform squamelle. 


* * Heads unisexual, monecious; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly 
apetalous female flowers in a closed nutlet-like or bur-like involucre, only the style- 
branches ever exserted ; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open involucre, 
the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolution: akenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid, 
wholly destitute of pappus: flowers greenish or yellowish: male corollas obconical. — 
Ambrosiee, DC. 

+ Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous; the receptacle low, and abortive style with 
dilated apex radiately penicillate or fimbriate. 

80. HYMENOCLEA. Involucre of the male flowers saucer-shaped and 4-6-lobed, rarely 
more cleft: bracts of the receptacle subtending the outer flowers obovate or spatulate; inner 
filiform or none: filaments distinct: anther-tips blunt. Involucre to the solitary fertile 
flower ovoid or fusiform, beaked at apex, the lower part furnished with 9 to 12 dilated and 
silvery-scarious persistent transverse wings. 

81. AMBROSIA. Involucre of the male floyers from depressed-hemispherical to turbinate, 
5-12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually with some filiform 
chaff among the outer flowers. Anther-tips (at first inflexed, at length erect) setiferous- 
acuminate. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower nucumentaceous, apiculate or beaked at 
the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines in a single series below 
the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose above the fewer fertile ones. 

82. FRANSERIA. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with 
the female. Fertile involucre 1-4flowered, 1-4-celled, u single pistil to each cell, 1-4- 
rostrate, more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numerous prickles 
or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one series. Leaves mostly 
alternate. 

+ + Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous, and the receptacle cylindraceous. 

83. XANTHIUM. Involucre of the globular sterile heads one or two series of small nar- 
row bracts: receptacle distinctly paleaceous, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly 
enclosing each male flower: filaments monadelphous: anthers distinct but connivent ; the 
inflexed apical appendage mucronate: sterile style unappeudaged. Fertile heads a closed 
and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1-2-beaked at the apex, the surface 
clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles: each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid 
akene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves alternate. 


Subtribe IV. Zinnrem. Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile; the ligule with very short 
tube or none, persistent on the akene and becoming papery in texture! (but at length 
falling or decaying away in Heliopsis levis): disk-flowers hermaphrodite and in our 
genera fertile, numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts; the corolla cylin- 
draceous. Leaves opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches. 

* Leaves all or mostly entire: akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them (either 
of disk or ray) toothed or awned fromthe summit of the angles or edges. 

84, ZINNIA. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous; its closely appressed-imbricated 
bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming 


64 COMPOSITA. 


conical or cylindraceous ; the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes of 
the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Style-branches of disk-flowers with either truncate 
or subulate tips. Akenes wingless or nearly so; of the ray obcompressed-triquetrous, of 
the disk much compressed. Pappus when present of erect awns or chaffy teeth. Leaves 
mostly sessile and rays showy. ’ 

85. SANVITALIA. Involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts. Re- 
ceptacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit; its chaffy bracts concave or partly 
conduplicate. Ligules (entire or 2-toothed at apex) often short and small. Disk-corollas 
with glabrous lobes. Style-branches of disk-flowers truncate or capitellate at tip. Akenes 
either all or the exterior thick-walled; of the ray commonly 3-sided, and the angles produced 
into as many thick and rigid divergent awns or horns ; those of the disk often heterogeneous, 
from compressed-quadrangular to flat, some usually wing-margined, the pappus of one or 
two slender awns or teeth or none. Leaves commonly petioled. 


* * Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled: akenes not compressed. 


86. HELIOPSIS. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts, the outer 
herbaceous. Receptacle from high-convex to conical; the pointless chaffy bracts partly 
embracing the disk-flowers. Ligules large, oblong or narrower: disk-corollas glabrous. 
Style-branches tipped with a very short conical hirsute appendage. Akenes short aud thick, 
obtusely 4-angular, or in the ray somewhat triangular, with broad truncate summit, wholly 
destitute of pappus, or sometimes with the annular'border 1-4-dentate. 


99. BALSAMORRHIZA § Kattiactis also has persistent ligules! 


Subtribe V. VERBESINE®. Rdy-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or not 
rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and persistent on the fruit (with one 
exception), but sometimes marcescent: disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile (or 
some of the inner often failing to produce fruit), subtended and sometimes enwrapped 
by the bracts of the receptacle. Anthers often blackish. Akenes various but those 
of the disk never obcompressed : pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns 
from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or of some squamelle, or of a few stout (but not 
capillary) bristles, or none. Leaves either opposite or alternate. 


* Involucre 4- rarely 5-lobed and foliaceous, valvate and saliently 4-5-angled in the bud: 
akenes short and thick: pappus when present pluripaleaceous in the manner of 
Helenioidee. 


87. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers few or several, fertile. 
Principal involucre membranaceo-foliaceous, spreading in anthesis; the 4 or 5 broadly ovate 
bracts connate at base; within are 6 to 15 small chaffy bracts subtending ray-flowers, and 
similar to the thin-membranaceous and nervose lanceolate chaffy bracts of the at length coni- 
cal receptacle. Ligules with short tube or almost nearly sessile, 5-8-nerved: disk-corollas 
with elongated cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid 
above, and tipped with a rather long acute or acuminate appendage. Akenes more or less 
4-sided, with a broad flat summit, destitute of pappus, or with a crown of numerous chaffy 
squamelle. Leaves opposite. 


* * Involucre of several or numerous distinct bracts. 
+ Bracts of the receptacle permanently investing the akenes as an indurated accessory 
covering. 

88. SCLEROCARPUS. Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers several, neutral. In- 
volucre of rather few more or less herbaceous bracts, the outer loose and spreading. 
Receptacle convex or conical; its at length coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts closely invest- 
ing the akenes and falling away with them by an articulation. Disk-corollas 4-5-cleft: 
style-branches mostly with subulate appendages. Akenes smooth, oblong or obovoid: pappus 
a short crown or ring, or none. Branching herbs. 


+ + Bracts of the receptacle mostly reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles subtending 
the naked akenes. 

89. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered: ray-flowers numeruus, small and short, fertile. In- 

volucre broad, of one or two series of herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat. Disk- 

corollas 4-toothed, rarely 5-toothed ; their style-branches with short obtuse or triangular tips. 


COMPOSIT A. 65 


Akenes thick, in the ray mostly 8-sided and in the disk compressed, more or less margined, 
without pappus, or sometimes with 2 to 4 teeth or short awns. Leaves opposite and heads 
small. 


+ + + Bracts of the many-flowered receptacle concave or complicate, loosely embracing 
or subtending the disk-akenes, mostly persistent. 


++ Rays uniformly none, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile: involucre dry or partly 
so: akenes not flat nor margined: pappus of slender awns or none. 


90. MELANTHERA. Involucre hemispherical; the disk in fruit globular, and squarrose 
with the mostly pointed rather rigid striate concave bracts of the convex or low-conical 
receptacle; bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, thickish, nerveless, in 2 or 3 series, 
somewhat equal in length. Corolla 5-lobed, with campanulate-oblong ampliate throat. 
Style-branches tipped with a subulate hispid appendage. Akenes thick and short, com- 
pressed-quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with broad truncate summit: pappus of 2 or 
more slender caducous awns. Leaves opposite, petioled. : 

91. VARILLA. Involucre short, of rather few and small linear-lanceolate appressed-imbri- 
cate and mostly few-striate bracts, similar to those of the at length high-conical or oblong 
receptacle. Corolla with narrow cylindraceous throat, 5-toothed. Style-branches with short 
and obtuse or minutely apiculate conical tips. Akenes narrow, linear-oblong, terete, rather 
thin-walled, smooth, evenly 8-15-nerved: pappus setulose or none. Shrubby or suffruticose. 

92. ISOCARPHA. Involucre, receptacle, and dry bracts nearly of the preceding genus. 
Corolla similar but small. Style-branches with subulate tips. Akenes 4~5-angled, small, 
little compressed, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous. 

93. SPILANTHES. Some (exotic) species have no ray-flowers, and akenes not flat, with 
pappus alsu wanting: these resemble Jsucarpha. 


++ ++ Rays present, but in several genera occasionally wanting : involucre commonly her- 
baceous or foliaceous, or partly so. 


= Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. (Here Gym- 
nolomiu, as to two species, would be sought. ) 


a. Rays fertile, or not rarely wanting: style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate and some- 
times penicillate at tip: akenes small: leaves opposite. 


93. SPILANTHES. Involucre of a few somewhat herbaceous loosely appressed bracts. 
Bracts of the receptacle soft and chaffy, shorter than the flowers, more or less conduplicate 
and embracing the akenes, at length falling with them. Disk-corollas 4-5-toothed. Akenes 
of the ray triquetrous or obcompressed ; those of the disk either moderately or much com- 
pressed and with acute or nerve-like margins, sometimes ciliate-fimbriate. DPappus a 
setiform awn from one or more of the angles, or none. 


b. Rays sterile (imperfectly styliferous in Echinacea, otherwise completely neutral), soon 
drooping, sometimes marcescent, the ligule with very short tube or none: style-branches 
tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid appendage: leaves mostly alternate. 


94. ECHINACEA. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series and squarrose ; its bracts 
lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical. 
Chaffy bracts of the latter firm and completely persistent, linear-lanccolate, carinate-concave, 
acuminate into a rigid and spinescent cusp, surpassing the disk-flowers. Ligules elongated 
and pendent in age, rose-colored or rose-purple, marcescent, usually inperfectly styliferous. 
Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube (a ring upon 
which the stamens are inserted). Akenes suberose-cartilaginous, acutcly quadrangular, 
somewhat obpyramidal, with a thick coroniform pappus more or less extended into triangular 
teeth at the angles; the basal areola central. 

95. RUDBECKIA. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri- 
cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical and subulate ; 
its chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly (rarely 
wholly) brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube. 
Akenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species quadrangular-compressed, or in one nearly 
terete. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scarious and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep 
and cupuliform, sometimes obsolete, or none. 

5 


66 COMPOSITA. 


96. LEPACHYS. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes 
winged at one or both edges, somewhat laterally or obliquely inserted on the slender- 
subulate receptacle: pappus a chaffy or aristiform tooth over one or both edges, or none, 
the crown minutely squamellate and evanescent or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle 
conduplicate or deeply navicular, with thickened and truncate or somewhat hooded sum- 
mit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas 
of the disk with hardly any proper tube. Ligules, involucre, &c., of Rudbeckia. 


== = Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical: akenes not winged nor 
very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. 

a. Rays fertile: style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid for all or much of their length: 
receptacle flat or merely convex: ray akenes commonly triquetrous or obcompressed: 
pappus persistent or none. 


97. WEDELIA. Akenes thick and turgid, cuneate-oblong or pyriform, with roundish sum- 
mit; those of the disk obtusely if at all quadrangular, or flattened only at the inane base: 
pappus a paleaceous commonly lobed and at length indurated cup. Involucre rather simple 
and foliaceous. Leaves opposite: stem herbaceous. 

98. BORRICHIA. Akenes equably and acutely quadrangular, or in the ray triangular: 
pappus a somewhat toothed cup or crown. Involucre imbricated; outer bracts sometimes 
foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle concave, rigid. Leaves opposite : ‘stem woody. 

99. BALSAMORRHIZA. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong; of the disk quadrangular 
and often with intermediate nerves (these and the angles usually salient). Ligules with a 
distinct tube. Involucre broad; the outer bracts foliaceous, sometimes enlarged. Bracts of 
the receptacle linear-lanceolate. Style-appendages filiform or slender-subulate. Tuberous- 
rooted low herbs. 

100. WYETHIA. <Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk 
often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves: pappus a lacerate chaffy or coriaceous 
crown, or cut into nearly distinct squamelle, commonly produced at one or more of the 
angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less 
imbricated; outer bracts often foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle lanceolate or linear, 
partly embracing the akenes. Style-appendages slender-subulate or filiform, very hispid. 
Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves. 


6. Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid, or flatter, 
but none margined or winged ; those of the ray inane or sterile: chaffy bracts of the 
convex or conical receptacle either strongly concave or conduplicate and embracing the 
akenes: leaves either opposite or alternate. 

101. GYMNOLOMIA. Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring; the truncate apex of 
the short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which 
is usually pubescent. 

102. VIGUIERA. Pappus of two chaffy awns or pales, one to each principal angle of the 
akene, or occasionally one or two more, and of two or more intermediate shorter commonly 
truncate pale or squamellz on each side, either persistent or deciduous. Akenes commonly 
pubescent. Peduncles slender. 

103. TITHONIA. Pappus of Viguiera or more persistent: habit of the annual species of 
Helianthus: involucre somewhat peculiar, of about two series of bracts, with appressed 
and rigid usually striate base and loose foliaceous tip. Peduncles clavate and fistular under 
the head. 

104. HELIANTHUS. Pappus promptly deciduous, of two scarious and pointed or some- 
what awned pales, mostly no intermediate squamellz or palex, except sometimes as de- 
tached or partly united portions of the principal palex. Akenes usually glabrous or 
glabrate. Proper tube of disk-corollas'short, and the throat cylindrical and elongated. 


= = == Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical: akenes (of the ray or 
margin often triquetrous) of the disk either flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, 
or if turgid some of them winged: pappus not caducous. 
a. Truly shrubby, rayless, alternate-leaved: akenes wingless. 
105. FLOURENSIA. Rays none in the Mexican (several and neutral in the Chilian) 
species. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of oblong or lanceolate bracts, at least the outer herba- 


COMPOSITE. 67 


ceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat; its chaffy bracts scarious-membranaceous, conduplicate 
around the akenes and tardily deciduous with them. Proper tube of the corolla fully half 
the length of the oblong-campanulate throat. Appendages of the style-branches from ob- 
long to dilated-spatulate, obtuse. Akenes compressed, narrowly oblong-cuneate, callous- 
margined, very villous, bearing a nearly persistent pappus of a subulate somewhat chaffy 
awn from each angle of the truncate summit, and commonly some intermediate smaller 
ones or squamelle. 


b. Herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby: leaves never decurrent on the stem: rays neutral, 
rarely wanting : mature akenes all wingless or nearly so, emarginate or truncate at sum- 
mit, the margins either villous-ciliate or naked. 


106. ENCELIA. Pappus none, or an awn or its rudiment answering to each margin of the 
wingless akene: no intermediate squamelle. 

107. HELIANTHELLA. Pappus of delicate squamell between the two chaffy teeth or 
awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene (and sometimes the lateral 
angles when there are any), or these obsolete in age, but not caducous. Ovary often wing- 
margined, but mature akene not so. 


c. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: rays fertile or sometimes neutral in Verbesina, or 
occasionally wanting: akenes or some of them developing winged margins, or sometimes 
all wingless, none villous-ciliate: style-appendages acute. 


108. ZEXMENIA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated ; the bracts coin- 
monly broad, erect, and dry, or the outermost sometimes loose and foliaceous or with 
spreading herbaceous tips. Rays fertile. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes of the ray or 
outermost of the disk triquetrous; of the disk more or less compressed, sometimes flat, 
truncate at summit, variably and narrowly winged or acutely margined, awned from one or 
more of the margins or angles, the awns either connected by dilated bases or with inter- 
mediate and separate or confluent persistent squamelle. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. 

109. VERBESINA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical and more or less imbricated, 
rarely more spreading, from somewhat herbaceous to foliaceous. Rays fertile, or styliferous 
but infertile, or sometimes neutral, sometimes none. Receptacle from convex to conical: 
disk from convex to ovoid, not squarrose in fruit. Akenes usually winged and flat or much 
compressed, 2-awned, or in the ray triquetrous and 1-3-awned, with no intermediate squa- 
mellx, and even the awns sometimes obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite or alternate, apt 
to be decurrent as wings on the stem. 

110. ACTINOMERIS. Involucre simple, of few and small herbaceous and loose bracts, 
deflexed under the globular fruiting disk, which is globose even in anthesis, and echinate- 
squarrose in fruit by the spreading of the akenes in all directions on the small and soon 
globular receptacle. Rays neutral, few and irregular or none. Akenes flat, obovate, 
winged or wingless in the same head. Pappus of 2 slender-subulate naked awns, at length 
divergent, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate awns or awn-like squamelle. 


Subtribe VI. Corzopsipre®. Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the sub- 
tending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave: otherwise as in Verbesineew. Heads 
many-flowered. Leaves mostly opposite. Style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into 
a cusp or cone, or sometimes capitellate-truncate. 

* Involucre single: habit of the preceding group. 

111. SYNEDRELLA. Heads with few or several fertile ray-flowers and more numerous 
disk-flowers ; the latter with slender tube to the corolla. Involucre ovoid or oblong, of rather 
few bracts; the outer larger than the inner, erect, mostly foliaceous. Bracts of the recep- 
tacle scarious-membranaceous. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers slender. Akenes or 
some of them wing-margined, and the wings commonly lacerate or undulate, in the ray 
often triquetrous, the angles or wings surmounted each by a rigid naked awn. Annuals. 

%* * Involucre double, rarely indistinctly so: receptacle flat or merely convex; the thin 
chaffy bracts of the receptacle mostly deciduous with the akenes. Base of style not 
rarely bulbous-dilated. 


+ Rays always neutral (rarely wanting): akenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with re- 
trorsely barbed awns: no ring at the junction of tube and throat of disk-corolla. 


68 COMPOSITA, 


112. COREOPSIS. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the 
very base; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading; inner erect or incurved after 
anthesis, more membranaceous, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8, wanting 
in one or two species. Disk-corollas with slender tube and funnelform or campanulate 
5-lobed or 5-toothed limb. Akenes flat, or becoming meniscoidal, orbicular to linear-oblong, 
winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or 4 naked (or 
upwardly hispid) awns, or naked scales, or teeth, or sometimes wholly destitute of pappus. 


+ + Rays fertile or neutral, or wanting: awns of the pappus when present retrorsely 
barbed or hispid. 
++ Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. 


113. BIDENS. Akenes neither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned; the awns retrorsely hispid 
or aculeolate, mostly persistent. Rays neutral (in one Mexican species styliferous), yellow 
or white, sometimes wanting: no ring to the disk-corollas. 


114. COSMOS, Akenes slender and beaked: rays purple or rose color, in one species 
orange-yellow: otherwise us Bidens ; the awns apt to be deciduous. 

115. HETEROSPERMUM. Akenes dimorphous; the outer with winged or callous 
margin, mostly cymbiform; inner narrower, attenuate upward, marginless; these and some- 
times the outer with 2 retrorsely barbed awns. Rays fertile: no ring to the disk-corollas. 
Heads rather few-flowered. 

116. LEPTOSYNE. Akenes oval or oblong, truncate or emarginate, some of them 
usually wing-margined or bordered. Rays pistillate and often fertile, occasionally neutral. 
Disk-corollas with slender tube girt at summit or near it by a bearded or naked ring, a 
dilated throat, and 5-lobed limb. 


++ ++ Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup. 


117. THELESPERMA. Involucre of Coreopsis; but the bracts of the inner connate to 
or above the middle, fleshy below, their free summits more membranaceous and scarious- 
margined ; outer of shorter and narrow somewhat foliaceous spreading bracts, connate at 
base with the inner. Chaffy bracts of the flat receptacle wholly white-scarious, with a 
2nerved midrib, otherwise nerveless, deciduous with the akenes. Rays about 8, neutral, 
cuneate-obovate, or in some species wanting. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube, 
abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat, and linear to ovate spreading lobes. Anthers 
wholly exserted. Style-appendages tipped with a cusp or cone. Akenes slightly obcom- 
pressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, marginless, beakless, attached by a broad 
callus, at least the outer ones tuberculate, papillose, or rugose; the abrupt summit crowned 
witb a pair of persistent and stout awns or rather scales, the margins of which are retrorsely 
hispid-ciliate, or sometimes pappus obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite. 


Subtribe VII. Gatinsoaes. Pappus pluripaleaceous, and akenes commonly turbinate 
and 5-angled : otherwise nearly as Verbesinee. Receptacle chaffy throughout : other- 
wise as Helentoidew. Ours all herbs, and leaves except in Galinsoga alternate and 
entire. 


* Bracts (chaff) of the receptacle concreted, coriaceous or cartilaginous, persistent, forming 
deep alveoli, resembling honeycomb, in which the akenes are enclosed : rays neutral. 


118. BALDWINIA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate. Involucre imbricated, 
shorter than the convex disk; its bracts small, coriaceous and partly herbaceous. Disk- 
corollas with a short soon indurated tube, above cylindraceous, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandu- 
lar-puberulent. Style-appendages truncate and penicillate, with a subulate tip. Akenes 
turbinate, silky-villous: pappus of 7 to 12 nerveless thin-scarious pale. 


* * Bracts of receptacle distinct, linear or filiform, rigid: Tays none: palex of the pappus 
thin-scarious, nerveless. 


119. MARSHALLIA, JHeads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre one or two series 
of narrow and equal herbaceous bracts. Receptacle at length conical. Corollas with 
a filiform tube and the Ifmb 5-parted into linear lobes. Style-branches truncate at apex. 
Akenes turbinate, 5-costate: pale: of the pappus 5 or 6, ovate or lanceolate. deltoid, acute or 
acuminate, nearly entire and naked. 


COMPOSITA. 69 


* * * Bracts of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scarious, mostly decidu- 
ous with the fruit: rays fertile, 2-3-lobed: palew of the pappus firmer, with a thickish 
axis and fimbriate or barbellate margins, or sometimes wanting. 

120. GALINSOGA. Heads small, with 4 or 5 short rays and rather numerous disk- 
flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, of ovate and thin nearly equal 
bracts in two series. Receptacle conical. Disk-corollas short, 5-toothed: style-tips acute. 
Akenes turbinate, 4-5-angled. Pappus of several thickish oblong or obovate palee, with 
fimbriate-barbellate or almost plumose margins or summit, or wanting. Leaves opposite, 
serrate. 

121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS. Heads with 3 to 6 exserted fertile rays, and 7 to 12 disk- 
flowers ; the central of these commonly infertile. Bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 
erect, nearly equal, in one or two series. Receptacle convex; the chaff thin or scarious and 
narrow. Rays 3-cleft: disk-corollas 5-cleft. Style of fertile disk-flowers filiform, 2-cleft at 
apex only, and the short branches merely truncate; of the central and infertile ones entire. 
Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of rather numerous narrow linear or aristiform 
palex, with thickish axis, and hyaline margins which are mostly lacerate-fimbriate so as to 
appear pectinate-plumose, sometimes abortive or wanting. 


Subtribe VITI. Mapie#. Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile (rarely wanting), each sub- 
tended by a bract of the mostly uniserial involucre which partly or completely 
encloses its akene : disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile (some- 
times all fertile) ; their style-branches subulate and hispid. Bracts of the receptacle 
always present -between ray- and disk-flowers, generally none to the central ones. 
Pappus none (or a mere rudiment or crown) to the ray-akenes, paleaceous or aristi- 
form or else none to the disk-flowers. Pacific-American herbs, commonly glandular- 
viscid and heavy-scented : such in California called Tarweeds. 


* Akenes laterally compressed, those of the ray particularly so, and enclosed in condupli- 
cate-infolded laterally-compressed involucral bracts. 

122. MADIA. Heads many-several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few-many-angled 
by the salient narrow or carinate backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacle flat or convex, 
bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre, 
either separate or connate into acup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate or oblong 3-lobed 
ligules ; their akenes more or less oblique and with flat sides: disk-flowers with or without a 
pappus, either sterile or fertile. 

* * Akenes of the ray from obovate or triangular with broad rounded back to clavate- 
oblong, more commonly obcompressed, never laterally compressed with narrow back, 

+ Arcuate-incurved and obcompressed, completely invested by the whole of the conformed 
at length coriaceous involucral bracts. 

123. HEMIZONELLA. Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers only 4 or 5; disk-flowers 
solitary or rarely 2 to 4; both fertile and destitute of pappus. Involucre as in Madia § Har- 
pecarpus, but the 4 or 5 arcuate infolded bracts broad on the back and rather obcom- 
pressed ; those of the receptacle 3 to 5 and connate into a cup. Ligules minute. Akenes 
glabrous or sparsely pilose, obovate or somewhat fusiform; of the disk straight but oblique. 


Leaves mostly opposite. . 
+- + Ray akenes thick and short, turgid, partly enclosed by the lower part of the involu- 
cral bract. 


124. HEMIZONIA. Heads many- or sometimes few-flowered: bracts of the involucre 
rounded on the back. Ray-akenes more or less oblique; those of the disk abortive or in- 
fertile, or in the later sections some or even most of them fertile, with or without pappus. 


Leaves mainly alternate. 

+ + + Ray akenes mostly obcompressed, never laterally compressed, wholly enclosed in 
an obcompressed basal portion of the subtending involucral bracts, the dilated margins of 
which are abruptly infolded. 


125. ACHYRACH ANA. Heads many-flowered: ray-flowers 6 to 10, with 3-cleft ligule 
much shorter than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk: disk-corollas slender, 5- 


s 


70 COMPOSIT. 


toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts, deciduous at 
maturity: bracts of the nearly flat receptacle similar but thinner, only between the disk and 
ray, distinct. Akenes all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate, the ribs or 
the alternate ones tuberculate-scabrous at maturity ; those of the ray slightly obcompressed, 
rounded at apex and with slightly protuberant areola, not rarely an abortive pappus in the 
form of a minute denticulate crown; those of the disk chiefly fertile, the truncate apex 
bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-scarious palex, the 5 inner as 
long as the corolla and akene, the alternate outer ones shorter. 

126. LAGOPHYLLA, Heads several-flowered: ray-flowers about 5, with 8-parted or 
deeply 3-cleft ligules: disk-flowers sterile, with 5-lobed corollas. Bracts of the involucre 
thin-herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed akene: bracts of the small receptacle 5 to 12 
between the ray and disk. Akenes of the disk slender, abortive, destitute of pappus or 
with some caducous bristles; of the ray obcompressed, oblong-obovate, smooth and glabrous, 
nearly straight, the areola not protuberant, rarely a saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus. 

127. LAYIA. Heads many-flowered, broad: ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed 
ligules: disk-flowers fertile, or the central sometimes infertile; their corollas cylindraceous- 
funnelform and 5-lobed. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly 
dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat, 
bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers, sometimes additional 
more scarious ones among the flowers. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, obovate-oblong or 
narrower, almost always smooth and glabrous, destitute of pappus (or rarely a crown or 
vestige), the terminal areola somewhat protuberant and disciform; those of the disk similar 
or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, awns, or 
palez, or rarely none. 


Trine VI. HELENIOIDE. Heads heterogamous and the ligulate ray-flowers mostly 
fertile, or homogamous; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infer- 
tile, with regular 4-5-toothed tubular corolla, Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of 
bracts (palec), but rarely fimbrillate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membra- 
naceous, not scarious. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate 
or appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes plurisetose, but 
the bristles when capillary always more or less rigid. — A peculiarly American tribe, 
differing from the preceding in the total absence of receptacular bracts ; some genera 
with setose pappus making transition to the Senectonidee ; others, with short pappus 
or none, to the Anthemidee. 


Subtribe I. Jaumizx. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two or more series. 
Ligules not persistent. Akenes 5-angled or terete and several-nerved. Many-flow- 
ered heads in ours radiate, and the ray-flowers fertile. No oil-glands. 


* Receptacle setose-fimbrillate, convex: pappus plurisetose. 


128. CLAPPIA. Involucre hemispherical, of rather few oval and very obtuse somewhat 
striate coriaceous bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Rays 12 to 15, linear, 3-denticulate 
at apex. JDisk-corollas with slender tube and campanulate 5-cleft limb. Style-branches 
conical-tipped. Akenes equalled by the very slender fimbrillze of the receptacle, oblong- 
turbinate, terete, 8-10-nerved, hirtellous.on the nerves. Pappus of 20 to 25 rigid and 
somewhat paleolate hispidulous-scabrous distinct bristles, broader toward the base, longer 
than the akene. Fruticulose, with alternate fleshy leaves. 


* %* Receptacle naked: pappus in ours none. 


129. JAUMEA. Involucre campanulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer 
shorter. Corollas glabrous. Receptacle in ours conical. Style-branches papillose or hairy, 
truncate or short-conical at tip. Akenes 10-nerved: pappus in exotic species of narrow and 
pointed or awned strongly 1-nerved palez, in ours none. 

130. VENEGASIA. Involucre very broad, of 2 or 3 series of roundish membranaceous 
erect bracts, some innermost narrower and scarious, and a series of outer and loose narrower 
herbaceous ones. Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, elongated, entire or 3-toothed at the 
narrow apex: tube of corollas glandular-bearded, especially at base. Style-branches very 
obtuse. Akenes many-nerved, destitute of pappus. ; 


COMPOSITA. val 


Subtribe II. RippEtt1ea. Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts. Ligules persistent 
and becoming papery on the usually striate-nerved akenes. Herbage more or less 
white-woolly : no oil-glands. 


%* Pappus paleaceous: rays very broad, few. 


131. RIDDELLIA. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre 
cylindraceous-campanulate, of 4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few 
smaller scarious ones within, sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, 
flat. Ligules as broad as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 
2-3-lobed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves uniting in pairs within the lobes. Disk-corollas elongated- 
cylindraceous, with very short proper tube, and short externally glandular-bearded teeth. 
Style-branches truncate-capitate. Akenes narrow, terete, obscurely striate or angled. Pap- 
pus of 4 to 6 hyaline nerveless and pointless palex. 


* * Pappus none: rays several or numerous: disk-flowers numerous. 


132. BAILEYA. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous thin-herbaceous linear bracts in 
2 or 3 series, very woolly on the back. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Ray-flowers 
5 to 50; the ligules from round-oval to oblong-cuneate, 3-toothed at apex, 7-nerved, taper- 
ing into a narrow but not tubular base, becoming scarious-papery but thin, persistent on the 
truncate summit of the akene. Disk-flowers fertile; their corollas tubular-funnelform above 
the short proper tube, 5-toothed; the teeth glandular-bearded. Style-branches short, with 
truncate-capitate tips. Akenes oblong-linear or clavate, somewhat angled, pluricostate or 
striate; the truncate apex obscurely tuothed by extension of the ribs, or in the ray callous- 
thickened. 

133. WHITNEYA. Involucre campanulate, of 9 or 12 oblong or broadly lanceolate 
equal thin-herbaceous bracts, nearly in u single series, in fruit somewhat cymbiform-cari- 
nate near the base, not villous. Receptacle narrow-conical, villous. Ray-flowers 7 to 9; 
ligule elongated-oblong, minutely 3-toothed at apex, 10-16-nerved (the nerves also prominent 
on the short tube), becoming thin-papery, persistent. Disk-flowers numerous, infertile, the 
tubular-funnelform obtusely 5-toothed corollas persistent on the sterile akenes: style-branches 
linear, pubescent externally, with rather obtuse tips. Ray-akenes only maturing, oblong, 
slightly obcompressed, obtuse at both ends, lightly nerved. 


Subtribe ITI. Periryzex. Involucre of equal and narrow erect bracts, in only one or 
two series. Ray-flowers female or none; the ligule deciduous: disk-corollas narrow, 
4-toothed. Akenes flat, with only marginal callous nerves, usually much ciliate. 
Style-branches and. their appendages slender. Receptacle flat or convex. Plants not 
floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands. (Hulsea, 154, might be sought here. 
Eatonella, 137, and Crockeria, 1372, also have flat and ciliate akenes with strong mar- 
ginal nerves.) 

134, LAPHAMIA. Head several- to many-flowered. Bracts of the hemispherical invo- 
lucre distinct, more or less overlapping. Style-tips setaceous-subulate, hirsute. Margin of 
akenes naked or not much ciliate. DPappus none, or of one or two, or sometimes about 20 
bristles. Suffruticulose perennials, or herbaceous from a thick woody base, mostly yelow- 
flowered. 

185. PERITYLE. Head many-flowered. Involucre of preceding, or the bracts moce cari- 
nate-concave and partly embracing outer akenes. Style-branches with either short (acute 
or obtuse) or slender hirsute tips. Akenes at maturity cartilaginous-margined, usually 
strongly ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown, and commonly a slender awn 
from one or both angles. Mostly annuals, white- or yellow-flowered. 

136. PERICOME. Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre a strictly single series 
of numerous narrow bracts, which are lightly connate by their edges into a campanulate 
cup. Disk-corollas slender, with viscous-glandular tube nearly the length of the cylindrical 
throat, from which the anthers are much exserted. Style-tips filiform, rather obtuse. 
Akenes strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a squamellate lacerate-ciliate crown, and sometimes 
a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Perennial, yellow-flowered, with 
long-acuminate leaves. 


72 COMPOSITA. 


Subtribe IV. Hetentza. (Baeriee & Euheleniew, Benth. & Hook., excl. gen.) In- 
volucre hardly at all imbricated ; its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single 
series, Ligules not persistent. Disk-flowers numerous except in Schkuhria, with 5 
or rarely 4 teeth or lobes. Akenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate- 
angled only when turbinate or pyriform. No oil-glands. (Ratllardella, 190, might 
be sought here.) 


* Anomalous: akenes (as in Peritylec) flat-compressed, with no lateral nerves, the callous 
or nerved margins densely ciliate-fringed: rays fertile or none: disk-corolla with dilated 
limb: style-tips truncate-capitate, with or without a slight cusp. 


137. EATONELLA. Involucre of 5 to 8 oval or oblong obtuse and distinct bracts. Recep- 
tacle hardly convex. Disk-corollas short. Akenes callous-margined, ciliate with dense very 
long villosity, outermost obcompressed. Aspect of Hriophyllum. 3 

13'7a, CROCKERIA. Involucre and other characters of Lasthenia § Hologymne. Akenes 
obovate-oval, very densely fringed with clavate glandular hairs. — See Supplement. 


* * Baeria type: receptacle conical, mostly high-conical and acute, beset after the akenes 
have fallen by projecting points (as if pedicels, on which they were inserted): bracts of 
the involucre herbaceous, in one or rarely two series and commonly broad, sometimes 
cupulate-connate: female flowers ligulate, or sometimes-wanting: akenes narrow and 
from oblong (or in one Afonolopia somewhat obovate) to linear, usually tapering to the 
base, few-nerved and angled or nerveless, not callous-margined: herbage not impressed- 
punctate nor resinous-atomiferous. 

+ Involucre (almost always) gamophyllous and simple, hemispherical or campanulate: 
disk-corollas with rather slender tube and dilated throat or limb: anther-tips ovate or 
oblong: style-tips capitate-truncate or obtuse. 

143, ERIOPHYLLUM. Akenes slender, and usually with a paleaceous pappus. 

138. MONOLOPIA. Head conspicuously radiate, with broad ligules: inner disk-flowers 
often infertile. Receptacle high-conical. Involucre broad, of one or rarely two series of 
bracts, which are normally connate by their edges into a several-toothed or lobed hemispheri- 
cal cup, but sometimes distinct even to the base. Lobes of disk-corollas somewhat bearded. 
Akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, quadrangular-compressed or the outer obcompressed- 
triangular, sometimes acute-margined, with small terminal areola, and no pappus. Floccose- 
tomentose and alternate-leaved annuals. 

139, LASTHENIA, Head radiate, or discoid by diminution of the ligules: disk-flowers 
all fertile. Involucre a single series of bracts connate by their edges into a 5-15-toothed 
glabrous green cup. Disk-corollas 4-5-lobed. Akenes linear or narrowly oblong, com- 
pressed, slightly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless, scabro-puberulent or glabrous. 
Pappus of 5 to 10 firm and subtlate-tipped pale, or none. Glabrous and smooth annuals, 
with opposite entire sessile leaves. ‘ 
+- + Involucre of few or several distinct and thinnish herbaceous bracts in a single series, 

loose, open at maturity of fruit, not rarely deciduous: disk-corollas with slender tube 
which equals or exceeds in length the campanulate or cyathiform 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) 
limb: leaves all opposite, sometimes connate at their sessile bases. 


140. BURRIELIA. Head few-flowered, discoid, the 1 to 3 female flowers with ligule 
wanting or shorter than the style. Involucre cylindraceous, of 3 or 4 narrowly oblong plane 
bracts. Receptacle slender-subulate. Style-tips short-ovate, rather obtuse. Akenes slen- 
der, fusiform-linear, flattish. Pappus of 2 to 4 long attenuate-subulate palez. 

141. BAERIA. Head mostly many-flowered, radiate: rays 5 to 15, conspicuous. Bracts 
of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre as many, ovate or oblong, plane or becoming 
somewhat carinate at middle, at least below. Receptacle subulate to high-conical. Style- 
tips from truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate and sometimes 
with a cuspidate appendage. Akenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few palese 
or paleaceous awns, or both, often wanting. 


* * * Bahia type: receptacle flat or convex (rarely obtusely conical): akenes from linear 
to obpyramidal, rarely 5-angled, occasionally with intermediate nerves: flowers (with few 
exceptions) all fertile. 


COMPOSITA. 73 


+— Involucre many-flowered, from hemispherical to cylindraceous ; the bracts strictly erect, 
not membranaceous, persistent, from oblong to oval, more or less carinate-concave in fruit 
and partly receiving the subtended akene: herbage mostly floccose-woolly, not impressed- 
punctate nor resinous-atomiferous : leaves alternate or opposite. 


142. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, [Involucre narrow, of about 5 equal and oblong carinate- 
concave thinnish-herbaceous bracts, which are partly wrapped around the ray-akenes. Re- 
ceptacle flat. Ray-flowers about 5, with oval ligules 3-lobed or toothed at summit. 
Disk-corollas with very short proper tube, and elongated funnelform or cylindraceous throat, 
the stamens therefore inserted near the base; lobes 5, ovate-oblong. Anther-tips slender, 
long-lanceolate or linear. Style-tips elongated-lanceolate, acute, flattened, of the Asteroid 
type. Akenes linear-turbinate, 5-costate or angled, hairy. Pappus of numerous barbellu- 
late white bristles in a single series, rather shorter than the disk-corollas, paleaceously and 
somewhat unequally united into a ring at base, deciduous, or in the second species wanting. 
Low and branching annuals, short-peduncled. 

148. ERIOPHYLLUM. Involucre from hemispherical-campanulate to oblong, commonly 
equalling the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrower firm-herbaceous or 
coriaceous permanently erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, 
at least in fruit concave or concave-carinate at centre, into which concavity the subtended 
akenes are partially received. Receptacle from convex or rarely conical to plane. Ray- 
flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and some- 
times slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse, or obscurely capitellate-conical. 
Akenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless 
and mostly pointless (rarely awned or setiform) palez. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate 
herbs, rarely suffruticose. 


+ + Involucre many- (at least 12-20-) flowered ; the bracts wholly herbaceous, not colored 
nor scarious-tipped, broad or broadish, plane or merely concave, equal and in a single or 
hardly double series, not embracing akenes: receptacle small: corollalobes or teeth 
short: herbage destitute of impressed punctures and resinous atoms, not floccose-lanate. 


144. BAHIA. Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit; the plane 
bracts distinct to and commonly narrower at the base. Receptacle small, mostly flat. 
Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Style-tips truncate or obtuse. Akenes 
narrow, quadrangular. Pappus (rarely wanting) of several scarious palez, with callous. 
thickened opaque base, which is sometimes extended into a strong midnerve (costa). 

145. AMBLYOPAPPUS. Characters of Bahia; but involucre of only 5 to 6 broadly 
obovate bracts, their centre in age more or less carinate-concave ; small receptacle conical ; 
head discoid; corollas all short-tubular, and in the few female flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, 
shorter than the style, in the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed, the teeth soon connivent. 
Akenes elongated-obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8 to 12 oblong obtuse rather firm 
palez, with merely thickened base and no costa, nearly equalling the corollas. 


+ + + Involucre 3-9-flowered ; its bracts few, equal, broad and with roundish more or 
less scarious-petaloid summit, concave-carinate : corollas only 5-toothed : herbage minutely 
impressed-punctate and resinous-atomiferous. 


146. SCHKUHRIA. Heads effusely paniculate. Involucre clavate-turbinate or obpyrami- 
dal, of 4 or 5 erect bracts and sometimes &n accessory bractlet at base. Receptacle very 
small. Female flowers only one or two, with a short or sometimes obsolete ligule not ex- 
ceeding the hermaphrodite flowers, or altogether wanting. Akenes obpyramidal-tetragonal, 
the faces not rarely 2-3-striate. Pappus of 8 scarious pales, the larger often equalling the 
short corolla, either nerveless with callous-thickened base, or with a prominent costa. Leaves 
or their divisions filiform. 


+ + + + Involucre many- (rarely 12-15-) flowered ; its bracts mostly appressed, with 
scarious-membranaceous and usually colored tips and sometimes margins: disk-corollas 
deeply 5-cleft: anthers partly or wholly exserted : leaves alternate, not impressed-punc- 
tate except in Hymenopappus: receptacle small and flat: heads except in two species 
homogamous: flowers seldom yellow, but sometimes so. 


147, HYMENOTHRIX. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, or in age more open, about 
30-flowered, shorter than the disk; its principal bracts 7 to 10, obovate or lanceolate-oblong, 


74 COMPOSIT. 


thin, half or more scarious-petaloid, plane; commonly one or more accessory outer bracts. 
Ray-flowers 6 to 10 and with oblong exserted ligule 3-cleft at the apex, or none. Disk- 
corollas with narrow tube and lobes, one or two of the sinuses a little deeper than the others. 
Style-branches flattish, with subcapitate tips, with or without a central cusp. Akenes 4-5- 
angled, tapering from broad summit to attenuate base. Pappus about the length of the 
akene, of 12 to 20 narrow lanceolate hyaline pales, traversed by a strong costa which is 
excurrent into 4 scabrous awn. 

148. HYMENOPAPPUS. Involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obo- 
vate to broadly oblong, thin, the rounded summit and usually the margins scarious-colored 
or petaloid. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous, all alike. Corolla with narrow 
tube, abruptly dilated throat, and ovate reflexed or widely spreading lobes. Style-branches 
with short and thick conical appendages. Akenes obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, with attenuate 
base, the faces 1-3-nerved ; the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles, 
except in one species. Pappus of 10 to 20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse palex, with 
or without a costa or central opacity, sometimes very short and small or quite obsolete. 

149, FLORESTINA. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, 15-25-flowered ; its bracts 6 to 8 
in a single series, equal, obovate-spatulate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious-colored (whitish or 
purplish) rounded tips. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers with corolla widely dilated above 
the short narrow tube, deeply 5-cleft into oblong spreading lobes. Style-branches terminated 
by a rather long attenuate-subulate hispid appendage. Akenes narrowly obpyramidal, 4—5- 
angled, pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 8 obovate pointless palex, hyaline-scarious from a callous 
thickened narrow base or axis. : 

150. POLYPTERIS, Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate; its bracts from 
spatulate to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal, rarely with some accessory 
shorter ones, the tips or (in the original species) a larger portion membranaceous and col- 
ored or petaloid. Rays in one species distinctly evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile; 
in the others wanting. Corolla of the disk-flowers with filiform tube abruptly dilated into 
a 5-parted limb, the long lobes lorate-linear. Stamens wholly exserted. Style-branches fili- 
form, wholly hispidulous, acutish or barely obtuse. Akenes from linear and downwardly 
attenuate to clavate-obpyramidal, 4-sided, only minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal 
palez, with a strong percurrent costa, otherwise hyaline-scarious, rarely abortive or wanting ; 
in the outermost flowers usually shorter. 


+ + + + + Involucre many- (or 12-30-) flowered; its bracts linear (rarely broader), 
erect, equal and similar in a single or hardly in two series, herbaceous to the tip, inclined 
to embrace subtended akenes: receptacle flat, mostly small: akenes slender, linear-te- 
tragonal or more compressed, merely pubescent: head discoid (rarely an inconspicuous 
ligule) : corollas with short lobes or teeth and long throat: leaves alternate. 


++ Leaves simple, entire: flowers never yellow. 


151. PALAFOXIA. Heads homogamous and flowers all alike, except in the pappus. In- 
volucre oblong or campanulate. Corolla with tube and narrow lobes shorter than the cylin- 
draceous throat. Style-branches elongated, filiform and obtuse or obscurely thickened 
toward the summit, puberulent for the whole length (altogether of the Eupatoriaceous type, 
but the stigmatic lines traceable nearly to the apex). Pappus of 4 to 8 usually unequal 
pale, with strong costa. 

152. RIGIOPAPPUS. Heads heterogamous, inconspicuously radiate. Involucre turbi- 
nate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts, which are 
somewhat involute at maturity. Ray-flowers 5 to 15; the corolla with slender tube, and 
oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous ; 
corolla small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow throat, and 3 to 5 short erect teeth. 
Anthers included. Style-branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and a 
larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly similar in disk and ray, of 
8 to 5 rigid and wholly opaque paleaceous naked awns (smooth, flat, gradually tapering from 
base to apex), rarely obsolete. 


++ ++ Leaves mostly cleft or compound: flowers in some species yellow. 


153, CHANACTIS. Heads homogamous and tubuliflorous; but the marginal flowers 
commonly with ampliate limb to the corolla. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. 


COMPOSITA. 75 


Receptacle flat, naked, in one species bearing a few setiform bracts or fimbrille among the 
flowers. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow throat, and short teeth, or in the mar- 
ginal flowers of some species with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules, forming a 
kind of ray. Anthers usually partly exserted. Style-branches pubescent nearly throughout, 
siender, filiform or with attenuate-subulate tips. Pappus of hyaline nerveless palew (or 
rarely with the vestige of a costa), in one species wanting. 


+ + + + + + Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, 
thin-herbaceous, rather loose, sometimes unequal, from linear to oblong, plane: receptacle 
flat, corneous-scrobiculate: disk-corollas with long and narrow throat and 5 short lobes 
or teeth: style-branches with short and thickened obtuse tips: akenes linear-clavate or 
cuneate-oblong, villous: pappus of 4 or 5 wholly hyaline palex ; these erose or lacerate at 
summit, or dissected into capillary bristles: leaves mostly alternate, woolly or glabrate. 


154, HULSEA. Bracts of the involucre linear or lanceolate. Ray-flowers numerous (10 
to 60) and ligulate, but sometimes short and inconspicuous. Disk-corollas with proper tube 
slender or narrow, but shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Akenes linear-cuneate, com- 
pressed or somewhat tetragonal, soft-villous, especially the margins. Pappus of mostly 4 
truncate palex, from erose or lacerate at summit to nearly entire. 


155. TRICHOPTILIUM. Bracts of the involucre about 20, equal; those of the outer 
series ovate-lanceolate ; those of the inner narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and membrana- 
ceous. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers 30 to 40; the corollas with very short tube, cylin- 
draceous-funnelform throat, and 5 short ovate lobes, those of the marginal flowers slightly 
enlarged after the manner of Chenactis, but regular, the nerves deeply intramarginal. 
Anther-tips oblong-lanceolate. Style-branches linear, glabrous and with stigmatic lines 
continued up to the obtuse tip. Akenes oblong-turbinate, 5-nerved or angled, hirsute-vil- 
lous. Pappus of 5 ovate or oblong hyaline nerveless palew, which are resolved above into 
numerous slender bristles, the middle ones rather shorter than the corolla. 


* * * * Receptacle flattish or convex, many-flowered: ray-flowers female and fertile; 
those of the disk sterile: involucral bracts few in a single series, broad and plane, mem- 
branaceous: akenes pyriform. 


156. BLENNOSPERMA. Involucre hemispherical or depressed ; its bracts 5 to 12, equal, 
oblong, plane, herbaceous or partly membranaceous, the tips sometimes colored, the bases 
somewhat united. Ray-flowers 5 to 12: some of them in our species not rarely apetalous, 
the others with ligule oblong or elliptical, entire, sessile on the ovary, being destitute.of tube : 
style-branches flat, linear or oblong. Disk-flowers numerous (20 or more): corollas with 
narrow tube, abruptly expanded into a broadly campanulate 4—-5-lobed limb: anthers oval: 
style undivided, with capitate or disk-shaped apex: ovary abortive, a mere rudiment. 
Akenes (of the ray) obscurely 8-10-ribbed, with small areola, wholly destitute of pappus ; 
the surface powdered with papilla which develop mucilage when wet. 


* * * * * Receptacle from convex to oblong: involucre many-flowered, various, of more 
than one series of bracts, or irregular: akenes short, obpyramidal or turbinate, sometimes 
more oblong, 5-10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous or hirsute: disk-flowers all fer- 
tile; the corolla 4-5-toothed: leaves alternate, in many minutely impressed-punctate or 
resinous-atomiferous. 


4+ Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of awn-like fimbrille among the flowers: style-branches 
of the disk-flowers dilated-truncate and somewhat penicillate at tip. 


++ Involucre erect, at least not spreading or reflexed. 


148. HYMENOPAPPUS, with turbinate or obpyramidal costate akenes, might be sought 
here. 
64, PLUMMERA is like Actinella.§ Hymenorys, without pappus, and disk-flowers sterile. 
157. ACTINELLA. Heads radiate (except in S. American species). Involucre campan- 
ulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader; its bracts in two or more series, somewhat 
herbaceous or coriaceous, often rigid; outer sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to 
convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline pales, with more or less 
manifest costa or none; these sometimes truncate, more commonly acuminate or aristate at 
tip. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic. 


76 COMPOSITA. 


++ ++ Involucre spreading or soon reflexed, herbaceous, usually with some inconspicuous 
short scarious interior bracts: akenes turbinate, 8-10-costate: heads mostly radiate: re- 
ceptacle more or less elevated. 


158. HELENIUM. Bracts of the involucre subulate or linear. Rays fertile or sterile, 
rarely none. Disk-corollas commonly with short or almost obsolete proper tube (the stamens 
inserted close to the base), and 4-5-toothed limb; the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. 
Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious pale. Leaves commonly impressed-punctate, mostly 
decurrent. 

159. AMBLYOLEPIS. Principal bracts of the -involucre foliaceous, lanceolate; an 
inner hyaline-scarious series resembling the conspicuous blunt nerveless pales of the pap- 
pus. Rays fertile, ample. Disk-corollas glabrous throughout, and with a distinct tube as 
long as the ampliate throat, 5-cleft; the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. Akenes broadly 
turbinate and with 10 thick ribs. Leaves neither punctate nor decurrent. 


+ + Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate or rarely small 
dentiform fimbrilla among the flowers. 


160. GAILLARDIA. Involucre broad; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner 
series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and Jax. Ray-flowers neutral, rarely styliferous and 
fertile, sometimes none: ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corollas with short narrow tube, 
enlarged cylindraceous throat, and 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth or short lobes, which 
are beset with jointed hairs. Style-branches with penicillate tuft at summit of the stig- 
matic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter appendage. Akenes turbinate, 
5-costate, covered with long villous hairs which sometimes rise only from the base of the 
akene. Pappus conspicuous, longer than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious pales, with- 
a costa mostly excurrent into an awn, which about equals disk-corollas. 


Subtribe V. Fravertem. Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal con- 
nivent bracts in a single series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base. 
Ligules small (little or not at all surpassing disk-flowers), not persistent. Akenes 
terete, oblong or linear, 8-10-striate-costate. Style-branches truncate. Leaves oppo- 
site. No oil-glands, nor résinous atoms. 


161. SARTWELLIA. Heads with about 5 ligulate female and rather numerous her- 
maphrodite tubular flowers. Bracts of the involucre 5, oval or oblong, somewhat fleshy, in 
fruit somewhat carinate-concave and subtending ray-akenes. Receptacle convex. Ligules 
mostly entire, obovate or roundish. Disk-corollas narrow, 4—5-toothed. Pappus a deep 
paleaceous cupule with minutely fimbriolate edge (doubtless composed of 4 or 5 truncate 
palex which are completely connate), or of 4 or 5 narrowly oblong fimbriolate-truncate 
nerveless pale alternating with as many setiform awns, all united only at the base. 

162, FLAVERIA. Heads one-several-flowered ; the flowers all fertile, homogamous and 
tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2 to 5 
mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none. 


Subtribe VI. Tacetines. Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or united 
into a cup or tube, dotted or striped with oil-glands, not rarely subtended or calycu- 
late by some loose accessory bracts, several—-many-flowered. Rays when present 
fertile ; ligules not persistent. Akenes mostly narrow and striate. Pappus various. 
— Mostly glabrous and smooth herbs or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like 
the involucre commonly dotted with some oil-glands. 


* TRUE TAGETINER. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers more or less elongated, 
appendiculate or truncate. 


+— Pappus simple, of copious capillary scabrous bristles: akenes linear: receptacle small, 
naked and smooth: bracts of the involucre distinct. 


163, POROPHYLLUM. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowets numerous or several. Involucre 


of 5 to 10 bracts. Style-branches tipped with long filiform-subulate hispid 
Akenes slender. 8 ate hispid appendages. 


COMPOSITA, 77 


164, CHRYSACTINIA. Ray-flowers conspicuous, with linear ligules. Disk-flowers nu- 
merous; their corolla narrow and 5-toothed, and style-branches tipped with short obtuse or 
conical appendages. Involucre of 10 or more short bracts. Akenes short-linear, not atten- 
uate upward. Flowers all yellow. 


+ + Pappus of distinct bristles and distinct palem : bracts of the many-flowered involucre 
distinct. 


165. NICOLLETIA. Involucre oblong or cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 thinnish bracts, nearly 
naked at base. Receptacle quite naked. Disk-corollas narrow-tubular, 5-toothed. Style- 
branches tipped with long filifurm-subulate appendages. Akenes filiform-linear, with taper- 
ing base. Pappus double; outer of indefinitely numerous capillary bristles like those of 
Porophyllum ; inner of 5 lanceolate long hyaline palew, with costa excurrent into a scabrous 
awn. 


+- + + Pappus either wholly paleaceous, or some or all of the palex bearing or largely 
resolved into awns or capillary bristles: bracts of the involucre gamophyllous or some- 
times distinct: receptacle variously fimbrillate, alveolate-dentate, or more strictly naked. 

166. DYSODIA. Pappus multisetose-polyadelphous, i. v. all or most of the 10 or more 
palex resolved, except a basal portion, into several (9 or more) or indefinitely numerous 
capillary but rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usually calycu- 
late with a series of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally gamophyllous at base, 
rarely quite separate, rarely united to near the summit. Style-appendages sometimes slender, 
sometimes an abrupt apiculation or short obtuse cone. 

167. HYMENATHERUM. Pappus of several or numerous palex, either 1-5 aristate or 
pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire and even 
truncate (rarely even concreted). Involucre campanulate, cupulately gamophyllous high up, 
with or without some loose accessory bracts. Style-branches truncate or very obtuse, some- 
times tipped with a minute apiculation. Akenes mostly terete, and striate. 

168. TAGETES. Palez of the pappus 3 to 6, firm, commonly unequal, entire, not setiferous, 
but one or more of them frequently subulate-pointed or aristiform. Involucre naked at base, 
gamophyllous nearly throughout into an oblong or more elongated cup or tube. Akenes 
compressed or angulate, hardly striate. Herbs. 

* * Pecripex. Style of hermaphrodite flowers slender, hispidulous, terminated by two 
very short obtuse and inappendiculate stigmatic branches. 

169. PECTIS. Heads radiate, several-many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly 
so, cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal carinate bracts in a single series. 
Receptacle small, naked. Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses often deeper, thus becom- 
ing bilabiate. Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or awns, 
sometimes paleaceous-dilated at base, or of palez, or reduced to paleaccous-coroniform, 
rarely obsolete. Opposite-leaved herbs. 


Trigg VII. ANTHEMIDEX. Heads homogamous with flowers all tubular and her- 
maphrodite, or more commonly heterogamous, with the female flowers ligulate and 
radiate, or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube or obsolete. Receptacle either 
naked or with some chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, wholly or 
partly dry and scarious or scale-like, not foliaceous, seldom herbaceous. Anthers 
without tails at base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, and some- 
times with obscure conical tips. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a 
paleaceous crown, or a circle of squamelle. — Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or 
undershrubs, the greater part of the Old World ; with alternate leaves: distinguished 
from the preceding tribe by the scarious imbricated involucre; from the Asteroidew, 
by the truncate style-tips, &c. The first genus would go with Helenioidee, except for 
the palez of the receptacle. 

%* Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with chaffy bracts subtending some or all the disk-flowers: 
heads radiate, or the rays wanting in certain species. 


+- Anomalous, with involucre (of comparatively few and broad thin bracts) and aspect of 
Hymenopappus. 


78 COMPOSIT. 


170. LEUCAMPYX, Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal, in 
2 or 3 series of 4 or 5 each, membranaceous, their margins white-scarious. Receptacle 
somewhat convex, with oblong-lanceolate wholly scarious bracts subtending disk-flowers and 
partly folded round the akenes. Ray-flowers 8 or 10, fertile ; ligule cuneate-obovate, ample, 
on a slender glandular tube, somewhat persistent on the akene. Disk-flowers numerous: 
corolla with narrow tube, ampliate-campanulate throat, and 5 spreading lobes: style-branches 
linear, with an obscure obtuse tip slightly produced beyond the stigmatic portion. Akenes 
large for the tribe, obovate-trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 
5-nerved, glabrous, slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure squamellate crown, soon obsolete. 


+ + Involucre of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter : 
receptacle convex to oblong: style-branches truncate-penicillate. 


171. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered. Chaffy bracts of receptacle 
sometimes hyaline, sometimes aristiform. Akenes terete or 4-10-angled or ribbed, not flat- 
tened, glabrous; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate 
pappus. Heads comparatively large. 

172. ACHILLEA. Involucre campanulate or obovate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle 
membranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the involucre. Rays few or several, short and 
broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous, destitute of 
pappus. 

* * Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts or chaff among the flowers. 

+ Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid and homogamous by the absence 
of ligulate female flowers, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or some- 
times corymbosely cymose, never racemosely paniculate: akenes glabrous: tube of disk- 
corolla either terete or ancipital. 


173. MATRICARIA. Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes 
3-5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. 

174. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least 
of the disk) 5-10-ribbed or nerved all round ; of the ray in certain species triquetrous. 


+ + Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous: female flowers most numerous, apetalous; 
their akenes pointed or armed with indurated persistent style. 


175. SOLIVA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers: a few hermaphrodite but 
mostly sterile ones in the centre; these with a short and thick 2-6-toothed corolla and usually 
undivided style. Involucre of 5 to 12 nearly equal bracts in not more than 2 series. Re- 
ceptacle flat. Akenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins, which are com- 
monly spinulose-pointed at summit, and the apex armed by the spiniform persistent style. 
Pappus none. 


+ + + Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers apetalous : style 
deciduous. 


176, COTULA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in one or two rows: disk-flowers 
with 4-toothed corolla, fertile or infertile. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks. 
Akenes raised on pedicels at maturity (these remaining on the flat or convex receptacle), 
obcompressed, commonly thick-margined or narrowly winged, in our species destitute of 
pappus or nearly so. 


+ + + + Heads discoid, heterogamous, and the few or uniserial female flowers with a 
tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla (in one species imperfectly radiate), or sometimes 
homogamous, the female flowers wanting and the hermaphrodite rather few: style de- 
ciduous: akenes truncate or obtuse: receptacle quite naked or sometimes hirsute: 
involucre imbricated in few or several ranks. 


177. TANACETUM. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many- 
flowered: female flowers with tubular 3-5-toothed corolla, either equal or oblique or im- 
perfectly ligulate. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angular, with broad truncate summit, bearing 
a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse. 

178. ARTEMISIA. Heads paniculately disposed, few-many-flowered, smail, wholly dis- 
coid, heterogamous, the female flowers with small.and slender tubular corolla, and the her- 


COMPOSIT. 79 


maphrodite either sterile or fertile; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodite 
and fertile. Anther-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblony, mostly with small 
epigynous disk or summit, and no pappus. 


Tripe VIII. SENECIONIDE®. Heads heterogamous or homogamous. Involucre 
mostly one or two series of equal (and not scarious) bracts, sometimes unequal or 
even imbricated, with or without loose and short accessory ones at base. Receptacle 
naked, Anthers without tails at base, but not rarely sagittate. Style-branches of her- 
maphrodite flowers most commonly truncate or obtuse, tipped with short appendages or 
none. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, sometimes caducous. Leaves usually 
alternate. (Copious capillary pappus, comparatively simple involucre, short or conical 
if any style-tips, tailless anthers, and naked receptacle, are the marks of this tribe, no 
account being here taken of the tropical American subtribe Liabee.) 


* Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-obtuse, or at least not truncate, 
and wholly without appendage or hispidity at summit, simulating Inuloidew or Eupatori- 
acee: pappus-bristles merely denticulate : receptacle naked, flat.— Subtribe Tussilaginee, 
Benth. & Hook. 


+— Heads submoneecious or subdicecious ; the hermaphrodite flowers (with rather deeply 
5-cleft corolla) essentially sterile: akenes narrow, 5-10-costate, with elongating soft and 
white pappus: involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts, with few or no loose accessory 
ones at base. — True Tussilaginee. 


179. TUSSILAGO. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monwcious: female flowers in several 
series in the ray, slenderly ligulate : numerous subhermaphrodite flowers in the centre, with 
undivided style and sterile ovary. 

180. PETASITES. Heads racemosely or corymbosely disposed, white- or purplish-flow- 
ered, subdicecious: heads in the truly fertile plant wholly or chiefly of female flowers, with 
slender-tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed or distinctly ligulate corolla; in the substerile 
with few of these in the margin, and numerous hermaphrodite-infertile flowers, like those of 
Tussilago, but their style commonly with 2-cleft or 2-toothed apex. 


+ + Heads homogamons, discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers: style- 
branches very minutely granular-puberulent. 


++ Corollas yellow, rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate: anthers much exserted and 
with lanceolate tips: akenes linear, glabrous: involucre hardly herbaceous, simple, of 
carinately one-nerved narrow bracts, and with few and small or no accessory bracts. 


181. CACALIOPSIS. Heads very many-flowered. Involucre broadly campanulate, of 14 
to 30 lanceolate-linear mostly acuminate bracts. Corolla with the cylindraceous throat rather 
longer than the slender tube. Anthers entire at base. Style puberulent for some distance 
below the slightly flattish branches. Akenes 10-striate. Pappus very copious, soft and 
white, equalling the corolla. Leaves palmately lobed, petioled. 

182. LUINA. Heads about 10-flowered. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of 8 to 10 linear 
bracts. Corolla of the preceding, or the throat more ampliate. Anthers sagittate at base. 
Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches obscurely papillose on the back, truncately 
obtuse. Akenes (immature) obscurely 10-striate. Pappus of the preceding, but less 
copious. Leaves entire, veiny, sessile. 


++ ++ Corollas yellowish, obtusely 5-toothed: anthers little exserted, with oval obtuse tips : 
involucre mostly foliaceous ! 


183. PEUCEPHYLLUM. Heads 12-25-flowered. Involucre campanulate, of numerous 
subulate-linear or almost filiform nerveless bracts which resemble the leaves, in about 2 
series, some of the outer looser and similar to the uppermost leaves. Corolla with very 
short proper tube and long cylindrical throat; the 5 teeth short, ovate, obtuse, erect, ob- 
scurely puberulent. Anthers minutely sagittate at base. Style-branches linear, flattish or 
semiterete, obscurely papillose-puberulent, the very obtuse tip wholly destitute of appendage. 
Akenes turbinate-oblong, obscurely 10-striate, very hirsute. Pappus shorter than the co- 
rolla, of very numerous and unequal rather sordid and roughish capillary bristles. Leaves 
short-filiform, crowded. 


80 COMPOSITA. 


* * Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or capitellate at tip, which is 
either naked or penicillate or hirsute, and not rarely bearing a short conical or flattened 
appendage. — Subtribe Eusenecionee, Benth. & Hook. 


+— Involucre lax (not erect-connivent), commonly of much overlapping or unequal bracts, 
10-many-flowered. 
++ Herbs, with alternate well-developed leaves and many-flowered heads. 


184. PSATHYROTES. Heads homogamous; the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. 
Involucre of somewhat numerous bracts in two series, at least the outer more or less her- 
baceous. Receptacle flat. Corollas with extremely short proper tube (the filaments there- 
fore inserted near the base), elongated cylindrical throat, and 5 very short obtuse teeth. 
Style-branches flattish, very obtuse or truncate, and with obscure appendage if any. Akenes 
terete, more or less turbinate, obscurely striate, villous or hirsute. Pappus copious, 
shorter than the corolla, of very unequal rather rigid obscurely denticulate bristles, at least 
in age fuscous or ferrugineous. 

185. BARTLETTIA. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre 
broadly campanulate, of 12 to 14 oblong-lanceolate bracts in 2 or 3 series, rather lax; 
the inner and larger membranaceous, 2 or 3 outermost short and more herbaceous. Recep- 
tacle convex, tuberculate. Corollas with long and slender pubescent tube; of the ray with 
narrowly oblong exserted ligule; of the disk with dilated-funnelform throat longer than the 
5 ovate lobes. Anthers with ovate obtuse tips. Style-branches rather short, linear, flat, 
truncate, minutely hairy at the broad summit, and usually with a central setula. Akenes 
(at maturity) compressed, cuneate-oblong, with a strong salient nerve to each margin and 
usually on the middle of one face, these densely long-hirsute, the faces glabrate. Pappus 
equalling the disk-corolla ; its numerous somewhat unequal bristles in a single series, rather 
rigid, barbellulate, fuscous. 

186. CROCIDIUM. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre hemi- 
spherical or more open, of 9 to 12 nearly equal and similar oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate 
thin-herbaceous bracts; no external calyculate ones. Receptacle conical. Ray-flowers about 
12, with oval or oblong rather ample ligules: disk-corollas with slender tube rather longer 
than the campanulate throat; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. 
Style-branches short and broad, terminated by large deltoid appendages. Akenes fusiform- 
oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong papilla, which, detaching when 
wetted, throw out a pair of spira] threads, in the manner of Senecio, &c. Pappus a single 
series of equal white barbellate bristles, which are very deciduous, in the ray commonly 
wanting. 

a+ ++ Herb, with opposite leaves and many-flowered heads, 

187. HAPLOESTHES. Heads heterogamous, many- (at least 20-) flowered, radiate: 
flowers all fertile. Involucre short-campanulate, of 4 or 5 nearly equal and similar rather 
fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping the inner. Receptacle 
flat. Corollas with somewhat slender tube: ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers 
oval: disk-corollas narrowish, deeply 5-toothed. Anther-tips lanceolate. Style-branches of 
Senecio. Akenes linear, terete, striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather 
rigid and scabrous whitish bristles, about equalling the disk-corolla. 


++ ++ ++ Shrub, with alternate leaves reduced to scales, and 10-18-flowered heads with 
imbricated involucre. 

188. LEPIDOSPARTUM. Heads homogamous. Involucre oblong-campanulate; its 
bracts scarious-chartaceous, regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, oblong, cbtuse; the outer 
successively shorter; outermost ovate, passing into similar scaly bracts on the pedicel. Re- 
ceptacle naked. Corolla with elongated tube, and lanceolate-linear spreading lobes, which 
much exceed the open campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, slenderly and almost 
caudately sagittate at base, the tips lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, ending in short 
acutish pubescent tips. Akenes oblong, terete, obscurely 8-10-nerved, with large epigynous 
disk. Pappus very copious, of soft and whitish minutely scabrous capillary bristles. 

+ + Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4-9- 
flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves. 


189. TETRADYMIA. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong, naked, i. e. 
no accessory bracts. Receptacle flat, small. Corollas with elongated tube, and lanceolate 


COMPOSITA, 81 


or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anthers wholly 
exserted, acutely and even candately sagittate at base; the tips triangular-lanceolate. 
Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated by a very 
short and low obtuse cone. Akenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved, from extremely long- 
villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long 
bristles, white or whitish. 


+ + + Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts (with 
or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or in some species of Cacalia of 
few bracts and few-flowered : ours herbs, the flowers all fertile ; heads either homogamous 
or heterogamous with ligulate rays. 

++ Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition to 
Helenioidee.) 


190. RAILLARDELLA, - Heads 15-many-flowered (fewer-flowered only in depauperate 
plants), homogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, a single 
series of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle, or not manifestly 
overlapping. Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers (when present) with irregular and cuneate 
deeply 3-+-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with rather short proper tube, elongated and 
narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teeth. Style-appendages flattish, his- 
pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Akenes linear, somewhat terete, 
obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 equal aristiform but soft and 
plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas 
++ ++ Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to 

barbellate: leaves chiefly opposite. 

191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. 
Involucre campanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate at base, of several thin-herbaceous oblong- 
lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, 
sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated 
hirsute tube, a funnelform or cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed at summit. Style-branches 
flattish, at least above, there hirsute, with obtuse or acute’ tips. Akenes linear, more or less 
5-10-costate or angled. 
++ ++ ++ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles: style- 

branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and often bearing a bearded ring at tip, which 
sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone; leaves in our genera 
all alternate. 

192. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous 
and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk 5-toothed, occasion- 
ally 5-lobed. 

193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or numerous. 
Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually with a 
midnerve. 

194, ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered : numerous outer 
flowers female; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tubular; those of the 
female flowers filiform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-toothed summit; of the 
hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tube and short cyathiform 4-5-lobed limb. Recep- 
tacle flat, naked. LBristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish or 
yellowish, 


Trize IX. CYNAROIDEZ. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all her- 
maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes 
long and narrow ; or sometimes radiatiform (falsely radiate) and heterogamous by 
enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowers, which are commonly neutral. 
Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly flat or convex, often fimbrillate or 
densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con- 
nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of 
appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the 
simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent 


82 COMPOSITA, 


ring or node below. Akenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous. 

Leaves alternate, the teeth or margins often prickly. (Nearly all the indigenous 

American representatives are Thistles.) 

CRYPTOSTEMMA CALENDULACEA, of S. Africa, of the tribe Arctotidee (lying between this 
tribe and Anthemidew, and to which belongs Gazania of the gardens), is a ballast-weed at some 
ports in California, which it has reached via Australia. 


Subtribe I. Carnpurnes. Akenes attached by their very base, mostly very glabrous : 
flowers all perfect (one Thistle dicecious), in ours numerous or in the first genus 
rather few in the head. 

* Filaments distinct. 

+— Leaves never prickly: style-branches partly distinct, slender: akenes oblong: filaments 
glabrous. 

195. SAUSSUREA. Involucre obovoid to oblong ; bracts appressed, muticous. Receptacle 
with setiform chaff among the flowers, or rarely naked. Pappus of numerous plumose 
bristles, more or less connate in an indurated ring at base, so falling from the akene in 
connection; with commonly some onter and smaller bristles, either less plumose or naked, 
which are separately deciduous. 

196. ARCTIUM. Involucre globular; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading 
above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of 
numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. 

+ + Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches concreted to or near the tip into a fili- 
form or rarely short-cylindrical body ; a pubescent ring below this either manifest or quite 
obsolete. akenes obovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid: pappus simple; its 
numerous bristles connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection: 
filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent, rarely glabrous: involucre of numerous much 
imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts, many-flowered. 

197, CARDUUS. Bristles of the pappus naked, or at most barbellulate, not plumose: 
otherwise like Cnicus. 

198. CNICUS. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, or only their tips naked, or 
those of some marginal flowers occasionally almost naked to the base. Receptacle densely 
villous-setose. 

199. ONOPORDON. Receptacle fleshy, alveclate, not setose: pappus not plumose: other- 
wise like Cnicus. 

Cynara, Artichoke, Cardoon, is sparingly cultivated, but not naturalized. 


* * Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous: otherwise as preceding subdivision. 


200. SILYBUM. Involucre depressed-globose, of rather large and rigid bracts in a few 
series; their upper portion herbaceous, spinose along the margins, and tapering into a 
rigid prickle, widely spreading. Receptacle and flowers nearly as in common Thistles. 
Bristles of the pappus numerous in more than one series, flattish, barbellulate-ciliolate or 
scabrous. 


Subtribe II. Cenraurine#, Akenes oblique}; attached by one side of the base or 
more laterally. 


201. CENTAUREA. Involucre ovoid or globose, many-flowered, mostly firm or rigid ; 
bracts appressed and variously appendaged. Receptacle densely setose. Flowers sometimes 
all hermaphrodite and with corollas equally or obliquely 5-cleft into narrow lobes; more 
commonly the marginal ones neutral or sterile, and their corollas sometimes enlarged and 
widely spreading, forming a kind of false ray. Style-branches either concreted or partly 
separate. Akenes obovoid or oblong, turgid or compressed, usually smooth and glabrous, 
with a large epigynous disk, commonly surrounded by an elevated entire or denticulate 
margin. Pappus various, setose or partly paleaceous, occasionally obsolete or wanting. 


Trine X. MUTISIACEH. (Ser. Lasiatirtora, DC.) Heads in one subtribe ho- | 
mogamous, the hermaphrodite flowers all with regularly 5-cleft corollas ; otherwise 
either homogamous or heterogamous and corollas bilabiate in the hermaphrodite 


COMPOSITA. 83 


flowers, sometimes simply ligulate in female ray-flowers. Anthers with long tails at 
base. Receptacle naked. Style-branches-of hermaphrodite flowers not appendaged, 
usually short or very short, and like those of Cynaroidee (but no node below) or of 
Inuloidee. Leaves alternate. (Mostly South American, a few in other parts of the 
world : our five genera belong to three subtribes.) 


Subtribe I. Gocunatizs. Heads homogamous ; the corollas almost or quite regularly 
and deeply 5-cleft into linear lobes: style-branches usually rounded at tip. Ours 
shrubs. (Transition to Cynaroidee and Inuloidee.) 


202. HECASTOCLEIS. Heads one-flowered, in u fascicle, surrounded by an involucri- 
form cluster of leaves. Involucre cylindraceous, of several narrowly lanceolate rather rigid 
and cuspidate-acuminate bracts, appressed-imbricated. Flower hermaphrodite. Corolla 
rather chartaceous, narrow, equally cleft to the middle; the linear lobes widely spreading, 
not revolute. Anthers wholly exserted, subcoriaceous, bearing naked tails; the linear 
terminal appendages lightly connate, as long as the polliniferous portion. Style glabrous 
and even, not cleft, but terminated by an emarginate-2lobed stigma. Akene (immature) 
cylindraceous, glabrous. Pappus coroniform, laciniate-dentate, corneous. 

203. GOCHNATIA. Heads few-many-flowered, fasciculately paniculate or cymose. In- 
yolucre campanulate or oblong, of dry or coriaceous regularly imbricated bracts. Recep- 
tacle flat, naked. Corolla-lobes mostly revolute. Style-branches sometimes very short, 
sometimes fully twice longer than broad, flat, roundish-obtuse or nearly truncate at summit. 
Akenes oblong, silky-villous. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary scabrous or barbel- 
lulate bristles, nearly equalling the corolla. ° 


Subtribe II. Gerpere#, & III. Nassauvira. Heads heterogamous or homogamous : 
corollas either all bilabiate (), or marginal ones simply ligulate. 


* Heads heterogamous and radiate: ray-flowers female and simply ligulate. 


204. CHAPTALIA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in two or more series and 
fertile; hermaphrodite flowers in the disk, all or some of them sterile. Involucre campanu- 
late or turbinate, of narrow appressed-imbricated bracts, outer successively shorter. Corolla 
of the marginal flowers simply ligulate and 3-toothed at the end, or entire; those of an inner 
series more filiform, the ligule reduced to less than the length of the style; those of the her- 
maphrodite flowers more or less bilabiate, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2-lobed or parted. Style 
in hermaphrodite flowers obtusely 2-lobed at apex, or when sterile entire. Akenes oblong 
or fusiform, 5-nerved, attenuate or rostrate at apex, bearing a copious pappus of very soft 
and fine capillary bristles. Scapigerous and monocephalous herbs. 

* * Heads homogamous, of hermaphrodite and fertile flowers, all of them with bilabiate 
(#) corollas, the lower lip larger in marginal flowers, not rarely more elongated and 
radiatiform : style-branches comparatively long, mostly dilated or flattened above and 
truncate, rarely somewhat penicillate. 

205. PEREZIA. Involucre few-many-flowered, imbricated in few to several series ; bracts 
dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Receptacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Akenes 
commonly papillose-puberulent, elongated-oblong, terete or obscurely angled, sometimes 
narrowed at apex, not rostrate. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous bristles, either rather 
rigid or soft. Flowers never yellow. 

206. TRIXIS. Involucre several-many-flowered ; proper bracts 8 to 12, equal in a single 
series, or in two unequal series, little if at all imbricated, usually subtended by a few 
foliaceous loose accessory ones or by bracteiform leaves. Receptacle in genuine Species 
pilose. Akenes more slender, with a tapering or rostrate summit. Pappus soft. Flowers 
yellow. 


Tripz XI. CICHORIACEA. (Ser. Ligutiriora, DC.) Heads homogamous and 
ligulate ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and with ligulate corolla ; ligule 5-toothed at 
the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate at base, not caudate : pollen-grains 
dodecahedral. Style-branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged, but stig- 
matic lines evident only toward base. Receptacle almost always plane. Herbs (except 
a few insular genera), mostly with milky and bitter juice : leaves alternate. (Natural 


84 COMPOSITA. 


and well-definable subtribes being still a desideratum, artificial sections based pri- 
marily on the pappus are here employed.) 


Series I. Pappus none: receptacle naked. 


* Akenes truncate at base and apex, short, smooth: leaves all radical: involucre of nearly 
nerveless bracts, nearly unchanged in fruit, rather many-flowered. 


207. PHALACROSERIS. Involucre of 12 to 16 equal and nearly herbaceous lanceolate 
bracts, naked or loosely unibracteate at base. Akenes short-oblong, slightly incurved, 
obscurely quadrangular: pericarp thin-coriaceous. Scape naked, monocephalous: flowers 
yellow. 

208. ATRICHOSERIS. Involucre of 12 or more equal lanceolate bracts, and calyculate 
with a few minute ones. Akenes oblong, with corky pericarp, more or less 8-10-costate, the 
alternate ribs thicker. Scape bracteate and polycephalous: flowers white and purplish. 


211. KRIGIA, & 219. MICROSERIS, very rarely want the pappus, or nearly so, 


* * Akenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small areola, narrow at base: 
involucre of several one-nerved equal bracts, unchanged or concave-convex in fruit, 8-20- 
flowered: corollas yellow. 

209. LAMPSANA. Involucre narrow, minutely calyculate-bracteate at base; the true 
bracts carinate, at least in fruit, then erect. Akenes narrowly obovate-oblong and some- 
what obcompressed, minutely nervose-striate, smooth. Leafy-stemmed and branching Old 
World annuals. 

210. APOGON, Involucre not calyculate, of usually 8 oblong-lanceolate herbaceous bracts, 
in fruit becoming rather ovate by broailening of the base, concave and the tips conniving. 
Akenes terete, obovoid, merely rounded at summit, 10-costate, obscurely scabrous-lineolate 
transversely, rarely an obsolete vestige of pappus. Low annuals, becoming caulescent. 


Series IT. Pappus paleaceous or partly so, or aristiform, or plumose. 


* Involucre simple and naked, i. e. of equal bracts and no short calyculate ones at base: 
akenes truncate: pappus of pales and (usually) of bristles: receptacle naked. 


211. KRIGIA. Heads several-many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous. 
Akenes short-columnar or turbinate, pluricostate, terete or somewhat angular, with broad 
truncate summit. Pappus double; outer of pointless thin pales; inner of delicate naked 
bristles, these rarely wanting in one species. Flowers yellow. 


* * Involucre either calyculate or imbricated, i. e. principal bracts equal and some short 
ones at base, or of less unequal bracts in two or more series, simple only in Tragopogon. 


+ Akenes usually short, with truncate summit (sometimes a little narrowed beneath it, not 
rostrate) : receptacle not chaffy : flowers never yellow: caulescent, with small or reduced 
leaves on the rigid stems or branches: flowers matutinal. 


212, CICHORIUM. Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre double ; its bracts herba- 
ceous with coriaceous and indurating base, those of the inner series partly enclosing the 
subtended akenes, the 4 or 5 outer more spreading and herbaceous. Akenes somewhat 
angled ; the broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous short and blunt 
pales, in 2 or more series. Flowers normally blue. : 

213. STEPHANOMERIA. Heads 5-12-flowered, rarely 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylin- 
draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some 
short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus becoming imbri- 
cate, Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of 
plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the bases, which sometimes 
are lightly connate in phalanges. Flowers pink or rose color. 

214. CHASTADELPHA. Heads about 5-flowered, Involucre of Stephanomeria, cylin- 
draceous, the accessory calyculate bracts very small, the membranaceous proper ones 5. 
Akenes short-linear, 5-angled, very smooth. Pappus of 5 rigid upwardly tapering awns, 
which bear on each side toward the base 3 to 5 rather shorter and slender rigid bristles. 
Flowers rose-color. ‘ 

+ + Akenes long-rostrate, base more or less excavated at insertion: receptacle naked: 
heads rather-many-flowered : pappus a series of long-plumose bristles or awns. 


COMPOSITA. 85 


215. RAFINESQUIA. Involucre conical or cylindraceous, of 7 to 15 linear acuminate 
equal bracts, somewhat fleshy-thickened at base, and some loose calyculate ones. Akenes 
terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenuate into a slender beak, not callous- 
thickened at the insertion. Pappus (white) of 10 to 15 slender bristles, softly’ long-plumose 
from base to near the tip. Leafy-stemmed and branching annuals: flowers white or tinged 
with rose-color. 

216. TRAGOPOGON. Involucre campanulate or oblong, of several lanceolate and up- 
wardly attenuate equal herbaceous bracts; no calyculate ones. Akenes somewhat fusiform, 
5-10-costate, more or less excavated at insertion, tapering into a long beak, except perhaps 
the outermost. Pappus a series of numerous stout bristles, somewhat connate at base into 
a ring, long-plumose to near the apex, the plumes arachnoid and more or less interlacing. 
Simple-stemmed or branching biennials or perennials, with gramineous leaves, and large 
solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. 


+ + + Akenes either truncate or inner ones rostrate : receptacle paleaceous : soft slender 
chaff among the flowers: head rather many-flowered: involucre sparingly imbricated : 
flowers yellow. 

217. ANISOCOMA. Involucre cylindraceous, of thin and very obtuse appressed bracts, 
somewhat herbaceous in centre and with broad white-scarious margins; innermost linear- 
oblong, 2 or 3 intermediate ones oblong; outer ones short-oval and orbicular. Chaffy bracts 
of receptacle long, linear-filiform or setiform. Akenes terete, linear-turbinate, 10-nerved, 
pubescent, short-attenuate at base, the truncate summit crowned with a narrow entire cup- 
like border or ring, within which is inserted the bright white pappus, of 10 or 12 rather 
rigid long bristles, in two series; the 5 longer ones (equalling the involucre) long-plumose 
above the middle; the others much shorter, less plumose, sometimes naked. Scapes mono- 
cephalous. 

218. HYPOCHCERIS. Inrolucre campanulate, of somewhat herbaceous marginless 
bracts. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle narrow and scarious. Akenes glabrous or scabrous, 
10-ribbed, oblong or fusiform, tapering upward, at least the inner ones, into a beak. Pappus 
a series of fine plumose bristles, with or without some naked and shorter outer ones. Leaves 
chiefly radical and scapes bracteolate, often branching. 


~— + + + Akenes either truncate at summit or upwardly attenuate, yet with no distinct 
or prolonged beak: receptacle not chaffy: pappus of awned or pointed scarious pale or 
of awns or bristles with paleaceous base, or plumose: flowers yellow, open in morning 
and dull weather. 


219, MICROSERIS. Heads several-many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles. 
Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes 8-10-costate, with a Lasal callosity which is 
hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple; its bristles or awns naked, in one or two species 
plumose (and then white) or barbellate. 

220. LEONTODON. Heads many-flowered, on simple or branching scaly-bracteolate 
scapes. Involucral bracts narrow. Akenes minutely striate or rugulose, fusiform and 
tapering to the narrow summit, sometimes by more or less of a beak. Pappus one or 
two series of plumose (sordid) bristles, which are more or less lanceolate-widened at base, 
persistent. 

2202, PICRIS. Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer bracts of involucre 
loose or spreading. Akenes terete, 5-10-costate ; the ribs rugose. Pappus one or two series 
of slender plumose bristles, not paleaceous at base. 


Series III. Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, rarely barbellulate, never plumose nor 
paleaceous-dilated. 

% Receptacle paleaceous, i.e. bearing narrow chaffy bracts among the flowers: corollas 
rose-color or rose-tinged. 

221. PINAROPAPPUS. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate ; its bracts imbricated and 
outer successively shorter, thinnish, the tips sphacelate. Chaff of the receptacle attenuate- 
linear, deciduous with the akenes. Akenes glabrous, slender, terete, 10-15-costate, tapering 
from the callous base into a short slender beak. Pappus sordid, of copious soft-capillary 
bristles, one or two outer series shorter, rather persistent. 


86 COMPOSITA, 


%* * Receptacle bearing some capillary bristles among the flowers: pappus all or the 
greater part deciduous in connection: akenes not flattened. 


222. CALYCOSERIS. Involucre many-flowered, oblong-campanulate, of numerous erect 
linear-lanceolate scarious-margined bracts in a single series, and of a short and loose calycu- 
late outer series. Delicate capillary bristles of the receptacle, one to each flower, as long as 
the akenes and deciduous with them. Akenes fusiform or oblong, 5-costate, attenuate into 
a short beak, which terminates in a shallow and denticulate scarious pappus-like crown, sur- 
rounding the base of a copious and white soft-capillary pappus; its bristles equal, deciduous 
all together. 

223. MALACOTHRIX. The species with bristle-bearing receptacle belong here. Akenes 
short-columnar, truncate at both ends. 

230. TROXIMON. One species sometimes bears chaffy bracts among the flowers: akenes 
short-rostrate. 

* * * Receptacle naked. 
+ Akenes not flattened: pappus promptly deciduous, mainly altogether, soft and white. 


223. MALACOTHRIX. Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. 
Receptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed among 
the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5-15-costate, 
or 4-5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, slightly or not at all narrowed either way, 
with broad truncate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a 
series of soft and scabrous or near the base barbellulate bristles, which are deciduous more 
or less in connection, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are more persist- 

~ ent and smoother. 

228. CREPIS. One or two species incline to have most of the pappus-bristles fall in 
connection, also a few less deciduous. 

224. GLYPTOPLEURA. Involucre 8-18-flowered, cylindraceous, of 7 to 12 nearly 
membranaceous linear-lanceolate equal hardly scarious-margined bracts, which are partly 
connate below, and some loose foliaceous ones or subtending leaves at base. Akenes nar- 
rowly oblong, often somewhat incurved, slightly tapering downward, with 5 thick obtuse 
ribs or angles, and the intervals conspicuously cancellate-sculptured, so as to form single 
rows of pits, at summit a short thick and 5-ribbed hollow beak exserted from a cupulate 
shoulder, and slightly dilated to bear the pappus: this bright white, of very numerous and 
fine hardly scabrous capillary bristles, in more than one series, caducous, outermost falling 
separately, inner mostly in connection at base. 

+ + Akenes not flattened : pappus persistent, or bristles tardily falling quite separately, 
never in connection (except, perhaps, by the breaking of the summit of an attenuate 
beak). 

++ Beak to the akenes none or a mere attenuation. 
== Heads solitary, terminating simple bractless scapes: flowers yellow. 


225, APARGIDIUM. Involucre rather many-flowered, cylindraceous-campanulate ; bracts 
somewhat herbaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved, rather few in 2 or 3 series, or outer 
and broader ones more calyculate. Akenes linear-oblong, columnar, glabrous and smooth, 
truncate, not tapering at either end. Pappus sordid or brownish, of rather copious minutely 
barbellulate and rather fragile capillary bristles, with some outer and smaller ones merely 
scabrous. Perennial. : 

230. TROXIMON. Involucre many-flowered. Akenes tapering, 10-costate, beakless in 
original species. : 

== = Heads seldom solitary, borne by leafy stems or more or less bracteate scapes. 
a. Flowers yellow (in an adventive species red-orange), or in one species white. 


226, HIERACIUM. Involucre several-many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some 
short calyculate ones, or sometimes imbricate, having those of intermediate length, not thick- 
ened at base nor with thickened midribs. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous 
mostly 10-ribbed or striate, either terete or 4-5-angular, slightly contracted at very basen 
commonly of same thickness to the truncate top, but in several species tapering to a Har. 
rower summit. Pappus of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles, sordescent or fuscous, rarely 


COMPOSIT. 87 


white and soft, then passing into Crepis. Perennials, commonly with hispid or hirsute, or 
often glandular pubescence. 

227. CREPIS. Involucre few-many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a 
series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, sometimes thickened at base after 
anthesis. Akenes from columnar to fusiform, 10-20-costate. Pappus of copious white and 
usually soft capillary bristles. Annuals or perennials. 


b. Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red: involucre narrow, unchanged 
in age, a series of equal erect bracts, and a few short calyculate ones at base: styles 
usually long and slender: akenes columnar or linear, or even fusiform, mostly truncate 
at summit. 


228. PRENANTHES. Heads 5-30-flowered, mostly nodding before or during anthesis. 
Akenes terete or 4-5-angled, commonly striate, sometimes striately pluricostate, with trun- 
cate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles, in the section Nabalus from 
whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or racemiform-thyrsoidly 
disposed heads: leaves dilated. 

229. LYGODESMIA. Heads 3-12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely few-striate 
or angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform, in the larger species concave at insertion. 
Pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or rigidulous, from 
sordid-whitish to white. Stems mostly rush-like and striate, in one species spinescent, and 
leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Flowers rose-colored. 


++ ++ Beak to the akenes distinct and slender, except in one or two species of Troximon: 
heads erect before and during anthesis: involucre unchanged in age: akenes oblong or 
obovate to linear. 


230. TROXIMON. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. 
Involucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10-nerved, 
smooth, not muricate nor sculptured, with or without a small callus at insertion; the beak 
various, or in two species wanting. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yellow, orange, or 
rarely purple. 

231. TARAXACUM. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating siniple and fistulous 
naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow 
bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base. 
Style-branches slender and nearly filiform, as in most genera. Akenes oblong-obovate to 
fusiform, 4-5-costate or angled, and usually with some intervening nerves, muricate or 
spinulose, at least near the summit, which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. 
Pappus soft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow. 

232. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Heads and involucre nearly of Taraxacum, terminating scapose 
or leafy stems or branches. Style-branches short, oblong, very obtuse. Akenes oblong or 
linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or sulcate, muriculate-rugulose or hirsutulous-scabrous, 
tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copious, soft and capillary, fulvous or 
rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous ring. Flowers yellow. 

233. CHONDRILLA. Heads several-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled on slender 
branches. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear equal bracts, and some short calyculate 
ones. Akenes 4-5-angled and with intervening nerves or ribs, muricate toward the 
summit, which is abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus fine and soft, bright 
white. Flowers yellow. 


+ + + Akenes flattened: pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles: leafy- 
stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads. 

234, LACTUCA. Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several-many- 
flowered, either calyculately or more regularly imbricated. Akenes obcompressed, and with 
a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. 
Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately. 

235. SONCHUS. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy- 
thickened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or 
dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more 
or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately. 


88 COMPOSITA. Stokesia. 


Trine I. VERNONIACEA, p. 50. 


1. STOKESIA, L’Her. (Jonathan Stokes, a British botanist, coadjutor of 
Withering: some say Dr. Wm. Stokes of Dublin.) — A most peculiar genus, of a 
single species, of local habitat; a perennial, flowering in early summer; the 
large and showy head of flowers having considerable resemblance to that of a 
China Aster. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 284. 


S. cyanea, L’Hzr. A foot high: stem stout, at first floccose-lanate; the few branches 
terminated by solitary heads: leaves glabrous, bright green, puncticulate, thickish; radical 
and lower cauline entire, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole; upper be- 
coming ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping, and bearing toward their base some spinulose- 
aristiform teeth; some subtending the head and passing into the bracts of the involucre: 
head, with the radiant marginal corollas (of an inch long), 3 inches in diameter: flowers 
bright purplish-blue. — L’Her. Sert. Angl. 27; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 491; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 60; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4966; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ii. t. 18. Carthamus levis, Hill, 
Hort. Kew. 57, t.5. Cartesia centauroides, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816. Centaurea Americana, 
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48, by mistake. — Moist ground, in the low country, from south- 
western part of S. Carolina to E. Louisiana: rare. 


2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Vaill., L. (Greek for Elephant’s foot, which is 
a translation of a Malabarian name of the original species.) — Perennial herbs, of 
warm regions, extending northward almost through the Atlantic U. S.; with un- 
divided pinnately-veined leaves and usually bluish-purple flowers. — Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 237. Hlephantopus, Klephantosis, & Distreptus (Cass.), Less., DC. — 
Our species all belong to the typical section of the genus; with stem dichoto- 
mously branching ; heads capitately glomerate at the summit of pedunculiform 
branches, the compound glomerule involucrate by two or three cordate and 
closely sessile bracteiform leaves; and simple pappus of about 5 awns or rigid 
bristles, with chaffy-dilated base: fl. late summer. Of the nearly related species 
(with glabrous corolla) E. seaber belongs to the extra-American and ZL. mollis to 
the American tropics. Schultz Bip., in Linnea, xx. 514, too hastily combined all 
the American species. . 

x Stem leafy: upper cauline leaves very similar to the basal. 


H. Carolinianus, Witip. Rather softly hirsute or pubescent, sometimes 3 feet high: 
leaves thin, oval-obovate or ovate, crenate or repand-dentate, not rugose, nor prominently 
veined (the larger 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 wide); uppermost oblong: chaffy base of 
awns of the pappus decidedly longer than the diameter of the akene, lanceolate-subulate and 
very gradually attenuate into the awn.— Spec. iii. 2390 (excl. syn.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 187; 
EL Sk. ii. 480; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 60. J. seaber, Walt. Car. 217, &c , not L. — Dry soil 
in open woods, Pennsylvania to linois, Kansas, Texas, and Florida. 

* %* Stem usually naked and scapiform: its few leaves small and bract-like; principal leaves 
radical and flat on the ground. 

E. tomentésus, L. Somewhat canescently hirsute and villous; leaves silky-villous beneath 
(rather than tomentose), varying from obovate or rarely oval to narrowly-spatulate; veins of 
the lower surface prominent: scapiform stem a foot or two high: involucre of the large 
glomerules rigid: pappus-scales about the length of the breadth of the akene, triangular- 
subulate, attenuate into the bristle. — Spec. ii. 814, & ed. 2, excl. syn. Browne; Torr. & Gray, 

*FL 1c. £. Carolinianus, var. simplex, Nutt. Gen. ii. 187. E. nudicaulis, Ell. Sk. ii. 481. 
E. elatus, Bertol. Mise. xi. 21, t. 5. — Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana. 

E. nudatus, Gray. Minutely strigose-pubescent: leaves membranaceous, green, at most 
somewhat hirsute beneath, from spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, not prominently veined : 
glomerules smaller: pappus-scales very short, broadly deltoid, abruptly terminated by the 


Vernonia. COMPOSITA. 89 


bristle. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv.47. (Echinophore affinis Mariana, etc., Pluk. Mant. 66, t. 388, 
fig. 6?) E. scaber, Michx. Fl. in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c., not L. Z. nudicaulis, EN. 
in herb. Hook., not of Sk. 1. c.— Low and sandy woodlands, Delaware ( Canby) to Georgia, 
W. Louisiana, and Arkansas (Harvey). 


3. VERNONIA, Schreb® Inon-weep. (Wm. Vernon, an early collector 
in Virginia, &c.) — Perennial herbs (or some in the tropics shrubs) ; with alter- 
nate and pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers, 
occasionally varying. to white. — Gen. 541; DC. Prodr. v. 15; Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 57; Benth. & Hook., Gen. ii. 227. — A huge genus, of nearly 400 species, 
the greater part S. American, some S. African and S. Asian; the N. American 
species all of the section Lepidaploa, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Lepidaploa, &c., Cass.), 
having somewhat spherical heads in terminal cymes or terminating corymbiform 
branches. Ours all many-flowered; the (fuscous or even ferruginous) pappus 
persistent or nearly so, and double; akenes commonly sprinkled or beset with 
resinous atoms between the salient ribs; foliage often puncticulate. FI. late 
summer and autumn. The species are extremely difficult: there are spontaneous 
hybrids between such very different species as V. Arkansana and V. Baldwinit, 
V. fasciculata and V. Baldwinii, and even between V. Baldwinii and V. Lind- 
heimert ! 


* Stems leafy throughout: short outer pappus conspicuous, and squamellate rather than setose. 
-+— Heads large, sometimes an inch high, 50-70-flowered. 


V. Arkansdna, DC. Tall (8 or 10 feet), rather glabrous: leaves all linear-lanceolate 
(4 to 12 inches long and lines wide), attenuate-acuminate, runcinately denticulate: heads all 
on simple and somewhat clavate peduncles, nearly hemispherical: involucre green, very 
squarrose ; its bracts all equalling the disk, and with long filiform tips (those of the upper 
reddish), the outer and loose ones filiform nearly or quite to the base: akenes minutely 
hispid on the ribs. — Prodr. vii. 264; Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 283; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 59; Torr. in Sitgreaves Exped. t. 2.— Plains and alluvial banks of streams, 
Missouri and Kansas to E. Texas. 

+— + Heads smaller, half-inch high or less, 15-40-flowered, rarely only 10-flowered. 
++ Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, and without revolute margins, most of them acutely den- 
ticulate or serrate with rigid or somewhat spinulose teeth, varying from linear-lanceolate to 
oblong-ovate, acuminate or very acute, pinnately veined: stems leafy up to the inflorescence ; 
cymes mostly compound. (Species not clearly limited.) 
== Akenes under a lens more or less hispidulous on the ribs. 


V. Noveboracénsis, Wittp. Somewhat glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves 
from elongated- to oblong-lanceolate (3 to 9 inches long): heads in an open cyme, 20-40- 
flowered : involucre commonly brownish or dark purplish; the ovate and ovate-lanceolate 
bracts (or at least the upper ones) abruptly acuminate into a slender cusp or slender tortuous 
awn, usually some of the lower wholly aristiform and loose. — Spee. iti. 1632; DC. Prodr. 
v. 63; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 57. Serratula Noreboracensis (founded on Herm. Parad. Bot., 
& Dill. Elth. 355, t. 263) and S. prealta (in herb. and of Dill. Elth. t. 264, bracts more 
aristate than the figure shows), L. Spec. ii. 818. V. preealta, Less. in Linn. iv. 264 ; Hook. 
Fl. i. 304. V. tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 288 (Chrysocoma tomentosa, Walt. Car. 196), a form 
with tomentulose pubescence. Varies with pale or sometimes white instead of pink-purple 
corollas, the involucre then greenish.— Low grounds, coast of New England to Georgia, 
west {o Wisconsin and Missouri, but mostly an eastern species. 

Var. latifolia. Lower, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, 
pale or glaucescent beneath, the larger more coarsely serrate: heads fewer: involucre vary- 
ing from hemispherical (of fewer bracts) to somewhat turbinate, and its bracts merely acute, 
acuminate, mucronate, or some with a short filiform cusp. — Serratula glauca, L. 1.c., founded 
on Dill, Elth. 354, t. 262; the specimen has many aristate-tipped bracts. Vernonia glauca 
(and nearly V. prealta), Willd. Spec. iii. 1633. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Chapm. 


90 COMPOSITA. Vernonia. 


Fl. 187, extreme form, mostly with muticous involucral bracts. —In shady places, Penn. and 
Ohio to Florida. 

V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate : 
involucre (a quarter-inch high) when young globose, hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose 
by the spreading or recurved acute or acuminate tips of its bracts. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211; 
Torr. & Gray, lc. V. spheeroidea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Prairies and barren 
hills, E. Missouri to Texas; flowering early, in July and August. Passes into the next. 


V. altissima, Nurr. Nearly glabrous, or sometimes cinereous-pubescent, 5 to, 10 feet high: 
leaves thinnish, veiny, obscurely if at all puncticulate, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong: cyme 
usually loose or open: involucre of wholly appressed obtuse or merely mucronate-acute 
bracts: ribs of the akenes minutely or sparsely hispidulous. — Gen. ii. 134; Ell. Sk. ii. 289; 
Less. in Linn. vi. 639, partly. V. prealta, Michx. 1. c., partly; DC. 1.¢., partly. V. fascicu- 
lata, var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 59; Chapm. F1.188. Chrysocoma gigantea, Walt. 1.c. Varies 
much, especially in the size of the heads: the form parviflora, with involucre only 2 or 3 
lines high and rather pauciseriate, being Nuttall’s original. — Low or wet grounds, W. 
Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana and Florida. 

Var. grandiflora. Less tall: heads larger: involucre mostly 4 lines high; the bracts 
85 to 40 and in more numerous ranks. — Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Philad. — Low prairies and 
along streams, Illinois and Kentucky to Texas. 
== = Akenes smooth and glabrous on the ribs, or nearly so: bracts of the involucre all closely 

appressed and inappendiculate, coriaceo-chartaceous. 


V. fasciculata, Micux. Glabrous, or the cyme puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves thick- 
ish, when dry puncticulate, from linear (and with obscure veins or veinlets) to oblong- 
lanceolate (and more evidently veined), conspicuously spinulose-denticulate: heads numerous 
and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme: involucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20-30- 
flowered; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. — 
FI. ii. 94; Torr. & Gray, l.c., excl. vars. V. corymbosa, Schweinitz, in Keating, Narr. Long 
Exped. Mississ., the form with broad and short leaves. V. altissima, DC. 1. c. partly, & excl. 
syn. Dill, &c. — Low grounds, prairies and river-bottoms, Ohio and Kentucky to Dakota 
and south to Texas. 


++ ++ Leaves perfectly glabrous and smooth, veinless, commonly entire, narrowly linear, plane: 
heads narrow, few-flowered. 


V. Lettermani, Excurm. Habit of the preceding, 2 to 4 feet high, fastigiately and 
cymosely much branched at summit: leaves 3 or 4 inches long, only a line wide, the margins 
not revolute: heads numerous, pedunculate, clavate-cylindraceous, 10-14-flowered, half-inch 
long: bracts of the involucre all appressed and inappendiculate, but acute or acuminate ; 
outermost ovate-subulate, innermost narrowly lanceolate and purple: ribs of the glandular 
akenes obscurely scabrous.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 78.— Arkansas, on Cooper’s Creek, 
Bigelow. Gravelly banks and sand-bars of the Washita, Letterman. 


V. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high: leaves linear- 
lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of V. fasciculata, but smaller and less or 
obsoletely denticulate ; veins and veinlets obscure: heads few or numerous in a loose and 
open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate: involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15-25-flowered, from 
hemispherical-campanulate to turbinate-oblong ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse, or (in the 
larger form of involucre) acute or acuminate. — Fl. 1. ¢.; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 82. V. altis- 
sima, var. marginata, Torr, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210.— Plains of Nebraska and Arkansas to 
W. Texas and E. New Mexico, first coll. by Dr. James. 


++ ++ ++ Leaves with upper face scabrous and margins often revolute, then entire, not canescent. 


V. angustifolia, Micux. Stem a foot toa yard high, slender, from roughish-hirsute to 
nearly glabrous: leaves from narrowly linear or approaching filiform to lanceolate, the 
broader ones sparsely denticulate and also veiny: cyme loose, simple or compound, sometimes 
paniculate, sometimes umbelliform, mostly naked: heads 15-25-flowered: involucre about 
3 lines high, commonly somewhat turbinate; its bracts or most of them mucronate, some- 
times cuspidate-acuminate: akenes minutely hirsute, at least on the ribs. — Fl. ii. 94; Ell 
Sk. ii. 87; Torr. & Gray, lc. V. fasciculata, DC. 1. ¢., not Michx. Chrysocoma gramini- 
folia, Walt. Car. 196. Liatris umbellata, Bertol. Mise. v. t. 4. — Dry pine barrens, N, Caro- 
lina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 


Stevia. COMPOSITA. 91 


Var. scabérrima. Leaves mostly short and sparsely denticulate or toothed, from 
linear to oblong-lanceolate, scabrous to rough-hispidulous above: bracts of the involucre or 
some of them produced into long and loose or spreading subulate or filiform tips. —Torr. & 
Gray, l.c. V. scaberrima, Nutt. Gen. ii. 184; Ell. 1. c. — South Carolina to Florida. 

Var. Texana. Stem virgate, rather tall: lower leaves large, lanceolate (3 to 6 inches 
long); upper ones small, linear or subulate: cyme naked: bracts of the involucre all point- 
less or merely mucronate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., character, without name.— Pine woods, 
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 

Var. pfiimila, Cuarm. Glabrous and hardly at all scabrous, even the leaves; these 
small, mostly linear and entire: stem slender, a span to 18 inches high: cyme of few heads: 
bracts of the involucre pointless. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 5.— Wet pine barrens, S. E. Florida, 
Blodgett, Garber. 

++ ++ s+ ++ Leaves with revolute entire margins, not scabrous, veinless, lanose beneath. 


V. Lindheimeri, Gray & Exceim. About a foot high, excessively leafy up to the corym- 
biform cyme, lanose-canescent, even to the obtuse and pointless bracts of the involucre: 
leaves narrowly linear (1} to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), glabrate and green above ; 
heads all pedunculate: akenes glabrous: pappus purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, & Pl. 
Lindh. ii. 217.— Rocky hills and plains, W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. Berlandier 
collected an apparent hybrid between this most distinct species and }. Baldwinii. 

%* * Outer pappus inconspicuous and rather setose than squamellate: cauline leaves few and small. 

V. oligophylla, Micux. Minutely scabrous-pubescent: stem about 2 feet high, slender, 
bearing a few heads in a very loose naked cyme: radical leaves ample (4 to 8 inches long) 
in a rosulate tuft, oblong; cauline lanceolate, few and small, the uppermost reduced to 
subulate bracts; all veiny and denticulate: heads 15-30-flowered: bracts of the involucre 
subulate (mostly from a broad base), loose: bristles of the pappus slender: akenes hirtellous 
on the ribs. — Fl. ii. 94; DC. Prodr. v. 62; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57. Serratula Carolinensis, 
Dill. Elth. t. 261. Chrysocoma acaulis, Walt. Car. 196. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to 
Florida, near the coast.— Varies with foliage soft cinereous-pubescent: S. Carolina, J. 
Donnell Smith. 


Trine Il. EUPATORIACEA, p. 50. 


4, STEVIA, Cav. (Dr. Pedro Esteve.) —Uerbs, rarely suffrutescent plants ; 
with mostly opposite and triplinerved leaves, small and narrow heads usually 
corymbosely crowded in terminal naked cymes or fascicles, and flowers white or 
rose-purple: pappus variable; the awns when present barbellate-scabrous. — 
A large Mexican genus (a few species reaching our borders), also well developed 
on the eastern side of South America in corresponding latitudes. — Cav. Ic. iv. 
32, t. 854-356 ; ‘Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 268. 


% Branches and heads paniculate, loose: root annual. 


S. micrantha, Lac. Puberulent and somewhat viscid: stem slender, a foot or two high, 
bearing short flowering branches almost from the hase: leaves thin, ovate with subcuneate or 
tarely subcordate base, serrate (inch long), petioled : heads pedicellate in the loose clusters, 
3 and 4 lines long: pappus of 3 awns with short paleaceous-dilated base, or in one or two 
flowers occasionally awnless.— Elench. Hort. Madrid, 1815, & Nov. Gen. & Spec. 27. 
8. macella, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 70. — Shady cliffs, New Mexico, Wright. Southern Arizona, 
Lemmon, by which is generally meant Mr. J. G. and Mrs. Sara Plummer Lemmon, associates 
in exploration. (Mex.) 

* % Heads loosely cymose-paniculate and pedunculate: root perennial. 


_S. amA4bilis, Lemmon. Stem slender and virgate, or with long virgate branches, about 2 
feet high: leaves all alternate, linear with narrowed base, or the lowest oblanceolate, entire, 
thinnish: involucre slender, glandular-viscid ; flowers purple: pappus of 5 long awns and 
with extremely short (broader than long) intermediate palew.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. ]1.— Plains near Cave Cafion, S. Arizona, Lemmon. 


92 COMPOSITA. Stevia. 


* * * Heads subsessile and fasciculate; the fascicles corymbosely cymose: root perennial. 
+ Herbaceous, leafy up to the dense fastigiate clusters of heads: leaves subsessile, serrate. 


S. serrata, Cav. Pubescent or somewhat hirsute: leaves often alternate, crowded, from 
spatulate-linear to oblong-spatulate, irregularly and sometimes coarsely serrate or some 
entire, loosely veiny, strongly punctate: flowers white or pale rose: pappus 1-5-aristate or 
in some flowers reduced to a crown of short obtuse pale. —Ic. iv. t. 355; DC. Prodr. v. 
118. S. ivefolia, Willd. Mag. Naturf. Berl. 1807, 137, & Enum. 855. 8. canescens, HBK. 
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 143; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 19; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 71. S. virgata, 
HBK.1.c. S. punctata, Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv, 286. Ageratum punctatum, Jacq. Hort. 
Scheenbr. iii. t. 300. (Variable species.) —-New Mexico and Arizona, Wright and later 
collectors. (Mex., Venezuela. ) 

S. Pliummere, Gray. Puberulent and almost glabrous: leaves nearly all opposite,. less 
crowded, oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute, incisely serrate, bright green, very conspicu- 
ously nervose-veiny and reticulated, hardly punctate (2 inches long): flowers rose-color: 
pappus of 4 broad and truncate fimbriate-denticulate pales. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 204. — 
S. Arizona, Rucker Valley of the Chiricahua Mountains, Mrs. Lemmon, born Plummer. 

Var. alba. Flowers white: leaves less serrate and not so strongly veiny. — 8. Arizona, 
in Ramsey’s Cafion, Lemmon. 
+— + Shrubby: leaves subsessile, mostly entire and opposite. 

S. Lemm6ni, Gray. Fruticose, puberulent throughout, leafy up to the dense clusters of 
very numerous heads: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thinnish, obscurely triplinerved : 
involucre somewhat viscid-pubescent: flowers apparently white: pappus a cupulate and 
nearly entire or merely lacerate crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. l. c.— 8. Arizona, caions in the 
Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon, Pringle. 

S. salicifélia, Cav. Frutescent, low, nearly glabrous: leaves coriaceous, linear or linear- 
lanceolate, occasionally serrate, commonly glutinous-lucid: heads in small and more open 
fascicles: flowers white: pappus 1-3-aristate, or sometimes of obtuse palex.—TIc. 1. ¢. 
t. 354; Schultz Bip. 1. c. 290; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73. S. angustifolia, HBK. 1. c. (awn- 
less pappus). — S. border of Texas, Parry, a low and very narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) 


5. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. (3«Anpés, hard, and XAexis, scale, from the 
cartilaginous palew.of the pappus.) —Genus of a single species, peculiar to the 
Atlantic coast. Fl. summer. 


S. verticillata, Cass. Subaquatic perennial, nearly glabrous, stoloniferous from the base: 
stems slender, usually simple, above the water bearing many whorls of narrowly linear one- 
nerved entire sessile leaves (half-inch to an inch long), and terminated by a solitary pedun- 
culate small head (rarely branching at top and 3-4-cephalous): flowers rose-purple. — 
Dict. xxv. 365; DC. Prodr. v. 114; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. £thulia uniflora, Walt. Car. 
195. Spargonophorus verticillatus, Michx. Fl. ii. 95, t. 42. — Low pine-barren ponds and 
streams, in shallow water, New Jersey to Florida. Leaves 4 to 6 in the whorls. 


6. TRICHOCORONIS, Gray. (@p/é, tpixds, hair, and xopwris, top or 
apex.) — Texano-Mexican herbs, fibrous-rooted, aquatic or paludose; with stems 
creeping at base or spreading, branching, leafy, pubescent with somewhat viscid 
and weak multicellular hairs: leaves of soft texture, opposite or the upper alter- 
nate, sessile and partly clasping, glabrate: heads slender-peduncled, terminating 
the branches: flowers flesh-color or rose-purple. — Pl. Fendl. 65; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 240. 

T. Wrightii, Gray,lc. Stems assurgent from an annual root, paniculately-branched 
above: leaves undivided, sparingly serrate, half-inch or more long; the lower opposite and 
oblong; upper alternate and cordate-lanceolate: heads diffusely panicled, only two lines 
high and wide: involucral bracts about 18, oblong-lanceolate: receptacle convex: tube of 
the corolla shorter than the expanded throat and limb: style-branches narrow : pappus a 
minute but evident crown of more or less concreted setuliform squamellz, or some of them 
aristellate. — Ageratum? (Micrageratum) Wrightii, Torr. & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46. 


ee Fee 


Hofmeisterta. COMPOSITZ. 93 


Margacola parvula, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 1862.— Wet ground in prairies, 
Texas, Wright, Buckley, &c. (Mex., Palmer.) 

T. rivuldris, Gray, lc. Stems floating, in shallow water rooting, and flowering branches 
emersed and ascending : leaves succulent, mostly opposite, an inch or two in length, cuneate- 
obovate, sparingly incised or palmately 3-lobed, contracted into a narrow connate-clasping 
auriculate base: heads fewer or solitary on simple peduncles, 3 or 4 lines in diameter: 
involucral bracts about 12, oval, obtuse: receptacle highly convex: tube of corolla slender, 
equalling the hemispherical throat and limb : style-branches flat and linear, acutish: pappus 
a minute and evanescent or obscure setulose crown. — In springs and streamlets, 8S. W. 
Texas, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg, &c.) 


7. AGERATUM, L. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some aromatic 
plant of this order, probably an Achillea, from u privative and yjpas, yiiparos, 
not waxing old, transferred by Linneus to an American genus.) — Chiefly 
tropical, herbaceous, and with opposite petiolate leaves; heads small in terminal 
corymbiform cymes or rarely paniculate; flowers blue, purple, or white, in 
summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 241, excl. syn. Oxylobus. Ageratum & 
Celestina, Cass., DC.; to which should be added Alomia, HBK., differing only 
in the want of pappus. 


§ 1. Evaceratum. Pappus of distinct aristate or sometimes muticous palez : 
receptacle naked. 


A. conyzofpgs, L. Annual, pubescent: leaves ovate or deltoid-subcordate, crenately serrate : 
pappus of 5 to 7 lanceolate rigid scales, mostly tapering into a scabrous awn which nearly 
equals the blue or white corolla. — Schk. Handb. t. 238; Hook. Exot. F].t.15. A. Mexicanum, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2524, &c., a more pubescent form, common in ornamental cultivation. — 
Sparingly naturalized near towns in the S. Atlantic States. (Nat. from Trop. Amer., &c.) 


§ 2. Ca@Lestina. Pappus coroniform or cupulate (by the union of the palex 
into an entire or toothed cup or border), sometimes obsolete. — Celestina, Cass., 
DC., &c. (In our species the receptacle is naked, duration of root uncertain, 
and flowers usually blue or violet.) 


A. corymbésum, Ztccacyi. Scabrous-puberulent, erect: leaves short-petioled, ovate 
to oblong-lanceolate, irregularly few-several-toothed: floriferous branches naked above: 
corolla-tube glanduliferous: pappus prominently cupulate, more or less dentate. — Zuccagni 
ex Balb. in Hort. Taur. 1806; Pers. Syn. ii. 402. A. calestinum, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1730; 
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 623. Clestina ageratoides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 151; Gray, PI. 
Wright. ii. 70. C. cerulea, Cass. Dict. vi. suppl. 8, t. 93. C. corymbosa, DC. Prodr. v. 108. 
— New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Mex.) . 

A. littordle, Gray. Glabrous, decumbent or assurgent: leaves rather succulent, long-peti- 
oled, ovate with cuneate base, serrate: corolla glabrous: pappus an extremely short crown, 
with or without several minute narrow teeth, or reduced to a mere ring.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvi. 78.— Celestina maritima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 64; not Ageratum maritimum, HBK., 
which is a true Ageratum with diminutive pappus. — Key West, S. Florida, Bennett, Blod- 
gett, Palmer, Garber. 


8. HOFMEISTERIA, Walp. (W. Hofmeister, a vegetable histologist.) 
— Low suffrutescent plants; with heads terminating slender peduncles, small 
incised leaves either opposite or alternate on long petioles, and whitish flowers ; 
the style-branches clavate.— Two species, the original one (/1. fasciculata, 
Walp. Rep. vi. 106 ; Helogyne, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14), of Lower California, 
with 2-3-awned pappus. 


H. pluriséta, Gray. Slightly puberulent and viscidulous, much branched : leaves with small 
(2 to 5 lines Jong) deltoid to oblong blade very much shorter than the petiole: heads about 


94 COMPOSITA. Mikeania. 


20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long: bracts of involucre with pointed somewhat spreading tips: 
akenes rather short: pappus of 10 or 12 bristles and about as many small and narrow acute 
squamellx. —Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 96, t. 9, & Bot. Calif. i. 299.—Cafions, San Bernardino 
desert, Southeast California to Arizona and S. Utah, Bigelow, Parry, Newberry, &c. 


9. MIKANIA, Willd. (Prof. J. G. Mikan, of Prague, or his son and suc- 
cessor, J. C. Mikan, who collected in Brazil.) —Twining perennials, or many 
erect and shrubby in tropical America, where most of the numerous species 
occur ; with opposite leaves and small variously clustered heads. Our species, 
confined to the Atlantic States, have slender-petioled angulate-cordate leaves, 
corymbosely cymose heads of pale flesh-colored and more or less fragrant flowers, 
produced in summer and autumn; the throat of the corolla abruptly dilated from 
the narrow tube, and broadly campanulate. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1472; Benth, & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 246. 


M. scandens, Wittp. Glabrous or puberulent: herbaceous stems high-twining: leaves 
somewhat hastately or deltoidly cordate, acuminate, irregularly and obtusely angulate- 
dentate or repand, rarely almost entire : heads crowded, about 3 lines long : involucral bracts 
lanceolate, acuminate or slender-apiculate: corolla-lobes ovate, much shorter than the very 
wide throat: akenes a line long, resinous-atomiferous.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91; Baker 
in Fl. Bras. vi. 248, in part. LEupatorium scandens, L.; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 169; Michx. Fl. 
ii. 97. — Moist ground along streams, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas. 
(Mex. and W. Ind. to 8. Brazil, mostly in peculiar forms, if not species.) 

Var. pubéscens, Torr & Gray, lc. From slightly to densely puberulent.— M. pu- 
bescens, Muhl. Cat. 71; Nutt. Gen. ii. 136. JZ. menispermea, DC. Prodr. v. 200.— Southern 
Atlantic States to Texas. 

M. cordifolia, Wi1xp. Puberulent or pubescent, frutescent at base: branchlets often 
striate-angulate: leaves broadly cordate and angulate: inflorescence more compound: heads 
4 or 5 lines long: involucral bracts oblong-linear, obtuse or muticous: corolla-lobes oblong- 
lanceolate, fully as long as the campanulate throat: akenes 1} to 2 lines long, glabrous. — 
Cacalia cordifolia, L. f. Suppl. 351, & herb. Mutis, fide Baker, 1. ¢. 253. MM. cordifolia (and 
according to Baker also MZ. rubiginosa), Smith. J. suareolens, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. 
iv. 135. JL. gonoclada, DC. 1.¢. 199. M. convolvulacea, DC. 1. c.—W. Louisiana, Hale. 
(Mex., W. Ind., Brazil.) 


10. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Trorovenwort, &. (Mithridates Eu- 
pator, king of Pontus.) — Perennial herbs, a few annuals, and some shrubby in 
the warmer regions; with commonly opposite leaves, mostly resinous-atomiferous 
and bitter; the small heagls corymbosely cymose, or sometimes paniculate, rarely 
solitary. Fl. late summer and autumn. A vast genus as received in DC. Prodr. 
v. 141, and more extended by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 245; chiefly American. 
The sections are too confluent for good subgenera. 


§ 1. Osmta, Benth. Involucre cylindrical or cylindraceous; the bracts squa- 
maceous, coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, striate, pluriseriate, closely imbricated, the 
exterior successively shorter, obtuse: receptacle of the flowers flat or rarely 
convex: heads mostly clustered in corymbiform cymes: branching shrubs, or 
rarely herbs with suffrutescent base, tropical or subtropical: leaves all opposite. 
— Osmia, Schultz Bip. § Cylindrocephala, DC. 


* Involucral bracts abruptly appendiculate with short foliaceous or partly colored squarrose tips: 
heads pedunculate. — § Phyllacrocephala, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 88. 


E. sagittatum, Gray, l.c. Probably suffruticose, puberulent: leaves (inch long) slender- 
petioled, sagittate or hastate, otherwise entire, acute or acuminate: heads ‘nearly half-inch 
long, in threes terminating divergent branchlets: involucre 30-40-flowered, its bracts firm 


Eupatorium. COMPOSIT&. 95 


coriaceous, hardly striate, prominently appendaged by deltoid spreading foliaceous tips: 
flowers probably purplish. — “California,” Coulter, no, 294. But the same as 253 of Upper 
Sonora in the Mexican collection, doubtless the real habitat. Yet may reach into Arizona. 
(Adj. Mex., Coulter, Gregg, Palmer.) 

HE. iveefdlium, L. Herbaceous or merely suffrutescent, somewhat hirsute or pubescent, 
strictly erect, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves lanceolate or the upper ones linear, hardly petioled, 
3-nerved, sparsely and often coarsely serrate at the middle, mostly obtuse, roughish, an inch 
or two long: heads small (3 or 4 lines long), 10-20-flowered, in small and loose cymes : 
bracts of the cylindraceous involucre oblong, striate, with the very short somewhat truncate 
tips purple or greenish and slightly squarrose-spreading: flowers light purplish-blue or 
reddish.— Ameen. Acad. v. 405, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 81; Griseb. Fl. 
W. Ind. 359; Baker in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 290. (£. obscurum, DC., & E. concinnum, Hook. & Arn., 
ex Baker.) £. calocephalum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 286. Liatris 
oppositifolia, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. y. 299. — Old fields, &c., Lower Mississippi, Louisiana, 
and Texas; the var. Ludovicianum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., a form with less serrate leaves and 
less squarrose involucre, the tips of the upper scales mostly petaloid and purple. (W. Ind. 
& Mex. to 8. Brazil.) 


* %* Involucral bracts wholly inappendiculate and appressed. 


E. heteroclinium, Grises. Herbaceous, with somewhat ligneous base, 2 or 3 feet high, 
rather strong-scented, pubescent: branches ascending: leaves rather short-petioled, ovate- 
lanceolate with cuneate or truncate base to deltoid, obtusely serrate, 3-nerved, about an inch 
long: heads scattered, 5 or 6 lines long, 20-25-flowered, short-peduncled : involucre cylin- 
draceous, glabrous, smooth and somewhat shining, pale; the bracts very obtuse, about 
7-striate, more than usually deciduous: receptacle of the purple or bluish flowers convex. — 
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 358. Conoclinium rigidum, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 6, not DC. — Keys 
of S. Florida, Blodgett, Chapman, Curtiss. (Jamaica.) 

E. conyzoides, Vaux. Shrubby, with herbaceous divergent flowering branches, 4 to 10 
feet high, from villous-pubescent to glabrate: leaves slender-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, vary- 
ing to ovate, acuminate, mostly cuneate at base, sparsely and acutely serrate or sometimes 
entire, 3-nerved or triplinerved (larger 3 to 5 and smaller 1 or 2 inches long): heads numer- 
ous in the corymbiform open cymes, a third to half-inch long, 12-30-flowered: involucre 
cylindraceous or cylindrical, glabrous; the bracts 3-5-striate, rounded and somewhat green- 
ish at the tip: receptacle of the pale blue or white flowers flat. — Symb. iii. 96; Schrank, 
Hort. Monac. t. 85; Baker, 1.c. £. odoratum, L., in part. — Along the Rio Grande on the 
Mexican border of Texas, Berlandier, Schott, Bigelow, &c. Mouths of the Mississippi, 
Trecul. E. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. The form with stouter 
heads and firmer greenish-tipped involucral bracts, common in Mexico, &c. (LZ. floribundum, 
HBK., E£. divergens, Less., E. Mazimiliani, Schrader, E. conyzoides folio molli et incano, etc., 
Pluk. t. 177, fig. 3), not the W. Indian form with more slender and pallid fewer-flowered 
involucre, and innermost bracts often acute, which approaches £. odoratum. (Trop. 
Amer.) 


§ 2, Evpatrorium proper. Involucre various; the bracts from thin-membra- 
naceous or scarious to herbaceous, nerveless or few-nerved, mostly lax, either 
imbricated or equal and nearly uniseriate: receptacle flat, not hairy. 


%* Involucre cylindrical and imbricate in the manner of § 1, but thin-membranaceous and some- 
what scarious when dry, faintly 3-striate: heads very numerous, corymbiform-cymose, mosily 
5-10-flowered: leaves verticillate: stem herbaceous: herbage nearly destitute of resinous glob- 
ules. —§ Verticillata, DC. 

EB. purptreum, L. (Joz-Przs Weep, Trumrer Wenp.) From pubescent to nearly 
glabrous : stems simple, 3 to 9 feet high, usually lineolate-punctate, often fistular: leaves com- 
monly 3-6-nate, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate- 
veiny, the base narrowed into a short petiole: cymes polycephalous, compound-corymbose and 
numerous: involucre (3 or 4 lines long) whitish and flesh-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or 
purple, rarely almost white. — Spec. ii. 838 (Corn. Canad. t. 72; Herm. Parad. t. 158; 
Moris. Hist. vii. t. 18); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 81. Z. trifohatum, L. 1. c., pl. Gronov. Virg. 
E. maculatum, L. Ameen. iv. 288, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 102. £. verti- 


COMPOSITA. Eupatorium. 


Tatum, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 760. E. ternifolium, Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v. 151. 
Low or wet ground, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, and westward in wooded 
stricts to New Mexico, Utah, and Brit. Columbia. Varies greatly, yet manifestly one 
ecies. The typical form very tall, growing in shady places, with smooth stem (usually 
ple above the nodes), large and thin leaves and loose inflorescence, its branches slender- 
duncled. A narrow-leaved and attenuated form (var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) is 
_falcatum, Michx. Fl. ii. 99, and E. levigatum, Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. The best marked of 
e variations are the following. 

Var. maculatum, Dart. Common in open ground, 3 or 4 feet high, often roughish- 
ibescent : stem commonly purple, striate or sulcate ; leaves somewhat rugose, 3-5-nate: in- 
rescence more compact and depressed. — Fl. Cest. 453; Torr. & Gray, lc. E£. maculatum, 
le. E. fusco-rubrum, Walt. Car. 199% E. punctatum, Willd. Enum. ii. 853. E. dubium, 
ir. Suppl. ii. 606. — The most widely distributed form. 

Var. amcenum. Leaves opposite or at most 3-4-nate, ovate or oblong, smoothish : 
sm slender, 2 feet high: heads fewer and only 3-5-flowered. — Z. amenum, Pursh, FI. ii. 
4,— An attenuate or depauperate form, growing in rather dry woods, mountains of Vir- 
aia to New York. 


* Involucre imbricated, rather lax; the bracts of at least three or seldom only two lengths, the 
outer successively shorter. —§ Subimbricata, DC. 


- Heads as many as 20-flowered, large (about half-inch long): bracts of the involucre of 4 or 5 
lengths, striate-nervose in the way of Brickellia: perennial herbs, of a Mexican type: 


++ Leaves entire, tomentose beneath. 


sigel6vii, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, paniculately branched: leaves all opposite, 
ate-lanceolate with a rounded or obscurely cordate base, acute, entire, short-petioled, 
berulent above, soft-tomentose beneath, 3-5-ribbed at base: inflorescence somewhat pa- 
sulate: peduncles 3-5-cephalous: involucre turbinate, tomentulose, regularly imbricated ; 
ter bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, the innermost linear: flowers purplish: 
enes nearly glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 75.— Arizona, on the Gila, Bigelow. 


++ ++ Leaves acutely serrate, narrowed at the pinnately veined base, very short-petioled. 


3runeri. Minutely puberulent, apparently only a foot or two high: leaves opposite, 
ate-oblong, acute, loosely veiny (2 or 3 inches long): paniculate rather slender peduncles 
aring 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads: involucre campanulate, of comparatively 
v obscurely striate obtuse bracts; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and 
ubrous, flesh-color (as probably are the flowers): akenes glabrous. — Damp ground, in the 
ky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Bruner. 


\ ++ ++ Leaves coarsely and often obtusely dentate, 3-5-ribbed at the cordate or sometimes trun- 

cate dilated base, slender-petioled, thin, bright greeen, acute or acuminate: flowers white or 
whitish: bracts of the campanulate involucre conspicuously striate-nerved: akenes minutely 
pubescent, not rarely 6-nerved, or with one or two of the nerves double! 


‘éndleri, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy, obscurely puberulent: leaves opposite or 
3 upper alternate, deltoid-subcordate, tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point: 
ads comparatively small and numerous, paniculate, all peduncled: bracts of the involucre 
obtuse, the outer oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205. Brickellia Fendleri, Gray, Pl. 
ndl. 63, & Pl. Wright. ii. 73. (Some secondary or double ribs on many of the akenes 
anect this with Brickellia.)— Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, 
‘eene, Lemmon, Rusby. 


‘arryi, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent (the spreading hairs of the stem somewhat glandular 
d viscid), loosely branched : leaves (so far as known) alternate, broadly ovate and rather 
aply cordate, crenately dentate: heads rather few and large in an open naked panicle, 
nder-pedunculate: bracts of the involucre thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner- 
»st produced into a setiform tip. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 75.— Sierra de Carmel, S. border of 
xas, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, Parry. (Mex.) 


- +— Heads 3-9-flowered, small (only 2 or 3 lines long), paniculate: leaves (at least the lower) 
pinnately dissected, many of them alternate: involucral bracts 6 to 10, narrow, acute or abruptly 
pointed, narrowly scarious-margined, nerveless: flowers white or whitish: herbs very leafy, 
much branched, with habit of Conyza and Artemisia. 


Eupatorium. COMPOSIT.. 97 


4+ Very numerous heads in corymbosely paniculate cymules, 5-9-flowered. 


BK. pinnatifidum, Exv. Pubescent, 3 or 4 feet high. cauline leaves mainly opposite, 
sometimes 4-nate; lower 2-3-pinnately parted and incised into oblong or lanceolate divisions 
and lobes; upper once or twice parted into linear lobes: involucral bracts obtuse with a 
mucronate cusp. — Sk. ii. 295; DC. Prodr. v. 176 (not of 149, which is the earlier £. brunii- 
folium, Hook. & Arn, & E. pinnatifissum, Buek.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 83. — Low grounds, 
near the coast, N. Carolina to Florida. 


++ ++ Very numerous heads racemosely and thyrsoidly paniculate, 3-6-flowered: autumnal. 


E. coronopifélium, Witip. Puberulent and sometimes pubescent, somewhat glutinous 
and balsamic-aromatic, 3 or 4 feet high: lower leaves more commonly opposite, twice 3-7- 
parted into linear entire or sparingly incised lobes ; upper less compound, uppermost often 
entire, from broadly to narrowly linear: heads from over 2 to 3 lines long, in close spiciform 
panicles which are usually collected in an oblong thyrsus. — Spec. iii. 1750; DC. 1. c. 176; 
Torr. & Gray, ].c. 83. E. compositifolium, Walt. Car. 199. £. racemosum, Bertol. Mise. 
v. 26, t. 1, from specimen with upper cauline and rameal leaves all entire. — Chrysocoma 
coronopifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 102.— Sandy or dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 
Narrow-leaved forms too nearly approach the next. 

EB. feeniculaceum, Wittp.1.c. (Doc-Fennev.) Herbage fennel-scented when bruised, and 
slightly acrid: stem villous below with many-jointed slightly viscid hairs, 4 to 10 feet high, 
extremely leafy: leaves mostly glabrous, nearly all alternate, more compound than of the 
preceding and the lobes very narrowly linear or filiform: heads 2 lines long, loosely race- 
mose-paniculate at the ends of the upper branches. — E.. faniculoides, Walt.1.¢. £. lepto- 
phyllum, DC. 1. c. Artemisia procerior, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 38, t. 37. A. capillifolia, Lam. 
Dict. i. 267. Mikania artemisioides, Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. liv.130. Traganthes, Wallr. Sched. 
Crit. i. 456, ex Cass. 1. c.— Moist pine barrens and low fields, common from N. Carolina to 
Florida. The varieties, glabrum and lateriflorum, Torr. & Gray, Fl., have no permanence. 
E. leptophyllum, DC., is only the more slender form. (W. Ind.) 


+ + + Heads 3-15-flowered, 3 to 5 lines long: leaves undivided: flowers white (rarely pur- 
plish): involucre of rather few (8 to 12 or rarely 15) bracts. 


++ Thyrsoid-paniculate, suffruticose: involucral bracts 3-nerved. 


E. solidaginifélium, Gray. <A foot or two high, with simple branches, glabrate or 
‘ minutely pubescent: leaves opposite, very short-petioled, oblong- or narrowly ovate-lance- 
olate from a rounded base, acute, entire or obscurely dentate, 3-nerved at or near the base, 
10 to 18 lines long: thyrsus small (2 or 3 inches long), leafy at base, oblong or interrupted : 
heads few and crowded in each short-pedunculate cymule, 3-5-flowered: involucral bracts 
about 8, almost in two ranks, linear-lanceolate, acute: akenes pubescent. —P]. Wright. i. 87, 
& ii. 74. — Dry hills between the Limpio and the Rio Grande in W. Texas, and near Santa 
Cruz, Arizona, Wright, Pringle, &c. 
++ ++ Corymbosely cymose or fastigiate inflorescence: herbaceous perennials, mostly copiously 
resinous-atomiferous, some species becoming balsamic-glutinous: involucral bracts nerveless or 
nearly so. 
== Leaves conspicuously petioled from a mostly truncate or abrupt base, strongly serrate: cymes 
broad: involucre cinereous-pubescent. 

E. mikanioides, Cuarm. Tomentose-pubescent when young, soon glabrate: stems simple, 
a foot or two high from a creeping base: leaves opposite, deltoid-ovate or the uppermost 
oblong, obtuse, thickish and rather fleshy, glandular-punctate, obtusely dentate (an inch or 
two long): heads 5-flowered: involucral bracts linear, rather obtuse. — Fl. 195. E. crassi- 
folium, Shuttleworth in distrib. coll. Rugel.— Low and sandy ground, coast of Florida, 
Chapman, Rugel, &c. 

BE. serétinum, Micux. Puberulent: stems 5 to 7 feet high, corymbosely branched above : 
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thinnish, acutely serrate (3 to 6 inches 
long), many of the upper alternate, some of these cuneate at base: heads 7-15-flowered, very 
numerous: involucral bracts (10 or 12) linear-oblong, very obtuse. — Fl. ii. 100; Torr. & 
Gray, F1.ii.89. E.ambiguum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96, as to ‘Covington’ plant, is either 
this species or a (hybrid?) form between it and E. semiserratum, DC,, the £. parviflorum, 
EIL — Low grounds, Maryland to Iowa, Florida, and Texas; Sept. to Nov. (Adj. Mex.) 

7 


98 COMPOSITAs. Eupatorium. 


= = Leaves from linear to oblong, sessile or some short-petioled from a narrowed base, chiefly 
opposite: heads mostly 5-flowered, occasionally 6-7-flowered. 


a. Involucral bracts with conspicuous white-scarious acute tips; the inner equalling the flowers. 


E. album, L. Pubescent with jointed spreading hairs: stem 2 feet high: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or narrowly oblong, commonly obtuse, coarsely serrate, veiny, sessile (2 to 4 inches 
long): cymes fastigiate: involucre (4 or 5 lines long) mostly bright white and glabrous 
throughout, well imbricated ; its bracts slender-mucronate, the outer sometimes pubescent 
and dark-dotted with resinous globules.— Mant. 111; Walt. Car. 199. £. glandulosum, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 98. E. stigmatosum, Bertol. Mise. v. 15, t. 5. — Sandy fields and pine barrens, 
Long Island, N. Y., and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. subvendésum. More minutely roughish-pubescent: leaves smaller, only an inch 
or two long, mostly acute, with smaller and more appressed serratures, less veiny and more 
manifestly 3-nerved at base, where the upper cauline are not narrower: involucral bracts not 
so white. — Long Island (£: S. Miller) and New Jersey. Burke Co., N. Carolina ? 

E. leucélepis, Torr. & Gray. Puberulent: stem slender, about 2 feet high: leaves lance- 
olate or linear, minutely and sparingly appressed-serrate, thickish, obscurely 3-nerved at 
base, closely sessile (1 to 3 inches long) : involucre (3 lines long) canescently pubescent; the 
narrowed tips of the bracts white-scarious. — Fl. ii. 84. LZ. linearifolium, Michx., Pursh, &c., 
partly. . hyssopifolium, Ell, Sk. ii. 296; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i.96. £. glaucescens, 
var. leucolepis, DC. 1. c. 177. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, in 
the low country. 


6. Involucral bracts obscurely if at all scarious, mostly obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers, 


E. hyssopifélium, L. Merely puberulent: stems about 2 feet high, very leafy, commonly 
with fascicles in the axils, simple, corymbosely branched at summit: leaves occasionally ver- 
ticillate, linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at base, $ to 2 inches long, the 
broader forms with lateral nerves: cymes crowded: involucre (3 lines long) canescently 
pubescent and glandular; bracts rather few, the inner with somewhat scarious margins and 
tips, obtuse, sometimes apiculate. — Spec. ii. 836 (Dill. fig. & Pluk.); Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
84. L. linearifolium, Walt. Car. 199; Michx. 1. c. (partly); Willd.l.c. E. linearifolium & 
hyssopifolium (chiefly), DC. 1. c.— Dry and sterile soil, Mass. to Florida and Texas, along 
and toward the coast. Varies greatly in the foliage, the extreme forms being, on one hand, 
that with very narrowly linear and much fascicled leaves; on the other, the 

Var. lacinidtum, Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, irregularly and coarsely 
dentate, even laciniate. — Penn. and Kentucky to Carolina and Louisiana. 

Var. tortifélium. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-linear, mostly short, all entire, 
inclined to be vertical by a twist at base, many of them alternate. — E. tortifolium, Chapm. 
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. £. cuneifolium, A. H. Curtiss, distrib. 1194. — Sandy pine barrens, 
S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The lower leaves resemble the uppermost of E. cuneifo- 
lium, but are all entire, often reflexed as well as vertical. 


HE. cuneifélium, Wiu1p. Habit, involucre, and pubescence of the preceding: leaves short 
(half to a full inch long), oblanceolate to cuneate-spatulate, obtuse, glaucescent, few-toothed 
toward the extremity, or the upper entire, uppermost very small and oblong-linear. — Spec. 
iii. 1753, excl. syn. (not DC.); Torr. & Gray, lc. 85; Chapm. Le. E. linearifolium, Michx. 
le,in part. £. glaucescens, Ell. 1. c. 297; DC. 1. c., excl. var. E. hyssopifolium, DC. 1. C., 
in part. JL. cassinifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 17, t. 6. —Dry ground, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, and Florida. 


EH. semiserraétum, DC. Tomentulose-pubescent: stems 2 or 3 feet high, much branched 
above: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate (commonly 2 or even 8 inches 
long), serrate with numerous unequal teeth from above or below the middle to the apex, 
triplinerved, rather veiny, narrowed at base, the lower into a short mostly distinct petiole: 
cymes numerous: heads small: involucre (2 lines long) canescently pubescent, of few bracts ; 
the longer linear-oblong, very obtuse, the others much shorter. — E. semiserratum & E. cunei- 
folium, DC. Prody. v. 177. E. parviflorum, Ell. Sk. ii. 299; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Swartz. 
E. ambiguum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96 (1835), in part only, the Jacksonville plant, but 
heads not “8-10-flowered.” — Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. In dry and open 
ground, plants with smaller and firmer leaves pass into 

Var. lancifolium. Glabrate: leaves lanceolate and verging to linear, 5 to 2 lines 


Eupatorium. COMPOSITA. 99 


wide, rather rigid, 3-nerved from near the base. — £. parviflorum, var. lanctfolium, Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c.— W. Louisiana and Texas, Drummond, Leavenworth, Hale. 

E. altissimum, L. Pubescent: stems 4 to 7 feet high, branched at summit, very leafy : 
leaves lanceolate, tapering gradually to both ends, acuminate, acutely serrate above the 
middle, 2 to 4 inches long, with 3 conspicuous parallel nerves ( giving the aspect of a tripli- 
nerved Solidago); uppermost entire: cymes numerous and irregular: heads fully 3 lines 
long: involucre canescently pubescent; its bracts oblong and very obtuse. — Jacq. Hort. 
Vind. t. 164; Michx. Fl. ii. 97; Torr. & Gray, l.c. Audnia glutinosa, DC. Prodr. v. 127, 
not Ell.— Dry ground, Penn. to Iowa, N. Carolina, and Texas. 


= = = Leaves sessile or very short-petioled with a broad base, normally opposite, occasionally 


3-nate: involucre pubescent. i 
a. Heads mostly 5-flowered, in one species 6-8-flowered: herbage roughish-pubescent: inner bracts 
of involucre acutish or acute, or sometimes acuminate at the thin tip. 


E. teucrifolium, Wittp. Stem 2 or 3 and even 8 feet high, not very leafy: leaves ob- 
long, coarsely and irregularly serrate, rarely somewhat incised, slightly petioled (2 to 4 
inches long); the upper small and few-toothed, sometimes hastately 1-2-toothed near the 
broad sessile base, or lanceolate and entire, usually alternate, as are the branches of the 
corymbiform general inflorescence: cymes rather small and dense. — Spec. iii. 1753, & Hort. 
Berol. t. 32; Torr. & Gray, lc. £. pilosum, Walt. Car. 1997 E. verbena folium, Michx. 
Fi. ii. 98. E. lanceolatum, Mubl. in Willd. lc. E. pubescens, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 296, 
not Muhl. — Moist and shady ground, Mass. to Florida and Louisiana. 

E. rotundifélium, L. Stem a foot to a yard high, strict, corymbosely branched at sum- 
mit: leaves in the typical form round-ovate, obtuse or abruptly acute, sessile or nearly so 
from a truncate or obscurely cordate base, regularly and closely crenate-dentate, veiny (larger 
2 inches long): cymes corymbosely fastigiate, dense. — Spec. ii. 837 (Pluk. Alm. 141, t. 88, 
fig. 4); Torr. & Gray, lc. E. Marrubium, Walt. Car. 1992 — Dry and sterile soil, espe- 
cially in pine barrens, Canada ! and New Jersey to Florida and Texas. 

Var. scabridum. A form with smaller (an inch or two long) and more scabrous or 
cinereous leaves, the upper and sometimes all with cuneate base; affecting drier and more 
sterile soil.— E. scabridum, Ell. Sk. ii. 298; Chapm. Fl. 196.— Lower part of S. Carolina 
to Florida and Texas. 

Var. ovatum, Torr. Commonly taller and larger: leaves ovate (often 2 or 3 inches 
long), acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate, sometimes laciniately so, either 
roughish-pubescent or smoother and glabrate: heads sometimes but not generally 7-8-flow- 
ered. — Torr. in DC. Prodr. v. 178. EE. pubescens, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1155; Willd. 
Enum. ii. 852; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. . E. obovatum, Raf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 3592 E. ova- 
tum, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 296. — Massachusetts to S. Carolina, near the coast. 


6. Heads 5-flowered: herbage glabrous: narrow involucre more imbricated ; its bracts obtuse. 


E. sessilifélium, L. Corymbosely branched above, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded or truncate closely sessile base into a nar- 
row acumination, finely serrate, pinnately veiny (3 to 6 inches long): cymules small and 
crowded, few-headed, numerous in effusely compound cymes. — Spec. ii. 837; Torr. & Gray, 
lic. £. truncatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 298, not Willd. —Dry and wooded ground, Mass. to Illinois, 
Virginia, and along the mountains to Alabama. 


c. Heads 10-15-flowered (or by confluence sometimes many-flowered), much crowded: leaves perfo- 
liate or connate-clasping, divaricate, narrow and elongated, one-ribbed: stems 2 to 4 feet high. 


EH. perfoliadtum, L. (Tuorovcuworr, Bongset.) Stem villous-pubescent, fastigiately 
branched above, stout: leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering gradually to an acumi- 
nate apex, finely and closely crenate-serrate, rugose, soft-pubescent, or almost tomentose 
beneath, 4 to 8 inches long: heads small (3 lines long) but very numerous, in dense com- 
pound-corymbose cymes, mostly 10-flowered: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with 
slightly scarious acutish tips. — Spec. ii. 838 (Pluk. Alm. 140, t. 87, fig. 6); Bart. Veg. Med. 
Mat. t. 37; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 38, t. 2; Raf. Med. Bot. t. 36; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 88.— Wet 
ground, New Brunswick to Dakota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Varies with purple 
flowers (Penn. Porter), and with leaves in threes (Virginia, Curtiss, &c.); also into 

Var. truncatum, with the upper or even all of the leaves disjoined and truncate at 


100 COMPOSIT&. Eupatorium. 


base; some of them alternate.— FE. truncatum, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1751. £. salvie- 

folium, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2110.— With the normal form. 

Var. cunedtum, Encexm. (2. cuneatum, Engelm. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), with 
smaller leaves narrowed as well as disjoined at base, and fewer-flowered heads, has the 
appearance of being a hybrid between £. semiserratum and E. perfoliatum.— Eastern Ar- 
kansas and Missouri, Engelmann. Also Louisiana, Hale, a form between this state and the 
preceding. 

H. resinédsum, Torr. Puberulent, glutinous with resinous atoms: stem slender, 2 or 3 
feet high, fastigiate-corymbose at summit: leaves linear-lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long, 4 to 6 
lines wide), half-clasping or slightly connate, finely serrate, glabrate above, canescent beneath ; 
cymules numerous in compound cymes: bracts of the 10-15-flowered involucre narrowly 
oblong, obtuse. — DC. Prodr. v. 176; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 88.— Wet pine barrens, New 
Jersey, where it was first collected by Bartram. 

+ + + + Heads 24-30-flowered, hardly over 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre of three 

lengths, obtuse, thin, conspicuously few-nerved: habit of the following section. 

E. pycnocéphalum, Luss. Pubescent or nearly glabrous: stems slender, erect or spread- 
ing from a perennial root, a foot or two high: leaves membranaceous, deltoid-ovate or sub- 
cordate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or dentate, slender-petioled: cymes small and 
compact, solitary or corymbosely clustered at the end of naked branches: heads very short- 
pedicelled: involucre campanulate; the bracts mostly glabrous, oblong and oblong-linear, 
very obtuse; innermost equalling the white flowers. — Less. in Linn. vi. 404. £. Schiede- 
anum, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett. 1832, 3; DC. Prodr. vy. 159. E. muiltinerve, Benth. 
Pl. Hartw. 76. £. Sonore, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76.— Rocky ravines, S. Arizona and along 
the Mexican borders of Texas; a form with small and deeply dentate leaves, and compara- 
tively few and small heads. £. Schiedeanum, var. grosse-dentatum, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
76. (Mex., &c.) 

%* %* * Involucre (campanulate or oblong) of bracts all of the same length or nearly so, in one or 
two series, or with only a few accessory and shorter ones at base: leaves mainly opposite, 
petioled. —§ Eximbricata, DC. 

+— Shrubby, freely branched: flowers white, sometimes purplish-tinged. 

H. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, puberulent: branches very leafy : leaves small 
(half-inch long), ovate, obtuse, entire or obscurely few-toothed, thickish, scabrous, abruptly 
contracted into a short margined petiole: heads (3 or 4 lines long), about 12-flowered, rather 
few in a somewhat leafy terminal cyme: involucre half the length of the flowers, of about 
10 oblong-lanceolate acute or obtusish greenish obscurely 3-nerved and equal bracts in a 
double series, sometimes one or two small accessory ones.—Pl. Wright. i. 87, ii. 73. — 
Guadalupe Mountains, western borders of Texas, Wright. 

E. vill6dsum, Swarrz. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, rusty-pubescent: leaves ovate or somewhat 
deltoid, rather obtuse, sparingly serrate or some entire, tomentulose beneath (1 to 3 inches 
long), on short slender petioles: heads small (2 or 3 lines long), 8-15-flowered, numerous and 
crowded in corymbiform cymes: involucre half the length of the fully developed flowers, of 
8 to 10 oblong-lanceolate obtuse and nerveless equal bracts. — DC. Prodr. v. 172; Chapm. 
Fl. 196. #. Cubense, DC. 1. c.?—S. Florida, Blodgett, Garber, Curtiss, &c. (W. Ind.) 

E. ageratifolium, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and spreading mostly herba- 
ceous branches, green and nearly glabrous: leaves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or obtusely acumi- 
nate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate (2 or 3 inches long), slender-petioled: heads 
(5 lines long), pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10-30-flowered : involucral bracts 
8 to 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acutish, greenish, nerveless above, somewhat 2-ribbed 
at base. —Prodr. v. 173; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 90 (var. Texense, which does not differ) ; 
Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 219; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 360. 2. Berlandieri, DC. 1. ¢. 167. E. Lind- 
heimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 599. Bulbostylis deltoides, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1861, 456.— Rocky shaded hills and ravines, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.; fl. Nov. to 
May. (W. Ind., Mex.) 

+ + Herbaceous perennials, or the first species barely lignescent at base. 
++ Corolla wholly glabrous even in the bud. 


E. occidentdle, Hoox. Minutely puberulent, glabrate: stems 8 to 20 inches high, strict, 
simple or with few ascending branches: leaves ovate with truncate base, rarely subcordate 


Eupatorium. COMPOSITA. 101 


or roundish, obtuse or acute, sparingly dentate, sometimes merely repand or entire, an inch 
or two long, rather short -petioled : cymes small and rather compact, somewhat paniculate : 
heads (4 or 5 lines long) 15-25-flowered : involucre hardly longer than the mature akenes;, 
its bracts about 15 in two series, nearly equal, lanceolate, rather firm, nearly nerveless: 
corolla white or flesh-color. — Fl. i. 305; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91. £. Oreganum, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 286.— Crevices of rocks, Washington Territory and Oregon east of the 
Cascade Mountains, N. Nevada, and through the Sierra Nevada of California. 

Var. ArizOnicum. Larger (2 feet high), more branching and floribund: leaves 
sometimes 24 inches long. — E. ageratifolium, var.? herbaceum, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 74. 
E. Berlandieri, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, not DC.— Mountains of Arizona and New 
Mexico : also California, Bridges. The opposite extreme from the plant of Oregon, which 
has small and thinnish leaves, but not unlike plants from the Sierra Nevada. 

H. incarnatum, Warr. More or less pubescent: stems 2 or 3 feet long, slender and weak, 
loosely or diffusely branched: leaves thin, deltoid, or ovate-lanceolate with broad truncate or 
cordate base, tapering to a mostly acuminate apex, coarsely crenate or serrate (an inch or 
two long), veiny, slender-petioled: cymes small and lax: heads (2 or 3 lines long) about 
20-flowered: involucre nearly equalling the pale purple or sometimes white corolla; its 
bracts unequal, narrow, thin and 2-nerved when dry, the inner linear, a few external ones 
much shorter. — Car. 200; Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v.175; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —N. Caro- 
lina to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 


++ ++ Lobes of the pure white corolla more or less bearded outside in the bud, sometimes very 
sparsely and minutely so, or the beard fugacious: heads 15-30- or sometimes 8-14-flowered, 
cymose. 

== Involucre 2 or 3 lines long, rather narrow; the linear bracts nearly equal, green externally and 
nerveless when fresh, but more or less 2-nerved when dried: cymes corymbiform and naked, 
usually ample. 

H, ageratoides, L.f. Nearly glabrous, sometimes pubescent: stems 1 to 3 feet high, 
branching above: leaves bright green, membranaceous, long-petioled, ovate, with truncate 
or subcordate or broadly cuneate base, acuminate, coarsely and rather sharply dentate- 
serrate, conspicuously veiny, 3 to 5 inches long: cymes ample, corymbose-cymose. — Suppl. 
355; DC. Prodr. v. 175; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 89. EF. urticefolium, Reich. Syst. iii. 719 ; 
Michx. Fl. ii. 100, not L. f. £. altissimum, L. Syst. Veg. 614. L£. odoratum? Walt. Car. 
200? £. Fraseri, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600 (Lam. Ill t. 672, fig. 4). Ageratum altissimum, L. Spec. 
ii. 839 (Corn. Canad. t. 21; Moris. Syst. sect. 7, t. 18, f. 11).— Moist woodlands and rich 
soil, Canada to Minnesota, Arkansas, Georgia, and Louisiana. A state with viscid-villous 
stem and petioles, Bedford Co., Virginia, Curtiss. 

Var. angustatum. Smaller, slender: leaves from ovate-lanceolate to broadly lan- 
ceolate, much acuminate, coarsely serrate with only 3 to 6 teeth on each margin, commonly 
cuneate at base: cymes looser: heads only 8-12-flowered.— W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, 
Wright, Lindheimer. 

EH. aromaticum, L. Herbage not aromatic, minutely puberulent: stems more simple, a 
foot or two high: leaves dull green, thicker, mostly short-petioled, ovate, often subcordate, 
acutish or obtuse, crenate-serrate, 14 to 3 inches long: cymes simpler. — Spec. ii. 839, fide 
herb. & syn. Pluk. & Gronov.; DC. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.c. E. cordatum, Walt. Car. 199 4 
E. ceanothifolium, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1755; Ell. Sk. ii. 303; DC. 1. c.— Dry woods 
and pine barrens, mostly in sterile soil, coast of Massachusetts to Florida. Passes on the 
one hand almost into the preceding; on the other, into 

Var. melissoides. Slender, roughish-puberulent, strict, somewhat paniculately 
cymose at summit: heads 5-12-flowered: leaves subcordate-ovate or oblong, $ to 2 inches 
long, obtuse, crenulate-dentate or with few coarser teeth, very short-petioled or even sub- 
sessile, somewhat scabrous, most of them much shorter than the internodes. — LE. melissoides, 
Willd. 1. c. £. cordiforme, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600. E. cordatum, DC. 1. ¢., & var. Fraseri, — 
Sterile soil, Penn. ? to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. incisum. An insufficiently known plant, with the straggling habit and glabrous 
involucre of E. incarnatum ; probably a form either of this or the preceding species: leaves 
slender-petioled, thickish, coarsely or laciniately dentate, broadly cuneate at base, consid- 
erably like those of EF. celestinum, var. salinum, Griseb.: “flowers very fragrant.” — FE. sua- 
veolens, Chapm. Bot. Gazette, iii. 5, not of HBK.— Manatee, &c., 8. Florida, Chapman. 


102 COMPOSITA. Eupatorium. 


== == Involucre less than 2 lines long; the bracts broader, green externally, 2-3-nerved when 

dry: inflorescence somewhat paniculate and leafy. 

EH. paupérculum, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous: leaves ovate-lanceolate 
(mostly inch long), roundish at base, obtusely serrate, on rather short slender petioles: 
heads 25-flowered, small (2 lines high), few in the numerous small cymes, which are panicu- 
lately disposed, terminating short leafy branches: bracts of the involucre 10 or 12, oblong- 
lanceolate, puberulous, little over half the length of the white flowers: corolla-lobes slightly 
hirsute outside or becoming naked: pappus soft and white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205. — 
Santa Rita Mountains, 8. Arizona, along brooks and on dripping rocks, Pringle. 
== == = ‘Heads comparatively large and few in the cymes, 25-35-flowered: involucre 3 or 4 

lines high, rather broad. 

E. Rothréckii. Glabrous (or peduncles somewhat pubescent) : stems a foot or two high, 
simple or brachiately branched above: leaves bright green, ovate or deltoid-ovate, usually 
acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, sometimes irregularly or doubly serrate, and the 
teeth tipped with a callous gland (the larger 2 inches long, with petiole half-inch or less, 
smaller in depauperate plants nearly sessile): bracts of the involucre 15 to 17, equal and 
similar, linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, glabrous, when dry pale and somewhat scarious and 
conspicuously 2-3-nerved, nearly equalling the white and soft barbellulate-scabrous pappus : 
corolla-lobes rather strongly bearded externally. — Mountains of S. Arizona: on Mount 
Graham, Rothrock (740, 741); Chiricahua Mountains, Lemmon. Heads larger and fewer 
than in the Mexican £. grandidentatum, DC.; the involucre not imbricated as in E. 
Fendleri. 


§ 3. Conociinium, Benth. Receptacle of the flowers conical or hemispherical : 
otherwise as in the Hximbricata subsection of the preceding: habit of Ageratum 
§ Celestina: flowers blue or violet (sometimes white), sweet-scented: bristles of 
the pappus rather scanty in a single series: leaves opposite: perennial herbs. — 
Conoclinium, DC. Prodr. v. 185. 


EH. celestinum, L. (Mist-rLowzr.) Somewhat pubescent: stems erect, branched at 
summit: leaves deltoid-ovate or subcordate, obtuse or acutish, obtusely serrate, rarely with 
some coarser salient teeth, slender-petioled: cymes rather compact: receptacle obtusely 
conical. — Spec. ii. 838 (Dill. Elth. t. 114; Pluk. Mant. t. 394); Michx. FL ii.100. Celestina 
ceerulea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 446, not Cass. Conoclinium eclestinum, DC. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 92. — Moist shady ground, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, and west to Arkansas and 
Illinois. Conoclinium dichotomum, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 5, appears to be a lax and 
more branched form, of Florida and Texas, found only on the coast, approaching the var. 
salinum, Griseb. Cat. Cub. 146. (Cuba.) 


H. beténicum, Hemst. From tomentose-villous to glabrate: stems lax, loosely branch- 
ing: branches naked and pedunculiform at summit, bearing some small corymbose or panic- 
ulate cymes: leaves oblong, mostly obtuse, in the original form with cordate base, crenate, 
petioled : receptacle low-conical. — Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 93. Conoclinium betonicum, DC. 
Prodr. v. 135; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. — Southern border of Texas on the Rio Grande, 
Schott, a glabrate form. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. subintegrum. Leaves sometimes truncate, commonly obtuse or cuneate at 
base, obscurely crenate, denticulate, repand or entire, from villous or cinereous-tomentulose 
to nearly glabrous. — Conoclinium betonicum, var. integrifolium, Gray, Pl. Wright. i.88. Eupa- 
torium Hartwegi, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 19 4 — Southern border of Texas, Wright, Bigelow, &c. 
(Mex.) 

EH. Gréggii. Minutely puberulent: stems erect, a foot or two high, bearing one or few 
small and dense cymes at the naked pedunculiform summit: leaves nearly sessile, palmately 
3-5-cleft or parted ; the divisions laciniate-pinnatifid into narrow lobes: Teceptacle low-con- 
ical. — Conoclinium dissectum, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 88; Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. Eupatorium 
dissectum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 100 (name only), not Benth. Bot. Sulph. 113 
with which Hemsley has confounded it. — Low ground, 8. Texas to Arizona near the Mexican 
border, Wright, &. (Adjacent Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) 

E. rUrevm, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y., is doubtless a false species. E. cRASSIFOLIUM and 

E. viorAceum, Raf. Fl. Ludov., are fictitious, as are all the species of that work. 


Brickellia, COMPOSITA. 103 


11. CARMINATIA, Mogino. (Prof. B. Carminati, of Pavia, wrote on 
the materia medica.) — Single species, an annual; with opposite or partly alter- 
nate broad and long-petioled thin leaves, and racemiform-paniculate heads of 
whitish flowers. — DC. Prodr. vii. 267; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. 98. 


C. tenuifiéra, DC.1.c. Sparsely pubescent or hirsute: stems a foot to a yard high, ter- 
minating in a leafless virgate panicle: leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, as wide as long, repand- 
dentate, veiny, often shorter than the petiole: heads half-inch long: soft pappus bright 
white.— Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 71.—New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, &. (Mex., first 
coll. by Mogino.) 


12. KUHNIA, L. (Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, took the original 
species to Linnzus.) — Perennials of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico; with chiefly 
alternate leaves (more or less sprinkled with resinous atoms, as in allied genera), 
usually. with scattered or corymbosely cymose heads, these of 10 to 30 whitish 
or at length purple flowers, produced in late summer or autumn: pappus mostly 
tawny. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1662 (excl. syn. Pluk.), & Gen. ed. 6, 95 (the anthers 
wrongly described, from imperfect or monstrous blossoms). Oritonda, Geertn., 
not Browne. Kuhnia § Strigia, DC. Prodr. v. 126. 


K. ScouArrnenrt, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, of Mexico, is a peculiar species, with 
scapiform monocephalous peduncles and tuberous roots. The rest of the genus is the fol- 
lowing. 

K. eupatorioides, L. Stems wholly herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves from oblong- 
(or even ovate-) lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire, the lower 
narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute or soft and cinereous, or 
hardly any: heads more or less cymose-clustered. — L. f. Dee. ii. 21, t.11; Torr. & Gray, 
FL. ii. 78. K. eupatorioides & K. Critonia, Willd. Spee. iii. 17738. K. dasypia, glutinosa, 
elliptica, tuberosa, fulva (media, glabra), & pubescens, Raf. Critonia Kuhnia, Geertn. Fruct. 
ii. 411, t. 174, f. 7; Michx. Fl. ii. 101.—Dry ground, New Jersey and Penn. to Montana, 
and south to Texas. Very variable; the extreme forms are 

Var. corymbulésa, Torr. & Gray,l.c. A foot or two high, stouter, somewhat 
cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose: leaves rather rigid and sessile, from oblong to lanceo- 
late, coarsely veiny: heads rather crowded.— K. glutinosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 292, not DC. 
K. suaveolens, Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1838. A’. Mazimiliani, Sinning in Neuwied. Tray. 
K. macrantha, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456.— Prairies and plains, Illinois to 
Dakota and Nebraska, and south to Alabama and Texas. 

Var. gracilis, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Leaves from lanceolate to very narrowly linear, 
few-toothed or all but lower entire, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous: general inflo- 
rescence more open and paniculate. — K. paniculata, Cass. Dict. xxiv. 516; DC.].c. K.Cri- 
tonia, Ell. 1. c.—Carolina to Florida, Alabama, &c. Seems to pass into the following. 

K. rosmarinifolia, Vent. Perhaps more lignescent at base, a foot or two high: leaves 
all entire, linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly with revolute margins, and the upper almost 
filiform, from a quarter of a line to 2 lines wide, somewhat scabrous: heads more scattered 
or paniculate: plume of the bristles of the pappus perhaps a little shorter. — Hort. Cels. 
t. 91 (poor figure of a broadish-leaved form, with too much imbricated involucre): DC. 1. ¢. 
(excl. syn. Ort. %), but surely from Mexico, not “Cuba.” K. frutescens, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 
ii. 791. K. leptophylla, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 598. K. eupatorioides, var. gracillima, Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. ii. 218, a very slender-leaved form, which connects with the slenderest of the pre- 
ceding. — Rocky open ground, Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


13. BRICKELLIA, Ell. (Dr. John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent 
of Muhlenberg and Elliott.) — Herbs or undershrubs ; with opposite or alternate 
veiny leaves, and variously disposed heads of white, ochroleucous, or rarely flesh- 
colored flowers, in late summer. A genus of about 40 species, of the warmer 
parts of the U. S. and Mexico. A single annual species (B. diffusa, which may 


104 COMPOSITA. Brickellia. 


reach Florida) is widely tropical American, and there is an anomalous species in 
Brazil. — Sk. ii. 290; Benth. Bot: Sulph. 22; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 84, & Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 206; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 247. Coleosanthus, Cass. Dict. 
x. 86. Rosalesia, Llave & Lex.? Clavigera & Bulbostylis, DC. Prodr. v. 127, 
138. 


B. wasvtdAra, Benth., is a well-marked species of Lower California, described in Bot. Sulph. 
21. In that work the genus was first extended to its proper limits, but made to rest on the 
bulbous base of the style (which is of little account) instead of the 10-costate akene. 

* Heads 35-50 flowered, large or middle-sized: pappus-bristles merely scabrous or densely serru- 

late. 
+ Herbage white-tomentose: leaves rounded, pointless. 

B. incana, Gray. A foot or two high, loosely branched from a suffrutescent base; dense 
and fine tomentum somewhat deciduous: leaves alternate, sessile, subcordate-rotund or 
ovate, entire (less than inch long): heads solitary terminating the branchlets, inch high, 
pedunculate: involucre broadly campanulate, pluriserial; its bracts firm-chartaceous ; short 
outer ones ovate, inmost lanceolate-linear: akenes (5 lines long) cinereous-pubescent. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vii. 350, & Bot. Calif. i. 300. —S. E. California along the Mohave River, Cooper, 
Parry, Parish. 

+— + Puberulent to almost glabrous: leaves sessile or subsessile, all alternate, not cordate, 
++ Rigid-coriaceous, spinulose-pointed and toothed: fruticulose. 

B. atractyloides, Gray. A foot or less high, woody except the new shoots, much 
branched : leaves ovate, acuminate, bright green, minutely scabrous-atomiferous, 3-nerved 
and reticulate-veined (an inch or less long): branchlets terminating in a solitary (half-inch 
long) and slender-pedunculate head: involucre campanulate; its bracts firm-chartaceous ; 
outer ovate, acuminate, little shorter than the linear-lanceolate innermost.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 290. — Rocky ravines, S. Utah (Palmer, Parry) to 8. E. California. 
++ ++ Leaves not coriaceous, pointless, seldom an inch long, sometimes viscidulous: stems her- 

baceous from a lignescent base or stock, a span to a foot or so high, leafy to the top: heads 
mostly singly terminating corymbose leafy branches. 

== Heads three fourths of an inch long, involucrately surrounded or subtended by small upper- 

most leaves. 

B. Greénei, Gray. Very viscid: leaves ovate, obtuse, minutely more or less serrate, and 
the lower short-petioled ; upper oblong and often entire, uppermost forming accessory loose 
bracts to the involucre: proper involucral bracts lanceolate and linear, acuminate, glabrous: 
akenes not glandular, glabrous, or at the upper part hirtellous with a few scattered short 
bristles on the ribs. —Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58.—N. E. California, on Scott River, Greene. 
== = Heads two-thirds or over half inch long, naked at base, commonly somewhat peduncled: 

leaves entire, rarely with a tooth or two, obscurely 3-nerved, puberulent and minutely some- 
what grandular-granulose or atomiferous, graveolent, becoming slightly viscidulous. 

B. oblongif6élia, Nutr. Leaves oblong or some upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or mucro- 
nate: involucral bracts all acute or mucronate-pointed ; outer and short ones oblong-lanceo- 
late; inner narrowly linear: akenes sprinkled with minute sessile and stipitate glands, 
toward summit often a few bristles. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 288; Torr. in Wilkes 
Pacif. Exp. xvi. t. 9; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 137.—In gravelly or dry soil, E. Oregon to 
Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. abbreviata, Gray. Dwarf: leaves seldom half-inch long: involucral bracts 
less acute: akenes minutely and sparsely glandular on the ribs, otherwise glabrous. — Eaton, 

1. c., t. 15, f. 7-10.— W. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. 

B. linifolia, Eatoy. Rather more pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate to almost linear: 
involucre of the preceding, or bracts more attenuate-acute: akenes minutely hispid on the 
ribs, not glandular.— Bot. King Exp. 137, t. 15, f. 1-6.— Sandy banks of streams, &c., 
Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah and borders of Arizona; first coll. by Watson. 

B. Mohavénsis. Low, more cinereous-pubescent, brachiately branched: leaves narrowly 
oblong: bracts of the involucre obtuse, rather broadly linear, outermost oblong: akenes 
cinereous-hispidulous: pappus-bristles approaching barbellulate.— Rocky washes in the 
Mohave Desert, 8. E. California, Parish. . 


Brickellia. COMPOSITA. 105 


+ + + Barely pubescent or glabrate perennial herbs, not viscid: leaves slender-petioled, at 
least all the lower ones opposite, deltoid-ovate or cordate, serrate, mostly acuminate or attenuate. 
acute, thinnish: heads half to two-thirds inch long: involucre subtended by some loose linear- 
subulate accessory bracts. Typical species. 

B. cordifdlia, Erx.l.c. Minutely soft-pubescent; stem branching, 3 feet high: leaves 
deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoidly ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate: heads rather few, 
loosely corymbosely cymose, 40-50-flowered : involucral bracts somewhat coriaceous, linear, 
mostly obtuse: pappus rufous or tawny. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 80. Eupatorium Brickellia, 
DC. Prodr. y. 182. — Wooded hills, W. Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and Florida: 
rare, first coll. by Dr. Brickell. 

B. grandifléra, Nurr. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or 3 fect high, panicu- 
lately branched; the numerous heads paniculate-cymose and drooping : leaves broadly or 
narrowly deltoid-cordate, or the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate and with 
an entire gradually acuminate apex (the larger 4 inches long) : involucre about 40-flowered ; 
its bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried; the short outer ones ovate; inner 
oblong-linear, obtuse or acutish, or some exterior ones with loose subulate acumination : 
pappus white, inclined to. deciduous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 287 ; Torr. & Gray, 
lc. Eupatorium? grandiflorum, Hook. FI. ii. 26. — Hills along streams of the Rocky 
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, from Montana to the borders of Oregon, and south to 
New Mexico and Arizona. Name of the species not appropriate. 

Var. petiolaris, Gray. Heads and leaves commonly smaller; the latter inclined to 
hastate-deltoid, and equalled or even surpassed by the slender petiole! — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 207.— Mountains of Arizona, Lemmon, and the borders of New Mexico, Rusby. Passes 
into the following and into the typical form. 

Var. minor, Gray (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67), is a smaller form, with leaves 
only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre 30-35-flowered. — Clear 
Creek, Colorado, to California in the Sierra Nevada above Lake Tahoe, and mountains of 
Arizona. 

B. simplex, Gray. Resembles the preceding: stem a foot or two high, slender, simple, 
bearing a single terminal or 3 or 4 racemose slender-pedunculate comparatively large heads, 
or producing numerous simple floriferous branches: involucre about 30-flowered, of less 
imbricated and acute bracts, most of them linear, the outer series very short, as are the few 
loose subtending ones: leaves 10 to 20 lines long, from deltoid-cordate to deltoid-oblong, 
mostly obtuse. —Pl. Wright. ii. 73. — Shaded hills, Arizona, W'right, Thurber, Lemmon. 

* %* Heads 9-25-flowered (or in the penultimate species 3-5-flowered), not over half an inch long: 
pappus-bristles scabrous or not manifestly barbellate, except in the penultimate subdivision. 

+ Leaves slender-petioled, all opposite, deltoid-cordate or triangular-hastate, small: heads pedun- 
culate, in naked cymes terminating the stem or branches: bracts of the involucre thin, smooth 
and glabrous: shrubby. 

B. Codulteri, Gray. A foot to a yard high, with numerous spreading slender branches, 
only the flowering ones herbaceous, minutely puberulent to glabrous: leaves from sparingly 
laciniate-dentate to nearly entire, acute or acuminate (larger ones an inch long, smaller less 
than half-inch): heads rather few in the naked and very open cymes, slender-peduncled, 
half-inch high: involucre about 12-flowered ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, subulately acumi- 
nate or acute: akenes pubescent. — Pl. Wright. i. 86.— Common in Arizona, in canons, 
first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer, &c.) 
+— + Leaves distinctly petioled, all or mostly alternate: stems shrubby at base: inflorescence 

thyrsiform, 

++ Naked when well developed; the heads distinctly peduncled or in pedunculate small corymbi- 
form cymes, forming an ample nearly leafless open paniculate thyrsus. 

B. floribunda, Gray. Glabrate or barely puberulent below, but the branches with the 
inflorescence and outer involucral bracts glandular-pubescent and viscid: stem 4 feet high, 
woody only at base, much branched : leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate or the lower sub- 
cordate, irregularly dentate (2 and 3 inches long); veins loosely reticulated: heads (5 lines 
long) 15-22-flowered: bracts of the involucre broadly linear and obtuse, with some oblong- 
ovate acutish short ones, and often 2 or 3 loose and herbaceous ones subtending the head. — 
Pl. Wright. ii. 73. B. Wrightii, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140, not Gray, 1.c. — Ravines 
and river banks, §. Arizona, Wright, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon, Pringle. 


106 COMPOSITA. Brickellia. 


++ ++ Foliose, i. e. the heads sessile or short-peduncled, terminating short leafy branchlets or in 
axillary clusters, forming a spiciform, paniculate, or interrupted leafy thyrsus. 

== Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous, glabrous and smooth, the outer- 
most very short and appressed, wholly destitute of green tips. 


a. Leaves mainly with truncate or subcordate base, crenate or dentate, but not laciniate: involucral 
bracts all obtuse, or innermost linear ones abruptly acute; short outermost oval and ovate: 
heads 10-20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high. 


B. Risbyi. Tall, copiously branched, largely herbaceous, amply floriferous, with the habit 
of B. floribunda, except that the inflorescence is thyrsoid-paniculate, minutely puberulent : 
leaves (2 to 4 inches long) from deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with truncate or some 
with more or less cuneate base, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, un- 
equally dentate to or above the middle. — Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, Rusby, G. R. 
Vasey, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. 

B. Wrightii, Gray. Usually much branched from a woody base, 2 to 4 feet high, puberu- 
lent, sometimes a little scabrous: leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, or rounded-cordate and obtuse, 
or at most acute (but not prolonged upward), more.or less crenate-dentate (larger cauline an 
inch and a half long, smaller only half-inch): heads glomerate-paniculate, the clusters 
shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : involucre often purple. — Pl. Wright. 
ii. 72. B, Californica, var., Gray, Pl. Fendl. 64. —W. borders of Texas to Colorado and 
Arizona, where it is not clearly distinguishable from B. Cal/fornica. 

Var. ténera. A form with thin dilated-ovate leaves, fewer heads, and pale involucre, 
evidently growing in shade. — B. tenera, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 72.— Mountain ravines, 8. Ari- 
zona, Wright, Lemmon. 

Var. renif6rmis. Leaves also thin, broader than long, some of them quite reniform, 
coarsely crenate, mostly surpassing the glomerules of heads.— B. reniformis, Gray, Pl. 
Wright. i. 86; an older name than B. Wrightii, but inappropriate for the species, of which 
this is an extreme form.— Mountain valley near the western border of Texas, Wright. 

B. Califoérnica, Gray. Moderately and virgately branched, 2 or 8 feet high, minutely pu- 
berulent : leaves ovate, obtuse, rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-dentate, commonly an inch 
or less long, mostly surpassed by the small clusters of heads, these rather spicately glomerate, 
forming an interrupted strict thyrsus.— Pl. Fendl. 64, Pl. Wright. i. 85, & Bot. Calif. i. 300. 
Bulbostylis Cavanillesiit, DC. Prodr. v. 38, as to Calif. plant. B. Californica, Torr. & Gray, 
Fil. ii. 79. — California, from Mendocino Co. southward to adjacent parts of Nevada and 
Arizona, and Utah ? 


6. Leaves cuneate at base, tapering into the petiole, very numerous, incised or deeply toothed, sel- 
dom an inch long, the upper about equalling the glomerate heads in their axils: involucre 
narrow, 4 or 5 lines long; bracts mostly obtuse, the outer oblong, innermost linear: much 
branched and shrubby, 2 to 5 feet high. 


B. baccharidea, Gray. Leaves coriaceous, resinous-atomiferous and very glutinous, 
rhombic-ovate or oblong, and with 2 to 5 strong teeth to each margin, much reticulated: 
heads 15-18-flowered. —Pl. Wright. i. 87.— Mountains of S. W. Texas, east of El Paso, 
Wright. San Francisco Mountains, N. E. Arizona, Greene. 

B. lacinidta, Gray. Leaves thin, puberulent and somewhat scabrous, ovate-cuneate and 
oblong, laciniate-toothed or lobed, obscurely veiny: heads 9-12-flowered. — Pl. Wright. 
i. 87. B. dentata, Schultz Bip. Bot. Herald, 301, excl. syn. DC.—S. W. Texas, east of El 
Paso, Wright. §S. Arizona, Thurber. (Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.) 


+== == Involucre of firmer bracts, the outer with greenish and somewhat spreading tips, outermost 
loose and herbaceous and passing into the small leaves of the branchlets. 


B. microphylla, Gray. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high 
from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched; the short leafy branchlets termi- 
nated by 1 to 3 heads: leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous, 
obtuse or apiculate, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger half-inch long, those of 
flowering branchlets a line or two long; heads nearly half-inch long, about 15-flowered. — 
Pl. Wright. i. 85; Bot. Calif. i. 300. Bulbostylis microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
u. ser. vii. 287; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 79. — Dry interior of Oregon and California in the east- 
ern part of the Sierra Nevada to Idaho, the mountains of Utah, and S. W. Colorado. Var. 
SCABRA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, is a small-leaved scabrous form. 


Brickellia. COMPOSIT. 107 


+— + + Leaves sessile, subsessile, or the lower short-petioled: heads not pendulous. 


++ Leaves mainly opposite, veiny: heads mostly pedunculate: bristles of the pappus merely sca- 
brous or barbellulate-serrulate under a lens: last two species with much imbricated involucre. 


== Stems lignescent at base, slender. 


B. oliganthes, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, a foot or two high: leaves coriaceous, from 
oblong to linear, obtuse, obtusely and often obscurely serrate, an inch or two long, canescent 
and the veins very prominently reticulated beneath: peduncles mostly elongated, axillary 
and terminal, 1-3-cephalous, racemosely or somewhat corymbosely disposed : heads half-inch 
long, 10-12-flowered: bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate ; the short outermost 
ovate, innermost linear. — Pl. Wright. i. 84, & ii. 71. Eupatorium oliganthes, Less. in Liun. 
iv. 137. Bulbostylis oliganthes, DC. Prodr. v. 139.—S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, 
mostly a narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) 

B. parvula, Gray. Minutely scabro-puberulent, low: leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely few- 
toothed, green both sides, barely half-inch long ; the upper oblong, sparse and much smaller: 
peduncles few and slender, monocephalous, corymbosely disposed at the summit of the stems: 
head 5 lines long, about 12-flowered: bracts of the involucre few-ranked ; innermost linear, 
rather obtuse ; outer broader and mucronate-acute. —Pl. Wright. i. 87. — Mountains of 8. W. 
Texas near the pass of the Rio Limpio, Wright. 


== = Stems herbaceous to the base: leaves reticulate-veiny. 


B. Wislizéni, Gray. Glandular-hirsute, 2 or 3 feet high: cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong 
with a subcordate closely sessile base, acute, acutely and numerously serrate, thin, loosely 
veiny, 14 to 3 inches long ; those of the branches mainly obtuse at base: peduncles axillary 
and simple and as long as the leaves, or exceeding them on axillary branches, filiform : 
heads 5 or 6 lines long, 12-20-flowered : bracts of the involucre all lanceolate and gradually 
acuminate, or the innermost linear. — Pl. Fendl. 64; Pl. Wright. i. 84, & ii. 71.—S. Arizona, 
on mountain-sides, 'Vright. (Heads rather smaller and fewer-flowered than in the original 
of adjacent Mex.) 

Var. lanceolata. Loosely paniculate-branched and floribund, the numerous heads 
smaller: leaves broadly lanceolate, the cauline half-inch wide, those of the branches small, 
or the upper minute. — San Francisco Mountains, 8. E. Arizona, Greene. 

B. betoniceefdlia, Gray. More minutely glandular-hirsute : stems 1 to 3 feet high, vir- 
gate: leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, crenate or obtusely dentate, rugosely veiny; the 
lower mostly with short but distinct petioles: inflorescence virgate-racemiform: peduncles 
mostly shorter and the 12-flowered heads rather smaller: otherwise nearly as the preceding. 
—PIl. Wright. ii. 72. — Hills, New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Greene, &c. 

B. Lemmoni, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not glandular, slender, « foot or two high: 
leaves lanceolate, all acute at base and as if with short margined petiole, remotely or obscurely 
serrate, lightly triplinerved (inch or two long): heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous in a 
rather loose narrow leafy thyrsus, on slender short peduncles, 10-12-flowered: bracts of the 
involucre nearly all acute; the rather few and short outer ones ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, 
inner linear: akenes canescent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 206.— Chiricahua Mountains, 
S. Arizona, Lemmon. 

B. Pringlei, Gray, l.c. Cinereous-puberulent and the foliage scabrous: stem strict, rather 
stout, 2 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly obtuse at base, on very short but 
distinct petioles, somewhat serrate, nearly coriaceous, 3-nerved from just above the base, 
conspicuously and beneath saliently reticulated: heads (half-inch long) in a loose and narrow 
leafy thyrsus, 20-24-flowered: involucre glabrous, rather longer than the scaly-bracteatc 
peduncles; their rounded bracts passing above into the ovate and obtuse or barely mucronu- 
late outer bracts of the involucre, the innermost of which are lanceolate and acute: akenes 
canescent. — Rocky cafions, §. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 

B. cylindradcea, Gray & Excrtm. Cinereous-pubescent, somewhat scabrous: stem com- 
monly stout and strict, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly 
obtuse at both ends, obtusely serrate, thickish, 3-nerved or triplinerved from near the sub- 
sessile base (about 2 inches long) : heads (6 to 8 lines long) numerous in a virgate racemiform 
thyrsus, short-peduncled, sometimes almost sessile, 10-flowered : involucre cylindrical, closely 
imbricated ; the broadly ovate outer bracts in several ranks, mucronate, multistriate, mostly 
villous when young; inner broadly linear, obtuse or mucronulate: akenes pubescent. — 


108 COMPOSIT&. Brickellia. 


Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, Pl. Lindh. ii. 218, Pl. Wright. 1. c.— Hillsides and thickets, Texas, 
Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Varies into 

Var. l4xa, Gray. Paniculately branched, and the branches bearing numerous smaller 
(5 or 6 lines long) loosely disposed and sometimes slender-peduncled heads, having fewer 
bracts to the involucre: leaves of the branches either subsessile or abruptly petioled. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 207.—S. W. Texas, Palmer. 


++ ++ Leaves alternate, veiny: stems herbaceous from a perennial root: pappus barbellate. 


B. Riddéllii, Gray. Minutely cinereous or puberulent, glabrate : stem strict and stout, 2 to 
4 feet high, simple or fastigiately branched above, exceedingly leafy to the summit: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, sparingly denticulate, occasionally more dentate, often 
entire, thickish, obscurely veiny, 8 to 18 lines long: heads subsessile, numerous, crowded 
in a leafy spiciform thyrsus, 15-20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long: involucre campanulate, some- 
what pubescent; the bracts few-striate, obtuse or mucronate; the outer ovate, inner oblong- 
lanceolate: pappus barbellulate under a lens. — Pl. Wright. i. 83. Clavigera dentata, DC. 
Prodr. v. 128, but the character does not well agree, and the specific name is inappropriate. 
C. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 77.— River banks, middle and southern parts of Texas, 
Berlandier, Riddell, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 

B. brachyphylla, Gray. Minutely puberulent: stems a foot or two high from a lignes- 
cent caudex, slender, simple, and bearing a few racemosely paniculate slender-pedunculate 
heads, or paniculately branched and polycephalous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or 
sparingly serrate, half-inch or the larger an inch long: heads 5 lines long, 9-12-flowered : 
involucral bracts few, acute, short outermost ovate or oblong, inner linear: pappus-bristles 
almost plumose under a lens. — Pl. Wright. i. 84. Clavigera brachyphylla, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 
63.— Rocks and ravines, western border of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Fendler, 
Bigelow, Greene, Lemmon, &c. 


++ ++ ++ Leaves mostly nervose and narrow, entire, the lower opposite: stems paniculately much 
branched: heads very numerous, thyrsoid-paniculate: akenes usually glabrous: pappus mercly 
scabrous: plants nearly glabrous. (B. spinulosa, Gray, of Mexico, is of this group.) 


B. squamul6sa, Gray. Suffrutescent at base, 2 or 3 feet high: stems or shoots of the 
first year bearing narrowly linear (2 or 3 inches long, less than 2 lines wide) obscurely 
3-nerved deciduons leaves ; flowering shoots the next year bearing only minute squamiform 
obtuse leaves of a line or less in length, and closely imbricated on short branchlets and 
thence passing into the bracts of the involucre: heads 10-12-flowered, turbinate, about 5 lines 
long: involucral bracts pluriseriate, thickish, obscurely nerved, green with whitish margins, 
externally somewhat canescent; the short outer ones ovate or oblong and obtuse, inner 
narrow and acutish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 30.— New Mexico near Santa Rita del Cobre, 
Greene. 8. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. (San Luis Potosi, Mex.) 

B. longifolia, Warsox. Suffruticose: flowering branches leafy: leaves lanceolate-linear 
(1 to 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), 3-nerved; upper gradually diminished in the open- 
paniculate leafy thyrsus: heads subsessile in small clusters, 3-5-flowered, only 3 lines long: 
bracts of the involucre about 10, of 2 or 3 lengths, conspicuously striate, obtuse. — Am. 
Nat. vii. 301; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 139, t. 5. —S. Utah and 8. Nevada, Wheeler, A/rs. 
Thompson, Palmer. 

B. multifléra, Kerioce. Suffruticose: cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and with divergent 
lateral nerves, an inch or two long; those in the crowded panicle from lanceolate to linear, 
small, and with obscure lateral nerves: heads 3-5-flowered: akenes sparsely hairy: other- 
wise much resembling B. longifolia. — Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 49; Greene, Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 8. — On rocks, in acafion of King’s River, southern part of the Sierra Nevada, 
California, Aellogg. 


++ ++ ++ ++ Leaves all alternate, spatulate, veinless: stems shrubby: heads sparse or solitary. 


B. frutéscens, Gray. Rigid undershrub with divaricate branches, cinerous-pubescent : 
leaves spatulate or obovate, entire, 3 to 5 lines long, including the attenuate petiole-like base: 
heads (half-inch long) terminating the branchlets, about 20-flowered : involucral bracts rather 
obtuse; outer ones somewhat greenish-tipped: akenes hispidulous-scabrous: bristles of the 
pappus very minutely but densely serrulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207.— Southern bor- 
ders of California, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey, Parish. 


Liatris. COMPOSITA. 109 


14, CARPHOCH ATE, Gray. (Képdos, scale or chaff, and xairn, bristle, 
from the pappus.)— Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants (of New and North- 
ern Mexico), glabrous or nearly so; with opposite and entire sessile thickish 1—3- 
nerved but nearly veinless leaves, and solitary or somewhat clustered heads, 
terminating leafy or pedunculiform branches: the flowers (about an inch long) 
much exceeding the involucre: this and the corolla rose-colored: nearly of 
Liatris habit, and pappus somewhat of Stev’a. — Pl. Fendl. 65; Pl. Wright. i. 89, 
i. 71. 

C. Bigelovii, Gray, 1.c. A span to a foot high, woody at base, fasciculately branched : 
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, inch long, and fascicles of smaller ones in the axils, upper 
oblong or linear: heads sessile or very short-peduncled, mostly terminating very leafy some- 
what paniculate short branchlets : aristiform palex of the pappus 11 to 14, and a few very 
small exterior squamelle.—N. New Mexico, Bigelow, Wright, Greene. Arizona, Pringle. 
S. W. Texas, Girard. The one or two other species are more herbaceous, slender, and with 
loose pedunculate heads. 


15. LIATRIS, Schreb. Brazixe Srar, Burron SNAKEROOT. (Name 
of unknown derivation.) — Perennial Atlantic N. American herbs; with simple 
virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly globose and corm-like stock, 
bearing reversely racemose or spicate heads of handsome rose-purple flowers 
(rarely also white), in late summer and autumn; the leaves all alternate, narrow, 
entire, rigid or with cartilaginous margins, mostly glabrous or glabrate. — Gen. 
542 (where Gertner’s name is mentioned; but Gertner takes up the genus, like 
Schreber, from the Anonymos, Walt., under the name Suprago, confusing it with 
Vernonia, and in a volume two years later than Schreber’s) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
li. 67 (excl. § 2 & 8); Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248. 


* Pappus very plumose: heads 4-5-flowered: inner involucral bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. 
— Calostelma, Don. 

L. élegans, Wittp. Partly pubescent, 2 to 3 feet high: linear upper leaves commonly 
soon reflexed: spike or raceme virgate, dense, 3 to 20 inches long : heads either sessile or on 
bracteolate pedicels, about half-inch long: bracts of the involucre few-ranked, the inner 
dilated at tip into an oblong or lanceolate mucronate-acuminate rose-red spreading append- 
age, which surpasses the flowers and pappus. — Spec. iii. 1065; Michx. Fl. ii. 91; Ker, Bot. 
Reg. t. 267; DC. Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1c. Stehelina elegans, Walt. Car. 202. 
Serratula speciosa, Ait. Kew. iii. 138. Lupatorium speciosum, Vent. Cels. t. 79. Liatris 
radians, Bertol. Misc. v. 9, t. 1.— Dry pine barrens, Virginia? to Florida and Texas. 


* * Pappus very plumose: heads 16-60-flowered, cylindraceous with turbinate base: bracts of 
involucre much imbricated, with herbaceous tips if any: lobes of the corolla pilose inside: 
leaves all linear and rigid, hardly punctate; the lower elongated and graminiform. 


L. squarré6sa, Wittp. Pubescent or partly glabrous: stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high: 
heads few (even solitary), or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, rarely some- 
what paniculate, the larger an inch or more long: bracts of the involucre all herbaceous 
and acuminate, or with foliaceous or herbaceous (or innermost slightly colored) lanceolate 
rigid and somewhat pungent tips; these usually squarrose-spreading and prolonged. — 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., incl. vars. floribunda & compacta. Cirsium tuberosum, etc., Dill. Elth. t. 71, 
fig. 82. Serratula squarrosa, L. Spec. ii. 818.  Pleronia Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 292. — Dry 
gravelly or sandy soil, Upper Canada to Florida, Nebraska, and Texas. Passes into 

Var. intermédia, DC. Heads narrow: bracts of the involucre erect or little spread- 
ing, less prolonged. — Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with var. compacta. L. intermedia, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 948. — Upper Canada to Nebraska, Louisiana, and Texas. 

L. cylindracea, Micux. Mostly glabrous, a foot high: heads few or several, 16-20- 
flowered, an inch or less long: bracts of the involucre all appressed, barely herbaceous, 
rounded and abruptly mucronate at tip, the outermost very short.—Fl. ii. 93; Ell. Sk. 


110 COMPOSITA, Liatris. 


ii. 275; Torr. & Gray, l.¢., not Pursh. JL. graminifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, excl. syn. 

Walt. & hab.; Muhl. Cat. 73. JZ. stricta, Macnab in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xix. 60. L. fleruosa, 

D. Thomas, in Am. Jour. Sci. xxvii. 338 ? — Dry prairies and open woodlands, Upper Canada 

and Michigan t6 Minnesota and Missouri. 

% * * Pappus distinctly plumose to the naked eye: heads 3-6-flowered: bracts of the involucre 
acuminate or mucronate, coriaceo-herbaceous, not appendaged: corolla-lobes naked: leaves all 
narrowly linear or the upper acerose. 

L. punctata, Hoox. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick and branching or some- 
times globular stock, stout: leaves as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid: head 4-6- 
flowered, oblong or cylindraceous, thickish, from half to three-fourths inch long, mostly 
numerous and crowded in a dense (below leafy) spike: bracts of the involucre oblong, 
abruptly or sometimes more gradually cuspidate-acuminate, often lanuginous-ciliate: pappus 
almost as plumose as in the preceding. — Fl. i. 306, t. 55; Torr. & Gray, 1.c. JL. cylindrica, 
Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. LZ. resinosa, DC. Prodr. v. 129 (pl. Arkans.), not Nutt. — 
Dry prairies and plains, Saskatchewan and Minnesota west to Montana and Colorado, south 
to Texas and New Mexico. (Mex.) 

L. acidéta, Excerm. & Gray. Stem a foot or two high from a globose or at length elon- 
gated tuber: leaves very slender: heads 3-5-flowered, three-fourths to half an inch long, 
numerous in a slender and strict naked spike: bracts of the involucre rather few, thinnish, 
mostly glabrous, ovate- and oblong-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly acuminate or cuspidate- 
mucronate: pappus short-plumose. — Pl. Lindh. i. 10; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 83. Z. mucronata, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 70, not DC. — Prairies of Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 
Var. vernalis, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c., is a depauperate vernal form. 

Var. mucronata. Heads and flowers smaller; involucral bracts abruptly mu- 
cronate-pointed. — ZL. mucronata, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 10.— Texas, Lindheimer. 

L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous: stem very slender, a foot or two high: leaves 
punctate ; lower narrowly linear, upper acerose: heads rather numerous in a strict naked 
spike, 3-4-flowered, hardly half-inch long: bracts of the involucre only about 8, thin, 
lanceolate, acuminate, the inner somewhat scarious at margins and tip: pappus short-plu- 
mose. — FI. ii. 70. — Near Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Not since found. 


* * * * Pappus from barbellulate to minutely short-plumose under a lens, not to the naked eye. 


+ Heads subglobose or hemispherical, 15-40-flowered : involucral bracts mostly spatulate, many- 
ranked, somewhat spreading: corolla-lobes comparatively short. 


L. scari6sa, Wittp. Pubescent or glabrate: stem stout, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves spatulate- 
or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole (4 to 6 inches long, half-inch to inch and a 
half wide) ; upper narrowly lanceolate; uppermost small, linear, sessile: heads racemose or 
spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), mostly 25-40-flowered and about an inch high and wide: 
involucral bracts broadest and rounded at'!summit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged 
and tinged with purple (rarely white-scarious): pappus-bristles minutely barbellate. — 
Willd. Spec. iii. 1635; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1709; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 590; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1654; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, iit. 29. ZL. aspera & spheroidea, Michx. FI. ii. 92. 
L. scariosa & L. spheroidea, DC. 1. c. L. spheroidea, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 87. L. borealis, 
Nutt. in Paxt. Mag. v. t. 27. Z. squarrosa, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 442 Serratula scariosa, 
L. Spee. ii. 818. — Dry and usually sandy ground, Upper Canada and New England to the 
Saskatchewan, west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and Texas. Varies greatly ; 
in the involucre, which is either herbaceous or with the tips largely scarious and colored; in 
the size of the heads, &c., passing into the extreme microcephalous form (which except for 
the transitions would be regarded as a distinct species), viz. :— 

Var. squarrulésa, Comparatively small and slender: heads merely half or two- 
thirds inch long, 14-20-flowered : involucral scales narrower, innermost sometimes linear or 
lanceolate and acutish. — LZ. squarrulosa, Michx. 1... L. heterophylla, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 
ed. 2, iv. 503; Pursh, Fl. ii. 508; Nutt. Gen. ii. 131.—Open woods, N. Carolina to Texas. 
The heads of ordinary L. scariosa, when abnormally numerous and paniculate, are some- 
times reduced to the smallest size. 


+— + Heads oblong, 5-flowered: involucre squarrose by the spreading colored tips of the bracts. 


L. pycnostachya, Micux. Hirsute, or below glabrous: stem stout, 3 to 5 feet high: 
leaves crowded throughout ; the lower lanceolate and the upper very narrowly linear : spike 


Liatris. COMPOSITA. 111 


dense, cylindrical (5 to 18 inches long): heads (4 to 6 lines long) all sessile: bracts of the 
involucre 14 to 16, oblong or the inner narrower; the more or less scarious squarrose tips 
purple or purplish, usually acute: pappus copious, minutely barbellate. — FI. ii. 91; Pursh, 
FI. ii. 507 (excl. syn. Dill. & Walt.?); Torr. & Gray, Lc. ZL. brachystachya, Nutt. in Jour. 
Acad. Philad. vii. 72, a glabrous form. — Prairies, Illinois and Iowa to Arkansas and Texas. 
Apparently this hybridizes with ZL. spicata: at least specimens occur which are intermediate 
between the two species. 


+ + + Heads from short-oblong to cylindraceous: bracts of the involucre all appressed, 
++ Obtuse and mostly rounded at the pointless apex. , 
= Leaves narrowly linear, or the lowermost larger and broader; upper ones gradually reduced to 
linear-subulate bracts. 

L. spicata, Witty. Glabrous, or with some sparse hirsute pubescence : stem stout or tall, 
usually 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : heads 8-13- (sometimes 5-7-) flowered, half-inch long, 
almost erect, closely sessile and numerous in a dense spike of a span to a foot or more in 
length: involucre obtuse or rounded at base ; its bracts obscurely if at all glandular-pune- 
tate, but not rarely glutinous; the tips of the inner usually with narrow colored scarious 
margin. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1411; Torr. & Gray, l.c. 73; Torr. Fl.N.Y.35,t.47. Cirsium 
tuberosum, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 72, fig. 83. Serratula spicata, L. Spec. ii. 819 (excl. syn. Gronoy.) ; 
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 401. S. compta, Dryander in herb. Banks, cited by Pursh under the 
next. Liatris macrostachya, Michx. Fl. ii. 91; Pursh,].v. JZ. resinosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 131, a 
small form with 5-flowered heads. L. sessiliflora, Bertol. Misc. v. 10, t. 2 (but our specimen 
from coll. Alabama, Gates, has hirsute foliage), a form with slender and looser spike. — Moist 
or rich soil, Mass. and New York to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south through the upper 
country to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. montaéna. Low and stout, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves broader, lower ones 
half to twothirds inch wide, obtuse: spike proportionally short and heads large. — L. 
macrostachya, Michx. 1. c., in part. ZL. pumila, Loddiges. JL. spicata, Sweet, Brit. F]. Gard. 
t.49. JZ. pilosa, in part, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 74. Rocky mountain-tops in Virginia and 
N. Carolina, where it abounds. 

L. graminifoélia, Pursu. More slender than the preceding, mostly only 2 or 3 feet high: 
leaves usually ciliate toward the base with scattered hispid hairs, rigid, often sparse: heads 
more sparsely spicate or scattered, not rarely becoming racemose or paniculate, mostly half- 
inch long : involucre acutish at base ; its bracts firmer, oval and oblong, glandular-punctate 
on the herbaceous back, the rounded (or sometimes slightly herbaceous-apiculate) tip hardly 
at all scarious-edged. — ( Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, only as to name & syn. of Anonymos gramini- 
folia, Walt., which is also uncertain.) Pursh, FI. ii. 308 (excl. portions of char. taken from 
Willd.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 131; Ell Sk. ii. 274; DC. Prodr. v. 130, chiefly; Torr. & Gray, Fi. 
ii.72. L. pilosa, var. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii.131. LZ. virgata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 72, 
& Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. vii. 284, a form running into compound-paniculate inflores- 
cence, with small heads. Serratula foliis lincaribus, Gronov. Virg. ed. 1, 92; cited by Linnzus 
under S. spicata. — Dry or moist ground, Virginia to Florida. 

Var. dtibia, Gray. Spike strict and virgate, with many approximate rather large 
heads, or occasionally racemiform, or abnormally paniculate : bracts of the involucre nar- 
rower and thinner, sometimes obscurely scarious-margined. — Man. 224 (Torr. & Gray, l. c.). 
L. pilosa, Willd. (Serratula pilosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, iii.138?, apparently a state with unusually 
narrow involucral scales, and like Lodd. Cab. t. 356, the only character being “S. /oli’s 
linearibus pilosis, floribus axillaribus longe pedunculatis”); Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. 1. ¢.; Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t.595. L. pilosa, var. levicaulis, & L. spicata, var. racemosa, DC.1.¢. L. dubia, Bart. 
Mat. Med. ii. 222, t. 49. ZL. propinqua, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3829. — Sandy pine barrens, New 
Jersey to Florida and Alabama, near the coast, in wet or dry soil. 

L. gracilis, Pursu. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
rather short, mostly spreading ; lower usually oblong-linear or oblanceolate, upper small and 
narrow: heads small (4 or 5 lines long), 3-5- or rarely 6-7-flowered, numerous in a virgate 
raceme, on spreading or horizontal slender pedicels, or rarely spicate, often loosely com- 
pound-paniculate : bracts of the involucre lax, rather few (7-10), thinnish, commonly gland- 
ular-puberulent, not scarious at tip. —Fl. ii. 508; Torr. & Gray, lc. L. paueiflosculosa, 
Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. 71. ZL. lanceolata, Bertol. Misc. v. 11, t. 3. — Dry pine 
barrens, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. 


112 COMPOSITE. Liatris. 


= = Leaves all very slender: heads 4 or 5 lines long. 


L. tenuifélia, Nurr. Glabrous or with a few bristles below : stem strict and slender, 2 to 
4 feet high: leaves rigid, attenuate-linear and when dry with revolute margins ; radical and 
lower cauline very numerous and crowded, a foot or less long, a line or two wide ; upper 
cauline short, becoming acerose or filiform and reduced to setaceous bracts: heads about 
5-flowered and 4 lines long, very numerous in a strict virgate raceme (of a foot or two in 
length), which occasionally develops into a panicle: involucre of about 10 oblong bracts, 
not punctate, the inner more or less scarious and purplish: pappus strongly barbellate. — 
Gen. ii. 131; Ell, Sk. ii.275; Torr. & Gray, l.c. LZ. levigata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Lc. 
285, a large form with coarser radical leaves. — Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 


++ ++ Involucral bracts or most of them acuminate or mucronate-tipped, 
== Ilirsute with short many-jointed hairs. 


L. Garberi, Gray. A foot or two high, hirsute with many-jointed spreading hairs, or the 
linear and rigid strongly punctate leaves glabrate: upper leaves very short, linear-subulate, 
erect : heads 6-7-flowered, 5 or 6 lines long, crowded in a dense spike: involucre campant-. 
late; its bracts (about 10) greenish and very glandular-punctate, villous-hirsute, in age 
glabrate; outer ones ovate, inner oblong, all obtuse and conspicuonsly mucronate-pointed : 
pappus minutely barbellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48.— Tampa, Florida, Garber. 


== = Involucre glabrous or nearly so, narrow, indistinctly glandular-punctate, 3-5-flowered 
(bracts variable): pappus more distinctly barbellate toward the base. 

L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Tomentulose-puberulent, glabrate: stem a foot or two 
high, strict and rigid: leaves short, linear, or the lower oblong-linear and obtuse (1 to 3 
inches long) and the upper small and narrow: heads numerous, mostly 3-flowered, erect in 
a strict and dense virgate spike: involucre cylindrical; its bracts thinnish, lanceolate or the 
short outer ones oblong, mostly acute and mucronate or short-acuminate, sometimes point- 
less: flowers large for the size of the head, two thirds of an inch long: pappus half-inch long. 
— Fl. ii. 502; Chapm. Fl. 191.— Dry sandy ridges, Middle Florida, first coll. by Chapman. 

L. paucifléra, Pursy. Glabrous or minutely puberulent: stem slender, often weak and 
declining : leaves rigid, linear, mostly narrow: heads numerous in a virgate often secund 
spiciform raceme (of 6 to 24 inches in length), when secund on short spreading or recurving 
pedicels: involucre cylindraceous ; its bracts thinnish, oblong, or the short outermost oval 
and the inner lanceolate, mostly mucronate-acute or acuminate: flowers 5 or 6 and pappus 
4 or 5 lines long. — Fl. ii. 510; Chapm. 1c. J. seeunda, Ell. Sk. ii. 278; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 71. — Sandy pine woods, S. Carolina to Florida. 


16. GARBERIA, Gray. (The late Dr. A. P. Garber, the re-discoverer.) — 
Proc. Acad. Philad. Nov. 1879, 379, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Jiatris 
§ Leptoclinium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 285; Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 76. Leptoclinium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48, not Benth. & Hook. 
G. fruticésa, Grar,1.c. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, branching, leafy: branchlets and involu- 

cre puberulent: leaves with base of a short petiole articulated with the stem, vertical bya 
twist, glabrous, pale and of the same hue both sides, nearly veinless, obovate, retuse (barely 
inch long): heads (half-inch long) numerous in fastigiate naked terminal cymes: involucre 
much shorter than the pappus.— Liatris fruticosa, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 299. Lepto- 
clinium fruticosum, Gray, 1. c.— S. Florida, Ware, Garber. Found by the latter on dry sand- 
ridges of the western coast, at Tampa Bay. Lower leaves opposite according to Nuttall. 


17. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Képdos, chaff, and gopds, bearing.) — 
Perennials, with no bulbiform stock or tuber; the rose-purple or white flowers in 
eymosely disposed heads; all N. American, late-flowering. — Bull. Philom. 1816, 
& Dict. vii. 148; DC. Prodr. v. 132 (one species) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. 


§ 1. Pappus of copious and unequal minutely barbellate bristles, occupying 
more than one series: flowers purple: Stem.simple, leafy: even the lowest leaves 
alternate, cauline ones sessile: Atlantic-States species, herbs. 


Trilisa. COMPOSITA. 113 


% Leaves all acerose, erect or appressed. 


C. Pseudo-Lidtris, Cass. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent, glabrate below, glaucescent: stems 
a foot or two high, very strict: leaves with base half-clasping the stem, rigid, somewhat 
carinate ; lowest 8 or 10 inches long, a line or less broad; cauline gradually reduced to sub- 
ulate appressed bracts: heads few or numerous in a small compact terminal cyme: involu- 
eral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Bertol. 
Mise. v. 14. Liatris squamosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73; look. Comp. Bot. Mag. 
i. 95. — Grassy pine barrens, Alabama, Middle Florida, and Mississippi to Louisiana. 

* * Leaves plane, thickish; radical ones spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole; cauline ob- 
long, short, closely sessile: bracts of the involucre pluriserial. 

C. tomentésus, Torr. & Gray, 1c. About 2 feet high, tomentulose, or below hirsute 
and glabrate: heads numerous in the cyme (over half-inch long): bracts of the involucre 
canescently hirsute and viscid, mostly acute. — Liutris tomentosa, Michx. F).ii.73. LZ. Walteri, 
Ell. Sk. ii. 285, excl. syn. Walt. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

C. corymbésus, Torr. & Griy,1.c. Stouter and taller, minutely hirsute or pubescent : 
cauline leaves broadly oblong: heads numerous in the compound cyme: involucre glabrous ; 
the bracts all very obtuse or truncate, inner ones scarious-margined and erose at apex. — 
Liatris corymbosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 132, excl. syn. ZL. tomentosa, Ell. 1. ¢., not Michx. — Margin 
of swamps in pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

C. bellidifélius, Torr. & Gray, lc. About foot high, rather slender, ofteu branched 
below the middle, almost glabrous: cauline leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate : heads 
fewer and scattered, more pedunculate : involucre of looser bracts; the lower rather spread- 
ing, innermost thin and linear, all very obtuse. — Liatris bellidifolia, Michx. 1. ¢.; Nutt. 1. c. 
Anonymos unificrus, Walt. Car. 198 ?— Sandy woods and pine barrens, from Wilmington, 
N. Carolina, to Georgia. 


§ 2. Kunyiowes, Gray. Pappus a single series of about 15 plumose bristles: 
flowers white or ochroleucous: bracts of the involucre fewer, in about 3 ranks: 
stems much branched, shrubby at base, few-leaved: lower leaves opposite: Pacific 
species. [See Supplement, Bebbia, p. 453.] 

C. janceus, Bent. Minutely hispid or glabrate, or above somewhat canescent, 2 or 8 feet 
high: branches slender and rigid, junciform; the branchlets often leafless, terminated by 
solitary or 2 or 3 hemispherical heads (of half-inch length) : leaves linear, sometimes sparingly 
lobed, upper ones filiform or reduced to subulate bracts, or early deciduous: bracts of the 
involucre obtuse or acutish ; outer ones canescently hirsute and ovate or oblong; inner ones 
thin and narrower. — Bot. Sulph. 21; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. viii. 632, & Bot. Calif. 301.— 


Sandy banks of streams, southern borders of California to Arizona, where the involucral 
bracts are narrower. (8. Calif., first coll. by Hinds.) 


C. arripriciréuivs, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vy. 159, from Cape San Lucas, S. California, 
Xantus, is possibly a form of the last, with oblong laciniate-toothed or somewhat hastate leaves, 
on distinct petioles, and rather oblong heads: specimens insufficient. 


18. TRILISA, Cass. (The name is most obviously an anagram of Liatris.) 

— Atlantic U.S. perennials; with simple and erect rather tall leafy stems, ter- 

minating in a thyrsus or panicle of cymules of small heads: leaves entire, oval 

to lanceolate; cauline partly clasping, radical much larger and tapering at base 
into a margined petiole. Flowers rose-purple, autumnal. Involucre of few oval 
or oblong somewhat herbaceous equal bracts, usually with 2 or 3 small and loose 
exterior ones. — Bull. Philom., 1818, & Dict. iv. 810; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 

ii. 248. Liatris § Trilisa, DC., excl. spec.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. 

T. odoratissima, Cass. 1.c. (VAaniLLa-PLant, HounpsToncuE.) Glabrous: stem 2 or 3 
feet high: leaves thickish, pale, often glaucous, obscurely-veined, vanilla-scented in drying ; 
radical and lower cauline 4 to 10 inches long, oval or oblong, upper ones becoming very 
small: heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather numerous in open cymules, and these cymosely pa- 
niculate: akenes glandular. — Anonymos odoratissimus, Walt. Car. 198. Liatris odoratissima, 


8 


114 COMPOSITA. THlivia, 


Willd. Spec. iii. 1637; Michx. FI. ii. 93; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 633; Don in Brit. Fl. Gard. 
ser. 2, t. 184; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. Hupatorium glastifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 16, t. 4.— 
Low pine barrens, near the coast, Virginia? to Florida and Louisiana. 

T. paniculata, Cass. 1.c. Viscid-pubescent or the foliage glabrate, a foot or two high: 
leaves smaller, green; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; small cauline ones oblong-lanceolate : 
cymules short-peduncled, crowded in a narrow panicle or thyrsus: akenes minutely pubes- 
cent. — Anonymos paniculatus, Walt. 1.c. Liatris paniculata, Michx. FI. ii. 93; Willd. Spec. 
iii. 1637; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76.— Damp pine barrens, Virginia to Florida, near the 
coast. 


Trips II]. ASTEROIDEA, p. 52. 


19. GYMNOSPERMA, Less. (Tvupvds, naked, orépya, seed, having no 
pappus.) — Perennial herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, erect, glabrous, mostly 
glutinous; with alternate entire narrow leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers 
in fastigiately corymbose glomerate cymes. Involucre about 2 lines long: ligules 
very small and short. —Syn. 194; DC. Prodr. v. 312, excl. § 2. — Founded on 
Selloa glutinosa, Spreng., said to come from S. Brazil, with infertile disk-flowers, 
to which DeCandolle added three Mexican species; but these are all reducible 
to one, viz. : — . 


G. corymbésum, DC. Woody at base, 2 or 8 feet high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate 
to linear; lower ones distinctly 3-nerved: flowers of the ray 5 to 9, of the disk mostly fewer, 
all fertile. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 192; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 94. G. corymbosum, multiflorum, 
& scoparium, DC. 1. c.— Rocky soil, S. Texas; fl. autumn. (Mex.) 


20. XANTHOCEPHALUM, Willd. (Hav6és, yellow, and kepadm, 
head.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (chiefly Mexican); with alternate 
entire or lobed leaves, and yellow flowers in scattered or loosely cymose heads ; 
the smaller-flowered species approaching the following genus. — Willd. in Gesel. 
Nat. Fr. Berl. 1807, 140; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 249. Xanthocoma, HBK. 
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 310, t. 412; DC. Prodr. v. 311. 


X. sEricocArrum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, has ca- 
nescent akenes: in all other species they are glabrous or only sparsely pubescent. Our species 
are annuals. 


X. Wrightii, Gray. Very glabrous, not glutinous: stems slender, a foot or two high, 

“ corymbosely paniculate at summit: leaves linear, entire: heads rather numerous, terminating 
pedunculiform branchlets: involucre barely 3 lines high and wide; the bracts broad, obtuse, 
or apiculate with a short green tip: rays 12, oblong : style-appendages linear-lanceolate, acute: 
akenes all surmounted by an entire or obscurely denticulate coroniform border, without 
proper pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 632. Gutierrezia Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright, ii. 78. 
—S. Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Thurber, Bigelow, Greene. 

X. gymnospermoides, Beytu. & Hoox. 1c. Glutinous when young, occasionally with 
some deciduous tomentum: stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate with a 
tapering base, sometimes sparingly denticulate; the lowest often broader, petioled, occa- 
sionally incised and even pinnatifid: heads corymbosely cymose, crowded: involucre hemi- 
spherical, 4 lines high, very many-flowered ; the bracts narrow and with acute green tips, 
not very unequal: flowers deep golden-yellow: rays 30 to 50, only 2 lines long: style-append- 
ages ovate: pappus in the ray none; in outer disk-flowers setulose-coroniform; in central 
and less fertile flowers of several unequal awns and mostly coroniform-concreted at base.— 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii.111. Gutierrezia 2 gym- 
nospermoides, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1. c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5155.— Banks of streams, Arizona, 
first coll. by Wright. (Mex., Parry & Palmer, which has been wrongly referred to the larger- 
flowered very serrate-leaved X. Benthamianum, Hemsl.) 


Gutierresia. COMPOSITA. 115 


21. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. (Named for some member of the noble 
Spanish family, Gutierrez.) — Herbs or suffrutescent plants (N. & S. American), 
glabrous, often glutinous; with narrowly linear and entire alternate leaves, and 
small heads of yellow flowers, either solitary terminating the branchlets, or in 
dense cymes in the manner of Gymnosperma, from which it is distinguished 
mainly by the pappus. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30; Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bot. Mag. 
ii. 51; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 193. Brachyris, Nutt. Gen. ii. 103. Brachyachyris, 
Spreng. Syst. iii, 574. Brachyris (excl. spec. and § 2), Hemiachyris, & Odonto- 
carpha, DC. Prodar. v. 312, 71. ‘ 


G. tinearIroria4, Lag., the original species (of which no specimen named by Lagasca is 
extant), on account of the oblong involucre with bracts loose at apex, enclosing only about 8 or 
10 flowers, may with the highest probability be referred to a Chilian species, the Brachyris 
paniculata, DC. Prodr. v. 313; and this, although not traceable at Madrid, was collected by 
Née, and has been communicated to herb. DC. and herb. Boissier, to the latter by Pavon. 


§ 1. Pappus of ray and disk similar, or in the former shorter: ligules mostly 
short: involucral bracts in N. American species all appressed. — Brachyris, Nutt. 


%* Suffruticose, and the woody base much branched: heads fastigiately or paniculately cymose: 
receptacle plane or small: pale of the pappus conspicuous, from narrowly oblong to linear- 
subulate. 

G. Euthaémie, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to hirtellous-puberulent, 6 to 18 
inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches: leaves narrowly 
linear, verging to filiform: heads mostly clavate-oblong, few-several-flowered, not over 2 
lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5 in a glomerule (in the manner of Solidago 
§ Euthamia): flowers of disk and ray not numerous (commonly 3 or 4 each, or the latter 
5 or 6, sometimes only one or two each): akenes sericeous-pubescent.— Solidago Sarothra, 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 540. Brachyris Euthamie, Nutt. Gen. ii. 163; Hook. Fl. ii. 23. B. Euthamie 
& B. divaricata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313, the latter an open form. Brachyachyris 
Euthamia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Gutierrezia Euthamie & G. divaricata, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 193. — Arid plains and rocky hills, Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico, 
Arizona, and borders of California. (Adj. Mex., where there is also a form with rather 
broadly linear leaves, coll. Berlandier, Thurber.) 

Var. microcéphala. Heads smaller, narrower, few-flowered, commonly oblong- 
cylindraceous and the involucre of fewer and narrower bracts: flowers of disk and ray mostly 
reduced to one or two each: leaves either narrowly linear or nearly filiform: pappus, as in 
the species, varying from short-oblong and obtuse (as in Berlandier’s Saltillo specimens) to 
linear-lanceolate, and even attenuate-acute (as in Parry & Palmer's): certainly passes into 
G. Euthamie.— G. microcephala, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 74, Pl. Wright., &e. G. microphylla, 
Durand & Hilgard, Pl. Heerm. 40. Brachyris microcephala, DC. Prodr. v. 313.—S. Texas 
and New Mexico to S. California. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.) 

G. Califérnica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. More loosely branched: heads seldom glomerate- 
fascicled, obovate-turbinate, 2 or 3 lines long: involucral bracts (except small outermost) 
broad, oblong to obovate: rays 8 to 10, short: disk-flowers 6 to 12: akenes more villous. — 
Brachyris Californica, DC.1.¢. Gutierrezia linearifolia (with some of G. Euthamia), Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 302, not Lag. — Hills, California near the coast, from San Francisco Bay south- 
ward (first coll. by Douglas): also San Bernardino Mountains (Parish), and Mesas of Ari- 
zona, Palmer, Lemmon, Pringle. 

%* * Annual herbs, loosely much branched: heads singly terminating the branchlets and panicu- 
late: involucre hemispherical or obscurely obovate, about 2 lines in diameter, many-flowered : 
rays 9 to 15; disk-flowers 20 to 30: receptacle more or less elevated and hirsute-fimbrillate : 
akenes very short, obovate or turbinate, 10-costate ; the ribs very silky-villous. 

G. spherocéphala, Gray. Low: receptacle of the flowers obtusely conical or hemi- 
spherical: pappus of 5 or 6 ovate short coroniform-concreted palew, barely half the length 
of the akene.—Pl. Fendl. 73, Pl. Wright. ii. 79.—S. W. Arkansas, E. New Mexico, and 
S. W. Texas, Fendler, Wright, &c. 


116 COMPOSIT. Guutierrexia. 


G. eriocarpa, Gray. Low or taller (a foot or two high): receptacle obtusely high-conical : 
pappus of 12 or more linear-lanceolate or subulate and mostly distinct pales, about half the 
length of the akene.— Pl. Wright. i. 94.— Plains and prairies, S. and W. Texas, Wright, 
Havard. (Mex.) 

G. Bertanpiéri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, is an allied species of the northern part 
of Mexico, with a pappus of numerous minute palex, which do not surpass the silky hairs of 
the akene. 


§ 2. Pappus wanting in the ray-flowers: ligules comparatively long: habit of 
the preceding subsection. — Hemiachyris, DC. 


G. Texana, Torr. & Gray. Annual, effusely much branched, 2 or 3 feet high: branches 
slender, bearing the very numerous pedunculate heads in open compound panicles: invo- 
lucre turbinate-campanulate, a line or two long: rays 8 to 10 (3 or 4 lines long) ; disk-flowers 
as many: akenes minutely pubescent; those of the disk with a minute pappus of ovate or 
subulate pales, of length less than the breadth of the akene.—Fl. ii. 194. Hemiachyris 
Texana, DC. Prodr. v. 314. Brachyris microcephala, Hook. Ic. t. 147, not DC.— Sterile 
plains, W. Arkansas to Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 


22. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. (Brachyris § Amphiachyris, DC.) — 
(‘Ap¢i, about, or on both sides, and dyupov, chaff.) — As here constituted, the 
genus consists of two rather low and fastigiately or diffusely much-branched and 
erect glabrous plants, with entire leaves; the first with the habit of Gutterrezia, 
the second sufficiently different to form a subgenus (AmpHiparpus, Torr. & 
Gray): fl. yellow in late summer and autumn. ‘ 


A. dracunculoides, Nurr. Annual, rather low, effusely corymbiform, the slender 
branches and branchlets terminating in single pedunculate heads: leaves narrowly linear or 
the uppermost filiform: involucre hemispherical or short-campanulate ; the bracts 10 or 12, 
firm-coriaceous and whitish with abrupt green tips, mostly ovate or oval: rays 5 to 10, oval 
or oblong, nearly as long as the involucre; disk-flowers 10 to 20, wholly sterile, the ovary 
quite abortive; their pappus of 5 to 8 scarious almost aristiform smooth palex, cupulately 
united at base and slightly dilated upward: akenes (of the ray) with a minute or obscure « 
coroniform pappus.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 192. Brachyris 
dracunculoides, DC. Pl. Rar. Genev. vii. 1, t. 1, & Prodr. v. 313. Brachyris ramosissima, 
Hook. Ic. t. 142; DC. Prodr. vii. 278. Gutierrezia Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 
351.— Plains, Kansas to Texas. : 

A. Fremontii, Gray. Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rigid tortuous branches - leaves 
short (half or quarter-inch long), obovate or spatulate, commonly narrowed at base into a 
margined petiole: heads mostly sessile and glomerate in small corymbosely disposed cymes : 
involucre campanulate or oblong, 2 lines long; the bracts 7 to 9, thin, mostly destitute of 
green tips: rays 1 or 2, short: disk-flowers 3 to 6, with infertile glabrous ovary, and a 
pappus of about 20 flattish denticulate-hispid tortuous bristles, some of them branching 
or irregularly paleaceous-concreted at base: ray-akenes with a pappus of fewer and short 
bristles or squamelle, more united at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif. i. 
302. Amphipappus Fremontii, Torr. & Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 4; Torr. 
as 17, t. 9. — Arid deserts on the Mohave, 8. E. California, Fremont, to S. W. Utah, 
Palmer. 


23. GRINDELIA, Willd. (Prof. Hieronymus Grindel, of Riga and 
Dorpat.) — Herbs, or some species shrubby, of coarse habit (American, mostly 
of the U. S. west of the Mississippi) ; with sessile or partly clasping and usually 
serrate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the 
branches; the narrow rays usually numerous, occasionally wanting ; central disk- 
flowers not rarely infertile. Herbage often balsamic-viscid, the heads especially 
so before and during anthesis (whence called GumM-PLANT in California) : fl. all 


a 


Grindelia. COMPOSITA. 117 


summer. — Gesel. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1807, 259; Dunal, Mem. Mus. Par. v. 48; 
DC. Prodr. v. 314; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 250. Demetria, Lag. Donia, R. Br. 
Aurelia, Cass. 


G. cononopir6é.ia, Lehm., of Mexico, is Xanthocephalum centauroides, Willd., the original of 
that genus. 

G. ancustir6uia, DC. in Dunal, founded on a drawing only, is not identified ; probably of 
some other genus. 

G. costAta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208, is a northern Mexican species, allied to 
G. squarrosa and G. subdecurrens, with lunate-gibbous 10-ribbed akenes. It may reach the U. S. 
borders. 


%* Stem or branches (at least above) and sometimes the leaves pubescent: rays very numerous: 
awns of the pappus 2 or 3, sometimes solitary: plants a foot to a yard high. 
+ Atlantic and Mexican species: root in U.S. annual or biennial, perhaps more enduring in 

Mexico: akenes with no terminal border or teeth. 

G. inuloides, Wirxp. 1. c. Pubescence minute or short : leaves from oblong to lanceolate 
or almost ovate, serrate down to the partly clasping or broad base with close-set and often 
gland-tipped salient teeth: involucre glabrous (half-inch or more in diameter), at length 
squarrose: akenes short and turgid (the length barely double the breadth), with rounded- 
truncate summit and small areola, smooth or becoming corky-rugose transversely. — Dunal, 
lc. 50, t.5; Bot. Reg. t. 248; DC. Prodr. v. 315; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3737; Torr. & Gray, 
lic., excl. var. 8. G. pubescens, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74. Inula serrata, Pers. Syn. 
ii. 451. Demetria spathulata, Lag. Elench. Madr. 1814, 20. — Plains of Arkansas and Texas; 
common. (Mex.) 

Var. microcéphala, Gray. Smaller, more branching: heads only half as large: 
akenes more commonly rugose-thickened but sometimes smooth: involucral bracts usually 
shorter and closer: the extreme forms seeming very distinct from the type, but connected 
by intermediate states. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 81. G. microcephala, DC. Prodr. v. 315.— 
S. Texas, first coll. by Berlundier. (Mex.) 


+ + Pacific species: root perennial but sometimes flowering the first year: akenes truncate and 
with a prominulous irregularly undulate or obscurely 3-5-toothed border around the terminal 
areola: pappus-awns stouter and more corneous, flattish: involucre in the same species either 
naked or surrounded by spreading fuliaceous bracts passing into leaves. 

G. hirsttula, Hoox. & Ary. <A foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched, villous- 
hirsute, or glabrate, sometimes even tomentose when young: leaves rather rigid and com- 
monly serrate with rigid salient teeth, in the typical plant oblong, or lower ones spatulate 
and obtuse (cauline inch or two long and about half-inch wide), upper with partly clasping 
but not widened base, varying however to lanceolate and acute: heads solitary or few: in- 
volucre half-inch in diameter ; its proper bracts with or without subulate-attenuate squarrose 
tips, and with or without the surrounding loose foliaceous bracts, which may surpass the 
disk. — Bot. Beech. 147, 351; DC. Prodr. vii. 278; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.103. G.rubricuulis, DC. Prodr. v. 316. — Hills and open grounds, California from Mon- 
terey northward, where it seems to pass into or is not well discriminated from the following ; 
first coll. by Douglas. ‘ 

G. integrifdlia, DC. A foot to a yard high, the taller plants corymbosely branching at 
summit and bearing several or numerous heads: pubescence soft-villous, sometimes sparse 
or vanishing: leaves of soft texture, commonly entire, occasionally serrate; cauline lanceo- 
late, 3 or 4 inches long, mostly tapering from a broad base to an acute or acuminate apex ; 
radical spatulate and obtuse: bracts of the involucre with mostly elongated setaceous-subulate 
points to the bracts. — Prodr. v. 315; Torr. & Gray, l.c. G. stricta, DC. Prodr. vii. 278. 
G. virgata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314, slender form. Donia inuloides, var., Hook. 
FL. ii. 25.— Moist or shady ground, Oregon to British Columbia, chiefly toward the coast. 
Varies greatly in open ground having leaves of firmer texture, the lower sometimes coarsely 
serrate, even the upper barely acute: on the shores of British Columbia occurs a low form, 
glabrate and thickish-leaved, which perhaps too nearly approaches G. cuneifolia. 


% % Whole herbage glabrous: stems equably leafy, a foot or two high: root mostly short-lived 
perennial, but sometimes annual in the same species: leaves firm or rigid. 


118 COMPOSITA. Grindelia. 


+ Akenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not bordered nor toothed: pappus-awns 

only 2 or 3. 

G. Arizénica, Gray. Rather low and slender: cauline leaves oblong-linear or narrowly 
oblong, obtuse, mostly spinulose-denticulate or dentate: heads small (half-inch high) : 
bracts of the involucre short and rather broad, the acute or subulate-acuminate tips not pro- 
longed nor spreading. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208. G. microcephula, Rothr. in Wheeler 
Rep. vi. 141, not DC. — Mesas of Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Rothrock, Brandegee. 
(Adj. Mex.) . 

G. squarrdésa, Dunat. Commonly only a foot or two high and branched from the base: 
leaves rigid; cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong and with either broadish or narrowed 
half-clasping base, acutely and often spinulosely serrate or denticulate ; sometimes radical 
and even cauline laciniate-pinnatifid ; involucre strongly squarrose with the spreading and 
recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts: outer akenes commonly (but not always) corky- 
thickened and with broad truncate summit, those toward the centre narrower and thinner- 
walled and with smaller areola. — DC. Prodr. v. 315; Torr. & Gray, l.c. Donia squarrosa, 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 559; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1706 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 163. Aurelia amplexicuulis, Cass. 
Dict. xxxvii. 468. Grindelia subdecurrens, DC.1.v. G. arguta, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 81, not 
Schrader. — Plains and prairies, Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Montana and south to 
Missouri and Texas, west to Nevada, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.) — Heads 
small or middle-sized : involucre half to two-thirds inch in diameter, very glutinous. Varies 
much: the following are the most marked forms. 

Var. nuda, Gray. Rays wanting.—G. squarrosa, Gray, Pl. Fendl.77.  G. nuda, Wood 
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 50.— With the usual radiate form in New Mexico, Colorado, and re- 
cently about St. Louis, Missouri. 

Var. grandifléra, Gray. Heads larger and with very numerous rays (of an inch in 
length): stem 2 to 4 feet high, strict and simple below: upper leaves from ovate to 
oblong, broader or not narrowed at base, more numerously and equally serrate either with 
obtuse or spinulose teeth. — Pl. Wright. i. 98. G. grandiflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4628. G. 
Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 60.— Texas, in two forms ; one by, Berlundier, Wright, &e., 
with heads no larger than is common in G. squarrosa,.and the leaves elliptical or oval and 
obtuse, closely beset with obtuse callous teeth ; the other collected by Lindkeimer, Reverchon, 
&c., with spinulose or almost aristate teeth. ~ 

G. Oregana. Stem rather stout and tall, branched above: leaves thickish, not rigid, 
sparsely denticulate or entire, mostly obtuse, oblong-spatulate or lingulate, or the upper lan- 
ceolate (the larger cauline 4 inches long and an inch wide): heads large (rays an inch long) : 
bracts of the involucre with erect or spreading slender linear-subulate tips: akenes minutely 
striate. — G. virgata, in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314. G. cntegrifolia, in part, 
Nutt. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.c., not DC. Donia glutinosa, Hook. FI. ii. 25, not R. Br.— 
Oregon to Idaho, in dry soil. 
+— + Akenes all or some outer ones 1-2-dentate or auriculate-bordered at the summit, except 

perhaps in G, glutinosa. 

‘ ++ Atlantic species: pappus-awns mostly 2. 

G. lanceolata, Nurr. Stem 2 feet high, slender: leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, spinu- 
lose-dentate or denticulate (lower sometimes laciniate): heads as in G. squarrosa but the 
subulate-attenuate elongated tips of the involucral bracts straight and erect or the lower 
spreading : summit of the akene produced from each or the outer margin into a short tooth. 
—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 248.— Prairies and barrens, Texas, 
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. (Barrens near Nashville, Gattinger, where it is prob- 
ably indigenous.) 

++ ++ Pacific species. 

G. cuneifdlia, Nurr. Suffrutescent, stout, 3 or 4 feet high, mostly maritime, much branched: 
leaves thick, from cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong, almost all with narrowed base, dentic- 
ulate-serrate or entire: involucre half-inch or more high, little glutinous, the tips of the 
bracts either scarcely or decidedly squarrose: pappus-awns 5 to 8. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
lc. 315; Torr. & Gray, l:c.; Greene in Bot. Gazette, viii. 256. G. robusta, var. angustt- 
Julia, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 804, chiefly.— Salt marshes and shores, California, from Santa 
Barbara Bay northward ; flowering in October. Woody base of stem becoming an inch or 
two thick. 


Pentacheta. COMPOSITA. 119 


G. glutinésa, Dunat. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the base (“fruticose,” Cav.), a foot 
or two high: leaves rather large, obovate or spatulate, mostly rounded at summit and with 
partly clasping (broad or narrowish) base, more or less serrate : heads large: involucre half 
to three-fourths inch high, its bracts close, acute or acuminate, with no prolonged scuarrose 
tips : akenes obscurely if at all bordered at summit: pappus-awns 5 to 8, stout and flattened, 
sparingly ciliolate-scabrous or nearly smooth.— Mem. Mus. 1. v. 49; DC. Prodr. v. 314; 
Gray, 1. c. 303. Aster glutinosus, Cav. Ic. ii. 53, t. 168. Doronicum glutinosum, Willd. Spec. 
iii, 2115. Inula glutinosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 452. Donia glutinosa, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2, v. 82. 
Demetria glutinosa, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30. Aurelia decurrens, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 468. 
(The pappus-awns in old-time cultivated specimens sparsely hirtello-ciliolate indeed, but not 
as figured by Cavanilles; in Californian specimens varying from obscurely so to smooth.) 
Grindelia latifolia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36. — Shore of California, from Humboldt 
Co. (Bolander) and San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Islands, whence a very large-leaved 
and robust form was described by Aellogg. Fl. summer. (‘“ Mexico,” Cavanilles. “ Peru,” 
Bentham in Gen. Original habitat seemingly quite unknown, but doubtless it came from 
the Pacific shores.) 

G. robusta, Nutr. Herbaceous to the base, rigid, branching, usually glutinous in the man- 
ner of G. squarrosa, which it resembles in the attenuate-acuminate and squarrose spreading 
or recurved tips to the involucral bracts: leaves more rigid and larger, oblong, varying to 
lanceolate, rigidly spinulose-serrate or denticulate, or uppermost entire: heads usually half- 
inch high: akenes (at least outer ones) obliquely auriculate or broadly unidentate at summit : 
pappus-awns 2 or 3, rarely more.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ].c.314; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. Lc. excl. vars. latifolia & angustifolia in part, incl. var. rigida. G. squarrosa, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147, not Dunal.— The common Gua-PLant of California, common 
throughout the western part of the State, on dry hills, &e.: fl. summer. 

G. nana, Nutr. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely 
and freely branched above: leaves thinnish, lanceolate and linear, or the lower spatulate, 
entire or spinulose serrate: heads small (a quarter to a third of an inch high): bracts of 
the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips, in the manner of G. squarrosa 
(which this species represents northwestward): rays 16 to 30: akenes narrow, excisely 
truncate or bidentate at summit: pappus-awns mostly 2.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 314. 
G. humilis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 248, not Hook. & Arn. G. Pacifica, Marcus E. Jones in 
Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 31, in a habitat much out of range; namely, at Santa Cruz, Califor- 
nia. — Washington Terr. and east to N. W. Wyoming, south to Shasta, California. Some 
Oregon specimens have heads as large as those of G. squarrosa, but the akenes are different. 

Var. discoidea, a rayless state of the species. — G. discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. 315, not 
Hook. & Arn.— Oregon and Washington Terr., Nuttall, &c. 


%* * * Anomalous and obscure species, wholly glabrous: cauline leaves all very small and 
narrow, almost filiform. 


G. himilis, Hoox. & Ary. Not glutinous, apparently perennial: stem simple, slender, 7 
inches high, 2-cephalous at summit: radical leaves linear, 2 inches long, 2 lines wide at the 
obtuse obscurely denticulate apex, thence gradually tapering to base; cauline nearly all 
small and bract-like, all but lowest half-inch long, not over one third of a line wide, 
attenuate-acute: involucre half-inch high; bracts lanceolate, acute, largely green, erect, the 
outer successively shorter: rays rather long: bristles of the pappus apparently 3 or 4, 
slender. — Bot. Beech. 147.—Single specimen known, “California, Beechey,” therefore 
probably from Monterey. Very unlike any other. 


24, PENTACH ATA, Nutt. (ére, five, xairn, bristle; from the pap- 
pus of the original species.) — Californian annuals, low and slender, often depau- 
perate, glabrous and smooth or with some pubescence; with filiform-linear and 
entire alternate leaves, heads terminating the pedunculiform summit of the stem 
and loose branches, with either homochromous or heterochromous flowers, pro- 
duced in spring. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 336; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif. i. 805.  Pentacheta & Aphantocheta, Torr. & 
Gray ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 251. (See p. 445.) 


120 COMPOSITA. Pentacheta. 


§ 1. Flowers of both ray and disk golden yellow: involucre of comparatively 
numerous and regularly imbricated bracts. 


P. atirea, Nurr.l.c. At length diffusely branched, 3 to 12 inches high: heads mostly 
large for the size of the plant and many-flowered, but greatly varying: rays 7 to 40 (2 to5 
lines long): bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate, mostly setaceous-acuminate, with 
green centre and broad scarious margins: akenes villous-pubescent: pappus-bristles 5, some- 
times 6 to 8, as long as disk-corollas. — Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 81, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Open 
and dry ground, in the southernmost counties of California; first coll. by Nuttall. 


§ 2. Flowers of the ray white or purple-tinged, sometimes wanting or else few 
and wanting the ligule: disk-corollas yellow or yellowish, or changing to purple 
in age: bracts of involucre somewhat equal and fewer, mostly obtuse and nar- 
rowly scarious-margined. ey, 


P, exilis, Gray,l¢. A span or so high, with simple or from the base simply branched 
monocephalous erect stems: heads in the larger form (here taken as the type) many- 
flowered, with hemispherical or broadly campanulate involucre (3 lines high), and 8 to 14 
oblong rays, these 2 lines long: akenes oblong-turbinate, villous: pappus-bristles 5, shorter 
than disk-corollas, in some plants abortive or obsolete. — Bot. Calif. 1. c.; Greene in Bot. 
Gazette, viii. 256. — Dry hills, middle part of California, from Santa Clara Co. northward. 

Var. aphantocheta, Gray, l.c. More or less depauperate, 2 to 4 inches high: 
heads narrower, from rather few- to 25-flowered, discoid, mostly having 3 to 5 female flowers 
with corolla destitute of ligule, sometimes these wanting: pappus reduced to 3 or 5 short 
cusps or obsolete. —P. aphantochata, Greene in Bot. Gazette, lc. Aphantocheta ezilis, 
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 99, t. 11, a delicate and few-flowered form. — Dry ground, from the 
Salinas Valley to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Bigelow. War. discoidea, Gray, 1. ¢., is partly a 
small form of this without female flowers, and partly the following, into which it may pass. 

P. alsinoides, Greznz. A span high, at length diffusely and several times branched from 
the base, with pedunculated discoid heads in the forks: involucre only 2 lines long, of only 
5 to 7 bracts, “3-5-” or 6-7-flowered : flowers apparently all hermaphrodite: pappus-bristles 
3 or 4, fully equalling the corolla and as long as the obovate-clavate pubescent akenes, rarely 
obsolete in some flowers. — Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 109, & Bot. Gazette, 1. c.— Hills or dry 
ground around San Francisco Bay to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Kellogg and Bolunder. 


P. eracixis, Benth. in Hook. Ic. t. 1101, from Mexico, is Orypappus, Benth. 


25. BRADBURIA, Torr. & Gray. (In memory of John Bradbury, who 
collected plants on the Missouri which were published in Pursh’s Flora.) — FI. 
ii. 250; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 251. — Single species. 

B. hirtélla, Torr. & Gray, 1c. Annual, branched from the base, a foot or so high, hispid : 
slender branches terminated by single rather small heads of yellow flowers: radical and 
lower cauline leaves narrowly spatulate; those of the flowering branches small, spatulate- 


linear to nearly filiform, mucronate-pointed : rays 3 or 4 lines long.—Dry ground, Texas, 
Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &. ‘ 


26. HETEROTHECA, Cass. (‘Erepos, different, Oy«n, case, from the 
unlike akenes of ray and disk.) N. American and Mexican herbs (probably 
only three species, two of them very variable), with the aspect of Ohrysopsis, 
hirsute or scabrous: flowers yellow: pappus reddish or ferruginous: lower leaves 
at base of petiole commonly with a foliaceous stipuliform dilatation, upper partly 
clasping. Peduncles and involucre more or less glandular. A bristle or two of 
pappus rarely found on ray-akenes. — Bull. Philom. 1817, & Dict. xxi. 130; 
DC. Prodr. v. 816; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 251. 


H. Lamarckii, Cass. 1c. Biennial or sometimes annual, 1 to 3 feet high, somewhat 
heavy-scented, branching, usually bearing numerous corymbiform-paniculate rather small 
heads: radical leaves oval or oblong, slender-petioled ; cauline oblong, the upper mostly 


Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 121 


with subcordate-clasping base: involucre 3 to 5 lines high: rays abont 20; their akenes 
mostly glabrous and obscurely crowned: outer pappus of the disk-flowers conspicuous. — 
H. Lamarckii & H. scabra (also apparently H. Chrysopsidis & H. leptoglossa), DC. 1. ¢. 317, 
H. scabra (var. Calyeium & var. nuda, which are confluent), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 251, 
H, latifolia, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459. Inula subavillavis, Lam. Dict. 
ill. 259, fide Cass. J. scabra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 531. Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt. Gen. ii. 151; Ell. 
SK. ii. 339; Bertol. Mise. vii. t. 4. —Sandy or barren dry soil, coast of Carolina to Texas, 
Arkansas, S. Arizona, and perhaps within the borders of California. (Mex. In original 
specimens of H. Chrysopsidis, DC., and others from Saltillo, &c., a setose pappus to the ray- 
flowers only abnormally occurs. H. leptoglossa, DC., has the crown of the ray-akenes with 
a sharp and sometimes undulate edge. In Parry & Palmer's no. 373 the crown is more 
salient and setulose-denticulate !) 

H. grandifiéra, Nerr. Villous-hispid or hirsute : stem stout, from a foot to 6 fect high, 
bearing rather large (sometimes rather small) heads : cauline leaves not clasping, or hardly 
so, and clasping base of petioles of the lowest occasionally wanting: involucre 4 or 5 lines 
high: rays about 30; their akenes minutely pubescent or glabrate: outer pappus of the 
disk-flowers less conspicuous: style-appendages shorter, mostly obtuse. — Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soe. vii. 315; Torr. & Gray, lc.  Diplopappus scaber, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Heterothecu flori- 
bunda, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 24. A. floribunda (excl. pl. Coulter, which belongs to the pre- 
ceding and is probably from Arizona) & JT. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 308. — California 
from Santa Barbara southward and east to the borders of Nevada. — Heads always smaller 
than those of . inuloides, sometimes no larger than of the preceding species. 


27. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. (Xpvods, yrs, of golden aspect, from the 
color of the blossom.) —Herbs (N. American, extending into Mexico), mostly 
perennials ; with silky, lanate, hirsute or hispid pubescence, or rarely glabrous, 
entire or sometimes few-toothed leaves, the cauline sessile, and middle-sized heads 
of yellow flowers terminating the stem and branches; in late summer and 
autumn: pappus commonly fuscous or ferruginous. — Gen. ii. 150, under Jnulu ; 
DC. Prodr. v. 826; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 252. 


§ 1. Evcurysopsis. Heads radiate: outer short pappus mostly manifest. 

%* Leaves narrow, elongated and nervose, gramineous or rather Luzula-like: whole herbage seri- 
ceous-lanate, or in age glabrate: root perennial: akenes compressed-fusiform: outer pappus 
squamellate-setulose. — Pityopsis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser, vii. 317. 

C. graminif6élia, Nutr. Stem a foot or two high, slender, generally leafy, stoloniferous 
underground : leaves 3-5-nerved or striate, silvery-sericeous, at least when young, lanceolate 
to linear; radical a span to a foot long; cauline successively shorter and becoming linear- 
subulate, erect: heads few or several and paniculate: involucre (half-inch or less high) 
somewhat turbinate; its regularly imbricated bracts many-ranked, glabrate, sometimes 
granulose-glandular on the back: peduncles when glabrate often hirtellous-glandular. — 
Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 252; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. t. 3.  C'. graminifolia & C. argentea, Nutt. 
Gen. ii. 151; Ell. Sk. ii. 234; DC. Prodr. v. 326. C. oligantha, Chapm. FI. 216, an early- 
flowering form with few leaves and heads. Jnula graminifolia, Michx. Fl. 11.122. J. argentca, 
Pers. Syn. ii. 452. Friyeron nervosum, Willd. Spec. iii. 1953. . glandulosum, Poir. Dict. 
viii. 487. Diplopappus graminifolius, Less. in Linn. v. 310. D. sericeus, Hook. Comp. Bot. 
Mag i.97. Pityopsis (Sericophyllum) graminifolia & argentea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
l.c.—Dry pine barrens or sandy ground, Maryland to Florida and Texas; fl. autumn. A 
characteristic but variable species: leaves from 1 to 9 lines wide, and heads when numerous 
smaller than when few. (Mex. Probably Hectorea villosissima, DC.) 

Var. aspera (C. aspera, Shuttlew. in distrib. coll. Rugel), a glabrate rigid and poly- 
cephalous state, near St. Marks, Florida (probably on the very coast), the stem and leaves 
sparsely glandular-hispidulous ! 

C. pinifélia, E11. A foot high, slender (the flowering branches almost filiform) ; very 
early glabrate, appearing glabrous, smooth throughout: lowest leaves narrowly linear and 
2-8-nerved (at most a line and a half wide, 2 to 6 inches long); cauline filiform : heads 
solitary terminating the branches, or corymbose pedunculate, nearly as large as the average in 


122 COMPOSITA. Chrysopsis. 


C. graminifolia : akenes the same. — Sk. ii. 335. Pityops¢s pinifolia, Nutt. 1. c. — Georgia, on 
sand-hills between the Flint and Chattahoochee, Jackson (£ll.), Baldwin. 

C. falcata, Ext. Low, seldom a foot high, branched from the base, very leafy to the top, 
loosely lanate, at length glabrate, not glandular: leaves from narrowly to oblong#linear, 
obscurely few-nerved, rigid (1 to 3 inches long); the cauline spreading and sometimes 
faleate-recurving : heads mostly numerous and cymose, small: involucre campanulate (3 or 
4 lines long). —Sk. ii. 336 (note); DC. 1.¢.; Torr. Fl. N. Y.i. t. 56. Znula falcata, Pursh, 
FI. ii. 532. Pityopsis falcata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Barren land along the coast, 
Cape Cod to New Jersey. 


%* %* Leaves not nervose or gramineous: involucre hemispherical: akenes turbinate-obovate and 
turgid-flattish (or in the last species more oblong), 3-5-nerved: outer pappus squamellate or 
setulose. 

+— Pubescence arachnoid-lanate or cottony-villous and flocculent, deciduous, leaving a glabrous or 
minutely scabrous and glandular surface, sometimes glabrate from the first except on rosulate 
tufts of radical leaves: Atlantic species. 

++ Heads comparatively small, seldom half-inch high, commonly cymose: arachnoid hairs sparse 
or wanting: stems very leafy: root no more than biennial. 

C. scabrélla, Torr. & Gray. Glandular-scabrous even to the rather obtuse bracts of the 
involucre, destitute of cobwebby hairs: stem rather stout: leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
spatulate: outer pappus setiform. — Fl. ii. 255.— Pine woods, Tampa, Florida, Leavenworth, 
Garber. Too near the broad-leaved form of the next. 

C. trichophylla, Nurr. Villous when young with very long and soft usually scattered 
hairs which mostly have a stouter base: stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves oblong-spatu- 
late or oblanceolate and obtuse, or upper linear: bracts of the involucre smooth, acute: 
outer pappus squamellate-setulose. — Gen. ii. 150; Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Diplopappus tricho- 
phyllus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97.— Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, 
in the low country, chiefly on and near the coast. Broad-leaved form approaches 
C.. Mariana: narrower comes too near the next. 

C. hyssopifélia, Nurr. Glabrate and smooth, but the rosulate linear-spatulate or some- 
times broadly spatulate (barely inch long) radical leaves floccose-woolly when young: stem 
slender, virgate, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy with spatulate-linear to almost filiform (inch or 
so long) glabrous leaves : heads often numerous and cymose: otherwise as the preceding. — 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67. C. trichophylla, var. hyssopifolia, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 254, excl. 
syn. Hook. —Sand-hills and dry pine barrens of Florida, on the coast. 


++ ++ Heads larger: wool floccose: akenes often with 2 to 4 salient and glandular-thickened 
nerves or ribs: outer pappus more squamellate: leaves occasionally with a few serratures or 
denticulations, oblong, or the lower spatulate or obovate and uppdrmost lanceolate. 


C. Mariana, Nurr. A foot or two high from a perennial root, loosely silky-villous with 
arachnoid hairs, glabrate in age: leaves thinnish, green: heads several in a corymbiform 
cluster: involucre glabrous but yranulate-glandular.— Gen. 1. c. (under Jnula) ; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c.; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 2. Inula Mariana, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1240. Aster Caro- 
linianus pilosus, etc., Mill. Ic. t.57. Diplopappus Marianus, Wook. 1. v.— Pine barrens and 
sandy soil, coast of New York to Florida and Louisiana. 

C. gossypina, Nurr.1.c. <A foot or two high from a biennial root, densely lanate, the wool 
becoming tomentose-floccose : leaves all obtuse, mostly short and spatulate or oblong: heads 
terminating pedunculiform branches or loosely corymbose: involucre very woolly, or be- 
coming glabrate or even glandular. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c,; Bertol. Mise. vii. t.1. Znula 
gossypina, Michx. Fl. ii. 122. Z. glandulosa, Lam. Dict. iii. 259? Erigeron pilosum, Walt. 
Car. 206. Chrysopsis dentata, Ell. Sk. ii. 337, a form with lower leaves few-toothed. C. de- 
cumbens, Chapm. Fl. 217, a coast form with glandular peduncles and involucre. — Sandy pine 
barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Alabama, in the low country. 
+— + Pubescence from hispid to silky-villous, persistent: root perennial. Includes a multitude 

of forms, seemingly not distinguishable into species. ‘ 

C. villosa, Nurr.1.c. A foot or two high: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, rarely few- 
toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the 
margins and midrib, an inch or two long: heads mostly terminating leafy branches some- 
times rather clustered, naked at base or foliose-bracteate: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 


’ 


Chrysopsis. COMPOSIT. 123 


lines high; its bracts commonly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute: 
akenes oblong-obovate, villous : outer pappus setulose-squamellate. — A mellus villosus, Pursh, 
Fl. ii. 564. Diplopappus villosus & D. hispidus, Hook. FI. ii. 22. Chrysopsis viliosa, hispida, 
foliosa, mollis, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, lL. ¢.; also 
C. canescens, Torr. & Gray, C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25 & Pl. Hartw. 316. — Prairies, 
plains, and other open grounds, from Illinois and W. Alabama north to Saskatchewan, south 
to Arizona, and west to British Columbia and the coast of California; in various forms. 
The typical eastern and northern plant is rather large, with cinereous and roughish but not 
canescent pubescence. Westward, extending to the southern part of California, it usually 
becomes more canescent and villous as well as hirsute and hispid; the size and fulness 
of the heads greatly varying. The more marked but quite unlimited forms are the fol- 
lowing :— 

Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canes- 
cent: heads particularly small: involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. — Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1863, 65. Diplopappus hispidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Chrysopsis hispida, DC. Prodr. 
vii. 279; Nutt. 1. c.— Saskatchewan to Idaho, south to W. Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. 
And forms between this and the next in California. 

Var. viscida. Low: leaves small, oblong to spatulate, green, sparingly if at all 
hispid, not rough, but viscid-hirtellous or with viscid points, and the involucre commonly 
viscidulous. — Utah and Arizona, in the mountains, Jones, Greene, Pringle, Lemmon. 

Var. discoidea. Heads destitute of rays: involucre somewhat canescent: otherwise 
nearly as var. hispida. — Caiions, W. Montana, Watson. 

Var. stenophylla, Gray. Low and rough-hispid, rigid: leaves spatulate-linear, 
only a line or two wide: heads small. — Pl. Lindh. ii. 223.—Crevices of rocks, W. Texas, 
Lindheimer, and 8. W. Arkansas, Bigelow. 

Var. canéscens. Wholly canescent with short and appressed sericeous pubescence, 
and with some spreading hispid bristles along the stem and margins of the narrow mostly 
oblanceolate leaves: heads small: involucre also canescent: outer pappus less distinct. — 
Aplopappus ? ( Leucopsis) canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 349. Chrysopsis canescens, Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 256.— Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Stems a foot, some- 
times “2 to 5 feet,” high; very leafy and branching. 

Var. folidsa, Earox. Canescent with appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft 
and destitute of hispid bristles; but stem often hirsute or villous: leaves short, oblong or 
elliptical: heads small, rather numerous and clustered. — Bot. King Exp. 164. C. foliosa & 
C. mollis, Nutt.1.¢. C. foliosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 99, & ii. 81, a small-leaved and some- 
what hispid form, between this and var. hispida. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Utah 
and Arizona. 

Var. Ratteri, Rormrock. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous-canescent with 
usually longer soft hairs: heads of double the size, fully half-inch high and wide, solitary or 
few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate: rays 30 to 40, half-inch long. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. 
C. foliosa, var. sericeo-villosissima, &c., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 81.—S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, 
Lemmon. — Seemingly the most distinct form of all; but connected with the eastern type by 
one with slightly canescent leaves, Colorado, Greene. 

Var. sessilifl6ra. From hirsute and hispid or greenish to villous-canescent: leaves 
oblong or spatulate: heads mostly large, solitary and foliose-bracteate at base: outer pappus 
more conspicuous and squamellate. — C. (Phyllotheca) sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
lc. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 309, partly, especially var. Bolanderi. C. Bolunderi, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, which is a well-developed form. — California, near the coast, from 
Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Arizona. Disk-corollas in the bud tipped with some 
scattered very slender hairs. 

Var. echioides. A branching form, with rather numerous and naked heads of small 
size, and usually small leaves, commonly canescently hispid, sometimes greener: passes into 
var. foliesa, var. hispida, &c. — C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25 (from Bodegas, a form 
nearer the foregoing) & Pl. Hartw. 316, form with small and scattered heads. C. sessili- 
flora, var. echioides, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 309.— California, common from the Sacramento 
southward to Arizona. 

* * * Leaves not nervose, somewhat veiny: involucre hemispherical: akenes turgid-obovate and 
flattish, indistinctly 10-nerved, minutely pubescent: outer pappus paleolate and conspicuous; 
inner not very copious: root annual. 


124 COMPOSITE. Chrysopsis. 


C. pilésa, Nutr. A foot or two high, branching: branchlets terminated by solitary middle- 
sized heads: pubescence soft-hirsute or villous, also a minute glandulosity: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, occasionally denticulate or toothed; the lower sometimes incised: bracts of the 
involucre acuminate, glandular-viscid: rays almost half-inch long. —Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 66, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ce. (§ Phyllopappus) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., § Achyrea. — 
Open pine and oak woods, N. W. Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, first coll. by Nuttall. 


§ 2. Ammdép14, Gray. Rays none: outer pappus slender-setulose, inconspicu- 
ous or obscure: somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials, with bracts of the 
involucre thinner and more scarious. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia, - 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 321. 


C. Oregana, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched: leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late, sometimes hirsute or almost hispid; midrib conspicuous: involucre nearly equalling 
the flowers; its bracts pluriseriate: corollas slender: akenes oblong.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
lic. & Bot. Calif. i. 309. Ammodia Oregana, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 9, A. 
Brickellia Cumingti, Klatt, in Abh. Nat. Gesells. Halle, xv. 5.— Sandy or gravelly banks of 
streams, Oregon and W. California. 

Var. scabérrima,. Leaves (of branches) small, these and the branches very hispid 
scabrous. — Dry creek, Tulare Co., California, Congdon. 

C. Bréweri, Gray, 1l.c. A foot or more high, more slender, less pubescent or almost gla- 
brous: leaves shorter, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-nerved at base (an inch or two long): 
heads naked-pedunculate : involucre shorter ; its bracts fewer-ranked and somewhat broader : 
corollas funnelform: akenes obovate. — California, in the Sierra Nevada, from 4,500 to 
11,000 feet, in open woods, first coll. by Brewer. 


28. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. (“Axapzros, unbending or stiff, and 
néamos, pappus.) — Low shrubs, of the Arizona-Nevadan desert region, a foot to 
a yard high, glabrous or obscurely puberulous, not glandular nor resinous: leaves 
small, entire, sessile, nearly veinless except midrib, lower spatulate, upper linear- 
oblong to linear: heads terminating pedunculiform branchlets, yellow-flowered. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634, xvii. 208. 


A. spherocéphalus, Gray, 1.v. Branches striate, corymbosely polycephalous: heads 
discoid, homogamous, depressed-globular, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of involucre whitish, 
outer ones commonly with a pale greenish spot.— Aplopappus (Acamptopappus) sphero- 
cephalus, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 76; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 6.— Arizona and S. Utah to 
the Mohave desert in California, first coll. by Coulter. 

A. Shockléyi, Gray. Branchlets simpler, monocephalous: head hemispherical, radiate : 
rays 10 to 12, elongated, linear-oblong, bright yellow: outer bracts of involucre more con- 
spicuously green on the back. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208.— Mountains of S. W. Nevada, 
at Candelaria, Esmeralda Co., W. S. Shockley. 


29. XANTHISMA, DC. (Hdrécpa, dyed yellow, alluding to the bright 
yellow flowers of the showy head.) —Prodr. v. 94; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii, 253.  Centauridium, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 246.— Single species, near to 
Aplopappus, showy in cultivation. 


X. Texanum, DC.1.c. Nearly glabrous, biennial or annual, 1 to 4 feet high, with virgate 
' branches terminated mostly by solitary large heads: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceo- 
late ; radical and lower cauline not rarely laciniate-pinnatifid and even bipinnately parted ; 
cauline sessile, sparsely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire: outer bracts of the 
involucre commonly narrowed below the green body or appendage ; this whitish-margined, 
and sometimes with rounded barely mucronate summit, oftener either gradually or abruptly 
acuminate and cuspidate: rays about 20, an inch or less long, the ligule borne on a very 
short tube, and the style short. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 98 (var. Berlandier’, with rounded 
obtuse involucral bracts, and var. Drummondii, with pointed ones); Torr. Bot. Marcy Rep. 


Aplopuppus. , COMPOSITA. 125 


t. 10. Centauridium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 293. 
Macheranthera grandiflora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. —Open woods, Texas, 
Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c.; fl. all summer. 


30. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. (‘Ardéos, rdaros, simple pappus.) — A large 
American genus (chiefly W. North American and Chilian) the analogue of Aster 
in the heterochromous division and equally polymorphous; mostly herbaceous 
perennials, some suffruticose or even shrubby, a few annual: the flowers all 
yellow, produced in summer and autumn. — Dict. lvi. 168. Haplopappus & Eri- 
cameria, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 253, 255.— Note that one or two species 
occasionally and certain species uniformly want the ray-flowers, obliterating the 
distinction between this genus and the following! 


§ 1. Prionépsis, Gray. Heads very large and broad: involucre depressed- 
hemispherical, of lanceolate acuminate bracts, the outer mostly foliaceous and 
spreading : rays very numerous: disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-toothed: style- 
appendages short and rather obtuse: akenes very glabrous; those of the ray 
short, turgid-elliptical; of the disk oblong or narrower, and the central ones 
inane: pappus of very rigid and unequal bristles and comparatively little nu- 
merous; the innermost and larger ones somewhat flattened toward the base and 
their margins scabrous-ciliolate ; the outermost very small and short: root annual 
or biennial. — Pl. Wright. i. 98.  Prionopsis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
n. ser. vii. 329. — (Connects with Xanthisma and has the foliage of Grindelia.) 


A. cilidtus, DC. Very glabrous: stem 2 to 5 feet high, bearing few or several somewhat 
cymose-clustered heads (with the disk an inch in diameter), equably leafy to the top: leaves 
oval or the lower obovate (1 to 3 inches long), very obtuse, veiny, evenly and somewhat 
pectinately dentate with bristle-pointed teeth: pappus of the fertile akenes disposed to be 
deciduous in a ring. —Prodr. v. 346; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 98. Donia ciliata, Nutt. Jour. 
Acad. Philad. ii. 118; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 45. Prionopsis ciliata, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 245.— Hillsides and river-banks, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. 


§ 2. ApLopappus proper. Heads large or middle-sized, or sometimes small, 
commonly broad and with involucre of firm well-imbricated or rigid bracts: rays 
numerous, several, or rarely wanting: disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-toothed : 
style-appendages from ovate to linear-subulate: pappus commonly fuscous or 
rufous, and more or less rigid. (Habit and special characters various, but the 
groups too confluent and indefinite for first-class sections.) 


* Heads rayless: bracts of the involucre rigid, appressed-imbricate with the outer successively 
shorter, all with abrupt and more or less spreading herbaceous tips: style-appendages ovate- or 
oblong-lanceolate: pappus rather rigid: leaves coriaceous, mostly oblong and spinulose-dentate. 
— Aplopappus § Aplodiscus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 242, excl. the first species, which is § Aplodis- 
cus, DC. § Hapludiscus & Eriocarpea, Benth. & Hook. 1. v. — (One of the transitions to Bige- 
lovia § Aplodiscus.) 

A. squarroésus, Hoox. & Ary. Suffruticose, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat pubescent, gland- 
ular and glutinous: leaves thickly dentate (about inch long): heads numerous and spicately 
thyrsoid at the end of the branches, half-inch long : involucre elongated-turbinate ; its bracts 
imbricated in many ranks, the lower usually imbricated on the peduncle, their tips mostly 
squarrose and glandular: akenes fusiform, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent. — Bot. Beech. 
146; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. Pyrrocoma grindelioides, DC. Prodr. vy. 350. Homopappus 
squarrosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. v. 332. — Dry hills on the coast of California, from 
Monterey to San Diego; first coll. by Douglas. Also on the foot-hills of the San Bernardino 
Mountains, Parish, &c. 

A. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, lc. Herbaceous from a ligneous stock, a span to a foot 
high: leaves from spatulate-oblong to almost lanceolate, rather sparsely pectinately dentate : 


126 COMPOSITA. ; Aplopappus. 


heads few terminating the branches, one-third inch high: involucre hemispherical; the 
bracts fewer-ranked and with slightly spreading greenish tips: akenes short, sericeous- 
canescent. — Eviocarpum grindelioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 321.— Rocky Moun- 
tains and adjacent plains, north to Idaho and Saskatchewan, south to New Mexico and 
Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. 


* % Heads radiate, with rays not rarely neutral or sterile, or in one species commonly discoidal 
by the diminution of the ligules: involucre well imbricated, of firm texture, the bracts either 
coriaceous with herbaceous tips or coriaceo-foliaceous: akenes (with two exceptions) glabrous 
and narrow: pappus capillary but rigid: style-appendages long and slender, acute or acutish: 
perennials, rigid-leaved. — § Pyrrocoma, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 98. Pyrrocoma & Homopappus, 
in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 330, 333. 

+— Shrubby: rays conspicuous but sterile: appendage of the slender style-branches of the length 
and breadth of the stigmatic portion: akenes very glabrous, narrow, compressed, 4-nerved. , 


A. Berbéridis. Suffruticose, « foot or two high: flowering branches somewhat virgate, 
when young tomentose-pubescent, equably leafy, bearing numerous and racemose or some- 
times solitary heads: leaves oval, very obtuse, spinulosely and evenly multidentate, half- 
clasping by an abrupt somewhat adnate base (half to full inch long), coriaceous, with 
conspicuous midrib but obscure veins: involucre broadly turbinate; its bracts numerous, in 
successively shorter ranks, broadly linear or outermost oblong, smooth, all with very obtuse 
and short rather appressed green tips: rays numerous, a quarter to nearly half an inch long, 
seldom styliferous: pappus merely sordid. — All Saints Bay, Lower California, so near that 
it may be expected within the U. 8. border, Parry, Miss Fish. 


+— + Herbaceous: style-appendages from subulate-filiform to narrowly subulate, much longer 
than the stigmatic portion. 

++ Heads large and discoid, the sterile rays being hardly apparent or very small for the size of 
the head (when styliferous the style-branches sometimes tipped with a hispid appendage!): 
akenes completely glabrous and smooth, slender but flattish, 4-costate or nerved, often finely 
striate: rigid leaves commonly spatulate or lanceolate, on the same plant either entire or sparsely 
spinulose-toothed. — Pyrrocoma, Hook. 


A. carthamoides, Gray. Commonly a foot high, rather stout and leafy, scabro-puberu- 
lent when young, becoming smooth, bearing a solitary terminal large head and sometimes 
one or two in axils: leaves from spatulate to oblong or lanceolate: involucre hemispherical, 
half to three-fourths inch high, often leafy-subtended at base; its proper bracts coriaceous- 
rigid, from oblong to broadly lanceolate or innermost linear, more or less scarious-margined, 
most of them tipped with an abrupt mucro or cusp, the outer commonly loose and becoming 
leaf-like, either entire or spinulose-denticulate: rays almost always present and rather 
numerous; but their ligules inconspicuous, being short, involute, and concealed in the at 
length rufous or fulvous pappus.— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Pyrrocoma carthamoides, 
Hook. Fl. i. 306, t. 107; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 243.— Dry plains and hills, Oregon, -Wash- 
ington Terr., and Idaho; first coll. by Douglas. Polymorphous species: the extremes are 

Var. maximus. Robust, leafy, sometimes 2 feet high: radical leaves obovate or 
oval, 3 to 7 inches long; cauline oblong, with partly clasping base: heads ample, in fruit an 
inch high and broad : involucre of very numerous and broad or broadish bracts : rays some- 
times more evolute, but small.— Pyrrocoma radiata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 333; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Of the same district, first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. Cusickii. Smaller: stems only a span or two high, ascending, few-leaved: 
leaves mostly spatulate-lanceolate: head three-fourths to nearly inch high in fruit, but nar- 
row and much fewer-flowered: bracts of the involucre correspondingly fewer, lanceolate, 
mostly acute or acuminate. — Union Co., Oregon, flowering earlier (in June), Cusick. Per- 
haps a, distinct species, but appears to pass into the smaller forms of the type. 
++ ++ Heads middle-sized to small, evidently radiate; the exserted rays often infertile but 

styliferous: plants comparatively slender and more capituliferous. 
== Pubescence either cottony-tomentose and deciduous or none: leaves firm-coriaceous or rigid; 

cauline and mostly the radical lanceolate, the former disposed to be sparse or smal] at the 
upper part of stem: akenes or ovaries not rarely with some villous pubescence. — Homopappus, 

Nutt., excl. H. uniflorus. 

A. racemosus, Torr. Stems usually virgate and simple, rigid, a foot or two high, leafy: 
leaves lanceolate or radical, sometimes oblong-spatulate (4 to 6 inches long, tapering into a 


Aplopappus. COMPOSIT&. 127 


( 
petiole), entire-or denticulate or on same plant spinulose-serrate : heads several or rather 
numerous, racemosely or spicately disposed along naked upper part of the stem or (either 
singly or 2 or 3 together) in axils of upper leaves: involacre (half-inch or less high) from 
hemispherical to turbinate-campanulate ; its bracts rigid, well-imbricated, and with short ab- 
rupt mostly mucronate-pointed or apiculate green tips, these either erect or somewhat squar- 
rose : rays (8 to 20) 2 or 3 lines long. — Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 162, as to syn., &c., proba- 
bly not as to the specimen. Homopappus racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. lc. 332. Pyrrocoma 
racemosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 244. The type is « form with virgate stem, bearing 3 to 9 
racemosely or spicately disposed and approximate or remote heads, of the larger size, with 
involucre half or two-thirds inch broad as well as high, and akenes (or at least ovaries) more 
or less beset with villous hairs. A. lanceolatus, var. strictus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389, 
is a form with more villous akenes.—Plains of Oregon, Nuttal/, Hall, &c.: also Northern 
California, Greene, where it varies with many and correspondingly smaller heads, these glom- 
erate in numerous axils, and the campanulate involucre disposed to be squarrose. Also it 
evidently passes into 

Var. glomeréllus. Heads narrower and smaller, disposed to be fascicled in twos or 
threes in the axils of small upper leaves, or at summit of stem or short peduncles: involucre 
often turbinate: akenes glabrate or sometimes glabrous: herbage somewhat more disposed 
to be balsamic-viscid. — Homopappus glomeratus, paniculatus, & argutus, Nutt. 1. ¢. 331. Pyr- 
rocoma glomerata, paniculata, & arguta (the latter a stouter and more leafy state), Torr. & Gray, 

_ Le. Aplopappus paniculatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 311. — Plains of the Columbia, E. Oregon, 
Nuttall, Nevius, Cusick, &. N. W. Nevada, Anderson, Lemmon. 

Var. virgaétus. Slender and smaller, with strict virgate stems and narrow leaves : 
heads as in the type, but only half the size, few, or in depauperate plants solitary. — A. panicu- 
latus, var. virgatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 312. —Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, 
Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Passes into 

Var. stenocéphalus. This is to var. glomerellus what var. virgatus is to the type: 
it has scattered heads; these narrow, comparatively few-flowered; the bracts of the oblong- 
turbinate involucre rigid and more pointed.— A. paniculatus, var. stenocephalus, Gray, Bot. 
Calif. 1. ec. — With preceding var., Lemmon. 

A. apargioides, Gray. Low, with numerous ascending or diffuse few-leaved or some- 
times scapiform stems from a thick caudex, a span to a foot high, bearing solitary or few 
pedunculate heads: leaves lanceolate or the radical broader, from denticulate to laciniate- 
dentate or even pinnatifid : involucre hemispherical (a third to half an inch high); its bracts 

_ lanceolate to narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, imbricated in few rather loose ranks, outer 
sometimes equalling the inner: rays 20 or more, oblong, comparatively large, commonly fer- 
tile: pappus softer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif. i. 311.— Eastern parts of the 
Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, from Sierra Co. to San Bernardino Moun- 
tains; first coll. by Bolander. 


== = Pubescence not tomentose nor floccose, but rather villous and persistent: leaves thinnish, 
oblong, more regularly and closely spinulose-serrate, numerous and approximate on the stem or 
branches up to the heads or nearly: rays fertile. 


A. hirtus. A foot or less high, hirsutely pubescent and villous, even to the involucre, or at 
base lanuginous: stems rather simple, ascending, bearing few or scattered pedunculate 
heads: leaves membranaceous, pectinately serrate with long and salient slender-subulate 
teeth ; cauline an inch or two long, radical sometimes 4 inches long and with margined 
petioles : involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more high; its bracts rather loose, linear, acu- 
minate or acute, all about equalling the disk, the outer mainly foliaceous: rays 20 or more, 
conspicuous: akenes rather short, sericeous-pubescent: pappus soft, whitish.— Baker Co., 
Oregon, Cusick. Washington Terr., Brandegee. Might be arranged in a following sub- 
division, with A. uniflorus, but has the habit of the next. 

A. Whitnéyi, Gray. About a foot high, somewhat minutely villous-pubescent, or foliage 
glabrous, branching, bearing rather numerous fasciculate-panicled and mostly sessile heads: 
leaves inch or less long, spinulose-dentate, those subtending the lower heads hardly smaller 
than the main cauline ones: involucre narrow, oblong-turbinate (about half-inch long), 
glabrous; its bracts lanceolate, acute, appressed, subcoriaceous, with short and sometimes 
indistinct green tips, well imbricated, outer successively shorter: rays 5 to 8, with oblong 

‘ and small ligules, little surpassing the 10 to 20 disk-flowers: akenes oblong-linear, glabrous, 


x 


128 COMPOSITA. Aplopappus. 


striate: pappus rigidulous, rufous. —Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif. i. 312. — Sierra 
Nevada, California, at 8,500 to 9,000 feet, in open woods, Sonora Pass, Bolander, and on 
bleak summits in Siskiyou Co., Greene, Pringle. Involucre rather of the Ericameria section. 


%* & % Heads conspicuously radiate, large and showy: rays fertile, very numerous, half-inch to 
inch long: involucre well imbricated, of numerous oblong to lanceolate firm bracts: akenes 
(and ovaries) wholly glabrous, flat and rather broad: pappus pale: style-appendages broadish, 
oblong to lanceolate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion: wholly herbaceous peren- 
nials, smooth and glabrous, except some soft-villous pubescence or tomentum when young: 
leaves coriaceous, entire. 

+— Stems equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads. 


A. Fremonti, Gray. A foot or less high, from slender lignescent rootstocks, simple or 
fastigiately branched above: leaves lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide), ob- 
scurely 8-5-nerved ; lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base: involucre (inch or 
less high) broadly campanulate; its bracts broadly lanceolate, conspicuously and often 
cuspidately acuminate: rays half-inch long’ style-appendages ovate-oblong, obtuse: akenes 
obovate, striate-nerved, almost as long as the rigid pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65 ; 
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 67. Pyrrocoma foliosa, Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 
yv. 109.— Plains and rocky hills, Colorado, common on the Arkansas from Pueblo upward ; 
first coll. by Fremont. 

Var. Wardi. Dwarf: fascicled stems only a span high: leaves proportionally small, 
linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves: heads one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal 
glomerule: akenes double the length of the scanty pappus. — Wyoming (probably in south- 
western part), L. F’. Ward. 


+— + Stems simple, solitary or several from a thick caudex, above with decreasing or sparse 
leaves and solitary or few naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tuft of ample lanceo- 
Jate- or spatulate-oblong radical leaves (in the manner of the preceding and succeeding sub- 
divisions): involucre hemispherical or broader: rays 30 to 50. 

A. créceus, Gray. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two high, and with radical 
leaves a foot or less long (including the petiole). cauline leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 
partly clasping (upper an inch or two long): head mostly solitary: involucre a full inch in 
diameter ; its bracts ovate to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax, inner with scarious erose- 
denticulate margins: rays saffron-yellow, sometimes inch long: akenes narrowly oblong, 
nearly the length of the pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. ].c. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, 
especially in Middle Park, first coll. by Parry. A dwarf form in N. Arizona, Rusby. 

A. integrifélius, T.C. Porter. Stems several from the caudex, ascending, a foot or less 
high: radical leaves 3 to 8 inches (including short petiole or tapering base) ; cauline lanceo- 
late, or small uppermost linear: heads solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing: 
involucral bracts narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling 
the disk and more foliaceous: rays bright yellow, half-inch long: immature akenes oblong. 
— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. — Mountain meadows, Wyoming and Montana, Burke (in 
herb. Hook.), J. MM. Coulter, Watson, Canby. Verges to the larger-flowered form of the next 
species. 

%* * * * Heads conspicuously radiate, smaller: rays fertile, half to barely quarter inch long: 
akenes turbinate or oblong, silky-pubescent or villous: style-appendages from ovate to subulate, 
shorter or rarely longer than the stigmatic portion. (Here A. Whitneyi might be sought.) 

+— Perennial herbs, with mostly simple stems and a tuft of radical leaves from a thickened 
somewhat fusiform caudex: leaves coriaceous and when dry rigid, entire or spinulose-serrate, 
the cauline diminished upward: heads solitary or rather few, pedunculate: involucre hemi- 
spherical or broader, of firm and herbaceous-tipped or foliaceous bracts: rays 20 to 50: pappus 
pale or merely sordid, rather soft and fine: herbage more or less flocculent-tomentose when 
young, glabrate in age and smooth. —§ Arnicedla, Torr. & Gray, partly of Benth. & Hook. 

A. uniflérus, Torr. & Gray. Stems a span to barely a foot high, ascending or erect, 
sometimes 5-6-leaved, sometimes rather scapiform or upper leaves reduced and bract-like, 
bearing a solitary head, rarely one or two from lower axils: leaves lanceolate or sometimes 
broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches long and usually petioled: involucre commonly half-inch high 
and the linear or oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous : 
rays in larger heads 40 or 50.— A. uniflorus & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. Donia 
uniflora, Hook. FI. ii. 25, t. 124. Homopappus inuloides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. L. ¢. 333, 


Aplopappus. COMPOSITA. 129 


a woolly form. — Plains of the Saskatchewan to Montana, and along the mountains to Utah 
and Colorado; first coll. by Drummond. Varies much in size, especially of the head; in the 
larger forms much broader than high, and very many-flowered. 

A. lanceolatus, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Habit of the preceding: stems generally more leafy 
and bearing 3 to 15 heads; these when few subcorymbose, when more numerous racemosely 
or paniculately disposed : involucre in the type fully half-inch high; its bracts rather closely 
imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish 
coriaceous base; outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more 
herbaceous. Such forms, when heads are very few or solitary, effect w transition to the 
foregoing species. — Eaton, Bot. King Exp.160. Donia lanceolata, Hook. 1. c. Homopappus 
(Actinaphoria) multiflorus, Nutt. 1.c.— Plains of Saskatchewan to the borders of Brit. 
Columbia, Idaho, and N. Nevada; first coll. by Drummond. The more robust form, with 
few and large heads, usually corymbosely disposed, and rays 30 or 40 in number and half- 
inch long, passes freely into 

Var. Vaséyi, Parry in Eaton, |. c., with heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed 
to be racemose, and involucre cioser. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. 

Var. tenuicaulis (A. tenuicaulis, Eaton, 1. c.), is an extreme very slender and marked 
variety. sometimes a foot high and bearing several racemose heails, sometimes more de- 
pauperate and only aspan high: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: rays correspondingly reduced : 
involucre close, with short green tips. — Alkaline meadows, Nevada and Utah, first coll. by 
Watson. Apparently a form with laciniate leaves, in alkaline soil, E. Oregon, Cusick. 


+— + Perennial herbs from a lignescent multicipital caudex or suffruticose base, with slender and 
branching stems, leafy up to the small heads: leaves all narrow and quite entire: involucre tur- 
binate or obovate (4 or 5 lines high); its bracts well imbricated, appressed, chartaceo-coriaceous, 
with short and abrupt acute green tips, or these wanting in some: rays 7 to 10, with oblong 
ligules: disk-flowers not numerous: style-appendages ovate to narrow-lanceolate (thus distin- 
guished from the Ericameria section, to which there is an approach). 

A. multicatilis, Gray. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but early glabrate and smooth : 
stems 1 to 3 inches high from a ligneous caudex, simple or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and 
few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the lowest obscurely spatulate (about inch long) : bracts 
of the involucre large and rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate- 
acuminate, marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a larger 
foliaceous tip: rays few: style-appendages ovate-triangular, half the length of the stigmatic 
portion: pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous.— Am. Nat. viii. 213. Stenotus multicaulis, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ec. 335; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 238. — On rocks, Rocky Mountains of 
N. W. Wyoming, Nuttall, Geyer, Parry. 

A. Hallii, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched from a suffrutescent or even 
more woody base, glabrous, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or linear, short (larger over inch 
long, 3 lines wide and spatulate-lanceolate), rather rigid, mostly scabrous (at least the mar- 
gins); midrib prominent beneath and commonly some lateral veins: heads paniculate, 
terminating short branchlets or sometimes rather congested : involucral bracts broadish- 
linear, imbricated in several ranks, the outer successively shorter, the short tips merely 
mucronate-acute: rays about 10: style-appendages lanceolate, rather obtuse, about the length 
of stigmatic portion: pappus barely sordid. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389, first described from 
mere branchlets, and these not well developed. — Base of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon 
and Washington Terr., Hall, Howell, Suksdor/, Pringle. 


++ + + Annual or perennial herbs, branching, leafy: leaves not mgid, spinulosely dentate or 
pinnatifid, the teeth and tips commonly bristle-tipped: heads middle-sized or small: involucre 
hemispherical, of well-imbricated narrow bracts, the outer successively shorter: rays conspicu- 
ous, mostly numerous: pappus rather rigid, its bristles very unequal in size and strength. 
(Analogue of Macheranthera in Aster.) —§ Blepharodon, DC., excl. spec. 

++ Akenes short-turbinate, not compressed, obscurely 5-10-nerved under the canescent villosity: 
style-appendages short and broad, ovate or deltoid: rays 18 to 25, deep golden yellow: leaves 
not deeply cleft. 

A. atreus, Gray. Perennial? and branched from the base, at first lightly lanuginous, 
minutely scabrous-glandular, a span or two high: leaves all narrowly lincar, sparingly pin- 
natifid-dentate, at least toward the base (an inch or less long): heads 4 lines high: bracts of 
the involucre linear-oblong, mostly obtuse and muticous ; the outer ones with short deltoid- 

9 


130 COMPOSIT. Aplopappus. 


ovate green tips, the longer innermost nearly scarious: stronger bristles of the pappus only 
10 or 12.— Pl. Fendl, 76. — Low prairies, near Houston, Texas, Wright. Not since 
collected. 

A. rubiginoésus, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, viscid-glandular and pubescent 
or puberulent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or dentate with salient 
narrow teeth: heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6 lines high, usually naked- 
pedunculate: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate and with slender spreading green tips : 
stronger bristles of the fulvous or at length rufous pappus more numerous. — Fl. ii, 240, — 
Low grounds from S. Texas to plains of Colorado up to the base of the Rocky Mountains ; 
first coll. by Drummond. 

Var. phyllocéphalus. A lower form, spreading, leafy up to the heads, which singly 
terminate the branches, and are accordingly larger or broader, leafy-involucrate and there- 
fore sessile, or at least some of outermost bracts loose and foliaceous, inner less imbri- 
cated.— A. phyllocephalus, DC. Prodr. v. 347; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 80. Without much 
doubt a state of A. rubiginosus (in which case a misleading name for the species) ; but may 
hold distinct. — Sea-beaches, 8. Texas, also S. Florida. (Adj. Mex. Berlandier.) 


++ ++ Akenes compressed, obscurely striate at maturity: style-appendages lanceolate, rather long: 
rays 15 to 30: involucre of numerous small and narrow short-tipped and wholly appressed bracts: 
leaves 1-2-pinnatifid. 

A. gracilis, Gray. Annual or becoming lignescent at base and more enduring, canescently 
pubescent, occasionally glabrate and glandular-scabrous: stems a span to a foot high, much 
branched : leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, pinnatifid, or the upper few-toothed or 
entire, tipped or also sparsely fringed with long and slender bristles: heads 4 or 5 lines 
high: bracts of the involucre mostly setaceous-tipped: pappus rigid; its larger bristles 
manifestly dilated below.— Pl. Fendl. 76, & Bot. Calif. i. 618. Dieteria (Sideranthus) gra- 
cilis, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 177. — Plains, W. Texas to S. Utah, Arizona, and the southern border 
of California; first coll. by Gambel. 

A. spinulésus, DC. Perennial, canescently puberulent or tomentulose, or glabrate : stems 
a span to a foot high, commonly spreading, cymosely branched at summit: leaves broader 
in outline than the preceding, pinnately and the lower often bipinnately parted into rather 
numerous lobes; lobes and teeth mucronate-setigerous: heads and involucre of the pre- 
ceding: pappus more capillary and soft. — Prodr. vy. 347; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 240. Amel- 
lus? spinulosus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564. Starkea? pinnata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 169. Diéplopappus 
pinnatifidus, Hook. FI. ii. 22. Dieteria spinulosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 301. — 
Plains from Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. Varies in 
Texas to nearly glabrous throughout, also sometimes with divisions of the leaves nearly fili- 
form. (Mex.) 

A. arenAnius, Benth. Bot. Sulph., from Cape Lucas, Lower California, may have hetero- 
chromous heads, and be an Aster. 


§ 3. Isopfppus, Benth. Heads small and narrow, loosely paniculate: in- 
volucre of subulate-lanceolate bracts, destitute of distinct green tips, appressed 
and imbricated in few ranks, the outer shorter: rays 5 to 15: disk-flowers 10 to 
25; their corolla slightly ampliate upward, 5-toothed: style-appendages linear- 
subulate, much longer than the stigmatic portion: akenes narrow, sericeous- 
canescent: pappus ferruginous, of rather scanty fine and soft bristles: annuals, 
or sometimes more enduring, narrow-leaved. — Jsopappus, Torr. & Gray. 


A. divaricatus, Gray. A foot or two high, with somewhat the aspect of Chrysopsis 
graminifolia, more slender and effusely paniculate, scabrous-pubescent or glandular, some- 
times glabrate: leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate or lower spatulate-lanceolate, mucronate-acute 
or cuspidate, entire or beset with a few spinulose teeth, more or less setose-ciliate toward 
the base; the upper small and subulate and in the diffuse naked usually polycephalous 
panicle minute: heads 3 or 4 lines high: peduncles sometimes filiform, sometimes short: in- 
volucral bracts subulate-attenuate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 102. Isopappus divaricatus, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 239. Chrysopsis (Inula) divaricata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. C. Lamarckii, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. oe 315. Heterotheca Lamarckii, DC. Prodr. v. 317, as to 


Aplopappus. COMPOSITA. 131 


char. & syn. Nutt. & EI, excl. syn. Cass., Lam., & Pluk. Alm.— Dry and sandy ground, 
Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and Texas; flowering late. A rigid and rough-hispidulous 
form with less open inflorescence (Lindheimer, 254, Drummond, 157) is Aplopappus Hookeri- 
anus, Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 40. 

A. Hookerianus. Low, loosely branched from the base, barely hirsute, not glandular: 
leaves not rigid, entire; upper linear or attenuate-lanceolate, sparingly hispidly ciliate ; 
lower spatulate, short, naked: involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, with less attenuate 
points. —Jsopappus Hookerianus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 239.— Gonzales, Texas, Drummond 
(184 of coll. 3); not since found: perhaps an unusual state of A. divaricatus. 


§ 4, Srenétus, Gray. Heads middle-sized, mostly broad: bracts of the in- 
volucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all of equal or moder- 
ately unequal length: rays several or numerous: disk-corollas somewhat ampliate 
upward and deeply 5-toothed: style-appendages various: pappus soft and white 
or whitish: perennials (herbaceous or fruticulose), of the Rocky Mountains and 
westward, with leaves all entire. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 853. Stenotus, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. ¢. 334. 


* Solidaginiform herb: heads corymbiform-cymose or glomerate at the summit of a leafy stem: 
involucre campanulate: rays 12 to 20, small and narrow: akenes short and glabrous or 
nearly so. 

A. Parryi, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent and somewhat viscid above: 
stems 6 to 18 inches high from slender rootstocks: leaves oblong-obovate and spatulate, or 
the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, loosely veiny (2 to 4 inches long): heads nearly half- 
inch high, rather numerous (in a dwarf form reduced to a glomerule of 2 or 3): involucral 
bracts oblong, obtuse, pale and chartaceous or the outer partly herbaceous, in about three 
moderately unequal ranks: flowers pale-yellow : style-appendages lanceolate, rather longer 
than the stigmatic portion. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 10; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 162. 
— Rocky Mountains, from those of Colorado to the Wahsatch, in open woods, 6,000 to 10,000 
feet; first coll. by Parry. Has somewhat the aspect and character of a large corymbose 
Solidago. — Var. minor is a reduced subalpine form (Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, at 12,000 
feet, J/. EL. Jones), with leaves only an inch or two long, and 2 or 3 narrower heads. 


* %* Typical species, herbaceous or suffruticulose and dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple 
stems or branches: rays conspicuous. 
+— Wholly herbaceous, chiefly alpine, disposed to be cespitose or multicipital, a span or less in 
height: leaves soft, not persistent: inyolucre hemispherical: rays 15 to 20: style-appendages 
oblong to subulate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion. 
++ Green, not woolly, mostly equably leafy up to the (half-inch) head. 


A. pygmeus, Gray. Less than a span high, soft-pubescent or glabrate, not viscid nor 
glandular : leaves from linear-spatulate to spatulate-oblong: involucral bracts oblong, outer 
ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse, equalling the thinner innermost : akenes pubescent. — 
Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239. Stenotus pygmeus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 237. — Rocky 
Mountains, Colorado, strictly alpine ; first coll. by James. 

A. Lyalli, Gray. Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent : leaves obovate-spatulate to 
oblanceolate: involucre glandular ; its bracts lanceolate, acute, sometimes 2 or 3 outermost 
oblong and more foliaceous: akenes and ovaries glabrous or nearly so. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1863, 64.— Alpine region of Colorado Rocky Mountains, first coll. by James. Also in 
northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia; first coll. 
by Lyall. 

++ ++ Woolly or tomentose, at least the involucre, above less leafy, or head pedunculate. 


A. lanugin6ésus, Gray. Fully a span high from creeping rootstocks, floccose-tomentose ; 
leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or upper linear (inch or two long) ; the sparse uppermost almost 
filiform : involucre half-inch high ; its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, nearly equal, 
in two series, outer barely greenish: style-appendages elongated-subulate: akenes sericcous- 
canescent. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. — Mountains of Washington Terr. ; first coll. by 
Pickering and Brackenridge, recently by Nevius, Howell, Brandegee ; and Montana, Watson. 


132 COMPOSITA. Aplopappus. 


A. Brandegéi. A span high from a tufted caudex, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, and 
the involucre lanuginous-tomentose : radical leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish (half- 
inch long), contracted into a slender petiole; cauline few and sparse, small (quarter-inch 
long), oblong or lanceolate: head one-third inch high and broad: bracts of involucre loose, 
lanceolate, nearly equal: young akenes hirsute-pubescent: pappus rather scanty: style- 
appendages triangular-subulate. — Mountains of Washington Terr., in the Yakima district, 
Brandegee. — Aspect of an alpine Erigeron; but rays deep yellow and style-appendages 
acute. 

+ + Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital lignescent caudex, glabrous or puberulent-sca- 
brous: leaves rigid and persistent, crowded on the crowns of the caudex or on short shoots, and 
a few on the lower part of the scapiform flowering stems: rays 6 to 15, rather broad: style- 
appendages subulate: akenes canescently villous. — Stenotus, Nutt. 


A. acatilis, Gray. Leaves from spatulate (and inch or less long) to oblanceolate or linear 
(and 2 or 3 inches long), mucronate, more or less 3-nerved and the broader ones veiny, com- 
monly scabrous: scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocephalous : 
bracts of the involucre from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronately acute or acuminate, desti- 
tute of greenish tips; the outer a little shorter than the inner. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353; 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 161. Chrysopsis acaulis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 33, t. 3. 
Stenotus acaulis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ]. c. 334; Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. — Dry rocks 
on the mountains (at 6,000 to 8,000 feet, and extending to the alpine region), from Sas- 
katchewan and N. Wyoming to E. Oregon, and south to Utah and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- 
fornia. Passes into 

Var. glabratus, Eaton, l.c. Glabrous and smooth or almost so: flowering stems 
disposed to be leafy above and to branch, so bearing 2 or 3 heads. —Chrysopsis cespitosa, 
Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. ev. Stenotus ceespitosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. v.— Wyoming to Nevada and N. Arizona. 

A. armerioides, Gray. Smooth and glabrous: flowering stems naked above (for 1 to 3 
inches), sometimes nearly scapiform: bracts of the campanulate involucre broadly oval, 
rounded-obtuse or retuse, muticous, of about three lengths; the outermost much shorter, 
most of them greenish at apex.— Stenotus armerioides, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— 
Rocks on mountains, from Wyoming to New Mexieo and S. Utah; first coll. by Nuttall. 
Too near the preceding, 

A. stenophyllus, Gray. More suffruticulose, hirtellous-scabrous: leaves very narrow, 
linear-spatulate to filiform-linear (commonly inch or less long and half a line wide), one- 
nerved: scapiform peduncles inch or two long: involucral bracts linear, glandular-puberu- 
lent, equal, in one or two series. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. — Mountains and stony hills, 
W. Idaho and Washington Terr. to northeastern horders of California, Pickering and Brack- 
enridge, Burke, Nevius, Howell, Lemmon. 


* * * Anomalous species, shrubby, a transition to the following section, of which it has the 
foliage and habit, but with broad rather large heads and little-imbricated involucre. 


A. linearifélius, DC. Undershrub, a foot’ to a yard or more high, fastigiately much 
branched, with herbage often resinous-dotted and balsamic-viscid : branches thickly leafy : 
leaves all narrowly linear (an inch or less long, a line or less wide), sometimes almost filiform, 
many in axillary fascicles: heads solitary terminating the corymbiform branchlets, on pedun- 
cles bearing one or two setaceous-subulate bracts: involucre fully half-inch high; its bracts 
thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, somewhat scarious-margined (at least when dry), in 
about 2 series of nearly equal length: rays about 12, oblong or broadly lanceolate, in largest 
heads nearly three-fourths inch long, in smaller only half that length: style-appendages 
from ovate- to lanceolate-subulate: akenes densely silvery-villous: pappus white, rather de- 
ciduous. — Prodr. v. 347; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 311. Stenotus linearifolius, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 238.— Dry hills, coast ranges of California from San Francisco Bay southward ; and 
mountains of San Bernardino Co. to 8. Utah and adjacent Arizona. Southward it bears 
more numerous and smaller heads than at the north. 


§ 5. Ericamiria, Gray. Heads small or barely middle-sized, paniculately or 
corymbosely disposed: involucre oblong or campanulate, of well-imbricated bracts ; 
these all chartaceous or thinner, appressed, and wholly destitute of herbaceous 


Aplopappus. COMPOSITA. 133 


tips, or some outer looser ones foliaceous or foliaceous-tipped: rays few, some- 
times only one (which alone definitely separates the group from Bigelovia, and 
even this fails in one or two species!) : disk-corollas commonly somewhat ampli- 
ate upward and rather deeply 5-toothed: style-appendages (with some exceptions) 
filiform or slender-subulate: akenes slender: pappus fine and soft: all W. North 
American shrubby or fruticulose plants, very leafy, mostly with Heath-like foliage, 
glabrous or almost so, except in one species, disposed to be resinous-dotted and 
balsamic-viscid. — Pl. Wright. ii. 80. Ericameria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
l.c.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 255. 


* Anomalous for its broad although small leaves, also in the frequent absence of the scanty rays: 
involucral bracts (as of the next following group) all close and unappendaged, the outer suc- 
cessively shorter. 

A. cuneatus, Gray. Shrub a foot or so high, intricately branched and spreading, bal- 
samic-glutinous: leaves thick, cuneate or rarely obovate, retuse, sumetimes apiculate, entire 
but inclined to be undulate, usually resinous-punctate, 2 to 4 lines long, larger ones petioled : 
heads corymbosely fasciculate, 5 or 6 lines long: involucre turbinate ; bracts lanceolate or 
nearly linear, rather obtuse: rays 2 or 3, or solitary and small, or as commonly wanting: 
style-appendages slender-subulate, not longer than the stigmatic portion: akenes pubescent. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 635, & Bot. Calif. i. 312. Bigelovia spathulata, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 74, & Bot. Calif. i. 613, also B. rupestris, Greene in Bot. Gazette, vi. 184, the rayless 
state ! — Caiions and cliffs in the Sierra Nevada, California, from Placer Co. and the Yosem- 
ite to the Mexican border below San Diego, and in Arizona; first coll. by Bolander and 
southward by Palmer, &c. 


* * Typical species: leaves from filiform to very narrowly linear, thick: proper bracts of the in- 
volucre obtuse or barely acute and close: shrubs a foot to a yard or more high. 

+— Heads only 3 or 4 lines high, in close cymose clusters terminating fastigiate branchlets: bracts 
of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series, no loose outer ones: leaves half-inch or less long: akenes 
villous: style-appendages shorter than the linear stigmatic portion, not attenuate. 

A. laricifélius, Gray. About a foot high: leaves linear-acerose, rigid, mucronate, con- 
spicuously resinous-punctate and becoming viscid, crowded but seldom axillary-fascicled ; 
larger ones narrowed downward and flatter: involucral bracts subulate-linear, acute: rays 
3 to 6, with rather conspicuous oblong ligules: disk-flowers 10 or 12: style-appendages linear, 
rather obtuse. — P]. Wright. ii. 80, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 99; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 144. 
— Western borders of Texas to mountains of Arizona, first coll. by Wright, Bigelow, &c. 

A. mondactis, Gray. A foot toa yard or more high, hardly becoming viscid: leaves not 
punctate, mostly obtuse or pointless, more disposed to have axillary fascicles, otherwise not 
unlike those of the foregoing : involucral bracts only 8 or 10, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, 
thin-chartaceous: ray-flower solitary with an elongated-oblong ligule, wanting to some 
heads: disk-flowers 5 or 6: style-appendages oblong-ovate, acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. 
—§. E. California, on the San Bernardino Mountains and Mohave Desert, Palmer, Parish, 
Pringle. 

‘— + Heads 4 or 5 lines high, paniculate: involucral bracts imbricated in several ranks: style- 
appendages filiform-subulate: leaves all filiform or nearly terete, excessively numerous and 
axillary-fascicled. 

++ Involucre narrow, 7-20-flowered; its bracts all erect, more or less obtuse, somewhat tomentu- 
lose-ciliolate when young; outer successively shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the 
very short leaves of the ultimate branchlets: cauline leaves short: shrubs 2 to 5 feet high, bear- 
ing very numerous heads: young parts disposed to be cinereous-pruinose or puberulent. 

A. ericoides, Hoox. & Ary. Fastigiately much branched : cauline leaves only half-inch 
and those of the dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines long: rays 3 to 5, short: akenes glabrous. — 
Bot. Beech. 146; DC. Prodr. v. 346; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 313. Diplopappus ericoides, Less. in 
Linn. vi. 117. Ericameria microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, le. 
— California along the coast, especially on sand-hills near the sea; first coll. by Chamisso. 

A. Pdlmeri, Gray. Paniculately much branched: cauline leaves often inch long: lower 
bracts of involucre more greenish-tipped : rays 3 or 4 and disk-flowers 5 to 15: akenes pubes- 


134 COMPOSIT&. Aplopappus. 


cent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, & Bot. Calif. i. 613. —S. California, on hills, Los Angeles 

to the Mexican border (Palmer, Nevin, Lyon, and mountains of San Bernardino Co. to the 

desert on the Colorado River, Parry, Lemmon, Parish, Pringle. Heads of the plant in the 

interior districts very numerous in ample and rather naked panicles, at Los Angeles sparse 

and racemosely disposed along the elongated and intricate branches. 

++ ++ Involucre larger, campanulate, 15-30-flowered, subtended by several loose outer bracts 
having elongated-subulate herbaceous tips: leaves longer. 

A. pinifélius, Gray. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, with rigid erect branches: 
cauline leaves from very narrowly linear to filiform, an inch or more long, mucronate ; those 
of the fascicles and branchlets much shorter: heads not very numerous in a contracted 
panicle, or scattered: proper bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate and with a greenish 
keel or midrib; loose outer ones normally subulate, shorter than the innermost, and passing 
into the small leaves of the flower-bearing branchlet, or in a vernal state (with solitary larger 
heads) developed into an involucriform rosette of acerose-filiform leaves: rays commonly 
6 to 10, short: akenes almost glabrous.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 636, & Bot. Calif. i. 312, 
there described from the abnormal vernal state, in which the large and many-flowered head, 
terminating a very leafy branch, seems to consist of two or three confluent ones. In autumn 
the normal paniculate and naked heads are developed. —S. California, from Los Angeles 
Co. to the foot-hills of the San Bernardino, Bolander, Parry, Nevin, Parish, &e. 

%* %* %* Leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate-spatulate, not rigid nor punctate, mostly plane, 
seldom with axillary fascicles: low and suffruticose, not at all or very slightly balsamic or vis- 
cidulous: at least the outer involucral bracts acute or acutely herbaceous-tipped: akenes pubes- 


cent to glabrate. 
+— Glabrous throughout: leaves narrow. 


A. Bloémeri, Gray. A foot or two high, with erect and rigid usually virgate branches, some- 
times lower, very leafy: leaves from narrowly spatulate-linear to filiform-linear, an inch or 
two long: heads showy, half to three-fourths inch high, in dwarf plants solitary terminating 
fastigiate branches, commonly several and racemosely clustered, or more numerous and thyr- 
soid-paniculate : involucre oblong; its inner bracts oblong-lanceolate or linear, chartaceous 
with thin-scarious and erose-ciliate margins, some obtuse, some acute or tipped with a soft 
cusp, most of the outer bearing a filiform foliaceous tip: rays 2 to 4, rarely solitary, oblong, 
deep yellow, half-inch or less long: disk-flowers 8 to 20: their style-appendages long and 
much exserted, setaceous-subulate: akenes 3 or 4 lines long, sparsely pubescent. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 541, vii. 354, viii. 356, & Bot. Calif. i. 313, with var. angustatus, the narrower- 
leaved form, passing freely into the broader, and to this belongs A. resinosus, Gray in 
Wilkes Ex. Exp. xvii. 346, t. 10. Ericameria erecta, Klatt in Abh. Naturf. Gesel. Halle, 
xv. 6, from the char. & habitat. — California and adjacent Nevada, along the Sierra Nevada 
from Kern Co. northward to Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge, 
next by Bloomer and Anderson. 

A. nanus, Eaton. <A span to a foot high, in depressed tufts, fastigiately branched, disposed 
to be balsamic-glutinous : leaves from narrowly linear to narrowly spatulate (the largest less 
than inch long): heads solitary or fastigiate-clustered at summit of branchlets, 3 or 4 lines 
high, narrow: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale, wholly destitute 
of green tip or midrib, except one or two looser and subulate outermost: flowers all pale or 
ochroleucous, or even “white”: rays small, 3 to 6 or in some heads wanting ; disk-flowers 
8 to 12, with deeply 5-cleft corolla: style setaceous-subulate and hispid: akenes either pubes- 
cent or glabrous. — Bot. King Exp. 159. A. resinosus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 318. Ericameria 
nana & E. resinosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 319; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 236.— 
Rocky hills and cliffs, eastern borders of Washington Terr. and Oregon, adjacent Idaho, 
and W. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall. Flowers said by Cusick and Brandegee to be white; 
by Nuttall, in his £. resinosa, ochroleucous; by Suksdorf, white to pale yellow. 

Var. cervinus. Leaves broader; lower ones from oblanceolate to obovate-spatulate : 
heads more scattered. — A. cervinus, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 30; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 
vi. 142, t. 6. — Cafions, 8. W. Utah and adjacent Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer. 

+ + Minutely viscidulous-pubescent. 

A. Watsoni, Gray. A span or two high, like the broader-leaved variety of the foregoing, 
but coarser and manifestly pubescent: leaves from lanceolate with narrowed base to obovate- 
spatulate, thinnish: heads half-inch or less. high, loosely fastigiate-clustered: inyolucral 


Bigelovia. COMPOSITA. 135 


bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute, usually one or two outer ones loose and foliaceous, 

these sometimes equalling the head and resembling uppermost leaves of the branchlets: rays 

4 to 8, about 3 lines long: disk-flowers hardly more numerous: young akenes pubescent. — 

Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Part of A. suffruticosus, Eaton, 1. v., which, indeed, it approaches, 

re is nearer the preceding. — Mountains of Nevada, Watson, Palmer, and of E. Utah, M. E. 
ones. 


§ 6. Macronuima, Gray. Heads middle-sized or rather large, solitary or few, 
terminating leafy branches: involucre campanulate, of lanceolate or linear bracts 
in few ranks and of somewhat equal length; innermost thin-chartaceous or partly 
scarious; outer with conspicuous foliaceous tips, or loose and foliaceous, passing 
into leaves: rays few and conspicuous, or in the typical species wanting: style- 
appendages long and attenuate-filiform, much exserted: akenes slender, com- 
pressed, few-nerved, soft-pubescent: pappus soft and slender: low and many- 
stemmed from a suffrutescent base, not resinous-punctate: stems or branches leafy 
to the summit, but no axillary fascicles: leaves soft, spatulate-oblong to broadly 
linear, sessile, entire, but margins sometimes undulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
vi. 542, xvi. 79. Macronema, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ]. c. 322. 


* Connecting with preceding group; the involucre being somewhat imbricated. 

A. Greénei, Gray. About a foot high, branching from a decidedly shrubby base, not vis- 
cidulous, or above very obscurely viscid-puberulent: the typical form otherwise quite gla- 
brous: leaves spatulate-oblong or somewhat lanceolate (half-inch to barely inch long, 2 or 3 
lines wide), obtuse or mucronate: heads solitary or few and crowded, half-inch high: bracts 
of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate to linear, all but the innermost with conspicuous 
and spreading mostly clongated-subulate foliaceous tips: rays 2 to 7, 3 or 4 lines long: 
disk-flowers 10 to 16.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi, 80.— Mountains of N. California, about the 
heads of the Sacramento, Greene, Pringle. Also mountains of Oregon and Washington Terr., 
Cusick. Passes freely into 

Var. mollis, Gray, 1.c. From cinereous-puberulent to canescent-tomentose, even to 
the more foliaceous involucre. — A. mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. —N. California 

(the intermediate form), Pringle. Mountaius of Oregon and Washington Territory, Cusick, 

Brandegee, &c. 

* %* Low, a span or two high, viscidly glandular-pubcrulent: heads commonly solitary, termi- 
nating the leafy simple stems or branches: involucre simp!er and loose outer bracts more 
foliaceous, often enlarged: species probably confluent. 

A. suffruticésus, Gray. Destitute of tomentum: stems glandular-pubescent or puberu- 
lent: heads two-thirds to three-fourths inch high: rays 2 to 5 and somewhat exserted, or 
none: disk-flowers 10 to 30.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 542, & Bot. Calif. i. 313. M/acronema 
suffruticosa, Nutt. l.c.— Alpine or subalpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California, from 
Mariposa Co. and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, northward to Oregon and N. Wyoming ; 
first coll. by Nuttall. 

A. Macronéma, Gray, l.c. Stems stouter, whitened by a dense and close tomentum : 
head commonly larger (inch long): rays always wanting. — Macronema discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. 
— Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, and higher mountains in Nevada and eastern 
border of California ; first coll. by Nuttall. 


31. BIGELOVIA, DC. (Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of Florula Bostoni- 
ensis, Medical Botany of U. S., &c.) — The original a perennial herb, most 
related to Solidago ; as now extended a large genus (N. American, mainly west- 
ern, with an anomalous Andean representative), mostly of suffrutescent or more 
shrubby plants, the genuine species with few-flowered heads of marked habit and 
character, while others are only artificially and not definitely distinguished from 
Aplopappus, especially from § Ericameria, by the total want of ray-flowers. Yet 
some genuine Aplopappi are rayless. — DC. Mem. Comp. t. 5, & Prodr. v. 329 


136 COMPOSITA. Bigelovia. 


(excl. § 8); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1232. 
Chrysothamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 323; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 255. Linosyris, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 282, not Cass., which Old-World 
genus differs in that its heads when perchance heterogamous are heterochromous. 
The various types in the genus are connected by gradations, so that the sections 
are not very distinct. 


§ 1. CurysotHamnopsis, Gray, l.c. Heads comparatively large but narrow, 
at least half-inch long, 5-20-flowered: bracts of the involucre comparatively 
large, chartaceous and acuminate, and some outer ones prolonged into a slender 
herbaceous tip or appendage ; when numerous the vertical ranks become more 
or less apparent: corollas 5-toothed or barely 5-lobed at summit: low and suffru- 
tescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate nor viscid or resinous, except that 
the first species is slightly so. 


* Genuine: style-appendages setaceous-subulate or filiform, conspicuously exserted out of the 
corolla: akenes slender, sericeous-pubescent: anther-tips oblong-lanceolate: involucre cylin- 
draceous, shorter than the developed (5 to 15) flowers and pappus: stems or branches whitened 
(at least when young) by a close pannose tomentum: heads thyrsoidly paniculate or glomerate. 
Connects on one hand with Aplopappus § Macronema, on the other with § Chrysothamnus. 
B. ceruminosa, of the latter, approaches this group. 


+— Bracts of the involucre comparatively few, not showing obvious vertical ranks. 


B. Bolanderi, Gray, 1.c. Leaves oblanceolate-linear or narrower, green and glabrate, 
somewhat viscidulous (about inch long), very obscurely 3-nerved: heads few and clustered, 
sometimes three-fourths inch long, 5-11-flowered: bracts of the involucre only about 10, thin- 
chartaceous, lanceolate, with a soft acuminate apex, or one or two outermost herbaceous- 
tipped : alveoli of the receptacle paleaceous-dentate. —B. Bolanderi & B. Howardii in part 
(sp. Boland.), Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 315, 316. Linosyris Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 354. — Mono Pass in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 feet, Bolander. 

B. Parryi, Gray, lc. Not viscidulous: stems rather strict, leafy to the summit: leaves 
linear (2 or 3 inches long, 2 lines or less wide), obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous; upper ones 
hardly diminished in size and overtopping all the heads of the strict and narrow thyrsiform- 
virgate panicle: heads little over half-inch long, 10-15-flowered: bracts of the involucre 
about 12, lanceolate and gradually acuminate, rather prominently 1-nerved, thin-chartaceous, 
a few exterior tapering into a prolonged subulate-linear herbaceous appendage : alveoli of 
receptacle short and nearly entire. — Linosyris Parryi, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66. 
— Parks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c. 


+— + Bracts of the invclucre more numerous and disposed to fall into 4 or 5 vertical ranks, in 
the manner of § Chrysothamnus. 


B. Nevadénsis. Rigid, more branching, cinereous-puberulent or tomentulose when young : 
leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate to linear, mucronate (the mucro generally recurving), ob- 
scurely or not at all 3-nerved, at most inch long; heads few and glomerate at the naked 
summit of the branches, often three-fourths inch long, 5-flowered: bracts of cylindrical 
involucre more imbricated and numerous (15 to 18), rigid-chartaceous, pubescent or some- 
what hirsute-ciliate, all with prolonged slender acumination, outer broadly lanceolate or 
oblong and with prolonged slender-subulate tip or appendage recurving and rigid. — 
B. Howardi, var. Nevadensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, & Bot. Calif. i. 316. Lino- 
syris Howardi, var. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. vi. 541. — Eastern and arid portion of the Sierra 
Nevada, &c., on the borders of California and Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Brewer, Watson, 
&c. Is the analogue of Aplopappus Bloomeri. 

B. Howardi, Gray. Lower, more tufted, canescently tomentulose when young: leaves 
narrowly linear, rigid (an inch or two long, barely a line wide), obscurely 1-nerved ; upper 
mostly overtopping the glomerate (about half-inch long) narrow heads: involucre 5-flow- 
ered, glabrous; its bracts thinnish, lanceolate, apiculate-acuminate, or some loose outer ones 
with prolonged subulate-filiform appendage. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, excl. var. Linosyris 
Howardi, Parry, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, excl. var.— Parks of the Rocky Moun- 


Bigelovia. COMPOSIT. 137 


tains in Colorado to the borders of New Mexico and Utah; first coll. by Parry. Forms 

approach B. graveolens. 

* %* Style-appendages short-subulate, these and the deltoid-ovate obtuse anther-tips hardly ex- 
serted: akenes linear-oblong, glabrous: involucre campanulate-cylindraceous, equalling the 
15 to 20 flowers: herbage glabrous throughout. 

B. Engelmanni, Gray. A span or two high, in tufts from a suffrutescent subterranean 
branching caudex or rootstock: stems simple, very leafy up to the cymose-glomerate heads: 
leaves all narrowly linear (inch or two long, only a line wide), rigid: heads (few or rather 
numerous in the cluster) barely half-inch long: bracts of the involucre firm-chartaceous, 
oblong or innermost lanceolate, regularly imbricated and appressed, outer similar but short, 
all abruptly mucronate or short-cuspidate, slightly greenish below the tip. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 75. — Plains of Colorado at Hugo Station, Engelmann, Parry, Patterson. 


§ 2. CurysoTH{unts, Gray, 1]. c. Heads narrow or small, 5-flowered (in 
B. Douglasii sometimes 6—7-flowered), mostly numerous and crowded: involucre 
(anomalous first species excepted) of dry and chartaceous more or less carinate 
bracts imbricated so as to form 5 conspicuous vertical ranks (less manifestly so 
when the bracts are less numerous): corollas narrow: style-appendages with 
exserted subulate- or setaceous-filiform appendages: akenes slender: fruticose or 
suffruticose and branching, with entire narrow leaves. — Bigelovia, § 2, DC. 1. ¢. 
Chrysothamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 


* Transition to preceding section: involucral bracts comparatively large, not carinate nor obviously 
5-stichous, some outer ones foliaceous-acuminate or appendaged: anther-tips very short and 
obtuse: corollas said to be even ‘‘ white.” 

B. Albida, M. E. Joyes. Shrubby, a foot or two high, more or less resinous-viscid, fasti- 
giately branched, very leafy: leaves all filiform, mucronate, not obviously punctate: heads 
fastigiate-glomerate at the summit of the branchlets, 5 or 6 lines long: involucre oblong- 
turbinate or cylindraceous ; its bracts rather few and coriaceo-chartaceous, lanceolate ; outer 
with rather rigid subulate-acuminate and recurved or spreading foliaceous tip or appendage ; 
inner wholly chartaceous and pointless: corollas probably ochroleucous; lobes of the deeply 
cleft limb linear-lanceolate: akenes pubescent.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209.— Arid 
districts, east of the Sierra Nevada: Owens Valley, California, coll. 1875, Kellogg. Wells 
Station, W. Nevada, Marcus E. Jones, who states that the flowers are white. 

* %* Genuine species, with thinner more chartaceous and carinate involucral bracts, none folia- 
ceous-tipped: anther-tips lanceolate or narrowly oblong. 

+— Akenes and ovaries glabrous, 4-6-angled and with broad epigynous disk: pappus rigidulous: 
corollas 5-toothed or short-lobed: bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, numerous and 
strictly 5-stichous, 5 or 6 in each vertical rank: herbage not punctate, slightly or not at all bal- 
samic-resinous: heads half to three-fourths inch long, somewhat fastigiately glomerate. 

B. depréssa, Gray, lc. Obscurely scabro-puberulent and pale, a span or two high from a 
decumbent woody base: branches leafy up to the glomerule or fasciculate cyme of few 
heads : leaves short (about half-inch or less long), lanceolate or lowest rather spatulate, rigid, 
mucronate-acute, with carinate midrib and no veins: heads half-inch long: involucral bracts 
lanceolate, gradually acuminate into an almost setaceous tip. — Chrysothamnus depressus, 
Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 171. Linosyris depressa, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 161. — Plains of 8. Colo- 
rado to adjacent New Mexico and S. Utah; first coll. by Gambel. 

B. pulchélla, Gray, l.c. Glabrous and green, shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, fastigiately much 
branched, very leafy up to fastigiate-cymose heads: leaves narrowly linear, plane (inch or 
less long), rather obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous margins and midrib not prominent: heads 
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long : involucral bracts rigid-chartaceous and lower ones ob- 
scurely herbaceous on the back, much carinate, acute and cuspidate-mucronate. — Linosyris 
pulchella, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 96; Torr. in Sitgreaves, 1. c. t. 4. — W. borders of Texas to 
adjacent New Mexico and Colorado ; first coll. by Wright. 

B. Bigelovii, Gray, lc. Canescent with fine close tomentum when young, glabrate, 
shrubby, a foot to a yard high, fastigiately much branched, rigid: branches less leafy, bear- 
ing a few fastigiate-clustered heads (these half to two-thirds inch high): leaves nearly fili- 


y 


138 COMPOSITA. Bigelovia, 


B. 


B. 


B. 


B. 


B. 


B. 


form: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, thinnish, all pale: receptacle sometimes bearing a 
prominent chafty cusp.— Linosyris Bigelovii, Gray, Pacif. Ex. Exp. iv. 98, t. 12:—N. New 
Mexico and adjacent Colorado ; first coll. by Bigelow. 


+— + Akenes (smaller) canescently pubescent or villous (B. leiosperma excepted): herbage 
commonly graveolent, and in most species becoming more or less resinous-pruinose or balsamic- 
viscid. 

++ Leafless or sparsely Jeaved, shrubby, with rush-like or broom-like branches, 2 feet or more 

high: leaves when present filiform, not punctate: heads fasciculate-clustered: involucre some- 
what clavate, 4 or 5 lines long, very glabrous; the bracts wholly thin-chartaceous and pale, 
very strictly pentastichous and about 5 in each vertical rank, all muticous; the inner ones 
linear, outer successively and regularly shorter, outermost minute: akenes slender, appressed- 
villous. 

juncea, Greevs. Strict, fastigiately very much branched: branches slender and junci- 
form, mostly leafless, greenish and minutely canescent, apparently not becoming viscid : 
bracts of the involucre acutish, at least the innermost: corolla-lobes short-lanceolate, in the 
bud externally beset with delicate long hairs. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 184. — E. Arizona, on cal- 
careous bluffs of the Gila, near the New Mexican boundary, Greene. 

Mohavénsis, Grrrns. Stouter, with fewer and looser sometimes flexuous rigid 
branches, canescent with a fine pannose tomentum, or in age glabrate and becoming viscid- 
ulous ‘ sparse leaves often present, an inch or less long: bracts of the involucre obtuse: 
corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate, wholly glabrous. — Bull. Torr. Club, ined. B. juncea, Gray 
in distrib. Pringle, not Greene. — On the Mohave Desert, Greene, Parry, Pringle. Host-plant 
of Pholisma, according to Pringle. 
++ ++ Leaves numerous, filiform or nearly so, not obviously punctate: heads shorter: involucral 

bracts 3 or 4 in each vertical rank, some or most of them with small setaceous or subulate 
spreading or recurving tips: lobes of 5-cleft limb of corolla linear or linear-lanceolate: stems 
fastigiately branched. 

ceruminosa, Gray. Shrubby, a foot or two high, glabrate, balsamic-viscidulous or 
pruinose-resinous: leaves rather scattered on the slender branches, spreading or recurving: 
heads cymose-fascicled, about 5 lines long, narrow: bracts of the viscidly lucid involucre nar- 
rowly lanceolate, abruptly produced into a spreading setiform tip or short awn, or the much 
shorter outermost muticous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif. i. 316. Linosyris 
ceruminosa, Durand & Hilgard, Pl. Heerm., & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 6. —S. California in 
Tejon Pass, Dr. Heermann. Not since seen. 

Greénei, Griy. Suffruticose, about a foot high, green and glabrous, more or less bal- 
samic-viscid : leaves very numerous on the branches, filiform-acerose, but flat and margins 
minutely ciliolate-scabrous: heads numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high: bracts 
of the subclavate involucre fewer and firmer-chartaceous, oblong, abruptly subulate-tipped or 
short outermost mucronate, only about 3 in each vertical rank, these ranks comparatively 
indistinct : anthers and stigmas less exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75.— Colorado; on the 
Huerfano Plains, Greene. Near Twin Lakes in the Colorado Mountains, and Cottonwood 
Cajion, Utah, M@. £. Jones. 
++ ++ ++ Leaves numerous, all involute-filiform, resinous-punctate and glabrous, as are the 

branchlets, but at length balsamic-viscid or pruinose-waxy: no tomentum: heads open-panicu- 
late, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the cylindraceous involucre less numerous, only 8 or 4 in each 
vertical rank, from oblong to linear, obtuse and pointless, little carinate: corolla with short 
oblong lobes or teeth: pappus soft: low-shrubby, Tastigiately or paniculately much branched, 
very leafy: leaves an inch or less long. 

teretifolia, Gray. Branches rigid, fastigiate: involucral bracts narrowly oblong to 
broadly linear, rather firm-chartaceous, in about 4 vertical ranks, all but innermost tipped 
with a greenish and glandular subapical spot.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 816. Linosyris teretifolia, Durand & Hilgard, Pl. Heerm., & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 7.— Arid 
hills, 8. E. California, bordering the Mohave Desert; first coll. by Dr. Heermann. Perhaps 
also in Arizona. 

paniculata, Gray, l.c. Less woody, more paniculate: involucral bracts broader, 
thinner, about 3 in each vertical rank, pale and wholly naked. — Linosyris viscidiflora, var. 
paniculata, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 80.— Desert wastes, San Bernardino Co. to S. Utah? 
First coll. by Schott, later by Parry, Parish, Palmer: 


Bigelovia. COMPOSITA. 139 


++ +r ++ ++ Leaves numerous, from filiform-linear or involute-filiform (but mostly plane or only 
capaliculate) to broadly linear or lanceolate, not resinous-punctate but sometimes viscidulous: 
heads, fastigiate-cymose or somewhat thyrsoid: bracts of the involucre obtuse or somewhat acute 
and muticous (i one ambiguous form even pointed!): slender style-appendages well exserted, 
especially in the first species. 

== At least the branches when young, and commonly in age, whitened by a close pannose tomen- 
tum: subutate-filiform style-appendages longer than the stigmatic portion: pappus soft. 


B. gravéolens, Gray. A foot to a yard or more high, bearing numerous crowded heads: 
these half or two-thirds inch high: leaves mostly flocculent-tomentose when young, often 
glabrate in age, not rigid; the larger spatulate-linear, or linear-lanceolate (2 inches long and 
fully 2 lines wide, obscurely if at all 3-nerved) ; the narrowest almost filiform, at least when 
dry, and margins involute: involucre thin-chartaceous when dry: corolla-lobes or teeth 
short, from lanceolate to nearly ovate: akenes linear: pappus soft. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 644. — The typical form of this polymorphous species has the bracts of sometimes vis- 
cidulous involucre narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse to acutish or even 
quite acute: short corolla-lobes commonly oblong-lanceolate, varying to nearly ovate and 
shorter, the tube naked or nearly so. — Chrysocoma dracunculoides, Pursh, FI. ii. 517, not Lam. 
C. graveolens, Nutt. Gen. ii. 136. Bigelovia dracunculoides, DC. Prody. v. 329. Chrysothamnus 
dracunculoides & C. speciosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.¢. Linosyris graveolens, Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 234. — Sterile and especially alkaline soil, Dakota to British Columbia, and 
south to S. California and New Mexico. Heads sometimes cymose, sometimes thyrsoid- 
glomerate. Forms of the latter occur with firmer involucral bracts, some of them even 
acuminate, as if connected with B. Howardi. 

Var. glabrata, Gray, l.cv. Includes forms of the above with the usually narrow 
leaves early glabrate or perhaps glabrous from the first, sometimes balsamic, sometimes not. 
—Includes Linosyris viscidiflora, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 243, in part, no. 102, Geyer, 
from the northern Rocky Mountains, and Bigelovia Douglasii, var. stenophylla, Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 614, from the southern borders of California, Palmer. Not rare in Colorado, where 
even the branches sometimes early lose their light tomentum. 

Var. albicatilis, Gray, lc. Branches for the most part permanently and very 
densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose : involucre either tomentulose or gla- 
brate ; its bracts commonly acutish : corolla-lobes more or less lanceolate and the tube vil- 
lous- or arachnoid-pubescent. — Chrysocoma nauscosa, Pursh, 1. c., Nutt. Gen. 1. c., therefore 
Biyelovia Missouriensis, DC. 1.c., but chiefly found west of the Rocky Mountains. Chryso- 
thamnus speciosus, var. albicaulis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris albicaulis, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 234. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, and the eastern side 
of the Sierra Nevada to San Bernardino Co., California. 

Var. latisquamea, Gray, l.c. Rather stout, white-tomentose or partly glabrate : 
heads numerous in the corymbiform cymes: bracts of the glabrous involucre mostly ellip- 
tical-oblong, very obtuse: lobes or teeth of the corolla short, somewhat lanceolate, the tube 
glabrous. — S. E. Colorado to adjacent New Mexico, and S. Utah, Fendler (no. 341), Bigelow, 
Dr. Henry Ward. 

Var. hololetica, Gray, l.c. Slender, white-tomentose even to the heads; these 
rather small, numerous in corymbiform cymes terminating sparsely-leaved branches: leaves 
very narrowly linear, inch long, and uppermost short and bract-like : involucral bracts small, 
linear-oblong, very obtuse: corolla merely 5-toothed, its tube bearing cobwebby hairs: 
akenes (as in the species) villous-pubescent. — Owens Valley in the southeastern part of the 
Sierra Nevada, California, Dr. Horn. 

B. leiospérma. A foot or two high, with rigid slender branches, bearing small glomerate 
cymes, white-tomentose, or in age somewhat glabrate: leaves sparse, and uppermost very 
small, involute-filiform: involucre glabrous ; its bracts small, oblong, or innermost linear- 
oblong, very obtuse: corolla glabrous and with 5 short ovate teeth: ovary and akenes com- 
pletely glabrous ! — St. George, Southern Utah, Palmer, coll. 1875. Candelaria, S. W. Nevada, 
W. H. Shockley. 


= = Green, no tomentum, either smooth and glabrous or scabro-puberulous: style-branches less 
exserted, thicker, shorter than the stigmatic portion: pappus rigidulous: akenes shorter. 

B. Douglasii, Gray, l.c. From 6 inches to 6 feet high, fastigiately branched, sometimes 

resinous-viscid, often slightly or not at all so leaves from very narrowly linear or almost 


140 COMPOSIT. Bigelovia. 


filiform (but plane or canaliculate) to lanceolate-oblong, mostly 3-nerved: heads few or 
numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre comparatively 
few, only 2 to 4 in each vertical rank (these ranks therefore less conspicuous), from broadly 
to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (rarely acute), firm-chartaceous, not rarely some of the 
outer with firmer and indistinctly greenish apex: corollas rather deeply cleft into oblong- 
lanceolate lobes. — ( Crinitaria viscidiflora, Hook. FI. ii. 24, apparently, in part: this founded 
on two specimens, both with heads undeveloped, one puberulent, one glabrous, to be referred 
either to this species or to Aplopappus, Ericameria, nanus.) Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus & 
C. pumilus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Bigelovia viscidiflora, DC. Prody. vii. 279. 
Linosyris viscidiflora, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Brickellia linearifolia, Klatt, Abh. Nat. Gesells. 
Halle, xv. 5. — Plains and mountains, in sterile soil, Dakota to Washington Terr. and border 
of Brit. Columbia, dry eastern border of California, and south to Arizona and New Mexico ; 
in various forms. Taking the forms with linear and lanceolate smooth leaves as the type, 
the marked variations are 

Var. pumila (Chrysothamnus pumilus, Nutt. 1. c., with his var. euthamioides), a dwarf 
northern and mountain state, a span or two high, glabrous or minutely puberulent and dis- 
posed to be viscidulous; the simple branches bearing very few heads in a close cluster: 
outer involucral bracts either somewhat greenish-tipped or passing into bract-like leaves. — 
N. Montana to Washington Terr. and mountains of Utah. 

Var. serrulata, Gray, l.c. Taller: leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, serrulate- 
ciliolate, sometimes scabrous and rigid. — Linosyris serrulata, Torr. in Stansbury Rep. 389; 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 157.— Common through the whole dry interior region. 

Var. tortifdlia, Gray, 1.c. Leaves twisted: otherwise like the preceding. — Plains 
of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada, California. Here Linosyris lanceolata, Hook. Lond. Jour. 
Bot. vi. 243. 

Var. stenophylla, Gray, l.c. Leaves slender, at most a line wide by an inch or 
two long, or narrower and varying to filiform, smooth: flowers sometimes only 4.—N. W. 
Nevada to S. E. California, Utah, and New Mexico. 

Var. latifélia, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and taller, smooth and glabrous, or puberulent : 
leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong (the broadest even half-inch wide by thrice that length}, 
often obtuse, 3-5-nerved : flowers sometimes 6 or 7 in the head. — Lanosyris viscidiflora, var. 
latifolia, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 1. c.— 8S. Idaho, Nevada, and Utah. 

Var. lanceolata. Low, but bearing compact cymes of numerous (5-7-flowered) 
heads: leaves short, lanceolate or broadly linear, scabro-puberulent. — Chrysothamnus lanceo- 
latus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. Linosyris lanceolata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. 
Bigelovia lanceolata, & B. Douglasii, var. puberula, in part, Gray, 1. c. 639, 644. (Linosyris 
viscidiflora, var. puberula, Eaton, 1. v., is mainly a scarcely puberulent narrow-leaved form of 
the type.) — Head-waters of the Platte, Wyoming and Montana, &c. Passes into var. serru- 
lata and var. tortifolia. ! 

+ + + Akenes glabrous, as also the ovaries, nearly terete: bracts of involucre rounded-obtuse, 


not prominently pentastichous: anthers and style-tips little exserted: suffrutescent, green and 
glabrous, not punctate. 


B. Vaséyi, Gray. A span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid but wholly glabrous, 
leafy up to the fastigiate-cymose cluster of heads: leaves linear or spatulate-linear, obtuse, 
plane (at most inch long), with obscure midrib: involucre cylindraceous, 3 or 4 lines long; 
its bracts narrowly oblong, firm-chartaceous, and all but innermost with a thickened greenish 
spot at the very obtuse apex: lobes of the corolla short-linear: style-appendages narrowly 
subulate, rather obtuse, half the length of the stigmatic portion: pappus fine and soft, rather 
short. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58.— Colorado Rocky Mountains, in Middle Park and Gun- 
nison Valley, Vasey, Parry. Utah, Ward.— Transition to Solidago and to § Aplodiscus. 


§ 38. Evpicendévia, Gray, ].c. Heads as of preceding section, very narrow, 
8-4-flowered: alveoli of the receptacle prolonged into subulate teeth or at the 
centre into a chaff-like cusp: limb of corolla enlarging and 5-cleft : style-append- 
ages ovate-subulate, shorter than the stigmatic portion: akenes short, somewhat 
turbinate : pappus rigidulous: wholly herbaceous perennial, with entire narrow 

leaves: habit of Solidago § Euthamia. 


Bigelovia. COMPOSITA. 141 


B. nudata, DC. Glabrous: stems slender, a foot or two high from a small caudex, strict 
and simple up to the compound-fastigiate and corymbose cyme of numerous heads: leaves 
not punctate nor obviously viscid, spatulate to nearly filiform, uppermost small and bract- 
like: heads barely 3 lines high, subclavate: bracts of the involucre about 3 in each rather 
indistinct vertical rank, oblong-linear, obtuse and firm-chartaceous, or at least outermost 
with short greenish tips. Leaves in the original of the species spatulate-linear, or uppermost 
narrower, lowest and radical commonly broader (sometimes half-inch wide) and rounded- 
obtuse. — Prodr. v. 329, & Mem. Comp. t.5 —B. nudata, var. spathulefolia, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii, 282. Chrysocoma nudata, Michx. FI. ii. 101; Nutt. Gen. ii. 137. — Low pine barrens, New 
Jersey to Florida and Louisiana; fl. autumn. 

Var. virgata, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Cauline leaves linear-filiform, or lowest and the 
radical linear-spatulate.— B. virgata, DC. 1.¢. Chrysocoma virgata, Nutt. 1. c. —New Jersey 
to Texas. Passes into the broader-leaved form. 


§ 4. Eurnamidépsis. Heads (small) 7-25-flowered: bracts of the involucre 
wholly chartaceous, or in some obscurely greenish at tip, hardly carinate, obtuse 
or nearly so and muticous, appressed-imbricated in 3 or 4 series, but vertical ranks 
inconspicuous: style-appendages hardly exserted out of the 5-lobed limb of the 
corolla, subulate-oblong to short-filiform, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic 
portion: akenes mostly short and turbinate, sericeous-pubescent: shrubby, be- 
coming more or less balsamic-viscid, and with entire punctate leaves: corollas of 
outermost flowers sometimes deformed. —§ Aplodiscus, Huthamioidee, mainly, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 639. 


* Stems simple below and fastigiately branched above, 3 to 12 feet high, bearing numerous heads 
in close and ample corymbiform cymes: leaves plane: involucral bracts small, lanceolate, wholly 
chartaceous and pale, or midnerve obscurely greenish. 


B. Parishii, Greexe. Leaves thickish, lanceolate or oblong-linear (inch or two long, 
quarter to nearly half an inch wide), mucronate, strongly punctate: heads 10-12-flowered, 
fully 3 lines long).— Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 62.— Mountains near San Bernardino, S. E. 
California, Parish, &c. Stems sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter. 

B. arboréscens, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear, very numerous (1 to 3 inches long, a line 
wide), moderately punctate: heads 20-25-flowered, barely 3 lines long: outer flowers often 
deformed. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640. Linosyris arborescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 79. 
— Dry ground, common in the Coast Ranges of California, sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ; 
first coll. by Fitch and Kellogg. 


* x Branched from the‘base: heads paniculate or more scattered: leaves filiform, thickish: bracts 

of involucre larger and rather few, oblong, obtuse. 

B. Codperi, Gray. Apparently low, with leaves half-inch or less long, balsamic-viscid : 
heads few in a cluster at the end of the branchlets, 6-8-flowered: bracts of involucre nar- 
rowly oblong, chartaceous, pale to the apex: style-appendages ovate-subulate. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 640, & Bot. Calif. i. 315.—S. E. California, on eastern slope of Providence 
Mountains, Cooper. Not again found: only branchlets known. 

B. brachylepis, Gray. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high: leaves inch or half-inch long, balsamic- 
viscid, conspicuously resinous-punctate: heads loosely paniculate or solitary terminating 
paniculate branchlets, 8-12-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the campanulate involucre 
oblong, more or less carinate by a glandular thickened midnerve ; innermost not surpassing 
the linear-oblong akenes, outermost passing into small commonly imbricated scales on the 
peduncle: style-appendages subulate-filiform. — Bot. Calif. i. 614. — 8. California, along the 
southern borders of San Diego Co., near the Mexican frontier, Palmer, Cleveland, Nevin. 
(Adj. Lower Calif.) 

B. pirrUsa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640 (Linosyris Sonoriensis, Gray, 1. vc. 291, Evi- 
cameria diffusa, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23, Solidago diffusa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159), of 
Lower California (Hinds, Xantus) and Sonora (Palmer), is a species of this group, with filiform 
leaves obscurely punctate, and involucral bracts of firmer texture, the tips greenish, verging 
therefore to the next section. 


142 COMPOSITZ. Bigelovia. 


§ 5. Aptopiscus, Gray, lc. Heads several-many-flowered: bracts of the 
involucre either coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, and usually somewhat herbaceous 
or thickened at the obtuse or barely acute apex, all strictly appressed and well 
imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous: style-appendages subulate- 
lanceolate or broader, shorter than the stigmatic portion: akenes short, sericeous- 
pubescent: herbaceous or suffruticose, commonly more or less balsamic-viscid : 
leaves not punctate, sometimes dentate or pinnatifid.— Aplopappus § Aplodiscus, 
DC. Prodr. v. 350, excl. A. ramulosus, which is a Baccharis. 


%* Herbaceous down to suffrutescent base: leaves linear: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous or 
almost chartaceous, and with obscure if any greenish tips. 


B. plurifléra, Gray, l.c. Leaves narrowly linear, entire: heads 15-18-flowered, 4 lines 
high: involucre somewhat turbinate, very smooth; its thinnish bracts lanceolate, acute: 
otherwise like the next, of which it is perhaps a mere form, but is insufficiently known, — 
Chrysocoma graveolens, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 211, not Nutt. Linosyris pluriflora, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 233. — Colorado? probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte, 
James in Long’s expedition. 

B. Wrightii, Gray, 1.c. Commonly glabrous or nearly so: stems rather strict and slender, 
a foot or two high from the lignescent base: leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire, some- 
times lower ones sparingly laciniate-dentate, margins either smooth or sparingly hirtello- 
scabrous: heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7-15-flowered, usually numerous and crowded in a 
corymbiform cyme: bracts of the involucre oval-oblong to broadly lanceolate, obtuse ; the 
back at or near the apex usually greenish, but no definite tip. — Linosyris Wrightit & L. 
heterophylla, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 95, ii. 80. — Banks of streams and in saline soil, W. Texas 
to S. Colorado and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright. 

Var. hirtélla. Leaves cinereous-hirtellous or hirsute-pubescent and roughish, but 
often glabrate in age or only ciliolate: stems sometimes pubescent.— Linosyris hirtella, 
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 95.— Same range; first coll. by Wright. 


* % Suffrutescent: leaves linear-filiform and pinnately parted: involucré nearly of the preceding. 


B. coronopifélia, Gray, lc. Glabrous: stems freely branching, slender, a foot or two 
high, leafy: divisions of the leaves 3 to 9, often half-inch long, not thicker than the filiform 
rhachis, setulose-mucronate: heads somewhat thyrsoid-glomerate (4 or 5 lines long), 10-12- 
flowered. — (Excl. pl. Arizona, Palmer.) Linosyris coronopifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 96. — 
S. Texas along the Rio Grande, Wright, Bigelow, Havard, Palmer. 


* * %* Suffruticose: bracts of involucre more coriaceous and more definitely greenish-tipped. 


+ Leaves all entire (or rarely a tooth or two), linear or spatulate-linear: branches partly her- 
baceous: glabrous. 

B. Drummoéndii, Gray, lc. About a foot high, with many slender erect or ascending 
branches or stems from a woody base: leaves all narrowly linear, with tapering base (inch 
or two long, seldom over a line wide): heads 5 or 6 lines high, rather numerous in a corymbi- 
form cyme, 18-30-flowered: involucre campanulate; its bracts linear-oblong, with obtuse 
or obtusish and short green or greenish tips: pappus rather soft. — Linosyris Drummondii, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. — Coast of Texas, and Lower Rio Grande; first coll. by Berlandier, 
Drummond, Trécul. E. Arizona, Rusby. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 

B. acradénia, Grervr. A foot or so high, very many slender stems or branches forming 
broad tufts from a woody base: leaves spatulate-linear (half-inch to inch long), entire or 
rarely some small teeth: heads glomerate-cymose, 4 lines high, 10-20-flowered: involucre 
campanulate, of more rigid oblong bracts, the back at the obtuse apex bearing a protuber- 
ant rounded resiniferous gland: pappus rigid, of very unequal bristles. — Bull. Torr. Club, 
x. 126.—Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Greene, Parry, Jared, &. S. Utah, Palmer. 
Transitions apparently occur between this and the next. 


+ -- Leaves serrate, dentate, or pinnatifid, occasionally entire : shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high. 


B. venéta, Gray. Glabrous, or the herbage when young loosely pubescent, or almost to- 
mentose : leaves short (half-inch or lower twice or thrice this length), spatulate or oblan- 
ceolate, or sometimes cuneate-oblong, sparsely or irregularly spinulose-dentate or serrate, or 


Solidago. COMPOSIT. 143 


¢enticulate with spinulose teeth, sometimes incised, some upper or fascicled ones varying 
toward linear and entire: heads more or less glomerate at the end of the branchlets, 15-35- 
flowered, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the turbinate or campanulate involucre with obtuse or 
sometimes acutish or mucronate-acute green tips (these occasionally beariug an indistinct 
resinous gland): pappus of rather rigid and very unequal bristles. — B. reneta & B. Menziesii, 
Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. viii. 638, & Bot. Calif. i. 315. Baccharis veneta, HBK. Nov. Gen. & 
Spec. iv. 68. Linosyris Mexicana, Schlecht. Hort. Halens. 7, t. 4. Aplopappus discoideus, 
DC. Prodr. v. 350. A. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. Pyrrocoma Menziesii, Hook. & 
Arn. Bot. Beech. 351. Isocoma vernonioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 320. (B. tri- 
dentata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c., Linosyris dentata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, is 
apparently a form of this, from Cedros Island off Lower California.) — Southern part of 
California (first coll. by Menzies) to borders of Arizona. (Mex.) 

B. Hartwégi, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or glabrate, « foot or two high: leaves from 
linear to narrowly oblong, pinnatifid ; the lobes 5 to 11, oblong-linear, short (only a line or 
two long): heads smaller than in the preceding, into which it may pass. — Hemsl. Biol. 
Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 115.—S. Arizona, Palmer (taken for B. coronopifolia in Proc. Am. Acad. 

” viii. 639), Lemmon. (Mex.) 


32. SOLIDAGO, L. Goxpey-rop. (Solddus and ago, to make solid or 
draw together, in allusion to reputed vulnerary properties.) — Perennial herbs 
(one species somewhat shrubby); with mostly strict stems, entire or serrate alter- 
nate leaves, the cauline sessile or nearly so, the radical tapering into margined 
petioles (never cordate) ; the small heads thyrsoid-glomerate, or sometimes 
corymbosely cymose, or more commonly in racemiform secund clusters; the 
flowers yellow, or in one species whitish in the disk and white in the ray; rarely 
the rays wanting. — Gen. ed. 1, 253 (mame from Vaill.); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 195. 
— A large genus, of nearly 100 species, mostly Atlantic N. American, but with 


several Pacific species, a few Mexican or S. American, one or two European and ° 


N. Asiatic: fl. late summer and autumn. — For notes on the species in the older 
herbaria, and a synopsis, see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 177-199. 


S. LATERIFLORA, L. Spec. ii. 879, is Aster diffusus, Ait. 
8S. Novezoracensis, L. 1. c., is probably Aster Zartaricus, and not North American. 


, Species founded on garden plants and not identified with, or obviously referable to, North 
American originals, are the following : — 


S. ampfeua, Ait. Kew. iii. 217, cult. 1759 by Miller, of unknown source, appears to have been 
some European form of S. Virgaurea, although later plants cultivated under this name may be 
derivatives of S. latifolia, L. 


8. eLiiprica, Ait. Glabrous and smooth up to the flowering branches, 2 or 3 feet high, 
equably leafy : leaves of rather firm texture, oval or oblong, acuminate at both ends, the larger 
3 or 6 inches long, 1} or 2 wide, more or less serrate with fine acute teeth, somewhat veiny : 
thyrsus somewhat leafy ; the heads (3 lines long) racemose-paniculate on erect branches, little 
or not at all secund: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse: rays 7 to 9: 
akenes villous-pubescent. — Kew. iii. 214; DC. Prodr. v. 334; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 181. 
S. plantaginea, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402. — Cultivated from early times in European gardens, not 
identified as indigenous. The typical form is here taken to be that of the Banksian herbarium, 
cult. hort. Kew. 1778. A second original specimen, to which the syn. Mill. Dict. belongs, is 

Var. AXILLIFLORA, Gray, 1.c. Leaves of somewhat firmer texture, from oval to broadly 
lanceolate : heads rather larger, in short or somewhat elongated and racemiform erect or 

spreading clusters, which are mostly axillary and shorter than the leaves. — S. /atifolia, L., 

as to Pluk. Alm. 389, t. 235, f. 4. S. latissimifolia, Mill. Dict. ed. 7. S. lateriflora, Willd. 

Spec. iii. 2057, &c., not L. nor Ait. S. fragrans, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 331, a narrower-leaved 

form. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Geett. 12,t.6% S. Cleliex, DC. Prodr. v. 331, & perhaps 

S. dubia, Scop. Del. Insub. ii. 19, t. 10. — Cultivated from ante-Linnzan times in European 

eollections, not identified in N. America, but doubtless of American origin. 


ei 


144 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


S. REcuRVATA, Willd., and S. rfvrpa, Willd. (Enum. 889 & 491), described from cultivated 
plants, are referred to under S. cesia, L., p. 145. 

S. rrrHospeRMIFOLIA, Willd. Enum. 891, referred to under S. sempervirens, L., was prob- 
ably derived from that, under cultivation becoming pubescent and duller green. But without 
the transitions as seen in S. integrifolia, Desf., this would seem improbable. 

S. conymBésa, Poir. Suppl. v. 461 (not EL), is only the European S. Virgaurea, L. 

S. cranpirLora, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 403, of unknown source, is evidently a tall cultivated state 
of the Italian S. littoralis, Savi. 

S. ruscAra, Desf. 1. c. 402. Glabrous and very smooth (the inflorescence barely puberulent) : 
stem 3 or 4 feet high, with numerous ascending purplish branches, very leafy: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute at both ends or acuminate, entire, or the lower (3 or 4 inches long) with a few 
minute and obscure teeth, of somewhat firm texture, and minutely reticulated inconspicuous 
venation, a pair or two of primary veins more evident: heads hardly 3 lines long, numerous in 
a narrow or virgate thyrsus, not secund: bracts of the involucre rather broad (outer oblong) 
and obtuse: rays 6 to 8, short: young akenes puberulent. — Of unknown source; cult. in Paris 
Garden from 1828. Habit somewhat of S. puberula. 


Of species founded on indigenous specimens there remains wholly obscure only the fol- 
lowing : — 

S. pauciFLora, Raf. in Med. Rep. (hex. 2), v. 359. “Stem simple, smooth: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, entire: flowers 1 to 5, terminal. — Gloucester Co., New Jersey, and Kent Co., 
Delaware,” Rafinesque. Not to be identified. 


§ 1. Vireatrea, DC. (Virga-aurea, Tourn.) Receptacle of the head alveo- 
late: rays commonly fewer or not more numerous than disk-flowers: herbs. 


* Involucre sguarrose, the, bracts having herbaceous recurving or spreading tips (yet occasionally 
erect in all the species): general inflorescence thyrsiform or reversed racemiform-paniculate, 
not unilateral: leaves pinnately veined, from ovate to lanceolate; the lower ones commonly peti- 
oled, and acutely more or less serrate; the upper often entire. (Chrysastrum, Torr. & Gray.) — 
SquaRRosas. 


+— Rays none: ovaries hirsute: bristles of the pappus unequal, all with clavellate tips. 


S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hirsute, somewhat cinereous: stem branching 
above: lower leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, on slender and margined petioles, 3 inches long: 
upper small, often entire, oval or oblong: heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather scattered in the 
racemiform thyrsus, 10-20-flowered: disk-corollas deeply 5-cleft : pappus often tinged with 
purple. — Fl. ii. 195. Aster? discoideus, Ell. Sk. ii. 358.— Dry soil, Georgia to Florida and 
Louisiana; first coll. by £iliott. . 


+— + Rays present and conspicuous, rather numerous: bristles of the pappus not evidently 
clavellate-thickened: akenes glabrous or nearly so. ‘ 


S. squarrésa, Muu. Green, pubescent or glabrate: stem stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet 
high: lower leaves ovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long : heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous 
and crowded at least on the lower branches of the (foot or two long) leafy thyrsus: green 
squarrose tips of the involucral bracts short and broad, obtuse or abruptly acute. — Cat. 79; 
Nutt. Gen. ii. 161; Torr. & Gray, 1c. 8S. confertiflora, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 102; 
Hook. FI. ii. 4, not DC. — Rocky soil, New Brunswick and Canada to Ohio and upper part 
of Virginia. 

S. petiolaris, Arr. Puberulent or pubescent with fine short hairs, somewhat pale or 
cinereous: stem slender, a foot to a yard high: leaves comparatively small, elliptical-oblong 
to broadly lanceolate, scabrous-ciliate ; the lower 2 inches or so in length, serrate with a few 
coarse teeth toward the apex, narrowed at base, obscurely or sometimes distinctly and abruptly 
short-petioled, mostly glabrous or glabrate above, minutely hairy at least along the veins be- 
neath ; upper smaller, sessile, entire: heads (3 to 5 lines long) loosely or sometimes more com- 
pactly disposed in a narrow or irregular thyrsus: involucral bracts narrow and acute; the 
outer green or with green tips, and more or less squarrose ; inner ones appressed. — Ait. Kew. 
iii. 216 ; Smith in Rees Cycl.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203, not Muhl., Ell., or Less. S. erecta, 
Nutt. Gen. ii. 161. S. elata? Ell. Sk. ii. 389. 8. squarrosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 102, not Nutt. Gen., nor Muhl. S. petiolaris, var. squarrulosa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Dry 


1 


Solidago. COMPOSITA. 145 


soil, especially in pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Kansas, and Texas. The specific 
name quite inappropriate ; and the squarrose tips of the bracts are sometimes obsolete, thus 
invalidating the rather marked character of this group. 

Var. angusta, Gray. Leaves greener, glabrate, narrower, nearly all entire; the 
lower sometimes 3 or 4 inches long and half-inch or less wide, tapering into a margined 
petiole. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 189. S. angusta, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 204. — W. Louisiana, 
Hale, and Fredericksburg, Texas, Thurber. 


* * Involucre of inappendiculate and wholly appressed bracts in this and all the following 
divisions: heads small (at most 3 lines long), disposed more or less in axillary glomerate or 
short-racemiform clusters along the leafy stem, or not rarely with some or most of the clusters 
in an almost naked thyrsus: leaves unicostate, pinnately veiny. —GLomERULIFLors, Torr. 
& Gray. 

+ Akenes canescently hirsute-pubescent: leaves normally thin and membranaceous, very sharply 
serrate, acuminate, bright green, usually surpassing the short clusters in their axils, except 
where these become confluent into a thyrsus at the summit. 


++ Stem and branches terete, often glaucous. 


S. césia, L. Slender, commonly branching and glabrous or nearly so up to the peduncles, 
smooth, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate or the lower from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, 
sessile, serrate with erect or ascending teeth, the venation not prominent: heads small, few- 
flowered: bracts of the involucre all obtuse. — Spec. ii. 879 (founded on Dill. Elth. 414, 
t. 307, & Virga-aurea Marilandica, etc., Ray); Ait. Kew. iii. 217; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 199. 
S. flexicaulis, L. 1. ¢., as to herb., excl. char. & syn. — Shaded banks, or in wooded grounds, 
Canada to N. W. Arkansas, Georgia, and Texas. 

Var. axillaris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. (S. azillaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 542), is a 
common form in shade, with elongated-lanceolate thin leaves, all much exceeding the short 
clusters of rather few heads. — Chiefly northern, in woods. 

Var. paniculata, Gray, lc. Paniculately branched above, smaller-leaved, flori- 
bund; the clusters of heads becoming racemose-paniculate toward the end of the branches: 
stems often purple and branchlets occasionally pubescent. — S. gracilis, Poir. Dict. viii. 476 ; 
DC. Prodr. v. 336. S. Schraderi, DC. 1. c.? (abnormal form), & of the Gardens. SS. arguta, 
Spreng. Syst., not Ait. S. argentea, Hornem. ex Spreng.—A form of drier and open 
grounds, commoner in S. States, and of European cultivation, where it is much altered, and 
appears to pass into 
8. recurvATA, Willd. Enum. 889 (not Mill. Dict.). Tall, more paniculate, and the heads 

in racemosely crowded clusters on spreading (but hardly recurved) or ascending flowering 

branches, few if any in the axils of cauline leaves ; usually some pubescence. — European gar- 
dens. May be a hybrid between S. cesia and S. ulm/folia or S. rugosa. 

S. rivipa, Willd. 1. c. 491. Stouter, purple-stemmed, with thyrsiform-paniculate inflores- 
cence of more crowded heads ; apparently a cultivated modification of S. casia, var. paniculata, 
with a large-flowered indigenous form of which (from Monticello, Georgia, Porter) it is congru- 
ous. It is S. flabellata, Schrader ex Spreng. (S. arguta, Spreng.), and S. flabelliformis, Weudl, 
in DC. Prodr. v. 336. 


++ ++ Stem and branches angled, manifestly so in dried specimens, green, not glaucous. 


S. latif6lia, L. Stem much angled, often flexuous, glabrous, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves ample 
and normally thin, broadly ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, 
abruptly and acuminately contracted at base into as it were a winged petiole of usually about 
the length of the axillary clusters, mostly pilose-pubescent beneath, thickly and coarsely 
serrate with salient subulate teeth: rays 3 or 4: disk-flowers 6 or 7: akenes very hirsute. — 
Spec. ii. 879 (ex herb. & habitat, excl. syn. Pluk.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 198. S. flexicaulis, 
L. 1. ce. ex syn. & char. (not of herb.); Ait. Kew. iii. 217; DC. Prodr. v. 335. S. flericaulis, 
var. latifolia, Willd. Spee. iii. 2064. S. macrophylla, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 305, not Pursh. — 
Moist woods and shaded banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Missouri and along the 
mountains to Tennessee and Georgia. In grounds exposed to the sun, the clusters of heads 
are often extended and spiciform, or the whole inflorescence becomes a terminal thyrsus. 

S. lancifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous: stem strict and stout, 3 or4 feet high, 
sulcate-angled : leaves elongated-lanceolate or the lower broader, sessile by a gradually nar- 
rowed entire base, above sharply serrate with the teeth ascending, 4 to 8 inches long: heads 

10 


146 COMPOSIT. Solidago. 


larger than in the preceding (3 lines long), usually more spicately clustered and with more 
numerous flowers (rays about 8): involucre of more imbricated and broader very obtuse 
narrowly oblong bracts, externally granular-puberulent when young: akenes canescently 
hirsute. —Chapm. Fl. 209. S. ambigua, var. ? lancifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. — Damp 
woods of the higher Alleghanies in N. Carolina and Tennessee ; first coll. by Curtis. 


S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem commonly branching, 
slender, moderately angled, 2 feet high: leaves from oblong to elongated-lanceolate, with 
gradually attenuate entire base, subsessile, serrate with ascending subulate teeth, 3 to 5 
inches long : heads in looser clusters, smaller and fewer-flowered (rays 4 to 7): bracts of the 
involucre much fewer, linear, obtuse. — Fl. ii. 200 (excl. var.); Chapm. lc. S. flexi- 
caulis, in part, in herb. Michx.— Open woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia, at low or 
moderate elevations; first coll. by Michaux, next by Curtis. 

Var. plubens, Gray, l.c. From sparsely to somewhat densely pubescent: leaves 
from ovate with tapering base to lanceolate. — S. pubens, M. A. Curtis in Torr. & Gray, 
FL. ii. 198; Chapm. 1. c. —Common in the mountains of Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia; 
first coll. by Curtis. 


++ + Akenes glabrous: inflorescence less axillary-clustered, more virgately thyrsoid. 


S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves 
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acuminate or acute at both ends, 1 to 4 
inches long; the lower rather sparingly serrate with acute teeth: heads small: involucral 
bracts linear, acutish: rays 5 or 6, yellow. —Chapm. Fl. 209. S. Curtisii, var.? monticola, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. — Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland to Georgia and Alabama; 
first coll. by Curtis. : 

S. bicolor, L. Puberulent, commonly cinéereous: stem often hirsute below, strict, a foot to 
a yard (rarely a span) high: leaves oblong or the lower obovate and ovate, short, mostly 
obtuse ; lower slightly or obtusely serrate : clusters crowded in a simple or compound often 
elongated thyrsus: involucral bracts linear-oblong, very obtuse: rays from 5 to 14, small, 
white, and the disk-corollas also white or yellowish. — Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 216; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 197. S. alba, Mill. Dict. Virga-aurea jlore albo, etc., Pluk. Alm. t. 114, fig. 8. 
S. viminea, Bosc in herb. Poiret, therefore S. erecta, DC. Prodr. v. 340. Aster bicolor, Nees, 
Ast. 283. — Dry ground, Nova Scotia to Virginia and the upper part of Georgia. 

Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray, lc. Flowers both of ray and disk yellow (or some 
rays yellow, others white) : foliage sometimes greener, sometimes lanate-hirsute. — S. hispida, 
Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii, 2063. S. hirsuta, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 103, & Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. vii. 327.— New Brunswick and Maine to Lake Superior, Missouri, and 
Tennessee. 

Var. landta, Gray, 1.c. Low, villous-lanate : heads simply spicately crowded at the 
summit of the stem or branches. — S. lanata, Hook. Fl. ii. 4. — Plains of the Saskatchewan 
toward the Rocky Mountains, Drummond. 


%* * % Heads mostly large for the genus (in some 6 and seldom less than 4 lines long, smaller 
in forms of S. humilis, &c.), many-flowered, collected in thyrsoidal inflorescence which is not at 
all secund nor strictly racemiform (but in two species approaches corymbiform): rays 6 to 14: 
leaves veiny from a simple midrib, in most species bright green: stems commonly low or not 
tall. (From the inflorescence a few other species, such as S. speciosa, might be sought here.) 
— THYRSIFLORA. 


+— Southwestern species, fully 2 feet high: leaves very numerous up to or into the inflorescence, 
uniform in size and shape, short (inch or two long), closely sessile, of rather firm texture, en- 
tire, rough-margined, somewhat scabrous: pubescence minute and somewhat cinereous: heads 
4 lines long: bracts of the involucre narrow, obtusish, or in some acute. 


S. Bigelévii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both 
ends and hispidulous on the margin: thyrsus simple or compound, rather dense or at 
length open: involucre broadly campanulate, puberulent: akenes minutely pubescent or 
glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80, xvii. 190. S. petiolaris, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 79, 
not Ait. — Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, Bigelow, Wright, Parry, Greene, Lemmon. 
(Adj. Mex.) ; 

Var. Wrightii, Gray, l/c. Leaves sometimes narrower: thyrsus simple and short, 
of comparatively few heads, or corymbiform almost in the manner of the Corymbose.— 


Solidago. COMPOSITA. 147 


S. petiolaris, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 94. S. Californica, var., Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 
vi. 145. — S. W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona; same collectors. 

S. Lindheimeridna, Scuzrre. Obscurely puberulent and glabrate, strict, more rigid, 
especially the broadly lanceolate or oblong more acute and greener leaves: heads densely 
glomerate in an oblong spiciform thyrsus: involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts more 
unequal: akenes glabrous. — Linn. xxi. 599. S. speciosa, var. rigidiuscula, Gray, P). Lindh. 
ii. 222, not Torr. & Gray. — Texas, on rocky bluffs and in exsiccated beds of streams, Lind- 
heimer, Reverchon. 


+— + Southern Alleghanian species: leaves thinner, mostly ample, bright green, tapering to 
both ends, some of them acutely serrate: pubescence loose and somewhat hirsute. 

S. Buckléyi, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous below : leaves ovate-oblong 
to oblong-lanceolate (the larger 3 to 6 inches long): thyrsus loose and elongated, nearly 
naked: heads 4 or 5 lines long, mostly pedunculate : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong 
with rounded-obtuse green tips: akenes glabrous. — Fl. ii. 198. — Lincoln Co., N. Carolina, 
Curtis. Middle Alabama, Buckley. Jasper Co., Georgia, Porter. 

S. glomerata, Micux. Mostly glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem stout, 1 to 3 feet 
high, leafy to the top: leaves ample, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (the 
lower 5 to 12 inches long) : heads 5 or 6 lines long, in a leafy interrupted thyrsus, or often 
in remote axillary clusters, all or most of them much shorter than the subtending leaves: 
involucral bracts oblong, obtuse: akenes glabrate. — Fl. ii.117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 209. — 
Moist wooded sides of the high mountains of Carolina and Tenn., especially Grandfather 
and Roan. The well-developed inflorescence hardly ever glomerate, therefore the name of 
this most marked species is misleading. 

S. spithameéa, M. A. Curtis. Stems a span toa foot high, roughish-pubescent, leafy to 
the top: leaves glabrate ; lower obovate-spatulate ; upper oblong (an inch or two in length), 
acute: heads (barely 4 lines long) somewhat corymbosely glomerate at the summit, also (in 
cult.) in low axillary clusters: involucral bracts acute or acutish: rays short, hardly surpass- 
ing the disk: akenes pubescent. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii.42; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 208. 
— Rocky summits of the higher mountains in N. Carolina, especially on Grandfather and 
Roan ; first coll. by Curtis. 


+ + + Boreal and montane, of difficult and uncertain limitation: rays usually numerous. 
++ Bracts of the involucre acute. 


S. macrophylla, Purss. Glabrous or a little pubescent: stem stout, 8 inches to 3 or even 
4 feet high, leafy to or near the summit: leaves thin, ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, acutely serrate; the lower (3 or 4 inches long) rounded at base or abruptly con- 
tracted into a long winged petiole: heads (5 or 6 lines long) mostly pedunculate, few or loose 
in the clusters, which in smaller specimens form a simple oblong or racemiform thyrsus, 
and in the larger occupy the axils of many of the cauline leaves: bracts of the involucre 
narrowly lanceolate-linear, thin and when dry somewhat scarious : rays rather long and nar- 
row: akenes glabrous or rarely a little pubescent at summit. — Fl. ii. 542; Gray in Proe. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 187,191. S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer, Pl. Labrad. (1830), 63; Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 207. S. leiocarpa, DC. Prodr. v. 339. S. Virgaurea, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 306, excl. 
var. S. multiradiata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vji. 328, not Ait. — Mountain 
woods of N. New England, extending upward to the limit of trees, north to L. Superior, 
Hnudson’s Bay, and Labrador. (Approaches S. Virgaurea, var. leiocarpa, of BE. Asia.) 

S. multiradidta, Arr. Villous-pubescent above or glabrate, a span to a foot or so high: 
leaves of rather firm texture and fine venation, minutely and sparingly serrate above, some- 
times entire; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, all tapering gradually to sessile base, or the 
radical into a slender margined petiole: heads (mostly 4 lines long) generally few and 
glomerate in a single terminal roundish or oblong compact often corymbiform cluster, occa- 
sionally with one or two looser axillary clusters or branches: bracts of the involucre nar- 
rowly lanceolate, thinnish or thin-edged: rays numerous and narrow: akenes pubescent. — 
Ait. Kew. iii. 218; Pursh, Fl. ii. 542; Hook. Fl. ii. 5. S. compacta, Turez. in Bull. Mosq. 
1840, 73, ex char. S. Virgaurea, var. arctica, DC. Prodr. v. 239. S. Virgaurea, var. mullti- 
radiata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 207.— Labrador and Hudson’s Bay to Behring Strait and 
Unalaska. The original high northern form very near to forms of S. Virgaurea. Bracts of 
the involucre attenuate. On the northern Rocky Mountains passes into 


148 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


Var. scopulérum, Gray, l.c. More glabrous, 3 to 18 inches high, commonly strict : 
heads when numerous in a more open or compound cluster, mostly smaller: bracts of the 
involucre closer, shorter, and merely acute.— S. corymbosa, Nutt. 1. c. (S. heterophylla in 
herb.).— Along the higher Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, Utah, &c., the Cascade Moun- 
tains, and rare (in a dwarf state) along the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. Neo-Mexicana. Two feet high, with numerous heads more loosely disposed 
in approximate axillary as well as terminal clusters, composing a narrow elongated thyrsus, 
somewhat like that of S. macrophylla. — High summits of the Mogollon Mountains, 
N. Mexico, Rusby. A doubtful plant. 

Ss. Virgaurea, L. Of this Old World and polymorphous or confused species, the var. alpes- 
tris (of which S. macrophylla is the American representative) reaches the Asiatic side of Beh- 
ring Strait, and seems to pass into S. multiradiata. The var. Cambrica is represented by 

Var. alpina, Bice. Dwarf, 2 to 8 inches high, obscurely pubescent or glabrous: 
leaves few, thickish, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse; cauline sessile, the uppermost 
lanceolate, lowest and radical narrowed into a margined petiole: heads (4 lines long) 3 to 7 
in a terminal cluster, or also subsclitary in uppermost axils: involucre broad; its bracts 
rather broadly lanceolate, barely acute: akenes pubescent. — — Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 307; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c.— Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New York, New England, and Lower 
Canada, on Anticosti, and Hudson’s Bay? Seems nearly to pass into S. humilis, and like 
that to be somewhat viscid. 

++ ++ Bracts of the involucre obtuse. 


S. himilis, Pursu. Glabrous, disposed to be glutinous, bright green: stems strict, a span 
to a foot high, leafy: leaves of firm texture and fine venation, smooth; cauline all sessile; 
upper lanceolate to nearly linear, entire; lower and radical becoming spatulate with long 
attenuate base, sparingly appressed-serrate above the middle: heads (3} or 4 lines long), 
rather crowded in w narrow racemiform paniculate simple or sparingly branched thyrsus 
(which is leafy below and naked above): bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: akenes pu- 
bescent. — Fl. ii. 543 (the Newfoundland plant, in herb. Banks, where Solander indicated 
the species) ; Hook. Fl. ii.5; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 206, not of Desf. & DC. _S. stricta, Hook. 
liu, partly. S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Man. 241.— Rocky ground, Newfoundland to 
Saskatchewan and Rocky ‘Mountains, Northern New England, and at two remarkable south- 
ern stations in the Atlantic States (viz. on the Susquehanna, York Co., Penn., Porter, and 
Great Falls of the Potomac, Robbins, Vasey): in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico 
and Utah, perhaps also Sierra Nevada in California, there too like S. multiradiata, var. scopu- 
lorum. The typical plant is narrow-leaved, with slender but rigid stems and virgate inflo- 
rescence: it often becomes larger, broad-leaved, and with ample compound thyrsus; and on 
mountains occurs a dwarfer broad-leaved form, passing to 

Var. nana. <A western alpine form, analogous to S. Virgaurea, var. alpina, 2 to 5 
inches high, with spatulate to obovate leaves, and few heads in a close glomerule, or more 
numerous in a spiciform thyrsus.— S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
389. S. Virguurea, var. alpina, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 145.— High Rocky Moun- 
tains, Colorado (first coll. by Parry), and the Cascades of Oregon and Washington Terr., 
Hall, Howell, Suksdorf. 

Var. Gillmani, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. Large, 2 feet high, rigid, in cul- 
tivation with compound ample panicle, and laciniate-dentate leaves. — Sand-hills of the Lake 
shores, N. Michigan, Gillman, W. Boott. 

S. confertifidra, DC. A foot or two high, strict, rigid, sometimes strikingly glutinous or 
resiniferous: leaves nearly of the preceding: heads smaller and numerous, fewer-flowered, 
crowded in « virgate or pyramidal compound thyrsus.— Prodr. v. 339; Fisch. & Meyer, 
Ind. Sem. Petrop. (1840), vii. 57. S. glutinosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. c. 828. — Coast 
of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first collected by Hanke, with inflorescence incompletely evo- 
lute. Shoalwater Bay, Cooper. Sauvie’s Island, ‘Howell Near Portland, Pringle, in a form 
too near S. humilis. 


+- + + + Californian coast species: rays inconspicuous, shorter than the disk. 


S. spathulata, DC. Glabrous, glutinous: stem a foot high, few-leaved, terminated by a 
single spiciform thyrsus, the upper clusters of which are monocephalous, the lower 2~5-ceph- 
alous, and about equalled by the small subtending leaves: lower and radical leaves spatulate, 


Solidago. COMPOSITA. 149 


rounded at apex, these sharply serrate, below long-attenuate into a margined petiole: heads 
4 lines long: involucral bracts oblong and broadly linear: akenes silky-pubescent. — Prodr. 
v. 839; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.191. S. petiolaris, Less. in Linn. vi. 502; ILook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 145, in part. S. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray, F1. ii. 202. Homopappus? spathulatus, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 332. — Monterey, California, first coll. by Hanke, Chamisso, 
Coulter. Not “ Mexico,” where, however, is the somewhat related S. simplex, HBK., recently 
rediscovered by Schaffner. 


* * * * Heads small or middle-sized (2, 3, or rarely 4 lines long), not in a terminal corymbi- 
form cyme, but in paniculate or racemiform clusters, which when well developed are collected 
in a terminal and more or less naked compound panicle or set of panicles (a few species tend to 
have axillary clusters, or the panicle leafy below); when the clusters are racemiform and spread- 
ing they are apt to be secund: stems generally simple or branching only at summit. — (Lrecte 
in part and Unilaterales, DC.) Panicuuats. 

+— Confined to the sea-coast or the vicinity of brackish water, very smooth and glabrous, and 
with firm and thickish or even somewhat fleshy bright-green foliage; but occasionally varying 
with some minute pubescence in and toward the inflorescence, &c. (S. lithospermifolia is mani- 
festly pubescent, but that species is not known as an indigenous plant): leaves obscurely punc- 
ticulate, entire, or some lower ones a little serrate, with a prominent midrib, but incouspicuous 
veins and veinlets in a fine reticulation; the lower leaves sometimes with one or two pairs of © 
low-lateral or basal ribs or veins: inflorescence thyrsoidal, but the clusters sometimes racemiform 
and even secund. — Maritime. 

++ Flowering rather early, commonly stout and middle-sized or tall: general inflorescence panic- 
ulate or hardly strict, leafy at the base: upper leaves not notably unlike the lower ones, and 
not appressed. 


S. confinis, Gray. Apparently pale green: leaves lanceolate and rather short (cauline 
2 to 3 inches long), or the radical obovate: heads small (2 lines long), crowded in a dense 
oblong panicle, not secund, on glabrous pedicels: rays small, not surpassing the disk-flowers : 
akenes canescently pubescent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. S. sempervirens, Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 319, as to pl. coll. Palmer. —S. California; in San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland, 
Vasey. San Bernardino Co., at hot springs on the lower mountains, Parish. 

S. sempérvirens, L. Bright green, leafy to the top, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves lanceolate 
or varying to linear and mostly acute or the lower obtuse, lowest often oblong and spatulate, 
of firm or rather fleshy texture: heads commonly large (4 or 5 lines long, or in slender forms 
only 3 lines long) and showy, numerous in short racemiform or corymbulose and somewhat 
secund clusters collected in an open thyrsus, or when fewer loosely paniculate: flowers golden 
yellow; rays 7 to 10, mostly large. — Spec. ii. 878; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; DC. Prodr. v. 335; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 211. S. Mexicana, L. 1. c. 879, & authors. S. carnosa & Noveboracensis, 
Mill. Dict. S. laevigata, Ait. Kew. ]. v. 215; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159. S. limonifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 
249. §. Azorica, Hochst. in Seubert, Fl. Azor. 31.— Along and near the sea-coast and tidal 
streams, New Brunswick and Canada to Florida, in wet or dry soil. Also San Francisco 
Bay, &c., on the Pacific. Inflorescence occasionally pubescent, and when away from salt 
water not rarely the upper part of the stem also, and leaves duller, so approaching the fol- 
lowing cultivated variety. (Mex., Bermuda, Azores.) 

Var. viminea, Gray, Proc. 1.c.192. Cultivated form, with duller-green leaves, which 
have lost the somewhat fleshy-coriaceous texture: upper part of stem and the inflorescence 
appressed-puberulent: racemiform clusters hardly developed, but the heads more scattered 
in a leafy panicle. — S. integerrima, Mill. Dict. S. viminea, Ait. Kew. 1. c. 215; Willd. Spec. 
iii. 2064. S. integrifolia, Desf. Cat. 1804, 103, & ed. 3, 402; DC. Prodr. 1. c., excl. syn. Nutt. 
S. carinata, Schrad. in DC. 1. c. 337. — Common in European Botanic Gardens; passes into 
S. yiruosPeRMiFOLia, Willd. Enum. 891, and S. erAra, Pursh (Solander, mss.), Fl. ii. 

543). Taller, robust, larger-leaved, even the leaves somewhat puberulent. Unknown as in- 

digenous, obviously S. sempervirens, var. viminea, more altered ; but so unlike the species that it 

demands separate mention. 
++ ++ Late-flowering, wholly glabrous, virgate; the upper portion of the stem beset with small 
appressed leaves: heads (commonly 3 lines long) in a strict and narrow naked panicle. 

S. stricta, Arr. Stem simple, slender, very strict, 3 to 8 feet high: leaves all entire or the 
lowest cauline and radical rarely a little serrate; these oblong or spatulate and very obtuse ; 
cauline very numerous, approximate, small and becoming bract-like, appressed, from oblong 


150 . COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


or spatulate to linear-lanceolate, obtuse but mucronate-apiculate: heads commonly in a 

simple and very narrow virgate panicle of a span or two in length, but not rarely fastigiate 

compound: rays 5 to 7.— Ait. Kew. iii. 216 (as to the true original, cult., with inflorescence 
branched); Pursh, Fl. ii. 540; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 182, 192, not of subsequent 
authors. S. virgata, Michx. Fl. ii. 117; BIL. Sk. ii. 884; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 201. S. linoi- 

des, Solander, in herb. Banks, not Boott & A. Gray. S. genistoides, Bertol. Misc. Bot, vii. 

37.— Low and sandy pine barrens. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba.) 

Var. angustifolia, Gray, lc. Leaves narrower and the lower longer, all entire; 
radical mostly lanceolate or narrowly spatulate (4 to 7 inches long, 4 to 9 lines wide); cau- 
line lanceolate gradually reduced to subulate-linear : clusters of the strict panicle often more 
racemiform and secund.— S. angustifolia, Ell. Sk. ii. 388; Torr. & Gray, ii. 212. Forms in 
brackish soil not clearly distinguished from the most slender and narrow-leaved S. semper- 
virens, — Carolina to Florida and Texas, along the coast. 

S. flavévirens, Cuarm. Stem 2 to 6 feet high: radical and lower cauline leaves oblong- 
ovate or oblong, obtusely serrate, ample (4 to 6 inches long besides the winged petiole) ; 
upper oblong (gradually reduced to half or quarter inch), all obtuse and yellowish green: 
inflorescence and heads of the preceding, but the short racemiform clusters at length more 
spreading and secund: rays few, mostly 3.—¥Fl. 211.— Florida, in brackish marshes at 
Apalachicola, Chapman. Robust and largest-leaved specimens of S. stricta seem to pass 
into this. 

“+ + Not maritime, nor alpine, nor canescently pubescent, and Jeaves not triple-ribbed. Yet in 
some a pair of stronger primary veins in the larger lower leaves gives nearly the character of 
the Triplinervie, and the Pacific species, S. Jepida and S. elongata, referred to the latter, would 
rather be sought here. — Unicostate. 

++ Slender, wholly glabrous and smooth, with narrow obscurely veined leaves, rayless! 


S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple or with long and very slender branches, 2 or 
3 feet high: leaves thickish; radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate with long taper- 
ing base, 3 or 4 inches long, obscurely serrulate; upper mostly linear and becoming small, 
entire: heads comparatively large, 3 lines long, more or less secund in a long and slender 
and virgate racemiform or sometimes paniculate inflorescence (its apex often recurving): 
involucre broad; its bracts oblong, very obtuse, thickish, mostly greenish at the tip: flowers 
9 to 12, one sometimes imperfectly ligulate: akenes pubescent. — Fl. ii. 215; Chapm. FI. 
212.— Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida, Chapman, &c. 
++ ++ Rather small-leaved, minutely puberulent, but with no other pubescence: leaves not at all 

triple-ribbed, the small upper ones only obscurely venulose: heads (small) in a narrow thyrsoid 
panicle, never secund. 
S. pubérula, Nurr. Smooth, the soft puberulence nearly imperceptible to the naked eye: 
stem rather slender, 2 feet or more high, very leafy, strict: leaves obovate and oblong, or 
the lower (1 to 3 inches long) spatulate, these more or less serrate; upper entire, from 
oblong to lanceolate: heads crowded on the short branches of the thyrsus ; involucral bracts 
subulate-lanceolate: rays small, about 10: akenes glabrous. — Gen. 162; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
202. S. pubescens, Ell. Sk. ii. 381. — Sandy ground, New Brunswick (glabrate and ambiguous 
form) and New England (chiefly along the coast, occasionally on the mountains) to Florida 
and Mississippi. Southward the characteristic minute puberulence is more manifest in 
Var. pulverulénta, Cuarm. Almost cinereous-puberulent; the upper cauline leaves 
shorter and broader, gradually diminished to half or quarter inch in length.— Fl. 210. 
S. pulverulenta, Nutt. 1. ¢. 161; Ell. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl.1.c. S. obovata, Bertol. Misc. 
Bot. vii. 36.— Lower Georgia, Alabama, Florida. 
++ ++ ++ Obscurely-veined and mainly entire-leaved species; the cauline leaves closely sessile or 
partly clasping by a broad base, with midrib prominent beneath, but veins and veinlets usually 
very inconspicuous: heads (about 2 lines long) crowded in slender spreading or recurying 
racemiform and secund clusters, which are all collected in a mostly short and broad naked 
terminal panicle: involucre of narrow and rather obtuse few-ranked bracts: rays 3 to 5 or rarely 
more: disk-flowers hardly more numerous. 

= Leaves all entire and glabrous, smooth, except the margins, usually more or less pellucid- 
punctate. 

S. odora, Arr. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, rather slender, often reclining, glabrous, or 
above minutely pubescent in lines: leaves commonly anise-scented when bruised, narrowly 


Solidago. COMPOSITE. 151 


or linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading (14 to 4 inches long, half-inch or much less in width) : 
rays rather small. (A form, var. inodora, Gray, Man., growing with the ordinary plant, is 
scentless.) —~ Ait. Kew. iii. 214 (Pluk. Alm. t. 116,f. 6, & 236, f.1); Pursh, Fl. ii. 539; Bigel. 
Med. Bot. i. 188, t. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 219. S. retrersa, Michx. Fl. ii. 117. S. punc- 
ticulata, DC. Prodr. v. 332.— Dry or sandy soil, Canada to Florida and Texas, chiefly near 
the coast, but as far interior as Kentucky. (Mex.) 

S. Chapmani, Gray. Rather stouter and more rigid: stem roughish-puberulent above: 
leaves oblong or elliptical, obtuse or even rounded at the apex, about an inch long; those 
next the broad expanding thyrsus very small, often roundish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80, 
xvii. 193. S. odora, Chapm. Fl. 213, in part.-—Pine barrens of Florida, Chapman, Garber, 
Curtiss, distributed as S. tortifolia. Between S. odora and S. pilosa. 
== == Lower leaves more or less serrulate and all scabrous or pubescent, not punctate, more 

evidently veiny than the preceding, spreading: stem very leafy: rays small, hardly surpassing 
the disk-flowers. e 

S. tortifélia, Erz. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous-puberulent: leaves all linear 
(an inch or two long, 1} to 3 lines wide), acutish, commonly twisted, especially in age, hir- 
tello-puberulent or glabrate, the lower with a few sharp denticulations: heads small, few- 
flowered. — Sk. ii. 377; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. odora, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 118, not Ait. S. retrorsa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 539; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159, not Michx. — 
Dry sandy soil, coast of Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

S. pil6sa, Wazr. Stem stouter, 3 to 7 feet high, hirsute with short spreading hairs: leaves 
lanceolate-oblong (2 or 3 inches long), or the upper elliptical or oblong (8 to 18 lines long), 
these mostly obtuse, the midrib beneath and margins scabrous- or hirsute-ciliate ; the lower 
with some acute small teeth: rays several or few and trifid, very small. —Car. 207 (not 
Mill. Dict.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 219. S$. fistulosa, Mill. Dict. S. altissema, Michx. 1. ¢., ex 
herb. S. pyramidata, Pursh, FI. ii. 537; Nutt. Gen. ii. 118. S. villosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 372; 
DC. Prodr. v. 333. — Moist ground, New Jersey (pine barrens) to Florida and Louisiana, in 
the low country : flowering late. 
++ ++ ++ ++ Leaves not small for the size of the plant, not prominently veiny, of firm texture, 

entire or little serrate, glabrous and smooth, but sometimes with ciliolate-scabrous margins: 
heads (middle-sized) crowded in thyrsoid inflorescence, not secund. 
== Pacific species: rays rather numerous (8 to 15) and small: akenes pubescent. 


S. Tolmiedna. Low, a foot or less high, leafy up to the short and rather broad inflores- 
cence of spiciform somewhat corymbosely disposed clusters: leaves thickish and veins very 
inconspicuous, linear or lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long), entire, rarely with some minute ser- 
ratures, the margins usually scabrous-ciliolate : heads about 3 lines high: involucral bracts 
lanceolate, acutish, thin. (Has been taken for a form of S. M/issouriensis, var. montana.) — 
Idaho, Washington Territory and Oregon ; first coll. by Tolmie, then by Spalding and later 
collectors. . 

S. Guiradonis, Gray. Slender, 2 feet high, bearing rather few heads in a simple virgate 
thyrsus: leaves all quite entire, thickish, bright green, attenuately cuspidate-acuminate ; 
radical and lower cauline linear-lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, about 4 inches long); upper 
more attenuate: bracts of the involucre small, lanceolate or linear, acutish.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 543, & Bot. Calif., in part.— California, along brooks, base of San Carlos Peak, 
Fresno Co., Guirado, an assistant of Prof. Brewer. 

S. spectabilis, Gray. A foot or two high: heads numerous and crowded in a narrow or 
compound and broader thyrsus : leaves paler, sometimes thinner; cauline lanceolate, or the 
small uppermost becoming linear, acute; lower and radical spatulate-lanceolate or oblong, 
acutish or obtuse, often an inch wide and obscurely triple-ribbed; radical rarely with a few 
serratures; involucral bracts lanceolate or broader, mostly obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 193.—S. Guiradonis, var. spectabil's, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 154. S. Guiradonis, in 
part, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 319; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep., &c. — From the western slopes of 
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the interior mountains of Nevada, Bloomer, Watson, &c. 
== = Atlantic species: akenes glabrous or sometimes slightly and sparsely pubescent: rays con- 

spicuous, 5 or 6. 

S. uliginésa, Nurr. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, 

mostly acute or acuminate, acutely and sparsely serrulate or else entire; radical and lower 


152 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


cauline 4 to 8 inches long, tapering gradually into a margined petiole; some ascending 
primary veins obvious: thyrsus narrowly oblong or virgate, dense, the short clusters ap- 
pressed: heads 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong or nearly linear. — 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, mainly; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 193. S. stricta, Hook. 
EL ii. 4, in part; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 204, not Ait. — Bogs and wet ground, Newfoundland 
and Canada to L. Superior, south to New England and the mountains of Pennsylvania. 

S. speciésa, Nurr- Commonly 3 to 6 feet high and robust: leaves thickish and generally 
ample, oval, ovate, or oblong, entire or little serrate, rather abruptly narrowed into a sessile 
base, or the larger into a winged petiole (these often 4 to 6 inches long and 2 or 3 wide); 
uppermost small and lanceolate or oblong; primary veins spreading and obscure, seldom 
more obvious than the finely reticulated veinlets: thyrsus narrow, composed of numerous 
short or rarely elongated spiciform clusters, rigid, rather showy : heads 3 or 4 lines long: 
bracts of the well-imbricated involucre of firm texture, narrowly oblong, very obtuse, and 
with a greenish midnerve.— Gen. ii. 160 (excl. syn. Pers.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 205. 
S. sempervirens, Michx. Fl. ii. 119, in part. S. petiolaris, Muhl. Cat. 79, not Ait. — Margin of 
woodlands, in moist or rather fertile soil, Canada and E. New England to N. Carolina and 
west to Arkansas. ‘ 

Var. angustdta, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves smaller; the 
lower spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, seldom an inch wide, sometimes 
entire ; upper an inch or two long: thyrsus commonly more simple and virgate, sometimes 
racemosely compound. —S. erecta? Ell. Sk. ii. 385; DC. Prodr. v. 340? — Sandy open 
ground or prairies, New Jersey to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. 

Var. rigidiuiscula, Torr. & Gray, lc. A form of the var. angustata, growing in 
dry open places, with more rigid and rougher-edged small leaves. — Minnesota to Nebraska 
and Texas. 
+r tr ++ ++ ++ Leaves veiny, at least the lower serrate (except sometimes in S. juncea): heads 

racemosely paniculate; the racemiform clusters when well developed secund and commonly 

scorpioid-recurving, sometimes not so in the earlier species. Atlantic species. 
== Leaves (the lower ample, those of the branches small) shagreen-scabrous on the upper face: in- 
volucral bracts broadish: heads many-flowered, rather large. 


S. patula, Munz. Stem strongly angular and striate, rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, with 
rigid elongated branches : leaves pale green, loosely venose and venulose, sharply and rather 
finely serrate, smooth and glabrous (as is the stem), except the upper face which is strikingly 
scabrous when rubbed from point to base (being thickly set with minute sharp callosities 
antrorsely directed) ; cauline oval or oblong, 4 to 8 inches long besides the abruptly nar- 
rowed base or winged petiole of the lowest; the uppermost and those of the flowering 
branches sometimes equalling the at length spreading clusters of the narrow or virgate thyr- 
sus : heads 3 or even 4 lines long: bracts of involucre linear-oblong, very obtuse : rays 6 or7, 
small, light yellow: disk-flowers 8 to 12: akenes minutely pubescent. — Willd. Spec. iii. 2059 ; 
Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 213. S. asperata, Pursh, FI. ii. 538, as to herb. Lamb. “ S. angulata, 
Muhl.,” ex Spreng. in herb. Willd. ; Schrad. in DC. Prody. v. 331. S. Mrankii, Hochst. & 
Steud. in distrib. Frank. — Wet soil, Canada to Wisconsin, south to Georgia, Missouri, and 
Texas. Flowering rather early. 

Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray, lc. Narrower leaved, and with simpler and strict 
inflorescence. — S. salicina, Ell. Sk. ii. 389, ex char. S. scabra, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 
97. — Commoner southward to Louisiana and Florida. 


== = Leaves not scabrous, both faces minutely cinereous puberulent: heads small, many-flowered, 
loosely disposed on the at length secund branches of an open panicle: vernal! 


S. vérna, M. A. Curtis. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, cinereous-pubescent, bearing a loose naked 
panicle: leaves thinnish ; radical and lower cauline oval or ovate, minutely serrate (2 to 4 
inches long), abruptly contracted into a margined petiole, the primary veins (2 or 3 pairs) 
rather conspicuous ; upper cauline small and sparse, oblong, entire: heads barely 3 lines long: 
bracts of the involucre rather narrow and thin: rays 10 or 12: akenes pubescent. —‘Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 205.— Open and sandy pine woods, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Curtis, 
T. F. Wood, &. Flowering in May! 
== == = Leaves commonly thin and membranaceous, loosely veiny (if firmer the veinlets of the 


lower face conspicuously reticulated), small or not large: heads small (about 2 lines long): 
bracts of the involucre rather few and narrow, obtuse: akenes pubescent. 


Solidago. COMPOSITE. 153 


a. Rays from none to 8: leaves clasping! 


S. amplexicatlis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely soft-pubescent or glabrate: stem slender, 
1 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches: leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, acutely serrate, 
rather scabrous above and soft-pubescent beneath; the upper slightly narrowed above the 
dilated auriculate-clasping base; lower cauline with longer contracted portion; lowest and 
radical wing-petioled below the truncate or subcordate base of the lamina (this about 2 inches 
long): racemiform clusters of the thyrsus slender, secund, often simple: pappus shorter than 
the disk-corolla. — Fl. ii. 218 (not Martens, which is S. Riddellii); Chapm. Fl. 213. — Open 
dry woods, Florida to Louisiana, Leavenworth, Chapman, Rugel, distributed by Shuttleworth 
as S. auriculata. Makes the nearest approach to Brachychata. 


6. Rays 4 to 6 or rarely more, small, and disk-flowers little more numerous: leaves sessile by a 
narrow base, pinnately veiny: pubescence of spreading hairs, or hardly any. 


S. rugosa, Mitu. Stem hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, low or moderately tall 
(1 to 6 feet high), mostly slender, very leafy to the top: leaves thin and soft, or in dry open 
ground becoming thicker and firmer, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1 to 4 inches 
long), mostly acute or acuminate, sometimes obtuse, usually hirsute on the veins and veinlets 
beneath; these conspicuous and often rugose-reticulated, sometimes scabrous above: in- 
florescence when well developed recurved-spreading, but sometimes erect: bracts of the 
involucre linear. — Dict. ed. 8; Willd. Spec. iii. 2058; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, v. 66; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii.194.  Virga-aurea sp., Dill. Elth. 406-411, t. 304, 305, 308, appended in L. Spec. 
878 to S. altissima, but not referred to it. S. altissima & S. aspera, Ait. Kew. iii. 212; Willd. 
Le. S. scabra, Muhl. in Willd. lc. 3S. villosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 537. S. humilis, Desf. Cat. 
ed. 3, 402; DC. 1.c., a low form, commonly with the racemiform clusters erect, or hardly - 
spreading and secund. SS. asperula, Desf. Cat. 1.c. 403? S. hirta, Willd. Enum. 891. S. ri- 
gidula, Bosc, in hort. Paris? S. asperata, Soland. mss., and so of Pursh as to herb. Banks. 
S. altissima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216 (incl. altissima, pilosa, recurvata, Virginiana, Mill. 
Dict.), not L.— Moist or dry ground, Newfoundland and Labrador to Texas; very common 
eastward in the Atlantic States. Polymorphous, not readily sorted into definable varieties ; 
in shade thin-leaved ; in open and dry soil has small and broader, firmer, more scabrous, and 
rugose-reticulated leaves. S. rugosa, Mill., is the best of the old names to take up. 

S. ulmifolia, Mvut. Resembles the thinner-leaved and least pubescent forms of the pre- 
ceding (into which it appears to pass), but with stem smooth and glabrous, except perhaps 
the summit: leaves bright green, nearly smooth and glabrous, or pubescent, membranaceous, 
acute or acuminate at both ends, usually coarsely serrate, the larger veins conspicuous but 
veinlets inconspicuous: thyrsus more naked: bracts of the involucre of firmer texture and 
more obtuse. — Willd. Spec. iii. 2060; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 457; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 217. 
S. lateriflora, Ait. Kew. iii. 211, not L.,— Moist woodlands and copses, Maine to Iowa, Arkan- 
sas, and Texas. , S. multiflora, Desf. (in Poir. Suppl. v. 462) Cat. 1. c. 402, DC. Prodr. v. 336, 
appears to be a state of this, altered by cultivation. 

Var. microphylla. A reduced and rather rigid form ; with lower leaves 2 inches 
long; upper reduced to half an inch, obtuse, obscurely serrate. — Texas, Lindheimer, 
Wright. 
= = => = Leaves usually of firm texture and inconspicuous reticulation, occasionally thin and 

membranaceous or more veiny, not scabrous above, commonly glabrous as also the stems: 

bracts of the involucre from broadly linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse. 


w. Stem equably and very leafy up to or into the pyramidal compound thyrsus: leaves compara- 
tively short and broad, even the lower not much narrowed downward, the secondary veins 
often manifest. 


S. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glabrous throughout, or the thyrsus somewhat 
pubescent: stem tall, rigid: leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apiculate-acumi- 
nate or acute, minutely and sparsely serrate with appressed teeth, scabrous on the margin, 
mostly closely sessile by a broadish base (1 to 4 inches long): heads (3 lines long) crowded 
on the secund and spreading or sometimes ascending and straight racemiform or spiciform 
branches of the pyramidal panicle: bracts of the involucre rather broadly linear: rays 8 to 
12, short: akenes pubescent.— Fl. ii. 218, and 8. elliptica of the same, as to the plant of 
New York. 9. elliptica? Ell. Sk. ii. 376. S. elongata, Hort. Par. 1832. — Moist ground near 
the coast, Massachusetts to New York and through the low country south to Georgia. 


154 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


b. Less leafy, or leaves toward the naked panicle small compared with the lower, which are con- 
tracted or tapering into a conspicuous narrowed base or winged petiole: veins inconspicuous: 
panicle commonly narrow, or its branches short: plants wholly smooth and glabrous, except 
the somewhat ciliolate-scabrous margins to the leaves, in drier ground sometimes obscurely 
scabrous. 


S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Stem strict and simple, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves bright green, 
lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly serrate or serrulate ; radical ones 
ample (often a foot or more long, including the elongated petiole): panicle generally thyr- 
soid and narrow, of short and crowded more or less secund clusters, or in larger plants more 
compound with spreading racemiform branches: heads at most 3 lines long: involucral 
bracts oblong-linear: rays 3 to 7 and disk-flowers 5 to 7: akenes from sparsely puberulent 
to glabrous. — Fl. ii. 213; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 204.—In swamps, especially in sphagnous 
bogs, or on their borders, Lower Canada to Maryland, west to Illinois and Wisconsin. Forms 
with almost entire leaves and strict panicle too nearly approach S. uliginosa, Nutt., while 
some with large and serrate leaves are more like S. arguta. The most slender is 

Var. linoides. Stem simple, commonly 2 feet high, slender: radical leaves 4 to 8 
inches long, a third to half inch wide ; upper cauline very small and erect : panicle of rather 
few and approximate racemiform secund clusters: heads rather smaller: rays only 2 or 3. 
— 8. uliginosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, in part, but not of his own herb. nor 
descr. SS. linoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216, not of Soland. in herb. Banks, which is 
S. stricta, Ait. Bigelovia? uniligulata, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysoma uniligulata, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. — Sphagnous swamps, Massachusetts to New Jersey. 

S. Terree-Névee, Torr. & Gray. Still obscure species, probably a form of S. neglecta, 
somewhat dwarfed and with a corymbosely paniculate thyrsus: involucral bracts rather 
thinner and narrower. — Fl. ii. 206. — Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland, Pylaie, Miss Brenton. 


c. Stems not strict, disposed to branch below the inflorescence: racemiform clusters of the in- 
florescence often leafy-bracteate, rather rigid, sparse and ascending, or forming a loose elon- 
gated thyrsus: leaves more veiny and serrate; cauline commonly abruptly contracted into a 
petiole-like or narrow base: rays not numerous, sometimes wanting: bracts of the involucre 
rather firm, obtuse, mostly greenish toward the tip. ; 


S. Bodttii, Hoox. Sometimes minutely scabrous-pubescent, or below hirsute with jointed 
hairs, often quite glabrous: stem slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves rather finely serrate with 
ascending teeth ; radical and lower cauline from ovate to oblong-lancevlate, acuminate (the 
larger 3 to 5 inches long, besides the petiole-like base); upper small, oblong to narrowly 
lanceolate, often entire: heads (2 and 3 lines long) rather loosely racemose: bracts of the 
campanulate involucre oblong-linear: rays 2 to 4 or rarely 5, sometimes solitary or none: 
akenes pubescent. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.215. S. Juncea, DC. Prodr. 
yv. 834, not Ait.—Dry wooded ground, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. The 
larger forms northward nearly approach the next species. Southward the smaller ones 
pass inte 

Var. brachyphylla, Gray. More slender; the flowering branches even filiform: 
larger leaves an inch or two long, all from ovate to oblong, seldom acuminate, commonly 
obtuse, upper reduced to half or quarter inch, sessile by a broad base: heads sparse, 4—7- 
flowered: rays none or an imperfect one. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. brachyphylla, 
Chapm. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 215, & Fl. 213.— Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida, 
Chapman, &c. ee 

Var. Ludovicidna, Gray, l.c. Perhaps a distinct species, stouter, tall, rather large- 
leaved: lower leaves and lower part of the stem sometimes roughish-hirsute or hispidulous 
with many-jointed hairs, or glabrous: heads larger, even 4 lines long!—S. Boottit, var. ¢, 
partly, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— W. Louisiana, Hale. 

S. argtta, Arr. Glabrous, sometimes slightly pilose-pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves 
thinnish (in shade membranaceous), usually ample ; the lower and larger 5 to 9 inches long, 
ovate or oval, acuminate, very strongly and sharply (or even doubly) serrate with salient 
teeth; upper reduced to oblong-lanceolate, only the small ones of the branches entire: heads 
somewhat crowded on the branches of the irregular panicle, fully 3 lines long: involucral 
bracts oblong-linear: rays 5to 7, rather large: disk-flowers 10 to 12: akenes glabrous or 
sometimes slightly pubescent. — Ait. Kew. iii. 218; Pursh, Fl.ii. 538; Muhl. Cat.; Darlingt. 
Fl. Cest. 458; DC. Prodr. v. 383; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 180, 195; not Torr. & Gray, 


~ Solidago. COMPOSITA, 155 


who followed a wrong determination. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Geett.12,t.6% S. Muhlen- 

bergii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214. — Moist woodlands, New England and Canada to Ohio, 

through Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia. 

Var. Carolinidna. Leaves of firmer texture, simply serrate as in S. Bootti’, but 
larger: heads thicker, with 4 or 5 short rays and 10 to 14 disk-flowers; involucral bracts 
firmer, oblong: akenes pubescent. — Mountains of N. Carolina and of adjacent S. Carolina 
and Georgia, G. R. Vasey, J. Donnell Smith. Perhaps distinct both from this and the pre- 
ceding species. 

d. Stems not strict, simple or corymbosely branched at summit: inflorescence an open spreading 
panicle, usually as broad as high, composed of recurving naked and minutely subulate-bracteate 
secund-racemiform clusters of crowded small heads, the rhachis and pedicels slender: rays 
numerous and small. 

S. juncea, Arr. Mostly smooth and nearly glabrous: stem 1 to 3 feet high, rigid, com- 
monly simple up to the mostly crowded branches of the wide panicle: leaves of rather firm 
texture ; radical oval to oblong-spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole, usually large and 
sharply serrate ; cauline from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), not 
rarely almost entire or sparsely serrulate, the small upper not much narrowed at base : panic- 
ulate racemes slender: heads seldom over 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and 
pale: rays 7 to 12, hardly surpassing and little fewer than the disk-flowers: akenes gla- 
brous or slightly pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213; Pursh, 1. c.; Hook. Fl. ii. 3; Gray, Proc. 1. ¢. 
S. ciliaris, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 2056; Darlingt. 1. c.; DC.1.c. 331 (excl. syn. S. glabra). 
S. arguta, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214, not Ait., &c., as was wrongly supposed. — Common in 
dry or rocky ground, Hudson’s Bay and Saskatchewan to Wisconsin, avd through the 
Northern States to the upper country of Carolina and Tennessee.— The original type by 
Solander is a small form from Hudson's Bay. The specific name alludes to the inflorescence, 
remotely resembling that of some species of Juncus. ‘S. ciliaris is a common broad leaved 
form, the larger leaves a little ciliate.— Var. scABRELLA (S. arguta, var. scabrella, Torr. 
& Gray, 1. c.) is a form with rigid and roughish leaves, growing in arid soil. Wisconsin 
and Illinois to Kentucky; in which district the leaves become more or less triple-ribbed 
and rigid, and seemingly pass into S. Missouriensis. 
+- + + Not maritime: leaves more or less triple-ribbed, or with a pair of lateral veins con- 

tinued by inosculation parallel to the midrib, yet these sometimes obscure or evanescent. — 

Triplinervie. 
++ Smooth and glabrous, at least as to the stem and bright green leaves (the latter sometimes a 

little pilose-pubescent in S, serotina), not cinereous or canescent: inflorescence when well de- 

veloped of naked and secund commonly recurving racemiform clusters, collected in a terminal 
compound panicle: akenes more or less pubescent. 

== Leaves of firm texture, rather rigid, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the slender lateral ribs not 
rarely evanescent in the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre rather firm; the short outermost 
ovate or oval and the inuer oblong-linear, all obtuse. A form of the first species connects with 
the last preceding. 

a. Rays rather small: stems leafy to the summit: leaves commonly with scabrous margins, the 
larger mostly with some scattered teeth or denticulations. 

S. Missouriénsis, Nutr. Low or middle-sized, smooth : leaves thickish, mostly tapering 
to both ends, and the serratures when present sharp and rigid, somewhat nervose; lower 
spatulate-lanceolate (larger 4 to 6 inches long) ; upper mostly linear and entire, acute ; some- 
times all entire: racemiform clusters approximated in a short and broad panicle (like those 
of S. juncea, but usually shorter), recurving in age: rays 6 to 13, small.— Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 32, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 327 (excl. hab. N. Carol.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 322. S. serotina, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, not Ait. S. glaberrima, Martens in Bull. 
Acad. Brux. viii. (1841), 68.— Dry prairies, Indiana and Tennessee to Texas, and westward 
to the Rocky Mountains; in the more eastward stations passing into or else hybridizing 
with S. juncea. 

Var. montana, Gray. Dwarf, 6 to 15 inches high: leaves entire or with few small 
serratures; cauline obscurely triplinerved, an inch or two long: panicle small and compact 
(at most 2 or 3 inches long); its clusters short, crowded, seldom recurved or much secund.— 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. ¢., as to the 
original from “upper branches of the Missouri, Wyeth.” — Dakota to the Saskatchewan and 
west to Idaho. 


156 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


Var. extraria, Gray, l.c. A foot or two high, robust:.leaves broader (the largest 
sometimes an inch wide), sparingly serrate or entire: heads rather larger: rays more con- 
spicuous. — Dry ground, in the mountains, Colorado to §. Arizona, Parry, Hall & Harbour, 
Greene, Pringle, Lemmon, &c. 

S. Gattingeri, Cuarm. ined. Slender, mostly strict and barely 2 feet high: branches and 
inflorescence perfectly smooth and glabrous: leaves ciliolate; lowest cauline and radical 
lanceolate-spatulate, appressed-serrulate, obviously triplinerved ; upper cauline mainly entire 
and without lateral ribs, oblong-lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the upper reduced to 
half or quarter inch, but near the inflorescence very small and bract-like: racemiform clus- 
ters of small heads open and spreading, not recurving, disposed to form a corymbiform very 
naked panicle: involucral bracts oblong, very obtuse, yellowish in the dried plant: flowers 
15 to 20 in the head: akenes appressed-puberulent or the lower part glabrous. — S. Missouri- 
ensis, var. pumila, Chapm. F]. Suppl. 627. — Rocky barrens and cedar glades, Rutherford Co., 
Tennessee, Galtinger. Between the preceding and the following. 

S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high: upper part of stem and flowering 
branches scabrous with minute appressed puberulence: leaves bright green, oblong-lanceo- 
late, rather short (longer only 2 or 3 inches long, toward the inflorescence moderately 
reduced), acute, mostly with a few small serratures: panicle oblong or pyramidal; its 
racemiform clusters commonly slender and soon recurving: heads narrow, 10-14-flowered : 
involucral bracts narrowly oblong: akenes pubescent. — FI. ii. 222.— Rocks, at the Falls of 
the Ohio, near Louisville, Rafinesque, Short. N. W. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey. 


&. Leaves with entire and smooth margins: rays larger. . 


S. Marshalli, Rorur. Tall (only the upper part of stem known), slender: leayes linear- 
lanceolate, acute ; the lateral ribs mostly obscure: panicle naked, of loose recurving racemes ; 
the rhachis and slender pedicels setaceously bracteate: heads 3 lines long, rather broad: 
bracts of the involucre broadish, of firm texture, mostly greenish on the back: rays about 8, 
and disk-flowers more numerous: akenes pubescent.— Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146. 
— Mountains of 8. Arizona, near the Chiricahua Agency, Lieut. Marshall. 


== = Leaves thinner, sometimes membranaceous: bracts of the involucre chiefly linear, obtuse: 
branches and upper part of the stem not rarely scabrous-puberulent or minutely hairy. 


S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem strict, slender, rigid, 2 to 4 feet high, scabro- 
puberulent even to below the middle: leaves mostly linear (3 or 4 inches long and as many 
lines wide), very sharply and finely serrate, both ribs and veins inconspicuous: heads 3 lines 
long, in an ample open panicle: involucral bracts thin, linear, obtuse: rays 10 or 12, small. 
— Fl. ii, 223; Chapm. Fl. 214. — Damp soil, Florida to S. Carolina, near the toast, Leaven- 
worth, Chapman. 


S. rupéstris, Rar. Stem lax, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth nearly to the small panicle: leaves 
membranaceous, linear-lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrulate or denticulate, or the upper 
entire (1 to 3 inches long): heads very small (barely 2 lines long): rays 4 to 6, small. — 
Ann. Nat. 14; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 225.— Rocky banks of streams, along the Ohio River, 
Kentucky, Indiana, and Western Virginia. Probably only an extreme glabrous form of 
S. Canadensis. 


S. serdétina, Arr. Stem stout, 2 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous up to or near 
the ample panicle, sometimes glaucous : leaves commonly ample, lanceolate or broader (3 to6 
inches long), sharply and saliently. serrate, in the typical plant glabrous both sides: heads 
crowded, rather large and full (3 lines long) : rays 7 to 14, moderately large and conspicuous: 
bracts of the involucre broadly linear or linear-oblong. — Kew. iii. 211; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvii. 179, 196. S. gigantea, Willd. Spec. iii. 2056, and subsequent authors. S. glabra, 
Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402; DC. Prodr. v. 331. S. fragrans, Hort. Par., not Willd. S. Pitcheri, 
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 326, forms with broad and 
comparatively short leaves and rather smaller heads. S. elongata, var., Torr. & Gray, l.c., in 
part. — Moist or rich soil, Newfoundland to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and south to Texas. 
Passes insensibly into 

Var. gigantéa, Gray, 1c. Commonly tall, 5 to 8 feet high: leaves with the lateral 
ribs more prominent beneath, and these more or less pilose-pubescent.or hispidulous, 
sometimes the veins or even the whole under surface pubescent.—S. gigantea, Ait. 1. c. 
S. serotina, Willd.; Torr. & Gray, etc. — Chiefly’ in the Atlantic States, from Canada to 


Solidago. COMPOSITA. 157 


Texas. From Willdenow to the latest authors this has passed as the true S. serotina, and 
that for this. 


++ ++ Minutely pubescent or glabrate, not cinereous nor scabrous, thinnish-leaved, and the 
lateral ribs commonly obscure: panicle mostly erect and thyrsiform, often compact. and the 
heads little if at all secund: involucre of small and thin narrow bracts: rays 12 to 18, small. 
(Related to the preceding and following, also to S. rugosa.) 

S.lépida, DC. A foot or two high: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 
inches long, very sharply and mostly coarsely serrate, sometimes for most of their length, 
sometimes only above the middle, in some the teeth almost none : thyrsus very short and 
compact, an inch or two long, little surpassing the upper leaves, not at all secund: heads 
fully 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre subulate-linear, attenuate-acute. — Prodr. v. 339. 
S. gigantea, Hook. FI. ii. 2, in part. — Alaska, coast and islands, Henke, Kellogg, &c., and 
Brit. Columbia. 

S. elongata, Nurr. Like the preceding, or taller, sometimes a yard high: leaves com- 
monly narrower: thyrsus more developed and compound, 3 to 8 inches long, its branches 
occasionally spreading: bracts of the involucre linear, acutish or obtuse. — Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. Lc.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 223, mainly. S. stricta, Less. in Linn. vi. 502. S. e/ata, Hook. 
FL. ii. 5, not Solander. — Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California, and east to Montana, 
Slave Lake, &c. Seemingly passes on the northwest coast into S. lepida, and eastward into 
S. Canadensis. 


++ ++ ++ Pubescent (at least the stem), either hirsutely or canescently, or hispidulous-scabrous: 
branchgs of the panicle when well developed secund. 

== Leaves tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point, generally thin or thinnish: panicle 
open, of naked and secund mostly recurving racemiform clusters: bracts of the involucre nar- 
row and thin: rays small and short. 

S. Canadénsis, L. Stem 2 to6 feet high, from scabrous- or cinereous-puberulent to hirsute : 
leaves mostly lanceolate, puberulent, pubescent, or nearly glabrous, sharply serrate or the 
upper entire, veiny, and with lateral ribs prolonged parallel to the midrib: heads small, 
ordinarily only 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and pale, narrowly linear, acutish 
or obtuse: rays 9 to 16, more numerous than the disk-flowers.— Spec. ii. 878 (excl. syn. 
Pluk.); Ait. Kew. iii. 210; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221. S. altissima, L. 1. ¢., that is Virga- 
aurea altissima, etc., Martyn, “ Cent.” (Hist. Pl.) 14, t. 14; not of most subsequent authors, 
who have followed the conjectural references to Dill. Elth. S. reflexa, Ait. 1. c. 211; Willd. 
Spec. iii. 2056. .S. nutans, Desf. Cat. ed. 3,402. S. longifolia, Schrader, in DC. Prodr. y. 330. 
— Moist or dry and shady ground, New Brunswick to Brit. Columbia (and north to Slave 
Lake), south to Florida and mountains of Arizona: flowering rather early. —The more 
marked forms varying from the ordinary are the following. 

Var. précera, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Leaves less serrate or the upper entire, at least 
the lower face and upper portion of the stem cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose with very 
short and fine pubescence: inflorescence less open or the branches ascending in less de- 
veloped or cultivated plants: heads sometimes larger. —S. procera, Ait. 1. c.; Willd. 1. c. 
S. eminens, Bischoff, hort. Heidelb. —Opén ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Idaho and 
Texas, the northwestern forms commonly dwarf. © 

Var. scdbra, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Like the foregoing, but the short pubescence 
rough or hispidulous: leaves shorter, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, more entire, more 
veiny (approaching rough-leaved forms of S. rugosa): heads sometimes 3 lines long. — 
S. scabra, Muhl. Fl. Lancast. ined., not Willd., which is S. rugosa.— Drier and sunnier 
places, Penn. to Florida and Texas. (JS. scabrida, DC. Prodr. v. 331, of Mexico, appears to 
be a form of this.) ; 

Var. canéscens, Gray. Stem and both faces of the narrow and commonly entire 
leaves canescent with soft and fine pubescence: bracts of the involucre broader and more 
obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197.—S. W. Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Bigelow, and 
S. New Mexico, Thurber. 

Var. Arizonica, Gray, l.c. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, hardly 
scabrous: stems low: heads mostly 3 lines long: thin bracts of the involucre commonly 
acutish. — S. mollis, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.— Mountains of S. Utah, Ward, and of 
New Mexico & Arizona, Bigelow, Rothrock. (Heads, &c., nearly of S. velutina, DC., a Mexi- 
can species, which approaches this and the preceding ambiguous forms of S. Canadensis.) 


158 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


== = Leaves obtuse or abruptly apiculate, or acutish, of firm or coriaceous texture, upper ones 
entire: pubescence all close, cinereous or canescent, or scabro-hispidulous; lateral ribs com- 
monly incomplete, often obscure or wanting: panicle mostly compact, naked: bracts of the 
involucre broadish and obtuse, of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow. The 
species are confluent. 

w. Cinereous to canescent with fine and soft or at length minutely scabrous pubescence: leaves firm 
but seldom very rigid. 

S. Califérnica, Nutt. Stem rather stout, either low. or tall, canescently puberulent or 
pubescent: leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate and the lower obovate, obtuse or 
apiculate, entire or the lower with some small teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more 
pubescent: thyrsus virgate, 4 to 12 inches long, dense; the racemiform clusters erect or 
barely spreading in age, when elongated mostly secund, and even with the apex at length 
recurved: heads 3 or 4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear, 
mostky obtuse, externally somewhat puberulent: rays 7 to 12, fewer than the disk-flowers: 
akenes minutely pubescent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 319. S. puberula, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502, not Nutt. S. petiolaris, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 145, partly. S.velutina, DC., var. “ panicula contracta,” DC. Prodr. 
v. 332, Henke, whose “ Real del Monte” is Monterey, California.— Dry ground, California 
to the borders of Nevada and Mexico. 

Var. Nevadénsis, Gray. Thyrsus and its clusters more secund: heads rather 
smaller: involucre mostly glabrous. — Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Sierra Nevada, California, and 
Nevada from Plumas Co, to Owens Valley, &c. Transition to S. nemoralis. 

S. nemordalis, Arr. Mostly low, with the fine and uniform close pubescence éither soft or 
(in age and in dried specimens) minutely scabrous: leaves from spatulate-obovate to ob- 
lanceolate or somewhat linear; upper entire and small (half-inch or more long) ; radical and 
lower cauline sparingly serrate: thyrsus and its compact racemiform clusters secund, com- 
monly recurved-spreading: heads 2 or 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre oblong-linear or 
narrower, obtuse, smooth and glabrous: flowers (appearing rather early) deep yellow: rays 
5 to 9, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes closely pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213; 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 537; DC. Prodr. v. 333; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. hispida, Muhl. in 
Willd. Spec. iii. 2063 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 541. S. conferta, Poir. Dict. viii. 459. S. cinerascens, 
Schwein. in Ell. Sk. ii. 375. 4S. decemflora, DC. Prodr. v. 322. S. puberula, DC. 1. c. 333, 
not Nutt. — Dry hills or sterile soil, throughout Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida and 
Texas, and west to Arizona, Utah, and Nevada; in the eastern region soft-cinereous; be- 
yond the Mississippi often greener and more scabrous; or in Utah and New Mexico greenish 
and hardly scabrous. In the Rocky Mountains and northward mostly occur low and more 
canescent forms. (Adj. Mex.) — 

Var. incana, Gray, Proc. 1c. Dwarf, a span to a foot high: leaves oval or oblong, 
rigid, more or less canescent, sometimes rather strongly serrate, sometimes mostly entire: 
racemiform clusters erect or the lower somewhat spreading, collected in a dense oblong or 
conical thyrsus. —S. mollis, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1836, 5; DC. Prodr. v. 279; in 
cult. specimens the involucral bracts are narrowish and somewhat acute, as also in one form 
of S. incana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221 (excl. var.), while in a similar one, collected with it by 
Nicollet, they are linear-oblong and obtuse. — Plains of Minnesota and Dakota (Nicollet, &c.) 
to the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) : 

S. nana, Nurr. A span to‘a foot high, canescent with minute dense puberulence, not sca- 
brous in age: leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire, small: heads (3 lines long) 
broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform panicle, not at all secund: 
bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse: otherwise nearly as S. nemoralis. — Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 327 (in herb. “ S. pumila”); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Moun- 
tains and high plains, Wyoming to N. Arizona and N. E. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall. 

b. Hispidulous-scabrous, rigid, green! 

S. radula, Nutr. Stem a foot or two high, scabro-puberulent: leaves rigidly coriaceous, 
short, loosely reticulate-veined, occasionally with well-developed lateral ribs, obtuse, sparsely 
serrate or entire, from oval or obovate to oblong-spatulate (lowest 2 or 3 inches long, upper- 
most an inch or less, or rounded ones on the branches reduced to half or quarter inch), very 
hispidulous-scabrous at least on the veins, the midrib and margins often hispid: branches of 
the thyrsus secund and when well developed recurved-spreading : heads 2 and at most 3 


Solidago. COMPOSITA. 159 


lines long: bracts of the involucre rather rigid, glabrous, oval to linear-oblong: rays 3 to 6, 
rather fewer than disk-flowers: akenes minutely pubescent. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 327; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. rotundifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 332, & S. scaberrima, Torr. & Gray, 
lc, broad-leaved form. S. decemflora, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 223, not DC.—Dry hills and 
aa S. W. Illinois to Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas; first coll. by Berlandier and 
Nuttall. 


c. Seabro-puberulent, somewhat cinereous, small-leaved: the lateral ribs obsolete. 


S. sparsiflora, Gray. Founded on incomplete specimens (branches), of doubtful affinity, 
scabrous rather than puberulent, leafy into the narrow and strict branches of the panicle: 
leaves all small (the larger hardly an inch long), lanceolate-linear, rather acute at both ends, 
rigid, entire, with lateral ribs and veins almost obsolete: heads somewhat scattered or few 
in the short imperfectly racemiform and somewhat secund clusters, 3 lines long: bracts of 
the involucre rather small, oblong-linear, barely obtuse: rays 6 to 10, little surpassing the 
disk. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.—S. Arizona, near Camp 
Lowell, Rothrock. Llano Estacado, N. W. Texas on the borders of New Mexico, Bigelow. — 
To which must be added 

Var. subcinérea, Gray. Quite cinereously puberulent, the leaves scabro-puberulent : 
heads more crowded and secund in the virgate panicles: rays more conspicuous. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 197. — Rucker Valley, S. Arizona, Lemmon. Base of stem and lower leaves 
unknown: the affinity decidedly with S. nemoralis. Also a form between this and i$. Cana- 
densis, var. canescens, with larger heads, &c., coll. New Mexico in the Mogollon Mountains, 
1881, Rusby. 


= = = Leaves thinnish, puberulent but green, broad, acute, divergently triplinerved and 
veiny: branches of the loose panicle racemiform, secund, leafy: bracts of the involucre nar- 
towly oblong, obtuse, outer with greenish tips: rays few. 

S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Soft-puberulent: stem 3 feet high, freely branched: 
leaves ovate or broadly oval, nearly or quite glabrous above; cauline copiously serrate, com- 
monly acute at both ends, almost petioled (lower 3 or 4 inches long and 2 or more broad); 
those of the flowering branches numerous even through the inflorescence, from 2. inches 
down to a quarter-inch long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate or entire: rays 4 or 5, often 
3-lobed, rather large. — Fl. ii. 217. S. ulmifolia, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97.—S. W. Ili- 
nois and Missouri to Louisiana, flowering late; first coll. by Drummond. Allied in some 
respects to S. rugosa and S, amplexicaulis. 


%* * * * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme: radical leaves mostly 
long-petioled and with prominent midrib: akenes except in the first species wholly glabrous. — 
CoryYMBOS#. 

+ Leaves, even the radical, not triplinerved, flat; cauline sessile, very numerous: involucre of 
oblong-linear to oval faintly striate bracts: akenes very glabrous. 

S. rigida, L. Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft or (in age) rather 
scabrous pubescence: stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high (rarely more dwarf) : leaves rigid, obscurely 
serrate or entire; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both ends or acute 
at base, 3 to 7 inches long; upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradually smaller upward, with 
slightly clasping or decurrent base: clusters dense: heads about 5 lines long, campanulate, 

_many- (over 30-) flowered: involucral bracts broad: rays 7 to 10, rather large: akenes 

turgid, 12-15-nerved. — Spec. ii. 880; Ait. Kew. iii. 216; Michx. Fl. ii. 118; Ell. Sk. ii. 390; 

Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 208. S. grandiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359, & Desv. Jour. 

Bot. i. 226. — Dry and gravelly or sandy soil, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to the upper 

part of Georgia, southwest to Texas and W. Colorado. Varies with smaller heads, looser 

inflorescence, and greener more scabrous leaves, in Texas, &e. 

S. corymbosa, Ez. Stem and leaves (except their margins) quite smooth and glabrous, 
green: heads (3 to 5 lines long) in looser inflorescence: akenes short, turgid, 10-nerved : 
otherwise as in the preceding, of which it may be a glabrous variety. — Sk. ii. 78; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c.; not of Poir. Suppl. v. 461, which is a form of S. Virgaurea.— Upper and middle 
Georgia and Alabama; first coll. by Mr. Jackson ; apparently also in Texas. 

S. Ohioénsis, Ripper. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high: 
radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 5 to 9 inches long, half-inch 
to an inch or more wide, attenuate at base, almost entire; upper lanceolate, sessile by a 


160 COMPOSITA. Solidago. 


narrowed base: cyme fastigiate: heads pedicellate, small (3 lines long), narrow, 16-24- 
flowered : bracts of the involucre narrower: rays 6 to 9, small: akenes slightly 5-nerved. — 
Synop. 57; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Low prairies or meadows, W. New York to Ohio and 
Indiana; first coll. by Riddell. 


+ ++ Leaves somewhat conduplicate; lower slightly triplinerved. 


S. Riddéllii, Franx. Glabrous and smooth, or the inflorescence puberulent: stem a foot 
or two high, very leafy: leaves elongated-lanceolate, entire; radical 8 to 12 inches long, 
attenuate at both ends; cauline rather long, erect at the base which nearly sheathes the 
stem, partly conduplicate above, and the upper part falcately arcuate: heads densely cymose, 
3 or 4 lines long, 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 9, small and narrow: akenes faintly 5-nerved.— 
Riddell, Synops. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 210. S. amplexicaulis, Martens in Bull. Acad. 
Brux. viii. (1841) 68.— Wet prairies, Ohio (first coll. by Riddell) to Iowa and Missouri. 
(Also Fort Monroe, Virginia, Vasey and Chickering, these adventive ?) 

S. Houghtoni, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves indistinctly 
nerved, rather rigid, scattered (3 or 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide): heads rather few in a 
corymbiform cyme, 20-30-flowered: rays 7 to 10, rather large: bracts of the involucre 
oblong-linear: akenes 4—5-nerved.— Gray, Man. ed. 1, 211, ed. 5, 242.— Swamps, north 
shore of L. Michigan, Houghton. Genessee Co., New York, Paine. Flowering early. 


+ + + Leaves flat, smooth, and glabrous, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, more or less tripli- 
nerved or 3-nerved, or nervose: heads only 3 or 4 lines long. 


S. nitida, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth except the summit and inflo- 
rescencé, which are minutely hirsute: leaves coriaceous and rigid, evidently nervose, punc- 
tate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 5 lines wide): heads numerous in the corymbiform 
cyme, about 14-flowered : rays 2 or 3, large: bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong: akenes 
10-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. — Dry pine woods and barrens, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. 
by Drummond and Leavenworth. 

S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-stemmed from a woody 
branching and cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous: leaves 
rigid, 3-nerved, acute; radical 2 or 3 inches long: cyme glomerate-fastigiate: heads nar- 
rowly oblong, 5-8-flowered: rays 1 to 3, short: involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate, 
and with small green (sometimes mucronulate) tips: mature akenes flattish and unusually 
broad, rather longer than the rigid pappus: akenes 5-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. Chrysoma pumila, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325.— Rocky dry places, N. W. Texas to S. W. Utah, 
Nevada, and Idaho, mostly in the mountains; first coll. by Nuttall. 


§ 2. Eurumia, Nutt. Receptacle of the flowers fimbrillate or the alveoli 
pilose: rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and 
never surpassing them in height: heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose, 
small: leaves very numerous, all linear, entire, 1-5-nerved, somewhat punctate, 
sessile: akenes villous-pubescent, short and turbinate: filiform rootstocks exten- 
sively creeping. — Huthamia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 471; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc., l. c. 

* Taller and paniculately branched Pacific species. 

S. occidentdélis, Nurr. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clus- 
ters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth even on the 
midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous: bracts of the involucre rather narrow: rays 16 to 
20: disk-flowers 8 to 14.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 156. S. lan- 
ceolata, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502; Hook. FI. ii. 6, partly. Euthamia occidentalis, 
Nutt, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 326. Aplopappus baccharoides, Benth. Bot. 
Sulph. 24. — Moist ground, British Columbia to S. California, extending eastward to New 
Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. — Long rootstocks tuberous-thickened at the extremity. 


* * Comparatively low, a foot or at most a yard high, cymosely much branched above and flat- 
topped: heads mostly glomerate-sessile: Atlantic species. 


S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, distinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an 
additional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves 


Lessingia, COMPOSIT. 161 


beneath: outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, and the inner linear: rays 15 to 20: 
disk-flowers 8 to 12.— Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226. S. gramini- 
Solia, Ell. Sk. ii. 391. Chrysocoma graminifolia, T.. Spec. ii. 841. Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt. 
Gen. ii. 162 (subgen.), & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Low ground, Canada to Georgia, and 
northwest to Montana. 


S. tenuifdlia, Pursu. Lower (a foot or two high), slender, more resinous-atomiferous 
and glutinous, but glabrous: leaves all narrowly linear, one-nerved or with a pair of indis- 
tinct lateral nerves: heads smaller: rays 6 to 12: disk-flowers 5 or 6.—FI. ii. 540; Ell. Sk. 
ii. 892; Torr. & Gray, lc. S. lanceolata, var. minor, Michx. Fl. ii. 116. Erigeron Carolini- 
anum, L. Spec., being Virgaureu Carol., &c., Dill. Elth. 412, t. 306, f. 394. Euthamia tenui- 
folia, Nutt. 1. c. —Sandy or gravelly and moist or dry ground, coast of New England to 
Florida and Texas. 

S. leptocéphala, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, with more simple branches, wholly 
smooth and glabrous except the margin of the leaves; these with prominent midrib, very 
obscure lateral nerves, and no apparent veins: bracts of the involucre and the head narrower: 
rays 8 or 10: disk-flowers 3 or 4.— Fl. ii. 226.— Low ground, W. Louisiana and Texas; 
first coll. by Leavenworth and Drummond. Also, in a narrow-leaved form, N. W. Arkansas, 
F. L. Harvey. 


§ 3. Curyséma, Torr. & Gray. Suffruticose: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, peculi- 
arly areolate-venulose in the dried state: otherwise as § Virgaurea. —Chrysoma, 
Nuitt., in part. 


S. pauciflosculésa, Micnx. A foot or two high, much branched from the shrubby base, 
glabrous, somewhat viscid: leaves from spatulate-oblanceolate to linear, very obtuse, entire, 
an inch or two long and with a contracted petiole-like base, one-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, 
not venose, but minutely and uniformly venulose, the impressed veinlets forming microscopic 
quadrate or roundish meshes over both surfaces: thyrsus somewhat corymbosely paniculate ; 
the clusters only obscurely secund: heads 3 or 4 lines long: rays 1 to 3, rather large: disk- 
flowers 3 to 5, deep yellow: akenes pubescent: pappus brownish. — Fl. ii. 116; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 224. Chrysoma solidaginoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67, & Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 325.— Dry hills and sand-banks on the sea-shore, 8. Carolina to Florida and 
Alabama; flowering late. (Bahamas.) 


33. BRACHYCH ATA, Torr. & Gray. (Bpaxvs, short, yaéry, bristle, 
from the very abbreviated setose pappus, which, with the cordate leaves, some- 
what artificially distinguishes the genus from Solidago.) — Single species, flower- 
ing in late summer and autumn. — FI. ii. 194. 


B. cordata, Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Soft-pubescent: stems 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial 
root: leaves membranaceous, veiny, mostly acutely serrate; radical rather large, round- 
cordate, on long and nearly wingless petioles; cauline ovate, the lower on winged petioles: 
heads 2 or 3 lines long, narrow, solitary or fascicled in the racemiform and secund clusters 
or narrow thyrsus: bracts of the involucre with greenish tips, inner ones linear-oblong : 
flowers golden yellow, those of the disk and short ray each 4 or 5: pappus shorter than the 
akene and shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Solidago sphacelata, Raf. Ann. Nat. 
(1820), 14. S. cordata, Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky, Suppl. Brachyris ovatifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 
313.— Open woods, &c., W. North Carolina and E. Kentucky to the upper part of Georgia ; 
apparently first coll. by Rafinesque. 


34, LESSINGIA, Cham. (Dedicated to the eminent German author, 
G. E. Lessing, and to his grand-nephews, Karl Lessing the painter, and Christian 
Fr. Lessing, author of Syn. Gen. Compositarum.) — Californian annuals or bien- 
nials, flocculent-woolly when young; with alternate leaves and rather small heads 
of flowers, either of the xanthic or cyanic series; the pappus becoming fuscous 
or rufous. Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the wstivation indu- 

11 


162 COMPOSITA. Lessingia. 


plicate up to the nerve. — Linnza, iv. 203; Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 315, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, viii. 864, & Bot. Calif. i. 306. — Flowering spring and 
summer, 


%* Flowers yellow, sometimes purplish in age; some of the marginal ones with conspicuously larger 
and more or less irregular and radiatiform corolla: bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips: 
akenes narrow, compressed, 2~3-nerved: style-branches truncate-obtuse, bearing a brush-like 
tuft of bristles, in which a minute or obscure setiform tip is partly or wholly hidden: heads 
about 3 lines high, terminating spreading slender branchlets. 


L. Germanorum, Cram.l.c. Low and diffusely spreading from the base, or procumbent, 
arachnoid-lanate with appressed white tomentum, glabrate with age; filiform flowering 
branches sparsely leafy or naked: lower leaves spatulate and usually pinnatifid or incised, 
with long tapering entire base; those of the branches becoming linear and entire, all nar- 
rowed at base: involucre hemispherical; its bracts with loose and foliaceous tips or the outer 
foliaceous, all glandless.— Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 326, t. 7 (style bad); Gray in PL 
Hartw. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 307, only in part.— Open dry ground, near San Francisco and in 
adjacent parts of California; first coll. by Chamisso. Corollas said by Chamisso to be 
“ croceous.” 

L. glandulifera, Gray. Diffusely much branched from an erect stem, more rigid, above 
glabrous or early glabrate: leaves more commonly entire, sometimes spinulose-dentate ; 
those of the branches small and very numerous (3 to 1 lines long), or minute and almost 
covering flowering branchlets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, thick and rigid, commonly beset 
along the margins with yellowish tack-shaped glands: involucre campanulate to turbinate ; 
its bracts more appressed, the outer successively shorter, and some or all of them glandulif- 
erous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, Z. Germanorum in part, & L. ramulosa, var. tenuis, 
Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., in part. — Arid grounds, from Monterey to San Diego, San Ber- 
nardino, &c.; common. The glands are like those of Calycadenia on a smaller scale, some- 
times copious and strongly marked, sometimes few and inconspicuous. 


%* %* Flowers purple or white; the corollas all alike and regular or nearly so: bracts of the involu- 
cre with appressed or erect tips: akenes less or hardly at all compressed, 4—5-nerved. 


+ Stems slender and loosely branching, erect, a span to a foot or two high: white wool deciduous 
in age: leaves oblong to lanceolate or the lower spatulate, entire or sparingly dentate, the small 
upper with partly clasping or adnate base: involucral bracts mostly herbaceous-tipped. 


L. ramuldsa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat granulose- or hirtellous-glandular on the glabrate 
branches and upper leaves, occasionally with some minute tack-shaped glands: stem usually 
stout at base: heads (3 or 4 lines long) terminating diffuse slender branchlets: involucre 
campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 10-20-flowered : corollas short (purple) : style-append- . 
ages with minute setiform tip.—On dry hills, not rare through the northwestern part of 
California to Bay of San Francisco; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge. A 

Var. ténuis, Gray. A slender and ambiguous form, not thickened at base of stem, 
low and diffuse, analogous to the depauperate states of the next species. — Bot. Calif. i. 307, 
as to pl. of Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 364.— Southeastern California, at head of Peru 
Creek, Rothrock. 


L. leptéclada, Gray. Glabrous after denudation of the floccose wool: stem slender (the 
taller forms 2 feet or more high, the most depauperate only 3 or 4 inches), and with long 
virgate or filiform branches bearing solitary or few heads: upper leaves commonly with 
sagittiform-adnate base: involucre turbinate, from 20-flowered down (in depauperate plants) 
to 5-flowered ; its bracts in numerous ranks: corolla conspicuously exserted : style-append- 
ages with a conspicuous subulate tip.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Dry 
ground, common through the western and central parts of California, in very diverse forms; 
sometimes with numerous heads spicately crowded along the summit of the branches, and 
too nearly approaching the next. 

L. virgata, Gray. More densely woolly: stem and virgate branches more rigid: upper 
leaves appressed, concave, carinately one-nerved: heads spicately sessile, each in the axil of 
a leaf of nearly the same length: involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5~7-flowered : style-branches 
with a conspicuous subulate tip.— Pl. Hartw. 1. ¢.; Bot. Calif. 1. c.—On the Sacramento, 
probably in the northern part of the State, Pickering and Brackenridge, Newberry. 


Aphanostephus. COMPOSIT&. 163 


+— + Depressed or dwarf, flowering from the ground: inner bracts of involucre cartilaginous- 
aristate! 

L. nana, Gray, l.c. Usually stemless, a very woolly and pellet-like tuft from a slender root, 
an inch or two high, a cluster of sessile (half-inch long) heads, each surrounded by a rosulate 
cluster of spatulate or lanceolate leaves: involucre 10-12-flowered ; its outer bracts linear- 
lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, little herbaceous; inner ones pearly white, scarious- 
chartaceous, tapering into a rigid subulate acumination or awn which equals the flowers and 
very rufous pappus: akenes short and turgid: tip to the tufted style-appendages wanting. — 
Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 338, t. 7, poor. — Dry ground, foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, 
from Siskiyou Co. to Kern Co., Pickering, Fitch, Muir, Canby, Rothrock. 

Var. cauléscens. Leaves larger; radical ones much surpassing the sessile heads in 
their axils: also several developed stems, of an inch to 4 inches high, sparsely leaved, and 
as either solitary or 3 or 4 spicately disposed heads. — S. California, at Tehachipi Pass, 

arry. 


35. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. (Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) — Low 
herbs, of the northern hemisphere ; the typical species perennial and stemless: 
radical leaves obovate: rays white, rose-colored, or purple. ‘The akenes in the 
two perennial Mexican species, viz. B. xanthocomoides (Brachycome, Less.) and 
B. Mexicana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 93 (coll. Wright and Bourgeau), as also in our 
annual species, are less flat, and marginal nerves slender or less thickened, than 
in the Old World species. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 265. 


B. peréynts, L., the common European Daisy, is escaping from cultivation and beginning 
to be spontaneous in a few places. 

B. integrifélia, Micux. Annual, sparsely pilose-pubescent, diffusely branched and leafy, 
aspan to a foot high: leaves spatulate-obovate and the upper narrower, entire: peduncles 
terminating the branches: bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-mar- 
gined: rays half-inch or less in length, usually pale violet. — FI. ii. 131; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3455; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 189. clipta integrifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 602. Astranthium 
integrifolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 312.—Low grounds, Kentucky to 
Arkansas and Texas; fl. spring and summer. 


36. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. (Adare, vanishing or inconspicuous, 
and ovédos, crown ; from the pappus.) —Texano-Mexican annuals or biennials, 
sometimes perhaps of longer duration, pubescent, leafy-stemmed and branching ; 
With rather showy heads, resembling those of Daisy, on solitary peduncles termi- 
nating the branches, and nodding before anthesis: leaves from entire to pinnately 
lobed: rays from white to violet-purple: akenes almost or quite glabrous. Fi. 
summer. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 262; Gray, Proce. 
Am. Acad, xvi. 80. Aphanostephus, Keerlia (excl. one species, which is a Xantho- 
cephalum), & Leucopsidium, DC. Prodr. v. 309, 310, vi. 43. 

%* Pappus a very short crown with a ciliate-fringed edge, which commonly is obsolete in age: base 

of the corolla-tube seldom thickened. 

A. Arizonicus, Gray. Erect, a foot high, minutely soft-pubescent, not cinereous: upper 
leaves linear and entire; lower linear-spatulate, 3-5-lobed or laciniate: heads small, on at 
length clavate-thickened peduncles: akenes narrow, terete, evenly striate with about 10 nar- 
row ribs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. A. ramosissimus, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 147. 
— Arizona, on the Gila River, Rothrock. 

A. ramosissimus, DC. Erect or at length diffuse, slender, a foot or less high, hispidu- 
lous-pubescent: upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed; lower laciniate- 
pinnatifid or incised: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 to 5 lines long: akenes almost 
terete and even, the ribs or nerves few and mostly obscure, except on some outermost. — 
Prodr. v. 310; Gray, Pl. Wright. l.c.; Torr.in Marcy Rep. t.9. A. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, 
FL ii. 189. A. pilosus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., a remarkably hispid form. Lgletes 


164 COMPOSITA. Aphanostephus. 


ramosissima, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 220.— Rocky. and saxtdy prairies, Texas. 
(Adjacent Mex.) 

A. himilis, Gray, lc. Low and diffuse, soft-pubescent and cinereous: leaves rarely entire, 
often pinnatifid: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 or 4 lines long: akenes shorter and 
more distinctly costate-angulate. — Leucopsidium humile, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 18.  Eogletes 
humilis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71.— Southern and western borders of Texas, Wright, Palmer (but 
his plant, no. 494, doubtful), Reverchon. (Mex.) ; 

A. ramésus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90 (Keerlia ramosa, DC.), Mexico, Keerl, is im- 
perfectly known. 
* %* Pappus more conspicuous and dentate or laciniate: base of the corolla-tube in age promi- 
nently thickened and indurated, long persistent on the strongly angulate-costate akene. 

A. Arkansdnus, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, a foot high, cinereous-pubescent: leaves from 
oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate; lower often toothed or sinulate-lobed : heads larger : 
rays commonly half-inch long: outer akenes usually suberose-angled or ribbed: pappus 
mostly obtusely 4-5-lobed or pluridentate. — Leucopsidium Arkansanum, DC. Prodr. vi. 43. 
Keerlia skirrobasis, DC. Prodr. v. 310; Deless. Ic. iv. t.18; Hook. Ic. t. 240. Egletes Arkan- 
sana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 394; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 411.— Plains of Arkansas, 
Kansas, and Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. 

Var. Hallii, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat smaller: leaves varying from entire to pinnately 
parted : crown of the pappus more conspicuous, deeply cleft into 4 or 5 unequal subulate- 
acuminate lobes! — Texas, /. Hall (no. 303, 304), Palmer. 


87. GREENELLA, Gray. (Rev. Edward Lee Greene, the discoverer.) 
— Slender and low winter annuals; the typical species (analogous to Gutierrezia) 
diffuse and conspicuously radiate ; an ambiguous species rayless, and perhaps not 
truly congeneric. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. 


G. Arizénica, Gray, l.c. Smooth and glabrous, diffusely branched from the base: leaves 
small (inch or less long), entire, veinless, sessile, alternate ; radical ones lanceolate or ob- 
scurely spatulate, hispidulous-ciliolate; cauline narrowly linear and gradually reduced to 
subulate: heads solitary at summit of divergent filiform branchlets: involucre 2 or 3 lines 
high and wide; bracts with a conspicuous subapical green spot: rays 10 to 16, oblong or 
obovate, white: mature akenes densely white-villous, the hairs tipped with a capitellate 
gland: border of the pappus-crown multisetulose-dissected.—Mesas of Arizona, Greene 
(1877), Lemmon, Pringle. The rovt obviously not perennial. 

G. discoidea, Gray. Stems or branches numerous from a probably monocarpic but lig- 
nescent root, strict, very leafy : leaves all narrowly linear, acute ; the lower (over an inch 
long) with obscurely ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads somewhat corymbose: involucre 
barely 2 lines high; the bracts more scarious and with indistinct green spot: rays none: 
ovaries glabrous: pappus pluridenticulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.—S8, Arizona, in 
Tanner's Cafion, Lemmon. 


88. KEERLIA, Gray. (F/. W. Keerl, a German traveller in Mexico.) — 
Diffusely and slenderly branched Texan herbs, leafy-stemmed; with small panicu- 
late heads on almost capillary peduncles, white or purple rays, and oblong entire 
sessile leaves ; the style-appendages in one species much elongated (in the manner 
of the preceding genus), and this has only sterile ovaries in the disk. — PJ. Lindh. 
ii. 220, & Pl. Wright. i. 92, not DC., whose genus of this name was founded on 
two species of Aphanostephus and a Xanthocephalum, to which was added a syn- 
onyme belonging to a Bellis. 

K. bellidifolia, Gray & Enczrm. Annual, pubescent, effusely branched from near the 
base, a span or two high; when young with the habit of Bellis integrifolia: lower leaves 
obovate or spatulate ; uppermost somewhat linear: involucre only 2 lines long: rays 4 to 15, 
blue: style-appendages in the disk-flowers short and very obtuse: akenes obovate-clavate 


and moderately compressed. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47; Pl. Lindh. 1. c.; Pl. Wright, lc. — 
Fertile soil, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. 


Dichetophora. COMPOSIT&. 165 


K. effasa, Gray. Perennial, often 2 feet high, with simple stem branching above into an 
effuse ample panicle: leaves (an inch or less long) hispid as well as the stem, rigid and sca- 
brous, oblong, mostly with a broad sessile base: heads very numerous: involucre more 
turbinate: rays 4 to 7, white: disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, apparently always 
sterile, and with elongated linear-lanceolate style-appendages : fertile akenes obovate, flat, 
callous-nerved at the margins (or with one margin 2-nerved).— Pl. Lindh. ii. 221; Pl. 
Wright. i. 93. — Hillsides, central parts of Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer. 


89, CHAXTOPAPPA, DC. (Xairy, bristle, and rérmos, pappus.) — Low 
and small Texano-Mexican winter annuals, diffusely branched; the branches 
terminated by small heads: rays white or purple: leaves entire, the lower spatu- 
late, upper gradually becoming linear or reduced to subulate bracts. FI. spring 
and early summer. — Chetanthera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. Che- 
tophora, Nutt. in DC. Chetopappa & Distasis, DC. Prodr. v. 801, 279; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 268. Diplostelma, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 72. 


C. asteroides, DC.1.c. Slender, 2 to 10 inches high, pubescent: involucre (2 lines long) 
rather narrow, of 12 to 14 bracts: rays 5 to 12: disk-flowers 8 to 12: style-appendages very 
obtuse: akenes slender, little compressed, obscurely few-nerved, pubescent, all the central 
ones sterile and often awnless: pale of the pappus very thin and hyaline, narrowly oblong, 
not rarely lacerate or cleft. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 187. Cheetanthera asteroides, Nutt. 1. c. — 
Dry ground, Texas to Arkansas and the borders of Missouri. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. imbérbis, Gray. Awns of the pappus wanting in all the flowers: the paler 
rather broader and sometimes coroniform-concreted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. — E. Texas, 
Wright. 

C. Parryi, Gray. More rigid, 9 inches or more high: leaves subcoriaceous, hispidulous ’ 
and glabrate: involucre (3 lines long) turbinate: rays 6 or 7: style-appendages short and 
very obtuse: akenes quite glabrous; the fertile ones fusiform and somewhat compressed, 
4nerved, with a pappus of 4 or 5 firmer and cuneiform-quadrate pale which are laciniately 
fimbriate at the truncate apex, and of few or sometimes solitary more delicate awns, these 
occasionally little longer than the palex, sometimes wanting; disk-akenes mostly inane and 
awnless. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. Listasis modesta, var., Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. — 
Mt. Carmel, on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico, Parry. 

C. modésta, Gray, 1.c. Less slender and pubescence more hirsute than in C. asteroides : 
involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts obtuser and more numerous: rays 9 to 20: disk- 
flowers 40 to 60, all but the central fertile; their style-appendages narrower and acutish: 
akenes oblong or linear, much compressed, pubescent when young, with merely marginal 
nerves or occasionally a facial one, only the central ones sterile: pappus of 5 oblong erose- 
truncate at length subcoriaceous palew, alternating with as many rather rigid awns.— Dis- 
tasis modesta, DC. Prodr. v. 279. Diplostelma bellioides, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 73. — Dry ground, 
Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Dfsrasis? HETEROPHYLLA, Hemsl. Biol. Centr-Am. Bot. ii. 119, of Mexico, is hardly of 
this genus, probably not of the tribe. 


40. MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray. (Movos, single, wridov, feather, al- 
luding to the solitary plumose bristle of the pappus.) — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
vy. 106, t. 13; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 307; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 306.— Single 
species. 

M. bellidiférme, Torr. & Gray, 1c. A small but pretty annual, much branched from 
the very base, depressed, villous-hirsute: heads terminating the numerous leafy branchlets, 
half,inch in diameter, inclusive of the white or violet-purple rays: leaves small, spatulate or 


linear-spatulate, the uppermost involucrate around the head.— Arid or desert plains, S. E. 
California to 8. W. Utah, Fremont, Parry, Palmer, Parish. 


41. DICH AZ TOPHORA, Gray. (Aids, xairn, popd, bearing two bristles, 
i, e. pappus-awns.) — Pl. Fendl. 73. —Single species; in Benth. & Hook. Gen. 


166 COMPOSITE. Dichestophora, 


ii. 209, referred (along with a species of Perityle and an Achetogeron) to a section 
of Boltonia. 


D.-campéstris, Gray. A small and Daisy-like winter annual, at first acaulescent with a 
scapiform peduncle (1 to 3 inches high), at length with leafy branches terminated by a slen- 
der monocephalous peduncle: leaves spatulate, entire, somewhat hirsute: head 2 or 8 lines 
high, the ovate disk soon surpassing the involucre: rays 16 to 20, apparently white or rose- 
color. —Pl. Fendl. 73, perhaps excl. syn. Brachycome? xanthocomoides, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 190, the specimen of which is too young for determination. — Southern borders of Texas, 
Berlandier (no. 1465, specimen too young), Havard, in fruit. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer.) 


42. BOLTONIA, L’Her. (James Bolton, an English botanical author.) 
— Perennial and leafy-stemmed herbs (wholly of the United States), Aster-like, 
glabrous, glaucescent, mostly tall; with striate-angled stems, entire sessile leaves 
commonly becoming vertical by a twist at base, rarely decurrent; and with rather 
showy heads; the numerous rays white, purplish, or violet; fl. autumn. — Sert. 
Angl. 27 (with figures cited which were never published); DC. Prodr. v. 301; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 269, excl. § Asteromea, Blume, which passes into Cali- 
merts, and also § 3, which is a mixture. Wings of the akene broadish and thin, 
narrow and thickish, or obsolete in the same species, or even in the same head. 


* Stems (2 to 7 feet high) paniculately much branched and slender: heads small; the disk only 
about 2 lines high and wide. 

B. diffasa, E1zt. Lower leaves lanceolate; upper linear, those of the loose and almost fili- 
form flowering branches or branchlets becoming linear-subulate and minute; rays mostly 
white, barely 2 lines long: involucre as in the next, but the bracts more numerous and un- 
equal. — Sk. ii. 400; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; DC. 1. ¢. & Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. syn. 
Bot. Mag. — Low grounds, South Carolina to Texas and along the Mississippi region north 
to Illinois. 

* %* Stems (2 to 8 feet high) simple and more cymose-paniculate at summit: leaves broadly lan- 
ceolate or the uppermost linear-lanceolate’ heads short-peduncled, larger; the disk in fruit a 
third to half an inch in diameter: rays 4 to 6 lines long. : 

B. asteroides, L’Hrr. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, mostly greenish : rays 
from white to purplish or pale violet-color: setulose squamelle of the pappus mostly nn- 
merous and conspicuous: the two awns sometimes wanting or obsolete, more commonly 
present and little shorter than the akene. — Matricaria asteroides, L. Mant. i16. MM. glasti- 
folia, Hill, Hort. Kew. 19, t. 3. Chrysanthemum Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 204. Boltonia 
glastifoia & B. asterodes, L’Her. 1. ¢.; Michx. Fl. ii. 1832; Willd. Spec. iii. 2162; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 2381 & 2554; DC. 1. c.— Moist or wet ground along streams, Pennsylvania to Ili- 
nois and Florida. The awnless form (B. asteroides) is not constant to this character, but 
is commonly smaller, and with fewer and smaller heads. 

Var. dectrrens, Excerm. in herb. A large form (in cultivation 7 or 8 feet high). 
with leaves alate-decurrent on the stem and even the branches; the wings sometimes ending 
below in a free and subulate point: pappus-awns slender. — Missouri, Eygert. 

B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger and more showy. rays blue-violet: bracts of 
the involucre oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate : awns of the pappus uniformly 
present and conspicuous, the setulose squamelle small.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser 2, xxxiii, 238. 
— Kansas and W. Missouri, near the mouth of the Kansas River, Parry. Now not rare in 
cultivation, the handsomest species. 

Var. occidentdlis. Heads rather smaller: rays white.— River-bottoms of Union 
Co., Eastern Oregon, Cusick. 


43. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. (David Townsend, botanical associate of 
Dr. Darlington of Penn.) — Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs (of the 
Rocky Mountains); with from linear to spatulate entire leaves, and comparatively 
large heads, resembling those of Aster; the numerous rays from violet or rose- 


Townsendia. COMPOSITA. 167 


purple to white; fl. from early spring to summer. Akene commonly beset with 
bristly “duplex ” hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Involu- 
cral bracts mostly ciliate. — Fl. ii. 16, t. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. For structure of the achenial hairs, see Macloskie in 
Proc. Am. Nat. xvii. 31, xviii. 1102. 


* Bracts of the involucre ae attenuate-acuminate: head large; the involucre half-inch 

or more high, and rays half-inch long: fl. summer. 

+ Caulescent biennials or annuals, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate: 
involucre naked; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: rays showy, bright blue or 
violet. (Pappus of the first species anomalous!) sy aed 

T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14 inches high: leaves 
spatulate or the upper lanceolate: head sparingly leafy-bracted or naked at base: involucral 
bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with 
green centre: akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate (sprinkled with a few 
short and obscure glochidiate-tipped hairs) : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length 
corneous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene (sometimes wanting in the ray), 
and a circle of rigid squamelle which are mostly coroniform-concreted at base and rigid in 
age. — P]. Fendl. 70; Pacif. R. R. Exp. iv. 98; Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 83. — Mountain sides, 
New Mexico and adjacent part of Colorado, Fendler, Bigelow, &e. 

T. grandiflora, Nurr. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched 
above, a.span or two high: upper leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subtending the 
head: involucre nearly of the preceding : akenes n narrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidi- 
ate-capitellate hairs: pappus in the ray reduced to a crown of short squamellx, in the man- 
ner of the genus, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akene.— Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. u. ser. vii. 306; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to 
the borders of New Mexico; first coll. by James and Nuttall. 

T. Parryi, Earoy. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to 6 inches 
high (the taller forms sometimes branching) : leaves mostly spatulate: bracts of the very broad 
involucre lanceolate, thinner, with softer and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate: 
akenes narrowly obovate, canescently pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them 
1-2-dentate at tip: pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk, or somewhat more 
scanty, rays “blue” or violet.— Am. Naturalist, viii. 212; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 1. c. 
— Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho, Hayden, Parry, &c. 

Var. alpina, Gray, 1c. <A dwarf and alpine form, more pubescent and cinereous : 
leaves very small, at most half-inch long: flowering stem about the same length or hardly 
any’ involucral bracts less pointed: “rays pink.”— Wyoming on the high divide between 
Stinking Water and the Yellowstone (confounded with 7. spathulata), Parry. 

+— + Depressed-stemless and monocephalous perennial. 


T. condensdta, Parry. Very lanuginous with long and soft arachnoid hairs, the spatu- 
late obovate leaves (with blade 2 or 3 lines long and tapering into a very much longer petiole) 
rosulate-crowded around the large and broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or 
hemispherical woolly tuft, an inch and a half high and surmounting a slender stoloniform 
caudex: bracts of the involucre linear and soft, with a weak attenuate apex, all nearly 
equal in length: rays 100 or more, narrow: disk-flowers also very numerous © pappus of ray 
and disk similarly and slenderly plurisctose and long. — Am. Nat. viii. 213 (description by 
Eaton). — Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl Creek range, July, J. D. Putnam. 

* * Bracts of the involucre not prominently if all acuminate: heads mostly smaller or narrower: 
pappus of the disk and often of the ray plurisetose. 

+— Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, some simple, others bifid or bi- (rarely tri-) 
dentate at the apex, the teeth or lobes ascending or merely spreading and usually acute: heads 
middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate; the pink or rarely white rays and the involucre 
each from a third to barely half an inch long: bracts of the latter few-ranked: annuals or bi- 
ennials. (The most western species in range.) 

4+ Pappus of the ray like that of the disk, but somewhat shorter. 


T. flérifer, Gray. A span or more high, cinereoys-hirsute: stems rather slender from an 
annual root, leafy. leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate- 


te 


168 COMPOSITE. Townsendia. 


acuminate: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, little unequal.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 84. 
T. strigosa, Gray, in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 344, not Nutt. Erigeron florifer, Hook. Fl. ii. 20. 
Aplopappus florifer, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 351. Stenotus florifer, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii, 238. — Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, east of the Cascades, Mon- 
tana to Washington Terr. and Oregon; first coll. by Dauglas. 

T. scapigera, Earon. Low (2 to 4 inches high), hirsutely pubescent : heads on scapiform 
1-2-leaved stems: radical leaves spatulate (often broad and short, with a long narrowed base 
or petiole): involucral bracts rather broadly lanceolate. — Bot. King Exp. 145, t. 17. Aplo- 
pappus florifer, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 351?— Rocky ridges in the mountains, 
Nevada and Modoc Co., N. E. California, Watson, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Flowering early: 
a winter annual or biennial. 

Var. cauléscens, Eaton, l.c. A summer form, more slender and sparingly leafy- 
stemmed, with rather smaller heads. — Nevada, in Monitor Valley, Watson. 

Var. ambigua, Gray, l.c. More leafy-stemmed from a slender root, fully a span 
high: rays white: pappus of the ray sometimes little more than half the length of that of 
the disk. — Rabbit Valley, Utah, at 7,000 feet, Ward. 


++ ++ Pappus of the ray setose-squamellate, shorter than the breadth of the akene. 


T. Watsoni, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat cinereous with a close short pubescence : stems 4 to 7 
inches high from a slender root, spreading, nearly all branching above and sparsely leafy, 
therefore bearing numerous short-pedunculate heads: leaves narrowly spatulate and ob- 
lanceolate : involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate : hairs of the akene rather shorter and obtuse 


or at length 2-3-dentate at tip. — 7’. strigosa, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 145, not Nutt. — Great’ 


Salt Lake, Utah, on the shore of Stanbury Island, June, Watson. 


“+ + Hairs on the akene, or most of them, glochidiate-capitellate, i. e. obtusely bidentate at apex, 
and the apparently somewhat glandular lobes recurved or revolute, thus appearing to be 
minutely depressed-capitate under a lens. 

++ Head large, three-fourths to a full inch long (without the rays): plants green and glabrate, 
depressed-acaulescent from a perennial root, with habit of 7’. sericea: leaves large, much surpass- 
ing the head, minutely sericeous-pubescent when voung, in age with only some ciliate or other 
hairs toward the attenuate petiole-like base, plane and coriaceous: involucre well imbricated. 


T. Wilcoxiana, Woop. Leaves linear-spatulate, elongated (1 to 3 inches long including 
the petiole-like base): head mostly solitary, sometimes an inch long, short-peduncled or 
subsessile: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or the inner linear, barely acutish: ray and 
disk-pappus of similar slender and elongated bristles. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 163, & Bot. 
Gazette, iii. 50.— Colorado, in the San Luis Mountains, E. K. Smith. Indian Territory, 
Dr. Wilcox. Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon. 

T. Rothrockii, Gray. Leaves more broadly spatulate and shorter (inch or less long), 
rosulate around the solitary head which is closely sessile at the surface of the ground, or at 
length with one or two additional heads and tufts from the same crown: involucre shorter 
and broader; its bracts oblong, mostly obtuse: ray-pappus of squamellate bristles not longer 
than the breadth of the akene, or with one or two more elongated. — Rothrock, in Wheeler 
Rep. vi. 148, t. 7; Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85.— Mountains of South Park, Colorado, in the 
alpine district, at 13,500 feet, Rothrock, J. D. Allen. 


++ ++ Heads from three fourths down to one third of an inch long, sessile, or rarely on a very 
short naked peduncle: plants sericeous- or striguluse-pubescent, depressed-acaulescent or low- 
caulescent: involucre well imbricated: ray-pappus mostly plurisetose. 


T. sericea, Hoox. Depressed-acaulescent perennial, with closely sessile solitary or few 
heads on the crown next the ground, surrounded and surpassed or equalled by the linear or 
linear-spatulate leaves, at length multicipital and pulvinate-tufted, an inch or two high: 
head an inch or less long: involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute: rays white 
or purplish-tinged: pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk (forma papposa, 
Gray, Pl. Fendl:), or of fewer but similar bristles, or (in the northern part of its range) with 
most of the bristles short and aristiform, and even reduced to squamelle little longer than 
the width of the akene. — Fl. ii. 16, t. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 69; 


Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 47; Gray, Proc. 1.c. 85. Aster? exscapus, Richards. Appx. - 


Frankl. Journ, 32.— On dry hills, plains, or mountains, Saskatchewan to Rocky Mountains 
in lat. 54°, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona; fl. April and May.— Varies from 


Townsendia. COMPOSITA. 169 


large-headed, comparatively broad-leaved, and glabrate forms (which may almost pass into 
the two preceding species), to a narrowly leaved and more sericeous form with head barely 
two-thirds inch long, as in the original northern specimens (both grow together in Colorado, 
“the latter flowering two weeks later”), or sometimes even yet more reduced, so that the 
heads are barely half-inch long. 

Var. leptotes, Gray, is an ambiguous form from Middle Park, Colorado (Parry), 
with heads less than half-inch long, and all but the primary ones somewhat distinctly pedun- 
culate: leaves narrowly linear with attenuate base. Perhaps a distinct species. 

T. Arizénica, Gray. Depressed subcaulescent and multicipital, or branching from a per- 
ennial root, forming a lax pulvinate tuft of 2 or 3 inches high, minutely sericeous-canescent : 
leaves*spatulate, short (about half-inch long), seldom surpassing the barely sessile and mostly 
foliose-fulcrate hemispherical heads (these merely half-inch high): bracts of the involucre 
lanceolate, mostly obtuse: pappus of ray and disk alike and of equal length, rather rigid, about 
the length of the akene (2 or 3 lines long). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85.— Arizona, adjacent 
Utah (Palmer), and N. W. New Mexico, Coues & Palmer, M. E. Jones, Matthews. 

T. incana, Nutr. Depressed-caulescent or subcaulescent from a winter annual or perennial 
root, an inch to a span high, branching, strigulose-cinereous or canescent: leaves from nar- 
rowly spatulate to almost linear; uppermost fulcrate around the sessile (about half-inch) 
heads and seldom surpassing them: involucral bracts more sericeous and ciliate and less 
obtuse than in the foregoing: pappus of the ray from a third to half the length of that of 
the disk. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lc. J’. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray, in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. v. 108, where the heads are wrongly said to be larger than those of J’. sericea. — 
Mountains of Wyoming to S. Utah and the borders of S. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall. 
++ ++ ++ Heads about one-third inch long, sessile among the rosulate leaves: herbage soft- 

lanate: pappus deciduous in a ring! —§ Urophorus, Nutt. 

T. spathulata, Nctr. Depressed and multicipital from a slender perennial root, forming 
a tuft an inch or so high: leaves crowded, spatulate, densely villous-lanate ; the upper about 
equalling the heads: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute: rays rather short, 
pinkish: pappus of ray and disk similar and of the same length, of slender bristles. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Rocky Mountains in Wyoming; on the Black Hills of the 
Platte, Nuttall, and Wind-River Mountains, Parry. 
++ ++ ++ ++ Heads small, only a quarter-inch high (exclusive of the rays), mostly short-pedun- 

culate, hemispherical: involucre of few-ranked broadly lanceolate and barely acute bracts: 

caulescent and branching (at least in age) and summer-flowering: pappus of the (sometimes 
infertile but feminine) ray shorter, commonly setose-squamellate. 
== Green and glabrate, perennial. 


T. glabélla, Gray. An inch or two high from a slender rootstock, nearly simple, sparsely 
pilose-pubescent when young: leaves thickish, soon glabrous, spatulate (an inch or less long, 
including the usually slender petiole) ; the uppermost usually surpassed by the slender and 
naked (sometimes inch-long) peduncle: involucre glabrous: pappus of the ray in one speci- 
men plurisetose and nearly half the length of that of the disk, in another reduced to short 
squamelle.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 86. — Pagosa, 8. W. Colorado, Newberry. 
== = Cinereous with fine and close somewhat strigulose pubescence, flowering from near the 

ground at first, but becoming taller (4 to 10 inches high) and loosely branching: pappus of ray- 
akenes always reduced to a crown of short squamelle, with rarely one or two short bristles. 
(Species hardly distinct.) —§ Nanodia, Nutt. 

T. Féndleri, Gray. Root slender, but apparently perennial: leaves linear: bracts of the 
involucre unequal, in about 3 ranks, acute. — Pl. Fendl. 70, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢.— 
Gravelly hills, New Mexico and S. Colorado, fl. May to Sept.; first coll. by Fendler. 

T. strigosa, Nutr. Winter annual, with slender root, flowering when only half-inch high, 
often attaining a span in height: early leaves spatulate; later ones linear: heads rather 
smaller: bracts of the involucre broader, acutish, in about 2 ranks, the outer shorter. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 1. c.— Gravelly hills and plains, Wyoming to 
New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. 

T. MexicAna, Gray, Pl. Fend]. 70 (from about Saltillo, &c., Mexico, Gregg, Parry, Palmer, 
and from farther south, Galeotti), differs slightly from the last in having the two ranks of 
involucral bracts of equal length and all very obtuse. 


170 COMPOSITA., Corethrogyne. 


44, CORETHROGYNE, DC. (KépyOpov, yu}, besom-style, from the 
brush-like tuft of bristles on the style-appendages.) — Rather low and Aster-like 
Californian perennials, whitened, at least when young, with cottony tomentum ; 
the stem or branches terminated by solitary somewhat large and showy heads: 
rays violet-blue or purple: disk yellow, often changing to purplish: pappus 
tawny or ferruginous: peduncles, with the bracts, &c., usually glandular under 
the wool: leaves sessile, entire, or merely serrate. FI. summer. — Prodr. v. 215; 
Nutt. in Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. vii. 290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 97; Gray, Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 76, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif. i. 320. 6 


* Heads pretty large and broad, disposed to be solitary, terminating a simple stem or simple 
branches: involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more in diameter; its bracts little unequal and 
outer ones largely herbaceous: style-appeudages strongly comose. 


C. obovata, Benru. Stems decumbent from spreading rootstocks, a foot or two long: 
leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, sparsely serrate or dentate above; those of the ascending 
branches small, from oblong to linear-lanceolate: rays violet, varying to white suffused with 
pink. — Bot. Sulph. 22. C. spathulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317, & Bot. Calif. 1. « — 
Coast of California, from Bodegas (where it was first coll. by Hinds) to Humboldt Co., 
Bolander, Kellogg, &c. 

C. Califérnica, DC. Stems erect or ascending: leaves linear and entire, or the lowest 
lanceolate-spatulate and few-toothed: sometimes a few bracts on the receptacle, like the 
innermost of the involucre, subtending outer flowers: rays violet or purple. — Prodr. v. 215; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 321. C. Californica & C. incana (the common state, with no bracts on 
the receptacle), Nutt. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — California, along and near the coast, Mon- 
terey to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas. 


* %* Heads smaller, solitary and terminating the branches, or often more numerous and loosely 
paniculate: involucre cainp:nulate or broadly turbinate, much imbricated; the bracts mainly 
appressed, outer ones successively shorter; all with short green tips: style-appendages scantily 
comose. 


C. filaginifélia, Nurr. Stems slender, erect or ascending, a foot or two high, commonly 
bearing few or (when depauperate) even solitary heads: leaves oblanceolate-spatulate and 
few-toothed or entire; upper often linear or reduced and bract-like on the branchlets; the 
white tomentum usually persistent, or when deciduous the branchlets and involucre little if 
at all glandular: rays violet. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 290; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, 
& Bot. Calif. l.c. Aster? filaginifolius & A. tomentellus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146. 
Diplopappus leucophyllus, Lindl. in DC. v. 278. Aplopappus (Pyrochata) Henkei, DC. 1. c. 
349. Corethrogyne filaginifolia & C. tomentella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 99. —Common through 
the western and southern parts of California from Monterey southward; flowering at almost 
all seasons, varying greatly. The following are the more extreme forms. 

Var. virgata, Gray. Slender, becoming glabrate and greener in age, often bearing 
numerous heads in a very open panicle: involucre and naked branchlets disposed to be 
glandular-viscidulous. — Bot. Calif. 1.¢. .C. virgata, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23. — Common from 
Monterey southward ; first coll. by Hinds and by Fremont. 

Var. rigida. A stouter and rigid form, either very white-tomentose or in age gla- 
brate, then viscidulous-glandular : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to oval or obovate: heads 
commonly numerous and paniculate.— C. incana, var. rigida, &c., Benth. Pl. Hartw. 316. 
C. tomentella, Durand, Pacif. R. Rep. v. App. 8. C. filaginifolia, var. tomentella, Gray, Bot. 
Calif. 1. ¢., in part. — Dry and open ground, Monterey to San Bernardino Co. 

C. prténsa, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 41 (Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 223), appears to be 

Diplostephium (Aplostephium) canum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 75, of Lower California, and not 

of this genus. 


45. PSILAOTIS, Gray. (Wdds, naked, dxrés, ray; no pappus to ray- 
flowers.) — Texano-Mexican annuals, minutely pubescent, or glandular, or gla- 
brate ; with slender and loosely paniculate-branching stems, pinnatifid or incised 
lower leaves tapering into a petiole, and narrow often entire upper ones; the 


Sericocarpus, COMPOSIT&.” 171 


heads small, terminating the branches, with violet or purplish or white rays; 
these usually infertile: fl. summer.— Pl. Fendl. 71; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 269. 


P. Cotilteri, Gray, lc. Branched from near the base, glabrous or obscurely hispidulous- 
puberulent, or the rigid spreading flowering branchlets granulose-glandular : leaves all short, 
rigid, mostly incisely dentate, those of the branchlets minute: involucral bracts oblong or 
broadly lanceolate : rays conspicuous (quarter-inch long) and rather broad: pappus copious. 
—S. Arizona, Palmer, Lemmon, Pringle, &c. Mohave Desert, California, Parish, Coulter, &e. 
(Adj. Mex.) 

P. asteroides, Gray,l.c. Scabro-puberulent, a foot to a yard high from a plainly annual 
root: lower leaves spatulate or oblong, sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, sometimes barely 
dentate; upper mostly linear and entire: involucral bracts lanceolate or linear: rays smaller 
and narrower: pappus less copious. — 8. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex.) 
P. BREVILINGULATA, Schultz Bip., of Mexico, the remaining species, resembles P. asteroides, 

but is more slender, with narrower leaves, smaller heads, and small rays which hardly surpass 

the pappus. ; 


46. EREMIASTRUM, Gray. (Epjyia, desert, aorpov, star, i. e. Aster 
of the desert.) — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Acad. v. 320; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 270; 
Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 361, t. 6.— Single species. 


E. bellioides, Gray, 1c. Small winter annual, diffusely branched from the very base and 
depressed, hirsutely hispid throughout: leaves linear-spatulate, entire (half-inch Jong) ; those 
at the summit of the flowering branches loosely rosulate-involucrate around the solitary 
heads, and passing into involucral bracts: rays oblong-linear, white, acutely 2-3-dentate 
at the apex, 4 lines long: disk yellow. — On the desert near the Rio Colorado, borders of 
California and Arizona; fl. January and February, Thurber, Newberry, Schott, Palmer, W. G. 
Wright, &c., and borders of S. Utah, Parry. — Seldom, if ever, are the bristles of the pap- 
pus combined in clusters so as to form laciniate palez. 


47. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. (npuxds, silky, xaprés, fruit, the akenes 
sericeous-pilose.) — Perennial herbs, of low or moderate stature (all N. American) ; 
with alternate commonly entire and sessile leaves, and small heads usually fasci- 
cled in a terminal compact cyme; both disk and ray white or whitish, or the 
latter changing in age to purplish: fl. midsummer. — Nees, Ast. 148; DC. Prodr. 
v. 261; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 101; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 270. 


* Pappus ferruginous: leaves sparingly serrate, comparatively thin and veiny, and the radical 
ones large. 

S. conyzoides, Nees, 1.c. A foot or two high, and slightly pubescent or glabrate: radical 
and lower~cauline leaves spatulate (2 to 5 inches long, tapering into a margined petiole), 
obtuse ; upper ones oblong-lanceolate: involucre turbinate, 18-20-flowered: rays rather short 
and broad. — Conyza asteroides, L. Spec. ii. 861. Aster Marylandicus (Pluk. Mant.), Michx. 
FI. ii. 108. A. conyzoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 2043. — Dry woodlands, common from Maine to 
Ohio and south to Florida. 


%* * Pappus white: leaves entire, firmer, smaller, obscurely veined, disposed to be vertical, mostly 
. obtuse: green tips of involucral bracts short, seldom squarrose: stems more leafy. 
+ Atlantic species: akenes short, canescent-sericeous. 

S. solidagineus, Nezs, ].c. Green, almost glabrous: stems strict and slender, 2 feet 
high, acutely striate-angled : leaves from linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or two long « 
heads mostly glomerate and sessile, narrow, rather few-flowered : involucral bracts oblong, 
very smooth and rigid: rays at length elongated. — Conyza linifolia, L.,1.¢. Aster Amert- 
canus albus, &c., Piuk. Alm. t. 79, fig. 2. A. solidagineus, Michx. l.c. A. solidaginovdes, 
Willd. 1.c. Galatella obtusifolia, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1837. — Moist woodlands, Canada 
to Tennessee, Alabama, and Louisiana, : 


172 COMPOSITE. Sericocarpus, 


S. tortifdlius, Nzzs, l.c. Cinereous-puberulent and somewhat scabrous : stems not angled, 
a foot or two high: leaves conspicuously vertical by a twist, obovate or spatulate, short: 
heads more corymbosely cymose and most of them peditellate, somewhat turbinate: involu- 
cral bracts more numerous and narrower, the innermost linear, puberulent: rays small. — 
Conyza bifoliata, Walt. Car. 204. Aster tortifolius, Michx. 1. ; El. Sk. ii. 841. A. scabrosus, 
Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. t. 5. A. (Leucocoma) Collinsii, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 82, a 
form with leaves sparingly crenate-serrate (.S. tortifolius, var. Collinsii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
102).— Dry pine woods and barrens, Virginia near the coast to Florida and Louisiana, flow- 
ering later than the others. 

+— + Pacific species: akenes more slender, less canescent. 


S. rigidus, Liypi. Green, from scabrous-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stems a foot or two 
high, somewhat striate-angled : leaves oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long), acute or 
obtuse, hardly rigid: heads crowded, either short-pedicelled or glomerate, somewhat turbi- 
nate, about 15-flowered: involucral bracts rather narrow and one-nerved: rays small and 
short, but sometimes surpassing the disk.— Hook. Fl. ii. 14, & DC. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 320. S. Oregonensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 302, a form with larger rays 
and rather large leaves. — Woods, Washington Terr. to the Sierra Nevada, California. 


48. ASTER, Tourn. Starwort, ASTER. (Aoryp, a star, late Latin 
name for these and similar radiate-flowered and Daisy-like plants.) — Herbs, 
mainly of the northern hemisphere, and especially of North America, the larger 
part perennial: fl. late summer and autumn. The yellow disk-flowers in several 
species change to purple or rose-color. — L. Gen. ed. 1, 254; DC. Prodr. v. 261; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl]. ii. 103; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 271, at least as to American 
species; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97, & xvii. 164. 


The line between Aster and Erigeron is arbitrary. Aster is far the most difficult of our 
genera, both for the settlement of the names of the species and for their limitation, in respect 
to which little satisfaction has been attained as the result of prolonged and repeated studies. 
For full reasons why the following Linnzan species subside, see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. supra cit. 

A. pivaricAtus, L. Founded, as to the specimen in the herbarium, upon the upper part 
of a plant of A. corymbosus, Ait., wanting the cordate serrate leaves; as to the plants of Pluke- 
net and Gronovius, upon A. infirmus, Michx. 

A. Rfaipus, L. Founded wholly upon Clayton’s plant as described in Fl. Virg.; is a mere 
synonym of A. linariifolius, L. 

A. Lin1F6.ivs, L.,and A. uyssopiré.ivs, L. Mant., belong to Galatella, and are not Amer- 
ican. The plant of Gronov. Fl. Virg., referred to, is A. tenuifolius, L. 

A. Axnuus, L., is well known as Erigeron annuus. 

A. vernvS, L., is Erigeron nudicaulis, Michx. 

A. murAzitis, L. Not to be found in the Linnean herbarium. In the first ed. of the Spec. 
Pl. was compared with an “ A. serotinus,” which was neither published nor preserved in the her- 
barium, has as a synonym a plant figured by Plukenet which is not preserved in his herbarium: 
finally, in ed. 2, the character was reconstructed in a manner incompatible with the original 
one, and before the Plukenetian synonym “ Herm. Hort. Lugd. t. 67” was introduced, which, 
on the authority of the herbaria of Royen and of Sherard, is A. levis, L., and the comparison 
was changed to one with A. Tradescanti, L. A. mutabilis of later authors belongs to older- 
named species. 

A. Miser, L. Founded wholly upon a much exaggerated figure in Dillenius, with fictitious 
character, drawn from the plate. See A. vimineus, var. foliolosus. 

A. ciuiATus, Walt. Car. 209, is not at all identified. 


Series I., Perennials, with multicipital rootstocks or caudex, usually multiply- 
ing by creeping subterranean shoots. 


§ 1. AmELLAstRuM. Bracts of the broad involucre 2-8-serial, of slightly un- 
equal length; outer foliaceous or herbaceous-tipped: akenes broad, obovate, 


Aster. COMPOSITE. 173 


compressed, mostly flat’ and with callous marginal nerves only: pappus simple, 
or with an indistinct short outer series. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. Con- 
sists of A. Amellus and the following, of less marked character. 


A. alpinus, L. A span or more high, with simple erect stems from a thickish caudex, bear- 
ing a single large head, cinereous-pubescent: leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved, spatulate ; 
upper small and linear: involucral bracts loosely erect, oblong-linear, herbaceous, all nearly 
equalling the disk: rays violet: akenes hirsute: usually a manifest short outer pappus. — 
Spec. ii. 872; Jacq. Fl. Austr. t. 88; Bot. Mag. t.199; Hook. Fl. ii. 6. — Arctic shores, 
Pelly. Alpine region of northern Rocky Mountains, down to about lat. 49°, Drummond, 
Burke, Bourgeau, Macoun. The American plant mostly with fewer and shorter rays. (Eu., 
N. Asia.) 


§ 2. MecardMstrcm. Head very large (an inch in diameter exclusive of the 
large and numerous rays, pedunculate and solitary, terminating rigid branches) : 
bracts of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 unequal series, some- 
what herbaceous, gradually attenuate-acuminate: akenes oblong, compressed, 
2-4-nerved: pappus-bristles unusually coarse and rigid, rather scanty. — Gray, 
Pl. Wright. ii. 75. (Related to subsection Xylorrhiza and to Townsendia.) 


A. Wrightii, Gray, 1.v. Viscous-pubescent, a foot or more high: leaves oblong-spatulate, 
setiferous-mucronate, entire, or with one or two setiferous teeth, an inch and a half long 
including the margined petiole, thickish, obscurely veined: bracts of the involucre ovate- 
lanceolate or the inner narrower, rather lax, viscid, slightly scarious-margined, the caudate- 
acuminate tips surpassing the disk: rays purple, narrowly oblong, 30 to 40 (8 or 9 lines 
long): akenes (young) loosely pubescent: pappus white, of unequal strongly denticulate 
bristles, the larger almost aristiform.— Townsendia (Megalastrum) Wrightii, Gray, Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 78.— Rocks and stony hills on the Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, from the mouth 
of the great cafion, Wright, Bigelow. 

A. tortifélius, Gray. Tomentose-pubescent, at length glabrate, 2 feet high: leaves from 
oblong to narrowly lanceolate, rigid, spinulosely dentate and acuminate, sometimes incisely 
pinnatifid, veiny: involucral bracts narrower and more numerous, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, 
the longest barely equalling the disk: rays pale purple or violet, often an inch long: akenes 
sericeous-canescent: pappus at length ferruginous, deciduous in a ring.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 353, & Bot. Calif. i. 323, not Michx. Aplopappus tortifolius, Torr. & Gray, Jour. Bost. 
Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 109. — Mountains bordering the Mohave Desert, 8. E. California to S. 
Utah, Fremont, Newberry, Cooper, &c. 


§ 3. HeLedstrtu. Heads mostly smaller: pappus (simple) unusually coarse 
and rigid, the stronger bristles somewhat clavellate at tip: bracts of the involucre 
partly or the outer wholly foliaceous and linear-lanceolate, rigid, imbricated in 
several series, but the outermost little shorter than the inner: receptacle alveo- 
late or fimbrillate: style-appendages filiform-subulate: akenes narrow and mostly 
slender, little compressed, 8-10-nerved, nearly glabrous: leaves all linear and 
entire or with some spinulose teeth, rigid, one-nerved and with obscure lateral 
nerves: rays numerous and elongated: pappus ferruginous or tawny. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. Heleastrum, DC. Prodr. v. 263. 

* Leaves as if gramineous, and bearing some spinuliform serratures or denticulations, mostly cus- 

pidate at tip, smooth and glabrous: stems simple from a tuberiform rootstock, strict and slender, 


rigid, 2 feet high, pilose below, or the base of the leaves ciliate with some long and jointed hairs: 
flowering in summer. 


A. eryngiifélius, Torr. & Gray. Stems hearing solitary or 2 or 3 large heads: leaves 
mostly lanceolate-linear (2 or 3 lines wide, the larger 4 inches long, upper ones gradually 
reduced to erect bracts): involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered ; its bracts linear- 
lanceolate, attenuate into an almost setiform cusp: rays an inch long, pale blue or white. — 


174 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


Fl. ii. 502; Chapm. Fl. 199. Prionopsis? Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 245. — Low pine 
barrens on the coast, Florida, Chapman, Rugel, Mohr. 

A. spinulosus, Cuarm. Stem bearing few or several spicately disposed smaller heads : 
leaves narrowly linear, attenuate (half to 2 lines wide) ; the lower and radical 6 to 12 inches 
long, upper gradually reduced to setaceous-subulate appressed bracts; the margins merely 
spinulose-denticulate or mostly entire: involucre campanulate, its bracts mostly subulate 
from a broad base: rays half-inch long, pale violet. — Fl. 199.— Damp pine barrens, W. 
Florida near the coast, Chapman. 

% %* Leaves all entire, thickish: pubescence if any short and scabrous: flowering in autumn. 

A. paludésus, Arr, Stems sometimes branching, a foot high, bearing few or several often 
racemosely or spicately disposed heads (of half-inch height): leaves from broadly to nar- 
rowly linear (1 to 4 lines wide, 2 to 4 inches long); involucre nearly hemispherical; its 
bracts more unequal, the outer lanceolate-subulate and lax, inner linear-spatulate with her- 
baceous merely acute tips: rays rather short, deep violet. — Hort. Kew. iii. 201; Ell. Sk. ii. 
343; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 109; Chapm. l. ec. A. grandiflorus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 156, not L. 
Tripolium paludosum, Nees, Ast. 155. Heleastrum paludosum, DC. Prodr. vy. 264.— Wet 
pine barrens in the low country, N. Carolina to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. 


§ 4. Hesperfstrum. Heads with neutral rays: bracts of the campanulate 
involucre well imbricated and unequal, the outer with short herbaceous spread- 
ing tips: style-appendages slender-subulate: akenes narrow, hardly at all com- 
pressed, 5-nerved and with intermediate striz: pappus simple and soft. — Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 823, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. (Resembling on the one hand 
§ Macheranthera, and Corethrogyne on the other.) 

A. Shasténsis, Gray, 1. c. <A span or two high, in small tufts from a perennial root, 
paniculately branched, slender, canescently puberulent: leaves entire, an inch or less long; 
lower spatulate ; uppermost linear and reduced to subulate bracts: heads rather numerous, 
scattered: involucre (nearly half-inch high) somewhat viscid-glandular ; its bracts lanceolate 
or linear, mostly with acute and spreading green tips: rays 12 to 20, violet, 3 to 5 lines long, 
occasionally (var. eradiatus) wanting. — Macheranthera (Hesperastrum) Shastensis, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539. — California: on Mount Shasta, above and below the limit of trees, 
first coll. by Brewer, and on Lassen’s Peak, Mrs. Austin. The rayless state on Scott Moun. 
tains at 9,000 feet, Greene. 


§ 5. Birra. Heads (small or middle-sized) corymbosely cymose: bracts of 
the campanulate well-imbricated involucre subcoriaceous and wholly appressed, 
obtuse and merely greenish or thickish but not spreading at the tip (transition to 
§$ Orthomeris, but passing into the succeeding subsection): outer successively 
shorter: rays not numerous (6 to 18), white or purplish-tinged: style-appendages 
subulate-lanceolate: akenes 3-several-ribbed or nerved, hardly or moderately 
compressed, mostly linear: pappus slightly rigid, simple: radical and lower 
cauline leaves cordate, on long naked petioles, ample, conspicuously serrate and 
acuminate: fl. midsummer and early autumn. (Other Asters with cordate peti- 
olate leaves are only the Heterophylli.)— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 104. Biotia, 
DC. Prodr. v. 264. 


A. corymbosus, Arr. Stem slender, 2 feet high, sometimes flexuous, terete: leaves 
membranaceous, much longer than wide, gradually or very prominently acuminate and 
acuminately serrate: involucre only one-fourth inch high, little strpassing the rather broadly 
compressed fusiform akenes: rays 6 to 9, white. — Kew. iii. 207; Willd. Spec. iii. 2036 ; 
Torr. & Gray, 1c. A. divaricatus, L. Spec. ii. 873, as to herb., exel. syn. Gronov. & Pluk. 
(which relate to A. infirmus), and cordate leaves not described; name to subside. A. cordi- 
folius, Michx. Fl. ii. 114, in part. Eurylia corymbosa, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 487; Nees, Ast. 
143; Lin@l. Bot. Reg. t. 1532. Biotia corymbosa, DC. 1. c. 265.— Woodlands, Canada to 
upper part of Georgia. 


s 


Aster. COMPOSITE. 175 


A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
thickish, serrate with proportionally smaller and broader less salient teeth, abruptly acumi- 
nate ; radical and lowest usually broadly ovate- or even reniform-cordate (4 to 10 inches long) ; 
upper ovate to oblong, often wing-petioled, and uppermost sometimes sessile by a broad 
base: involucre commonly 5 lines high, often viscid-puberulent, in fruit much surpassing the 
fusiform-linear obscurely compressed akenes: rays 10 to 15, white or tinged with bluish 
purple. — Spec. ed. 2, ii, 1232; Willd. 1. v.; Torr. & Gray, le. Eurybia macrophylla & 
E. Jussiei, Cass. Dict. 1c. E. macrophylla (larger-leaved and more scabrous form), glome- 
rata, & Schreberi (thinner-leaved form in shade and drier soil), Nees, Ast. 140. Biotia 
Schrebert, latifola (A. latifolius, Dest. Cat., form approaching A. corymbosus), glomerata, 
& macrophylia, DC. 1. c.— Woodlands, commonly in damp or rich soil, from Canada and 
Manitoba to the mountains of Georgia. Variable species; of which forms with smaller 
heads and thinner leaves appear to pass into A. corymbosus. A robust form, with large 
heads, more glandular involucre and peduncles, upper leaves ovate and sessile, lower and 
petioled cauline leaves all rounded at base, and most of the radical ones little cordate (A. 
macrophyllus of Willd. herb. chiefly, the rays perhaps violet), comes near the next following. 


§ 6. AsTER proper. Heads various: bracts of the involucre (or at least the 
outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or appendages, or wholly or partly foli- 
aceous, imbricated or pluriserial, their margins not scarious: akenes from obovate- 
oblong to linear, 3-several-neryed : pappus rather fine and soft, or in the first 
subsection more coarse and rigid, simple, i. e. with no exterior setulose series. — 
§ Aster proper, with part of Oritrophium & Calliastrum, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
Probable hybrids abound. 


* 1. Involucre well imbricated ; the bracts appressed and coriaceous, with short and abrupt mostly 
obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous spreading tips (the outermost sometimes loose and more foli- 
aceous): akenes narrow, 5-10-nerved, from minutely pubescent to glabrous: pappus mostly 
more rigid than in any of the following: rays showy, blue or violet: leaves of firm texture, 
more or less scabrous (the last species excepted), none of them cordate or clasping (§ Calli- 
astrum, Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 106, excl. spec.). — SPECTABILES. 

+— Radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some with rounded base, or even sub- 
cordate: heads half-inch high: involucre nearly hemispherical; the green tips of the involucral 
bracts very short and either indistinct and erect or abruptly spreading: stems a foot or two 
high. Transition to Biotia, possibly hybrids of the preceding species with true Asters, being 
local and rare, but if so the other parent not at all determinable. 

A. mirabilis, Torr & Gray. Scabrous-pubescent, bearing few or several somewhat panicu- 
late heads: leaves all ovate or oval, finely and acutely serrate, hispidulous-scabrous above ; 
upper small and roundish, lower abruptly contracted into margined petioles (true radical not 
seen): involucre nearly smooth and glabrous, neither glandular nor viscid; its bracts with 
roundish-obtuse abrupt and very short squarrose-spreading tips: rays about 20, half-inch 
long, violet: pappus ferruginous. —Fl. ii. 165. — Near Columbia, 8. Carvlina, Gilles, Sept., 
1835, not since collected. 

A. Hervéyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, the corymbose branches and short peduncles glandu- 
lar-puberulent: leaves minutely or obscurely serrate; radical and lowest cauline ovate on 
slender naked petioles; upper lanceolate: heads loosely corymbiform-cymose: involucral 
bracts all erect and with less distinct close tips, pulverulent-glandular ; the short outer oblong- 
linear: rays 15 to 24, narrow, half-inch long, lilac or violet. — Man. ed. 5, 230. Eurybia 
commixta, Nees, Ast. 143. Buotia commixta, DC. Prodr v. 265 (excl. syn. ?), is a robust culti- 
vated form of this, which has long been in the gardens, of unknown origin. — Borders of 
oak woods, E. Mass. and Rhode Island, near the coast, Hervey, Sargent, &c. Grows in com- 
pany with A. macrophyllits and A. spectabilis, evidently most related to the former, both in 
foliage and involucre: fl. Aug., Sept. 


+ + Radical leaves all tapering at base into winged or margined petioles. 


4+ Involucre squarrose by the spreading or recurving herbaceous tips of the bracts: akenes 
slender, slightly pubescent: leaves obscurely veined, slightly scabrous: rootstocks slender and 
creeping: stems low, bearing few or several (rarely solitary) short-peduncled and showy heads. 
Atlantic U. S. species. 


76 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


A. spectabilis, Air. A foot or more high, bearing several somewhat paniculate or cymose 
heads: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate- or oval-oblong, obscurely serrate or 
the upper entire: involucre hemispherical, half-inch high; the bracts glandular-puberulent 
and somewhat viscid, upper half of most of them herbaceous and recurved-spreatling : rays 
numerous, three-fourths inch long or more, bright violet. — Kew. iii. 209; Nutt. Gen. ii. 157; 
Nees, Ast. 42; Lindl. Bot.’ Reg. t. 1527; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 336, t. 51. A. elegans, Willd. 
Spec. iii. 2042 (ex. char. and mainly herb.) ; Wenderoth in Act. Soc. Nat. Marb. ii.17. A. 
speciosus, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. ii. 816, fide DC.— Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware,” 
near the coast, and perhaps farther southward, where it is replaced by the next. 

A. surculdésus, Micux. A foot or less high from long filiform rootstocks, bearing solitary 
or few pedunculate heads, which are generally smaller than those of A. spectabilis, but not 
dissimilar : leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate or the upper linear and the radical 
oblong-lanceolate : involucre sometimes puberulent, but hardly glandular. — Fl. i. 112; Nutt. 
Gen. ii. 157; EIL Sk. ii. 354, ex char.; Nees, Ast. 40; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 109. — Moist 
rocky and gravelly ground, or sometimes in sand, coast of New Jersey to Georgia, and on 
the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina, where it was first collected by Michauz, and 
where it abounds, 

A. gracilis, Nurr. About a foot high, slender, from slender and occasionally tuberous- 
thickened rootstocks, smoothish, not glandular nor viscid, bearing few or several cymosely 
disposed small heads: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (an inch or two 
long, 2 to 6 lines wide): involucre turbinate, a quarter or third of an inch long, glabrous, 
coriaceous and whitish, with very short deltoid or ovate green tips, only about 30-flowered : 
rays 9 to 12,a quarter to half an inch long: akenes rather short. — Gen. ii. 158; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. v.— Pine barrens, New Jersey to N. Carolina, also E. Kentucky and Tennessee, 
according to Nuttall. The larger forms closely related to A. spectabilis, with which it is asso- 
ciated ; the more slender ones nearly approach Sericocarpus. 


++ ++ Involucre hardly if at all squarrose; the tips of the bracts less definite and less spreading: 
stems very leafy: leaves pinnately veiny and reticulated, acutely serrate, more or less scabrous: 
heads middle-sized, corymbosely cymose or rarely solitary: style-appendages rather short and 
thick: Northern and Western species. 


A. radula, Air. Nearly glabrous or with some scattered hairs: stem slender and strict, a 
foot or two high, bearing few or solitary mostly slender-pedunculate heads: leaves veiny, 
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, acuminate, somewhat hispidulous-scabrous, thinnish (inclined 
to be rugulose in drying, about 2 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide), each margin with 3 to 7 
serratures toward the middle; upper cauline sometimes oblong-ovate with subcordate sessile 
base : involucre nearly hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high; its bracts in few series, obtuse, 
ciliolate; the outermost oblong, inner narrower, shorter than the disk: rays half-inch long, 
pale violet: akenes glabrous, striate-nerved. — Kew. iii. 210; DC. Prodr. 1. c. 230; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 106; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t. 50. A. nudiflorus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 157, a broader- 
leaved and most luxuriant southern form. Was cultivated in 1839 in the Berlin Garden 
as Buotia commirta, var. stricta.— Swamps, Delaware to E. Massachusetts, west to the 
mountains of Pennsylvania (Pocono), thence north to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 
Passes into 

Var. strictus. Reduced boreal form, a span to a foot high, with either oblong or 
narrowly lanceolate barely serrulate leaves, and solitary or rarely 2 or 3 heads. — A. biflorus, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 111; Torr. & Gray, lc. A. strictus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 556. — Higher mountains 
of New England to Labrador. 
A. Sibiricus, L. A span to a foot high, often fastigiately branched from the base, some- 
what cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or the foliage scabrous: heads solitary, terminating 
the stem or corymbiform branches: leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, acutely 
more or less serrate (an inch or more, or in largest form even 3 inches long): involucre 
broadly campanulate, 3 lines high, shorter than the disk ; its bracts narrowly lanceolate, with 
mostly acute and loose herbaceous tips: rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet: akenes pilose-pubes- 
cent. — Spec. ii. 872 (Gmel. Fl. Sibir. ii. t. 80, f. 2), larger than American form; Herder in 
Radde, Reis. iii, 11, A. montanus, Richards. App. Frankl. Jour. 32; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 107. A. Richardsonin, Spreng. Syst. iii. 528; Hook. FI. ii. 7. A. Espenbergensis, Nees, 
Ast, 86. A. Prescottii, Lind! in DC. Prodr. v. 231. — Arctic coast and Alaskan Islands to 
Rocky Mountains in Wyoming and Montana. (N. E. Asia to Arctic Eu.) 


_ Aster. COMPOSITA, 177 


Var. gigantéus, A. Richardsonii, var. giganteus, Hook. 1.¢., and A. montanus, var. 
giganteus, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., is a stout and large form, of the Arctic regions, nearly an- 
swering to the original A. Sibiricus, L., of Siberia. 

_ A. radulinus, Grar. Between the preceding and the following, 10 to 20 inches high: 
leaves from oval-obovate to broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), serrate with numerous 
sharp teeth, scabrous: heads numerous, corymbosely cymosé: involucre broadly turbinate, 
3 or 4 lines high ; its bracts regularly imbricated and outer successively shorter, cinereous- 
pubescent or glabrate, not glandular nor viscid, from broadly lanceolate or oblong to linear, 
abruptly acutish or obtuse: rays 3 to 5 lines long, pale violet, sometimes whitish: akenes 
minutely pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388, & Bot. Calif. i. 323. 4. radula, Less. in 
Linn. vi. 125, not Ait. — Dry ground, California, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra 
Nevada to Oregon and Washington Terr. 

A. conspicuus, Lixpt. Scabrous: stem 2 feet high, stout, rigid, bearing several or nu- 
merous corymbosely cymose heads : leaves rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute, 
ample (commonly 4 to 6 inches long and 1} to 4 inches broad), acutely serrate, rigid, reticu- 
late-venulose as well as veiny: involucre broadly campanulate, about equalling the disk, 
5 to 6 lines high; its bracts in several series, minutely glandular-puberulent or viscidulous, 
lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips little spreading: rays half-inch long, violet: akenes 
minutely pubescent. — Hook. Fl. ii. 7, & DC. Prodr. v. 230; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 107. — 
Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and south to the Yellowstone in the Rocky Mountains ; 
first coll. by Drummond. 


++ ++ ++ Involucre very squarrose by the foliaceous widely spreading tips of the bracts, smooth 
and glabrous, as is also the foliage: heads large and paniculate: Alleghanian. 


A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Almost wholly glabrous and smooth: stems 2 or 3 feet high, 
rather slender, the larger loosely paniculately branched; branches bearing scattered large 
heads: radical and lower leaves (3 or 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly 
serrate, gradually or abruptly contracted into winged petioles; upper ones lanceolate and 
sessile, becoming entire: involucre hemispherical, equalling the disk, half-inch high; the 
much imbricated coriaceous bracts very conspicuously appendaged with foliaceous ovate or 
short-lanceolate tips, or the outer more than half foliaceous: rays rather broad, half-inch 
long or more, deep violet-blue: akenes compressed, broader upward and with narrowed apex, 
glabrous. — Fl. ii. 110.— Margin of woodlands, in dry soil, through the Alleghanies in 
N. Carolina and adjacent borders of Tennessee: very showy. 


%* 2. Involucre and usually branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, therefore more or less gra- 
veolent, either well imbricated or loose: rays showy, violet to purple: akenes mostly several- 
nerved and narrow: pubescence not sericeous: leaves all entire or lower with few and rare teeth, 
except in the last species; cauline all sessile or partly clasping: true perennials, mostly multi- 
plying by subterranean rootstocks or other shoots. (Glandular involucre also in species of 
§ Macheranthera, some of which are short-lived perennials.) —GLANDULOSI. 


‘+ Bracts of involucre rather well imbricated, commonly with more or less rigid appressed base 
and foliaceous or herbaceous tips: rays not extremely numerous, from 15 to 40. 


++ Stem simple: leaves and heads proportionally large: Rocky Mountain alpine or subalpine 
species. 


A. integrifélius, Nurr. Stem mostly a foot or more high, stout, sparsely leafy, villous- 
pubescent but glabrate, bearing few or several racemosely or thyrsoidly disposed heads: 
leaves of firm texture, oblong or spatulate (the larger 4 to 7 inches long) or the smaller 
upper ones lanceolate, sometimes obsoletely repand-serrulate, apiculate, traversed by a strong 
midrib, venulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-clasping ; lowest tapering into a long stout wing- 
margined petiole with clasping base: heads fully half-inch high, hemispherical : involucre 
and branchlets viscid-glandular ; its bracts few-ranked, linear, ascending, not squarrose; the 
outer sometimes short and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceous, nearly equal- 
ling the inner ; these equalling the disk: rays 15 to 25, bluish-purple, half-inch long: akenes 
compressed-fusiform, 5-nerved, and sometimes with intermediate nerves, sparsely pubescent : 
pappus decidedly rigid. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 291; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 111; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324. Open and moist subalpine woods or meadows, Montana to the 
Cascade Mountains in Oregon, south to Colorado, and along the Sierra Nevada, California, 
in the Yosemite, &c.; first coll. by Nuttall. 

12 


178 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


A. Kingii, Eaton. A span or less high, cespitose: leaves mainly radical, spatulate, entire, 
or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinnish, glabrous or nearly so (1 to 3 inches long): 
flowering stems pubescent and above glandular, bearing solitary or 3 to 5 middle-sized heads: 
involucre somewhat campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, merely puberulent-glandular, hardly at 
all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with attenuate and squarrose-spreading green tips: 
rays less than 30, barely half-inch long, white: akenes narrow, pubescent.— Bot. King 
Exp. 141, t. 16. — Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains at 7,000 to 11,000 feet, Watson, Parry, 
M. E. Jones. 

++ ++ Stems branching: leaves comparatively small: species neither alpine nor subalpine. 
== Involucre of the small and scattered or somewhat racemosely disposed heads not squarrose; the 

green tips of the bracts more or less erect: slender and low species, a span to a foot or less high, 

of the Rocky Mountain and interior western region. 

A. campéstris, Nurr. Pruinose-puberulent and viscidulous, somewhat heavy-scented : 
leaves linear (about an inch long, a line or two wide) or lower narrowly lingulate-spatulate 
(radical “serrulate,” Nuttall), mostly glabrate, some obscurely 3-nerved: involucre 3 or 4 
lines high, hemispherical, of rather few-ranked and little unequal linear acute bracts, prui- 
nose-glandular: rays 3 or 4 lines long, light violet or purple. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 
vii. 293. — Low grounds and plains, interior of Washington Terr. and Idaho to Montana 
(first and sparingly coll. by Nuttall and Spalding, recently by Watson, Suksdorf, Forwood, 
&c.), E. Oregon (Cusick) to N. California (Greene). 

Var. Blodmeri. More rigid (in drier more exposed situations) : stem and leaves hir- 
sutulous: involucral bracts sometimes more unequal. —A. Bloomer, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
vi. 539, & Bot. Calif. 323.— High slopes, &c., W. Nevada, Bloomer, Lemmon, in specimens 
of the latter, from Carson, passing into A. campestris. 

A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, a span to a foot high, sparsely hispidulous: the linear one- 
nerved firmyleaves hispid-ciliate, otherwise usually smooth and glabrous: involucre somewhat , 
campanulate (3 lines high); outer bracts shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, pruinose-glandular, 
inner acute or apiculate: rays violet, 4 lines long. — Pl. Fendl. 66. A. Nuttallii, var. Fendleri, 
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97.— Plains and sand-hills, from W. Kansas to §. Colorado and 
N. New Mexico ; first coll. by Fendler. 
== = Involucre of the large heads very squarrose-foliaceous: leaves proportionally very small, 

rigid, recurved or reflexed. 

A. grandifiérus, L. About 2 feet high, with long and slender spreading rigid branches, 
hispid with short spreading bristles, not viscid: leaves oblong-linear or obscurely spatulate, 
rough-hispidulous ; cauline rarely 2 inches long; of the branches half to less than quarter 
inch long; uppermost passing into bracts of the (half-inch high) many-ranked obscurely 
granulose-viscid involucre ; the green tips oblong-linear or shorter, or the inner linear: rays 
three-fourths inch long, deep violet, large and numerous, rather broad: akenes little com- 
pressed, canescent, 7-10-costate.— Spec. ii. 877 (Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. t. 191; Dill. Elth. 
t. 36, fig. 41); Mill Ic. t. 282; Bot. Reg. t. 273; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 65, t. A,f.1. A. asper- 
rimus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. vii. 293.— Dry and gravelly soil, Virginia to Georgia in the 
middle country. 
== = = Involucre of middle-sized (a third to half inch) heads well imbricated; the unequal 

bracts with loose squarrose-spreading tips: leaves not rigid, spreading. 

A. Nove-Angliz, L. Stem stout and strict, 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy to the top, 
coarsely hirsute or hispid with many-jointed hairs, also with glandular pubescence: leaves 
lanceolate or broadly linear, pubescent (2 to 5 inches long), entire, slightly if at all narrowed 
below, half-clasping by a strongly auriculate-cordate base: heads crowded: rays 50 to 60 or 
more, fully half-inch long, purple. — Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff. 408; Herm. Par. Bot. t. 98); 
Bot. Reg. t. 183; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 144. A. amplexicaulis, Lam. Dict. i. 304, excl. syn. 
Tourn. A. spurius, Willd. iii. 2032, a low and branching form with scattered heads. A. 
concinnus, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. iii. t. 12, not Willd. — Low grounds, Canada and Saskatch- 
ewan to S. Carolina and Colorado. A peculiar and handsome species. 

Var. réseus, DC. Rays rose-colored. — (Bot. Reg. 1. v. fig. d.) A. roseus, Desf. Cat. 
ed. 3, 401, not Stev. — With the ordinary form occasionally, permanent in cultivation. 

A. oblongifélius, Nurr. About 2 feet high: stem hirsute-pubescent, very leafy, corym- 
bosely branched: leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly linear (larger cauline 2 inches 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 179 


long, 3 or 4 lines wide), somewhat hispidulous-puberulent ; those of flowering branchlets not 
rarely glandular: involucre campanulate, aromatic-scented, the linear bracts granulose- 
glandular and viscidulous: rays 25-30, bright violet, 5 or 6 lines long: akenes cinereous- 
pubescent. — Gen. ii. 156, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 294; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 143. 
A, biennis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 122, not Nutt. A. multiceps, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 237, 
from St. Louis, not “Louisiana.” — Rocky banks and bluffs, Penn. and Virginia, from the 
Alleghanies westward to Wisconsin, Kansas, and Texas. 

Var. rigidulus. - Low, more fastigiate, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous 
leaves. — A. Awimleini, Fries, in distrib. Mus. Ups. no.5.—In drier and more exposed places, 
Illinois and Wisconsin, to Texas and Colorado. 


+ + Bracts of the involucre loose and more or less herbaceous (or somewhat colored) almost 
from the base, linear-attenuate, all equalling the disk: heads hemispherical, numerous and 
usually thyrsoidly or cymosely congested at the summit of the simple very leafy stem: rays 
numerous and narrow: style-appendages lanceolate: akenes hirsute. 


A. modéstus, Lixpt. Merely pubescent or glabrate: stem more slender, 2 feet high: 
leaves thinnish, lanceolate or broader (2 to 4 inches long), sparingly and acutely serrate or 
denticulate, very acute, mostly narrowed to a sessile or partly clasping but not auriculate base : 
heads fewer and smaller than in the preceding: bracts of the involucre and rays less numer- 
ous; these “ pale blue.” — Hook. Fl. ii. 8, & DC. 1. ¢. 231; Torr. & Gray, lc. A. Sayanus, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 294. A. Unalaschkensis? var. major, Hook. Fl. ii. 7. A. 
mutatus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 142. — Moist woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia on the Pacific, 
and east to Saskatchewan and Pembina (.Macoun). 


%* 3. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, not glandular nor viscid, squarrose with ovate or lanceo- 
late foliaceous tips to the bracts: pubescence wholly soft and cinereous: cauline leaves all with 
sagittate-auriculate clasping base, both sides of the same hue, entire: base of stem said to be 
somewhat woody ! — SAGITTIFERI. 


A. Carolinia4nus, Warr. Minutely and softly cinereous-pubescent, not glandular nor 
viscid: stem diffusely branched, often reclining, 4 to 10 feet long, with straggling slender 
branches: leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or two long, contracted above the sagittately 
auriculate insertion: heads terminating small-leaved branchlets: bracts of the involucre well 
imbricated ; the outer shorter and somewhat spatulate, with ovate-lanceolate green tips or 
more foliaceous; inner linear: rays 5 or 6 lines long, narrow, pale purple or rose-color: 
akenes narrow, glabrous, 10-nerved. — Car. 208; Michx. Fl. ii. 211; Ell. Sk. ii. 353; Chapm. 
Fl. 205. A. scandens, Jacq. f. Ecl. t. 125. — Marshes and river-banks near the coast, 8. Car- 
olina to Florida. 


* 4. Involucre imbricated ; the bracts with coriaceous base and foliaceous or herbaceous loose tips: 
pubescence soft-sericeous and sometimes silvery: leaves of the same hue both sides, all entire, 
disposed to become vertical by a twist near the sessile base: heads middle-sized or smaller: rays 
violet: akenes narrow, 8-10-nerved. — SERICEO-CONCOLORES. 


+— Heads terminating open branches, middle-sized (about half-inch high): involucre loose and 
foliaceous, of comparatively large bracts; the outermost passing into leaves of the branchlets: 
leaves mucronate: akenes glabrous. 


A. sericeus, VExT. A foot or two high, paniculately branching : leaves silvery-white with 
soft silky pubescence, oblong (an inch or less long), or the lowest oblanceolate (3 inches 
long): involucre oblong ; foliaceous tips of the bracts from ovate to lanceolate, sericeous- 
canescent: rays 18 to 25, fully half-inch long, rather broad, deep violet. — Hort. Cels. t. 33 ; 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 348; Torr. & Gray, l.c. 112. A. argenteus, Michx. Fl. ii. 111.— Prairies and 
dry banks, Minnesota and Illinois to Tennessee and Texas. 

Var. montanus. Less silvery, merely canescent : leaves commonly narrower : upper 
leaves and bracts of the shorter involucre sometimes glabrate and villose-ciliate ; approaching 
the next species. — A. montanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155.— In the mountainous district from Bun- 
combe Co., N. Carolina, to N. W. Georgia. 

A. phylldlepis, Torr. & Gray. More slender and with long simple branches, merely 
canescent: leaves small; lower cauline inch or more long, oblong ; the branches elliptical to 
oblong-lanceolate, half to quarter inch long ; uppermost and the large ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late foliaceous portion of the involucral bracts cuspidate-acuminate, glabrate, conspicuously 
hirsute-ciliate: rays less than half-inch long. —Fl. ii. 113. A. sericeus, var. microphyllus, 


180 COMPOSITA. Aster, 


DC. Prodr. v. 233. A. ciliatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 295, not Walt.— Prairies, 
W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by Drummond. : 


+— + Heads smaller, usually numerous and racemosely disposed ou virgate simple stems: involu- 
cre closer and of small bracts: akenes silky-villous. 


A. céncolor, L. Stems slender, 2 feet high, sometimes from a tuberous- thickened root- 
stock, very leafy: leaves small, canescent with minute pubescence, rarely glabrate, from 
oblong to short-linear; the lower on fertile stems only inch long, above gradually reduced in 
the inflorescence to small bracts: heads rather narrow (4 lines high) : bracts of the involucre . 
lanceolate, erect, sericeous-canescent; the tips short and narrow, or sometimes more pro- 
longed: rays 10 to 15, 3 or 4 lines ‘ong, violet- purple. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1228; Walt. Car. 
209; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 113; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 5. — Sandy or gravelly soil, mostly 
in pine barrens, toward the coast, Rhode Island to Florida and Louisiana. 


% 5. Involucre turbinate, pluriserial, not glandular; the appressed coriaceous whitish bracts with 
definite and short (mostly ovate) and slightly squarrose green tips, outer successively shorter: 
heads rather small, but large in proportion to the minute (line or two long) crowded and uniform 
cauline leaves; radical leaves rosulate, subsessile, abruptly larger and very unlike the cauline, 
sometimes an inch long: herbage scabrous: rays violet, 3 or 4 lines long: akenes short, pubes- 
cent: flowering late in autumn. — BRACHYPHYLLI. 


A. squarr6ésus, Warr. Stems rigid, slender, paniculately much branched, a foot or two 
high, bearing scattered heads: branches throughout uniformly squarrose with the minute 
recurved-spreading rigid leaves; these mostly ovate-subulate and a line long; lowest on 
sterile shoots 2 or 3 lines long, lanceolate-subulate, mucronate-cuspidate: bracts of the obo- 
vate-turbinate involucre with very obtuse or roundish green tips. —— Car. 209; Michx. Fl. 
ii. 112; Ell. Sk. ii. 530; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 114.—Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to 
Florida. 


A. adnatus, Nurr. More hispidulous-scabrous and virgately branched : leaves almost im- 
bricated on the stem and branches, lanceolate-oblong, with clasping base, appressed and by 
the midrib adnate to the stem for most of their length, only the lowest larger and free: 
heads rather smaller and involucral bracts acutish.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 82; Hook. 
Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, lv. A. microphyllus, Torr. ex Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 
y. 244; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 5.— Pine barrens of Alabama and W. Florida. 

* 6. Involucre ovoid with turbinate base or campanulate, appressed-imbricated, pluriserial; the 
bracts narrow, coriaceous, minutely granulose or scabrous, but not glandular, acute, with indis- 
tinctly marked green tips, the outer successively shorter: whole herbage scabrous-pubescent : 
cauline leaves all with sessile and completely cordate-clasping base, the basal lobes generally 
meeting or overlapping around the stem; radical not cordate; all entire: heads showy: akenes 
many-striate, sericeous-pubescent, narrow. —PATENTES. 

A. patens, Air. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, with long and slender rigid divergent branches, 
mostly bearing single heads: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, rather rigid, scabrous, 
rarely with obscure serratures, roughly hispidulous-ciliolate ; the cauline an inch or two long, 
sometimes narrowed above the broad auriculate clasping base ; those of the branchlets grad- 
ually reduced to small subulate bracts: heads half-inch or less high: rays a third to half an 
inch long, about 24, deep violet. — Ait. Kew. iii. 201; Pursh, Fl. ii. 551; Torr. & Gray, Fl 
ii. 114. A. undulatus, Ell. Sk. ii. 361, not L. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 114; Bigel.. 
Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 312, not Lam. A. patentissimus, Lind]. in DC. Prodr. v. 232, a rigid and long- 
branched form. — Dry open grounds, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, Arkansas, 
and Texas. 

Var. gracilis, Hoox. A foot or two high, more slender: heads and oblong to oval 
Jeaves smaller and more ‘scabrous. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. — Alabama to Texas, &c., a 
common Southwestern form. 

Var. phlogifélius, Nes. The other extreme: leaves larger (cauline 3 or 4 inches 
long, an inch or more wide, softer and membranaceous), hardly scabrous, sometimes con- 
tracted above an auriculate-dilated base: heads paniculate on shorter branches: involucral 
bracts in fewer ranks, almost glabrous. — Ast. 49; Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. phlogifolius, Muhl. 
in Willd. iii. 2034; Nutt. Gen. ii. 156. A. alatus, Aikin in Eaton & Wright, Man. 146 ? 
A. auritus, Lindl. in DC. 1. ¢., cultivated form, with thinner and lax involucre.— In woods 
or shady moist ground, New York to North Carolina and Tennessee. A part of A. undulatus, 
L., may belong here. 


+ 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 181 


* 7. Heads small, or in one species middle-sized, paniculate: lower cauline and radical leaves cor- 
date and petioled: no glandular or viscid pubescence: akenes compressed, short, 3-5-nerved: 
rays Violet, purplish, or sometimes almost white: bracts of the involucre with short and ap- 
pressed green tips, except in the first. — HETEROPIIYLLI. 

+— Anomalous species, with middle-sized heads, many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre! 


A. anomalus, Encetm. Pubescent and somewhat scabrous, a foot to a yard high, 
paniculately or virgately branched above, bearing numerous loosely disposed heads: leaves 
veiny, thinnish, entire, mostly oblong- to lanceolate-ovate with narrow and often deep cor- 
date base, those of branchlets reduced and lanceolate to subulate: heads half-inch high: 
involucre pluriserially imbricated, hirsutulous-pubescent, of attenuate-linear bracts; their 
foliaceous upper half recurved or widely spreading: rays bright violet, about 40, quarter to 
half an inch long: akenes glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503. — Limestone cliffs, Illinois, 
Missouri, and Arkansas ; first coll. by Engelmann. 

+ + True Heterophylli, with smaller heads, 10 to 20 rays, and a close involucre of appressed or 
erect bracts. Occasional specimens with only the radical leaves cordate. 

++ Leaves all entire or nearly so (lower sometimes with a few teeth), of rather firm texture, all 
much longer than wide, none clasping: heads sbowy: rays violet, 5 or even 6 lines long, 15 to 
20 in number: involucre 3 or 4 lines high; its bracts all appressed and with mostly definite 
short green tips, outer successively shorter. 

A. Shortii, Hoox. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rather slender, leafy to the summit, bearing 
racemose-paniculate heads: leaves minutely soft-pubescent, mostly glabrate and smooth 
above, thin-veiny, nearly all petioled; radical and principal cauline ovate-lanceolate with 
distinctly cordate base and on slender naked petioles, tapering-acute (3 to 5 inches long), 
only on ultimate short branchlets or peduncles reduced to minute subulate bracts: involucre 
sometimes puberulent ; its bracts narrow, less rigid and less definitely green-tipped than in 
the next: rays light violet.— Fl. ii. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 118.— Border of thickets and 
shaded banks, Ohio to Georgia in the upper country, west to Kentucky and Illinois; first 
coll. by Short. 

A. aztreus, Livpr. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately or racemosely compound at 
summit: branches slender and rigid: leaves hirtello-scabrous both sides; radical and lowest 
cauline ovate-lanceolate with subcordate base, on slender petioles (3 to 6 inches long) ; cauline 
oblong or lanceolate with winged petiole or attenuate base, verging to linear, and on the 
branchlets reduced to numerous small and slender-subulate rigid bracts: involucre glabrous 

_and smooth; green tips of the bracts ovate or deltoid: rays deep violet-blue. — Hook. Comp. 
Bot. Mag. i. 98, & DC. Prodr. v. 244 (incompletely described for want of lower leaves) ; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 118. A. Oolentangiensis, Riddell, Synops. 55.— Prairies and border of 
woods, W. New York and Ohio to Minnesota, and southwest to Arkansas and Texas, where 
there are forms with hardly a cordate leaf ! 
++ ++ Leaves some entire, but lower almost always somewhat serrate, rather firm in texture, 

longer than broad; the base, or that of wing-margined petiole of lower cauline, cordate-clasping : 
greenish tips of the less rigid involucral bracts short and rather obtuse. 

A. undulatus, L. Pale or dull with a minute somewhat cinereous and sometimes scabrous 
pubescence: branches rather rigid, racemosely or paniculately bearing several or rather 
numerous racemosely disposed heads: leaves at most inconspicuously or obtusely serrate ; 
upper mainly entire, lanceolate or oblong with partly clasping base, above diminished to 
subulate bracts; middle ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly contracted below and with 
dilated cordate-clasping base, sometimes panduriform, below subcordate on margined petioles ; 
lowest cauline and radical cordate on slender naked petioles: heads 4 lines high: rays bright 
violet or sometimes paler. — Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff. & Herm. Parad. t. 96, whence the name, 
& Moris. Hist. 120); Ait. Kew. iii. 206; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 77, t.C, £1; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; 
Sprague, Wild Flowers, t. 4. A. diversifolius, DC. Prodr. v. 234. A. paniculatus, Nutt. 
Gen. ii. 56, not Ait., nor Lam. A. sagittifolius, Ell. Sk. ii. 862, not Willd. — Dry ground, 
margin of woods, &c., Canada to Florida, Kentucky, and Arkansas. Southward in the low 
and middle country the common form is 

Var. diversifélius. More rigid, scabrous or scabro-puberulent, and with longer 
virgate flowering branches, which are beset with minute subulate or lanceolate (or below 
oblong) leaves, only the lower cauline having a narrowed base or winged petiole. — A. diver- 
sifolius, Michx. Fl. ii. 113. A. scaber, Ell. Sk. ii. 262. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 


182 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


' 


ii. 120, not Wall. A. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 127, from specimens with rameal 
leaves only. — Dry ground, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Named as distinct new 
species in herb. Poiret and herb. Banks.) 


++ ++ ++ Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thinner, none cordate-clasping either by base of 
upper sessile ones or by appendage at base of petiole. = 
= Involucral bracts obtuse or obtusish with conspicuously marked and definite very short green 
‘ tips: heads small and numerous. 


A. cordifélius, L. Green, slightly pubescent to nearly glabrous, paniculately much 
branched above into thyrsoidal inflorescence of very many small heads: leaves membrana- 
ceous, acutely serrate, cordate-ovate on nearly naked petioles, or uppermost lanceolate and 
sessile, acuminate: heads 2 or 3 lines high: rays only 10 to 12, pale violet or whitish, — 
Spee. ii. 875, mainly (Hort. Cliff. & syn. Cornuti & Morison); Ait. 1. v. 207; Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t. 1597 (unusual form); Pursh, Fl. ii. 552; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 120; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvii. 165. A. paniculatus & A. heterophyllus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2035. A. paniculatus, 
heterophyllus, & cordifolius, Nees, Ast., chiefly. — Common in woodlands, New Brunswick to 
the mountains of Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. <A singular abnormal state, 

collected by Moser on the Pocono in Pennsylvania, has some of the lower cauline leaves 
lanceolate and laciniate ; others oblong-ovate, simply serrate, barely subcordate-contracted 
into a winged petiole: perhaps a hybrid with A. diffusus. 


== = Involucral bracts acute or acutish, with the green tips more indefinite. 
u. Heads rather larger than in the last preceding (8 or 4 lines high), numerous, thyrsoid-paniculate 


on the rather rigid branches: stems rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves mostly gradually 
acuminate. 


A. Drummondii, Lixpu. Pale with a fine and mostly soft cinereous pubescence : leaves 
from cordate to cordate-lanceolate and mostly on margined petioles, or the small uppermost 
lanceolate and sessile by a narrow base, obtusely or acutely serrate (the large 4 inches, smaller 
about an inch long), sometimes scabrous above: bracts of the involucre acute or acutish : 

_ ays violet-blue or paler, 3 to 5 lines long. — Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, & DC. 1. c. 234; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Open grounds and border of woods, Illinois and Minnesota to Texas. 
Forms pass into the next. 


A. sagittifélius, Wi1rp. Green, from glabrous to sparsely pilose-pubescent: stem strict, 
2 or 3 feet high: leaves oblong- and ovate-lanceolate, acutely more or less serrate; radical 
and lowest cauline narrowly cordate, on naked ‘petioles; upper subcordate or truncate at 
base and contracted into a winged petiole (3 to 5 inches long); uppermost linear-lanceolate 
and sessile: heads densely thyrsoid-paniculate : bracts of the involucre subulate-linear and 
mostly attenuate, the tips rather loose: rays purplish, pale violet, or bluish, sometimes 
nearly white. — Spec. iii. 2035; Nees, Ast. 56; Hook. Fl. ii. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 121. 
A. cordifolius, Willd. 1. c., as to spec. from Muhl. A. paniculatus, Muhl. Cat.; Darlingt. FI. 
Cest. 464. A. hirtellus & A. urophyllus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 233, from “ St. Louis, Drum- 
mond,” not “ Louisiana.” — Open grounds, Canada and W. New York to Dakota, Missouri, 
and Florida. , 


6. Heads larger (4 or 5 lines high) and comparatively few in a loose thyrsus or panicle terminating 
the simple stem: only lowest leaves cordate or subcordate: involucral bracts looser and less 
imbricated. 

A. Lindleydnus, Torr. & Gray. Green, sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous: stem 10 to 
‘20 inches high, rather stout, the smaller plants bearing few heads: radical and lowest cauline 
leaves ovate, moderately or some obscurely cordate, on winged or margined petioles ; upper 
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate ; uppermost sessile and acuminate at both ends: bracts of the in- 
volucre linear-attenuate; the outer little shorter: rays pale violet, 3 to 5 lines long. — Fl. 

ii, 122. A. paniculatus, Ait. Kew. iii. 207; Hook. Fl ii. 8 (chiefly), not Lam. A. precoz, 

Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 9, not Willd. —Labrador to Upper Canada, Lake Superior, Sas- 

katchewan, and the borders of British Columbia. The original of the species was raised by 

Gordon from Labrador seeds, and has more extended inflorescence of smaller heads than is 

common in the wild plant. ; 

' Var. ciliolatus (A. ciliolatus, Lindl. in Hook. Fl. & DC. Prodr. 1. c. 235), is a dwarf 


arctic form, a span to 8 inches high, bearing few (not cordate) leaves and only 2 to 7 heads; 
from Slave Lake, Richardson. 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 183 


* 8. Heads and inflorescence various: no cordate petioled leaves; radical leaves all acute or at- 
tenuate at base: not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent: akenes compressed, few-nerved. 
— Homoray tut, Nees. 

+ Whole plant very smooth and glabrous (sometimes hispidulous roughness on leaf-margins or a 
little pubescence on branchlets or peduncles): involucre of middle-sized or rather large heads 
pluriserial, from turbinate to campanulate, of rather firm closely imbricated appressed bracts 
with short green tips, outer successively shorter: leaves of firm texture, entire, or sometimes 
with a few teeth: rays of the showy heads violet or blue, rarely pale. — Lares. 

a+ Typical species, usually pale and glaucescent or glaucous; with involucral bracts whitish-coria- 
ceous below and abruptly green-tipped (most conspicuous in dried specimens): akenes 4~5- 
ribbed: leaves on flowering branchlets commonly much reduced to rigid subulate bracts. 

A. turbinéllus, Linpr. Slender, 3 feet high, diffusely paniculate above: leaves light 
green, not rigid, from oblong to narrowly lanceolate, and all with narrow base (2 or 3 inches 
long), scabrous-ciliolate : heads (half-inch or more high) terminating divergent and minutely 
bracteolate slender branchlets : involucre elongated-turbinate or subclavate ; its many-ranked 
bracts with very short and obtuse green tips: rays a third to half inch long, bright blue- 
violet : akenes minutely pubescent. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98, & DC. Prodr. v. 244; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 117. — Hillsides and plains, Illinois and Missouri to W. Arkansas and Louisiana. 
Handsome species, flowering late. 

A. virgatus, Ext. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several racemose heads, or with 
virgate branches terminated with single heads; these and the flowers nearly as of A. levis: 
cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, of firm texture, little if at all dilated at base; lower ones 
usually long and narrow; those of the branchlets subulate-acute and rigid. — Sk. ii. 353; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 116; Chapm. Fl. 201. A. rimineus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2046 % (fide herb., 
but a peculiar and imperfect specimen), not Lam. nor Nees. A. purpuratus, Nees, Ast. 118, 
& A. miser, Lam. Dict. 1.308. A. attenuatus, Lindl. in Comp. Bot. Mag.i.97. A. gracilentus, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. v. 166. — Upper S. Virginia to Louisiana and Texas. Form with narrow 
and linear leaves (lower 3 or + inches long by 2 or 3 lines wide) seems very distinct: broader- 
leaved forms pass into the next. 

A. levis, L. Stouter, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid: leaves from ovate or oblong to lanceolate (4 or 
5 inches long, decreasing upward) ; radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged 
petiole; upper all with auriculate or subcordate partly clasping base: heads sparsely thyr- 
soid-paniculate, on short and rigid branchlets: involucre campanulate or obscurely turbinate ; 
the whitish coriaceous bracts bearing abrupt rhomboid or deltoid short green tips: rays 
20 or 30, broadish, sky-blue verging to violet: akenes glabrous or nearly so. — Spec. ii. 876 ; 
Ait. Kew. iii. 206 ; Nees, Ast. 128, partly; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 116 (the var. § is the typical 
plant); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 166. A. rubricaulis, Lam. Dict. i. 305; Nees, Ast. 131. 
A. amplexicaulis, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 2046; Nees, 1.¢., not of others. A. Pennsyl- 
vanicus, Poir. Suppl. i. 498. A. cyancus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 71, t. B, f.1; Nees, l.c.; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1495. A. glaucescens & A. politus, Nees, Synops. 23. A. levigatus, Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 2995, not Lam. nor Willd. — Borders of woodland, in dry or barely moist 
ground, Canada to Louisiana and west to the Rocky Mountains from Saskatchewan to New 
Mexico. A form from Fort Edward, N. Y. ( Vanderberg), bore white rays changing to rose. 

Var. Géyeri. A foot or two high: involucre broader and less imbricated ; its bracts 
of thinner texture, mostly attenuate-acute, the green tip less definite.— Valleys of the 

Northern Rocky Mountains to Idaho, south to Wyoming, &c. 


++ ++ Ambiguous species, green, at least not glaucous: involucre greener and somewhat looser. 


A. versicolor, Wittp. Leafy up to the more corymbosely disposed inflorescence: leaves 
thinner than in preceding, bright green, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely if at all auriculate and 
not broadened at insertion, lower with some sharp serratures: involucre short-campanulate : 
rays “changing from white to deep violet,” or commonly pale or bright violet from the 
first. — Spec. iii. 2045 & Enum. ii. 885; Nees, Ast. 128. A. levigatus, Willd. 1. v. 2046 (in 
part); Nees, 1. c. 129, not, Lam. A. /eris of the same authors, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1500. A. 
mutabilis, Willd. 1. c. 2045; Nees, 1. c. 125. A. confertus, Nees, Ast. 146, white-fl. state. — 
Common in European gardens, doubtless from Atlantic N. America; but decisive indige- 
nous specimens hardly known. 

A. concinnus, Witip. Stem and paniculate branches slender, 1 to 3 feet high (above 
often showing traces of pubescence in lines): leaves pale green, lanceolate, mostly some- 


184 COMPOSIT. Aster. 


what serrate or serrulate; upper ones an inch or two long; lowest and radical spatulate- 
lanceolate and tapering into a winged petiole: heads much smaller than in preceding, 
numerous: rays 4 or 5 lines long, violet. — Enum. ii. 884; Nees, Ast. 121 (excl. 6%); Lindl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1619. A. elegans, Hort. Par. 1814, not Willd. — North America, received by 
Willdenow from Muhlenberg. An indigenous specimen from Pennsylvania, Minn, in 
herb. Cosson. This and perhaps that of N. Carolina, Schweinitz in herb. Ell. (now lost), 
and Arkansas, Harvey, seem to be the only indigenous’ ones seen. 


+— + Involucre of the small or barely middle-sized and paniculately or racemosely disposed 
heads (8 or 4 lines high) pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts rather rigid, narrow, with subulate 
or acute green nearly erect tips: rays white, sometimes turning purplish or violaceous: leaves 
mostly narrow and entire, narrowed at base: akenes minutely pubescent. — Lricoidet. 


++ Heads disposed to be corymbosely or open-paniculate on erect branches: involucre nearly 
hemispherical: rays numerous, bright white, disposed to turn rose-purplish, 4 lines long. 


A. Porteri, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous and smooth (except hirsute ciliation of 
lowest leaves), either simple or branching above, bearing several or numerous thyrsoidly or 
corymbosely disposed heads : leaves linear or lower spatulate-linear (2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 
3 lines wide), radical spatulate: heads broad: involucral bracts linear-subulate; outer little 
shorter than inner.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. A. ericoides, var.? Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1863, 64. A. ericoides, var. strictus, Porter & Coult. Fl. Colorad. 56.— Common in the 
Colorado Rocky Mountains at middle elevations, remont, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c. 


A. polyphyllus, Wittp. Mostly tall (4 or 5 feet high), with virgate branches, glabrous: 
cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear (4 or 5 inches long, quarter to half inch wide) ; 
those of flowering branchlets small and subulate-linear: heads paniculate (4 lines high) : 
involucral bracts lanceolate-subulate, outer successively shorter.— Enum. 888; Spreng. Syst. 
iii. 536. A. Americanus Belviderefolius, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 78, 1.5% A. tenutfolius, Nees, Ast. 
119, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 132, in part. — N. Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Penn. 
and N. Carolina. Showy in cultivation, flowering much earlier than A. ericoides. 


++ ++ Heads disposed to be racemose along spreading branches or branchlets: rays 15-25, and 
smaller, bright white, rarely purplish-tinged. 


A. ericoides, L. Glabrous or nearly so in the typical form (but with hirsute varieties), 
rather rigid, a foot to a yard high, with lateral branches spreading or ascending and com- 
monly unilaterally capituliferous: radical leaves oblanceolate and spatulate, often sparingly 
serrate; cauline narrowly lanceolate or linear and narrowed at both ends, entire; those of 
the branches and branchlets gradually diminished to setaceous-subulate: heads usually 
3 lines high: tips of the involucral bracts somewhat abruptly subulate-acute or acuminate 
from a rigid or coriaceous base: akenes little compressed, scarcely nerved. — Spec. ii. 875 
(specimen in herb. an attenuate cultivated form, not of syn. Dill. & Gronov., which are of 
A. multiflorus); Ait. Kew. iii, 202; Spreng. Syst. iii. 531; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 123; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 165, not of Lam. nor Michx. A. tenuifolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 2026 
(excl. syn.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 155; Nees, Ast. 119, partly. A. dumosus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 
t. A, £2. A. ericoides & A. glabellus, Nees, Ast. 107. A. pauciflérus, Martens, Bull. Acad. 
Brux. viii. (1841), 67. — Dry and open ground, Canada to Florida and the Mississippi. 

Var. Reevésii (A. Reevesii of the gardens) is the most rigid form, comparatively 
stout, glabrous except that the leaves are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base; the heads 
and rays as large and the latter about as numerous as in A. polyphyllus. It is A. virgatus. 
A. H. Curtiss, distrib. no. 1279, from dry river-banks near Nashville, Tenn. 

Var. villésus, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Stem (generally low) with branches and not 
rarely the leaves villous-hirsute or hispid-hirsute. — A. villosus, Michx. Fl. ii. 113. A. pilosus, 
Willd. Spec. iii. 2055; Nees, Ast. 109.—Ohio to Iowa and Missouri, south to W. North 
Carolina. The var. platyphyllus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is a very hirsute state of this, with 
leaves broader, some even an inch wide and sparingly serrate. 

Var. pusillus. Slender, a span to a foot high, glabrous: cauline leaves mostly slen- 
der-subulate or filiform: heads small (2 lines high), narrow, few-flowered : involucre turbi- 
nate ; its bracts less rigid: rays 2 lines long. — Serpentine barrens, Lancaster, Penn., Porter. 
A singular form, probably dwarfed by sterility of soil. 

Var. Pringlei. A slender and strict glabrous form, seldom over a foot high, simple 
or with few erect branches, rather small heads, and shorter tips to the involucre, mentioned 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 185 


in Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99.— Rocky islands and.shores, northern part of Lake Champlain, 

Pringle, E. Brainard. 

+ + + Involucre of the numerous small and racemosely disposed heads with squarrose or at 
least spreading herbaceous tips to the well-imbricated unequal bracts, these tips obtuse or merely 
mucronate-apiculate: cauline leaves small, all linear and entire, not at all or scarcely narrowed 
at the abrupt closely sessile or partly’ clasping base: akenes canescent-hirsute: herbage with 
somewhat cinereous or hirtellous pubescence. — Jfultiflori. 


++ Rays amethystine-violet or purple: leaves not rigid. 


A. amethystinus, Nutr. Cinereously puberulent or the stems hirsutulous, 2 to 5 feet 
high, paniculately much branched: heads 3 lines high: tips of involucral bracts merely 
spreading, acutish, not ciliate: rays rather numerous, 3 lines long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
(n. ser.) vii. 294; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 144; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 234.— Rather low grounds, 
E. Massachusetts to Illinois and Iowa. This has been cult. in European gardens under the 
names of A. pilosus and Bostontensis. It has much the habit of A. oblongifolius, but is desti- 
tute of viscidity and aroma. 

++ ++ Rays white, rarely bluish or purple-tinged. 

A. multifi6rus, Arr. Low (a foot or two high), bushy-branched, cinereous or green: leaves 
rigid, scabrous- or hispidulous-ciliate; uppermost of the branchlets passing into involucral 
bracts ; these mostly with obtuse tips: heads in the ordinary forms little over 2 (at most 3) 
lines long, and with only 10 to 15 or 20 rays. — Kew. iii. 203; Willd. Spec. iii. 2027; Torr. & 
Gray, EF). ii. 124, with var. stricticaulis, a slender strict form of the North. A. ericoides, dumosus, 
Dill. Elth. t. 36. A. ericoides, L. spec. as to syn. Dill. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 113; Schk. Handb. 
t. 245, & (var. multiflorus) Pers. Syn. ii. 443. A. ciliatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 2027. 
A. scoparius, DC. Prodr. v. 242, a rather strict slender-leaved Texan form. A. hebecladus, 
DC. 1.c., a very small-leaved hirtellous Texano-Arizonian form.— Dry or sterile ground, 
Canada to Georgia and Texas, common throughout Atlantic States, southwest to Arizona, 
northwest to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia. (Mex.) The most wide-spread species. 


A. commutatus. A foot or so high, with divergent branches: heads more scattered and 
twice or even thrice the size of those of A. multiflorus (3 or 4 lines high and broad): rays 
20 to 30: otherwise nearly as the preceding. — A. multiflorus, var. commutatus, Torr. & Gray, 
l.c:, excl. syn. A. biennis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y., at least mainly. A. ramulosus, var. ¥ncano- 
pilosus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. & Hook. FI. ii. 12.— Plains and river-banks, Dakota and 
Saskatchewan, to Utah and E. Oregon. Seems to pass into the preceding on one hand, and 
into A. adscendens on the other. 

A. falcdtus, Lixpt. Much like a strict and simple-stemmed A. multiflorus, perhaps a high 
northern form of it: leaves all narrowly linear, glabrate or sparingly and minutely (and the 
stem more obviously) pubescent with soft somewhat appressed hairs: involucre broader, 
glabrous; its bracts thinner and looser ; outer herbaceous to near the base and as long as the 
attenuate innermost. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.126. A. falcatus & A. ramulosus (as to the type), 
Eindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 241, 243, & Hook. Fl. ii. 12.— Subarctic America, from Cumberland 
House to Fort Franklin, near the Arctic Circle and Arctic coast, Richardson. 


~~ -— + + Involucre of the small (2 or 3 lines high) and numerous heads nearly of the 
Heterophyjli, pluriserial; the bracts not coriaceous, regularly and closely imbricated (outer suc- 
cessively shorter), smooth and glabrous, mostly whitish below and with definite short green 
tips, these not spreading: stems usually slender and not very tall; the branches divergent or di- 
varicate (except in A. racemosus), and racemosely branched or racemosely capituliferous: leaves 
from lanceolate to subulate, not cinereous nor more than minutely scabrous, commonly spread- 
ing: all Atlantic species. — Divergentes. 

++ Heads more scattered and singly terminating the racemose or compound-paniculate minutely 
foliose slender branches. 

A. dumésus, L. Mostly quite glabrous and smooth, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves all entire and 
obtuse, commonly reflexed or widely spreading; the cauline linear (1 to 3 inches long and as 
many lines wide), of rather firm texture ; those of branches and branchlets gradually smaller 
and shorter; ultimate ones reduced to minute. bracts: involucre campanulate or short-turbi- 
nate (2 or 3 lines long), well imbricated and with very definite and broadish oval or oblong 

“ green tips to the obtuse or sometimes barely acutish bracts: rays from violet to nearly 
white, 2 lines long. — Spec. ii. 873 (with syn. mainly); Ait. Kew. iii. 202; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 


186 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


ii. 128. A. sparsiflorus, Michx. FI. ii. 112; Willd. Enum. 880 (with unusually large lower 
leaves) ; Nutt. Gen. ii, 155. A. fragilis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1537, & herb. — Border of moist 
or dry woods, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas. Runs into various 
forms, such as 

Var. coridifolius, Torr. & Gray, lc. A more rigid and effuse Southern form, 
with rather coriaceous leaves, especially the very small ones of the elongated branches and 
branchlets; involucral bracts also more rigid. — A. coridifolius, Michx. Fl. ii. 112; Willd. 
Spec. iii. 2028; Nees, Ast. 104; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1487. A. foliolosus, Ell. Sk. ii. 345, not 
Ait. A, foliolosus, var. coridifolius, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. A. multiflorus, Bertol. Misc. v. t. 5, 
fig. 8. — Pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. subuleefolius, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Rather rigid form, with ascending flower- 
ing branches, on which thé somewhat large heads are often subracemosely paniculate and 
bearing erect or little spreading subulate-linear or linear-oblong very small leaves. — Open 
woods and pine barrens, Carolina to Texas; also N. W. Arkansas. The var. subracemosus, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., was made up of specimens, some fairly referable to the present form, 
others to A. vimineus, var. foliolosus, or of intermediate forms. 


++ ++ Heads racemosely unilateral, usually numerous or crowded along the flowering branches; 
the branchlets or minutely leafy peduncles shorter or little longer than the involucre: disk- 
flowers apt to turn purple. 


A. raceméosus, E11. Minutely scabrous-pubescent along the numerous slender erect or 
ascending branches, probably rather tall (base of stem unknown): leaves rigid, linear, 
small, acute, entire: heads small (little over 2 lines high), somewhat spicately or more 
loosely racemose: involucre hemispherical and of narrower and acuter bracts than in the fol- 
lowing: rays only a line or two long, purplish. — Sk. ii. 348; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 127.— 
S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, in the low country or along the coast. Perhaps also 
Texas, but specimens (of Lindheimer) insufficient. Species insufficiently understood. 


A. vimineus, Lam. Nearly glabrous: stem 2 to 5 feet high, slender, simple, with nu- 
merous usually horizontal foliolose flowering branches, bearing numerous usually crowded 
heads: leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, or the lower with few serratures (the longer 
cauline 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide): heads 2 or 3 lines high: bracts of involucre 
linear, usually acutish: rays commonly pure white (not rarely changing to purplish, even 
on a part of the plant), about 2 lines long. — Dict. i. 306 (1783, form with somewhat Janceo- 
late cauline leaves); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 169. A. Tradescanti, L., as to one speci- 
men in herb. Cliff., of very doubtful authority, also of hort. Par. in early days, of Nees, DC., 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 129, with var. fragilis; not of herb. L. (hort. Ups.), nor A. Tradescanti, 
Morison, A. secundiflorus, Desf. Hort. Par. 1815, & A. diffusus, DC. Prodr. v. 242, partly. 
A. multiflorus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155, excl. syn. A. tenuifolius, Ell. Sk. ii. 347, not L. A. fra- 
gilis, Nees, Ast. 101, in part, not Willd. — Moist ground, Canada to Florida and west to 
Arkansas, most common northward ; flowering rather early. 

Var. foliolésus. Leaves linear, entire: branches ascending, bearing sparse or more 
paniculate heads: consists of forms intermediate between A. vimineus and A. dumosus, but 
with smaller heads than is usual in the latter, and thinner as well as narrower involucral 
bracts. — A. foliolosus, Ait. Kew. iii. 202. A. ericoides, Meliloti agrarie umbone, Dill. Elth. 
39, t. 35, a coarsely exaggerated figure: from which figure solely the char. & descr. of A. miser, 
L. Spec. ii. 877, were made, neither these nor the figure answering at all well to the dried 
specimen in herb. Sherard ; which is said to have been raised from New England seeds. A. 
dumosus, var. subracemosus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 128. — New England to Illinois. 

A. diffasus, Art. Either pubescent or almost glabrous, a foot to-4 or 5 feet high; the 
larger plants widely and divergently branched: leaves thinnish, mostly broadly lanceolate 
or wider, with much narrowed base, acute or acuminate; lower cauline generally 3 to 5 
inches long, sparingly and acutely serrate; those of the flowering branches becoming small 
and entire, some of them surpassing the crowded or sometimes more scattered heads, which 
are usually disposed along the length of the flowering branches, either singly or in clusters; 
radical leaves ovate and slender-petioled: involucre campanulate ; its bracts linear, obtuse or 
sometimes acutish, and with a definite short green tip: rays small, white, or sometimes 
tinged with purplish or violet.— Ait. Kew. iii. 205; Nees, Ast. lc. &c. A. divergens, Ait. 
Le.; Nees,lc. <A. pendulus, Ait. 1. c. 204 (a form with narrowish and less serrate leaves, 
verging to or connecting with the preceding species); Nees, Ast. 100. .4. Tradescanti, 


Aster. COMPOSIT. 187 


Michx. FI. ii. 115, not of L., &c. A. miser, Nutt. Gen. ii. 158 (a cinereous-pubescent variety 
or state, of sun-burnt situations, short-leaved and glomerate-clustered, partly the var. glome- 
rellus, Torr. & Gray, under this name); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 129; not L. (pl. Dill.), nor Ait. 
A. parviflorus, Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 446, not Nees. Solidago lateriflora, L. Spec. ii. 879.— 
Dry or barely moist ground, Canada to Texas and west to Missouri. A. diffusus is, on the 
whole, the best of three names of same date. 

Var. horizontalis. A robust, very bushy-branched and exceedingly floriferous 
cultivated form ; the leaves thickish, those of the widely spreading flowering branches small 
and short, entire: white rays more conspicuous. — A. horizontalis, Desf. Cat. ed. 3,402. A. 
recurvatus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2047.— A plant of the gardens, not exactly matched by indige- 
nous specimens, but evidently of this species. 

Var. thyrsoideus. From slightly to distinctly cinereous-pubescent: leaves from 
ovate-oblong to lanceolate: flowering branches ascending, rather rigid, either short or some- 
what elongated: heads thyrsoid-paniculate or spicate-glomerate, less secund.— Part of A. 
miser, var. glomerellus, Torr. & Gray, 1.c.— New York to Dlinois and Upper Canada. West- 
ern forms connect with the next species. 

Var. hirsuticatlis (A. Airsuticaulis, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 242, and A. miser, var. 
hirsuticaulis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.), founded only on specimens from Albany, N. Y., Beck, 
in herb. Torr. & Lindl., is a singular form, probably growing in much shade, with long and 
narrow leaves, as of A. vimineus, the midrib of these beneath and the stem very hirsute. 
Other forms in Torr. & Gray, FI., are ambiguous between this and A. vimineus. 

Var. bifrons. A luxuriant form, growing in shady and moist grounds, with large 
and thin elongated-lanceolate leaves, and spreading branches with loosely disposed and mostly 
larger heads: a transition to the following section and to A. paniculatus, Lam. — A. bifrons, 
Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 243. — Shady banks of Kentucky River (Short) to Illinois. 


— + + + + Involucre various, in some imbricated and with short close tips, as in the last 
preceding section, in others more loose and herbaceous: heads when numerous either thyrsoid- 
or open-paniculate on erect or ascending branches. —Vulgares. 

++ Cauline leaves sessile, but neither with cordate or auriculate base (except in forms of A. Novi- 
Belgit and A. foliaceus), nor with abrupt winged-petiole-like lower portion. 

= Atlantic United States species, with branching stems or several or many heads when well de- 
veloped, none alpine or subalpine: herbage disposed to be glabrous, but branches often pubes- 
cent in lines. 

a. Involucre of the small or middle-sized heads close and erect; its bracts narrow. imbricated in 
successive lengths, the small green tips not dilated nor spreading. Species seemingly confluent 
in a series. 

A. Tradescanti, L., partly. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with numerous erect or ascend- 
ing branches and branchlets: leaves lanceolate or linear, slightly serrate or entire, thinnish: 
small heads numerous, corymbosely or somewhat racemosely paniculate, only two or three . 
lines high: bracts of the involucre linear, acutish, partly green at tip and down the back: 
rays white, or sometimes tinged with lilac, only about 2 lines long. — Spec. ii. 876 (as to 
Hort. Cliff. in part, if herb. Cliff. is of any authority, and as to syn. A. Virginianus parvis 
floribus Tradescanti, Moris. Hist. iii. 121, whence the name) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 204 (var. fl. albis) ; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 166; not of L. Hort. Ups. & herb., only in small part of Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. A. miser, Ait. Kew. iii, 205, not L. A. fragilis, Willd. Spec. ili. 2051; not 
A. Tradescanti fragilis, Torr. & Gray. A. leucanthemus, Desf. Cat. 102; Poir. Suppl. i. 500. 
A. artemisieflorus, Poir.1.¢.,ex char. A. parviflorus, Nees, Ast. 99, a rather strict form. 
A. tenuifolius, var., in part, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 132, not of others. — Open grounds, Canada 
to Virginia, Illinois, and Saskatchewan. Cult. from earliest days in European gardens. 
Some forms, both cult. and wild, show affinity to A. dumosus, vimineus, and diffusus ; others 
differ from the next following species only in the smaller heads and flowers. 

A. paniculdtus, Lau. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, freely and’ paniculately branched : leaves 
from elongated oblong to narrowly lanceolate, mostly attenuate-acuminate, sharply serrate 
or denticulate, or upper entire, thin: heads about a third of an inch high, in loose and open 
mostly leafy panicles: bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, with tapering acute or acumi- 
nate green tips (or outermost wholly green on back): rays 3 or 4 lines long, white varying 
to purplish or pale violet (in drying often turning blue). — Lam. Dict. i. 306 (1783, the char. 
not good for the involucre, but it is the A. serotinus procerior, &c., Tourn., cited by Lam.) ; 


188 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


not Ait. 1789, nor of Willd. A, Tradescanti, L. Spec. ii. 876, as to herb. (“H. U.”) & Hort. 
Ups. 262, not Hort. Cliff. & syn. Morison (whence the name T’radescanti); Ait. Kew. 1. v. 
204, as to var. floribus cwruleis. A. junceus, Ait. 1. c., as to pl. H. Kew. 1777 only. A. dra- 
cunculoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 2050, a form nearest to the preceding species, not Lam. A. re- 
curvatus, Willd. Herb. fol. 1, but hardly of Spec. iii. 2047. A. lanceolatus, Willd. 1. c., & A: 
bellidiflorus, Willd. Enum., are.cultivated forms. A. Lamarckianus, Nees, Ast. 100, at least 
as to syn. Lam. A. ténutfolius (Nees in part), and A. simplex, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., mainly, 
and A. carneus, Nees, Syn. 27 & Ast. 96, by the char., belong to this rather than to the next 
species, as do some indigenous (but not original) specimens named by Nees. A. salicifolius, 
Scholler, Fl. Barb. Suppl. (1785), 8328, —to which belong A. salignus, Willd. Spec. iii. 240, 
A, simplex, Willd. Enum. 887, and probably A. strictus, Poir. Suppl. 498,—represents a 
form of this same species, either very early naturalized in Hungary and Germany, or possi- 
bly indigenous. A. /axus, Willd. Enum. 886, seems to be a similar form.— Low or moist 
ground, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, E. Montana, and Louisiana, abundant in the 
Northern States, and polymorphous. A small and slender form, in Northern sphagnous 
bogs, with linear leaves, resembles A. longifolius in habit and foliage. 


A. salicifélius, (Lam.?) Arr. Resembles the preceding, equally branching: leaves com- 
monly less elongated, less serrate or entire, of firmer texture, apt to be scabrous, and the 
fine reticulation of the veinlets manifest: involucre more imbricated; its bracts firmer, 
linear, with shorter and more definite green tips, these acute or obtusish: heads (as large as 
in preceding or broader) disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-glomerate on the ascending 
branches: rays purplish to violet, rarely white.— Lam. Dict. 1. c.4 (no Lamarckian speci- 
mens seen); Ait. Kew. iii. 203; Muhl. Cat.; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 467. A. prealtus, Poir. 
Suppl. i. 493, merely a change of Aiton’s name, not Nees. A. eminens, Willd. Enum. 886, is - 
either this or the preceding. A. rigidulus, Desf. Cat. (1815), 122. A. obliquus, Nees, Ast. 
76, cult. form. A. onustus? and perhaps A. carneus, Nees, Ast. 122, 96, on cult. forms, but 
char. and some specimens of latter are of the preceding species. A. stenophyllus, Lindl. in 
DC. Prodr. v. 242, narrow-leaved form. A. carneus, in part, & A. Greenei, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 184. — Low grounds, Canada and New England to Saskatchewan, E. Montana, and Texas: 
most abundant in the Mississippi valley. The original of Ait. Kew., in the Banksian her- 
barium, is of flowering branches only, with small leaves. 

Var. subasper. A rigid and commonly scabrous form, with thyrsoid-contracted and 
foliose inflorescence: broad heads commonly foliose-bracteate: bracts of involucre broader 
and firmer, often obtuse: rays violet.— A. subasper, Lindl. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, & DC. 
Prodr. v. 257. A. carneus, var. subasper, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Illinois to Texas. ‘ 

Var. ceruléscens. A strict and rigid form, with the rather large heads in a more 
naked inflorescence, and leaves all entire: involucral bracts with narrower acute or acutish 
tips. — A. cerulescens, DC. Prodr. v. 235.— Rocky banks, E. to W. Texas, Berlandier, Lind- 
heimer, &c. 


&. Involucre of the small or barely middle-sized heads looser and less imbricated; but its bracts 
erect or hardly at all spreading, narrow and linear, with acute and not at all dilated green tips, 
or outermost wholly herbaceous, these little shorter or equalling the inner: leaves linear or lan- 
ceolate, not rigid, not dilated at base, sparingly denticulate or entire. 


A. janceus, Air. Slender, a foot to a yard high, the smaller plants simple-stemmed and 
with few heads, smooth and nearly glabrous: leaves linear or nearly so (3 to 5 inches long, 
2 to 4 lines wide), entire, or lower with rare denticulations: inyolucre 3 lines high ; its bracts 
all small, narrowly linear and erect, thinnish, manifestly imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and the 
outer more or less shorter (thus connecting with A. paniculatus of the preceding subdivis- 
ion) : rays light violet-purple, 4 or 5 lines long. — Hort. Kew. iii. 204, the indigenous speci- 
men Halifax, Halbgren. A. salicifolius, Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 1, 478, ed. 2, 20, 
not Ait. A. laxifolius, Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 10, mainly; hardly of Nees, Ast., who had a 
cult. plant of Leyden Garden, and in herb. Lindl. so named a plant of A. paniculatus? A. 
laxifolius, var. borealis, & var. latiflorus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 138. A. estivus, Gray, Man. 
mainly. A. borealis, Provancher, Fl. Canad. i. 308.— Wet meadows and cold bogs, Nova- 
Scotia to Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and north to Hudson’s Bay, Saskatchewan, and Rocky 
Mountains, &c. Appears to pass into the next. . 

A. longifdlius, Lam. A foot to a yard high, glabrous or pubescent, leafy : leaves elon- 
gated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 3:to 7 inches long, taper- 


eg 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 189 


ing to both ends: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, little or not at all imbricated; its bracts all of 
nearly equal length, some looser outermost not rarely quite herbaceous: rays 3 or 4 lines 
long, violet or purplish, rarely almost white. — Dict. i. 306, chiefly (and partly A. paniculatus, 
Lam.), fide herb. Par. A. estivus, Ait. Kew. iii. 203; Willd. Spec. iii. 2030; Nees, Ast. 74; 
a shorter-leaved cultivated form. A. eminens, Nees, Ast. 87, in part, perhaps also A. /ari- 
Solius, Nees, certainly Hook. Fl, in part. A. salicifolius, Willd.? herb. (not Ait.), therefore 
seemingly A. hiemalis, Nees, Ast. 77, said to blossom late. A. floribundus, Willd. fide spec. 
cult. herb. Par. 1814, hardly of Spec. Pl. A. virgineus, Nees, Ast? 88. A. squarrulosus, Nees, 
Ast. 86?— Low grounds or along streams, Labrador to Montana, Slave Lake, south to 
Canada and N. New England. Like other boreal species, flowers early when cultivated in 
lower latitudes. 

Var. villicatilis. A small and low form, with simple stem (a foot or less high) and 
midrib of narrow leaves beneath densely white-villous: heads few or solitary: rays deep 
violet. — Northern Maine, at Fort Kent, Miss Furbish. 


c. Involucre of the middle-sized heads of firmer and more herbaceous or foliaceous-tipped and linear 
to spatulate bracts, imbricated in few to several series, of more or less unequal length, their 
summits from slightly to squarrose-spreading: leaves of rather firm texture: rays violet: com- 
paratively late-flowering. 


A. Novi-Bélgii, L. Rather low, rarely tall, glabrous and smooth, or pubescent in lines on 
the branches: leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely or obscurely ser- 
rate; upper with sessile base partly clasping and not rarely somewhat auriculate: heads 
mostly 4 or 5 lines high and bright blue-violet rays of equal length. — The commonest later- 
flowered blue Aster of the Atlantic border, in low or wet grounds, truly polymorphous, both 
in wild forms and in those of long European cultivation, many of which are not identified 
with indigenous originals. — Spec. ii. 877 (truly founded on the A. Nove-Belgie, etc., Herm. 
Hort. Lugd. 67, t. 69, raised from seed collected about the year 1680 in the vicinity of New 
York, whence the name, and probably represented by the plant of Hort. Cliff. 408, not by in- 
digenous specimen in herb. Linn. from Kalm, which is A. puniceus, L., nor by plant in herb. 
from Upsal garden); Nees, Ast. 79; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 167. A. serotinus, Mill. 
Dict., probably. A. floribundus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2048. Assume as most normal, if not the 
original Leyden type, the common form away from influence of salt water, and with leaves not 
thickish; these from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, their upper surface not rarely scabrous, 
and linear involucral bracts with narrow and acute spreading or recurving upper portion. — 
Common in wet grounds, New Brunswick and Canada to Georgia, chiefly eastward, but ex- 
tending to Ohio and Illinois. A. eminens, var. virgineus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1656, appears to 
be a nearly white-rayed form. A. /axrus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. fi. 134, a very narrow-leaved 
form, and A. prealtus (Nees.?), Torr. & Gray, l.c., one with broader leaves. A. longifolius, 
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 233; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 49, t. 10. 

Var. levigdtus. Smooth and glabrous throughout or nearly so: leaves mostly ob- 
long-lanceolate, little if at all thickened; upper cauline disposed to be half-clasping by an 
abrupt or obscurely auriculate base: involucral bracts in few ranks, rather short, all not far 
from same length, loosely erect, and with comparatively short acutish herbaceous tips; thus 
resembling A. versicolor except that the involucral bracts are much less imbricated and little 
unequal. — A. levigatus, Lam. Dict. i. 306; Poir. Suppl. i. 498, not Willd. &c. A. mutabilis, 
Ait. Kew. iii. 205 (cult. hort. Collinson & Kew, 1777, & herb. Jacq.) ; not L. by char., syn. 
Pluk., nor syn. Herm. A. serotinus & Novi-Belgii, in part, Willd. Spec. iii. 2048; Nees, Syn. 
Ast.24. A. brumalis (also A. onustus, partly, & A. eminens, var.lavigatus), Nees, Ast. 88, &c. 
A. argutus, Nees, Ast. 69, fide spec. Schultz Bip., hort. Bonn. ; but char. does not accord. — 
Newfoundland to New England: hardly any wild specimens exactly answering to the plant 
cultivated and even naturalized in Europe ; but many that connect with the following, viz. :— 

Var. litéreus. Stems rigid, low, or sometimes:3 or 4 feet high and then paniculately 
much branched, very leafy: leaves thickish and firm, very smooth (rarely upper face some- 
what scabrous), oblong to lanceolate, upper partly clasping and sometimes auriculate : bracts 
of the involucre loosely imbricated in several ranks, outer commonly spatulate, all but inner- 
most with broadish or obtuse herbaceous and mostly thickish tips. —.A. Novi-Belgii, L., as 
to Hort. Cliff., at least herb. Cliff. A. tardiflorus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2049, and of most later 
authors, not L. A. adulterinus, Willd. Enum. 884; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1571. Symphyotri- 
chium unctuosum, Nees, Ast. 135. . The synonyms all from cultivated plants, less showy than 


190 COMPOSITA, Aster. 


the wild; and a dwarf form, very floriferous, with small leaves and small heads, is A. cespi- 

tosus of the gardens (as cited by Lindley under A. adulterinus), probably the parent also of 

A. Novi-Belgii, var. minimus, of the gardens, with rose-purple rays.— Saline marshes and 

shores, Canada and New England to Georgia: evidently passes into the thinner-leaved form 

taken as the type, wherever it recedes from the influence of brackish water. The old culti- 
vated forms evidently much altered in the European gardens. 

Var. elddes. Slender, a foot or two high and simple, sometimes taller and with 
ampler panicle: leaves thickish, long and narrowly linear (2 to 5 inches long, 2 or 3 lines 
wide), entire; those of flowering branches or open panicle small and bract-like : involucre of 
rather well-imbricated narrow bracts, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. — A. 
elodes, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 136, chiefly. A. longifolius, Gray, Man. 233, in part, not Lam. — 
Swamps near the coast, New Jersey to Virginia. Would seem to be a most distinct species ; 
but passes by gradations.into forms of the type of the species, with narrow-lanceolate den- 
ticulate leaves of thinner texture; and the broad-leaved var. of Torr. & Gray, 1. c., into the 
preceding variety. 

Var. thyrsifl6rus. Very leafy, smooth: cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or 
nearly linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide below the middle), attenuate-acuminate, 
commonly serrulate, of rather firm texture: heads numerous in a narrow thyrsoid panicle, 
or somewhat racemosely paniculate on elongated branches, rather large: involucre of the 
narrow bracts with attenuate and spreading or squarrose-recurving tips, as in the typical form. 
— A. thyrsiflorus, Hoffm., Phyt. Blatt. i. 83, t. D, f. 1 (yet figure and description answer 
rather to a broader-leaved form, either of the type or of the var. levigatus); Poir. Suppl. 
i. 502; Nees, Ast. 65; DC. Prodr. v. 235, with var. squarrosus, Lindl. in DC. (A. eminens, 

‘Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1614, with abnormally foliose involucre.) A. spectabilis, Willd. Spec. 
iii. 2048, as to descr. (not char.) & herb., not Ait.— Said to come from Virginia: cultivated 
plants not matched by indigenous specimens. 
== = Pacific or Rocky Mountain species. 

a. Involucre of the middle-sized or small heads conspicuously and regularly pluriserially imbri- 
cated; outer bracts successively shorter; all loosely erect or little spreading, and with obtuse or 
obtusish mostly short and broadish herbaceous tips (occasionally in early or less developed 
heads some outer bracts foliaceous): leaves entire, or lower sometimes slightly serrate. 

1. Heads mostly half-inch high, hemispherical, loosely paniculate: leaves comparatively large, 

“none broadened at the insertion. 

A. Chamissonis, Gray. Rather tall (2 to 4 feet high), with loosely spreading branches 
and branchlets, pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrate: leaves bright green, broadly 
lanceolate (larger cauline 3 to 6 inches long and an inch or less broad, those of flowering 
branchlets small) : bracts of the broad involucre all but inner with obtuse and oval or appar- 
ently spatulate obtuse green tips (coarser and looser than in the next): rays bright violet, 
4 to 6 lines long. — Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 341; Bot. Calif. i. 324. A. radula, Less. 
in Linn. vi. 125, fide Nees. A. Chilensis, Nees, Ast. 133 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 112, but not 
at all Chilian. A. spectabilis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146, not Ait. A. Noi Schultz 
Bip. in Flora, 1856, 354, name merely suggested. — Moist thickets’ and along streams, Cali- 
fornia toward the coast, for nearly the whole length of the State, apparently reaching” 
Oregon; first coll. by LHeenke and Chamisso. 

2. Heads smaller, 3 to 5 lines high. 

A. Menziésii, Linpi. A foot or two high, strict, from cinereous- piubesoont throughout 
to almost glabrous, bearing mostly numerous or thyrsoidly racemose-paniculate and rather 
small heads on rigid erect branchlets or peduncles: leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate- 
oblong (2 or 3 inches long), on the branches small and linear or reduced to linear-subulate, 
so that the well-developed panicle is comparatively naked: involucre seldom over 3 lines 
high, short-turbinate, of linear slightly spatulate bracts in several rather closely imbricated 
ranks, nearly all obtuse : rays violet or purple, 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. ii. 12, & DC. Prodr. 
vy. 243; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 113 (described from the original, starved and arid, cinereous- 
canescent specimens, collected by Menzies in California, not “Oregon”); Torr. in Wilkes 
Exped. xvii. t. 8 (a similar form, collected on the Sacramento); Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324. 
A, Durandii, Nutt. ex Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8. Has been sometimes taken for A. 
falcatus. — Dry or moist ground, throughout California to W. Nevada. There are connect- 
ing forms between this and the preceding, and others verging to the following. 


Aster. COMPOSIT. 191 


A. adscéndens, Linpt. A span to a foot or two high, rather rigid, from nearly glabrous 
to strigulose-hirsutulous: stems ascending or erect from creeping rootstocks, commonly 
branching, bearing few or rather numerous loosely paniculate or subcorymbose heads (these 
4 or 5 lines high): leaves of firm and thickish texture (veins obscure), linear to spatulate- 
lanceolate, entire, with margins commonly hispidulous-ciliate or scabrous: bracts of the 
hemispherical involucre oblong-linear or obscurely spatulate, moderately unequal and in 
comparatively few ranks ; the green tips looser, either glabrous, puberulent, or ciliolate ; inner 
often mucronulate: rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet or purple. — DC. Prodr. y. 231, & Hook. 
Fl. ii. 8; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 111. A. denudatus, var. ciliatifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 293. A. falcatus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 140, mainly. A. multiflorus, var. com- 
mutatus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76, a large form. — Plains and moist banks, Saskatchewan and 
Montana, to Colorado, New Mexico, N. Arizona, and W. Nevada, ascending the mountains 
to 10,000 feet ; first coll. in Brit. America by Drummond. 

Var. denudatus, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. <A low or slender form, smoother, less leafy, 
or rameal leaves much reduced in size, and smaller heads and rays. — A. denudatus (& A. 
ramulosus, in part, as to specimens), Nutt. ]. c. 292. A. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 126; 
Eaton in Bot. King Exp., 1. c.— Plains of Utah to S. Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. Yosemitdnus. Greener, less rigid, with comparatively large heads and 
looser involucre. — Sierra Nevada, from Summit to the Yosemite Valley. 

A. Hallii, Gray. Stem strict, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous short 
racemosely disposed and ascending flowering branches; these minutely pubescent: leaves 
(1 or 2 inches long, barely 2 lines wide) entire, scabrous-ciliolate, otherwise smooth and 
glabrous, neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads small (3 lines high) and numerous, 
somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded : involucre campanulate, glabrous; the bracts 
subspatulate-linear with oval or oblong green tips rather close and erect: rays 2 or 3 lines 
long, white or whitish.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388, name only.— Dry ground, Oregon, 
E. Hall (distrib. no. 243), Lobb (289), Henderson. Perhaps this is A. bracteolatus, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 293, no specimens of which seem to have been preserved, and 
which is compared with A. campestris, but is said to have a smooth involucre. 


b. Involucre of the middle-sized heads more or less imbricated but looser; the bracts all narrow 
(linear or approaching subulate), thinnish, from moderately to hardly unequal, loosely erect, all 
acute or acutish, with not at all dilated tips, nor are the outermost normally enlarged-foliaceous : 
Jeaves mostly entire. 

1. Low, or only a foot or two high, chiefly of the mountains and high northward, mostly glabrous 
or a little pubescent. 

A. Andinus, Nutr. Dwarf, with decumbent stems 2 or 3 inches long from filiform creep- 
ing rootstocks, bearing a solitary comparatively large head: leaves only half-inch long ; 
radical and lower cauline spatulate; cauline (2 or 3) linear-lanceolate : involucre hemispheri- 
cal, 4 lines high; its linear acutish bracts of almost equal length, nearly glabrous: rays 
violet, 4 lines long (35 to 40): style-tips short-lanceolate, acute. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 154. Rocky Mountains at Thornberg’s Ridge, Wyoming, 
lat. 42°, near perpetual snow, Nuttall. Not since found: perhaps a high alpine state of A. 
Fremonti. 

A. spathuldtus, Lixpt. Low, a span or two high, with ascending stems sparingly 
branched above and bearing 3 to 5 corymbosely disposed pedunculate rather large (half-inch 
high) heads: leaves (13 to 3 inches long) linear-spatulate or upper linear-lanceolate with half- 
clasping base, and radical broader : involucre hemispherical ; its linear bracts acutish, nearly 
equal: rays rather short, 3 lines long. — DC. Prodr. v. 231, & Hook. Fl. ii. 8; Torr. & Gray, 
1. c. — Subarctic America, between Bear Lake and Fort Franklin, on the Mackenzie River, 
Richardson. Approaches the next ; but not matched. 

A. Freménti. A span to a foot (rarely 2 feet) high, glabrous or some minute soft pubes- 
cence along the upper part of the slender erect stem : leaves thinner and with margins either 
quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate-scabrous ; radical and lowest cauline oblong or 
oblanceolate, or somewhat obovate (inch or two long), and tapering into a slender mar- 
gined petiole; cauline from oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-clasping at base ‘ 
heads solitary in the smaller specimens, several in the larger, one third to half an inch high 
(and the numerous violet rays 4 lines long), somewhat naked-peduncled: bracts of the invo- 
lucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish, or the inner acute, some of the outer shorter, all 


192 COMPOSITA. — Aster. 


loose and similar. — A. adscendens, var. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 508. A. adscendens? 
partly, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324. A. laxifolius, in part, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 160. — 
Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Colorado and Utah, in wet ground below the alpine 
region, west to the Cascade Mountains, lat. 49°, and along the Sierra Nevada, California. 

Var. Parishii. A dubious form (connecting with the next species ?), with more im- 
bricated and acute involucral bracts, their margins ciliolate.— Bear Valley in the San Ber- 
nardino Mountains, S. E. California, Parish. 

A. occidentalis, Nurr. A span to a foot or more high, smooth and glabrous (except 
some minute pubescence below the head), slender; smaller plants simple, bearing solitary 
or few heads; larger with slender branches and several or more numerous corymbose or 
paniculate heads (these 4 or 5 lines high): leaves mainly linear and narrow; cauline 1 to 
3 inches long and only a line or two wide, rarely lanceolate and larger, occasionally (in 
Nuttall’s specimens) bearing one or two salient lateral teeth or lobes; radical sometimes 
lanceolate-spatulate with long tapering base: involucre of narrowly or subulate-linear acutish 
or acute thinnish loose bracts, obviously imbricated, of 2 or 3 lengths: rays light violet, 
about 4 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164 (Zripolium occidentale, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 296), a small and weak alpine form, apparently of a species which at lower eleva- 
tions becomes taller, rather freely branched, and in Oregon passes into a diffusely much 
branched and paniculate polycephalous form.— Moist grounds and along streams, Idaho to 
Washington Terr., and along the Sierra Nevada, California, to Kern Co. (A. estivus, Roth- 
rock in Wheeler Rep.) ; first coll. in Oregon by Douglas. 

Var. scabritsculus. More strict, rather rigid, probably in drier soil with more ex- 
posure to aridity: stem and leaves scabrous-puberulent.— A. estivus, Eaton in Bot. King 
Exp. 141. — Mountains of N. E. Nevada and Utah, Watson, Wood. 

Var. intermédius. Ambiguous between A. occidentalis and a glabrous variety of 
A. Menziesi: or of A. adscendens, a foot or two high, rather rigid, somewhat sparingly leafy, 
with paniculate flowering branches: short outer bracts of the involucre often quite obtuse, 
but narrower than in the two last-mentioned species: radical and sometimes cauline leaves 
lanceolate. — Wet meadows, Falcon Valley, &., Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell, Bran- 
degee, and N. California, Pringle. 


2. Tall (3 to 8 feet high) and branching, leafy to the top, paniculately polycephalous: Southwestern. 


A. hespérius. Resembles A. paniculatus and A. salicifolius of the East, equally variable, 
from nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous-pubescent. leaves lanceolate, entire or the 
larger with a few denticulations (2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide): heads rather 
crowded, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradu- 
ally acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated, or with some loose and slender 
herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner: rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines 
long. — Damp soil and along streams, 8. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona and 8. Cali- 
fornia, Has been variously taken for A, longifolius, Novi-Belgii, estivus, &c., and coll. by 
Wright, Greene, Rothrock, Cleveland, Parish, Lemmon, &c. 


ce. Involucre loose and foliaceous-bracteate, at least some of the outer bracts herbaceous or foliaceous 
to the base or nearly so, equalling the inner, and more or less enlarged, either ascending or 
squarrose-spreading: the involucre of primary or early heads is more foliaceous; but, when the 
heacls are more numerous, the enlarged outer bracts are not rarely wanting. 
1. Heads small. 


A. Oreganus, Notr. Nearly glabrous: stem rather slender, 2 feet high, paniculately 
branched at summit, or bearing several to many paniculate heads; these about 3 lines high: 
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (2 to 4 lines wide): outer and herbaceous involucral bracts 
lanceolate, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones (in some heads few or 
none): rays about 2 lines long, white or purplish. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163, viz. T'ripolium 
Oreganum, Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 296, on small and hardly developed specimens. 
A. simplex and perhaps A. carneus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. l.c. ‘A. laxifolius, in part, Hook. 
Lond Jour. Bot. vi. 240, not Nees, — Wet banks of streams and boggy meadows, Idaho and 
N. Nevada to Oregon and Washington Terr.: probably also N. California. 


2. Heads middle-sized or large: rays violet or purple. (Species confluent.) 


A. Douglasii, Liypt. Smooth, glabrous or nearly so: stems 2 or 3 feet high, with erect 
or ascending branches, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads; these 5 or 6 lines 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 193 


high: cauline leaves (either thinnish or rather firm) lanceolate (2 to 6 inches long, 3 to 8 
lines broad in the middle), tapering to both ends, inserted by a narrow base, commonly ser- 
rate along the middle by acute and appressed or erect teeth: bracts of the involucre linear 
and acute, loosely imbricated and the small green tips commonly spreading ; outer foliaceous 
ones few and not dilated, often wanting: rays 5 or 6 lines long. — DC. Prodr. v. 239 (not of 
herb. DC.), & Hook. Fl. ii. 11; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 138. A. subspicatus, Nees, Ast. 74, 
from Cape Mulgrave, Alaska, is doubtless a form of this or of the next, and the name might 
apply to some specimens of either with contracted inflorescence. — Moist ground, commonly 
in shade, Northern Brit. Columbia to Oregon and N. California. 


A. foliaceus, Lixpt. Smooth and glabrous, or upper part of stem tomentulose or pubes- 
cent: leaves from broadly lanceolate to oblong and the lower spatulate, entire or nearly so ; 
upper cauline very commonly with partly clasping and sometimes even subcordate-auriculate 

‘base: heads half-inch high, when few or solitary fully as broad, when more numerous less 
ample: involucre mostly with conspicuous loose foliaceous lanceolate or broadly linear outer 
bracts, which equal the inner, or sometimes more imbricated and squarrose: rays violet or 
purple, in the larger heads nearly half-inch long. — DC. Prodr. v. 228. Here made to in- 
clude very various forms. The originals, from Unalaska and Sitka, are rather low, simple, or 
simple-stemmed with short monocephalous branches, leafy about the heads: farther south it 
becomes more branching, 2 or 3 feet high; generally differing from the preceding species 
in the ampler and broader as well as entire leaves, disposed to be half-clasping at base, and 
the leafy-bracted or much greener involucre. A. Douglasii, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 141, & 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324, mainly. — Wet ground, Alaska, Brit. Columbia, and along the moun- 
tains to eastern part of California and Nevada. Eastward it passes into 

Var. frondeus. Stem simple or with sparing erect flowering branches, sparsely 
leaved: leaves comparatively ample, 4 or 5 inches long ; lower tapering into winged petioles, 
upper often with clasping base: heads solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad: involucral 
bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the 
outermost broader and leaf-like. —.4. adscendens, var. Parryi, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 139.— 
Subalpine on the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, from the borders of Brit. Columbia to 
those of Colorado and the Wahsatch in Utah. 

Var. apricus. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, grown in exposed places, 
somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved: stems ascending from tufted rootstocks, a span or two high, 
bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads: involucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, 
obtuse or acutish: rays “deep blue-violet and reddish-purple intermixed.” — High mountains 
of Colorado, at Union Pass, Rothrock, and near Gray’s Peak, at 11,000-12,000 feet, in open 
and very dry places, Patterson. On. Mount Paddo, Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell, 
the latter in a taller form, and looking toward A. spathulatus. : 

Var. Parryi. Includes some ambiguous forms, seemingly between the preceding 
variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with smooth and thickish rather 
large leaves, mostly naked heads ; the involucre sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the man- 
ner of the present species, sometimes wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of A. 
Fremonti. With that species this has been referred to A. adscendens.— Rocky Mountains of 
Colorado, subalpine, Parry (417), Hall & [arbour (253), Vasey (251), &c., and 8. Wyoming, 
H. Engelmann. 

Var. Burkei. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to 
the top: leaves thickish, very smooth, ample; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with 
broadly half-clasping usually auriculate insertion : heads solitary or several, very broad: in- 
volucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse loosely imbricated bracts, the outer commonly 
shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and equalling the disk. — Rocky Mountains, 
Burke in herb. Hook. Simcoe Hills, Washington Terr., Howell. Wahsatch Mountains at 
Alta, Utah, M. FE. Jones. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, and Arizona, Rusby. L 

Var. Canbyi. Like the preceding form in foliage, apparently tall and stout (base of 
stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the thyrsoid panicle of numerous sub- 
sessile heads: these comparatively small: upper leaves (only ones seen) rather broadly 
oblong and with broad half-clasping base obscurely auriculate : bracts of the involucre im- 
bricated, with small and erect lanceolate green tips, only in some heads a few of the outer- 
most loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the disk.—On White River in Western 
Colorado, Vasey, 1868, distributed under the name of A. Canbyi, Vasey ; perhaps a distinct 
species. 

13 


194 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


Var. Hatoni. Rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), branching, bearing numerous and 
smaller paniculate or glomerate heads, and comparatively narrow lanceolate leaves: involu- 
cre loosely imbricated; outer and sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, either erect or squar- 
rose-spreading : transitional between A. foliaceus and A. Oreganus, and some specimens 
approaching A. Chamissonis.— A. Douglasii mainly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 141. — Open 
ground or woods and along streams, Brit. Columbia to California along the borders of 
Nevada, and northeastward to Montana. 

A. 4mplus, Lixpr. Glabrate: stem over 2 feet high, strict, robust, remotely leafy: leaves 
thinnish, acutely and saliently serrate or serrulate, or some entire, oblong or oval-lanceolate ; 
cauline 24 to 5 inches long, mostly with narrowed partly clasping base; radical larger (over 
inch and a half wide), tapering into very long wing-margined petioles: heads several on 
rather naked peduncles: bracts of the involucre lanceolate and linear, of about two series, 
loose, of equal length, all rather shorter than the developed disk.— Hook. FI. ii. 10, & DC. 
1. c. 286; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 137.— Northern Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Not since 
collected, seen only in herb. Hook., perhaps rather of the following group. 


++ ++ Cauline leaves either conspicuously contracted at base, some as it were into a winged peti- 
ole, or with auriculute-clasping insertion, or with both: involucre lax. 


== Narrowed base of leaves not cordate- or auriclate-clasping at insertion. 


A. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the stout (2 or 3 feet high) stem minutely pubes- 
cent, very leafy to the corymbosely paniculate inflorescence: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate with small and appressed rather obtuse teeth, tapering below into the narrowed 
and as if wing-petioled base ; upper 4 to 6 inches and lowest a foot or less long, including the 
channelled winged petiole : heads numerous, nearly half-inch high: bracts of involucre all of 
nearly equal length, loose, very narrowly subulate-linear, their green tips mostly spread- 
ing: rays narrow, “ bright purple,” 5 lines long. — Fl. ii. 140; Chapm. Fl. 204. A. puniceus, 
Ell. Sk. ii. 355, by the detailed descr. and specimen, excl. char. from Willd. — Swamps in 
the low country near the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. 


A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, either low or 2 to 4 feet high, with 
loose flowering branches: leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, 
acuminate at both ends, the lower into wing-margined petiole or attenuate base, even the 
upper with obscure if any auriculate insertion: heads loosely paniculate, about 4 lines high: 
bracts of involucre linear, erect or nearly so, loosely imbricated, the outer more or less 
shorter: rays light violet or purple, varying to white. — Dict. i. 308; DC. Prodr. v. 234. A. 
Lradescanti, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 86, t. D, f.2, not L. A. pallens & probably A. precox, 
Willd. Enum. Suppl. 58. A. Cornuti (Wendl. ex Nees, where published, and why Cornuti?) 
& A. acuminatus, Nees, Ast. 58 & 60. A. abbreviatus, Nees, Syn. Ast. 16.— Canada and 
New Brunswick to E. New England, chiefly known in cultivation: introduced into the Paris 
garden in the days of Tournefort and Vaillant. There is a low form in the gardens, early 
flowering, having weak and often decumbent stems, as Lamarck characterized his species. 
The taller plants flower later. 


== = Base of most cauline leaves auriculate- or cordate-clasping at insertion: involucral bracts 
loose, disposed to be equal in length’ and the outer foliaceous. 


a, Atlantic species, chiefly Northern. 


A. tardifidrus, L. A foot or two high, glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 
bearing corymbosely disposed heads: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually acu- 
minate, mostly with contracted or tapering base and with auriculate or obliquely semi- 
auriculate insertion : heads about 5 lines high : rays pale violet. — Spec. ed.’2, ii. 1281 (founded 
on plant cult. in hort. Upsal., low, with weak stems, which grew for 18 years before it 

, flowered, and then late, whence the name: represented in the herb. by two specimens of the 
non-flowering, with the semi-amplexicaul spatulate-lanceolate leaves well marked, and one 
flower-bearing), not of later authors and gardens. A. vimineus, Nees, Ast. 68, in part, not 
Lam. nor Willd. — Along streams, Lower Canada and New Brunswick to Labrador. Nearly 
related to A. patulus on the one hand, to the succeeding and to A. puniceus, var. levicaulis, 
on the other. Ordinarily not a late-flowered species. 


A. prenanthoides, Mvunt. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, or the slender stem 
pubescent in lines, bearing loosely corymbiform cymose heads: leaves thin and elongated 


Aster. COMPOSITA, 195 


(4 to 8 inches long), oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, saliently serrate in the middle, attenuate- 
acuminate, and lower half or third narrowed as if into a broadly winged petiole, which is 
more or less (in most cases conspicuously) dilated into an auriculate-clasping base; upper 
surface minutely scabrous, lower smooth : heads (mostly 4 lines high) on short rather rigid 
and divergent peduncles: rays not very numerous, about 5 lines long, pale violet or in shade 
whitish: bracts of involucre narrow and outer more or less spreading — Willd. Spec. iii. 
2046; Nees, Ast. 61; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 465; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 142. — Moist ground 
especially along streams, W. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and throughout Canada. 
The var. scaber, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (New York & Penn. in few specimens, with stem almost 
hispid in the upper part, or else tall and branching), is probably a hybrid with A. puniceus. 


A. puniceus, L. Stem commonly 3 to 7 feet high, loosely branching above, rather stout, 
often red or purple (whence the name), hispid with spreading bristles which are taper- 
pointed from a thickened rigid base (but sometimes these are few and sparse): leaves not 
rigid (3 to 6 inches long), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and irregularly serrate 
to sparingly denticulate or sometimes entire, not at all or slightly narrowed toward the sub- 
cordate-semiamplexicaul base, commonly scabrous above and often hispid along the midrib 
beneath: heads (4 to 6 lines high) subsessile, either sparsely paniculate or thyrsoid-crowded : 
involucre of loose and thin soft and narrowly linear merely herbaceous bracts, with or with- 
out some larger and more foliaceous accessory ones: rays half-inch long, violet, varying to 
purple or occasionally white. — Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff, Herm. Lugd. t. 651, &c.); Ait. 
Kew. iii. 208; Michx. Fl. ii. 115; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1636 (var. demissus), Torr. & Gray, 
FL ii. 140. A. hispidus & A. amenus, Lam. Dict. i. 306. A. blandus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 959. — 
Swamps and low thickets, Nova Scotia and Canada, west to Dakota, and common in the 
Atlantic States as far south as N. Carolina and the upper part of Georgia. A common 
species in cool districts, generally well marked, but running into some peculiar varieties, 
which may mostly be grouped under the following. 

Var. leevicatilis. Usually lower, afoot to a yard high: stem mostly green, smooth 
and naked below, above with mere traces of the characteristic hispid or hirsute pubes- 
cence: leaves serrate. — A. blandus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 555 (Solander in herb. Banks), appears 
to be this, but may be A. tardiflorus. A. firmus, Nees, Ast. 66, a low form, certainly of 
puniceus, with few-flowered branches. A puniceus, var. firmus, Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. con- 
Jfertus, Hort. Par, 1835-1869 (but not of Nees, Ast. 126), a form with numerous thyrsoid- 
crowded heads. A. vimineus, Nees, Ast. 68 (form with longer and nearly glabrous branches), 
not of Willd., nor of Lam. — New England, Canada, &c. 

Var. lucidulus. A foot toayard high, very leafy: stems glabrous, or with vestiges or 
even conspicuous traces of hispidulous pubescence: leaves lanceolate, entire or sparingly 
denticulate, somewhat lucid, wholly glabrous, but upper surface more or less scabrous: 
heads commonly numerous and thyrsoid-paniculate: involucral bracts less loose and less 
attenuate. — A. lucidus, Wenderoth, Ind. Sem. Marb., ex DC. Prodr. v. 247. A. puniceus, 
var. vimineus, Torr. & Gray, 1. v., chiefly. — Low ground, New England to Mlinois, Wisconsin, 
and northward. 

6. Rocky Mountain and Western species. 


A. Cusickii, Gray. Soft-pubescent throughout, or sometimes approaching to glabrous: 
stems a foot or so high, simple or corymbosely branched, leafy to summit: leaves thin, 
nearly entire, oblong-lanceolate or oblong; upper ones moderately contracted above the 
deeply cordate-clasping base; lower with more elongated narrow lower portion or winged 
petiole with dilated but smaller auriculate-clasping insertion: heads large (over half-inch 
high) and broad, terminating stem or leafy short branches: involucre very foliaceous or 
foliose-subtended and loose; the larger and broader-lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling 
the inner: rays numerous, narrowly linear, nearly half-inch long, pale violet: akenes glabrous. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. — Along subalpine streams, in mountains of E. Oregon, Cusick. 
Mountain meadows of W. Idaho, Watson. The latter seemingly connects with 

Var. LyAlli. Villous with soft pubescence: stem over 2 feet high, rather stout: radi- 
cal leaves not seen; cauline mostly narrowed below and with more or less auriculate half- 
clasping base, but even lower and larger (5 inches long and inch broad) not petiolar- 
contracted: heads terminating simple leafy branches: rays long for the size of the head 
(8 or 9 lines).— Between the Kootenay and Pend Oreille, Washington Terr., Aug., 1861, 
Lyall. Perhaps a distinct species and more allied to A. amplus, seen only in herb. Kew. 


196 COMPOSIT. Aster. 


§ 7. Ertcrrdstrum. Involucre of Hrigeron, i.e. broad, of very many and 
narrow acute or attenuate bracts, all of the same length, herbaceous, with no dis- 
tinction of body and tip: rays numerous and narrow: pappus simple: heads soli- 
tary, or rarely two, large, terminating the simple stem: this leafy to the top, in 
which and in the acute style-tips the section differs from Hrigeron, to which it 
makes transition: arctic and subarctic species. 


A. peregrinus, Pursu. Tomentose-pubescent and glabrate, a span to 20 inches high from 
a thickish creeping rootstock: leaves oblong-lanceolate or upper ovate-lanceolate, these 
closely sessile by partly clasping base (inch or two long), either entire or sharply denticulate- 
serrate: head half-inch high and broader: bracts of the involucre attenuate, tomentose- 
pubescent or villous, not at all viscid or glandular: rays half-inch long, violet-purple. — 
Fl. ii. 556; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155; Herder in Pl. Radd. ii. 10, in part. A. Unalaschensis, 
Less, in Linn. vi. 1224 A. Tilesii, Wikstr. in Act. Holm. 1822, 132 A. salsuginosus, Hook. 
Fl. ii. 7, in part. A. consanguineus, Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii. 473? — Alaskan Islands to Arctic 
coast; first coll. by Nelson. (Arct. E. Asia.) Has been confused with A. salsuginosus, 
Richards., now removed to Hrigeron, which is naked-stemmed, above, its involucre viscidu- 
lous-glandular and not villous. 

A. pygmeéus, Linpt. Villous-pubescent and below glabrate, a span or less high and 
loosely cespitose: stems assurgent from a slender rootstock or creeping base: leaves lingu- 
late-lanceolate to linear, entire, obtuse, nearly veinless (mostly an inch long): head about 4 
lines high, solitary: bracts of the involucre spreading, linear, acute or obtuse, flaccid, 
densely or sparsely villous: rays 30 or more, apparently violet.— Hook. Fl. ii. 6, & DC. 
Prodr. v. 228; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 154. — Arctic sea-coast, Richardson, Rae, &c. Seemingly 
connects with EHrigeron grandiflorus ; but has subulate and very acute style-tips. 


§ 8. Deriinciria. Pappus manifestly double ; outer setulose, i. e. of numer- 
ous rigid and short bristles or squamelle in a distinct series, inner of long capil- 
lary bristles, some of which are usually clavellate-thickened at the tip: involucre 
of § Orthomeris, i. e. bracts destitute of herbaceous tips and thin-coriaceous, 
shorter than the disk: rays not numerous (8 to 13), always white: disk-corollas 
barely yellowish: akenes mostly obovate, several-nerved: heads corymbosely cy- 
mose (rarely solitary) at summit of stem or sparing branches, not large: leaves 
mostly entire, not rigid, veiny: pappus becoming tawny.— Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 486, not HBK. Dellingeria, 
Nees, Ast. 176, excl. spec. Diplostephium, § 1, DC. Prodr. v. 272, excl. spec. 
Diplopappus § Triplopappus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 182. (The most distinct sub- 
genus, even worthy of generic rank, except for some transitions. A. obovatus, 
Meyer, Rhinactina, Less., has similar pappus, but is otherwise as Xylorrhiza.) 

* Leaves acute or acuminate, all entire, generally green and almost glabrous, with loose veins and 

beneath a minute reticulation of veinlets (visible only under a lens): bracts of the short involu- 


cre mostly obtuse: akenes turgid-obovate at maturity, glabrate or glabrous: pappus rather 
rigid, at least some of the longer bristles clavellate: disk-corollas deeply 5-lobed. 


A. umbelladtus, Mixt. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, generally tall and corymbose at summit, 
very leafy, bearing numerous rather crowded cymosely disposed heads: leaves lanceolate to 
oblong-lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), acuminate and with tapering base: involucre hardly 
longer than the akenes; its bracts lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse: style-appendages del- 
toid-ovate, acutish: stronger pappus-bristles delicately clavellate. — Dict. ed. 7, no. 2; Ait. 
Kew. iii. 199; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 74, t. B, f. 2. A. amygdalinus, Lam. Dict. i. 305; 
Michx. Fl. 109; Lindl. Bot. Reg.t.1517. Chrysopsis amygdalina, Nutt. Gen. ii. 153. Diplo- 
stephium umbellatum & D. amygdalinum, Cass. 1. c.; DC. 1. . 272; Diplopappus umbellatus, 
and D. amygdalinus, partly, Torr. & Gray, l.c. 183. — Low grounds, Newfoundland, S. Lab- 
rador, and Saskatchewan to Arkansas and Georgia; the typical form commoner northward: 
low forms with broader and more scabrous leaves common southward... 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 197 


Var. ptibens. Lower face of the oblong-lanceolate leaves tomentulose-pubescent, also 
usually the flowering branchlets. — Saskatchewan to Upper Michigan. 

Var. latifolius. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: leaves from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, com- 
paratively short, less narrowed or sometimes even rounded at base. —.A. humilis, Willd. Spec. 
iii. 2038, as to char. and indigenous specimen in herb., from Muhl., not Hort. Berol. t. 67. 
A. amygdalinus, Bertol. Misc. vi. t. 5, £1. Dellingeria amygqdalina, Nees, Ast. 179, chiefly, 
excl. syn. D. cornifolia, Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. Diplopappus amygdalinus, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Low pine barrens, &c., Penn. and New Jersey to Florida and Texas. 
Extreme forms seem very different from A. umbellatus, having leaves even 2 inches wide 
by 3inlength. In specimen from Georgia, J. Donnell Smith, style-appendages (abnormally ?) 
rounded-obtuse. 

A. infirmus, Micux. Stem slender, often flexuous, a foot to a yard high, less leafy, simple 
or with diverging flowering branches, bearing several or few (or even solitary) pedunculate 
heads: leaves obovate to ovate or oblong (rarely lanceolate, lower small and scattered), 
with attenuate base and hispidulous-ciliolate margin and midrib, more copious primary and 
some loosely reticulated secondary veins: involucre more imbricated, of thicker and broader 
obtuse bracts: style-appendages linear-subulate: pappus more rigid; bristles of the longer 
pappus nearly all clavellate, rather scanty. — Fl. ii. 109. A. divaricutus, L. Spec., as to syn. 
Gronoy. & Pluk. Alm. t. 79, not of herb., nor char. A. cornifolius, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. 
iii. 2039. A. humilis, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 67 (not herb. nor Spec. 1. c.); Pursh, FI. ii. 548 ; 
Ell. 8k. ii. 366. Chrysopsis humilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 153, at least partly. Dellingeria cornifolia, 
Nees, Ast. 181. Diplostephium cornifolium, DC. 1c. Diplopappus cornifolius, Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 182. — Open woodlands, Massachusetts and Penn. to Upper Georgia, Tennessee, and 
Louisiana ? 

% * Leaves obtuse, occasionally toothed, both veins at.d veinlets conspicuously reticulated be- 
neath: akenes oblong, pubescent: pappus softer and finer, inner bristles not clavellate: disk- 
corollas with short lobes. 

A. reticulatus, Pursn. Canescently puberulent: stems strict, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or 
fastigiately branched at summit, bearing few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads: leaves 
oval or oblong, or lowest obovate (larger 3 inches long and 2 wide) : involucral bracts lance- 
olate: rays 10 to 13, rather long and narrow. — F1. ii. 548. Chrysopsis obovata, Nutt. Gen. 
ii. 152. Aster obovutus & A. dichotomus (the latter a slender and paniculately branching 
state), Ell. Sk. ii. 368, 366. Déplostephium boreale, Spreng. Syst. iii. 544. D. obovatum & 
D. dichotomum, DC.1.c. Dellingeria obovata, Nees, Ast. 182. Diplopappus obovatus, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 184. — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. 


§ 9. Iknrue. Pappus less distinctly double; outer setulose (in one species 
obscure), inner not clavellate: otherwise as in § Orthomeris: involucre about 
equalling the disk, of narrow and appressed well-imbricated bracts: rays 10 to 
18, violet: akenes narrow, villous: low and tufted plants, with rigid stems, which 
are thickly beset with the small linear or lanceolate entire and rigid one-nerved 
and veinless leaves. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium § Amel- 
loidea, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus § Amelloidei, DC. Prodr. v. 277, partly. 
Diplopappus § Ianthe, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 181. 

* Head rather large (half-inch high) and broad: style-appendages elongated, subulate-linear or 

narrower: akenes flat, with strong marginal nerves and sometimes a single lateral nerve. 

A. linariifélius, L. Stems 6 to 20 inches high, puberulent, strict, very leafy up to the 
heads: leaves widely spreading (except the small ones on the branchlets), narrowly linear, 
mucronate, about an inch long, green, smooth except the hispidulous-ciliolate or scabrous 
acufe margins ; uppermost more or less passing into the rigid acutish bracts of the pluriserial 
campanulate or somewhat turbinate involucre: rays deep violet. — A. linaritfolius & A. rigi- 
dus, V.. Spec. ii. 874; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept-iii. t. 104; Bertol. Misc. Bot. v. t. 6. -A. pulcher- 
rimus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. i. t. 6. Chrysopsis linariifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. Diplostephium 
linariifolium, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus linariifolius (Hook. Fl., Torr. & Gray, Fl.) & 
D. rigidus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 277.— Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Newfoundland to Wis- 
consin and Texas. A variety with white rays is occasionally seen. 


198 COMPOSIT. Aster. 


1 - 


A. scopulérum, Gray. Scabro-puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stems tufted, rigid, 
only a span high, terminated by a solitary pedunculate head: leaves short (3 to 6 lines long), 
rigid, from oblong to linear or the lowest spatulate, the broader obtuse with an abrupt 
mucro, callous-margined: involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts imbricated.in about 
3 series, scabro-puberulent, lanceolate, acuminate: rays half-inch long, light violet: outer 
pappus sometimes distinctly squamellate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Chrysopsis alpina, 
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 34, t. 3, fig. 2. Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 304; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.— Rocky Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, to W. 
Nevada and the border of California; first coll. by Wyeth. 

A. stenémeres, Gray. More slender, 6 to 10 inches high, green, minutely scabrous: soli- 
tary naked pedunculate head larger: leaves all linear (half to full inch long, a line wide), 
acutely mucronate, hardly margined: involucre broad ; its bracts barely in two moderately 
unequal series, linear, acute or acuminate, thinnish, often pubescent: rays pale violet, over 
half-inch long: outer pappus setulose.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. — Rocky Mountains of 
Montana and Idaho, Burke, Watson. © 
* %* Head smaller (a third to a quarter inch high) and narrow: the disk-flowers sometimes hardly 

more numerous than those (12 to 15) of the ray: style-appendages ovate and obtuse: akenes 
less compressed, lightly few-nerved: outer pappus of few or indistinct unequal short bristles. 


A. ericeefélius, Roruyrocnx. About a span high, strigosely canescent or hispidulous and 
glandular-scabrous, much branched: branches erect or diffuse, terminated by somewhat 
pedunculate heads: leaves commonly hispid-ciliate, erect or little spreading, 3 to 6 lines 
long; lowest spatulate and tapering into a petiole; upper from linear to nearly filiform, 
piliferous-mucronate: bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate, acute or apiculate, 
thinnish, scarious-margined: rays purple or violet, sometimes white. — Rothrock in Bot. 
Gazette, ii. 70, & Wheeler Rep. vi. 152. Inula? ericoides, Torr. in Ann. Lye. 'N. Y. ii. 212. 
Eucephalus ericoides, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 299. Diplopappus ericoides, Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 182; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 69, var. hirtella, a hispid form. — Dry hills, Kansas and 
Texas to Utah, Arizona, and border of California; first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. ténuis, Gray. Much less or not at all hispid: branches filiform and diffuse: 
all the upper leaves minute. — New Mexico, Wright, &. (Adjacent Mex. to San Luis.) 


§ 10. OrTHémeERIS. Pappus simple: bracts of the involucre imbricated and 
appressed, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or more 
or less dry: rays fertile. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. § Orthomeris with 
part of § Oxytripolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. ¢. 


* Involucre well imbricated, of small and narrow bracts, greener than in others of this section 
(much as in Aster proper): low and slender herbs (a foot or less high), leafy-stemmed, branch- 
ing above; with mostly linear erect and entire leaves, and several small white-rayed heads: 
akenes somewhat 4-5-angled or nerved. 

A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Rather rigid, 6 to 20 inches high in a tuft from short 
and thickish rootstocks, from smooth or minutely scabrous to hirtellous-puberulent, bearing 
a corymbiform cyme of several or numerous heads: leaves of firm texture, linear or the lower 
spatulate-lanceolate, lucid both sides, the broader ones nervose: bracts of the campanulate 
or somewhat turbinate involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, thickish, rather rigid: rays 2 to 
4 lines long, bright white, broadish: style-appendages acutely lanceolate-subulate : pappus 
white, of rather rigid bristles, longer ones manifestly clavellate at tip: akenes very glabrous, 
hardly at all compressed.— Fl. ii. 160. Chrysopsis alba, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. Deellingeria 
ptarmicoides, Nees, Ast. 183. Diplopappus albus, Hook. Fl. ii. 21. Heleastrum album, DC. 
Prodr. v. 264, excl. syn. Willd. Aster albus, Eaton & J. Wright, Man. Bot. 146, not Willd. 
herb. & Spreng. Syst. (which is A. Amellus). Eucephalus albus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 299. — Rocky banks and bluffs, W. New England (S. Hadley, Mass.), to Illinois, the Sas- 
katchewan, and the mountains of Colorado ; first coll. by Nuttall. Depauperate plants some- 
times only 2 or 3 inches high, and monocephalous. 

Var. Georgianus, Gray. Taller and slender, over 2 feet high: lowest leaves 5 or 6 
inches long, sometimes with 2 or 3 coarse denticulations: heads and rays rather small..— 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98; Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 627.— Upper Georgia, near Rome, Chapman. 
Nearly the same from open woods of N. W. Arkansas, F’. L. Harvey. 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 199 


Var. lutéscens. Rays pale yellow, small. — A. lutescens, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. ¢. 
Diplopappus albus, var. lutescens, Hook. 1. c.  D. lutescens, Lind]. in DC. 1. c. — Saskatchewan, 
on dry limestone rocks of Red River, Douglas, a broadish-leayed scabrous-puberulent form. 
Englewood, N. Ilinois, Z. J. Hill, a slender and smooth form, with numerous and unusually 
small heads. 

A. Lemmoni. Slender, from filiform rootstocks, somewhat strict, smooth and glabrous, 
bearing a few rather scattered heads: leaves not rigid nor lucid, not nervose ; cauline some- 
what gramineous, narrowly linear and attenuate (larger 4 or 5 inches long, a line or two 
wide), on flowering branches gradually reduced to subulate-attenuate; radical shorter, lan- 
ceolate-oblong or spatulate: involucre (3 lines high) equalling the disk, of about 3 series 
of thin linear and acute or acuminate bracts: rays 2 lines long: pappus of soft and slender 
bristles: akenes minutely canescent.— Along mountain streams in 8 Arizona: Santa Rita 
Mountains, Pringle, and Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon. 


%* * Involucre rather loosely imbricated, of thin narrowly linear-lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts 
in not more than 3 series: akenes glandular, several-nerved: stems leafy, a foot or two high 
from filiform creeping rootstocks, bearing several or sometimes solitary long-peduncled middle- 
sized heads: leaves mostly pinnately veined, thin or thinnish, from lanceolate to oblong-ovate. 
Northern Atlantic species. 


A. acuminatus, Micux. Somewhat pubescent or puberulent: stem leafless below, leafy 
and somewhat corymbosely branched above, or often simple, sometimes flexuous: leaves 
membranaceous, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly oblong with cuneiform-attenuate base and slender 
acuminate apex, sharply and coarsely dentate, primary veins abundant and conspicuous: 
heads usually several and corymbiform-paniculate, barely half-inch high: rays linear, white. 
or tinged purplish: style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, slender: akenes narrow. — FI. ii. 
109; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2707, & Fl. ii. 9; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 157, not Nees. A. divaricatus, 
Lam. Dict. i. 305 (herb. Juss.), not L. A. diffusus, var. acuminatus, Pers. Syn. ii. 447. 
Diplostephium acuminatum, DC. Prodr. v. 273.— Deep and cool woods, 8. Labrador to Penn- 
sylvania, and along the mountains to Georgia. 

A. nemordalis, Ait. Somewhat puberulent: stem slender, very leafy above, sometimes 
simple and bearing a single slender-pedunculate head, often corymbosely or somewhat umbel- 
lately branched above, the branches similarly monocephalous: leaves from oblong-lanceolate 
to broadly linear, an inch or two long, acutish or obtuse, tipped with a callous point, entire 
or slightly few-toothed, scabrous above ; those of the flowering branches or peduncles linear- 
subulate and scattered: involucre of more numerous littear-subulate puberulent bracts: rays 
broadly linear, lilac-purple: style-appendages broadly lanceolate: akenes broader. — Kew. 
iii, 198; Nutt. Gen. ii, 154; Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. uniflorus, Michx. Fl. ii. 110, small and 
simple-stemmed form. A. ledifolius, Pursh, Fl. ii. 544. Galatella nemoralis, Nees, Ast. 173. 
— Bogs and swamps, Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay to New Jersey. : 


* * * Involucre closely and regularly appressed-imbricated in several series of ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate dry and chartaceous (sometimes purplish-tinged) bracts: akenes oblong, compressed, 
more or less pubescent: stems leafy to the top, bearing several or rarely solitary pedunculate 
heads: leaves mostly pinnately veined, sessile, from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, commonly 
entire. Rocky Mountain and Northwestern species. — Eucephalus, Nutt. : 

+ Style-appendages subulate, equalling or longer than the stigmatic portion: involucral bracts 
all thin and dry, acute or acutish, commonly tomentose-ciliate, at least when young: akenes 
rather broad and flat, hirsute, becoming glabrate at maturity: stems mostly simple and 2 or 3 
feet high, striate-angled: heads showy: rays purple or violet. ‘ 

A. Engelmanni, Gray. Commonly rather tall and robust, green, slightly puberulent to 
glabrous: leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely veined, 
the larger sometimes with a few small acute teeth, upper commonly tapering at apex into a 
slender or cuspidate acumination: heads (fully half-inch high), hemispherical, either race- 
mosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles or somewhat thyrsoid-cymose : involucral 
bracts mostly acute or acuminate ; some outer ones loose, narrow and partly herbaceous, or 
with loose pointed tips; inner purplish: rays about half-inch long: style-appendages atten- 
uate-subulate: akenes obovate-oblong with narrowish summit.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 
xxxiii. 238, without char. A. elegans, var. Engelmanni, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144. — Rocky 
Mountains, Utah and Wyoming to the Brit. boundary and in the Cascades, Washington 
Terr.; first coll. by H. Engelmann and Lyall, 


200 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


Var. ledophyllus, Gray. Stem lower (not over 2 feet high), rather strict: leaves 
smaller (inch or two long), cottony-tomentulose beneath, at least when young ; lower obtuse and 
merely mucronate, uppermost with slender cuspidate point usually developed. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 388. A. ledophyllus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98, without char. — Mount 
Hood at 4,000 feet and upward, Hall, Howell, Mount Paddo (Adams), Suksdorf: Seemingly 
distinct, but passes into the type and into the following variety. 

Var. glaucéscens. Stem mostly slender, 1 to 3 feet high, in the larger plants 
more branched above and bearing rather numerous corymbosely disposed heads: leaves 
somewhat glaucous, wholly glabrous (except the minute ciliolation of the species), lanceo- 
late, 2 or 3 inches long, 3 to 7,lines wide, uppermost usually attenuate-cuspidate: heads 
smaller or less broad: involucre of fewer and closer bracts. — Washington Terr.: on Mount 
Paddo, and Sincoe Mountains, Suksdorf, Howell. N. California, mountains of Siskiyou 
Co., Greene, Pringle, distributed as A. elegans, which it approaches. 


A. élegans, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, mostly scabro-puberulent: leaves 
thickish, pale, lanceolate (inch or two long), erect, the upper apiculate-mucronate, the veins 
inconspicuous: heads several at summit of simple stem or branches, comparatively small - 
and few-flowered (4 or 5 lines high): involucral bracts all close and conspicuously woolly- 
ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed tips: rays rather few, about 4 lines long: 
style-appendages linear-subulate, hardly acute. — Fl. ii. 159; Eaton, 1. c. (a somewhat ambig- 
uous form). ucephalus elegans, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 298.— Mountains of 
Wyoming and Montana to N. Nevada and E. Oregon; first coll. by Nuttall. 


+— + Style-appendages obtuse and short-oblong, shorter than the stigmatic portion: involucral 
bracts firmer; all the outer obtuse, not ciliate nor scarious-margined: akenes narrower, merely 
pubescent. : 

A. glaticus, Torr. & Gray. Throughout smooth and glabrous, glaucescent or pale: stems 
a foot high from extensively creeping filiform rootstocks, branching, bearing several or 
numerous paniculate heads: leaves thickish, lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long, a quarter to half 
inch broad), rather obtuse, when dry reticulate-venulose both sides: involucre 3 lines high, 
imbricated in about 3 ranks: rays bright violet, 4 to 6 lines long. — Fl. ii. 150; Eaton, 1. c. 
Eucephalus (Lagatea) glaucus, Nutt. 1 ¢.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and 
Utah. 

* * * * Involucre less imbricated, hemispherical; the bracts in few ranks and in the typical 
species somewhat equal, partly greenish, with or without scarious margins: pappus-bristles not 
clavellate-thickened at tip: low-stemmed or acaulescent, from a thick and sometimes ligneous 
caudex or rootstock, with solitary or few pedunculate heads, and rather large and numerous 
rays: leaves thickish, narrow, one-nerved or nervose, entire. — Xylorrhiza, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 298. § Orthomeris, Xylorrhiza, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.: also Benth. & Hook. Gen, 
ii. 273, excl. syn. Rhinactina (which has a double pappus) & Arctogeron (which has the char- 
acters of Erigeron with somewhat too imbricated involucre). Western montane species. 

+ Genuine species, with comparatively large (half-inch high or more) and showy heads, and 
thickish leaves : pappus-bristles rather rigid. 

++ Heads terminating short leafy stems which arise from creeping and ligneous rootstocks: invo- 
lucral bracts acuminate and mucronate-tipped: style-appendages triangular- or lanceolate-subu- 
late, not attenuate, shorter than the stigmatic portion: akenes oblong, very villous. — Xylorrhiza, 
Nutt. 

A. Parryi, Gray. Tomentose-pubescent and cinereous, a span high: leaves mostly spatulate 
and obtuse with a mucronate point, an inch or more long: heads usually solitary on peduncle 
surpassing the leaves, very broad: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, densely cine- 
reous-pubescent : rays white, over half-inch long. — Am. Nat. viii. 212.— Rocky Mountains 
in Wyoming, on marshy flats of Sandy Creek, Green River, &c., Parry, A. J. McCosh. 

A. Xylorrhiza, Torr. & Gray. Less pubescent.and glabrate, 4 to 8 inches high: leaves 
from narrowly spatulate-lanceolate to linear (1 or 2 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide); the upper 
commonly equalling the 1 to 3 peduncles: heads smaller: involucral bracts more attenuate : 
rays “pale red” or “pale rose-color,” 4 lines long. — Xylorrhiza villosa & X. glabriuscula, 
Nutt. Trans. Ath. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 297, 298. Aster Xylorrhiza & A. glabriusculus, Torr. 
& Gray, 1. v. 158; the latter a more leafy-stemmed form. — Clayey soil and on rocks, Rocky 
Mountains of Wyoming, toward the sources of the Platte; first coll. by Nuttall. Laramie 
Plains, Parry. 


Aster. COMPOSIT. 201 


++ ++ Head (broad and large for the plant) solitary on the simple and scapiform few- and small- 
leaved stems, which with the cluster of narrow radical leaves rise from a thickened caudex: 
involucral bracts linear, acutish, rather loose, often tomentulose when young: the plants other- 
wise glabrous and smooth: rays numerous, purple or violet: style-appendages slender and 
acute, usually more than twice the length of the stigmatic portion: akenes narrow: pappus 
strongly denticulate. 


A. Anderséni, Gray. Scapiform stems a span to « foot high, erect: radical leaves ligu- 
late-linear or slightly broader upward, gramineous, mostly acute (2 to 10 inches long, 2 or 3 
lines wide), nervose when dry; upper cauline reduced to scattered subulate bracts: head 
broad (fully half-inch high and wide): style appendages filiform: akenes oblong-linear, soft- 
villous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 352, & Bot. Calif. i325. Erigeron Andersonii, Gray, 1.¢., vi. 
540. — Wet subalpine meadows, along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, California and 
borders of Nevada; first coll. by Anderson. 

A. pulchéllus, Eatoy. Scapiform stems spreading and assurgent, 2 to 4 inches long: 
radical leaves from lingulate-spatulate to narrowly linear, an inch or two long, obtuse, nerve- 
less, in the larger western form often 3 or 4 lines wide near apex, and heads as large as 
those of A. Anderson’; in the smaller more eastern form only a line wide and heads 
smaller: style-appendages linear-subulate: akenes linear, striate, glabrate, at least below. — 
Bot. King Exp. 143, t. 16, the small and slender form, published in 1871. A. alpigenus, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389 (1872), the larger form first collected by Tolmie, and pub- 
lished as Aplopappus alpigenus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 241, the rays supposed to be yellow, 
whereas they are violet.—On the higher mountains, viz. Ranier, Paddo, and Hood, of 
Washington Terr. and Oregon, rediscovered by Hall, Howell, Suksdorf, Mrs. Barratt, and 
the smaller form on Blue Mountains, E. Oregon, Cusick, those of N. Nevada, Watson, also 
Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Montana, Hayden, Parry, Scribner. 


+— + Ambiguous species, with small heads (2 or 3 lines high) few or solitary, terminating very 
slender leafy stems or branches; and leaves small and slender: style-appendages ovate-subulate, 
about the length of the s'igmatic portion: akenes compressed, hispidulous-pubescent, 2-3-nerved: 
pappus rather scanty and fragile (therefore near to Erigeron, but with the style-tips of Aster): 
small and many-stemmed from a somewhat ligneous caudex, nearly glabrous. 

A. Watsoéni, Gray. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high; the filiform stems mostly monocepha- 
lous: leaves filiform-linear, or the lower and larger (inch long) with spatulate-dilated apex ; 
upper very small: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, commonly purplish-tinged, 2-3- 
seriate: rays white or purplish: style-appendages ovate or triangular and acuminate-sub- 
ulate. — A. glacialis, in part, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 142 (no. 509), also mixed with speci- 
mens of A. pulchellus. — Mountains of N. Nevada, Wahsatch Mountains at the head of 
American Fork; first coll. by Watson. 

A. arenarioides, Eaton. Stems tufted on a woody caudex, almost filiform, 6 to 9 inches 
high, sparingly branched above, or bearing 2 to 4 heads: leaves filiform-linear, even the lower 
(inch or two long) only obscurely dilated upward: uppermost reduced to minute subulate 
bracts; bracts of the involucre linear, rather rigid, unequal and 3-seriate: rays white or 
bluish : style-appendages ovate-subulate, merely acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. Eri- 
geron stenophyllum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152, t. 17, not Gray.— Wahsatch Mountains, 
above Cottonwood Cafion, 8,000-9,000 feet, Wutson. 


* * * * * Involucre (except in A. pauciflorus) well imbricated and with short outer bracts dis- 
posed to pass into scale-like bracts of the peduncle: herbs or shrubby plants, maritime or of 
alkaline soil; the leaves more or less fleshy or reduced to scales. —§ Orytripolium in part (the 
perennial species), Torr. & Gray. 

+ Heads rather large (about half-inch high), with showy violet rays: involucre well imbricated 
in several ranks: leaves long and narrow, entire, moderately fleshy: very glabrous herbs of the 
Atlantic coast. (Here also A. imbricatus, Walp. Rep. ii. 574, Tripolium imbricatum, Nutt., and 
the true 7. conspicuwm, Lindl. in DC, of Chili; see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210.) 

A. Chapmani, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple and slender, 2 or 3 feet high, from » thick- 
ish caudex, bearing a few simple slender monocephalous branches at summit: leaves rigid 
when dry, linear, or radical spatulate-linear (these 5 to 9 inches long, including the long at- 
tenuate base), obscurely nerved when dry ; cauline becoming subulate-filiform and erect, and 
reduced on the branches to minute bracts: involucre campanulate, equalling the disk ; its 

> yather firm bracts mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate: style-appendages ovate- 


202 COMPOSIT. Aster. 


subulate: akenes oblong, 7-10-nerved: pappus rather rigid. — Fl. ii. 161; Chapm. FI. 205. — 
Pine-barren swamps, W. Florida, Chapman, Curtiss. 

A. tenuifdélius, L. Stem simple or paniculately branched above, a foot or two high from 
a weak and slender rootstock, often flexuous, somewhat sparsely leafy : leaves rather fleshy, 
at least thickish, linear, tapering to both ends, acute ; the lower (2 or 3 lines wide) with long 
tapering base; upper subulate-attenuate: involucre turbinate; its bracts lanceolate-subulate 
and attenuately very acute: style-appendages linear-subulate: akenes narrow, 5-ribbed, his- 
pidulous-pubescent : pappus soft. — Spec. ii. 873 (excl. syn. Pluk.) & herb. ; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 647. A. fleruosus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. sparsiflorus, Pursh, 
Fl. ii. 547; Ell. Sk. ii. 346, not Michx. A. Tripolium, Walt. Car. 210.—Salt or brackish 
marshes, coast of Mass. to Florida. This is one of the plants of Clayton which by the char- 
acter in Gronov. Fl. Virg. was referred by Linnzus to A. linifolius. 


++ + Heads rather small (quarter-inch high), with conspicuous violet or purple rays: little im- 
bricated involucre with peduncles and upper part of stem viscid-glandular: wholly herbaceous, 
western, might be sought among the Glandulusi of true Aster. 


A. paucifiorus, Nutr. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple 
and bearing few heads, or branching above and with several corymbosely disposed short- 
peduncled heads: leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated- 
lanceolate, entire, uppermost reduced to short sparse bracts: bracts of short hemispherical 
involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks: 
style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed- 
pubescent. — Gen. ii. 154, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164. A. 
caricifolius, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, t. 333. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 167; 
Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 15, & DC Prodr. v. 254. 7. caricifolium, Schauer in Linn. xix. 721. 
— Wet saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (Mex.) 

Var. gracillimus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76, a very slender form, with leaves almost 
filiform ; from New Mexico,. Wright. : 


‘+ + + Heads small or rather small, with close imbricated involucre and whole herbage smooth 
and glabrous: branching plants with lignescent base, or even shrubby, all of the Southwestern 
borders and Mexican, and in saline soil. 

++ Low and spreading or tufted, with merely lignescent base, leafy: rays purple or violet, rather 
conspicuous, about 3 lines long. 


A. blepharophyllus, Gray. Loosely surculose-tufted, with ascending flowering stems a 
span or two high: leaves fleshy, conspicuously hispid-ciliate with strong bristles; those of 
creeping sterile shoots and rosulate tufts linear-spatulate, half-inch long; of the branching 
flowering stems much smaller, short-linear, and upper ones reduced to minute and merely 
bristle-tipped scales: heads 3 lines high: involucre turbinate; its bracts dry and pale, ovate- 
oblong to lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate-one-nerved: rays 10 to 14: style-appendages 
short-subulate: akenes obscurely striate-nerved, not compressed, sericeous. — Pl. Wright. 
ii. 77. — Las Playas Springs, New Mexico, Wright. 

A. rip4rius, HBK. A foot or two high from a somewhat lignescent base, diffusely branched : 
branches terminated by solitary heads (of 4 or 5 lines in height and equally broad): leaves 
linear and entire, or lowest spatulate and incisely few-toothed, an inch or less long, on the 
branches toward the heads gradually reduced to small subulate bracts: involucre shorter 
than the disk; its numerous well-imbricated bracts narrowly lanceolate and with subulate- 
acuminate greenish tips: style-appendages subulate, rather short: akenes pubescent, ob- 
scurely striate: pappus rufous. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, the rays said to be white, which 
is probably a mistake, and the involucre subsquarrose, but it is not so, though the outer may 
be a little loose. A. Sonore, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76.— 8. Arizona, west of the Chiricahui 
Mountains, Wright. (Mex., Humboldt.) 


++ ++ Taller, much branched, rigid, woody at base, with small heads terminating the branchlets: 
rays small (a line or two long) and white or none: anomalous species. 

A. carnosus, Gray. Glaucescent or pale, 2 or 8 feet high; the rigid slender stems diffusely 
and at length intricately much branched: lower leaves linear and very fleshy, an inch or 
jess long; upper and those of the branchlets reduced to small or minute subulate scales : 
heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre campanulate or turbinate, of lanceolate acute chartaceous 
bracts: rays wanting: style-appendages linear-subulate: akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Lino- 


Aster. COMPOSITA. 203 


syris? carnosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 80. Bigelovia intricata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 
208, a slender form, with smaller heads. — Saline arid region, S. Arizona, Wright, to Cali- 
fornia, in the Mohave Desert, Parry, Greene, Pringle, Parish, and near Visalia, Congdon. 

A. spinosus, Bentu. Base of stem usually persistent and woody, sending up (3 to 8 feet 
long) slender and lithe striate green branches, resolved into paniculate branchlets, terminated 
by small heads: cauline leaves small, linear or spatulate-lanceolate, entire, mostly few and 
fugacious, some of them with soft subulate spines in or above their axils; those of the 
branchlets reduced to subulate scales or wanting: involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high, of 
small and thinnish subulate-lanceolate bracts, imbricated in about 3 series: rays white, 2 
lines long: style-appendages subulate-triangular, much shorter than the stigmatic portion : 
akenes glabrous.— Pl. Hartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 165; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 219. — 
Banks of streams, or in moist ground, S. W. Texas to Arizona and S. California, common ; 
first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.) 

A. Palmeri, Gray. Decidedly shrubby, with the habit of a small-leaved Baccharis, 3 or 4 
feet high, very much branched throughout: branchlets slender, striate-angled, terminated by 
the small heads : leaves apparently not fleshy, narrowly linear (of the branches an inch or 
less long), entire: involucre equalling the disk, barely 3 lines high, of closely imbricated 
narrowly oblong obtuse rather dry bracts: rays 6 to 10, a line long: disk-flowers about 20: 
akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Perhaps rather of the W. Indian 
genus Gundlachia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100.—S. Texas, at Corpus Christi Bay, 
Palmer. 


Series II. Biennials and annuals. 


§ 11. Oxyrripétium. Involucre of § Orthomeris; the bracts thin and nar- 
row, linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate, gradually very acute or acuminate, 
commonly greenish above or in the centre, but without herbaceous tips, imbri- 
cated in few series, the outer successively shorter, all erect-appressed: rays at 
least equalling the disk, numerous, often more numerous than the disk-flowers 
(revolutely coiled in drying): style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akenes nar- 
row, more or less pubescent, few-nerved: pappus fine and soft: glabrous and 
smooth annuals, chiefly of saline soil, paniculately branched, bearing numerous 
small heads, with bluish or purplish rays, and with entire narrowly lanceolate or 
linear leaves, on the branchlets reduced to subulate bracts. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvi. 98. Tripolium § Oxytripolia, DC. Prodr. v. 253, excl. spec. Tripo- 
lium § Astropolium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. Aster § Oxy- 
tripolium, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 161, in part. The two species are quite distinct 
in the Atlantic U. S., but seemingly confluent in Mexico and 8. America. 


A. exilis, Ett. Mostly slender and diffusely branched above: principal cauline leaves linear 
-(3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, lowest sometimes broader and lanceolate, rarely with 
a few serratures): heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate or more Jan- 
ceolate and acuminate: rays 15 to 40, bluish or purple, rather conspicuous (about 2 lines 
long), usually much surpassing the pappus: disk-flowers generally more numerous. — Ell. 
Sk. ii. 344; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 163: believed to be the species here described; but the 
original of herb. Ell. is now lost. A. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not L., &e. A. subu- 
latus, Michx. Fl. ii. 111, in part. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 157, in part; DC. Prodr. 
lc. 254, excl. var. boreale. Tripolium divaricatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 296. — 
Subsaline or even not at all brackish moist soil, 8. Carolina to Texas, Arizona, and Cali- 
fornia; on the southern borders occurs with very short ligules. (Mex., W. Ind., &.) 

Var. australis, the commoner Mexican and S. American form of this polymorphous 
and widely diffused species, is less diffuse, less slender, often broader-leaved, and with larger 
heads, the involucral bracts broader, less acute, and greener or purplish-tinged. — A. subu- 
latus, Less. in Linn. vi. 120. Erigeron multiflorum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 87. Tripolium 
conspicuum of authors, but not the original of Lindley. — Coast of Oregon and California (at 
Visalia, in the interior, Congdon, a form with unusually large heads), &c. (Mex. to Chili 
Brazil, &c.) 


204 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


A. subulatus, Micnx. Stouter, only a foot or two high, with short usually purplish stems 
and branches: leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate (lower 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 
lines wide), or the upper linear passing into subulate: heads narrower, cylindraceous, 4 lines 
high: bracts of the involuere linear-subulate with much attenuate apex: rays 25 to 30, pur- 
plish, very small and inconspicuous, hardly surpassing thedisk, with ligule very much shorter 
than the tube, often surpassed by the (not very copious) mature pappus, more numerous 
than the (10 to 15) disk-flowers. — Fl. ii. 111, partly (char. “ligulis minimis,” & hab.) ; 
Nutt. Gen. ii. 154. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, DC., &c., in part. Aster linifolius, Torr. & 
Gray, FI. ii. 162, not L., not even as to the syn. “Gron. Virg.” cited (which belongs to A. 
tenuifolius, p. 202).— Salt marshes, from New Hampshire to Florida. Closely connects with 
the following section. 


§ 12. Conrzdépsis. Involucre campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of linear or 
oblong bracts, nearly equal in length; the outer foliaceous or herbaceous and 
loose, resembling the rameal leaves; the inner more membranaceous or scarious: 
rays small and not longer than the mature pappus, or the ligule wanting; the 
female flowers mostly in more than one series and more numerous than the her- 
maphrodite ; these with slender corolla, its limb 4~5-toothed: style-appendages 
lanceolate: akenes narrow, not compressed, 2—3-nerved, appressed-pubescent : 
pappus simple, very soft: low and branching leafy-stemmed annuals (of W. North 
America and N. E. Asia, and of moist subsaline soil), nearly glabrous, except 
that the linear (or the lowest spatulate) chiefly entire leaves are more or less 
hispidulous-ciliate ; the numerous rather small heads in well-developed plants 
disposed to be racemose-paniculate. (Char. from the two genuine species, which 
are intermediate between the Oxytripolium section, A. subulatus connecting them, 
and Conyza.) —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Aster § Oxytripolium, subsect. 
Conyzopsis, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 162. Brachyactis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495 ; 
Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii. 6 (excl. spec.), & Gen. Pl.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 647, & Bot. Calif. i. 326. 


A. frondésus, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot or more high, branching from ‘the base, 
when low usually spreading, when taller the branches bearing numerous spicately paniculate 
heads (of 4 lines in height): outer bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, wholly foli- 
aceous and loose, numerous: rays in anthesis exserted, a line long, linear, pinkish-purple, 
always longer than the style, but equalled or surpassed by the mature copious pappus.— 
FL ii. 165. TZripolium frondosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. vii. 296. A. angustus, 
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144, not Torr. & Gray. Brachyactis ciliata, 
var. carnosula, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii.6. B. frondosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢.; Bot. 
Calif. l. c.— Borders of springs, pools, &c., Rocky Mountains of Idaho to the Sierra Nevada, 
California, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico. 

A. angtstus, Torr. & Gray. Leaves commonly narrower: bracts of the involucre all 
linear, acute: corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the 
elongated style, or rarely with a rudimentary ligule? — FI. ii. 162. Crinitaria humilis, Hook. 
Fl. ii. 24. Linosyris? humilis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 234. Erigeron ciliatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 
92, & Ie. t. 100. Conyza Altaica, DC. Prodr. v. 380. T'ripolium angustum, Lindl. in Hook. 
FI ii. 15, & DC. 1. c. 254. Brachyactis ciliata, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. 1. c. (excl. 
var.); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. (The poor figure in Ledeb. Ic. 1. ce. represents a 
ligulate female flower, which accords with neither specimens nor character.) — Saline wet 
ground, Saskatchewan to Utah and Colorado, eastward to Minnesota, and now extending 
to Chicago, &. (N. Asia.) 


§ 13. Macua#rantutra. Involucre pluriserially imbricated, hemispherical 
or campanulate; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, and with herbaceous or 
foliaceous spreading tips: rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple: 
akenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, and the faces somewhat 


Aster. COMPOSITA, 205 


striate: receptacle alveolate. the alveoli toothed or lacerate: style-appendages 
from linear-lanceolate to filiform-subulate: pappus copious and simple, of rather 
rigid unequal bristles: leafy-stemmed and branching biennials (sometimes more 
enduring, but no rootstocks, stolons or buds below the crown), or occasionally 
annuals (W. N. American and Mexican): the showy heads terminating the 
branches: involucre either canescent or somewhat viscid or glandular: leaves 
from sparingly. dentate to bipinnately parted, the teeth or lobes apt to be bristle- 
tipped. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647, & Bot. Calif. i. 322. Macheranthera, 
Nees, Ast. 224; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 90. Dieteria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 800; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 99. 


* Anomalous, seemingly perennial and multicipital, but otherwise of this section. 


A. Coloradoénsis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems 
on a strong tap root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandular: leaves spatulate or ob- 
lanceolate (about an inch long), coarsely dentate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles : 
heads solitary, broadly hemispherical, half-inch high: involucral bracts small and numerous, 
well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate, rather close: rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, bareiy half- 
inch long: akenes turbinate, short, densely canescent-villous, half the length of the compara- 
tively rigid pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 149, t. 7.— 
Common in South Park, Colorado, Porter, Canby, Greene, &c. Also San Juan Pass, at 
12,000 feet, Brandegee. 

* * Genuine species, with annual or biennial but never truly perennial root. 

+ Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very squarrose: akenes glabrous or glabrate: 
pappus slender: heads large and broad (the disk two-thirds to full inch in diameter): herbage 
green, not canescent, glabrate: leaves from incisely dentate to entire, their teeth or tips ob- 
seurely if at all mucronate-setigerous: rays bright violet, showy: root biennial or somewhat 
more enduring. 

A. Pattersoni, Gray. <A span or two high, branched from the summit of the tap root: 
stems or branches with soft or cottony-tomentulose pubescence, or glabrate: Jeaves thickish, 
spatulate or lingulate, entire or coarsely few-toothed, none widened at base: heads solitary 
or few: involucral bracts lanceolate: rays about 30, fully half-inch long.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
xiii. 272, excl. var. Macheranthera canescens, var. alpina, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 
59. — Moist ground along streams, Gray’s Peak, Colorado; first coll. by Parry, then by Pat- 
terson, &c. 

A. Bigelévii, Gray. A foot or two high, robust: stem leafy, branching above, roughish- 
hirsute to glabrate; the flowering branches or peduncles glandular-hirsute, terminated by 
showy large heads: leaves oblong or lanceolate, irregularly and sometimes incisely dentate, 
sometimes entire; radical lanceolate-spatulate; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually with 
broadish partly clasping base: involucral bracts very numerous, linear-attenuate or the pro- 
longed and much recurved tips almost filiform: rays very many, an inch or less long. — 
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97, t.10. A. Townshendii, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6430 (wrong as to the 
broadly obovate style-appendages figured and described) ; Robinson, Garden, xvii. t. 228. — 
Southern Colorado and New Mexico, Bigelow, Brandegee, Rusby, &c. Very handsome in 
cultivation. 
+— + Involucre from nearly glabrous to glandular-puberulent or canescent, not rarely viscid, but 

not hirsute or bispidulous: heads less ample: akenes densely pubescent. 

++ Leaves at most incisely dentate, rather rigid: root disposed to be biennial or somewhat more 
enduring. — Dieteria, Nutt. 

A. gymnocéphalus, Gray. Stem erect, simple or branched from a rather slender root, 
commonly hirsute or hispidulous, equably leafy to the top: branches bearing solitary usually 
naked-pedunculate middle-sized heads: leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate; cauline short 
(inch or less long), usually obtuse, copiously serrate or denticulate with spinulose-setigerous 
teeth: involucre depressed-hemispherical, half-inch or less high; its bracts linear-subulate 
with the tips squarrose: rays purple, 4 or 5 lines long: receptacle fimbrillate. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xv. 32; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6549. Aplopappus gymnocephalus, DC. Prodr. v. 346, & 
A. blephariphyllus, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1.97; the ray-flowers having been thought to be yellow. 


$ 
206 COMPOSITA. Aster. 


Macheranthera setigera, Nees in Linn. xix. 722.—Dry ground S. W. borders of Texas, 
Wright, Havard. (Mex.) 


A. canéscens, Pursu. Commonly a foot or two high and loosely much branched, even 
from the indurated root, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with sim- 
ple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely canescent, or greener 
and glabrate: leaves lanceolate to linear or the lower spatulate, from entire to irregularly 
dentate, or occasionally laciniate, the rigid teeth mostly with mucronate-setulose tip: heads 
when numerous 4 or 5 lines and when fewer half-inch high: involucre turbinate to hemi- 
spherical, of rigid usually well-imbricated bracts: rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long: akenes nar- 
row, canescent. — Fl. ii. 547; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 322. A. biennis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. Die- 
igri comattens, pulverulenta, divartoane, viscosa, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 
300; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 100. Macheranthera canescens, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 75; Eaton, 
Bot. King Exp. 146. — The forms taken as the type of this polymorphous species are cine- 
reous, rigid, when well developed bearing numerous heads: bracts of the involucre regularly 
imbricated in numerous ranks, coriaceous and appressed, with the green tips short and 
spreading, seldom at all viscous or glandular. — Open and sterile ground and sandy banks of 
streams, Saskatchewan to the eastern parts of Brit. Columbia, on the plains south to W. 
Texas, also eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. viridis. A green form, hardly rigid, of less arid situations, either sparsely scabro- 
puberulent or almost glabrous: involucral bracts looser, either with short and ascending or 
longer and squarroge-spreading tips, sometimes rather hispidulous-glandular. —Macheranthera 
canescens, var. glabra, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 89, &. Aster Pattersoni, var. Hallii, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xiii. 272, is rather a subalpine form of this. — W. borders of Texas to Utah. 

Var. latifélius. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more high: leaves thinnish, 
nearly membranaceous, comparatively large, sometimes spatulate-oblong and over half-inch 
wide: heads large and few: involucre hemispherical; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate- 
subulate and squarrose-spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. — Dieteria asteroides, 
Torr. in Emory Rep. 141. Macheranthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray, PI. Wright. ii. 
75. — New Mexico and Arizona, in moist ground; passes into var. tephrodes. 

Var. viscésus. Canescent or cinereous: leaves narrow, rather rigid; the upper 
mostly entire and the lower coarsely dentate: involucre campanulate or turbinate, squarrose ; 
the prominent (either short or elongated) foliaceous tips of the bracts viscid-glandular, 
either spreading or recurved. — Dieteria viscosa & D. sessiliflora (rays probably only abnor- 
mally if ever at all “ochroleucous”), Nutt. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.c. D. incana, Torr. & 
Gray, lc. Diplopappus incanus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1693 (form with little viscidity to 
involucre) ; Hook. Bot.’ Mag. t. 3882 (involucre very foliaceous-squarrose). — Arid districts, 
Wyoming to California. 

Var. tephrédes. More or less canescent, especially the hemispherical involucre of 
the large heads; the bracts with elongated and subulate-attenuate foliaceous tips, not gland- 
ular; the hoary pubescence sometimes looser.— A. incanus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 322.—S. 
California, Arizona, and New Mexico. 


~ 4+ 4+ Leaves 1-3-pinnately cleft or parted, not rigid: involucre hemispherical, its bracts mostly 
looser: akenes more strongly striate: root commonly annual: stem diffusely branched. — 
Macheranthera, Nees, l.c. Dieteria § Pappochroma, Nutt., excl. spec. 


A. tanacetifélius, HBK. Pubescent, often rather viscid, very leafy, commonly a foot or 
two high: lowest leaves 2-3-pinnately parted ; uppermost simply pinnatifid or on the flower- 
ing branchlets entire; lobes short, setulose-mucronate: heads half-inch high: bracts of the 
involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading foliaceous tips, or 
the outermost almost wholly foliaceous: rays numerous (half-inch long or more), bright 
violet: akenes rather broad, villous. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 95. A. chrysanthemoides, Willd. 
in Spreng. Syst. iii. 538. Macheranthera tanacetifolia, Nees, Ast. 224; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 4624; Gray, Pl. Wright. i.90. Chrysopsis (Pappochroma) coronopifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 34, Dieteria coronopifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300; Torr. & Gray, 
1. c.— Moist ground, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.) 

Var. pygmus, a low and small form, seemingly a precocious state, with less dis- 
sected leaves, rather smaller heads, and much shorter foliaceous tips to the involucral bracts, 
seems to connect this with the following. — Macheranthera canescens, var. humilis & var. 
pygmea, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 74. —-New Mexico, Wright. 


& 
Erigeron. ; COMPOSITA. 207 


A. parviflérus, Gray. Glabrous, somewhat viscid, low and slender: leaves narrow, sim- 
ply pinnatifid, barely inch long; the lobes short-linear, obtuse, hardly mucronate: heads 3 
or 4 lines high: involucre closer; the bracts with short oblong or ovate- ae acute 
green tips: rays 3 lines long: akenes canescently sericeous.— Bot. Calif. i. 322, note. 
Macheranthera parviflora, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 90.— New Mexico from the Rio Grande to 
W. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. 


49. ERIGERON, L. Freapane. (7Hp and yépor, old man in spring.) 
— A rather large genus of herbs or barely suffrutescent plants, verging on the 
one hand to Aster, on the other to Conyza, and only arbitrarily to be separated 
on the lines of junction; the heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ; 
rays (occasionally absent in certain species, uniformly warting in two or three 
others) violet, purple, white, rarely ochroleucous (or in anomalous species even 
clear yellow!); disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple: akenes commonly 
2-nerved.— L. Gen. ed. 2, 400 (Hrigerum in ed. 1, after Dodoens, who had 
Groundsel in view, and this form may explain how the name was taken for 
neuter by Linneus); Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 166; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280, 
excl. § Oritrophium (which must belong either to Celmista or Aster); Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvi. 86. Erigeron, Trimorphea, Phalacroloma, Stenactis, &c., Cass. 
Erigeron, Stenactis, Phalacroloma, Polyactidium (Polyactis, Less.), Heterocheta, 
& Woodvillea, DC. Prodr. (Genera founded on the pappus and number of the 
rays, mostly unavailable even for good subgenera.) The series here commences 
with Asteroid and ends in Conyzoid forms. 


§ 1. Evericeron. Rays elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uni- 
formly wanting, in one or two (£. compositus, E. concinnus) occasionally abor- 
tive: no rayless female flowers between the proper ray and disk. 


* Perennials, commonly dwarf from a multicipital caudex, alpine or rarely alpestrine, with com- 
paratively large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose or spreading, and copiously lanate 
with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire. 


+— Whole herbage gnaphalioid-lanate: pappus double; the short outer multisquamellate. 


EH. Mufrii, Gray. <A span high, densely clothed with long and soft white (apparently per- 
sistent) floccose wool; stems simple and monocephalous, rather leafy : leaves lanceolate-spat- 
ulate (an inch or two long), or uppermost narrowly lanceolate: involucre squarrose, as of 
the following species: rays white, a third of an inch long.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210. — 
Cape Thompson, Alaska, John Muir. 
~+— + Herbage green, with or without villous or hirsute pubescence: pappus nearly simple. 


E. uniflérus, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, strictly monocephalous, few-leaved, 
often naked and pedunculiform at summit: radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate (inch or 
two long); cauline lanceolate to linear: involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate, occa- 
sionally becoming naked; the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips 
spreading : rays purple or sometimes white, 2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. — Fl. Lapp. t. 9, 
f. 3, & Spec. ii. 864; Hook. Fl. ii. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 169; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 490; 
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. 914. E. alpinus & Hieracium pusillum, Pursh, Fi. ii. 532, 502. 
E. pulchellus, var., & E. alpinus, in part, DC. Prodr. v. 287. £. eriocephalus, J. Vahl, FI. Dan. 
t. 2298, is either this or possibly a form of the next.— Labrador to Arctic coast, and 
Unalaska, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and mountains of Colorado, in the alpine 
region. Forms with a comparatively hirsute involucre occur in the Rocky Mountains; and 
some are not well distinguished from the next. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia to Kamts.) 

B. landtus, Hoox. Stems about a span high from a multicipital caudex, scapiform or few- 
leaved, monocephalous: radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about half-inch long, tapering into 
a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole; some primary ones occasionally pal- 
mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any; head not larger than 


208 COMPOSITA, Erigeron. 


that of E. uniflorus, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate: rays rather broader, 3 

lines long, white. — Fl. ii. 17, t. 121; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 168. . grandjflorus, var. lanatus, 

Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 92. Aster glacialis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503, not Nutt. — Alpine 

summits of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Brit. America, Drummond, Fremont, 

Bourgeau, and of the Cascades, Lyall. (Lyall’s plant may have yellowish rays, and pass 

into Aplopappus Brandegei.) 

E. grandiflérus, Hoox. Stems a span or two high, rather stout, usually several-leaved 
and monocephalous: radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long; cauline oblong to 
lanceolate, usually half-inch or less long: heads larger: involucre half-inch high, very 
woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squarrose-spreading or the tips recurved : 
rays violet or purple, a third to half inch long. — Fl. ii. 18, t. 123; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Eaton, 
Bot. King Exp. 184 (a somewhat abnormal form, in the Uinta Mts.) — Rocky Mountains, in 
or near the alpine region, from British Columbia (Drummond) to Colorado, where it some- 
times has fewer and linear cauline leaves, and approaches F. uniflorus. 

Var. eldtior, Gray. <A foot or two high, leafy up to the 1 to 4 pedunculate heads, 
pubescent, but hardly hirsute: leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long; cauline 
closely sessile by a broad base: involucre fully half-inch high: rays half-inch long.— Am. 
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 92.—Subalpine and lower, in the 
Rocky Mountains of Colorado; first coll. by Parry. 

* * Submaritime perennial: heads of the largest, the disk a full inch in diameter: involucre 
rather loose, villous with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100, rather broad, Aster-like: 
pappus simple: leaves obovate or spatulate, ample, mostly entire, graveolent.— Woodvillea, 
DC., color of ray-flowers mistaken. 


E. glaticus, Ker. A span to a foot high, viscidulous and more or less pubescent, producing 
a tuft of radical leaves from a rather fleshy crown, and some ascending monocephalous or 
occasionally branching stems: leaves glaucescent or pale green, but hardly glaucous, some- 
what succulent; larger radical 3 or 4 inches long and an inch wide, rarely 2~3-toothed ; upper 
cauline few and small: rays half-inch long, bright violet: akenes 4-nerved. — Bot. Reg. t. 
10; DC. Prodr. v. 284; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 172; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 330. E. maritimum & 
EF. hispidum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 310. E. squarrosus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. 
mise. 442% Aster Bonariensis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 528. A. Californicus, Less. in Linn. vi. 121; 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146; DC. 1. c. 228. Stenactis glauca, Nees, Ast. 275. Woodvillea 
calendulacea, DC. 1. e. 818.— Along the Pacific coast, within the influence of salt water, 
Oregon to S. California, flowering for most of the year; probably first coll. by Menzies. 


* * * True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stoloniferous-surculose nor flagellif- 
erous: involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, but not lanate, in the first species loose 
and spreading: all Western or Northern species. — Part of § Phenactis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 310; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280. 

+ Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more high except in alpine or depauperate forms, leafy- 
stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute: leaves rather ample. entire or occasionally few-toothed: 
heads pretty large, with usually very numerous rays: montane or alpestrine. 

++ Aster-like; the rays comparatively broad: involucre rather loose: heads solitary, or on larger 
plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple. 

E. salsuginosus, Gray. Rootstocks short and thickish: stem commonly 12 to 20 inches 
high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pubescent or puberulent : no bristly or hirsute hairs: 
leaves very smooth and glabrous or glabrate, bright green, thickish; radical and lower 
cauline leaves spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole; 
upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate or apiculate- 
acuminate ; uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading, 
linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous, at most puberulous (or at some northern stations 
sometimes pubescent): disk over half an inch in diameter: rays 50 to 70, purple or violet, 
half-inch or more long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Aster salsuginosus, Richards. in Frankl. 
Journ, App. ed. 2, 32; Hook. Bot. Mag, t. 4942; DC. Prodr. v. 229; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
150. A. Unalaschensis, Less. ex Bongard, Sitch. 148; DC. 1. ¢. 228. — Wet ground, Kot- 
zebue Sound and Unalaska, and along the higher mountains southward to California, Utah, 
and New Mexico; first coll. by Richardson. 

Var. angustifdlius, Gray. A span toa foot high: radical and lower cauline leaves 
from narrowly spatulate to lanceolate (only 3 or 4 lines broad), somewhat scabrous on mayr- 


Erigeron. COMPOSITA. 209 


gins ; upper cauline linear-lanceolate, small: rays about 40.— Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. Aster 
salsuginosus, var. angustifolius, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 325.— Mountains of Washington ‘Terr. 
(Brandegee) to the Sierra Nevada, California, as far south as Kern Co., Lemmon, Mrs. 
Austin, Afatthews, &c. Passes into 

Var. glacialis. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous: leaves as of the type (of 
which this is a reduced alpine form), but smaller. — Aster glacialis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 291; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains; first coll. 
by Nuttall in Wyoming. 

E. Howeéllii. Rootstock filiform: stem a foot high, equably leafy, monocephalous: leaves 
membranaceous, glabrous and smooth; radical obovate, slender-petioled; cauline mostlf 
ovate and with broad half-clasping base (larger ones 2 inches long and an inch wide), some- 
times one or two sharp denticulations, mucronate-acuminate: involucre, &c., nearly of the 
foregoing : rays only 30 to 35, two-thirds inch long, u line or two wide, white. — E. salsugi- 
nosus, var. Howellii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. — Oregon, in the Cascade Mountains, 
Howell. 

EH. Cotilteri, T. C. Porter. Rootstock slender: stem 6 to 20 inches high, equably leafy, 
bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 rather slender-pedunculate heads: leaves membranaceous, 
obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubescent to gla- 
brous, cauline inconspicuously mucronulate: disk of the head about half an inch wide: in- 
volucre less attenuate and spreading than that of L. salsuginosus, obscurely viscidulous but 
hirsute (as also the peduncle) with spreading hairs: rays 50 to 70, rather narrowly linear, 
half-inch or more long, white, varying to purplish.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 61; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 154; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93.— Rocky Mountains of 
Colorado, at about 10,000 feet, Coulter, &c., of Utah, Ward, Jones, &c., and Sierra Nevada, 
California, Brewer, Bolander, Greene. 


++ ++ Less Aster-like: rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre closer: pappus more or less double, 
but the exterior minute, setulose or subulate-squamellate: stems chicfly erect, tufted, generally 
leafy to the summit, and bearing few or several heads: leaves entire. (Species hard to dis- 
criminate, montane, but never alpine.) —§ Phawnactis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., in part. 

HE. specidsus, DC. Sparingly and loosely hirsute or with a few scattering hairs: stems 
mostly 2 feet high, very leafy to the top: leaves lanceolate, acute (3 to 8 lines wide), 
sparsely ciliate ; lowest more or less spatulate: involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes 
almost glabrous: rays half-inch to almost an inch long, violet. — Prodr. yv. 284, & vii. 274 ; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 173. £. glabellus, var. mucronatus, Hook. Fl. ii. 19. Stenactis speciosa, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1577; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3067. — British Columbia to Oregon and per- 
haps N. California, near the coast. 

HE. macranthus, Nutr. From hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem 10 to 20 inches 
high: leaves from lanceolate to ovate; upper often reduced in size: involucre glabrous or 
nearly so, but commonly minutely glandular: rays half-inch long (heads not larger, as the 
name would imply, but rather smaller than those of the preceding): short outer pappus 
more conspicuous, sometimes nearly squamellate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & 
Gray, ]l.c. E. grandiflorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 31, not Hook. — Rocky Moun- 
tains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and 8S. W. Utah, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet in the south- 
ern portions of its range. 

H. glabéllus, Nurr. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed to be naked 
above: stems 6 to 20 inches high: leaves lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate ; 
upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subulate bracts: heads in the typical forms 
considerably smaller than those of the two preceding species: involucre strigosely hirsute or 
pubescent : rays violet, purple, and rarely white, a third to half an inch long: outer pappus 
setulose. — Gen. ii. 147, & Jour. Acad. Philad.1.c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2923, & FI. ii. 19 (excl. 
var. y); Torr. & Gray, l.c., with vars. asper & pubescens. EE. asper, Nutt. 1. ¢., a some- 
what roughish-hirsute form. JL. pulchellus, Hook. Fl. ii. 19, partly. — Minnesota and Sas- 
katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Colorado and Utah. Occurs in 
various forms; the small or slender northern forms of the plains naked-stemmed and simple; 
some of the larger more equably leafy and approaching the preceding, others by the copious 
pubescence leading to the ambiguous 

Var. mollis, Gray. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading pubescence, 
a foot or two high, leafy to the top: leaves oblong-lanceolate: cinereous pubescence of the 
14 


210 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. 


involucre soft and spreading.— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 64, & Proc. Am. Acad. l.¢.— 

Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet; first coll. by Parry, Hall, &c. Perhaps 

a distinct species. , 

+— + Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly hairs: leaves 
entire, narrow: involucre close: rays numerous, occasionally wanting in one species: pappus 
conspicuously double, but least so in the first species. 

++ Sparingly branched stems several or numerous from the crown of a tap root, more or less leafy: 
heads middle-sized: disk « third to half an inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50 to 80, 
long and narrow, soon deflexed, occasionally wanting in the second species. 

BH. pimilus, Nurr. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate-linear to lanceolate (a 
line or two wide); upper linear: rays white (4 lines long): outer pappus of short bristles 
little or not at all thicker than the inner ones and more or less intermixed with them. — 
Gen. ii. 147; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 174. E. hirsutus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 742, not Lour.— Dry 
upper plains, Dakota to Colorado, and in the Rocky Mountains, west to Utah. 

H. concinnus, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding, but usually with more dense and 
shaggy hirsuteness and less rigid leaves: stems not rarely somewhat copiously branched : 
rays violet or blue, rarely white: outer pappus conspicuous and squamellate or paleaceous 
(the pale varying from subulate to oblong!).—Fl. ii. 174; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 151, 
with var. condensatus, a dwarf and condensed form with monocephalous stems, and com- 
monly wide (but fewer) pales to the pappus. L. strigosus, var. hispidissimus, Hook. FI. ii. 
18, chiefly. Distasis? concinna, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. — Arid regions between the 
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, from Wyoming 
to New Mexico and Brit. Columbia to Arizona. 

Var. aphanactis, Gray. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule or want- 
ing. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540.— Colorado to Nevada and the borders of California. 


++ ++ More branched and leafy, over a span high; with smaller heads, fewer rays, and somewhat 
naked involucre more imbricated: anomalous Texano-New-Mexican species. 


HE. Bigelévii, Gray. Cinereous-hispidulous, diffusely branched from the base, leafy up to 
the short-pedunculate scattered heads: leaves small, spatulate-lanceolate or upper linear 
(less than inch long), lowest more spatulate and petioled: bracts of the hemispherical involu- 
cre rather rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, obviously of 2 or 3 lengths, thé outer sparingly his- 
pidulous: rays 40 to 50, purple or violet (3 lines long): outer pappus of slender-subulate 
squamellz, about a third the length of the inner bristles. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 78.— On the 
Rio Grande near Fronteras, at the borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, Wright, 
Bugelow. 

E. Brandegéi. A very anomalous and imperfectly known plant, green, sparsely hispidu- 
lous-hirsute, less branched: radical leaves spatulate-linear; cauline linear and small, or 
upper minute: bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked: rays 30 or more, white: outer 
pappus of coriaceous squamelle which are commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of 
the inner, perhaps abnormal: only one specimen seen. — Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, oa 
the borders of New Mexico, Brandegee. 


++ ++ ++ Tufted stems very short and densely leafy, bearing simple and monocephalous scapi- 
form or few-leaved flowering stems (about a span high): head proportionally large: rays 25 to 
50, not very narrow, 3 or 4 lines long: leaves narrowly spatulate-linear. 


E. poliospérmus. Leaves hispid throughout, an inch or more long, filiform-spatulate, 
the broader summit a quarter or half a line wide: head half-inch high: involucre of rather 
loose and slender hispidulous bracts. rays about 25, blue-violet or white: akenes densely 
white-villous. outer pappus slender-squamellate, fully as long as the breadth of the akene, 
covered by the copious white silky hairs of the latter. — Umatilla, Oregon, Howell, and 
Washington Terr., in the Wallawalla region, Brandegee, Tweedy. Resembles the next. 

E. Chrysopsidis. Hispid, also with some minuter pubescence : leaves spatulate-linear, an 
inch or two long, commonly a full line wide at summit: involucre rather hirsute : rays 40 to 
50, ‘golden yellow’: akenes barely pubescent or hirsutulous: outer pappus less conspicuous, 
merely setulose: otherwise very like the preceding. — Chrysopsis hirtella, DC. Prodr. v. 327. 
E. ochroleucus, var. hirtellus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90.— Stony hills and in wet clay 
on mountain sides, E. Oregon and adjacent Washington ‘Terr. Douglas, Cusick, Nevius, 
FTowell, Must be retained in Erigeron (of which it has the inyolucre and style), notwith- 


Erigeron. COMPOSITA. 211 


y 


standing the pure yellow rays, which also occur in E. peucephyllus. It can hardly pass ; 
into E. ochroleucus. 


a Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with monocephalous flowering stems, often 
scapose: radical leaves dissected: pappus simple. 

BE. compésitus, Porsu. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender margined petiole setose- 
ciliate: radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually 1-3-ternately 
parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 
3-lobed or entire and linear: involucre (3 or 4 lines high) sparsely hirsute: rays from 40 to 
60, not very narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. — F1. ii. 535; Fl. Dan. 
xii. 1999; Hook. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xiv. 374, t. 18, & Fl. ii. 17; DC. Prodr. v. 288; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 167. £. pedatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308. Cineraria Lewisii, 
Richards. in Frankl. Journ. App. ed. 2, 32.— Alpine and alpestrine districts of the Rocky 
Mountains, and of the Sierra Nevada, from 8. Colorado and California to Brit. Columbia and 
arctic sea-coast. (Greenland and Spitzbergen.) 

Var. discoideus, Gray. Rays wanting or abortive: head commonly smaller. — 
Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxiii. 237; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148. — Same range as the radiate 
form, often accompanying it; first coll. by Parry, &c. 

Var. trifidus, Gray. Small blade of leaves simply 3-5-fid: the lobes from oblong to 
obovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. £. trifidus, Hook. FI. ii. 17, t. 120.— Rocky Moun- 
tains, N. Colorado to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Drummond, later by J. Al. Coulter and 
Canby. 

Var. pinnatiséctus, Gray, l.c. Usually a large form: numerous violet-purple 
rays 5 lines long: leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 11 linear and entire or rarely 2-3-cleft 
ae alles of Colorado, from South Park to the Sierra Blanca; first coll. by 

all. . 

E. Pringlei, Gray. Smooth and glabrous, densely cespitose from a lignescent multicipital 
caudex: radical leaves laciniate-pinnatifid into 3 to 5 short-lanceolate or broadly subulate 
pointed lobes; those of the ascending (2 or 3 inches long) flowering stems linear, entire, 
5 or 6 in number: involucre hardly 3 lines high, glabrous: rays 20 or 30, purple or whitish, 
8 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210.— Cliffs of Mount Wrightson, Santa Rita Moun- 
tains, Arizona, Pringle. 

— + + + Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestrine, entire-leaved, cespitose from multicipital 
caudex, no fine or cinereous pubescence, monocephalous: leaves few on the simple stems, at 
. least the radical broader than linear: rays rather numerous and not very narrow: pappus simple 

or nearly so. , 
++ Involucre glabrous but pruinose-glandular, brownish-purple: alpine and Aster-like, smooth 

and green. 

E. leidmerus. A span high from the somewhat surculose branches of the caudex, smooth 
and very glabrous (or some minute hairiness at least on the petioles): leaves bright green, 
mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse (larger about inch long, with tapering base or 
petiole of at least equal length), from 2 to 6 lines wide; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller: in- 
volucre 3 lines high, not unlike that of Z. salsuginosus, but close, the bracts lanceolate and 
not attenuate: rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4 lines long. — Aster glacialis, Eaton, Bot. 
King Exp. 142, but hardly that of Nuttall (which is rather a high alpine form of A. sal- 
suginosus, to which this is related). Comes close to the next species, to which it has been 
referred. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, in the alpine region; first coll. 
by Parry, Hall & Harbour, Watson. : 

++ ++ Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish: herbage not strigulose nor cinereous. 

E. ursinus, Earoy. A span or two high, loosely cespitose: leaves duller green, mostly 
smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hirsute-ciliate, spatulate to narrowly 
oblanceolate; cauline ones lanceolate or linear and acute: involucre (3 lines high) and naked 
summit of flowering stem hirsute-pubescent: rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines 
long. — Bot. King Exp. 148; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 327.— Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky 
Mountains, Wyoming to S. Colorado, Uinta Mountains, Utah, and on Mount Dana, California; 
first coll. by Watson. 

BE. radicdtus, Hoon. A span high or less, densely tufted: leaves all spatulate-linear or 
somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two wide), hirsute or hirsutely ciliate, or sometimes 


212 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. 


almost naked, then glabrous; no glandular roughness: involucre more or less villous-pubes- 

cent (barely 3 lines high): rays white or purplish, 2 or 3 lines long. — FI. ii. 17. E. nanus 

& I. radicatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308.— Alpine or subalpine in the Rocky 

Mountains, from British America (Drummond, Macoun) to Wyoming, S. Colorado, and 

Utah, Nuttall, Parry, &e. 

H. glanduldésus, T. C. Porrrr. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a’span to almost a foot 
high, rigid, minutely granulose-glandular or’ glandular-scabrous (but sometimes obsoletely 
so), and with sparse hirsute or hispid hairs, especially on the margins of the leaves: these 
thickish, spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long ; upper cauline small: head com- 
paratively large, 4 or 5 lines high: involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent: rays 
40 or 50, violet or purple, 4 to 6 lines long: an obscure outer setulose pappus. — Porter & 
Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 60; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. — Bleak mountain-tops, alpestrine 
and subalpine, and sometimes descending to lower levels, Colorado, J. M. Coulter, Hail & 
Harbour, Greene, &. Some forms approach LE. pumilus. 

+ + + + + Various Rocky Mountain to Pacific species, with entire leaves, none truly 
alpine, none hispidly hirsute (except very rarely some spreading bristly hairs fringing base of 
leaves): involucre close, disposed to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very numer- 
ous, in several species uniformly wanting. 

++ A span or two high from a simple or multicipital caudex: leaves only few and narrow on the 
weak and ascending simple or sparingly branched flowering stems; but radical ones with ob- 
ovate or spatulate blade, only half-inch long, contracted into a petiole of at least equal length, 
cinereously puberulent or canescent: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: rays 18 to 30, pale violet or 
purple: akenes compressed, 2-3-nerved: pappus nearly simple. 


E. asperugineus, Gray. Cinereous with minute roughish pubescence: stems commonly 
simple from the slender caudex, monocephalous: involucre obscurely hirsute, a single series 
of equal bracts: rays 18 or 20.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. Aster asperugineus, Eaton, Bot. 
King Exp. 142.— Utah, in the E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson, M. E. Jones. 

E. téner, Gray, 1.c. Canescent with very fine and close or almost imperceptible pubescence 
(either silvery-whitish or becoming greener): stems several from a stouter caudex, weak 
and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads: involucre minutely canescent; its narrow 
and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 25 to 30.— E. cwspitosum, var. 
tenerum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 328.— High mountains of Utah, N. W. Nevada, and of the 
Sierra Nevada on the borders of California, Watson, Brewer, &c., to those near the sources 
of the Sacramento, Pringle, Red Rock Creek, and of Wind River, Montana, Watson, Dr. 
Forwood. 
++ ++ A span to near a foot high, cespitose on a stout multicipit-] caudex, silvery-canescent, with 

simple and monocephalous or rarely somewhat branching stems: leaves from narrowly spatu- 
late to linear: rays 40 or 50, white or purple changing to white: akenes slender and nearly terete, 
5-10-nerved or striate: pappus double; the outer subulate-setulose and conspicuous. 

Hi. cdnus, Gray. Silvery appressed pubescence obviously strigulose under a lens, that of 
the involucre loose and spreading: stems 4 to 9 inches high, leafy: linear cauline leaves 
gradually diminishing upward ; radical spatulate lanceolate or narrower: head 4 lines high: 
rays narrow, 3 lines long: akenes glabrous, striately 8-10-nerved. — Pl. Fendl. 67, & Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 650.— Dry and gravelly hills, Northern New Mexico and Colorado; first coll. 
by Fendler. Also on the Platte in Wyoming, Geyer. 

H. argentatus, Gray. Silvery white pubescence throughout very close and fine, the sep- 
arate hairs undistinguishable: stems 6 to 12 inches high: radical leaves very densely 
clustered, linear-spatulate or broader, inch or two long; cauline scattered and much smaller: 
head broad, fully half-inch high: rays rather broad and large, half-inch long: immature 
akenes sericeous-pubescent or villous, 5-8-nerved.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649. E.. cespi- 
tosum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, in small part (no. 549), not Nutt.— Arid interior region, 
Utah and Nevada, Watson, Miss Searls, Ward, Palmer, M. E. Jones. 
++ ++ ++ A foot or less high from a thick multicipital caudex, more or less branching and 

leafy, minutely silvery-canescent (the pubescence fine and short): leaves all narrowly linear: 
rays 30 to 50, elongated (large for the involucre of about 3 lines high), purple or sometimes 
white: akenes narrow, 4-nerved, disposed to be tetragonal. 

EH. Parishii. Rigid and rather stout, at length somewhat corymbosely branched: leaves 
spatulate-linear (largest 2 lines wide or nearly so), rather short: heads short-peduncled : 


Erigeron. COMPOSITAE. 213 


involucre cinereous-puberulent and glandular; rays nearly half-inch long, purple: disk- 
corollas beset with some sparse and short minute hairs: akenes sparsely hirsute: pappus 
conspicuously double; outer setose-squamellate.— Rocky cafions, borders of the Mohave 
Desert, S. E. California, Parish. 
E. Utahénsis, Gray. Slender, but rigid, with sparse branches from dense clumps : leaves 
narrowly linear or almost filiform (larger 2 inches long and barely a line wide): heads slen- 
der-peduncled : involucre canescent : rays fully half-inch long: disk-corollas sparsely hirsute 
toward the base: immature akenes villous: pappus almost simple; the outer being scanty 
and setulose, hardly distinguishable from the villous hairs of the akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvi. 99. E. stenophyllus, var.? tetrapleurus, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650. — Rocky hills in the 
arid region of S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, Parry, Palmer. This and the preceding are 
showy species, nearly related to .£. argentatus, all with a close and somewhat imbricated 
involucre. 
++ ++ ++ ++ Either low or comparatively tall, leafy-stemmed or subscapose: akenes compressed, 
2-nerved, rarely 3-nerved. 

== Heads radiate: leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broadest not over a line wide: pubes- 
cence either cinereous or obscure. (Also one or two of the following subdivision are sometimes 
very narrow-leaved.) 

a, Involucre of the ample head half-inch high, of linear and equal bracts; and rays half-inch long. 


EH. stenophyllus, Gray. Green and glabrate, but obscurely strigulose-puberulent when 
young: stems simple and monocephalous, less than a foot high, naked and pedunculiform at 
summit: leaves mostly 2 inches long, hardly widening upward; upper ones sparse and 
smaller: bracts of involucre somewhat hirsute-pubescent and glandular: ovary villous: 
pappus simple or nearly so. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 42; Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650, & xvi. 89. — 
Hills on the Pecos, N. W. Texas, Bigelow. A smaller plant from Fort Wingate, New 
Mexico, Matthews, may belong here, but has merely hirsutulous young akenes. 

b. Involucre only 2 or 3 lines high, of shorter and unequal somewhat imbricated bracts: rays 2 to 4 
lines long. 

E. filifélius, Nurr. Canescent or cinereous throughout with very fine close pubescence, no 
loose hairs : stems slender, a span to two feet high from lignescent slender base or branched 
rootstock, leafy, usually paniculately branched and bearing several or rather numerous heads: 
leaves linear-filiform or quite filiform (some lower ones occasionally dilated upward to a 
line in width and flat): involucre canescent: rays 30 to 50, rarely even 80, purple, violet, 
or white, 3 or 4 lines long: akenes slightly pubescent or glabrate: pappus simple, of fragile 
and indistinctly scabrous bristles. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 328; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 177; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. Diplopappus filifolius, Hook. FI. ii. 21, is either this or the 
next. Chrysopsis canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 328. — Rocky or dry ground, from Brit. Columbia, 
mostly east of the Cascades, and Idaho, to the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada ; 
first coll. by Douglas. 

E. peucephyllus, Gray. Low, with flowering stems a span or two high from broad 
depressed tufts, simple and with naked summit or peduncle monocephalous or occasionally 
forking and 2-3-cephalous, cinereous-puberulent or glabrate: leaves filiform or lowest 
slightly dilated upward (to not over half a line in breadth) : involucre hirsute-pubescent or 
glabrate: rays 20 or 30, usually short (2 or 3 lines long), pale blue to cream-color or pure 
yellow: pappus manifestly double, the outer squamellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. — Dry 
hills, from Brit. Columbia (and east to Cypress Hills, Macoun) to the Sierra Nevada in 
California and adjacent Nevada, east to Idaho. 


c. Involucre 3 or 4 lines high, of equal bracts: rays of equal length. 


E. ochroletiicus, Nurr. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespitose on the caudex, 
from cinereous-pubescent to glabrate, and attenuate lower part of the leaves not rarely 
sparsely hirsute-ciliate: stems usually simple, naked above and monocephalous, occasionally 
with one or two additional heads: leaves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical (2 or 3 
inches long) often a line wide at the upper part: involucre tomentose or hirsute-pubescent : 
rays 40 to 60, “ochroleucous,” white, or purplish (not known to be yellow): outer pappus 
setulose. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 309; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 178; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvi. 89, excl. var. E. pumilus, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 242, in part, not Nutt. £. 
canescens, Parry in Jones Exp. no. 139, canescent form. Diplopappus linearis, Hook. FI. 


214 COMPOSIT. Erigeron. 


ii. 21 ?— Gravelly hills and plains, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho, Nuttall, Spalding, 

Geyer, Parry, &ec. 

== = Heads rayless: leaves filiform to narrowly spatulate-linear, chiefly from the multicipital 
caudex: dwarf flowering stems more or less scapiform and monocephalous. 


E. Bloémeri, Gray. Densely cespitose, cinereous-puberulent or glabrate and pale: radical 
leaves 1 to 3 inches long, the larger dilated upward sometimes to a line or more in width; 
cauline few and nearly filiform: scapiform flowering,stems 2 to 6 inches high: head almost 
half an inch high: involucral bracts equal, linear-lanceolate, soft-villous or canescent : akenes 
glabrate, oblong-linear, flat: pappus whitish, simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 40, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 328; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148.— Stony ground, mountains of Nevada to Idaho, and 
from the Sierra Nevada, California, to E. Oregon; first coll. by Bloomer. Habit of the last 
preceding species, to which it is most allied. a 

== == = Heads radiate: leaves from narrowly linear to oblong. 
a. Stems naked above, more commonly simple and monocephalous, only aspan or two high: pappus 
simple. 

E. Nevadénsis, Gray. Stems numerous from a multicipital caudex, erect, a span to 
nearly a foot high: leaves all lanceolate or linear ; radical 1 to 4 inches long, 1 to 4 lines 
wide, strigulose-cinereous ; uppermost small and subulate: head always solitary, half-inch 
high: involucre villous-pubescent, sometimes glabrate ; its bracts equal: rays rather broadly 
linear, white or pale blue, 4 to 6 lines long: akenes comparatively large: pappus rather 
coarse. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649; Bot. Calif. i. 328. . cespitosus, var. grandiflorus, 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, in part. — Sierra Nevada, California, and W. Humboldt Moun- 
tains, Nevada, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet; first coll. by Bloomer, Watson, &. Appears to pass 
into the somewhat doubtful 

Var. pygmeéus, Gray, l.c. Dwarf, subcaulescent: leaves spatulate-linear, an inch 
or more long, a line or so wide, more minutely pubescent or cinereous, and glabrate: head 
considerably smaller: involucre slightly hirsute: rays purple. — Sierra Nevada, California, 
above Ebbett’s Pass (at 9,500 feet) and Mono Pass (10,750 feet), Brewer. Also Mount 
Dyer, Plumas Co. (a connecting form), Mrs. Austin. 

E. EHaténi, Gray. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap root, slender and weak, 
diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3 monocephalous branches: leaves all linear, 
thickish, minutely strigulose-pubescent ; radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines 
wide: heads only 3 lines high: bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal: rays 
seldom over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. E. ochro- 
leucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152, not Nutt. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, 
and the Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains in Utah; first coll. by Watson and Eaton. 


2. Stems more leafy and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous: pubescence cinereous: 
outer pappus setulose, sometimes rather manifest, sometimes obscure or none. 
; 


E. ceespitésus, Nurr. Low, a span to rarely a foot high, many-stemmed and ascending 
or spreading from a stout multicipital caudex, from cinereous to canescent with dense and 
fine short pubescence’ (this generally spreading and soft, sometimes hispidulous, rarely fine 
and appressed, at least on young parts): stems of smaller plants monocephalous: radical 
leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauline lanceolate-oblong to linear (half-inch to 2 inches 
long) : heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre rather unequal: rays 
40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long, white, sometimes tinged with rose-color.— Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 307 (a small and low form) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 179. Diplopappus canescens 
(Erigeron canescens, Torr. & Gray, 1.¢.) & D. grandiflorus (E. ceespitosus, var. grandiflorus, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Hook. Fl. ii. 21, the latter a large form. — Mountains and high plains, 
Saskatchewan and Montana to Utah and borders of New Mexico, and eastern part of the 
Sierra Nevada, California. A variable species. Western forms come near to the next. 

E. corymbésus, Nort. Taller, often a foot or two high, erect from creeping rootstocks, 
soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with the mostly spreading short pubescence: radical 
leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate (largest 3 or 4 inches long and 3 or 4 lines 
wide), 8-nerved ; cauline linear and narrow: heads sometimes solitary, usually several and 
corymbosely disposed on short slender peduncles: involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubes- 
cent: rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently some- 
times white. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 329. 


Erigeron. COMPOSITZ. 215 


— Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Terr. and sparingly of California; first 
coll. by Nuttall. A soft-pubescent form, subalpine in Washington Terr, and E. Oregon 
Cusick, Brandegee, has white rays ; a similar one, coll. by Lyall near the British boundary, 
has blue rays. Nuttall’s character of achenium, “nearly smooth and striate,” does not accord 
with his specimens. 

E. Bréweri, Gray. A span to a foot high from slender rootstocks, slender, erect or 
ascending, leafy up to the solitary or several and corymbosely disposed heads, scabrous- 
cinereous with minute spreading pubescence: leaves small (the largest barely inch long), 
narrowly spatulate or uppermost nearly linear, obtuse : heads 8 or 4 lines high: involucre 
glabrous or minutely granulose-glandular ; its bracts unequal, obtuse: rays 12 to 20, violet, 
3 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Open woods of the Sierra 
Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to Shasta ; first coll. by Brewer and Torrey. 


c. Stems (commonly from slender rootstocks) leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or 
several heads: pubescence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none: pappus essen- 
tially simple. 

E. dectmbens, Nurr. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to 18 inches high, strigulose- 
pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate: leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical 
not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only a line or two wide, sometimes 3 lines wide) : involucre 
minutely hirsute or pubescent: rays 15 to 40, white, purplish, or violet-tinged. — Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soe. 1. v. 309; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Mountains, from Montana and Utah to Oregon 
and northern part of the Sierra Nevada, California ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall. 


E. folidsus, Nutt. A foot or two high, smooth and glabrous, or with some minute rough- 
ish hairs, usually branched above, and bearing scattered or loosely corymbose heads: leaves 
linear, obtuse, the larger an inch or two long and 2 or 3 lines wide, but often much narrower: 
heads hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high: involucre of somewhat unequal bracts, either 
minutely puberulent-strigose or glabrous, rarely hirsute: rays 20 to 40, narrow, 3 to 5 lines 
long, violet or purple, rarely white. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lc, & Pl. Gamb. 117; Gray, 

Bot. Calif. i. 829 (excl. var. ‘nornatus), & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88. £. Douglasii, Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 177. £. decumbens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 316, not Nutt. Diplopappus occidentalis, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. — Sparsely wooded ground, common nearly throughout Cali- 
fornia, especially in the western parts; first coll. by Douglas. Nuttall’s name was given to 
the broader-leaved form. This passes freely into 

Var. stenophyllus, Gray, 1c. A common form, with leaves from only a line wide 
to slender and filiform. — Z. stenophyllus, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 176, not Gray. — Same range, 
and equally common. 

Var. tenuissimus. Slender, small-leaved: leaves nearly all filiform, erect or ascend- 
ing; the longest only an inch long; upper gradually shorter, becoming setaceous-subulate : 
heads much smaller. — San Diego Co. on the Mexican border, and within Lower California, 
Parry, Palmer, Orcutt. 


= = = = Heads wholly rayless: stems leafy to the summit: pappus simple. 


E. inornatus, Gray. Commonly glabrous throughout and smooth, or with some sparse 
hirsute pubescence: stems 10 to 20 inches high, erect: leaves from broadly to narrowly 
linear (an inch or two long, a line or two wide): heads usually several and cymosely 
disposed at the summit of the stem, short-peduncled, 3 lines high: involucre campanulate ; 
its bracts unequal and somewhat imbricated, very glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88. 
E. foliosus, var. inornatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 830. — Pine woods, Sierra Nevada and 
coast ranges of California to those of E. Oregon and Washington Territory ; first coll. by 
Newberry. Comes near some forms of £. foliosus, but rayless. 

Var. angustdtus. Leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform: heads few or 
scattered and paniculate.— Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., California, Kellogg & Harford, 
and Napa Co., Greene. 

Var. viscidulus. Low and stouter: heads fewer and larger (4 lines high): leaves 
spatulate-linear, shorter (seldom an inch long): stems and peduncles occasionally hirsute- 
pubescent, and as well as the leaves commonly more or less viscid. — Mountains of northern 
part of California, Kellogg & Harford, Pringle. 

E. sapplex, Gray. Villous-hirsute: stems decumbent or ascending from a slender root- 
stock, mostly simple, a span to a foot long, terminated by single and very broad (5 to 6 


216 COMPOSIT&. Erigeron. 


lines high) short-peduncled heads: leaves spatulate-lanceolate or uppermost linear, mucro- 

nate-apiculate (an inch or two long): involucre villous; its bracts linear-lanceolate, equal. — 

Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353, & Bot. Calif. i. 330. — N. E. California, in Humboldt and Mendo- 

cino Co., Bolander, Pringle ; the latter a nearly erect form. 

E. miser, Gray. Cespitose from a thickish caudex or rootstock, canescently villous: stems 
ascending, 3 to 5 inches high, leafy up to the solitary or few and small (3 lines high) heads: 
leaves from oblong-spatulate to short-linear (4 to 8 lines long): involucre glabrate or mi- 
nutely glandular, short ; its bracts lanceolate or linear, acute: flowers comparatively few. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 372, & Bot. Calif. ii. 445.— On Mount Stanford and vicinity, in the 
Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Greene, &c.: fl. late. 

+ + + + + + S. Arizonian, with diffusely branched and trailing stems, very leafy 
branches, bearing very small heads, soft-cinereous pubescence, and lower leaves commonly 3-5- 
lobed or toothed: pappus simple. 

E. Lemm6ni, Gray. Stems a foot or two long, apparently from slender creeping root- 
stocks: leaves half-inch long or less, spatulate ; upper all entire, lower tapering into more 
or less of a petiole, many of them 1-5-toothed or incisely lobed: heads terminating short 
branchlets, short-peduncled: involucre 2 lines high: rays of about same length, 40 or 50, 
light purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. — Tanner’s Cafion, Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, 
Lemmon. 

+ + + + + + Northeastern species, smooth and slender, erect, from filiform root- 
stocks, leafy-stemmed, entire-leaved ; with small and Aster-like heads of only 20 or 30 rays: 
pappus quite simple. 

E. hyssopifélius, Micux. Nearly glabrous, a span to a foot high, sparingly branched : 
branches terminated by a solitary slender-peduncled head: leaves small and numerous, linear 
or lower somewhat spatulate, thinnish, entire, dn inch or less long: rays 3 lines long, white 
or tinged with purple.— Fl. ii. 123; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 87. Aster graminifolius, 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 545; DC. Prodr. v. 227; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 156. Galatella graminifolia, 
Hook. FL. ii. 15.— Moist and rocky banks, Newfoundland and New Brunswick to Hudson’s 
Bay, northern borders of New England to Lake Superior and Slave Lake ; first coll. by 
Michaux. 

%* * * * Perennial by rosulate offsets, producing a scapiform stem from a rosette of radical leaves: 
heads small and Aster-like, bearing only 20 or 80 rays: disk convex, only 3 lines broad: akenes 
mostly 4-nerved: pappus quite simple: 8. Atlantic species. —§ Erigeridium, Torr. & Gray. 

EB. nudicatilis, Micux. Glabrous or glabrate: scapiform stems solitary or occasionally 
several from the rosette of obovate or spatulate thickish and sparingly denticulate leaves: 
cauline leaves few and small, or merely bracts: heads several, corymbosely cymose : rays 
white and pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. — Pursh, l.c. LErigeron (Erigidium) vernus, Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 176. £. integrifolius, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 3, not Bigel. Aster vernus, L. Spec. 
ii. 876. Doronicum levifolium, Walt. Car. 205% Stenactis verna, Nees, Ast. 275; DC.1.¢. 
299. — Low pine barrens near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana: fi. spring. 


* * * * %* Perennial by biennial rosulate offsets borne on apex of stoloniform creeping root- 
stocks, or some species probably biennial: leaves membranaceous, commonly serrate or dentate: 
heads middle-sized or small, with glabrate involucre: raysnumerous: pappus quite simple: 
species not montane. 

+— Rays not very narrow, not more than 60 or 70. 


E. bellidifé6lius, Munz. Stoloniferous-cespitose, making rosulate offsets from slender 
subterranean shoots, villous-hirsute: flowering stems usually a foot or more high, simple, 
naked above and bearing 3 to 9 (or, when depauperate, only single) umbellately cymose 
middle-sized heads: radical leaves cuneiform-obovate or spatulate, mostly coarsely few- 
toothed, on very short-winged petioles; cauline few, oblong or lanceolate: bracts of the in- 
volucre appressed: rays violet or bluish-purple, a third to half inch long: akenes almost 
glabrous. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1958; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2402; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170. 
JE. pulchellus, Michx. Fl. ii. 124, excl. syn. Gronoy.; Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 492; Hook. Fl. ii. 
19, excl. var.— Damp ground, borders of woodlands; Canada to Illinois and Louisiana: 
fl. spring. 

BK. Oreganus, Gray. Perhaps only biennial, pubescent: rosulate tufts many-leaved, send- 
ing up weak or diffuse leafy stems of a span or two in length, bearing solitary or few rather 


Erigeron. COMPOSITA. 217 


small heads: leaves spatulate, or the radical cuneate-obovate; these an inch or two long, 
coarsely 3—5-toothed or incised; cauline more entire, inch long: rays pale purple, quarter- 
inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.— Oregon, along the Columbia River under overhang- 
ing cliffs in Multnomah Co., Howell. 


+ + Rays very narrow, almost filiform, and numerous (much over 100): disk only 3 or 4 lines 
broad: stems scattered, erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter-annual 
offset. 


E. Philadélphicus, L. Soft-hirsute, a foot or two high: stem striate-angled: leaves 
oblong, or lowest spatulate or obovate; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, sparingly and 
coarsely serrate or entire: peduncles thickened under the head: rays pink, about 3 lines 
long. — Spec. ii. 863; Willd. Spec. iii. 1957; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 171, not Michx., ElL, &e. 
E. purpurcum, Ait. Kew. iii. 186, DC. 1c. E. pulchellus, var., Hook. FI. ii. 19 (N. W. Am.).— 
Moist fields and border of woodlands, Hudson's Bay to Florida, Texas, California, and Brit. 
Columbia: fl. summer. 

E. quercifolius, Lam. Pubescent with short spreading hairs, sometimes cinereous, about 
a foot high: radical and lowest cauline leaves obovate or spatulate, from repand to sinuate- 
pinnatifid: heads smaller than in the preceding: rays barely 2 lines long, from bluish or 
purplish to white. —Tll. t. 681, f. 4; Poir. Dict. vii. 490; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 134 (7); 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. E. Philadelphicus, Michx. Fl. ii. 123; Ell. Sk. ii. 396; DC.1.¢., not L. 
—Low grounds, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas; fl. spring. 


* * * * ¥ * Perennial by rooting from decumbent or creeping leafy stems or stolons: rays 
very numerous and narrow: heads solitary, slender-peduncled. 

EK. répens. Cinereous-pubescent : stems prostrate or ascending from the slender root; pros- 
trate ones rooting at the nodes: leaves obovate or broadly spatulate with cuneate base taper- 
ing into a petiole, obtusely and deeply 5-9-toothed or almost lobed: peduncles scapiform, 
4 to 8 inches long: involucre 4 lines high: rays 3 lines long, white: pappus simple. — L. 
scaposus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 11, but hardly the Mexican LF. scapo- 
sus nor E. longipes, DC. E. scaposus, var.? cuneifolius, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 94.— 
Sandy sea-coast, Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Probably also on 
the Mexican side of the Rio Grande.) 

E. flagellaris, Gray. More or less cinereous with fine appressed pubescence: stems slen- 
der, diffusely decumbent and flagelliform but leafy, some prostrate, many at length rooting 
at the apex and proliferous: leaves small, entire; radical spatulate and petioled; those of 
the branches passing to linear (from an inch to 3 lines long): peduncles 2 to 5 inches long: 
head barely 3 lines high: rays white or purplish: pappus double, the outer subulate-setulose. 
—P). Fendl. 69; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153. . divergens, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 
vi. 242. E. divergens, var., Gray, Pl. Wright.— Banks of streams, W. Texas and New 
Mexico to Colorado and S. W. Utah; also north to the Upper Platte; first coll. by Fendler. 


* * * * * * * Annuals or sometimes biennials, leafy-stemmed and branching: heads con- 
spicuously radiate, except in one species. 

+ Akenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex and a simple capil- 
lary pappus: heads small (only 3 lines high): rays 40 to 70, not very narrow. 

E. Bellididstrum, Nutr. A diffusely or loosely branched annual, a span or two high, 
cinereous-pubescent: leaves entire, spatulate-linear or the lowest broader (an inch or less 
long): heads paniculate, short-peduncled: rays light purple. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 
307; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648. — Low grounds, plains of 
Nebraska to New Mexico; first coll. by Nuttall. 

+ + Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus more or less double; outer short and subulate- 
squamellate or sometimes coroniform; inner often fragile or deciduous. 

++ Leaves entire, sometimes dentate or lower incisely lubed, not dissected. — Phalacroloma, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 175. 

== Rays of the middle-sized or rather large heads numcrous, well exserted, and with pappus like 
the disk-flowers: leaves all entire: Southwestern species. 

E. Rusbyi. Hirsute-pubescent or hispidulors, but green: stems a foot high from probably 
annual or biennial root, sparingly branched, somewhat diffuse or spreading, equably leafy : 
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely sessile by a broad base, about an inch long, 


218 COMPOSITA. Erigeron. 


radical not larger, obovate or spatulate, slender-petioled: heads solitary, terminating the 
branches, on rather slender peduncles: involucre broad, 3 lines high, slightly pubescent : 
rays about 50, apparently white, 4 lines long, not very narrow: pappus indistinctly double, 
the outer short and setulose. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. 

EB. Arizonicus, Gray. Cinereous-hirsute throughout: stem 2 feet high from an annual 
root, strict, with simple branches, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate and. sessile, or lower ob- 
ovate-oblong and petioled, an inch or two long: heads solitary and short-peduncled, termi- 
nating the branches, half-inch high and broad: involucre hirsute: rays 80 to 100, white, 
4 or 5 lines long: outer pappus very conspicuous, setose-squamellate. — Near Tanner’s Cafion 
in the Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. 
= = Rays of the small heads rather numerous but small, shorter than or barely equalling the 


flowers of the convex disk. Verges to § Caenotus. ; 

BE. incémptus. A foot or two high, branched from the base, slender and erect, hirsute 
with short spreading pubescence, leafy : leaves narrowly linear (half-inch or inch long, a line 
ot less wide), or lower narrowly spatulate-lanceolate and attenuate into slender petiole: heads 
slender-peduncled : involucre 2 lines high, shorter than the hemispherical disk: rays either 
very numerous or fewer, slender, with ligule only a line long, bluish or purplish: outer pappus 
conspicuous, subulate-squamellate, longer than the breadth of the glabrate akene; inner 
scanty and rather deciduous. —Carysito, Lower California, near the U. 8. border, within 
which it probably occurs, C. R. Orcutt. 
= = = Rays of the small heads only 30 or 40, well exserted, white, not very narrow, barely 

3 lines long, and with pappus as in the disk-flowers: leaves narrow, entire. 

EB. modéstus, Gray. A foot or less high and much branched from an indurated but an- 
nual root, slender, rigid, cinereous-hirsute or hispid: branches terminated by the small (2 
lines high) slender-pedunculate heads: upper leaves linear and lower narrowly spatulate, 
about an inch long. — PI. Fendl. 68 (excl. syn.) & Pl. Lindh. ii. 220.— Dry and sterile rocky 
plains, W. and N. W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. 
= = = = Rays of small or barely middle-sized heads very numerous (about 100), narrow, 

with pappus like the disk-flowers; the inner of rather scanty bristles; outer of short subulate 

squamelle: leaves from entire to sparingly lobed. 

HE. divérgens, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched and spreading, a foot or less high, 
cinereous-pubescent or hirsute: leaves linear-spatulate or the upper linear and the lowest 
broader (these 2 to 4 lines wide, sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed): heads 2 or 3 lines 
high, and the white or purplish or sometimes violet rays equally long: involucre hirsute: 
receptacle in age commonly very convex. — Fl. ii. 175; Gray, Pl. Fendl., Pl. Wright., 
&e. E. strigosus, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 18, in part. E. (Oligotrichium) divaricatus, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 311. — Low plains and river-banks, Nebraska to W. Texas, Washington 
Terr., and California. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. cinéreus, Gray, l.c. Dwarf and flowering almost from the root, with the 
earliest heads on slender almost scapiform peduncles; or leafy and later heads shorter- 
peduncled: pubescence soft and cinereous. — E. cinereus, Gray, Pl. Fendl.68. £. nudiflorus, 
Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456.— W. Arkansas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

EH. ténuis, Torr. & Gray. Branched from the annual or biennial root, ascending or erect, 
a span or two high, somewhat hirsute or pubescent: leaves oblong-spatulate or lanceolate, 
and the lowest obovate (4 to 6 lines wide), occasionally few-toothed or sinuate-lobed: heads 
little over 2 lines high: involucre nearly glabrous: rays white and purplish. — Fl. ii. 175. 
E. quercifolium, Nutt.; DC. Prodr. v. 285, not Lam. £. Brazoensis, Buckley, 1. c.— Low 
grounds, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 


= = => = = Rays of the small heads not excessively numerous, nor very narrow (2 or 3 
lines long), white or barely purplish-tinged; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or 
very few: outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellz, persistent 
after the fragile inner pappus has fallen: tall and erect winter annuals or biennials, leafy, 
branched above, bearing corymbosely cymose or paniculate heads, commonly produced all sum- 
mer: leaves green, sometimes serrate or the lower incised: weedy species, of wide distribution; 
the two generally distinct in the Atlantic States, hardly so on the Pacific side. — Phalacroloma, 
Cass. Dict. xxxix. 404. 


EH. dunuus, Pers. Sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves membra- 
naceous, from ovate to broadly lanceolate, mostly serrate, lower often very coarsely so: 


Erigeron. COMPOSITA. 219 


involucre commonly beset with some bristly hairs. — Syn. ii. 431; Hook. Fl. ii. 20; Torr. & 
Gray, FL ii.175. E. heterophyllus, Muhl. in Willd. iii. 1956; Pers. 1. c.; Pursh, Fl. ii. 148; 
Bart. Veg. Mat. Med.t.21. £. strigosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,302, not Muhl. Aster annuus, 
L. Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ii. 875. Pulicaria annua, Geertn. Fruct. ii. 462. Diplopappus dubius, 
Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817 & 1818. Stenactis dubia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 485. S. annua & S. 
strigosa (excl. syn.), DC. Prodr. v. 299. Phalacroloma acutifolinm, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405. 
— Fields and open, grounds, common from Canada to Virginia: also in Oregon, &c., in a 
form quite intermediate between this and the following. (Nat. in Eu.) 

E. strigdsus, Mun. Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute : 
stem seldom over 2 feet high: leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate and the upper entire ; 
lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often sparingly serrate: involucre with few or no 
bristly hairs. — Willd. Spec. 1. c.; Ell. Sk. ii. 394; Hook. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. E. ner- 
vosum, Pursh, 1. c., not Willd. £. ambiguus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 147. E. Philadelphicus, Bart. 
Veg. Mat. Med. t. 20. £. integrifolius, Bigel. 1c. Doronicum ramosum, Walt. Car. 205. 
Phalacroloma obtusifolium, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405. Stenactis ambigua, DC. 1. ec. — Dry open 
grounds, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas, Oregon, and California. Passes into or mixes 
with the preceding. Occurs rarely with abortive rays, var. discoideus, Robbins, in Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 237. 

Var. Beyrichii. A slender form, with minute and sometimes almost cinereous pu- 
bescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color.— Torr. & Gray, Le. EF. 
Beyrichii, Hort. Berol. Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. v.27. Pha- 
lacroloma Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. vi. 63. — Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, perhaps 
first coll. by Beyrich. 
++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrow divisions: rays very numerous (100 or more) and nar- 

row: pappus alike in ray and disk; the bristles of the inner very deciduous; the short squa- 

melle of the outer more or less confluent into a multidentate crown. — Original of Stenactis, 

Cass. ex Benth. Polyactis, Less. Syn. Comp. 188. Polyactidium, DC. Prodr. y. 281. 

E. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray. A foot or two high from a biennial or winter-annual root, 
leafy, paniculately branched, hispidulous or hispid with spreading bristly hairs: divisions of 
the cauline leaves 3 to 9, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, of the radical shorter and broader : 
rays white or purplish-tinged, narrowly linear, 4 or 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. 
E. delphinifolius, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 77; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153 (where the root 
is said to be perennial, which needs confirmation), not Willd. — Hillsides, New Mexico and 
Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon, 

E. pevpuiniFoOxivs, Willd. (Stenactis, Cass., Polyactidium, DC.), from which Bentham first 
distinguished our very similar species, appears to be wholly Mexican, has appressed pubescence 
and more numerous as well as more slender rays. 


§ 2. TrrmorPH&A. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not 
exceeding the disk: within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (com- 
monly none in the last species): leaves entire or nearly so. — Trimorphea, Cass. 
Dict. xxxvii. & liv. 

%* Stems low from a truly perennial rootstock, mostly simple and monocephalous: ray-corollas 
bearing a few long and articulated hairs on the upper part of the tube: short outer pappus 
manifest. 

E. alpinus, L. A span or so high, 1-3-cephalous: herbage and involucre more or less hir- 
sute: leaves entire; lowest spatulate, uppermost usually linear: rays purple, about twice 
the length of the pappus.—Spec. ii. 864; Engl. Bot. t. 464; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Hook. FL. ii. 
18, excl. vars.; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 914.— High region of Northern Rocky Moun- 
tains, Drummond, only specimen seen is not certain. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

* %* Stems a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or sometimes more enduring root, the 
larger plants branching and bearing several or numerous somewhat paniculately disposed heads: 
pappus nearly or quite simple. 

E. Acris, L. More or less hirsute-pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular): 
cauliné leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatulate: involucre hirsute: rays 
slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple: filiform female 
flowers numerous. — Spec. ii. 863; Engl. Bot. t. 1158; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 917; Blytt, Norg. 


220 COMPOSIT. Erigeron. 


FL 561. £. alpinus & E. glabratus, in part, Hook. Fl. le. Trimorphea vulgaris, Cass. Dict. 
liv. 324.— Anticosti to Labrador, Saskatchewan, &c., to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in 
the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado and Utah. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. Drosbachénsis, Bryrt, 1. cv. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so: involucre 
also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous: slender 
rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. 
— E. Drebachensis, O. Mueller, Fl. Dan. t. 874; Fries, Summa Scand. 182; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
Germ. xvi. t. 916. . elongatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 91, & Fl. Ross. ii. 487. E. Kamtschati- 
cus, DC. Prodr. v. 290. £. glabratus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18, mainly, not Hoppe. — New Bruns- 
wick and the north shore of Lake Superior to the Arctic Circle and Kotzebue Sound, south 
along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, at about 10,000 feet. Clearly passes into 
the other form. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. débilis. Sparsely pilose: stems a span to a foot high from an apparently per- 
ennial root, slender, 1-3-cephalous: leaves bright green; radical obovate or oblong; cauline 
spatulate to lanceolate, short: involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenu- 
ate tips of the bracts spreading: rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. — 
Northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana, Canby, Sargent, at Woodruff’s Falls, the 
tips of involucral bracts strongly recurved. Mount Paddo, Suksdorf, Howell. Also Hud- 
son’s Bay, Burke, and N. Labrador, named by Steetz, Z. Drabachensis, var. hirsutus. Pass- 
ing into that species or form. 

BH. armerizefélius, Turcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves glabrous and most of the 
(narrowly linear and elongated) cauline bristly-ciliate: inflorescence more racemose and 
strict: involucre sparsely hirsute: rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the 
disk, whitish, no filiform rayless flowers seen (even in Siberian specimens, though described 
by Turezaninow). — Cat. Baik. & DC. Prodr. v. 291; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 489; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif. i. 326. £. lonchophyllus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18. £. glabratus, 
var. minor, Hook. 1. c., partly. £. racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 312,— Sas- 
katchewan and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mountains of S. Utah, Nevada, and 
the Sierra Nevada, California. (N. Asia.) 


§ 3. Cayétus, Nutt. Rays of the small and narrow seemingly discoid (and 
mostly thyrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk 
or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube, often shorter than the 
style-branches, or even obsolete : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed 
corolla: annuals or biennials, with the aspect of Conyza, and passing into that 
genus: the pappus in the genuine species simple: bracts of the involucre not 
rarely somewhat unequal and imbricated. — Gen. ii. 148; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii, 281. 

* Floccose-lanuginous with white wool, destitute of either hirsute or viscid pubescence. 

E. eriophyllus, Gray. A foot or two high, bearing few heads on almost leafless branches: 
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrate near the apex (inch long); upper linear, entire: 
involucre glabrate (3 lines high): corollas purplish, not exceeding the pappus: akenes ob- 
long-obovate, flat, callous-margined : pappus completely simple, somewhat deciduous in a 
ring. —Pl. Wright. ii. 77.—S. Arizona, on the Sanoita, Wright. 

* * Lightly arachnoid, but green and at length naked, somewhat viscid-pubescent. 

BE. subdecutrrens, Scnutrz Bre. A foot or two high, strict, bearing numerous heads in a 
virgate racemiform leafy thyrsus : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate (inch or less long), spar- 
ingly dentate, or the lower sometimes sinuate-laciniate, the base partly adnate-clasping: invo- 
lucre (2 lines high) sparsely hirsute with viscid hairs: flowers whitish : ligules very short: 
disk-flowers 6 to 10: pappus scanty, somewhat deciduous in a ring. — Conyza subdecurrens, 
DC. Prodr. v. 379. C. Coulteri, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 155, not Gray. — Arizona, on 
Mount Graham at 9,000 feet, Rothrock. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer, &c.) 

* * «* Pubescence hirsute or hispid, neither lanate nor viscid, very leafy. 
+ Introduced weed: heads fully 3 lines high. 

HB. vinirézivs, Willd. A foot or two high, rather strict, bearing loosely paniculate heads, 

hirsute, also somewhat scabrous with minute appressed pubescence: upper leaves narrowly 


Baccharis, COMPOSITE. 29] 


linear, mostly entire, narrowed downward; lowest broader, incisely toothed or laciniate- 
involucre cinereous-pubescent: ligules very small, shorter than the style and the at length 
ferruginous pappus. — Spec. iii. 1955 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 495. EZ. ambiguus, Schultz Bip. 
in Phyt. Canar. ii. 208. £. Bonariensis, DC. Prodr. v. 289, in part. Conyza ambigua, DC. 
Fl. Franc. & Prodr.l.c. C. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. — Waste grounds, coast of 8. Carolina 
to Florida. (Intr. from tropics.) 


+ + Indigenous weeds; but the common species now cosmopolitan: heads only 2 lines high: 
involucre almost glabrous: leaves commonly more or less hispid-ciliate. 


H. Canadénsis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous: stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high, 
with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high 
and with few scattered heads: leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or 
few-toothed : rays white, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. — Spec. 
ii. 863; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. paniculatus, Lam. Fl. Franc. E. pu- 
sillus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148, a depauperate form. L. strictum, DC. Prodr. v. 289, a strict and 
setose-hispid form. Senecio ciliatus, Walt. Car. 208.— Open or waste grounds, throughout 
temperate N. America, especially the warmer parts. (Nat. in Eu., &c.) 

H. divaricatus, Micux. Low (a span to a foot high), diffusely much branched, somewhat 
fastigiate: leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire: rays purplish, rarely surpassing 
the style-branches or the pappus. — Fl. ii. 128; Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Open 
grounds and river banks, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas. 


50. CONYZA (Tourn., L. in part), Less. (Name used by Dioscorides and 
Pliny for some kind of Fleabane, supposed to come from Kavu, a flea.) — Her- 
baceous or some shrubby, of various habit; what were the original species belong 
to Inula, &c., those now referred to it are of warm regions, and approach the 
Cenotus section of Ertgeron. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 283. 


C. Cotilteri, Gray. Apparently annual, a foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing 
numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or 
partly hirsute with many-jointed hairs: cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- 
oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid (an inch or two 
long): involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreading hairs, considerably 
shorter than the soft pappus: flowers whitish ; the numerous female with an entire corolla- 
tube barely half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5 to 7.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif. i. 332. C. subdecurrens, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 78, & Pl. Wright. 
i. 102, not of DC. Erigeron discoideus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. E. subdecurrens, 
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78.— River-bottoms, &c., W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and 
California. Much resembling C. subdecurrens, DC., which, from the more developed corolla 
of the ray, is referred to Erigeron, but has also a different pubescence. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. tenuisécta. Greener, extremely leafy: leaves pinnately or even somewhat 
bipinnately parted into linear lobes: heads smaller and very numerous in an ample panicle. 
—S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. Apparently growing with the ordinary form. 


51. BACCHARIS, L. (Named after Bacchus, unmeaningly.) — Shrubs, 
undershrubs, or some perennial herbs; with alternate simple leaves, sometimes 
reduced to scales, and the branches commonly striate or sulcate-angled, bearing 
small heads of white or whitish or yellowish flowers. A huge American genus, 
chiefly tropical and S. American. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 286; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 212. 


§ 1. Pappus of the fertile flowers very copious and pluriserial, elongated in 
fruiting, soft: akenes 5-10-costate: stems herbaceous from a lignescent or more 
woody base: leaves linear, l-nerved: receptacle flat and broad, naked. Here 
also B. juncea, of S. Brazil (Arrhenachne, Cass., Stephananthus, Lehm.), and. 
B. Seemanni, of Mexico. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211. 


222 COMPOSITE. Baccharis. 


B. Wrightii, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, 
sparsely leaved: slender branches terminated by solitary heads: leaves small; uppermost 
linear-subulate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; its bracts lanceolate, gradually 
acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back: pappus fulvous or some- 
times purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8-10-nerved akene. — Pl. 
Wright. i. 101, & ii. 88. — W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

B. Texadna, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or more high, with many nearly simple rigid stems 
from a woody base, leafy to the top, where it bears a few somewhat corymbosely disposed 
heads: leaves an inch or two long, rather rigid: involucre 3 lines long,of firmer and nar- 
rower merely acute bracts: akenes smoother. — Pl. Fendl. 75, & Pl. Wright. 1c. Linosyris 
Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, male plant. Aplopappus linearifolius, Buckley in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. 1861, 457.— Texas, forming large patches in dry prairies, Berlandier, Drum- 
mond, Wright, &c. 


§ 2. Pappus of the fertile flowers more or less copious, but uniserial or nearly 
so, conspicuously elongating in fruiting, soft and fine, mostly flaccid and bright 
white: akenes 10-nerved: branching shrubs, glabrous or nearly so, usually 
viscous with a resinous exudation: leaves sometimes lobed or angulate-dentate : 
heads glomerate or paniculate : receptacle naked and flat. 


%* Eastern species, of the coast or along streams in subsaline soil: shrubs 3 to 12 feet high. 


B. halimifodlia, L. Cauline leaves from dilated-obovate to oblong with cuneate base, attenu- 
ate into a petiole, laciniately or angulately 3-9-toothed, those of the flowering branchlets be- 
coming lanceolate and mostly entire: heads in pedunculate and paniculate glomerules (3 to 5 
together) : involucre of the male heads only 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate obtuse bracts; of 
the female rather longer and narrower, the inner bracts linear-lanceolate and acute. — Spec. 
ii. 860; Michx. Fl. ii. 125; Duham. Arb. i. t. 60.— Sea-coast, New England to Florida and 
Texas. (W. Ind.) 

B. glomerulifiéra, Pers. Brighter green: leaves mostly cuneate-obovate or the upper- 
most spatulate, less petioled or sessile, merely angulate-toothed: heads larger, sessile or in 
very short-peduncled glomerules in the axils of the upper leaves: involucre of both sexes 
campanulate, pluriserially imbricate, of obtuse bracts. — Syn. ii. 423; Pursh, Fl. ii. 523. 
B. sessiliflora, Michx. F1.ii. 125; Ell. Sk. ii. 320, not Vahl. — Swamps near the coast, N. Caro- 
lina to Florida. (Bermuda.) 

B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly subsessile, from oblong to linear-lanceclate, 
sparingly toothed, rarely entire: heads or glomerules pedunculate: involucre of both sexes 
campanulate (nearly 3 lines long), of mainly ovate and acutish bracts. — Fl. ii. 258. B. sali- 
cifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 337.— Colorado (banks of the Arkansas, &c.) to 
W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, near El Paso. 

B. angustifolia, Micnx. Rather strict: leaves narrowly-linear (larger 2 or 3 inches long, 
a line or two wide), entire or with few denticulations; and some lower ones broadly lanceo- 
late and more serrate: heads or glomerules short-pedunculate, amply paniculate: involucre 
2 lines long, of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bracts, the outer obtuse, innermost acute. — Fl. 
ii. 125; Ell. l.¢.; Torr. & Gray, lc. B, salicina, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 101, not of ii., nor 
Nutt. — Brackish marshes, &c., S. Carolina to Florida, and to Texas on the Rio Grande; also 
8. Arizona, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.) 

* %* Western species (Pacific coast to Arizona): branches smooth or nearly so, striate-angled. 

B. pilularis, DC. Either depressed, spreading on the ground, or more erect and sometimes 
4 feet high, leafy up to the glomerate sessile heads: leaves short (seldom over inch long), 
obovate and cuneate or roundish, very obtuse, sessile, coarsely few-toothed or some entire: 
involucre nearly hemispherical, 2 lines long; its bracts oval and oblong, all but the inner- 
most very obtuse: flowers bright white: fertile pappus not over 4 lines long. — B. pilularis 
& B. consanguinea, DC. Prodr. v. 407, 408; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259; Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25. 
B. glomeruliflora, Less. in Linn. vi. 506; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147.— Near the coast, 
Monterey, California, to Oregon. 

B. Hmoryi, Gray. Erect, with slender branches, 2 to 15 feet high: cauline leaves mostly 
oblong or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base and the larger somewhat 


Baccharis, COMPOSITA. 223 


petioled, more or less triplinerved, often with 2 to 4 short lobes or teeth; those of the 
branches from oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire, 1-nerved: heads somewhat nakedly 
paniculate on the branchlets, short-pedunculate or the glomerules more or less pedunculate : 
involucre campanulate or oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, mostly of firm coriaceous and 
obtuse bracts; the outermost oval, inner oblong, the innermost thin, linear and acutish: pap- 
pus of male flowers bearded towards the tip; of the female in fruit half-inch long. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 83, & Bot. Calif. i. 333, described from mere branches. B. pilularis, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c., partly, not DC. B. salicina, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 156, 
& Bot. Calif. ii. 456, partly. — Along watercourses, from Los Angeles southward, through 
Arizona and in 8. Nevada and Utah. 

B. sarothroides, Gray. Erect, fastigiately much branched, 10 to 15 feet high: leaves all 
nearly linear, entire, 1-nerved, rigid, small; the larger (less than inch long and 2 lines wide) 
narrowed at base; those of the slender and strongly striate-angled branchlets commonly 
sparse and minute: heads loosely paniculate, terminating ultimate naked branchlets, small: 
involucre of the male campanulate, hardly 2 lines long; of the female rather oblong, only 
about 10-flowered ; short outer bracts ovate or oval, very obtuse, innermost thin and broadly 
linear: clavellate tips of male pappus naked: female pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 211. —S. California, from San Diego to the Mexican line, Sutton Hayes, 
Palmer. Has been confounded with B. Emoryi and B. sergiloides. (Adj. Mex.) 

* * * Species of Mexican border, with branchlets terete, less striate, pruinose-scabridous. 

B. pteronioides, DC. Diffusely branched: leaves small (rarely half-inch long), crowded 
and fascicled on the branchlets, from lanceolate-spatulate to linear, thickish, nearly veinless, 
the larger 2-6-dentate: heads singly terminating very short densely leafy branchlets, which 
are crowded in a virgate or racemose way along the branches: involucre 3 lines long, cam- 
panulate ; the outer bracts ovate or oblong: pappus of the male flowers not at all clavellate ; 
of the female in fruit 4 lines long, not much surpassing the corolla. — Prodr.v. 410. B.ramu- 
losa, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 301, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. <Aplopappus ramulosus, DC. 1. e. 350. 
Linosyris (Aplodiscus) ramulosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 97, & ii. 80.—New Mexico and Ari- 
zona. (Mex.) 


§ 3. Pappus rather rigid and scanty, short, not elongated with age, of the fertile 
flowers even in fruit not surpassing the style: akenes 10-nerved (the 5 primary 
nerves sometimes the more prominent): fertile corollas regularly cleft at apex 
into 5 subulate lobes: some chaff among the flowers on the sometimes elevated 
receptacle similar to the innermost involucral bracts: branches broom-like. 


B. sergiloides, Gray. Suffruticose, glabrous, 3-to 5 feet high, very much branched; the 
slender and partly herbaceous branches and branchlets strongly striate-angled and naked, 
bearing a few small leaves and paniculate mostly short-pedunculate heads: larger leaves 
spatulate, entire, rarely 2-4-toothed (the larger seldom over half-inch long): heads 2 or 3 
lines long: bracts of the involucre small, oblong or lanceolate, rather obtuse, of firm texture: 
fertile pappus barely twice the length of the mature akenes. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 83, Pacif. 
R. Rep. iv. 101, & Bot. Calif. i. 333, partly, and not well characterized. — Arid districts of 
S. E. California and adjacent Nevada to S. W. Utah, Bigelow, Wheeler, Palmer, Parish, &c. 
Varies in the amount of imbrication of the involucre, and the number of chaffy scales; when 
these are numerous the receptacle becomes conical and the disk very convex. 


§ 4. Pappus of the fertile flowers not flaccid, little if at all elongated in fruit, 
not very copious: akenes only 5-nerved, sometimes 4-nerved. Southwestern, 
chiefly Pacific species. 

* Scabro-puberulent or pubescent throughout, not glutinous: fruiting pappus manifestly surpass- 
ing the style: heads loosely paniculate: bracts of the involucre scarious-margined from a green 
or greenish back or centre, acute or acuminate: stems herbaceous from a woody or merely lig- 
nescent base, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves not rigid. 

B. brachyphylla, Gray. Minutely scabro-puberulent, diffusely much pranched, slender: 
leaves small, entire, mostly linear, 1-nerved, the larger cauline seldom over half-inch long, on 
the branchlets mostly becoming minute and scale-like: heads 3 lines long, 12-15-flowered : 


224 COMPOSITE. Baccharis. 


involucre of oblong-lanceolate or broader bracts: pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — Pl. Wright. 
ii. 83.— Rocky ground, S. Arizona to San Bernardino Co., California, Wright, Palmer, 
Parry. 

B. Plammerz, Gray. Loosely pubescent, moderately branched : leaves linear-oblong, ob- 
tuse, irregularly and acutely serrate, the larger an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved : 
heads 4 lines long: involucre of linear bracts: akenes somewhat compressed and puberulent, 
obscurely 5-nerved: pappus in fruit 4 lines lony.— Proc. Am, Acad. xv. 48, & Bot. Calif. 
ii. 456.—S. W. California, in mountain ravines behind Santa Barbara and Santa Monica, 
Miss Plummer, Parish, &c. 


* * Glabrous or nearly so and smooth, sometimes glutinous: pappus in fruit slightly if at all sur- 
passing the style. 


+ Bracts of the 15-30-flowered involucre from oblong to linear, rather firm and with green centre 
or costa: receptacle flat: leaves comparatively smull and rather rigid, serrate with rigid or 
spinulose teeth. 


B. thesioides, HBK. A foot or two high from a woody base: branches rigid and slender: 
leaves linear-lanceolate or sometimes broader and narrowed to base, nearly or quite sessile, 
rather closely and evenly ciliately spinulose-serrate (the larger an inch or rarely 2 inches 
long), prominently 1-nerved, sometimes with obscure lateral nerves: heads 2 lines long, nu- 
merous in a corymbiform or an oblong naked panicle: pappus of the male flowers obscurely 
if at all thickened upward. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 61; DC. Prodr. v.419. B. ptarmicerfolia, 
DC. 1c. B. ptarmicefolia? or thesioides, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 83.—8. Arizona, Wright, 
Lemmon. (Mex.) 

B. Bigelévii, Gray. Stems more copiously and loosely branched: leaves less rigid, from 
linear to oblong and the broader ones sometimes petioled, irregularly serrate, commonly 
obtuse: heads larger, more cymose: bristles of the male pappus thickened and barbellate 
at the tip. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. B, ptarmicefolia? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 83. — Woods 
and shaded hillsides, in Arizona and New Mexico, Biyelow, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, Rusby. 
(Adj. Mex.) 

B. Havardi. Stems copiously branched, slender: leaves hardly at all rigid; lower linear- 
oblanceolate and tapering into a slender petiole, laciniate-pinnatifid into several irregular 
slender-subulate lobes; those of the branchlets narrowly linear, 2-3-toothed or entire: heads 
loosely paniculate, only the male known, these barely 2 lines high, about 15-flowered: involu- 
cral bracts oblong: bristles of the pappus rigid, clavellate.— Guadelupe Mountains, western 
borders of Texas, Havard. 


+ + Bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, thin and pale with greenish 
centre: heads short and broad, many-flowered: receptacle hemispherical or broadly conical! 


B. Douglasii, DC. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, 8 to 5 feet high, loosely 
branched: leaves glutinous, not rigid, either entire or serrulate with minute and very acute 
denticulations, triplinerved from near the base, ovate-lanceolate (the larger 4 to 6 inches 
long) or the upper lanceolate, with attenuate-acute apex, the base contracted into a short 
margined petiole: heads numerous and densely cymose at the summit of naked branchlets, 
3 lines long: involucral bracts erose-ciliate: female pappus barely 2 lines long, soft; male 
somewhat clavellate and barbellate above. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 259, excl. syn. Nutt., &c.; 
Gray, Bot, Calif. i333. B. Douglasii & B. Henkei, DC. 1.c. 400 & 401, the latter from Mon- 
terey in California. B. glutinosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147? — Moist or wet ground, 
California, from San Francisco southward, and southeastward to San Bernardino. 


+ + + Bracts of the involucre broader, thin-chartaceous, rather dry, with narrow scarious 
margins, at least the inner ones yellowish or tawny, destitute of green centre or distinct costa; 
the outer bracts ovate, inner oblong: heads many-flowered: receptacle flat: stems very leafy 
up to the corymbosely paniculate or cymose inflorescence, more terete than in the preceding 
species: leaves lanceolate, willow-like, acute at both ends, either denticulate-serrate or entire, 
subsessile. 

B. glutinosa, Pers. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the base, 3 to 10 feet high: 
branches somewhat striate-angled: leaves elongated-lanceolate, serrate with few or several 
scattered teeth on each side, more or less distinctly 3-nerved from near the base (3 or 4 and 
the larger 5 or 6 inches long): heads mostly 3 lines long or the male smaller, numerous and 
corymbosely cymose at the summit of comparatively simple stems or branches: involucre 


Pluchea. COMPOSITA, 225 


stramineous. — Syn. ii. 425; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. i. 31 (Molina viscosa, Ruiz & Pav. 
Syst. 207). B. glutinosa, B. cerulescens, & B. Alamani, DC. Prodr. 1. c. 402, 403. B. Pingrea, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 337, excl. syn. B. glutinosa & B. caerulescens, Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 333.— Along streams and in moist ground, S. California, from Los Angeles south- 
ward, and through Arizona to S. Colorado and the borders of Texas: fl. late in autumn. 
(Mex. to Chili.) 

B. viminea, DC. Stems truly shrubby, 6 to 12 feet high, producing short lateral flowering 
branches, these terete and minutely striate: leaves lanceolate, entire or some sparingly den- 
ticulate, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 or 3 inches long, or much smaller on the flowering shoots : 
heads usually 4 lines long, hemispherical, in small cymose clusters terminating numerous 
lateral branchlets: involucre tawny.— Prodr. v. 400; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 333.— Along 
streams, California, from Monterey southward and to San Bernardino Co.: flowering in 
early spring ; the foliage persisting all winter. 


Tre IV. INULOIDEA, p. 57. 


52. PLUCHEA, Cass. (For the Abbé WV. A. Pluche, an amateur natu- 
ralist of the latter part of the eighteenth century.) — Warm-temperate or tropical 
plants ; with alternate pinnately veined leaves, and heads of flesh-colored or dull 
purple flowers, cymosely or paniculately disposed or rarely solitary at the sum- 
mit of the stem or branches.— Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817, & Dict. Sci. Nat. xlii.; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 290. 


§ 1. BerrueLéria. Pappus of the hermaphrodite-sterile (or rarely fertile) 
flowers of more rigid bristles with clavellate-dilated tips: involucre chartaceo- 
coriaceous ; the innermost narrowly linear and deciduous with the flowers. Very 
leafy sericeous-canescent shrubs. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212. Berthelotia, 
DC. Prodr. v. 375. 

P. borealis, Gray, lc. (Cacuimitza, ARRow-woop.) Shrub several feet high, much 
branched, willow-like, very leafy up to the cymulose-glomerate heads, silvery with the very 
-close and fine appressed pubescence: leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute at both 
ends: involucre campanulate; its outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomentose: bristles of the 
pappus of the central flowers little stouter than of the others, but with abruptly enlarged 
tips, not united at base: style of the same entire. — Tessaria borealis, Torr. & Gray, in 

Emory Rep. (Notes of Reconnoissance, 1848) 143; & Sitgreaves Rep. 162, t.5; Gray, Pl. 

Fendl. 75, Pl. Wright. i. 102 (§ Phalacrocline), & Bot. Calif. i. 334. Polypappus sericeus, 

Nott. Pl. Gamb. 178. — Sandy banks of streams, from the Rio Grande on the western borders 


of Texas to S. California: fl. summer. 


§ 2. Sryzimnus. Pappus of both kinds of flowers fine and similar, more or 
less soft, none of the bristles at all thickened at tip: bracts of the involucre 
thin or thinnish: corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers somewhat enlarged 
upward: heavy-scented herbs, or in the tropics shrubby, somewhat pubescent 
and glandular, with membranaceous or slightly succulent pinnately-veiny leaves, 
commonly with some callous-mucronate teeth: heads cymose-clustered: flowers 
dull purple, in late summer or autumn. — Stylimnus & Gynema, Raf. in Jour. 
Phys. 1819, & Ann. Nat. 1820, 15. Leptogyne, Ell. Sk. ii. 822, as subgenus. 
Pluchea (Stylimnus) § 8, DC. Prodr. v. 451. 

The first of the following species may fairly retain the now established name, 
rather than have a new one made; but Conyza bifrons was founded by Linneus 
on European Inula, viz. on Hermann’s figure, which in ed. 2 he refers to that 
genus, and on one of Plukenet’s (mistaken for Canadian), which is certainly 
I. bifrons, as his herbarium shows. Of the many names for our second species, 

15 


226 COMPOSITZ. Pluchea. 


one of De Candolle’s, which continues the principal Linnean specific name, is to 
be preferred. Conyza Carolinensis, Jacq., is Pluchea odorata, wrongly attrib- 
uted to Carolina. 


P. bifrons, DC. Stems nearly simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root: leaves veiny, 
acutely denticulate, from oblong to lanceolate, commonly obtuse at both ends (2 to 4 inches 
long), partly clasping or closely adnate-sessile: heads glomerate in leafy-bracted sessile 
clusters: involucral bracts lanceolate. — Prodr. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 260, excl. syn. L.! 
Baccharis fetida, L. Spec. 861, as to pl. Gronov. B. viscosa, Walt. Car. 202. Conyza 
bifrons, Pursh, Ell. 1. c., &c., not L. C. amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 126. C. uliginosa, Pers. 
‘Syn. ii. 427.— Wet soil, Cape May, New Jersey, and through the low country to Keys of 
Florida (where is a very narrow-leaved variety, Conyza angustifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 1097), and Texas. (W. Ind.) 

P. camphorata, DC. Stems 2 to 5 feet high from an annual (not perennial) root: leaves 
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, denticulate or den- 
tate (3 to 8 inches long), the larger distinctly or indistinctly petioled; primary veins often 
evident, but veinlets obscure: heads numerous and crowded in naked convex or corymbiform 
cymes, commonly short-pedicelled: involucral bracts from ovate to lanceolate, often tinged 
with purple. — Erigeron camphoratum, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1212 (Gronov. Virg. ed. 1, 96, Clayt. 
no. 165). Baccharis fetida, L. Spec. ed. 1, 861, as to syn. Dill., not as to Gronov. Conyza 
Marilandica, etc., Dill. Elth. t. 88, fig. 104, & C. Americana frutescens, etc., Dill. 1. c. t. 89. 
C. Marylandica, Michx.1.¢. C. Marilandica & C. camphorata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 523; Ell. le. 
Gynema dentata, viscida, &c., Raf. Ann. Nat. 159. Pluchea Marilandica & P. petiolata, 
Cass. Dict. l.e. P. Marilandica, fetida, camphorata, also (W. Ind.) P. purpurascens & P. 
glabrata? DC.1.c. P. fectida, camphorata, & purpurascens, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 261.— Salt 
marshes and moist saline soil, Mass. to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and coast of California: in 
shady places or less saline soil, with leaves thinner and more petioled, and involucre almost 
glabrous, when it is P. petiolata, Cass. (Adj. Mex., W. Ind.) 


53. PTEROCAULON, Ell. Buacx-roor. (Irepdy, wing, and xavdos, 
stem.) — Mostly perennial herbs, the typical species American; with one excep- 
tion all tomentose-canescent except the upper face of the sessile pinnately veined 
leaves, these decurrent on the whole stem, forming wings; small sessile heads 
spicate at the summit of the stem and virgate branches; the flowers usually white 
or whitish, in summer. — Ell. Sk. ii. 323; DC. Prodr. v. 453. Ohlenobolus, Cass. 
Dict. Sci. Nat. xlix. 348. 


P. pycnostachyum, Ext. 1.v. Roots fasciculate and tuber-like or fusiform, black: stem 
2 feet high, mostly simple: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, minutely denticulate: heads 
crowded in a dense and continuous spiciform naked thyrsus (of 3 to 8 inches in length): in- 
volucre lanate-tomentose. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 262. Conyza pycnostachya, Michx. FI. 
ii. 126. Chlanobolus pycnostachyus, Cass. 1. c. Gnaphalium undulatum, Walt. Car. 203.— 
Dry pine barrens, near the coast, N. Carolina to Florida. 

P. virgétum, DC. Root fusiform and fibrose (perhaps biennial): stem slender, simple or 
with virgate branches: leaves linear and very acute, entire, or the lower cauline lanceolate 
and obscurely serrulate, the venation hardly apparent: heads narrow, in separated glomer- 
ules; these forming a virgate and elongated interrupted spike-like inflorescence : involucre 
appressed-tomentose, or the subulate inner bracts glabrate.—Prodr. v. 454. Gnaphalium 
virgatum, L. Ameen. Acad. v. 405. Conyza virgata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1206, with syn. 
Saige virgatus, Cass. 1.c.— Open pine woods near Houston, Texas, Lindheimer. (Ww. 

., Mex. 


54. MICROPUS, L. (Mixpos, small, wots, foot, the soft-woolly small 
heads or clusters like Leontopodium, or Lion’s-foot, on a small scale.) — Low 
floccose-woolly annuals, with alternate entire leaves, belonging to the Old World, 
except our Pacific coast species. — Gaertn. Fr. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 267; 


/ 


Stylocline. COMPOSITA. 22:7 


Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 297 (excl. § 8, 4); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 651, & 
Bot. Calif. i, 335.—Our species, of the section Bompycitauna (with woolly 
fructiferous bracts smooth and crestless), approach Stylocline and Filago in the 
points which distinguish them from the European species. 


M. Californicus, Fiscu. & Mryrr. Slender, erect, 6 to 12 inches high: leaves mostly 
linear: fructiferous bracts 5 or 6, at length firm-coriaceous, somewhat half-obcordate or half. 
obovate in outline, straight anteriorly, and with the soon erect beak-like tip largely scarious. 
—Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 42; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 264; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. WW. (Rhyn- 
cholepis) angustifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 339.— Plains and open ground 
from 8. California northward, toward the coast, to Oregon. Heads vary in the wool, from 
long and copious, as in Jf. bombycinus, to short, as in the subjoined 

Var. subvestitus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢. Small; the wool of the bracts all short 
and wholly appressed. — Arroyo Grande near Monte Diablo, California, Brewer. 

M. amphibolus, Gray. Resembles the more loose-woolly forms of the preceding: female 
flowers about 10, somewhat imbricated on an oblong receptacle; their fructiferous bracts 
membranaceous or merely chartaceous at maturity, the beak an ovate almost wholly hyaline 
appendage which in flower is almost as long as the body and inflexed, at maturity porrect : 
sterile flowers subtended by some linear thin chaff, and with a pappus of a few bristles. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 214.— California, Walnut Creek near Martinez, Brewer, ani coll. 
(probably in same district) Kellogg § Harford, distrib. 416. 


55. STYLOCLINE, Nutt. (Sridos, a column, and «div, a bed, or 
receptacle, from the form of this.) — Floccose-woolly annuals, a span or less in 
height, branched from the base, erect or spreading, with entire alternate leaves 
and more or less glomerate heads. — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 
338; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652, & Bot. Calif. i. 836. Mficropus § 3 & 4, 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 296. — Includes, besides the following species, S. (Diplo- 
eymbium) Griffithit of Afghanistan, most related to our second and very distinct 
section. 


§ 1. Evustytéciinz, Gray, l.c. Fertile flowers numerous; their chaffy 
bracts pluriserially and closely imbricated in an ovoid head, thin, with at least 
the broad tips hyaline (barely a green midrib or centre), ovate in outline, promptly 
falling from the receptacle after maturity along with the loosely enclosed akene; 
those subtending the sterile flowers all scarious-hyaline and deciduous. Pappus 
of a very few capillary bristles generally present with the sterile flowers. — Sty- 
locline, Nutt. 1. c. 

8. gnaphalioides, Nurr.1.c. Leaves broadly linear or the upper oblong, obtuse: fruc- 
tiferous bracts broadly ovate, moderately woolly on the back, almost wholly hyaline-scarious, 
a firmer central portion at base saccate-conduplicate and enclosing the narrowly obovate 
oblique laterally compressed akene.— Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 101, t. 13, &c.— Open 
grounds, California from the Stanislaus southward ; first coll. by Nuttall. 

S. micropoides, Gray. Leaves somewhat narrower and rather acute: heads more woolly, 
appearing less scarious and imbricated ; fructiferous bracts having a narrower oblong-ovate 
hyaline tip, the oblong body densely long-woolly, without hyaline expanded margins, but 
wholly enwrapping the nearly straight and slightly compressed akene.— Pl. Wright. ii. 84, 
& Bot. Calif..c. Micropus Grayanu, Hemsl. Bot. Centr-Amer., name only. — Arid plains, 
S. California through S. Nevada and Arizona to New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. 


§ 2. Ancistrockrpuvs, Gray. Fertile flowers 5 to 9, loosely disposed on the 
slender receptacle; their enclosing bracts cymbiform, of firm texture except the 
narrow hyaline tip, tardily if at all deciduous at maturity ; the few sterile flowers 
involucrately subtended by about 5 larger open bracts; these herbaceo-coriaceous, 


228 COMPOSITA. Stylocline, 


ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a rigid and incurved-uncinate cusp, persistent and 

at length stellately spreading: akene obovate-fusiform and obscurely obcompressed 

(the pericarp distinct from the seed and obsoletely few-nerved !), loosely enclosed 

in the involutely closed bracts: no pappus to sterile flowers: no involucre out- 

side the fructiferous bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652. 

S. filaginea, Gray,].c. Erect or diffuse, appressed-lanate: leaves from linear to spatulate : 
heads capitate-glomerate, the hooked empty bracts at maturity 2 lines long. — Ancistrocar- 
phus filagineus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356.— Open ground, California from Mendo- 
cino Co. (Bolander) to the Mohave Desert (Parry, Lemmon), and northward to Union Co., 
Oregon, Cusick.. Between Stylocline and Evaz. 


56. PSILOCARPHUS, Nutt. (Wur4s, bare, xépdos, chaff, not an appro- 
priate name.)— Small and diffuse or depressed and much branched annuals 
(Pacific American), floccose ; with most of the leaves opposite, and globose heads 
comparatively large and apt to be solitary at the forks and ends of the branches. 
Fructiferous chaff at length deciduous with the enclosed akene, or opening ven- 
trally so that this is shed. Uppermost leaves involucrate around the sessile head. 
— Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 8340; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 265; Gray, l. ec. 
Bezanilla, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 109, t. 46. 

P. Oreganus, Nutr. Loosely lanate, erect or spreading, becoming a span high, but begin- 
ning to flower close to the ground: leaves mostly linear: heads when well formed 3 lines 
in diameter, and fructiferous bracts a line and a half long. — Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 336. P. 
Oreganus, globiferus (excl. syn.), & brevissimus (excl. syn.), Nutt. 1. c., the last two depau- 
perate early-flowered states. — W. California, from Los Angeles to Oregon, and even to 
Boise City, Idaho, Wilcox. 

Var. eldtior, Gray, 1c. A robust well-developed form, 5 or 6 inches high, with 
larger leaves three-fourths inch long, and heads 4 lines broad.— Near Portland, Oregon, 
Hall, Kellogg. 

P. tenéllus, Nurr,1.c. Canescent with a finer and closely appressed wool, slender, dif 
fusely much branched, usually depressed and matted: leaves commonly spatulate, some- 
times all linear, 3 or 4 lines long: heads 2 lines in diameter, the more vesicular fructiferous 
bracts a line long. —Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 336. —Common through W. California to Wash- 
ington Territory. 


57. EVAX, Gertn. (Name, unexplained by Gartner, used as a joyous 
exclamation in Plautus, said by Wittstein, on the authority of old editions of 
Pliny, to be the name of an Arabian chief who wrote to the Emperor Nero about 
simples.) — Mostly dwarf and depressed annuals, or some typical species of the 
Old World perennials, floccose-woolly, represented in N. America by the follow- 
ing aberrant groups. 


§ 1. Hesperiivax, Gray. Bracts of the oblong involucre and those of the 
receptacle subtending the female flowers from oblong to obovate, chartaceous, 
becoming coriaceous, persistent, barely concave: receptacle at length slender- 
columnar from a broader base, sparsely villous; the female flowers and bracts 
crowded at its base; the summit bearing a circle of 3 to 5 or 7 more herbaceous 
or coriaceous obovate or rotund tomentulose open bracts, subtending a few male 
flowers; these with a 2-cleft style but no ovary: akenes pyriform-obovate, some- 
what obcompressed, very smooth. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 101, t. 11, Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 651, & Bot. Calif. i. 837. 


H. cauléscens, Gray, 1.c. Either annual or biennial, canescent with appressed or some- 
what floceulent wool: leaves spatulate. Occurs under various forms, of which the typical, 


Evax. COMPOSITA. 229 


var. PETIOLATA, is comparatively stout and large; the blade of the leaves 6 to 15 lines long, 
tapering into petioles of an inch or two in length: the heads in their axils glomerate at the 
root, therefore stemless (E. acaulis, Greene, in Bot. Gazette, vii. 256), or on the summit of 
a simple stem or simple branches from the base, an inch or two high.— Psilocarphus cau- 
lescens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 319. — Gravelly or alluvial soil, California, on the Sacramento, &c., 
Hartweg, Bigelow, Kellogg, Parry, and others. 

Var. sparsifléra, More caulescent and branching: leaves similar but smaller, rarely 
inch long (including the slender petiole), scattered on branching stems of at length 2 inches 
high, none rosulate at the base: heads in their axils accordingly scattered, narrowly ob- 
long. — Southeastern part of California, San Luis Obispo and San Diego, Brewer, Parry, 
Cleveland, &c. 

Var. brevifolia. Either depressed and rosulate, or with stems an inch or two high: 
leaves small and short-petioled, seldom over a quarter to half inch long. — Northern part 
of the State, Humboldt and Mendocino Co., Bolander, Kellogg, &e. 

Var. minima. A very exiguous form of the preceding variety, in the early and de- 
pressed state, but tending to be subcaulescent; the largest leaves barely half-inch long and 
hardly a line wide. — Stylocline acaule, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 112, exceedingly 
starved specimens, just coming into flower, coll. Dr. Eisen, at Fresno. The whole structure 
exactly of E. caulescens, and sterile flowers not “single,” but 6 or 7, surrounded by 5 to 7 
firm but not yet enlarging bracts. 


§ 2. Drapiria. Bracts of the involucre thin; of the female flowers scarious, 
from oval to oblong-linear, barely concave, at maturity deciduous from the merely 
convex receptacle; those of the 2 to 5 staminate flowers (which have an undi- 
vided style and no ovary) similar or with woolly tips, or partly herbaceous, and 
somewhat embracing the flowers; no central prolongation to the receptacle: 
akenes obcompressed, smooth or very minutely papillose: heads small, aggregated 
in terminal foliose-involucrate glomerules. — Diaperia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 837; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 298, extended. Diaperia & Filaginopsis, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 263, 264. 


Hi. prolifera, Nutt. Rather stout: stem often a span high, simple and erect, or with as- 
cending branches from the base, bearing numerous small spatulate leaves and a capituliform 
glomerule (commonly half-inch in diameter), wheuce proceed 1 to 3 nearly leafless branches 
similarly terminated, sometimes again proliferous: heads cylindraceous or oblong-fusiform : 
fructiferous bracts chartaceo-scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked; those embracing stami- 
nate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer or more herbaceous texture: 
staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe representing an abortive ovary: habit of 2 ilago 
Germanica.— DC. Prodr. v. 459. Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 337; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 264.— Dry or exsiccated ground, Arkansas to Texas, Colorado, and 
north to Dakota; first coll. by Nuttall. 

BE. multicatiillis, DC. Diffusely branched from the base, rather slender: capituliform 
glomerules much smaller and less foliose-involucrate: leaves oblanceolate or spatulate (3 or 
4 lines long): heads globular or ovoid (only a line or two in diameter): involucre and apex 
of the receptacular bracts densely implexed-lanate; those of the female flowers narrowly 
oblong, of the male spatulate; these sessile without vestige of ovary. —Prodr. v. 459. Fila- 
ginopsis multicaulis, Torr. & Gray, l.c., & Pacif. R. Rep. ii. t. 3. Micropus minimus, DC. 1. c. 
461, a depauperate form. Diaperia multicaulis, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 298.— Low or ex- 
siccated alluvial ground, common from Texas and the borders of New Mexico even (coll. 
Lemmon) to the Mohave Desert in S. E. California. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg.) 

Var. Drummondii. A slender form, commonly with some long woolly hairs on the 
limb or on the tube of the staminate corollas. — Filaginopsis Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, 
lc. Diaperia Drummondii, Benth. & Hook. 1. c.— E. Texas and Louisiana, in moist ground, 
Driimmond, Hale, &c. : 


§ 3. Catymm4npRA. Bracts of the simple involucre and of the female flowers 
mostly scarious, narrowly spatulate-oblong, plane, externally villous-lanate; of 


230 COMPOSITA. Eva. 


the five central hermaphrodite flowers shorter and broad, very woolly, involute 
around the lower half of the flower; all at length deciduous: hermaphrodite 
flowers also fertile, with funnelform 4-toothed corolla and linear-oblong obtuse 
style-branches : receptacle hemispherical: akenes of both kinds of flowers very 
smooth, obovate-oblong, obscurely obcompressed, the terminal areola larger and 
more evident, at least in the perfect flowers: heads small, axillary. —Calym- 
mandra, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 262. 


E. cAndida. A span or two high, slender, and with commonly simple branches, silvery 
white throughout with appressed wool: heads usually few in a foliose-involucrate cluster 
and sessile or nearly so in the axils of the spatulate or lanceolate leaves. — Calymmandra 
candida, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., & Pacif. R. Rep. ii. t. 2. Diaperia candida, Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 298. — Alluvial or sandy ground, E. Texas, Drummond, Berlandier, Wright, &., and 
in the northwestern part of the State, Pope. 


58. FILAGO, Tourn. (Filum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony wool.) 
— Low annuals, mainly of the Old World, mostly erect and with the habit of the 
preceding. Ours have no pappus to the outer flowers. — DC. Prodr. vi. 247; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. 299. 


§ 1. Receptacle subulate; its pluriserial and well-imbricated bracts merely 
concave, subtending the loose akenes. — Gifola, Cass. 


FB. GermAnica, L. (Cotron-Rosr, Hursa Impra of the old herbalists.) A span to a foot 
high, erect, thickly beset with lanceolate commonly erect leaves, terminated by,a capituli- 
form globose glomerule of many heads, whence proceed a similar branch or branches, as if 
proliferous: heads ovate-oblong; its bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. — Fl. Dan. t. 2787. 
— Dry fields, New York to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 


§ 2. Receptacle somewhat obconical or convex; its deeply concave or boat- 
shaped fructiferous bracts rather few, more or less enclosing the somewhat oblique 
akenes, loose or stellately spreading at maturity: glomerules smaller and looser. 
— Oglifa, Cass, (The indigenous Pacific American species are peculiar, as con- 
necting with Stylocline and Micropus.) 


F. Califérnica, Nurr. Erect, leafy throughout, a span or two high, with the habit of 
F. arvensis : heads ovate, somewhat angular: bracteate female flowers 8 to 10; their bracts 
(or all but the innermost) broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, somewhat arcuate-incurved, 
very woolly, not herbaceous on the back, with a broadish and obtuse hyaline tip; inner bracts 
oblong, merely concave, nearly glabrous: akenes narrowly oblong, almost terete, minutely 
and obscurely papillose-granular: pappus of the upper female and hermaphrodite flowers 
copious, of the embraced akenes none.— Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 405, with var. 
tomentosa. I. Californica & F. parvula, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 432. Gnaphalium filaginoides, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 359. — Open ground throughout California and to S. Utah. 

F. depréssa, Gray. Diffusely branched from the root, depressed-spreading: internodes 
all short, even the lower little longer than the glomerules of the oblong-ovate heads: brac- 
teate female flowers 5 or 6; their bracts narrower and straighter, somewhat herbaceous 
on the back: akenes obovate, smooth, sometimes the uppermost bracteate ones also with 
pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 3.—San Bernardino Co., S. California, in the desert at 
Hot Springs, Parry, Parish. 

F. Arizénica, Gray. Diffuse or at first erect, with widely spreading branches; the pro- 
liferous ones of elongated filiform internodes, widely separating the glomerules: bracteate 
female flowers 10 to 15; their bracts of firmer texture, ovate, open on the face: akenes 
clavate-oblong and arcuate, very smooth.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652.— Arizona to San 
Diego Co., California, and Lower California, Smart, Parry, &c. 

F. GAtiica, L., forming the section Loerra (Logfia subulata, Cass.; characterized by the 
low and nearly plane receptacle, pentagonal-conical heads, about two-ranked female flowers, 


Antennaria. COMPOSIT. 231 


the akenes of the outer ones completely and firmly enclosed in the at length indurated base of 
the subtending bract), has been found at Newcastle, California, by Mrs. Curran, probably a 
weed of grain-fields or a waif. 

F. ripens and F. TexAna, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 164, of Roemer’s collection in Texas, are 
not identified; probably are not of this genus. 


59. ANTENNARIA, Gertn., R. Br. (Bristles of male pappus likened 
to the antenne of certain insects.) — Perennial, mostly low, canescently and 
often floccosely woolly herbs (occasionally glabrate), of north temperate and 
arctic zones, with whitish or purplish flowers ; the bracts of the involucre pearly 
white or rose-color, or brownish, never yellow. — Gertn. Fruct. ii. 410, t. 167 
(excl. spec.) ; R. Br. in Linn. Trans. xii. 122; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 301. 


§ 1. Bristles of the male pappus hardly at all thickened but minutely barbellu- 
late near the apex: akenes (in the first species) oblong-linear, obscurely 2-3- 
nerved, puberulent; the short hairs with 2-lobed and at length biuncinate tip, 
after the manner of Townsendia: bracts of the campanulate or somewhat turbi- 
nate involucre brownish, not radiant. 


A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gray. Depressed, cespitose from a stout multicipital caudex, bear- 
ing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves: heads solitary and subsessile at the crown, or raised 
on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or less in height: male head 4 lines high, with broad 
and obtuse involucral bracts; female becoming half to three-fourths inch long, the inner 
bracts narrow and long-attenuate into a hyaline acuminate tip: pappus of the fertile flowers 
of long and fine smooth (not denticulate) bristles. — FI. ii. 431; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 186 
(var. Nuttallii & var. macrocephala) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i.339. Gnaphalium (Omalotheca, LTetero- 
phania) dimorphum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 405.— Dry hills, from eastern base of 
the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming, &c., to the Sierra Nevada in California, and north to 
Brit. Columbia. 

A. flagellaris, Gray. Simpler, from a small caudex or biennial root, bearing smaller and 
fewer-flowered heads than the preceding and in the same manner, also copious naked and fili- 
form stolons of a span or less in length, either as declined scapes bearing at their apex a 
head rosulately involucrate by small leaves, or rooting and forming a rosulate offset : leaves 
small, all narrowly linear: bracts of the female involucre less attenuate. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 212. A. dimorpha, var. flagellaris, Torr. & Gray in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 366.— Dry 
rocks, Washington Territory and throughout E. Oregon, Pickering & Brackenridge, Cusick, 
Howell. 

A. stenophylla, Gray, lc. Stems erect from a subterranean caudex, slender, 4 to 6 
inches high, without stolons, leafy, terminated by a capituliform glomerule of 2 to 4 heads: 
leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform, attenuate to both ends (the larger 3 inches 
long), silvery-woolly: heads barely 3 lines long: involucral bracts in both sexes broadish 
and obtuse, dark brown, or in the male the inner ones with white tips: akenes (two thirds of 
a line long), minutely hirtellous-scabrous : female pappus scanty, only a line long; male pap- 
pus nearly of the preceding. — A. alpina? var. stenophylla, Gray in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. c. 
—Banks of the Spipen River, Washington Terr., Pickering & Brackenridge. High hills, 
Union Co., E. Oregon, Cusick. 


§ 2. Bristles of the male pappus stouter, with thickish and clavate or scarious- 
dilated tips. 


* Not surculose by stolons, a span or more high: female heads narrow, cylindraccous or clavate: 
akenes glandular. 

A. Géyeri, Gray. Branched from a lignescent base, commonly stout, thickly woolly: stems 
very leafy to the top, bearing few or several somewhat spicately or cymosely disposed rather 
large heads: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, less than inch long: involucre very woolly at 
base; of the female heads commonly 4 lines long, of the male shorter; the inner in both with 
conspicuous rose-purple or sometimes ivory-white tips, which in the latter are obtuse, in the 


232 COMPOSITAE. Antennaria. 


former narrower and rather acute: bristles of the male pappus moderately clavate. — Pl. 
Fendl. 107, & Bot. Calif. i. 340. Gnaphalium alienum, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 251.— 
Hills, Washington Terr. to N. California ; first coll. by Geyer. 

A. microcéphala, Gray. Simple-stemmed, slender, silvery-woolly: lower leaves spatu- 
late; uppermost small and linear: heads rather numerous, small, loosely paniculate : invo- 
lucre nearly glabrous throughout, fuscous, of the narrow female heads 3 lines long, of the 
broader male heads 2 lines long, the somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) tips scarious 
and inconspicuous: bristles of the male pappus with much dilated tips.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Dry eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in California and Nevada, 
Stretch, Lemmon, &e. 5 


* * Not surculose-stoloniferous: stems simple from the subterranean branching caudex, rather 
strict, leafy, naked at sammit, and bearing a mostly compound-cymose cluster of broad heads: 
inner bracts of the male involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white papery obtuse tips; those 
of the female with hardly any tips and more scarious: herbage silvery-lanate: larger lower 
leaves 3-nerved. 

A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gray. Closely silky-woolly: stems slender, a span to a foot high: 
leaves all narrowly linear, or some of the lowest narrowly lanceolate-spatulate, small upper- 
most linear-subulate: heads small (2 lines, or the female barely 3 lines long), several or 
numerous: involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base; the inner bracts in the female 
heads obtuse: akenes glandular: the spatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the male pap- 
pus obtuse. — Fl. ii. 430; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., excl. var. — Oregon, Washington Terr., and 
borders of Brit. Columbia, east to Wyoming. 

A. argéntea, Benrn. Larger, 8 to 16 inches high: lower leaves all spatulate (the larger 
4 or 5 lines wide): heads numerous in a more compound cyme, broader (fully 3 lines long) : 
involucre in both sexes whiter than in the preceding species ; innermost bracts of the female 
acutish : tips of male pappus even more dilated. — Pl. Hartw. 319. A. luzuloides, var. argen- 
tea, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 54, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, in the Sierra Nevada, from 
Siskiyou Co. to the Yosemite district. 

A. Carpathica, R. Br. Floccosely white-woolly, rather stout: lower leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate and the upper linear: heads broad, 3 or 4 lines long: involucre conspicuously 
woolly at base, more or less livid, except the white tips to the bracts of the male; the inner 
bracts of the female commonly acutish and thin-scarious: akenes smooth and glabrous. 
The typical plant 2 to 6 inches high, with a simple close cluster of 3 to 7 heads, or even a 
solitary head: bristles of the male pappus gradually and moderately enlarged upward. — 
Hook. FI. 1.329; DC. Prodr. vi. 269; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 430; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. 
t. 951. Gnaphalium Carpathicum, Wahl. FI. Carp. 258, t. 3. — Labrador (a monocephalous 
form!) and Anticosti, and from the northern Rocky Mountains to mountains of Oregon and 
Washington Terr. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. pulchérrima, Hoox.1.c. Stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves mostly larger, the 
radical often half-inch or even almost an inch wide: heads more numerous, often in a com- 
pound cyme: bristles of the male pappus with more strongly and abruptly or even scariously 
dilated tips! — Rocky Mountains at lower elevations, extending to New Mexico, Oregon, 
and Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Drummond. Passes into the typical form as to stature, and 
even as to pappus. 


* * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or humifuse and leafy shoots or stolons, in the 
first species least so. : 


+— Heads in a cymose cluster, sometimes solitary: involucre woolly at base. 


A. alpina, Gerry. Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots few and short: flowering stems 1 
to 4 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads, sometimes (var. monocephala, Torr. & Gray) a single 
head: radical leaves spatulate, half-inch long: involucre 3 lines high, livid-brownish ; the 
inner of the male heads with whitish oblong tips, of the female wholly livid and scarious 
and from acutish to acuminate: akenes glandular.— Less. in Linn. vi. 221; Hook. l.c.; 
DC. Le.; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; Fl. Dan. t.2786. A. monocephala, DC. 1. c., depauperate form. 
A. Labradorica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 406. Gnaphalium alpinum, L.; Reichenb. 
Ic. Pl. Crit, viii. t. 750. — Labrador and northward to Behring Strait and Aleutian Islands, 
and southward on the high mountains to Colorado and to California beyond the Yosemite. 
(Greenland, Eu.) 


Anaphalis. COMPOSIT&. 233 


A. dioica, Garry. lc. Freely surculose and forming broad mats: flowering stems 2 to 8 
or even 12 inches high, bearing few or numerous heads: radical leaves from obovate to 
spatulate (half-inch to nearly inch long), rarely glabrate above: bracts of the involucre in 
both sexes with colored (white or rose-colored) and obtuse papery tips: akenes smooth and 
glabrous or sometimes minutely glandular. (Polymorphous.) — Hook. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 
le. Gnaphalium dioicum, L., &c. A. hyperborea, Don, Engl. Bot. t. 2640, a glabrate form. 
A. parvifolia, Nutt. 1. c. (A. dioica, var. parvifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.); form with small and 
very silvery leaves, and involucral bracts rarely of yellowish tinge.— Moist or dry ground, 
Newfoundland and Labrador, and through the Rocky Mountain region (alpine, subalpine, 
and lower along the streams), thence southward to New Mexico and S. California, and north- 
westward to Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) 

Var. congésta, DC. 1.c. A form too little developed, with heads sessile in a rosulate 
tuft of leaves terminating depressed stems, like the sterile creeping ones, occurs on Sierra 
Blanca, 8. Colorado, at 13,000 feet: and similar but more caulescent forms, from mountains 
of S. Utah, California, Wyoming, &c. 

A. plantaginifolia, Hoox. l.c. Freely surculose by long and slender sparsely leafy 
stolons, the offsets biennial: flowering stems more scapiform, 6 to 18 inches high, bearing 
small linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads: radical leaves from roundish 
ovate to obovate and spatulate, the larger an inch or two long (besides the petiole), soon 
glabrate and green above, silvery-canescent beneath with a completely pannose coating, 
3-5-nerved (but the nerves not rarely obsolete): involucre very woolly at base; inner bracts 
of the male heads with oval or oblong obtuse ivory-white tips, of the larger (4 to 6 lines 
long) female heads with white or whitish narrow and acute tips: akenes minutely glandular. 
—Torr. & Gray, Fl. le. 431. A. plantaginea, DC. 1. ce. Gnaphalium plantaginifolium, L, 
G. pluntagineum, Murr. Syst. 748; Pursh, Fl. ii. 525. G. dioicum, var. plantaginifolium, 
Michx. FI. ii. 128.— Dry hills and shaded grounds, Hudson’s Bay to Florida, Texas, and 
New Mexico, and northwestward to British Columbia and Washington Territory. —Var. 
monocephala, Torr. & Gray, is an occasional form, with a single head; from Louisiana. On 
the Blue Ridge in Virginia, A. H. Curtiss collected the male of a remarkably small-headed 
and small-leaved form. 


+— + Heads loosely paniculate: involucre almost glabrous. 


A. racemosa, Hoox. l.c. Stoloniferous in the manner of the preceding, lightly woolly, 
becoming glabrate: flowering stems 6 to 20 inches high, slender, sparsely leafy, bearing few 
or numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed heads, nearly all slender-pedunculate : leaves 
thin; the radical broadly oval, an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved at base, rather veiny ; 
lower cauline oblong; upper small and lanceolate: involucre scarious, brownish; the male 
2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner obscurely white-tipped ; female 3 or 4 lines long, 
of narrow and mostly acute bracts: akenes glabrous.— Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Moist woods, 
Rocky Mountains along the British border, south. to Wyoming, and west to the Cascade 
Mountains, &c.; first coll. by Drummond. 


60. ANAPHALIS, DC. Evertastine. (Said by DC. to be an ancient 
Greek name of some Gnaphalioid plant, and that it may be taken as an anagram 
of the very similar genus Gnaphalium.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, all but our 
species Asiatic: fl. late summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 303. Anaphalis & 
Antennaria § Margaripes, DC. Prodr. vi. 270, 271. 


A. margaritdcea, Bextu. & Hoox. I.c. Commonly a foot or two high, in tufts, very 
leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny: leaves (2 to 5 inches long) from 
rather broadly to linear-lanceolate, soon glabrate and green above, the broader ones indistinctly 
3-nerved: heads numerous, corymbosely cymose: bracts of the involucre very numerous, 
almost wholly pearly white, radiating in age. — Gnaphalium margaritaceum, L.; Engl. Bot. t. 
2018. G. Americanum, &c., Clusius, Hist. i. 327, fig. 3. Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br. in 
Linn. Trans., &c.— Dry fields and open woods, Newfoundland to the Aleutian Islands, and 
through the northern and cooler portions of the United States, extending south to the 
higher mountains in Colorado (a var. subalpina, dwarf, broad-leaved, and with few glomerate 
heads), and the mountains of California. (N. E. Asia. Nat. in Eu.) 


234 COMPOSIT&. Gnaphalium. 


61. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cupwezep, Everiastine. (Tvadddoy, the 
Greek and also Latin name of these or similar plants). — Floccose-woolly herbs 
(of most parts of the world); with sessile and sometimes decurrent entire leaves, 
and cymosely clustered or glomerate heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. Invo- 
lucre not rarely colored, but seldom yellow. Receptacle usually flat. Akenes 
terete or flattish, mostly nerveless. FI. summer and autumn.— Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 426; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 305. 


§ 1. Evenarnftium. Bristles of the pappus not at all united at the base, 
falling separately. 


%* Involucre woolly only at base, mainly scarious, in ours from white to brownish straw-color 
or rarely tinged with rose, not yellow: heads paniculately or corymbosely cymose or glom- 
erate at summit of the leafy stem and branches: more or less fragrant herbs, erect, a foot or 
two high from an annual or biennial or sometimes perennial root: akenes in our species smooth 
and glabrous. 

+— Leaves not at all decurrent, narrowed at base: hermaphrodite flowers very few: akenes some- 
times lightly 3-4-nerved: stems freely branching, rather slender, 1 to 8 feet high. 


G. polycéphalum, Micux. Erect from an annual root, somewhat aromatic: branches 
either glabrous when the white wool is detached, or minutely viscid-pubescent when it is 
caducous: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or sometimes linear, mucronately acute or acuminate, 
often with finely undulate margins, soon bare and green and commonly viscid-puberulent or 
glandular above: heads in numerous rather close paniculately or cymosely disposed glomer- 
ules: involucre dull white, soon with a rusty tinge; its thin bracts oblong, obtuse. — EL. ii. 
127; DC. Prodr. vi. 227; Torr. & Gray, ].c. G. obtusifolium, L. Spec. ii. 851, a false name 
taken from the char. and figure of the doubtful plant of Dill. Elth. (but the figure of Mori- 
son is good and its leaves acute), changed in Lam. Dict. ii. 755 to G. conoideum, founded on 
the same ambiguous figure. — Open woods and dry ground, Canada to Wisconsin and south 
to Texas. (Mex.) 


G. Wrightii, Gray. Diffusely much branched from an apparently perennial root, persist- 
ently white-woolly, not glandular: leaves from spatulate to lanceolate (an inch or two long) : 
heads (2 lines long) very numerous in small cymosely paniculate glomerules on loose spread- 
ing or divergent branchlets: involucre turbinate, grayish-white, very woolly at base; its 
bracts thin, oblong, obtuse, but most of them (at least the inner) with an acute apiculation. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 214, G. microcephalum, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 124, & ii. 99, not Nutt. 
— Dry ground, W. Texas and Arkansas to New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


+ + Leaves more or less adnate-decurrent at base, persistently white-woolly, slightly if at all 
glandular or heavy-scented. 

G. Arizonicum, Gray. Grayish-woolly: stems slender, strict, a foot high from an annual 
root: cauline leaves narrowly linear (inch and a half long, a line wide), slenderly decurrent ; 
lowest short and somewhat spatulate: heads (2 lines or more long) very numerous and 
glomerate, the clusters fastigiate-cymose: involucre narrowly oblong, brownish; its thin 
bracts mostly lanceolate and acute. — Proc. Am, Acad. xix. 3. —§. Arizona, in dried beds of 
streams near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. 


G. microcéphalum, Nurr. Slender, more loosely branched from an apparently perennial 
root: leaves linear or lower spatulate-lanceolate, with slenderly decurrent base: heads (2 or 
3 lines long) rather few or loose in the paniculately or cymosely disposed glomerules : invo- 
lucre from turbinate to campanulate, bright white; its bracts ovate or oblong (except the 
innermost), obtuse, though described by Nuttall as “acute.”— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 
vii, 404. — Along water-courses, S. California to Oregon; first coll. by Nuttall. 

G. Sprengélii, Hoox. & Arn. Stems usually stout, 6 to 80 inches high from an annual or 
biennial root: leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest narrowly spatulate, densely white- 
woolly, or sometimes more thinly floccose, the short decurrent bases or adnate auricles rather 
broad: heads (3 lines long and wide) in single or few (rarely numerous and cymose) close 
glomerules terminating the stem or few branches: involucre hemispherical, white or with 
barely greenish-yellowish tinge, becoming slightly rusty in age; its bracts thin, oval and 


Gnaphalium. COMPOSIT A. 235 


oblong, obtuse. (Slender forms resemble G. luteo-album of the Old World, which has duller 
or sordid heads and scabrous-pubescent akenes. A slender form in New Mexico, &c., 
nearly approaches the Mexican G. gracile, HBK., which has yellowish involucre.) — Bot. 
Beech. 150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 427; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 341. C. Chilense, Spreng. Syst. 
iii. 480, ex Less. in Linn. vi. 525, but not Chilian. G. luteo-album, Hook. FI. ; Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. Lc. (var. occidentale), &c.— Moist or dry ground, from N. Oregon to S. Cali- 
fornia, and eastward to W. Texas. (Mex.) 


+ + + Leaves obviously adnate-decurrent, the upper face at least becoming naked and green 
in age and with the stem glandular-pubescent or glandular-viscid: herbage strongly balsamic- 
scented. 


++ Root apparently annual or biennial. 


G. decurrens, Ives. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosely branched at summit, and 
bearing crowded cymosely disposed glomerules of broad heads: leaves very numerous, lan- 
ceolate or the upper linear, white-woolly beneath or rarely glabrate: involucre broadly cam- 
panulate, white, usually becoming rusty-tinged; the thin-scarious bracts ovate and oblong, 
acutish, only the innermost linear-lanceolate and acute.— Am. Jour. Sci. i. 380, t. 1; Torr. 
Compend. 288; Hook. Fl. i. 328; DC. Prodr. vi. 236; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 346.— Rather open and dry ground, New England to Pennsylvania, Upper Michigan, 
Colorado, also Texas, New Mexico, and to Brit. Columbia and Washington Terr. 

Var. Califérnicum, Gray, 1.c. Bracts of the involucre more pearly white: leaves 
usually shorter. — G. Californicum, DC. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., excl. var. — Throughout 
the western part of California, and to San Bernardino Co. Foliage sometimes wholly 
green. 

G. ramosissimum, Nurr. Greener than G. decurrens, soon glabrate, and more glandu- 
lar-viscid: stem 2 to 6 feet high, paniculately and fastigiately much branched above: leaves 
smaller, linear: heads amply and rather loosely paniculate, small (commonly 2 lines long), 
comparatively few-flowered : involucre turbinate ; its bracts fewer, narrower, white or 
tinged with rose.—Pl. Gamb. 172; Gray in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 363, & Bot. Calif. 342. 
G. Sprengelii, var. erubescens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.¢., a form with rosy bracts. 
G. Californicum, var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Thickets, &c., W. California, from the Sacra- 
mento to Los Angeles ; first coll. by Nuttall. 


++ ++ Root lignescent-perennial. 


G. leucocéphalum, Gray. Very white with close wool, except the upper face of the 
leaves: stems a foot or two high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy: cauline leaves all nar- 
rowly linear, small (not over 2 inches long, a line or two wide), attenuate-acute, commonly 
erect, hardly broader at the short-decurrent base, viscid-glandular above: heads in a rather 
close cyme: involucre broadly campanulate, much imbricated, pure pearly white; the 
bracts thin-papery, ovate and oblong, obtuse.— Pl. Wright. ii. 99.—Dry water-courses, 
western borders of Texas to Arizona and S. California, Wright, Thurber, Parish, &c. 


* * Involucre less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of the nearly equal bracts 
comparatively inconspicuous and dull-colored: heads glomerate and leafy-bractvate, only a line 
or so in length: low and branching annuals, a few inches or rarely a foot high: akenes in the 
same species either smooth or scabrous. Species perhaps confluent. 

G. palastre, Nutr. Loosely floccose with long wool, erect, at length diffuse or weak . 
leaves (3 to 5 lines wide) spatulate or the uppermost oblong or lanceolate: tips of the linear 
involucral bracts white, obtuse. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i342. G. palustre & G. gossypinum, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1 c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 427, 428.— Common in all moist 
grounds, from Washington Terr. to S. California, east to Wyoming and New Mexico. 


G. uliginédsum, L. (Ccupwerp.) Appressed-woolly, soon diffusely branched: leaves 
spatulate-linear or the lower spatulate-oblanceolate: involucral bracts brownish to the tip or 
soon becoming so, acutish or obtuse, the outermost oblong.— Fl. Dan. 859; Engl. Bot. 
1194; DC. Prodr. vi. 230.— Low or wet ground, a common weed, from Newfoundland to 
Virginia and west to the Mississippi; seemingly introduced from Eu. Also in Oregon and 
Brit. Columbia, where the preceding appears to pass into this. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

G. strictum, Gray. Appressed-woolly: stem strict and simple, a span to a foot high, 
sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base: leaves all linear, seldom a line 
wide: heads in spicately disposed glomerules in the axils or on short lateral branches: invo- 


236 COMPOSITA. Gnaphalium, 


lucral bracts with brownish or somewhat whitish tips, obtuse. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110; Rothr. 
in Wheeler Rep. vi. 157. — Eastern Rocky Mountain region, from Wyoming to New Mexico, 
and to Mount Agassiz, Arizona; first collected by Fremont. 


% * ¥* Involucre of the few and naked heads nearly glabrous, brown: female flowers compara- 
tively few, only twice or thrice the number of the hermaphrodite: akenes broader and flatter: 
small and low alpine perennial. — Omalotheca, Cass., DC. 


G. supinum, Viti. Cespitose: leaves white-woolly, mainly in radical tufts, linear, less 
than inch long, 2 or 4 on the (inch to span high) simple slender flowering stems, which bear 
2 to 7 spicately disposed heads. — Delph. iii. 192; Engl. Bot. t. 1198; Hook. Fl. i. 329; 
Torr. & Gray, lc. G. pusillum, Henke; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 267. Omatlotheca supina, DC. 
Prodr. vi. 245.— Alpine region of the White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Labrador. 
(Greenland, Eu., Asia.) 


§ 2. Gamocu#ta. Bristles of the pappus united in a ring at base and decid- 
uous together from the akene: heads spicately or sometimes capitately glomerate, 
the lower glomerules leafy bracteate: involucre brownish, purplish, or sordid. — 
Gamocheta, Wedd. Chlor. And. i. 151. 


% Northern (also European) species, perennials: stems strict and simple: akenes fusiform, hispidu- 
lous-pubescent. 

G. Norvégicum, Guyver. A span or two high, silvery-woolly throughout: leaves spatu- 
late-lanceolate, acute; the radical often 6 inches long’and half-inch wide; cauline sparse: 
heads in the upper axils and in an oblong spike: involucre 3 lines long, dark brown or the 
bracts with a lighter centre. — Fl. Norveg. 105 (Fl. Dan. t. 254); Syme, Engl. Bot. t. 744. 
G. sylvaticum, Smith (not L.); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 429. G. sylvaticum, var. fuscatum, 
Wahl.; DC. Prodr. vi. 232. G. fuscum, Lam. Dict., not Scop.— Labrador; Mount Albert, 
Lower Canada, Allen. (Greenland, Eu.) 

G. sylvdticum, L. A span to a foot or more high, more leafy: leaves linear or the lowest 
linear-oblanceolate, glabrous or glabrate above: heads numerous in an elongated and leafy 
virgate-spiciform inflorescence: involucre light-colored; the bracts usually only brownish- 
tipped or with a brown spot below the hyaline-scarious tip. — Spec. ii. 856; Fl. Dan. t. 1229; 
Syme, 1. c., t. 743. G. rectum, Smith, Engl. Bot.— New Brunswick, roadsides and muddy 
shores of the Bay of Chaleurs, Fowler, Macoun. Perhaps introduced. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


% % More southern, and wholly American, annuals or biennials, chiefly of the sea-coast or near it. 


G. purptreum, L. Canescent with a silvery dense and close coating of white wool, some- 
times becoming flocculent, simple or branched from the base: stems erect or ascending, 6 to 
20 inches high: leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate and green above: heads 
in a cylindraceous or oblong or in a more elongated spiciform inflorescence: involucre 
(2 lines long) brownish, often tinged with purple: akenes sparsely scabrous. — Spec. ii. 854 
(pl. Gronov. & Dill. Elth.); Michx. Fl. ii. 127; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 428; Klatt in Linn. 
xlii. 140. G. spicatum, spathulatum, stachydifolium, & falcatum (narrow-leaved form), Lam. 
Dict. ii. 757, &e. G. Americanum (Mill. Dict.?), Willd. Spec. iii. 1887. G. Pennsylvanicum, 
Willd. Enum. 867. G. hyemale, Walt. Car. 203. G. Chamissonis, DC. Prodr. vi. 233. 
G. ustulatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢., ex char. And many other extra-North- 
American synonyms: polymorphous. — Coast of Mass. to Texas, and interior of Arkansas; 
also Washington Terr. to S. California and Arizona, in saline soil. (Mex., S. Amer.) 


62. {[NULA, L. (Old Latin name of Elecampane.) — A large and varied 
Old World genus, chiefly of perennial yellow-flowered herbs, with alternate sim- 
ple leaves, sometimes tomentose, but not floccose-woolly. Section CoRVISARTIA 
(Helenium, Adans., not L., Corvisartia, Mérat & Cass.) consists mainly of 
I, Hevtnrum, L. (Evecampans, i.e. Enula campana of the herbalists.) A coarse and tall 

herb, in tufts from large perennial (bitter-mucilaginous) roots: leaves large, especially the 

petioled ovate radical ones, denticulate, tomentose beneath; cauline sessile, partly clasping: 


heads very large, solitary or few terminating the stem or flowering branches: outer bracts 
of the involucre ovate and foliaceous; inner smaller, obovate and spatulate, obtuse : rays very 


Guardiola. COMPOSITA. 237 


many, long and slender: akenes 4-sided, glabrous. — Fl. Dan. t. 728; Lam. Ill. t. 680; 
Sibth. Fl. Greec. t. 873. — Roadsides and pastures, escaped from gardens, and well established 
in the older States. (Nat. from Eu.) 


63. ADENOCAULON, Hook. (’Adjv, a gland, and xavAds, stem.) — 
Perennial herbs; with alternate and dilated leaves on long and margined petioles, 
slender stems naked and paniculately branched above, and bearing very small 
heads of whitish flowers; the peduncles, &c., beset with stalked glands (whence 
the name) like those of the akenes but less stout. Floccose wool caducous, 
except on the lower face of the leaves. — Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 119, t. 15, & Fl. i. 
308; Maxim. Fl. Amur. 152; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 653, & xvii. 214. 


A. bicolor, Hoox.1.c. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy below: leaves ample, deltoid-cordate, 
coarsely sinuate-dentate or repand or slightly lobed, early glabrate and green above, white 
with the thin cottony wool beneath : bracts of the involucre 4 or 5 in a single series, ovate, 
reflexed in fruit, several times shorter than the (4 to 6) club-shaped akenes. — Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 385.— Damp woods, California to Brit. Columbia and east to Lake Superior: 
fl. summer. Quite distinct from the Chilian, less so from the Amur-Himalayan species. 


Trine V. HELIANTHOIDEA, p. 59. 
64. PLUMMERA, Gray. (Sara Plummer, now Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, the 


discoverer. She and her husband have shared together the toils, privations, and 

dangers of arduous explorations in the wilds of Arizona and California, as well 

as in the delights of very numerous discoveries: so that wherever the name of 

Lemmon is cited for Arizonian plants, it in fact refers to this pair of most enthu- 

siastic botanists.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 215.— Single species. 

P. floribtiinda, Gray,1l.c. Erect and rather stout herb, apparently from a biennial root, 
2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, with bitter-aromatic odor and savor, fastigiately and corym- 
bosely much branched above: branches terminating in loose cymes of numerous pedunculate 
heads: leaves all alternate, 1-3-ternately parted into filiform lobes, impressed-punctate : 
involucre only 2 lines long: corollas golden-yellow; those of the ray nearly glabrous, of the 
disk densely puberulent-glandular.— §. Arizona, in Apache Pass, Mr. & Mrs. Lemmon. — 
Corollas, involucre, odor, &c., nearly of Actinella, sect. Picradenia. 


65. DICRANOCARPUS, Gray. (Afkpavor, a pitchfork, xapzés, fruit.) — 
Mem. Am. Acad. v. 322 (Pl. Thurb.), & Bot. Mex. Bound. 85. — Single species. 
D. parviflorus, Gray, 1.c. Branching annual, a foot or less high, nearly glabrous: leaves 

all opposite, 1-2-ternately divided into filiform lobes, or the uppermost nearly simple: heads 

more or less pedunculate and paniculate, terminating slender branches, in flower a line long, 
yellowish : longest akenes 4 lines and their horns often 3 lines in length. — Heterospermum 
dicranocarpum, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 109.— W. Texas, near the Pecos, Wright. (Adj. Mex., 

Parry, Palmer.) 


66. GUARDIOLA, Humb. & Bonpl. (The name of a Spanish natural- 
ist.) — Perennial herbs (of Mexico and its northern borders), glabrous, branch- 
ing; with merely serrate and commonly petiolate veiny leaves; the branches 
terminated by the cymulose-clustered heads of white flowers. — Pl. Avquin. i. 144, 
t. 41; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 110; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 347. Tulocarpus, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 298, t. 68. 


G. platyphylla, Gray. Somewhat glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosely branched : 
leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, rigidly denticulate or dentate, commonly subcordate (the 


238 COMPOSIT. Polijmnia. 


larger 3 or 4 inches long), very short-petioled : involucre narrow, 5 linés long: corollas pure 
white and anthers bright green. — Pl. Wright. ii. 91.—S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Schott, 
Lemmon, &c.: fl. summer. 


67. POLYMNIA, L. (Name of the muse Polyhymnia, shortened.) — 
Perennial herbs (Atlantic-American), or some S. American species shrubby or 
arborescent, commonly viscid-pubescent and heavy-scented, of coarse habit; with 
mostly opposite ample and membranaceous lobed or angulate leaves, commonly 
with margined petioles, or auriculate-appendaged at the insertion, and loosely 
paniculate heads of yellow or yellowish flowers, or the rays sometimes white; 
in summer. — Gen. ed. 4, 896; Lam. Tl. t. 711; Gertn. Fruct. t. 174; DC. 
Prodr. v. 514. Alymnia, Neck. Polymniastrum, Lam. 


§ 1. Evpor¥mnta. Akenes somewhat obcompressed and trigonous-obovoid, 
tricostate (namely with marginal and ventral nerves or ribs), not striate: heads 
rather small. 


P. Canadénsis, L. Viscid-pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high: slender branches bearing loosely 
paniculate somewhat nodding heads of honey-yellowish flowers: leaves thin-membranaceous ; 
uppermost (sometimes alternate) deltoid-ovate or somewhat hastate; lower variously pin- 
nately lobed or the larger ones parted, acuminate, sharply denticulate, occasionally sinuate- 
dentate: disk of the head about 4 lines in diameter: loose outer bracts ovate-lanceolate or 
narrower: flowers yellowish; those of the ray 5, their ligule commonly minute or abortive, 
so that the head is discoid: akenes smooth and glabrous or sparsely puberulent, and with 
a narrow apiculate-protuberant epigynous disk: disk-corollas with abruptly much dilated 
campanulate throat and ovate lobes. — Ameen. Acad. iii. 15,t. 1, fig. 5, & Spec. ii. 926; Lam. 
l.c.; Michx. Fl. ii. 147; DC. Prodr. v. 515. P. Canadensis, var. discoidea, Gray, Man. ed. 3, 
248. — Shaded and damp hillsides along streams, Canada to Pennsylvania and Missouri and 
in the higher Alleghanies to Carolina. Southward commonly with more evident rays and 
passing to 

Var. radiata. Ligules developed, dilated-cuneate, a fourth to full half an inch long, 
3-lobed, not rarely surpassing the disk, nearly white. — P. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
272, mainly, from the character, excl. syn. Poir. & Lam. (which belong to a S. American 
species). — Extends to Hot Springs, Arkansas, F. L. Harvey. 


§ 2. Uvepdt1a, DC. Akenes somewhat laterally compressed, very stout, 
rather oblique, and their whole surface closely and strongly striate-nerved. (Here 
P. variabilis, Poir., Polymiastrum, Lam., i. e. all of § Alymnia, DC., excepting 
the original P. Canadensis.) 
P. Uvedalia, L. Commonly pubescent, not viscid, stout, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves ample 

(the larger a foot or two long and nearly as broad), of deltvid-ovate outline and 3-ribbed 

above the cuneate-decurrent base, 3-5-lobed, or the smaller only angulate-sinuate: heads 

somewhat cymosely paniculate, short-peduncled; the disk half-inch or more in diameter: 
outer involucral bracts broadly ovate: rays 10 to 14, with ligules bright yellow, linear-oblong 
to oval, usually half-inch in length, but sometimes hardly developed: akenes 3 lines long, 

glabrous: disk-corollas with cylindraceous throat and short lobes.— Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1303 

(Pluk. Alm. t. 83, f. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. 6, t. 7, £.55); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Osteospermum 

Uvedalia, L. Spec. ed. 1, ii. 923. — Fertile or moist grounds, New York to Florida and west 

to Missouri and Texas. 


68. MELAMPODIUM, L. (Médas, black or dark, and zovs, foot, i. & 
black-footed, an ancient name of Black Hellebore, from the root; unmeaningly 
transferred to these plants.) — Branching herbs, of the warm parts of America, 
the greater number Mexican; with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedun- 
culate heads terminating the branches or in the forks. Rays in some short, in 


Acanthospermum. COMPOSIT&. 239 


others conspicuous. —Gertn. Fruct. t. 169; R. Br. in Linn.’ Trans. xii. 104; 
DC. Prodr. vy. 517; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 349. 


% Perennial and the base slightly lignescent: akene with apex exposed at the hooded orifice of 
the fructiferous bract: rays plane, conspicuously exserted, comparatively ample, tardily decidu- 
ous from the akene, white! 

M. cinéreum, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high, rather slender, cinere- 
ous or even silvery-canescent with a fine and mostly close pubescence, or greener and be- 
coming strigulose: leaves linear or the lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or 
even sinuate-pinnatifid: peduncles slender: ligules 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong, 2-3-lobed at apex, 
3 to 6 lines long: bracts of the involucre ovate, appressed, slightly united at base: fruc-' 
tiferous bracts (2 lines long, including the hood) turbinate, nearly terete, somewhat incurved, 
muricate with sharp tubercles ; its hood abqut the length of the body and very much wider, 
imperfectly cupuliform, nearly smooth, callous-thickened or becoming suberose, its truncate 
and usually even margin commonly incurved.—Prodr. v. 518 (excl. habitat); Gray, Pl. 
Fendl. 78, Pl. Wright., &e. If. leucanthum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 271. — Open ground, W. 
Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. ramosissimum,. (Jf. ramosissumum, DC. 1. c. by the char., but habitat and 
number of distribution of this and of M. cinereum were interchanged in the Prodromus!) 
More loosely pubescent and diffusely branching: heads mostly smaller: hood of the fruc- 
tiferous bracts with the less thickened margin little or not at all involute, sometimes erose 
or denticulate and bearing a mucro or short (seldom “uncinate”) cusp. — Southern borders 
of Texas, Berlandier, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.) 


* * Annuals, commonly low, erect, branching, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves: akene 
with merely the apex exposed at the summit of the enclosing fructiferous bract: ray and disk- 
corollas yellow. Our species all quite alike in foliage and habit. 

M. hispidum, HBK. Hispidulous-hirsute, sometimes a foot high: rays very small, barély 

* a line long~ outer involucral bracts oval, distinct to the base; fructiferous bracts truncate 
and not at all appendaged at the somewhat oblique summit, more or less tuberculate on the 
back and sides. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 273, t. 399; DC. 1. c. 520; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 85. 
—S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

M. cupulatum, Gray. Somewhat hispidulous-pubescent: rays small but exserted, 2 lines 
long: outer involucral bracts connate to above the middle into an obtusely 5-lobed hemi- 

‘spherical or saucer-shaped cup: fructiferous bracts nearly of the preceding. — Proc. Am. 

’ Acad. viii. 291.— Borders of S. Arizona, on the Mexican side, Schott. (Mex.) 

M. longicérnu, Gray. Sparsely hispidulous: rays exserted, oblong, when well devel- 
oped 3 lines in length and as long as the involucre, the outer tracts of which are distinct:. 
fructiferous bracts more nervose, little tuberculate or smooth, the summit cupulately pro- 
duced and gradually extended exteriorly into a circinnate or revolute horn or rigid awn, 
fully as long as the body, longer and more attenuate than in M. sericewm, and sericeous- 
pubescent along the outside. — Mem. Amer. Acad. (Pl. Thurb.) v. 321, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 
85.—S. Arizona, Thurber, Schott. (Adj. Mex.) 


69. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. ("Axav6a, a prickle or thorn, 
and oépua, seed, i. e. prickly-fruited.) —Homely annual weeds, much branched 
from the base; with opposite dentate leaves, in their axils and in the forks small 
subsessile or short-peduncled heads of yellowish flowers; the (4 to 7) bur-like 
involucral bracts enlarging in age. Natives of the tropics, one or two species 
becoming naturalized. — Pl. Rar. Hort. Monae. t. 58; DC. Prodr. v. 521. Cen- 
trospermum, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 270, t. 397. 

A. xantuiofpes, DC. 1. c. Diffusely procumbent or creeping: stems pubescent: leaves 
small (about inch long), mostly obovate, narrowed at base into a short petiole: fructiferous 
involucral bracts narrowly oblong, longitudinally sulcate, truncate, thickly beset especially 
along the angles with uniform and small hooked prickles. — A. Brasilum, Schrank, 1. ¢.? 


_ahirsute form. Melampodium australe, Leefl.,L. Centrospermum xanthioides, HBK. 1. c.— 
Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Carolina to Florida, &. (Nat. from §. Amer.) 


- 


940 COMPOSITA. Acanthospermum. 


CJ 
A. atuitz, DC. Larger, commonly erect, hirsute: leaves wing-petioled or sessile by a 
cuneate base: fructiferous bracts somewhat 3-angled, not grooved, armed (besides the 
prickles) with one or two long spines from the truncate summit. — A. humile & A. hispidum, 
DC. 1c. Melampodium humile, Swartz, Prodr. 114. Centrospermum humile, Less. Syn. 
217. — Ballast-weed, about Philadelphia and New York; naturalized at Pensacola. (Nat. 
from W. Ind.) 


70. S{LPHIUM, L. Rosrn-weep. (SiAdvov, ancient name of an Um- 
belliferous plant in N. Africa which produced a gum-resin, transferred by Lin- 
nus, in his accustomed way, to an American genus.) — Tall and coarse perennials 
(all of Atlantic U. S.); with resinous juice, thick roots, commonly large leaves, 
and ample pedunculate heads of yellow flowers (one species with white rays !), 
produced in summer and autumn. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 275; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 350. 


* Stem square, leafy to the top: bases of the leaves or of their winged petioles cupulate-connate. 


S. perfoliatum, L. (Cup-erant.) Stem 4 to 8 feet high, commonly very smooth and 
glabrous: leaves either smooth or scabrous, sometimes hirsute-pubescent beneath, ovate or 
the upper ovate-lanceolate (the larger a foot or more long), dentate or denticulate with 
mucronate teeth; upper ones united by their broad bases and lower by winged petioles 
into a perfoliate cup: heads terminating the loosely cymosely disposed flowering branches, 
on naked peduncles: involucre short-campanulate, half or two-thirds inch high; outer bracts 
ovate, from erect to somewhat squarrose-spreading : rays inch long: akenes either with deep 
or shallow notch, the narrow wings being produced either into very small obsolete or prom- 
inent triangular teeth. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1301; Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 462; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3354; Torr. & Gray, lc. S. connatum, L. Mant. 574, a form with branches. somewhat 
hispid. S. tetragonum & S. scabrum, Mcench, Meth. 606. SS. conjunctum, Willd. Enum. 
633. iS. Hornemanni, Schrad. Hort. Geett.; DC. Prodr. v. 514. 8. erythrocaulon, Bernh. in 
Spreng. Syst. iii. 630.— Alluvial soil, Michigan and Wisconsin to Upper Georgia and 
Louisiana. Common in cultivation; variable but characteristic. 


xs % Stem from obtusely quadrangular to terete, leafy: leaves all or some of them opposite, entire 
or serrate, not connate-perfoliate, 

+— All but the lower sessile, and either all opposite or the upper pairs occasionally disjoined: 
akenes with a broad wing and a deep narrow notch: stems 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, very leafy 
to the top. 


S. integrifolium, Micux. Stem smooth or scabrous, sometimes rough-hispidulous: leaves 
entire or denticulate, lanceolate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; all the upper ones closely sessile 
by a broad and roundish or subcordate partly clasping base, and tapering from below the 
middle to an acute apex, scabrous above, from nearly glabrous and smooth to cinereous- 
pubescent beneath, 3 to 5 inches long, commonly of firm texture: heads somewhat corym- 
bose, nearly all short-peduncled: involucre over half-inch high; its bracts mostly ovate and 
spreading : akenes broadly obovate, the body 4 lines long, the scarious wing a line or so wide, at 
least toward the summit. — Fl. ii. 146; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 279, hardly of Ell. S. lewi- 
gatum, Pursh, as to char. S. speciosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 341, a very smooth 
form, the var. leve, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Prairies, &c., Wisconsin and Illinois to Arkansas 
and Texas, and possibly to W. Georgia. 

S. aspérrimum, Hoox. Commonly taller: stem rough-hispid: leaves of the preceding 
but more scabrous: heads generally larger: akenes with broader wings, the triangular 
apical portions 2 or 3 lines high.— Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99. S. radula, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. Lc. S. scaberrimum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 279, var. y, hardly Ell.— Plains of 
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 

S. scabérrimum, E11. Stem and commonly both sides of the leaves hispid: leaves in 
remoter pairs, thinner, oblong or ovate, all but the uppermost rather coarsely serrate and 
with narrowed or even short petiole-like base (the larger 4 to 6 inches long): heads fewer, 
more pedunculate: rays inch long: outermost involucral bracts smaller: akenes including 
broad wing nearly orbicular in outline, half-inch in diameter. — Sk. ii. 462; Torr. & Gray, 
FI. ii. 279, excl. var. y.— W. Georgia to Louisiana and E. Texas. 


Silphium. COMPOSITA. 241 


+— -- Leaves rather few on the slender stem, the lower slender-petioled, often alternate: akenes 
with the broad wings of the preceding. 


S. gracile, Gray. Hispidulous: stem 12 to 30 inches high, rather naked, terminated by 
solitary or few mostly long-pedunculate heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate-oblong or ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute at both ends, denticulate; radical and lower cauline ample (5 to 9 
inches long); upper cauline from 2 inches to half-inch long: involucre of nearly equal and 
rather few oblong bracts: akenes orbicular or very broadly oval, broadly winged, and with 
a comparatively shallow notch.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 653.— Prairies of Middle Texas, 
Drummond, Lindheimer, Hall, &c. Sometimes the leaves are all alternate and the petioles 
of the one or two principal cauline 2 or 3 inches long, equalling the blade. 


‘++ + + Leaves numerous on the stem, varying from opposite to alternate or the middle ones 
verticillate, only upper and alternate ones (if any) strictly sessile by a broad base: akenes with 
narrow wings and a comparatively shallow open notch; awn-like pappus-teeth usually evident 
and not rarely partly separate from the wing. 


S. Asteriscus, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, commonly hispid: leaves from ovate-oblong to 
oblong-lanceohate, coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate, or some entire, scabro-hispid- 
ulous or hispid, all the upper not rarely alternate, seldom any verticillate ; upper commonly 
sessile by a rounded or partly clasping base; lower short-petioled: heads solitary or few on 
leafy branches : involucre foliaceous and squarrose (half-inch high), hirsute or hispidulous : 
akenes obovate-oval. — Spec. ii. 920 (Dill. Elth. t. 37, f. 42); Michx. Fl. ii. 146; DC. Prodr. 
v.512; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 278.— Dry sandy soil, common from Virginia and Tennessee 
to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. levicatile, DC.,1.c. Stem smooth and glabrous, either throughout or up to the 
branches. — Torr. & Gray, ].¢. S. scabrum, Walt. Car. 217. S. reticulatum, Moench, Meth. 
607, fide syn. L. S. Asteriscus, var. scabrum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 183. S. dentatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 468 ; 
Torr. & Gray, lc. S. lanceolatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 341, a narrow-leaved 
form. SS. Asteriscus, var. dentatum, Chapm. Fl. 221. —S. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. 

S. trifoliatum, L.,1.c. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous, terminated by 
naked corymbiform panicles of numerous usually slender-peduncled heads: leaves lanceo- 
late, varying to oblong-ovate, and from entire to sparsely serrate, from almost glabrous and 
smooth to scabrous or hispidulous-pubescent, seldom alternate, a part of them usually 3-4- 
nately verticillate, commonly acute at base and the upper subsessile, lower tapering into 
margined petioles: involucre somewhat campanulate, narrower and usually smaller than in 
the foregoing ; the bracts hardly foliaceous, smooth and glabrous, except the ciliate margins: 
akenes broadly obovate-oval. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3355; Torr. & Gray, 1].c. S. trifoliatum, 
ternatum, & atropurpureum, Retz in Willd. Spec. iii. 2833. S. ternifolium, Michx. Fl. ii. 146. 
— Dry woodlands, Penn. and Ohio, and through the upper country to Alabama. 

Var. latifé6lium. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves broader, seldom more than opposite: 
heads fewer and broader. —S. levigatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 465 (perhaps Pursh, Fl. ii. 578, but his 
character points to S. integrifolium); Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— W. Georgia, Alabama, and low 
country of S. Carolina; and broad-leaved northern forms are similar. 


* * * Stem terete, almost leafless and scapiform, bearing a loose panicle of slender pedunculate 
heads: involucre nearly hemispherical, of rounded mostly erect and coriaceo-herbaceous bracts: 
radical leaves ample, long-petioled, cordate at base: cauline when present all alternate and 
slender-petioled: herbage almost glabrous and smooth, or the leaves hispidulous and papillose- 
scabrous. (True Rostx-WEEDs.) 


S. compésitum, Micux. Stem slender, 2 to 6 feet high, commonly glaucous: radical 
leaves of roundish-cordate or reniform or more ovate circumscription, 6 to 12 inches long or 
broad: heads small and numerous: involucre a third or rarely half inch high: rays small 
and scattered, 4 lines long: akenes roundish-obovate and with wing broadened above, so as to 
form a deep notch, with which the two subulate pappus-teeth are confluent, sometimes nar- 
rowly winged so that the summit is barely emarginate and minute pappus-teeth nearly free. 
— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 276. The first-describcd form (var. Michaurii, & var. ovatifolium, Torr. 
& Gray,1.c.) has the leaves varying from deeply sinuate-pinnatifid to pinnately or somewhat 
ternately divided into 3 to 7 divisions, which are again sinuate-lobed; for this the specific 
name is appropriate, being S. compositum, Michx. Fl. ii. 145; Ell. 1. v.; DC. 1.¢., and S. la- 
ciniatum, Walt. Car. 217, not. L. S. nudicaule, M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 127, 

16 


242 COMPOSITE. Silphium. 


a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., has rounder leaves, some only sinuate- 
dentate, others deeply palmately cleft. S. elatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. terebinthinaceum, 
Ell. Sk. ii. 463, not Jacq. 8S. reniforme, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 283; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 341. — Pine woods and barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

S. terebinthindceum, Jaca. (Prarriz Dock.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several 
or numerous large heads: leaves of thick and firm texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes 
ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small 
teeth, becoming rough in age: involucre nearly an inch high: rays an inch or more in 
length: akenes obovate, narrowly winged, merely emarginate and obscurely 2-toothed at 
summit. — Hort. Vindob. i. t. 43; L. f. Suppl. 383; Geertn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk. 
Handb. t. 262; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Prairies and dry open wood- 
lands, Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana. 

Var. pinnatifidum, Gray. Leaves laciniately or sinuately pinnatifid. — Man. ed. 1, 
220. S. pinnatifidum, Ell. 1. c. — Ohio and W. Georgia, not common. 


* * * * Stem terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid 
coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-peduncled large heads racemosely disposed along the 
naked summit, and bracteate: involucre rigid; its bracts ovate, thickened and at length coria- 
ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaceous acumination: rays numer- 
ous: herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. — Compass-PLANTS. 


S. lacinidtum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high: radical leaves (a foot or two long) 
long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan- 
ceolate to linear; cauline with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some- 
times palmatifid appendages; upper sessile and reduced to bracts: involucre inch or more 
high and broad: rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow: akenes half-inch long, 
oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch; 
no awns.— Spec. ii. 919; L. f. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Ecl. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, lc; 
Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t.46; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl. 
v. 157. S. gummiferum, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. — Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to 
Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to 
place the edges north and south,—in respect to which there is abundant literature. See 
Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626. 

S. albiflédrum, Gray. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous: leaves rigid, as 
broad as long, more disposed to pedate division; dilated base of petiole entire: tips of invo- 
lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk: rays white, about inch long: akenes puberulent; 
the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are 
adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awns, the notch narrow. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 4.— On cretaceous rocks, W. & N. Texas, Reverchon. $ 


71. BERLANDIERA, DC. (J. ZL. Berlandier, a Genevese batanist 
and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.) 
— Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. S.); with canescent 
or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads: the 
rays yellow: involucre radiately expanding in fruit. FJ. spring and summer. — 
Prodr. v. 517; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 17; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 280. 


%* Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads: 
leaves crenate, some or all the cauline cordate; radical oblong. 


B. Texdna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet 
high) very leafy stem commonly hirsute or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauline 
leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous beneath, 
somewhat scabrous above; upper closely sessile, lower short-petioled: heads usually fas- 
tigiate-cymose. — Prodr. l.¢.; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t.26; Torr. & Gray,l.c. B. longifolia, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342.— Margin of woods and hillsides, Texas (first coll. by Ber- 
landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to S. W. Missouri. Leaves of Betonica. 

Var. betonicifdlia, Torr. & Gray, lc. A form with most of the cauline leaves 
petioled, and the peduncles hirsute: with purplish hairs. — Silphium betonicifolium, Hook. 
Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99.— Louisiana, Drummond. 


Chrysogonum. COMPOSITA. 243 


B. tomentésa, Nurr.1.c. Canescent throughout with soft and close pannose tomentum, 
no hirsute or villous hairs, when glabrate hardly at all scabrous: stem a foot or two high, 
rarely only a span high: leaves all obtuse, green above, generally whitish beneath; radical 
and lower cauline elongated-oblong and petioled ; upper cauline usually ovate-oblong or oval, 
sometimes subcordate-ovate, short-petioled or sessile. heads fewer, in low specimens almost 
solitary and longer-peduncled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. B. pumila, Nutt. 1c. Silphium 
pumilum, Michx. FL ii. 146. S. tomentosum, pumilum, & reticulatum? Pursh, F1. ii. 578, 579. 
S. Asteriscus, var. pumilum, Wood, Bot. 442. Polymnia Caroliniana, Poir. Dict. v. 505.— 
Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Missouri. 

Var. dealbata, Torr. & Gray, 1c. More robust and leafy, 2 or 3 feet high, branch- 
ing at summit and bearing more numerous and shorter-peduncled heads: cauline leaves 
broader and more sessile, densely white-tomentose beneath; lower broadly cordate, upper 
often deltoid (with or without a subcordate base), either obtuse or acute. — Texas, Drum- 
mond, Hall, Reverchon, a very soft-canescent form. Varies into a less canescent state, 
approaching B. Texana, the leaves scabrous above (var. y, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Arkansas, 
Louisiana, and Texas. : 


%* ¥* Stems commonly low and with long monocephalous peduncles; the earliest often produced 
from near the root, and scapiform, the later from leafy stems or branches: leaves variable, all 
attenuate at base, disposed to be pinnatifid or lyrate. 


B. subacatlis, Nurr.1.c. Barely cinereous with minute often hispidulous pubescence (or 
the peduncles sometimes hirsute), soon green, becoming a foot or so high and leafy: leaves 
of oblong-linear or oblong-spatulate outline, irregularly sinuately or lyrately pinnatifid, with 
short obtuse lobes: akenes narrowly obovate-oval, merely carinately costate on the inner 
face. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 282. Stlphium subacaule, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301; DC. 
Prodr. v. 512. S. Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 216, as to syn. — Florida, in dry 
pine barrens ; first coll. by Ware. 

B. lyrata, Beytu. Canescent with minute white or gray tomentum: leaves at length 
greenish above, variously lyrate-pinnatifid ; the lateral lobes oblong or narrower, obtusely 
dentate, sometimes incised: akenes obovate, the costa of the inner face strongly carinate. 
—FPl. Hartw. 17; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 78, & Pl. Wright. i. 103. B. incisa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 282. Silphium Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, excl. syn. — Plains and hills, 
W. Texas and Arkansas to Arizona. “(Mex.) 

Var. macrophylla. Radical leaves often a foot long, lanceolate-oblong or spatulate, 
either merely crenate or pinnatifid at base: later flowering stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high. 
—S. Arizona, Lemmon. 


72. CHRYSOGONUM, L. (Greek name of some plant in Dioscorides. 
Linneus gives the derivation of his genus from ypuods, golden, and yovv, knee; 
of no obvious application.) — Gertn. Fruct. ii. 436, t. 174; Lam. Ill. t.713; DC. 
Prodr. v. 510; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 274; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 350, excl. 
syn. Moonia, &c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216. Diotostephus, Cass. Dict. 
xlviii. 543. — Single species: fl. spring and summer. 


C. Virginidnum, L. Perennial from creeping rootstocks and sometimes by runners, 
pubescent, often hirsute, flowering acaulescently from the ground, also with stems a span to 
a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of long-petioled leaves; these ovate, mostly obtuse and 
crenate; cauline rarely subcordate and equalling or shorter than their petioles, or the radical 
obovate with cuneate attenuate base: peduncles solitary in the forks and terminal, all but the 
radical ones elongated: involucre one-third and yellow rays half inch long. — Spec. ii. 920 
(Pluk. Alm. t. 83, £. 4, & 242, £3); Walt. Car. 217; Michx. Fl. ii. 148; Torr. & Gray, 1c. 
C. Virginianum & C. Diotostephus, DC. 1. c. Diotostephus repens, Cass. 1. c.— Dry ground, 
S. Pennsylvania to Florida. Varies considerably according to age and season, usually low 
when blossoming begins. 

Var. dentatum, Gray. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate, the tip 
and teeth, also the tips of the bracts of the outer involucre, terminated by a more conspicu- 
ous callous mucro. — Bot. Gazette, viii. 31. — High Island at the falls of the Potomac above 
Washington, J. Donnell Smith, Ward, Vasey. 


244 COMPOSITA. Lindheimera. 


73. LINDHEI{MERA, Gray & Engelm. (Ferdinand Lindheimer, the 
discoverer of this neat plant, now prized in cultivation, and remarkable for its 
golden yellow rays simulating a 5-petalous flower.) —Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47, 
Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vi. 225, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 225. Single species. 


L. Texdna, Gray & Encerm. 1c. At length 2 feet high from an annual root, hirsute or 
hispid, branching above, bearing loosely cymose-paniculate usually slender-pedunculate 
heads: lower leaves spatulate to cuneate-ovate, alternate, coarsely sinuate-dentate; upper 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a broad closely sessile base, acuminate, commonly entire, 
mainly opposite, their edges and also the peduncles usually beset with some small tack- 
shaped glands: ligules half-inch or more long.— Open woods and bottoms of the upper 
Guadalupe River, &c., Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. 


74, ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. (George Engelmann, an eminent 
botanist, died while this volume was printing, Feb. 4, 1884, at. 75.) — Torr. & 
Gray in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 348, & FI. ii. 283. Angelandra, Endl. 
Gen. Suppl. iti. 69. — Single species, in structure nearer to Parthenium than to 
Stlphium. Fl. summer. 


E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray, lc. A foot or two high from a stout perennial root, 
roughish-hirsute or hispid, branching above, and bearing somewhat paniculately disposed 
heads of golden-yellow flowers on mostly slender naked peduncles: leaves all alternate, 
deeply pinnatifid ; radical and lower cauline short-petioled and their linear or oblong lobes 
sometimes sparingly lobulate ; upper cauline sessile and with broad base: head about 4 lines 
high: rays half-inch or more long: akene rough-hispidulous. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 11; 
Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2,i.t.2. 2. Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 155.— Prairies and 
rocky hills, Arkansas and Louisiana to Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 


75. PARTHENIUM, L. (Ancient rame of some plant, from zapbévos, 
virgin.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose (all E. American), bitter-aromatic; with 
small heads of whitish flowers ; in summer. — Gertn. Fruct. t. 168; DC. Prodr. 
v. 581; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 284; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 351. 


§ 1. PartHeni{strum (Nissole), DC. Ligule more or less evident: caules- 
cent, usually branching, with alternate leaves either dentate or variously lobed or 
divided: heads corymbosely or paniculately cymose. 


%* Herbaceous, with membranaceous once or twice pinnatifid leaves, and habit of Ambrosia. 


P. Hysterophorus, L. A foot or two high, from an annual root, diffuse, strigosely pubes- 
cent, sometimes also hirsute, generally green: heads in a loose and open naked panicle: 
cauline leaves of broadly ovate outline, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 mostly narrow again 
pinnatifid lobes; of the flowering branches linear or lanceolate and entire or few-lobed: pap- 
pus of 2 rather large and roundish scales. — Spec. ii. 988; Bot. Mag. t. 2275. Argyrocheeta 
bipinnatifida, Cav. Ic. iv. 54, t. 378. Villanova bipinnatifida, Ort. Dec. iv. 48, t. 6. (P. lo 
batum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 457, should be this, by its “annual root,” rather 
than the following.) — Waste grounds, Florida to Texas, where it may be indigenous, but 
probably introduced from within the tropics: also an imported ballast-weed as far north as 
Philadelphia. (Mex., Trop. Am.) 

P. lyratum. A foot high from a truly perennial root, canescent or cinereous with fine 
and close sometimes also loose hirsute pubescence, erect : heads corymbosely crowded, more 
pubescent: leaves of obovate or oblong outline, lyrately pinnatifid, the lobes short and ob- 
long. — P. Hysterophorus, var. lyratum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216.— Texas, in the 
southern and western parts, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, Reverchon, &. Equally allied 
to the preceding species and to the Mexican P. confertum, Gray. (Adj. Mex.) 

%* % Fruticose or suffrutescent, with firmer and more simply lobed leaves. 


P. incdénum, HBK. Decidedly shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, canescent with 
fine tomentum: leaves mostly obovate in outline, sinuately pinnatifid into 3 to 7 oblong or 


Tua. COMPOSITA. 245 


roundish and obtuse lobes: heads numerous, paniculate-cymose: ligules commonly longer 
than broad: pappus a pair of short-subulate erect or at length spreading awns. — Nov. Gen. 
& Spec. iv. 260, t.391; Gray, Pl. Wright.i.108. P.incanum & P. ramosissimum, DC. Prodr. 
y. 532. — Dry hills, W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 

P. argentatum, Gray. Suffrutescent, a foot high, silvery-canescent with close tomentum : 
branches erect, rather leafless above, bearing comparatively large and few heads (of 2 lines 
in diameter) : leaves lanceolate to spatulate in outline, some entire or incisely 2-3-toothed ; 
the larger incisely pinnatifid into 2 to 7 acute lateral lobes: pappus a pair of lanceolate 
chaffy awns.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 86.—S. W. borders of Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., 
Parry, Palmer. Produces a gum or resin in Mexico.) 


%* * * Perennial herb, with larger heads and leaves; the latter undivided, thickish, 


P. integrifélium, L. Stout, 1 to 3 feet high, minutely pubescent, corymbosely branched 
above, the branches terminated by a dense cyme of many heads (these a quarter-inch high) : 
leaves ovate-oblong or narrower, thickly crenate-dentate, rarely doubly dentate or somewhat 
incised, hispidulous-scabrous, prominently veiny from a strong midrib; radical a foot or 
more long and tapering into a petiole; upper cauline closely sessile and broad at base: pap- 
pus a pair of small chaffy teeth or scales. — Spec. ii. 988 (Dill. Elth. t. 225; Pluk. Alm. t. 53 
& 219); Lam. Ill. t. 766; Willd. Hort. Berol. t.4; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Dry ground, Mary- 
land to Illinois and Texas. 


§ 2. Botépuytum, Torr. & Gray. (Bolophyta, Nutt.) Ligule wanting, the 
corolla being reduced to a truncate tube, which is obscurely notched at back and 
front: acaulescent cespitose perennial. 

P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray, lc. Densely tufted on a thick branching caudex, depressed, 
rising only an inch or two high: leaves crowded, silvery-canescent with a fine appressed 
pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely inch long, entire: heads solitary 
and nearly sessile among the leaves: pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous 
scales. — Bolophyta alpina, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 347. — Rocky Mountains 
in Wyoming (at 7,000 feet), on rocks near the Three Buttes, Nuttall. 


76. PARTHENICE, Gray. (IapOevx7}, a poetical form of the word 
from which the name of the preceding nearly ‘related genus is derived.) — Pl. 
Wright. ii. 85; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 852.— Genus of a single species, allied 
also to the succeeding genus. 

P, mollis, Gray, 1c. Annual, with odor and savor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, panicu- 
lately branched, minutely puberulent-cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any coarser 
pubescence: leaves membranaceous, all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (as much as 10 
or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-petioled: heads 
small (2 lines broad), numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles, 
mostly pedicellate : flowers greenish-white. — Hillsides and along streams, 8. Colorado to 
Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, &c. Fl. autumn. 


77. IVA, L. (An unexplained name.) — American herbs or shrubs; with 
entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at least the lower ones opposite, and small 
spicately or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly 
nodding heads: fl. summer. — Lam. Ill. 766; Gertn. Fruct. t. 164; DC. Prodr. 
v. 529. Iva & Cyclachena (Fresen.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 289; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 352. 


$1. Cycuacn&na. Heads naked-paniculate, inconspicuously bracteate: co- 
rolla of the 5 fertile flowers a very short rudiment or none: leaves membranaceous, 
from incisely serrate to dissected, mostly petioled: flowers somewhat inclined to 
polygamo-dicecious through abortion of the ovaries: annual herbs. — Cyclachena, 
Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. Franc. 1836, & Linn. xii.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 285. 


246 COMPOSIT. Iva. 


* Heads nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated in a panicle. 


I, xanthiifélia, Nurr. Tall and coarse (3 to 5 feet high), pubescent, at least when young : 
leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or incisely serrate, acu- 
minate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above, and when young canescent beneath : 
panicles axillary and terminal: involucre depressed-hemispherical, biserial; outer of 5 
broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or trun- 
cate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriform 
and glabrate akenes (on the apex of which sometimes persists a minute crown answering 
to the obsolete corolla, or this wholly absent). — Gen. ii. 185. J. (Picrotus) xanthitfolia & 
paniculata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 347. Cyclacheena xanthiifolia, Fresenius, 1. c. ; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286. Euphrosyne sxanthiifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 85.— Alluvial 
ground or along streams, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to New Mexico, Utah, and Washing- 
ton Terr. ; first coll. by Nuttall. 

I. dealbdta, Gray. A foot or two high, canescent with floccose wool except the elongated 
and narrow terminal panicle: leaves in greater part alternate, soft-tomentose, reticulate- 
veiny (14 to 3 inches long), from obscurely angulate-toothed to laciniately pinnatifid, cune- 
ately or abruptly contracted at base into a short winged petiole: heads only a line long: 
involucre of only 5 obovate concave somewhat herbaceous bracts: corolla of fertile flowers a 
short cup or ring: akenes pyriform, roughish and glandular.— Pl. Wright. i. 104.— Val- 
leys of S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Thurber, &c.) : 

* %* Heads pedicellate, in looser panicles, more or less leafy-bracteate: habit and foliage of 
Euphrosyne. 

I, ambrosiezefolia. A foot or two high, hirsute or villous-hispid, paniculately branched : 
leaves almost all alternate, thin, twice or thrice pinnately parted into small oblong lobes: 
involucre of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous outer bracts, and as many smaller obovate thin- 
scarious inner ones: corolla of fertile flowers a mere vestige: akenes turgid-obovate. — 
Euphrosyne ambrosiefolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 102, ii. 85.— W. borders of Texas and ad- 
jacent New Mexico, Wright. (Mex.) 


§ 2. Iva proper. Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaves 
or foliaceous bracts, and nodding: fertile flowers with evident corolla. — Jva, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. ¢. 


% Heads in terminal and solitary or paniculate compact squarrosely bracteate spikes: leaves not 
coriaceous: root annual. 

I. cilidta, Wittp. Rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose-hispidulous and hispid: leaves 
nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparsely serrate, the base abruptly contracted into a 
hispid petiole: spikes strict, 3 to 8 inches long; their bracts lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, 
foliaceous, surpassing the at length deflexed heads, hispid-ciliate, as are the 3 or 4 (rarely 5) 
herbaceous and unequal distinct or partly united bracts of the involucre: akenes about 3, 
obovate, moderately flattish.— Spec. iii. 2386; Pursh, FI. ii. 580; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 287. 
J. annua, Michx. FI. ii. 184, not L., unless possibly the detailed illustration by Schmidel 
should represent a state of it much altered in cultivation. Ambrosia Pitcheri, Torr. in 
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99, with a var. having linear and much elongated bracts to the 
spike. — Moist alluvial ground, Illinois to Nebraska, and south to Louisiana, Texas, and 
New Mexico. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier.) 

* % Heads more loosely disposed in the axils of ordinary leaves, or upper ones commonly in the 
axils of foliaceous bracts, 

+ Rather many-flowered; the fertile flowers 5 or rarely fewer: perennials or shrubby, with thick- 
ish and firm somewhat fleshy or coriaceous leaves. 

++ Bracts of the fleshy-herbaceous involucre 6 to 9, imbricated in two or more ranks; and those 
among the numerous sterile flowers linear-spatulate. 

I. imbricata, Waxr. A foot or two high from a suffrutescent base, honey-scented, smooth 
and glabrous or nearly so: stems thickish, ascending: leaves mainly alternate, fleshy, from 
spatulate-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, some of the larger (1 or 2 inches long) 
sparingly serrate: heads large for the genus (3 or 4 lines long), commonly pedunculate, the 
lower surpassed by and the upper surpassing the subtending leaves: involucre hemispherical- 
campanulate, the outer bracts orbicular: sterile flowers many, the fertile 2 to 4: akenes 


Iva. COMPOSITA. Q47 


obovate-oval, turgid. — Car. 232; Michx. Fl. ii. 184; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Sands of the 

seashore, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. (W. Ind.) 

++ ++ Bracts of the simpler involucre 5 or 4; those among the several or rather numerous sterile 
flowers reduced to linear filiform chaff: herbage minutely or sparsely strigulose or nearly gla- 
brous, rarely more pubescent: leaves opposite and alternate. 

I. frutéscens, L. (Mansy Exper, Hien-warer Survus.) Shrubby, or on the northern 
coast nearly herbaceous, erect, 3 to 8 feet high, much branched: canline leaves oval or ob- 
long, 3 to 5 inches long, serrate, 3-nerved at base, petioled ; those of the branches lanceolate 
aud tapering to each end, and in the upper part of the inflorescence reduced to linear bracts 
mostly surpassing the heads: bracts of the involucre distinct, orbicular-obovate. — Amcen. 
Acad. iii. 25, & Spec. ii. 989; Walt. Car. 232; Lam. Ill. t. 166, f.2; Michx. Fl. ii. 184; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 287. — Brackish muddy shores and beaches along the sea-coast, from 
Massachusetts to Texas. 

I. Hayesidna, Gray. Suffrutescent, 2 or 3 feet high, with ascending rather simple branches : 
leaves obovate-oblong or spatulate, or the small uppermost lanceolate, obtuse, entire, nearly 
sessile; the larger 2 inches long; upper little or not at all surpassing the heads: involucral 
bracts distinct, roundish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, & Bot. Calif. i. 614. — Brackish soil, San 
Diego Co., California, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey. 

I. axillaris, Pursu. Herbaceous from somewhat woody creeping rovotstocks; the stems or 
branches nearly simple, ascending, a foot or two high: leaves from obovate or oblong to 
nearly linear, obtuse, mostly entire, sessile, rarely over inch long, even the uppermost usually 
much surpassing the mostly solitary heads in their axils: bracts of the hemispherical invo- 
lucre connate into a 4-5-lobed or sometimes parted and sometimes merely crenate cup. — 
Fi. ii. 743; Nutt. Gen. ii. 185; Hook. Fl. i. 309, t. 106; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—J. azillaris 
(bracts almost separate) & J. foliolosa (bracts much united), Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 
346.— Sandy saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, and west to Brit. Colum- 
bia and California. 

Var. pubéscens, Gray. Villous with lax spreading hairs: involucre turbinate and 
almost entire.— Bot. Wilkes Exped. xvi. 350, & Bot. Calif. i. 343.— California, along the 
Bay of San Francisco. 

+ + Heads 3-6-flowered, small (about a line long), very numerous, subsessile, all surpassed 
by the narrow-linear or filiform mostly alternate subtending leaves: slender erect annuals, 
with elongated or virgate flowering branches: chaffy bracts filiform. — § Monachena, Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c. 

I. microcéphala, Nurr. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, even the lower leaves narrowly 
linear (an inch or two long, a line wide), those subtending the loosely disposed hemispherical 
heads spreading: involucre of 4 or 5 distinct bracts: fertile and sterile flowers each about 3, 
— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.— Dry pine barrens, E. and Middle Florida, 
Baldwin, Chapman, Palmer, Curtiss. 

I. angustifolia, Nurr. Strigulose-scabrous or somewhat hirsute, 2 to 4 feet high: lower 
leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends (larger inch and a half long, 3 or 4 lines wide), some 
of them sparingly serrate; those of the branches from linear to filiform, the bracteal ones 
ascending : heads more crowded and spicate, turbinate: involucral bracts united by scarious 
edges into a cup: fertile flowers usually solitary; the sterile 2 to 5: anther-tips cuspidate- 
apiculate. — DC. Prodr. v. 529, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.c.— Gravelly 
banks or beds of streams, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 


§ 3. Cuorisiva. Heads scattered, lateral and ebracteate on leafy branches: 
fertile flowers with evident corolla. 


I. Nevadénsis, M. E. Jones. Low and diffusely branched annnal, leafy to the top, cine- 
reously hirsute-pubescent: leaves obovate in outline, pinnately 3-7-parted into oblung or 
obovate obtuse lobes: heads small, sessile along the branches or rarely in the axil of a leaf: 
involucre of 3 nearly distinct ovate-oblong and very obtuse foliaceous bracts, considerably 
surpassing the 8 to 10 male and 3 or 4 female flowers; the latter subtended and akene partly 
enwrapped by as many roundish and hyaline interior bracts; their truncate corolla beset and 
fringed by long hairs.— Am. Naturalist, xvii. 973, but akenes not “finely striate.” — Near 
Hawthorne, Nevada, M. £. Jones.— Insignificant but singular species, with the aspect of 
Franseria Hookeriana. 


248 COMPOSIT&. Onytenia. 


78. OXYTENIA, Nutt. (‘Ogvrenjs, pointed, “in allusion to the rigid 
narrow foliage.”) — Pl. Gamb. 172; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 853; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 343. —Single species, Artemisia-like in habit; fl. autumn. 


O. acerésa, Nutt. 1. ¢. Shrubby, but soft-woody, 3 to 5 feet high, canescent, with erect 
branches sometimes leafless and rush-like: leaves when present alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted 
into long filiform divisions, or uppermost entire: heads numerous (2 lines long), in dense 
panicles. — Dry plains, S. W. Colorado to 8. E. California, Gambel, Wheeler, Brandegee, &c. 


79. DICORIA, Torr. & Gray. (Ais, twice, used for two, and xdpis, a bug, 
from the aspect of the two akenes of the original species.) — Emory Rep. 143, & 
Bot. Mex. 86, t. 30; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76, & Bot. Calif. i. 615. 


D. canéscens, Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Herb a foot to a yard high, with annual root, stem 
becoming lignescent at base and widely branched, herbage canescent with appressed pubes- 
cence and the branches hispid, becoming green and scabrous in age: lower leaves opposite, 
lanceolate and oblong, coarsely toothed or laciniate; upper alternate, ovate or roundish, all 
petioled: heads sparsely and irregularly racemose-paniculate, along slender nearly leafless 
branchlets, nodding in fruit: fertile flowers 2: inner bracts of the involucre pelatoid-scarious 
(yellowish white), orbicular and deeply concave, accrescent in fruit (becoming 3 or 4 lines 
long), then inflated-saccate and loosely or partly enclosing the laciniately wing-margined 
akene, falling with it.— Desert washes, S. E. California and adjacent Arizona to S. Utah. 

D. Brandegéi, Gray, l.c. Strigulose-canescent, diffusely and alternately branched (base 
of stem unknown): leaves of the branches oblong-lanceolate or partly spatulate, obtuse, 
mostly entire, an inch or less long and with slender petiole: heads sparse, racemose-panicu- 
late; some all male: corollas sparsely hirsute: fertile flower solitary; its dilated-cuneate 
hyaline subtending bract hardly accrescent or surpassing the. outer involucre: akene naked 
and exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct scarious mar- 
gin. — Sandy bottoms of the San Juan, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah, 
Brandegee. Little Colorada, N. Arizona, Rusby, in flower only. 


80. HYMENOCLEA, Torr. & Gray. (‘Yyyv, membrane, used for wing, 
and kAeiw, to enclose.) — Two known species, of low and much branched shrubby 
plants, minutely canescent, or else glabrous and smooth; with slender diffuse 
branches, bearing profuse scattered or glomerate paniculate small heads, the two 
sexes intermixed, or the female in lower axils: leaves all alternate and linear-fili- 
form; the lower sparingly and irregularly pinnately parted: fl. summer and 
autumn.— Pl. Fendl. 79; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 104, Bot. Calif. i. 343. 

H. Salsola, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Fructiferous involucre fusiform, strobilaceous; the ample 
orbicular silvery-scarious wings spirally alternate, imbricated over each other, radiately 


spreading when mature and dry. — Torr. Pl. Fremont (Smiths. Contrib.) 14, t. 8. — Saline soil 
in the desert region, S. California, adjacent Arizona, and Nevada; first found by Fremont. 


H. monogyra, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Fructiferous involucre smaller (2 lines long), winged 
only at the middle by a whorl of obovate or rhombic-reniform radiating scales of smaller 
size. —S. California through Arizona to S. W. Texas; first coll. by Coulter, (Adj. Mex.) 


81. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Racween. (Ancient Greek and also Latin 
name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.) — Weedy or coarse 
herbs ; with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves, and dull in- 
conspicuous flowers; in summer. Sterile heads racemose or spicate, and with 
no subtending bracts; the fertile below, commonly in small clusters in the axils 
of leaves or bracts: fl. summer and autumn. — Lam. Ill. t. 765; Gertn. Fruct. 
t. 164; Schk. Handb. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 354. — Fructiferous nut-like 
involucre called for shortness “ fruit.” 


Ambrosia, COMPOSIT&. 249 


§ 1. Cercémerts, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Sterile heads densely spicate, closely 
sessile; the involucre turbinate and half-truncate, the inner margin bearing a 
large lanceolate-acuminate hispid lobe, which by the deflexion of the head is 
strongly recurved and partly covers the orifice of the involucre, the bractless 
spike thus appearing as if retrorsely bracteate; fertile heads commonly solitary 
in axils below: leaves closely sessile by partly clasping base. 


A. bidentdta, Micux. Roughish-hirsute annual, 1 to 3 feet high, fastigiately branched 
above, very leafy up to the stout (span long) spikes: leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate, 
commonly with an acute lobe or tooth on each side near the broad base, thence tapering 
graduaily to.a point, usually entire: fertile involucre in fruit oblong, somewhat prismatic, 
the 4 strong angles or ribs terminating in acute strong spines of half the length of the spine- 
like beak: sterile heads about 10-flowered. — Fl. ii. 182; Pursh, Fl. ii. 581; Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 292. — Prairies and alluvial ground, Illinois and Missouri to Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 


§ 2. AmBrosia proper. Sterile heads racemose or spicate: sterile involucre 
commonly saucer-shaped or open-campanulate, with a several-toothed or truncate 
border: fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below. 


* Involucre of sterile heads unilaterally 3-ribbed: no chaff on the receptacle: leaves palmately 
eleft, ample, petioled. 

A. trifida, L. Tall and stout annual, 3 to 12 feet high, or even higher, roughish-hispidu- 
lous, or partly hispid or hirsute, sometimes almost glabrous: leaves all opposite, very deeply 
3-lobed or the lower 5-lobed; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate (in the larger 
leaves a span or more in length); petioles of the upper commonly wing-margined: sterile 
racemes long and dense: fertile heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts: fruit 
(matured fertile involucre) very thick and indurated, 4 or 5 lines long, obovoid-turbinate or 
obpyramidal, with 5 or sometimes 6 or 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spinous 
tubercles around the base of the conical beak. — Spec. ii. 987 (Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 6, t. 1, 
f.4); Michx. l.c.; DC. Prodr. v. 527; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Moist alluvial banks of streams, 
Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, &c. 

Var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, l.c. A depauperate form, with oblong or oval- 
lanceolate undivided leaves, and mostly solitary sterile racemes: spinous tubercles of the 
fruit less developed. — A. integrifolia, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 375. — New York to Illinois 
and Virginia. 

A. Aptera, DC. Very like the preceding, equally tall: petioles not margined ; larger leaves 
commonly 5-lobed, and the middle lobe often 3-cleft: sterile racemes more numerous and 
paniculate: fruit smaller, 2 or 3 lines long, more obovoid, 4—8-ribbed, and with 4 to 6 short 
or obsolete tubercles. — Prodr. v. 527; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 226. A. trifida, var. Texana, 
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 156. — Low grounds, Texas to New Mexico and S. W. Arizona; first 
coll. by Berlandier. 

% * Involucre of sterile heads not costate, indistinctly radiate-veined: receptacle with some fili- 
form or sometimes more dilated chaff: leaves opposite and alternate (in the adjacent Mexican 

A. cheiranthifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 87, entire and canescent), mostly 1-3-pinnatifid or 

dissected. 

A. artemisizefdlia, L. (Roman Wormwoop, Racweep, Bitter Weep.) Annual, 
variously pubescent or hirsute, paniculately branched, a foot or two high, sometimes taller: 
leaves thinnish, bipinnatifid or pinnately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid or 
sometimes nearly entire, on the flowering branches often undivided: sterile heads more or 
less pedicelled: fruit not 2 lines long, short-beaked, armed with 4 to 6 short acute teeth 
or spines. (Varies much, occasionally the sterile inflorescence abnormally fertile.) — Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 291. A. artemisiefolia & A. elatior, L. Spec. 987, 988. A. absynthifolia & 
A, paniculata, Michx. Fl. ii. 183. A. heterophylla, Mubl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 378. Iva mono- 
phylla, Walt. Car. 232. — Dry ground, a weed of cultivated and waste grounds, Nova Scotia 
to Saskatchewan, Texas, California, and Washington Terr. (W. Ind. & Mex. to Brazil.) 

A. longistylis, Nurr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 344, known only from Nuttall’s speci- 
men from “ Rocky Mountains,” described as having pinnatifid leaves, and conglomerate fer- 
tile flowers with styles about an inch long, — needs verification. 


250 COMPOSITA. Ambrosia. 


A. hispida, Purs. Perennial, spreading from a suffrutescent base, strigose-hispidulous or 
hispid and hirsute: leaves all petioled, twice and thrice pinnatifid or interruptedly pinnately 
divided into numerous short and small oblong ultimate lobes: sterile raceme commonly 
solitary and elongated: fruit with a stout short beak and commonly 4 short acute tubercles. 
—FI. ii. 743, the original-in herb. Sherard was probably from Bahamas. A. crithmifolia, 
DC. Prodr. v. 525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Sandy sea-shore, Florida. (W. Ind.) 

A. psilostachya, DC. Perennial from slender running rootstocks, stouter than A. artemi- 
siefolia, 2 to 6 feet high, with strigose and some loose hirsute pubescence: leaves thickish; 
upper simply and lower twice pinnatifid; the lobes mostly lanceolate and acute: sterile 
heads commonly short-pedicelled: fruit mostly solitary in the axils below, turgid-obovoid, 
less than 2 lines long, rugose-reticulated, obtusely short-pointed, either wholly unarmed or 
(sometimes on the same plant) with four short either blunt or acute tubercles. — Prodr. v. 
526; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 86, & Bot. Calif. i. 344. A. Peruviana, DC. 1. c., as to pl. Mex., 
hardly of Willd. A. coronopifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 291. A. Lindheimeriana & A. glan- 
dulosa, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 156, 158.— Moist prairies and beds of streams, Illinois and 
Saskatchewan to Texas, Arizona, and California. (Mex.) 

A. pumila, Gray. Perennial, a span or two high from slender running rootstocks, canes- 
cent throughout with a dense and close silky pubescence, very leafy: leaves nearly all alter- 
nate and long-petioled, 2-3-pinnately parted into linear-oblong crowded lobes: sterile heads 
in a short spike: fruit obovoid, pubescent, muticous, a line long (rarely two are connate at 
base). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Franseria pumila, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 
344; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 345, ii. 615. Hemiambrosia, Delpino, Stud. Comp. Artemis. 57.— 
San Diego, California, Nuttall, &c., recently coll. by Cleveland in fruit. 


82. FRANSERIA, Cav. (Ant. Franser, a physician and botanist in 
Madrid in the time of Cavanilles.) — Herbs or shrubby plants (all American) ; 
with chiefly alternate leaves, some species with habit of Ambrosia and near it in 
character, others with the fruiting involucre nearly that of Xanthium. — Cav. Ie. 
ii. 78, t. 200; Willd. Hort. Berol. i. t. 2; DC. Prodr. vy. 224; Torr. & Gray, 
FL ii, 292. Franseria, Hemixanthidium, & Xanthidium, Delpino, Stud. Comp. 
Artemis. 58-67. 


§ 1. Spines of the fruiting and 1-2-flowered involucre comparatively few, con- 
ical, subulate, or flattened with the inner face more or less concave, usually 
straight or merely incurved. —§ Acantholena, DC. 


%* Herbaceous perennial: fruiting involucre seldom over a line long, in the same plant bearing 
either one or two flowers. 

F. tenuifélia, Gray. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid, variously pubescent, 
or glabrate: leaves mostly 2-3-pinnately parted or dissected into narrowly oblong or linear 
lobes, and the narrow primary rhachis often with some interposed small lobes, the terminal 
elongated: sterile racemes commonly elongated and paniculate: fertile heads in numerous 
glomerules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-flowered, obovate with narrow 
obpyramidal base, armed with 6 to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost 
always hooked, and an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola above each. (Larger 
leaves often 5 inches long or more.) —Pl. Fendl. 80, Pl. Wright. i. 104 (var. tripinna- 
tifida), Bot. Mex. Bound. 87, & Bot. Calif. i. 346. Ambrosia longistylis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 79, 
as to no. 407, perhaps of Nutt. Ambrosia tenu/folia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 8512? A. confertiflora 
& A. fruticosa (excl. var.), DC. Prodr. v. 525, 526. Xanthidium tenuifolium, Delpino, 1. «. 
62.— Moist grounds, from Texas to N. Colorado, 8. California, and southward. (Mex., 
Hawaii, &c.) 

* * Herbaceous, with fruiting involucre 3 or 4 lines long at maturity, and longer stout or broad 
spines: stems low. 


F. Hookeridna, Nutt. Diffusely spreading from an annual (or perennial?) root, freely 
branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, sometimes canescent with strigose-sericeous pubes- 
cence when young: leaves of ovate or roundish circumscription (1 to 3 inches broad) and 
bipinnatifid, or the upper oblong and pinnatifid; sterile racemes solitary or paniculate: fruit- 


Franseria. COMPOSITA. 251 


ing involucre armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long and 
straight spines, seemingly always 1-flowered. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 294. F. Hovukeriana & 
montana, Nutt. 1. c. Hemixanthidium, Delpino, 1. c. 60. Ambrosia acanthicarpa, Hook. FI. 
i. 309. — Plains and along streams, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., California, Arizona, 
and W. Texas. 

F. bipinnatifida, Nurr. Procumbent, with stems 2 or 3 feet long from a perennial root, 
somewhat hirsute: leaves of ovate circumscription (an inch or two long), 2-3-pinnately 
parted into oblong-linear divisions and small oblong lobes, canesceut with soft tomentum or 
fine hirsute-sericeous pubescence: sterile spike or raceme dense, of rather large heads: 
fruiting involucre ovate-fusiform, armed with rather short and thick but flattish tubercule- 
like spines, their acute tips sometimes incurving.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 507; Torr. & 
Gray,].c. F. Lessingii, Walp. Rel. Meyen. 268.— Sands of the sea-coast, Washington Terr. 
to 8. California. 

F. Chamissonis, Less. Leaves cuneate-obovate or oblong-ovate with a cuneate base, 
3-5-nerved at base, obtusely serrate, the lower often laciniate-incised ; otherwise as the pre- 
ceding, or the 2-flowered fruiting involucre rather thicker, the spines broader and more cana- 
liculate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (with var. cuneifolia) ; Gray, Bot. Cal. 1. 345. . Chamissonis, 
var. malvefolia, Less. in Linn. vi. 507; DC. Lc. F. cuneifolia, Nutt. 1. c.— Sandy sea- 
beaches, Brit. Columbia to California. 

F. discolor, Nurr. 1.c. A foot or less high, erect from perennial slender creeping root- 
stocks: leaves canescently tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above, interruptedly 
bipinnatifid, oblong in outline, comparatively large (the lowest often 6 inches long); the 
lobes usually short and broad: sterile racemes commonly solitary: fruiting involucre ovoid, 
2-flowered, canescent, armed with rather short conical-subulate very acute and straight spines. 
—Torr. & Gray, 1.c. From station and char. probably Ambrosia tomentosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 
186. Xanthidium discolor, Delpino, 1. c.— Plains, &c., Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, and 
New Mexico. 

F. tomentosa, Gray. A foot high, rather stout, erect from an apparently perennial base 
or rootstock, canescent with a dense sericeous tomentum: leaves very white beneath, cine- 
reous above, pinnately 3~5-cleft or parted; the terminal division large, oblong or broadly lan- 
ceolate, serrate ; upper lateral similar but smaller ; lowest commonly very small and entire: 
fruiting involucre 3 lines long, turgid-ovoid, 2-flowered, nearly glabrous; the short spines 
conical-subulate, very acute, and the very tip usually uncinate-incurved. — Pl. Fendl. 80, & 
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 102.— Along streams or river-beds, Kansas and E. Colorado, Fendler, 
Bigelow, Hall. 


* * * Shrubby, low (1 to 3 feet high), much branched, canescent with a fine and close white 
tomentum, which is sometimes partly deciduous with age: sterile heads and fertile glomerules 
not rarely intermixed in short racemes or clusters. 

+— Fruiting involucre mostly 2-flowered, smooth and glabrous, or barely puberulent; its spines 
flattened and dilated at base, mostly straight-pointed. 

F, dumésa, Gray. Divergently much branched, very canescent: leaves small, 1-3-pinnately 
parted into oblong or roundish (1 or 2 lines long) obtuse lobes: fertile involucre globular; 
its spines long, tapering from a broadish flat base to a slender aristiform point. — Frem. 2d 
Rep. 316, Bot. Mex. Bound. 86, & Bot. Calif. i. 345. F. albicaulis, Torr. Pl. Frem. 16.— 
Arid region, from S. E. California to S. Utah and S. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter. 

F. deltoidea, Torr. Somewhat less woody, and less densely canescent-tomentulose : 
branches erect or spreading: leaves all undivided, from rhomboid-ovate or oblong to deltoid 
or obscurely hastate, minutely and often doubly crenate-serrate, an inch or less long, rather 
slender-petioled: fruiting involucre of the preceding, but the spines shorter and broader, 
flatter, lanceolate-subulate. —P]. Frem. 15; Bot. Mex. Bound. 87; Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Xan- 
thidium rhombophyllum, Delpino, 1. c.t — Arid regions of Arizona, and perhaps adjacent part 
of California, Fremont, Parry, Schott, Palmer, &c. (Can hardly be F’. chenopodiifolia, Benth., 
of Lower California.) 

+— + Fruiting involucre only one-flowered, villous-lanate ! 

F. eriocéntra, Gray. Rigidly much branched, canescent with very minute tomentum : 
leaves soon green and glabrate above, cuneate-oblong to lanceolate, from sinuately few-toothed 
or lobed to sparingly and irregularly laciniate-pinnatifid, ncarly sessile hy attenuate base: 


252 COMPOSITA. Franseria. 


fruiting involucre with single subulate beak as long as the body, the latter bearing about 10 
rather long rigid subulate-acerose spines, these nearly equalled by the long whitish wool. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif. ii. 345. Here also belongs the flowerless specimen 
coll. by Newberry, mentioned under F’. artemisioides in the Colorado Expedition of Ives; 
and this is probably the nearest relative of I’. chenopodiifolia, Benth. — Arid region, S. E. 
California and adjacent Nevada, Cooper, Newberry. Arizona and 8. Utah, Parry, Palmer, 
Lemmon. 5 


§ 2, Spines of the larger and 2-4- (commonly 3-) flowered involucre very 
numerous, comparatively slender, and conspicuously uncinate-tipped in the man- 
ner of Xanthium. (But the S. American F’, artemisioides has stout spines.) — 
§ Xanthiopsis, DC. 1. ¢. 


F. ambrosioides, Cav. Shrubby, 4 or 5 feet high, cinereous-pubescent: leaves rather 
long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly truncate or subcordate at base, acuminate, irregularly 
dentate or serrate, 2 to 4 inches long; petiole naked : fruit ovoid, nearly half-inch and slender 
prickles 2 lines long. —Ie. ii. 79, t. 200 (excl. syn.); Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 346. Xanthidium 
ambrosioides, Delpino, Stud. Comp. Artemis. 63.— Arizona, Bigelow, Palmer, Pringle, &c. 
(Lower Calif., Mex.) 

F. ilicifélia, Gray. Shrubby, at least the branches hirsute, very leafy: leaves rigidly 
coriaceous, scabrous, reticulate-veiny, sessile, somewhat clasping, oblong-ovate, coarsely den- 
tate, the teeth and apex spinose: heads ovoid, those seen only 2-celled.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
xi. 77.—Cafions beyond the southern border of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Gila 
Desert, Arizona, Lemmon, foliage only. 


83. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocxie-sur, Cror-sur. (Old Greek name 
of some plant the fruit of which, in the time of Dioscorides, was used to dye the 
hair yellow.) — Coarse annuals, chiefly American, of the warmer region, but 
now widely dispersed weeds; with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed 
or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads of greenish or yellowish flowers, 
in terminal and larger axillary clusters of both sexes, the male uppermost; the 
lower of few or solitary female heads in axils of leaves: fl. summer and 
autumn. —Gertn. Fruct. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 291; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 355. 


§ 1. Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins 
and often incised or lobed, on long petioles: axils unarmed: fruiting involucre 
with two prominent indurated beaks. — § Huxanthium, DC. Prodr. v. 523. — Per- 
haps all derivatives of a single species. 


X. strumArium, L. A foot or two high: fruiting involucre half to two-thirds inch long, 
glabrous or puberulent; the beaks straight and rarely at all hooked at maturity, and spines 
rather slender. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1400; Fl. Dan. t. 270; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 291.—<A weed 
of barnyards and in cult. grounds. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.? or Ind.?) 

X. Canadense, Mizz. Stouter: stem often punctate with brown spots: fruiting involucre 
about an inch long, densely beset with rather long prickles, the stout beaks at maturity 
usually hooked at the tip or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid, 
sometimes glabrate. — Dict. ed. 8, first after L. Spec. X. majus Canadense, Herm. Lugd. 
635. X. elatius Americanum, etc., Moris. Hist. ili. 604, sect. 15, t. 2, fig. 2. X. Carolinense, 
ete., Dill. Elth. ii. 432, t. 231. X. orientale, L. 1. c., in part. X. Americanum, Walt. Car. 
231. X.macrocarpum, var. glabratum, DC. Prodr. 1.v. X. strumarium, var. Canadense, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 294. Alluvial shores and waste grounds, from Texas to Saskatchewan, 
Nevada, and California: perhaps extended northward by man’s indirect agency. In brackish 
soil it becomes 

Var. echinaétum. A form, usually dwarf, with still denser and longer prickles, these 
conspicuously hirsute or hispid. — X. echinatum, Murr. Comm. Geett. vi. 32, t. 4; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 294. X. maculatum, Raf. in Am. Jour. Sci. i151. X. macrecarpum, DC. Fl. 
Fr. Suppl. 356, & Prodr. 1.c. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes, (S. Am.) 


Zinnia. COMPOSITA. 253 


§ 2. Leaves attenuate to both ends and short-petioled; their axils triply spi- 
niferous. — § Acanthoxanthium, DC. 


X. spindésum, L. A foot or two high, much branched: leaves ovate-lanceolate with cuneate 
base, the larger 3-lobed or incisely pinnatifid, glabrate and green above, white-tomentose 
beneath : axils bearing long and slender 3-parted yellow spines: fertile involucres solitary 
or few in upper axils, cylindraceous, half-inch long, obtuse, armed with short weak prickles, 
inconspicuously 1-2-beaked or pointless. —Lam. Ill. t. 655, f. 4; DC. 1. c.— A weed of 
8. Atlantic States and Pacific coasts, occasionally about seaports northward to Massachusetts. 
(Nat. from Trop. Am.) 


84, ZINNIA, L. (Dr. J. G. Zinn, of Gottingen, who figured the original 
species as a Feudbeckia.) — American, chiefly Mexican, herbs or suffruticulose 
plants ; with opposite and mostly sessile entire leaves, single heads terminating 
the branches, and showy flowers, the bright-colored rays long enduring: fl. sum- 
mer. — Gen. ed. 6, 437; Gertn. Fruct. t. 172; Gray, Pl. Wright. i.105. Zinnia 
& Diplothriz, DC. Prodr. v. 534, 611. 


§ 1. Evzinnta. Herbs, mostly annual (some species perennial) : leaves from 
ovate to linear: ray-flowers several or numerous, usually without pappus. — Pl. 
Wright. 1. c. 


Z. paucifiédra, L. Erect annual: leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, commonly with 
subcordate base, scabrous: peduncle sometimes enlarging and hollow: involucre narrow- 
campanulate: ligules from obovate to narrowly spatulate, red, purple, or yellow: akenes of 
the disk l-awned, sometimes with a rudiment of a second awn or tooth. — Webb, Spic. 
Gorg. 141. Z. pauciflora & Z. multiflora, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1269 (L. f. Dee. t.12). Z. tenui- 
flora, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 590, with narrow ligules. Z. revoluta, Cav. Ic. iii. 251. Z. leptopoda 
& probably Z. bicuspis, DC. Prodr. v. 535. Z. intermedia, Engelm. Bot. Wisliz. 23. — Lou- 
isiana to Texas, but probably introduced, Arizona, apparently indigenous. (Mex., 8. Am., 
and now widely dispersed.) 


§ 2. DreLérurix. Suffruticulose and tufted perennials: leaves narrow and 
rigid, connate-sessile, usually crowded: ray-flowers commonly few, and their 
akenes 2-4-aristate: head conspicuously pedunculate only in Z. juniperifolia. — 
Pl. Wright. 1.c. Diplothriz, DC. 


% Ligules shorter than or little surpassing the disk, sometimes wanting: stems mainly herbaceous. 
— § Heterogyne, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1. c. 

Z. anémala, Gray. Scabrous-hispid: stems or branches very numerous from a ligneous 
base and root, 4 to 8 inches high: leaves linear (half-inch to inch long, less than 2 lines 
wide), one-nerved, obscurely 3-nerved at base: peduncle shorter than the uppermost leaves : 
involucre oblong or campanulate (half-inch long): ligules 4 to 6, oval or oblong, 1 to 3 lines 
long, yellow or orange, occasionally the whole corolla wanting : hispid style-branches of the 
disk-flowers acuminate-subulate. — Pl. Wright. i. 106, t. 10, & ii. 86.—S. W. Texas, Wright. 
(Mex. near Saltillo, Palmer, with broader involucre.) 

* * Ligules (4 or 5) ample, dilated-obovate or roundish, at maturity much surpassing the disk, 
light yellow or sulphur-color, becoming white in age: involucre narrow: stems or branches a 
span or more high from the stout woody base or branching caudex. 


Z. grandifléra, Nutr. Scabro-hispidulous: leaves linear, 3-nerved at base: involucre 
usually 4 lines long: ligules at maturity 5 to 8 lines long: style-branches of the disk-flowers 
attenuate-subulate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 348; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 298; Torr. 
in Emory Rep. t. 4 (style incorrect); Gray, 1. c. — Plains and bluffs, E. Colorado to S. W. 
Texas and Arizona. 

Z. pimila, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent: leaves very narrowly linear (hardly half-line 
wide, half-inch or less long), one-nerved : involucre 2 or 3 lines long, and ligules 2 to 4 lines: 
style-branches of disk-flowers with short triangular-subulate tips. — Pl. Fendl. 81, Pl. Wright. 
1. c, — High plains and table-lands, S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 


254 COMPOSITA. Zinnia. 


S 


Z. acerésa, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves acerose-filiform, very obscurely 
one-nerved, half-inch or more long: ligules 3 to 6 lines long: style-branches with subulate- 
ovate tips. — Pl. Wright. lc. Diplothrix acerosa, DC. Prodr. v. 611.— Hills, 8. W. Texas, 


Wright. (Adj. Mex.) 


85. SANVITALIA, Lam. (Sanvital’, name of a noble Italian family.) 
— Mostly low and branching herbs, of Mexico and its border; with opposite and 
more or less petioled leaves, almost always entire, and rather small heads termi- 
nating the branches, ours and most of the species annuals. — Jour. Hist. Nat. 
ii, (1792), 176, t. 83; Ill. t. 686; Cav. Ic. iv. 31, t. 851; DC. Prodr. v. 628. 
Lorentea, Ort. Dec. iv. 42, t. 5. j 


§ 1. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of bracts, their tips commonly herbaceous: 
fructiferous receptacle from flat to strongly conical; its chaffy bracts soft or 
shorter than the flowers: disk commonly dark purple or brownish: rays yellow 
or turning whitish in age: ray-akenes mostly triangular; the comparative smooth- 
ness, granulation, or murication of disk-akenes inconstant. ¥ 


S. ocymoides, DC. A span or two high, diffusely spreading, hispidulous or hirsute: 
leaves oval, obtuse, abruptly contracted into the petiole: ligules shorter than the akene and 
shorter than the three slender-subulate diverging awns: disk-akenes all wingless, quadran- 
gular-compressed, sometimes 1-2-awned. — S. ocymoides & S. tragicefolia, DC. 1. c. —South- 
ernmost border of Texas on the Rio Grande, Berlandier, Schott. (Adj. Mex.) 

S. proctUmeens, Lam. l. c. (S. villosa, Cav. Ic. 1. c.), a Mexican species not uncommon in 
cultivation, has conspicuous ligules much exceeding the awns at their base, and flattened disk- 
akenes, some of them winged and 1-2-aristellate, some not; and the receptacle, at first barely 
convex, may become even acutely conical in age. S. acinifolia, DC. 1. ¢., appears to be only 
a form of it. 

S. ancustiF6L1a, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 112, of Northern Mexico, has similar 
akenes and similar receptacle, but rays nearly as short as those of S. ocymoides ; the chaff of 
the receptacle disposed to be rigid-tipped as in the following. 


§ 2. Involucre a single series of dry bracts: fractiferous receptacle strongly 
and acutely conical; its chaffy bracts conspicuous and with rigid cuspidate tips: 
rays white: disk pale: leaves rarely denticulate. 

S. Abérti, Gray. Erect, at length a foot high, with ascending branches, minutely pubescent 
‘or hispidulous, glabrate : ‘leaves lanceolate or nearly linear, 3-nerved, narrowed into a mar- 
gined petiole: rays 1 to 3 lines long: akenes all corky-thickened ; ‘those of the ray almost 
terete, narrowly 4-sulcate, bearing 3 very short and stout: nearly eanteal awns or tubercles; 


of the disk compressed-quadrangular, wingless, awnless, or sometimes minutely uniaristellate. 
— PL. Fendl. 87, & Pl. Wright. i. 111.—S. W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Arizona. 


86. HELIOPSIS, Pers. (“Hwos, the sun, dys, likeness, from resemblance 
to the Sunflower.) — American perennials (or a Mexican and South American 
species annual) ; with loosely branching stems, ovate or oblong and veiny mostly 
serrate 3-ribbed or triple-ribbed leaves, on naked petioles, and pedunculate showy 
heads; the rather numerous rays yellow, and the disk yellowish. FI. summer 
and autumn.— Syn. ii. 473; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 802; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 358. : 

H. levis, Pers. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so throughout, 3 or 4 feet high: leaves 
bright green, thinnish, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a truncate or slightly cuneate. 
decurrent base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate with numerous teeth (8 to 5 inches 
long): heads somewhat corymbose: rays broadly linear, an inch long, at length marcescent 


and decaying away: akenes wholly glabrous and smooth, the summit wholly truncate or ob- 
scurely 2-4- toothed. — Pursh, Fl. ii. 563; Dunal, Mem. Mus. v.55; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3372; 


Tetragonotheca. COMPOSIT. 255 


Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., excl. vars.; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. 42. Buphthalmum heli- 
anthoides, L. Hort. Ups., & Spec. ii. 904; Michx. Fl. ii. 130; L’Her. Stirp. t. 45. Silphium 
helianthoides, L. Spec. ii. 920, pl. Gronov. S. solidaginoides, L. Spec. 1.c. Rudbeckia oppositi- 
folia, L. Spec. 1.v. 907, pl. Gronov. Helianthus levis, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1278, excl. syn. Gronov., 
which is Bidens chrysanthemoides. Helepta grandiflora, &., Raf. Neog. — Dry or moist 
ground, Canada to Florida. 


H. scabra, Duna. Hispidulous-scabrous, especially the leaves, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves 
from broadly ovate and subcordate to ovate-lanceolate, the upper occasionally entire: rays 
oblong, nearly or quite an inch in length: akenes smooth, but the angles above pubescent 
when young, the summit usually bearing an obscure or evident and irregular coroniform 
chaffy pappus, or sometimes 2 or 3 conspicuous and rigid teeth! Otherwise as in the fore- 
going, into which it may pass. — Mem. Mus. 1. c. 56, t.4; Hook. Fl. i. 310; DC. Prodr. 
v. 550, excl. syn. H. canescens, Don. H. lavis, var. scabra, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 303. — 
W. New York to Saskatchewan, Missouri, and Arkansas. 

H. gracilis, Nutt. Slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate (2 or 
3 inches long), and with somewhat cuneate base, hispidulous-scabrous or almost smooth : 
heads very much smaller, barely 3 or 4 lines high, and the fewer (5 to 10) rays 5 to 8 lines 
long: akenes of H. scabra.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 353. H. levis, var. minor, 
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. H. levis, var. gracilis, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 303. — Dry and 
shaded ground, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas, Gates & Jewett, Drum- 
mond, Curtiss, &c. 

H. parvifolia, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high, from cinereous-puberulent and some- 
what scabrous to nearly glabrous and green: leaves deltoid-lanceolate or rhomboid-lanceolate 
or approaching deltoid-ovate, irregularly dentate with few or several teeth, or some entire, 
an inch or two long: head barely half-inch high: rays oval or oblong, half vr two-thirds 
inch long: akenes glabrous but dull and rugulose-scabrous, the summit evenly truncate. — 
Pl. Wright. ii. 86; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 159. H. buphthalmotdes, Gray in Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 88, not Dunal. — Cafions and beds of streams, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Lower 
Cal. & adj. Mex.) 

H. supntraatmofpes, Dunal, of Mexico and S. America, and H. Annua, Hemsley (which 
may be the H. canescens, HBK., that being said to have an annual root, as has Parry & 

Palmer’s no. 431), have puberulent or papillose-pubescent akenes. 


87. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. (Terpdywvos, four-angled, Oxy, case, 
i. e. involucre.) — Erect perennial herbs, all N. American, with striate stems; 
the leaves all opposite, mostly sessile or connate-amplexicaul, thinnish, dentate 
or sinuate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, on slender peduncles terminating the 
stem or branches; both disk- and ray-corollas light yellow, nervose (the ligules 
5 to 10-merved, and the usual 5 nerves of the throat of the disk-corollas not 
rarely doubled), marcescent and persisting almost to the maturity of the akenes. 
FI. summer. — Dill. Elth. ii. 878, t. 283; Linn.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 367. 
Tetragonotheca & Halea, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 803, 304. 


§ 1. Akenes very thick, obscurely 4-sided or almost terete, wholly destitute of 
pappus: tube of the corolla villous below: stem simple: involucre very saliently 
4-angled in the bud. 


T. helianthoides, L. Villous with somewhat viscid hairs: stem a foot or two high: leaves 
ovate or rhomboid-oblong, closely sessile by a narrow base, dentate, 4 to 6 inches long: lobes 
of the involucre and 6 to 9 rays about an inch long.— Spec. ii. 903; DC. Prodr. v. 552; 
Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Polymnia Tetragonotheca, L. Syst.; Abbot, Ins. & Pl. Georg. ii. t. 69; 
Schkuhr, Handb. t. 263. Silphium Tetragonotheca, Gertn. Fruct. t. 171.—Dry ground, 
Virginia to Florida. 


. 


§ 2. Akenes distinctly 4-sided and the sides striate (somewhat pubescent), 
moderately narrowed from the truncate summit to base: pappus plurisquamellate 


256 COMPOSITA. Tetragonotheca. 


al 


or sometimes wanting: stems more branching: involucre ovoid and less angled 
in the bud. — Halea, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 


T. Texana, Gray & Encetm. Minutely pubescent or glabrate: stems slender, a foot or 
two high, sometimes freely branched: cauline leaves laciniately pinnatifid or incised, 2 or 3 
inches long; the lower tapering into margined connate petioles; upper with winged petioles 
or bases dilated at insertion and usually connate around the stem into a toothed disk: pe- 
duncles elongated (4 to 9 inches long): lobes of the involucre and 7 to 9 rays half-inch long: 
tube of the corollas glandular: pappus none, or very minute, or sometimes of numerous 
subulate squamelle of length nearly equalling the breadth of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
i.48. Halea Texana, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 83, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 227. Tetragonosperma lyratifo- 
lium, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 167.— Rocky ground, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. (Adj. 
Mex., Berlandier, Palmer.) 

T. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so: stem rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, usu- 
ally leafy to the top: leaves ovate or oblong, ample (the larger 4 to 7 inches long), saliently 
and acutely dentate, the lowest on winged petioles, upper all connate by mostly broad bases 
into a large perfoliate disk: peduncles mostly longer than the leaves: corollas with tube 
somewhat pubescent: ligules 10 to 12, oval, less than half-inch long: akenes (over 2 lines 
long) crowned with a conspicuous pappus of rigid oval or oblong chaffy scales in length 
equalling the breadth of the truncate summit. — E. Hall, List Pl. Tex. 13, no. 328. Halea 
Ludoviciana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Sandy soil, Louisiana (Hale, Leavenworth) & Texas. 

Var. repanda. Depauperate or dwarf form; flowering sometimes from near the 
ground ; the leaves therefore petioled, and the upper with perfoliate disk of united bases of 
the petioles, nearly as in 7. Texana: peduncles elongated as in that species; so that it is as 
it were intermediate between the two.— Halea repanda, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1861, 458.— Texas, near Corpus Christi, Buckley. W. of San Antonio, Palmer; an an- 
tumnal state, flowering as seedlings. 


88. SCLEROCARPUS, Jacq. (SxdAnpos, hard, xaprds, fruit, referring 
to the indurating enclosing bracts.) — Strigose-pubescent herbs (the original spe- 
cies African, the others mostly Mexican); with branching stems, terminal pedun- 
culate heads of yellow flowers, and alternate or opposite leaves: fl. summer. — Act. 
Helv. ix. 34, t. 2, & Ic. Rar. t. 176; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 364. Aldama, 
Llav. & Lex. Nov. Gen. Descr. i. 14. Gymnopsis, DC. Prodr. v. 561, in part. 


S. uniseridlis, Benra. & Hoox. 1c. Annual, a foot or two high, loosely branched: 
leaves all alternate, slender-petioled, deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, or uppermost lanceolate, 
coarsely dentate, the strigose pubescence of the lower face canescent: loose involucral bracts 
nearly in a single series; corollas orange; ligules 5 to 9, oval or oblong: fructiferous bracts 
cartilaginous or bony, terete, roughish, in age often tuberculate.—Gymnopsis uniserialis, 
Hook. Ic. t. 145; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 316; Revue Hort. 1853, t. 14; Belg. Horticole, 1854, 
t. 20. Aldama uniserialis, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 228.— Moist or shady ground, Texas, Ber- 
landier, Drummond, &c. (Mex.) 


89, ECLIPTA, L. (Name from éxAeirw, to be deficient, i. e. in pappus.) 
— Insignificant herbs, of the warmer regions, chiefly of shores; with opposite 
leaves, and scattered small heads of whitish or yellowish flowers; in summer.— 
Mant. Alt. 157; DC. Prodr. vy. 489. 


E. Alba, Hassxarr. Annual, | to 8 feet high, or often procumbent and smaller, minutely 
strigose-pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparingly serrate, sessile or the lower some- 
what petioled: peduncles from the upper axils, sometimes equalling the leaves, sometimes 
shorter than the heads: ligules not surpassing the disk, white: akenes of the disk at length 
corky-margined, truncate at summit or 4-denticulate when young. — Pl. Jay. Rar. 528. E. 
erecta & E. prostrata, L. Mant. Alt. 286. E. procumbens & E. brachypoda, Michx. F1. ii. 
129. E. species 1-8, DC.1.c. Cotula alba, L. Syst., & Verbesina alba, L. Spec. Evpatorio- 
phalacron, Dill. Elth. t.113. Amellus Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 313. — Shores and river-banks, 
New Jersey to Texas. (AJl subtropical countries.) 


Isocarpha. COMPOSITA. 257 


90. MELANTHERA, Rohr. (Méas, black, and évdnpd, used for anther.) 
—Scabrous herbs (chiefly tropical American); with quadrangular branching 
stems, opposite and sometimes lobed petioled leaves, and pedunculate heads: 
corolla white and anthers blackish in the genuine (rayless) species. FJ. summer. 
— Rohr, Skriv. Nat. Selsk. Kiob. 1792, ii. 213; DC. Prodr. v. 544. Melanan- 
thera, Michx. FI. ii. 106. 


M. hastaéta, Mrcux. l.c. Stem 3 to 6 feet high from a perennial root, spotted: leaves 
from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or uppermost lanceolate, some of them commonly and vari- 
ously hastately 3-lobed, unequally serrate: bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate, of the 
receptacle spinescently acuminate: heads in fruit half-inch in diameter. — DC. Prodr. v. 545. 
M. trilobata, pandureformis, &c., Cass. Dict. xxix. 485. Bidens nivea, L. Spec. ii. 833 (Dill. 
Elth. t. 46,47). Athanasia hastata, Walt. Car. 201.— Moist ground, near the coast, S. Caro- 
lina to Louisiana. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) 

M. deltoidea, Micux.1.v. Leaves ovate to deltoid or obscurely hastate: heads smaller: 
bracts of the involucre ovate, of the receptacle only mucronate.—DC.1.c. M. urticefolia, 
Cass.l.c. Jf Linnei, HBK. Bidens nivea, L. 1. c. as to Dill. Elth. t.47,£.3. Calea aspera, 
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 583. —S. Florida. (W. Ind. to S. Am.) 

M. lanceolata, Benru. A foot or two high: leaves lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 
lines wide), somewhat serrate: bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, of the receptacle cuspi- 
dately mucronate, short: disk about 4 lines in diameter. — Vidensk. Medel. 1852-3, 88. MM. 
microphylla, Steetz in Seem. Bot. Herald, 156 (same year?). J. angustifolia, A. Rich. ex 
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 154. —S. Florida, Garber, &e. (W. Ind., Centr. Am.) 


91. VARILLA, Gray. (Native Mexican name of this and some similar 
plants.) — Shrubby or suffrutescent, glabrous; with linear and narrow entire and 
sessile thickish or fleshy leaves, and pedunculate rather small heads, either corym- 
bosely cymose or solitary; the flowers yellow. — Pl. Fendl. 106, & Pl. Wright. 
i, 128. —Two known species. 


V. Mexicana, Gray, 1.c. Shrub about 5 feet high, much branched: branches very leafy, 
terminated by a cyme of numerous short-peduncled heads: leaves not succulent, linear (1 to 3 
inches long, at most 2 lines wide), attenuate to both ends, opposite: involucre somewhat tur- 
binate, 2 lines long, half the length of the rather narrow head: pappus of 5 to 10 or 15 slender 
short bristles (which commonly bear 3 or 4 salient setulose denticulations), somewhat irreg- 
ular, in length fully equal to the diameter of the akene.— Coahuila, near Parras, Gregg, 
Wislizenus, Palmer, &c., not yet found within U.S. (Mex.) 

V. Texdna, Gray. Low, suffrutescent, much branched and very leafy at base: leaves very 
succulent, terete, mostly alternate, obtuse: head larger, solitary on a long terminal and 
minutely bracteate peduncle: involucre not turbinate, very much shorter than the broadly 
ovoid conical disk: pappus none. — Pl. Wright. i. 103. —Saline soil, from the Nueces to the 
Rio Grande, S. Texas, Wright, Trécul, Bigelow, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.) 


92. ISOCARPHA, R.Br. (From icos, equal, xdpdos, chaff, the chaffy 
bracts of the receptacle and of the involucre similar.) — Tropical American herbs ; 
with small heads of white or whitish flowers, either solitary or glomerate at the 
summit of a naked peduncle. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 110; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 865. Dunantia, DC. Prodr. v. 626. 


I, oppositifélia, R. Br.1.c. Pubescent: stems slender, 1 to 3 feet high from a peren- 
nial(?) root, paniculately branched: leaves opposite, lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, 
triplinerved, entire or sparingly denticulate: heads commonly in threes, in fruit 4 or 5 lines 
long, narrow, with turbinate involucre: bracts of the involucre and receptacle pointed, becom- 
ing rigid and the receptacle columnar. —Calea oppositifolia, L. Dunantia Achyranthes, DC. 
Prodr. v. 672; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 37. —S. borders of Texas on the Rio Grande, Schott. 
(Adj. Mex., W. Ind.) 

17 


258 COMPOSITE. Spilanthes, 


93. SPILANTHES, Jacq. (SmiXos, a spot or stain, dvOos, flower; name 
ordinarily without application.) — Usually spreading or creeping herbs (mainly 
tropical) ; with opposite and merely serrate leaves, rather small heads on pe- 
duncles terminating the stem and branches, the rays when present yellow or 
white, the disk-flowers yellow: herbage of some species acrid to the taste. Fi. 
summer. —Jacq. Amer. t. 214, Hort. Vind. t. 135, & Ic. Rar. t. 584; Schreb. 
Gen. 1266; DC. Prodr. v. 620. Spilanthus, L. Mant. 475; Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 
t. 167. — Our species is of the section Acmedla, DC. (Acmella, Pers. Syn. ii. 472), 
having evident ligules. 


S. répens, Micux. Perennial by the creeping base, slender, spreading or ascending, from 
hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous: stems ‘slender, a foot or two long: leaves from lan- 
ceolate to oblong-ovate, an inch or two long, from sparsely denticulate to serrate, abruptly 
or sometimes gradually contracted at base into a petiole: peduncles 2 to 4 inches long: 
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse: rays 8 to 12, yellow, rather shorter 
than the obtusely ovoid disk: receptacle at length subulate-conical: akenes oblong, less 
than a line long, not flat, most of them tuberculate-roughened in age and minutely hispidu- 
lous, the margins not more so than the sides: pappus none or occasionally one or two mi- 
nute awns.— FI. ii. 131; DC. Prodr. v. 623. S. repens & S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
356. Anthemis repens, Walt. Car. 211; Pursh, FI. ii. 562. Acmella repens, Pers. Syn. 1. c. 
A. repens & A. occidentalis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 171. — Low or wet ground, 8. Carolina to Florida, 
Arkansas, and Texas. 7 


94. ECHINACEA, Mench. (‘Exivos, hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion 
to the spinescent bracts of the receptacle.) — Atlantic N. American perennial herbs; 
with thick and black roots of pungent taste (used in popular medicine under the 
name of Black Sampson), rather stout erect stems, undivided somewhat nervose 
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles ter- 
minating the stem and few branches; in summer. Rays from flesh-color to 
rose-purple or crimson, much elongating with age: disk purplish. — Meth. 591; 
Cass. Dict. xxxv., xlvii., &c.; DC. Prodr. v. 554, excl. sp. Mex. Brauneria, 
Necker. Heliochroa, Raf. Neog. 1825, no. 35, &e. 


E. purptirea, Mencn. Commonly smooth and glabrous, or the leaves hispidulous and 
rough, sometimes the stem also hispid, 2 feet or more high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or the 
lower ovate from a broad base, commonly denticulate or acutely serrate, most of them 
abruptly contracted into a margined petiole, some of the middle occasionally opposite; 
lower often 3-5-plinerved involucre well imbricated : ligules (rarely almost white), at first 
an inch long and broadish, in age often elongated to 2 inches or more. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 305, with varieties. 2. purpurea & E. serotina, DC. Prodr. v. 554. , Rudbeckia purpurea, 
L. Spec. ii. 907 (Catesb. Car. t. 59; Pluk. Alm. t. 21, &c.); Bot. Mag. #2; Schkuhr, Handb. 
t. 259; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept ii. t. 64. A. serotina, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 4, & Lodd. Cab. 

~ t. 1539 (R. purpurea, var. serotina, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178), the hirsute or hispid form, which is 
R. hispida, Hoffm., and R. speciosa, Link. Enum., ex DC. Heliochroa Linneana, elatior, 

-amena, furcata, &c., Raf. Neog. 1. c.— Rich or deep soil, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois and 
Louisiana. 

H. angustifélia, DC. Hispid, either sparsely or densely, a foot or two high, mostly sim- 
ple: leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate at base, 
the lower into slender petioles; bracts of the involucre in only about 2 series: heads and 
flowers nearly of the preceding (the fruiting disk often an inch high), or sometimes very 
much smaller. — Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 306; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5281; Sprague, 
Wild Flowers of Amer. t-25. .£. pallida & E. sanguinea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
u. ser. Vii. 354. Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77.— Prairies and bar- 
rens, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to Texas, and east to Illinois, Tennessee, and Alabama; 
in several forms; some too near the preceding. 


Rudbeckia. COMPOSIT A. 259 


95. RUDBECKIA, L. ConerLtower. (The two Professors Rudbeck, 
father and son, predecessors of Linnus at Upsal.) —N. American herbs, chiefly 
perennial; with alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and commonly 
showy pedunculate heads terminating stem and branches; the rays yellow, rarely 
with brown-purple base, in one species wholly crimson, the disk from fuscous to 
purplish black. Fl. summer. —Gertn. Fr. t.172. Rudbeckia & Dracopis, Cass. 
le; DC. 1 ¢.3 Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 807, 316. 


§ 1. Eurcpstcxra. Akenes prismatic-quadrangular, when laterally com- 
pressed yet with a salient angle or rib on the lateral faces: bracts persisting on 
the receptacle. — Rudbeckia, Cass., &c. 


* Disk from hemispherical to globose or oblong-ovoid, dark-purple (at least the corollas) or brown: 
akenes (not rarely becoming somewhat curved) inserted by a central or slightly oblique basal 
areola. 

+ Leaves elongated-linear, as it were gramineous, but rigid, nervose, shining, entire: chaffy 
bracts of the receptacle firm or rigid, carinate-concave, commonly mucronate from the thickish 
obtuse summit, rather shorter than the subtended flowers: style-tips conical-capitate: disk dark 
brown, globular, becoming ovoid in fruit: stems rush-like and striate, 2 feet or more high from 
a perennial root, bearing solitary rather small heads on long naked peduncles: rays in one 
species dark crimson! 


R. atrérubens, Nur. Either glabrous or sparsely and minutely strigulose: stems rigid, 
nearly simple, few-leaved: leaves rather obtuse, often purplish; radical and lowest cauline 
often a foot long, a quarter to half an inch wide: involucre a few small subulate-linear 
bracts: rays 9 or more, oblong, half-inch long, dark crimson; fructiferous disk two thirds of 
an inch long, its receptacle fusiform-conical ; its chaffy bracts thick and firm, oblong, tipped 
with a short rigid mucro: akenes equably quadrangular, straight and with centrally basal 
insertion, a line and a half long, inclusive of the short cupulate and obscurely 4-toothed 
pappus. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80. Echinacea atrorubens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
lc. 854; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 306 (with var. graminifolia); Chapm. Fl. 226.— Borders of 
pine-barren ponds, Georgia and Florida, in the low country (also Arkansas, according to 
Nuttall), Wray, Chapman, Mohr, &c. 

R. bupleuroides, Suutrx. Perfectly glabrous and smooth, divergently branching: leaves 
pale green, attenuate-acute ; the larger 7 or 8 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide: heads smaller ; 
disk even when fructiferous hemispherical or globular: rays bright sulphur-yellow, over half- 
inch long: chaffy bracts of the receptacle less rigid, obtuse with obscure or blunt mucro: 
akenes somewhat curved and with rather oblique insertion, 2 lines long, inclusive of the deep 
cupulate and irregularly dentate pappus. — Coll. Rugel distrib. by Shuttleworth ; Chapm. 
Fl. Suppl. 629. R. Mohrii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217.—W. Florida. Wet pine 
barrens near St. Marks, Rugel, 1843. Margin of the Dead Lakes, near Iola, C. dfvhr. — 
Makes approach to &. nitida, var. longifolia. 


+ + Leaves broad, various in form, thinnish, veiny : chaffy bracts of the receptacle merely 
concave, thinnish, not rigid, acuminate into a slender almost awn-like cusp, about equalling the 
flowers; the whole disk black-purple: style-tips conical-capitate: root biennial. 

R. triloba, L. Bright green, sparsely hirsute or hispidulous, or the freely branching stem 
glabrous and smooth, 2 to 5 feet high: radical leaves commonly cordate, slender-petioled ; 
cauline ovate-lanceolate or broader, with cuneate subsessile base, coarsely serrate, acuminate, 
or the upper lanceolate and nearly entire, the lower divergently 3-lobed or 3-parted: heads 
short-peduncled : involucre foliaceous, soon reflexed ; its bracts linear or mostly so, unequal, 
nearly in a single series: rays 8 to 10, half-inch to inch long, deep yellow, sometimes parti- 
colored, the basal portion orange or even brown-purple: disk depressed-globular, becoming 
ovoid at maturity (about half-inch in diameter), glabrous, the upper part of the chaffy 
bracts and the flowers dark purple: akenes equably quadrangular: pappus a minute crown 
or border. — Spec. ii. 907 (pl. Gronov., Pluk., &c.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 144 (excl. var.) ; Bot. Reg. 
t. 525; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 24; Torr. & Gray,].c. RB. triloba, subtomentosa (as to herb. 
& pl. Virg.), & aristata, Pursh, Fl. 575. Peramibus hirtus, Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. Centrocarpha 
triloba (at least as to “ paleis acuminato-aristatis,” though the rest of the character refers to 


260 < COMPOSITA. Rudbeckia. 


R. subtomentosa) & C. aristata, Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, under t. 87.— Dry or 
moist ground, Penn. and Michigan to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Louisiana, but 
mostly affecting the mountains. ; ; 

Var. rupéstris. Large; cauline leaves often 4 or 5 inches long: rays 9 to 13, an inch 
to inch and a half long, pure orange-yellow to the base: in habit approaching R. subtomentosa. 
—R. rupestris, Chickering in Bot. Gazette, vi. 188.— Rocky slopes of the Roan and other 
mountains on the borders of N. Carolina and Tenn., Chickering, &c. 

Var. pinnatiloba, Torr. & Gray, le. A peculiar form, slender: leavessmall; many 
of the radical and lowest cauline pinnately 5-7-parted ; upper ones seldom inch long: heads 
small, with rays at most half-inch and disk a quarter-inch long. — W. Florida, Chapman. 


4 + + Leaves from lanceolate to ovate or broader: chaffy bracts of the receptacle pointless 
(obtuse or rarely acute), linear, concave or carinate-canaliculate, somewhat shorter than the disk- 
flowers: akenes nearly equably quadrangular, or in a few species moderately compressed: invo- 
lucre foliaceous and variable, soon reflexed: disk very obtuse. ; 

++ Cauline leaves or some of them 3-cleft or parted: disk of the head dull brownish: rays yellow, 
sometimes with dark base: root perennial: receptacle anisate-scented. 


BR. subtomentésa, Pursu. Cinereous with short and mostly soft pubescence, 2. to 5 feet 
high, branching above, leafy ; leaves nearly all petioled, acutely serrate, veiny, ovate, or the 
terminal lobe ovate and the lateral oblong or lanceolate: peduncles not much elongated: 
rays numerous, becoming inch and a half long: disk hemispherical, becoming higher, half- 
inch broad; its bracts cinereous-puberulent and somewhat glandular at the obtuse tips: 
pappus a short crenately toothed crown. —Fl. ii. 575; Torr. & Gray, l.c. &. triloba, var., 
Michx. Fl. ii. 144. R. odorata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78. R. tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 
453, as to syn. & char. Centrocarpha triloba, Don in Sweet, ]. c., as to syn. and part of the 
char. — Prairies and open moist grounds, Illinois to Arkansas and Texas. 


++ ++ Leaves undivided (rarely laciniate-dentate): stems more simple. 


== Style-tips slender-subulate: bracts of the receptacle hispid or hirsute at and near the acutish 
summit: akenes small, equably quadrangular, wholly destitute of pappus: annuals or biennials, 
hispid with spreading bristly hairs. 

R. bicolor, Nurr. A foot or two high from an annual root, simple or. branching, slender 
or not very stout: leaves from lanceolate to oblong or the lower obovate, mostly obtuse and 
nearly entire, an inch or two long, indistinctly triplinerved, nearly all sessile: peduncles 
rarely elongated: rays half-inch to barely inch long, either pure yellow, or with brown 
purple spots at base, or the lower half deep blackish-purple: disk black. — Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 81; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Pine woods or sandy soil, Arkansas, Texas, and sparingly E. to 
Georgia. Often confounded with small forms of the next, and with R. fulgida. (Adj. Mex.) 

R. hirta, L. Stouter and larger, 1 to 3 feet high from a biennial or sometimes annual root, 
rough-hispid and hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly 
entire, slightly triplinerved, 2.to 5 inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles: 
rays when well developed an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored 
toward the base: disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in fruit. — 
Spec. ii. 907 (Dill. Elth. t. 218); Michx. Fl. ii. 148, mainly; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 82; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., chiefly. 2. gracilis (Herb. Banks.t), Nutt. Gen. ii. 178% a depauperate 
form. &. discolor, Ell.t not Pursh. R. serotina, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80, at least 
the cult. plant described, fide herb. Acad. Philad. R. strigosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 354, a hairy and short-rayed form. — Dry and open ground, Saskatchewan and W. Can- 


ada to Florida, Texas, and Colorado: naturalized in grass-fields in Eastern States: flowering 
early as a biennial. 


== == Style-tips short and thickened, obtuse (in R. mollis narrower and sometimes acutish): pap- 
pus more or less manifest: perennials. 


a, Chaffy bracts of the receptacle obtuse and glabrous or nearly so, with blackish-purple tips of the 
same hue as the corollas, so that the hemispherical at length globose-ovoid disk is deep black- 
purple: rays golden yellow, not rarely orange toward the base: akenes small, equably quad- 
rangular: pappus a very short commonly 4-toothed crown. 

R. filgida, Arr. Hispid or hirsute, a foot or two high: leaves from narrowly to oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly entire, lowest and radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into slender 
petioles: foliaceous bracts of the involucre often ample and equalling or sometimes half the 


Rudbeckia. COMPOSITA. 261 


length of the 12 to 14 fully inch-long rays: disk over half-inch in diameter. — Ait. Kew. 
iii. 251; Bot. Mag. t. 1996; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 54, & iii. t. 98 (both figures doubtful) ; 
Torr. & Gray, l.c., partly. &. chrysomela, Michx. FI. ii. 1438. 2. discolor, Pursh, F1. ii. 574, 
DC. 1. c., hardly of Elliott.— Dry soil, Pennsylvania? and Virginia to Louisiana and Texas, 
west to Missouri; flowering rather late. 

R. spathulata, Micux. Strigulose: stem slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high: leaves obovate 
or spatulate, or the uppermost lanceolate, denticulate or sparingly serrate, their pubescence 
wholly appressed and short ; radical and lowest cauline leaves mostly roundish at summit, at 
base abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, or even subcordate: peduncle usually elon- 
gated: involucre commonly shorter and rays fewer and broader than in the preceding, and 
disk smaller. — Fl. ii. 144; Nutt. Gen. ii. 178. A. Heliopsidis, A. H. Curtiss, coll. no. 1427, 
not Torr. & Gray. &. fugida, Torr. & Gray, 1. v., var. y, & 6 in part. — Pine woods, Vir- 
ginia to Tennessee and Florida. 

R. speciosa, Wenperoru. Sparsely strigulose or hispid, or glabrate: stem 1 to 3 feet 
high, usually with spreading branches terminating in long naked peduncles: leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or the upper elongated-lanceolate, bright green, irregularly serrate or some 
laciniately dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline oblong or ovate, 3-5- 
nerved, abruptly contracted into long margined petioles: rays 12 to 20, elongated, at length 
inch and a half long: disk two-thirds to three-fourths inch high at maturity, the tips of the 
purple chaffy bracts sparingly or obscurely ciliate: akenes larger and longer than in the 
related species (line and a half long), more curved.— Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828, & in 
Flora, 1829, i. Suppl. 30; Schrad. in DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gard. Chron. 1881, 
ii. 372, fig. 72. Probably R. aspera, Pers. Syn. ii. 477. R. fulgida, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, 
ser. 2, i. t. 14.— Moist ground, Penn. to Michigan, Arkansas, and upper part of Alabama. 
Long cultivated in gardens as R. fulgida, &c. 


b. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle with the obtuse tips canescently puberulent or pubescent, and the 
flowers duller purple; the disk therefore browner. 

1, Cauline leaves all closely sessile or partly clasping. not nervose: bristly style-tips little thick- 
ened: akenes small: pappus very short or obsolete. 

R. mollis, Erx. Cinereous, the leaves with fine and close pubescence, the (2 or 3 feet high 
and usually branching) stem with hirsute or villous hairs, leafy: leaves spatulate-oblong, 
obtuse, obscurely serrate, somewhat triplinerved (1 to 3 inches long): rays 12 to 20, at 
length inch and a half long and disk fully halfinch high. — Sk. ii. 453; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
R. spathulata, Pursh, F). ii. 574.— Dry soil, Georgia and Florida. 


2. Cauline leaves mostly petioled: heads small: quadrangular akenes only a line long: pappus an 
obscure crown or hardly any. 

R. Heliépsidis, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous, 2 feet high, rather slender, branched 
above: leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat serrate, triplinerved and with a pair of nearly basal 
nerves, abruptly contracted, the upper into short and wing-margined, the lower into long and 
naked petioles: peduncles rather short and corymbose: involucre much shorter than the at 
length globular disk (which is hardly half-inch high): rays light yellow, 10 or 12, an inch or 
less long. — Fl. ii. 310. — Pine woods, Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Cherokee Co. and Lee 
Co., Alabama, Buckley, J. Donnell Smith. ; 


3. Cauline leaves mostly petioled and like the radical 3-5-nerved; the veinlets reticulated : heads 
large and showy; the soon drooping light yellow rays 1 or 2 inches long, and the hemispherical 
at length somewhat conical receptacle becoming three fourths of an inch high: involucre rather 
small: akenes somewhat compressed: pappus a conspicuous cup-shaped irregularly dentate or 
crenate crown: stem 2 or 3 feet high, usually simple, and head long-peduncled. 

R. alismeefolia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or minutely scabrous: leaves oval, obtuse or 
sometimes acute, obscurely repand-dentate or entire, 3 to 6 inches long, abruptly contracted 
into the petiole: rays 10 to 15.—Fl. ii. 310. — Plains and open pine woods, S. Arkansas, 
W. Louisiana, and adjacent Texas, Leavenworth, Hale, Drummond. = 

R. grandiflora, C. C. Guerin. Hispidulous and scabrous throughout: leaves more rigid, 
ovate to oval-lanceolate or uppermost lanceolate, commonly acute or acuminate at both ends, 
sparingly serrate or denticulate, 4 to 9 inches long: rays 20 or more. — Hort. Bad. Carlsr. 
1811; DC. 1. c. 556 (with some erroneous characters as to chaff and pappus, taken from a 
plant of R. hirta); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Centrocarpha grandiflora, Don in Sweet. Brit. Fl. 


262 COMPOSITE. Rudbeckia, 


Gard. ser. 2, t. 87, but has not the character of his genus, which was founded on R. triloba. 
— Dry plains, Arkansas and W. Louisiana. F 


x * Disk from globular to cylindrical, greenish, fuscous, or yellowish; its chaffy bracts navicular 
or more conduplicate, truncate or obtuse, little surpassing the mature akenes, sometimes decid- 
uous from the receptacle at full maturity: style-branches with short and truncate-capitate 
or obtuse tips: akenes comparatively large and somewhat compressed, inserted by a more or 
less oblique or lateral areola, the more lateral when the receptacle is elongated: root in all 
perennial. 

_ Rays several or numerous, an inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow: bracts of receptacle 
pubescent at summit. : cry 

++ Leaves entire or barely dentate: disk when well developed at length columnar, an inch or two 
lorig, three-fourths inch thick; the receptacle bodkin-shaped : akenes about 3 lines long: pap- 
pus a conspicuous irregularly toothed or denticulate cup: herbage completely glabrous and 
smooth, or sometimes slightly scabrous in age: stems simple or nearly so, and the long-pe- 
duncled heads solitary or few: involucre comparatively small. — § Macrocline, Torr. & Gray, 
FL, ul. 612. 

R. nitida, Nurr. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves bright green, commonly lucid, thin- 
coriaceous, nervose-ribbed, mostly acute, denticulate or entire; radical and lower cauline 
ovate-spatulate to lanceolate-oblong, tapering into long margined petioles, upper cauline 
sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78; Torr. & Gray, 
FI ii. 313. R. levigata? Nutt. Gen. 178, not Pursh.— Wet ground, lower part of Georgia 
to Florida and Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. longifélia. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or broader, attenuate to both ends, 
sparingly dentate or repand-denticulate, more nervose-veiny, in age sometimes minutely 
scabrous; radical and lowest cauline 8 or 10 inches long, an inch or more broad in the 
middle. — R. glabra, DC. Prodr. v. 556.—— Near Savannah, Georgia, according to herb. DC. 
Tuskegee, Alabama, Beaumont. Manatee, Florida, Garber. 

R. maxima, Nurr. Stem 4 to 9 feet high, and whole plant smooth and glaucous: leaves 
from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, with numerous 
pinnate veins, the larger a foot or less long; upper cauline subcordate-clasping. — Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soe. vii. 354; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Moist pine woods and plains, Arkansas, Louisiana, 
Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. 
++ ++ Leaves more or less dentate, sometimes 2-lobed at base: pappus a conspicuous crown 

deeply cleft into four irregular chaffy lobes: Pacific species! 

R. Califérnica, Gray. Pubescent, slightly scabrous: stem simple, 2 to 4 feet high, bear- 
ing a solitary long-peduncled head: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the upper sessile 
by a narrow base: rays from half-inch to 23 inches long, surpassing the loose linear bracts 
of the involucre: disk from short-oblong to cylindraceous (becoming sometimes 2 inches 
long); its bracts canescent at summit: akenes flattish.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 347. — California; moist ground in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Bridges. 


++ ++ ++ All or most of the cauline leaves 3-7-cleft or divided: pappus a short 4-toothed or 
nearly entire crown: disk from globular or even hemispherical to oblong-cylindraceous in age, 
dull yellowish; the tip of the chaffy bracts canescent. 

R lacinidta, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely hispidulous-scabrous, at least 
on the margins and upper face of the leaves: stem 2 to 7 feet high, branching above : leaves 
veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical commonly pinnately 5-7-foliolate or nearly 
so, and divisions often laciniately 2-3-cleft ; lower cauline 3-5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those 
of the branches few-toothed or entire: involucre loose and irregular, foliaceous: rays 
soon drooping, few or several, oblanceolate. — Spec. ii. 906 (Cornuti, Canad. t. 179, &¢.) ; 
Michx. Fl. ii. 144; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t.16; Torr. & Gray,l.c. R&R. laciniata, quinata, & 
digitata, Mill. Dict. ed.6. 2. laciniata & digitata, Ait. Kew. iii. 251; DC. 1. ¢.— Moist ground, 
commonly in thickets, Canada to Florida, and westwardly from Montana to New Mexico 
and Arizona. A variable species, of which an extreme form is 

Var. htiimilis. A foot or two high, simple or branching, commonly slender, glabrous : 
radical leaves diverse, some of them undivided or with roundish divisions: heads smaller ; 
the rays seldom inch long and globular disk barely half-inch high. — Probably R. laevigata, 
Pursh, 1. c.— Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee, common in 
open woods, &c., at 4,000 to 6,000 feet. 


a 


Lepachys. COMPOSITA. 263 


R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Cinereous-pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender, 
bearing several somewhat corymbose short-peduncled small heads: leaves coarsely and 
rather obtusely serrate; some of the radical cordate-obicular and undivided, others with 
3 ovate undivided leaflets, the terminal petiolulate , lower cauline 3-5-parted ; upper all ovate, 
coarsely toothed, nearly sessile : rays an inch or less long: disk in fruit globose and barely 
half-inch high. — Fl. ii. 312; Chapm. Fl. 228. — Swamps, Middle Florida, Chapman. 

+ + Rays wholly wanting: proper tube of disk-corollas very short: disk brownish, from ovoid 
to columnar; its chaffy bracts puberulent at tip: receptacle bodkin-shaped: akenes rather large: 
scarious cupulate-coroniform pappus very conspicuous: stem stout, nearly simple, 2 or 3 feet 
high: involucre foliaceous, variable. — § Acosmia, Nutt. 

R. occidentalis, Nurr. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : 
leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irregularly and sparingly 
dentate (4 to 8 inches long); upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base; lower abruptly 
contracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes: disk in age 
becoming inch and a half long, and akenes 2 lines long.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Woods along streams, Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and 
Oregon; first. coll. by Nultai/. Sierra Nevada in Butte Co., California (Birdwell), &e. 

R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stout: leaves (8 to 12 
inches long) pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate upper- 
most cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes: disk cylindraceous or cylindrical, at length 
often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter: akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 
lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, E. Hall, Brande- 
gee, the latter in the Elk Mountains. 


§ 2. Dracéris. Akenes nearly terete, not angled, minutely striate, destitute 
of pappus, inserted by an obliquely lateral areola, and subtended by navicular 
bracts, which are more or less deciduous in age. — Dracopis, Cass., DC., &e. 

R. amplexicatilis, Vaux. A foot or two high from an annnal root, smooth and glabrous, 
somewhat glaucous, leafy; the branches terminated by solitary rather showy heads: leaves 
strictly one-ribbed, reticulate-veiny, from entire to sparingly serrate; lower oblong-spatulate 
and sessile by a tapering base ; upper oblong and ovate with cordate-clasping base. involucre 
of a few small foliaceous bracts: rays oblong, half-inch or more long, yellow, often with a 
brown-purple base: disk brownish, cylindraceous in age: receptacle slender: akenes small, 
minutely rugulose-roughened transversely between the sulcate strisc.— Act. Hafn. ii. 29, 
t. 4 (1793); Schkuhr, Handb. t. 259; Pursh, Fl. ii. 573. R. amplexifolia, Jacq. Ic. Rar iii. 
t. 592 (1793). RB. perfoliata, Cav. Ic. t. 252. RR. spathulata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178 (excl. hab.), 
not Michx. Dracopis amplexicaulis, Cass. Dict. xxxv. 273; DC. Prodr. v. 558; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 316. — Low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 7 


96. LEPACHYS, Raf. (Aemis, a scale, and axis, thick, the upper part 
of the bracts of the receptacle thickened.) — Herbs (Atlantic N. American) ; with 
pinnately divided or parted alternate leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy 
heads, the drooping rays mostly broad, yellow or partly brown-purple; the disk 
at first grayish, the truncate inflexed tips of the chaff canescently pubescent ; 
disk-corollas yellowish turning fuscous. Heads redolent with anisate odor when 
bruised. Chaffy bracts commonly marked with an intra-marginal purple line or 
spot, containing volatile oil or resin. Fl. summer. — Less. Syn. 225; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 313. Lepachys & Ratibida, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 1819, 100. Obelis- 
caria, Cass. Dict. xlvi. 401 (1825); DC. Prodr. v. 558. 


§ 1. Akenes with convex or obscurely angled faces: root perennial. — Obelis- 
caria, Cass. 
% Style-tips lanceolate-subulate: rays large and long. 
L. pinndta, Torr. & Gray, lc. Strigulose-pubescent and scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high, 
slender: leaves 3-7-foliolate, and the leaflets lanceolate or broader, usually sparsely serrate, 
sometimes lobed, the uppermost commonly confluent; rays pure yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 


264 COMPOSITZ. Lepachys, 


often 2 inches long or more, very much exceeding the at length short-oblong disk: chaffy 

bracts of the receptacle becoming much corky-thickened at the enlarging summit: ovary not 

rarely wing-margined ; akenes subcuneate-oblong, the inner margin acute and salient, and. 
produced at summit into a short rounded tooth, which is occasionally aristellate-pointed. — 

L. pinnatifida & L. angustifolia, Raf. 1.c. Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. Cels. t. 71; Smith, Exot. 

Bot. i. t. 38; Bot. Mag. t. 2310. R. digitata, Willd. Spee. iii. 2247, excl. syn. 2. tomentosa, 

EI. Sk. ii. 453, as to herb., hardly of char. Obdeliscaria pinnata, Cass. 1. c.; DC. 1. e.— Dry 

prairies, W. New York to Michigan and Iowa, south to W. Florida and Louisiana. 

* * Style-tips short and obtuse: rays oval or oblong, mostly shorter than the fruiting disk, not 
rarely particolored with brown purple: akenes commonly with a scarious and more or less cili- 
ate margin or sometimes narrow wing to the inner edge: divisions or lobes of the leaves mostly 
entire. 

L. Tagétes, Gray. A foot high, branching, leafy, strigulose-cinereous: leaves thickish, 
mostly with 3 to 7 narrowly linear rather rigid lobes: heads rather short-peduncled : rays 
few, a quarter to half an inch long: disk globose to barely oblong, half-inch high: pappus of 
one or sometimes two subulate or awn-like deciduous teeth, and no intermediate squamella. 
— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 103. Lepachys columnaris, var. Tagetes, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 106. 
Rudbeckia Tagetes, James in Long Exped. ii. 68. &. globosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 19, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 355. Obeliscaria Tagetes, DC, 1. ¢.— Alluvial plains, 
Arkansas to W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by James. 

L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray, lc. Strigose-scabrous, a foot or two high, branching 
from the base, terminated by long peduncles bearing a showy head: divisions of the cauline 
leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2-3-cleft: rays commonly an inch 
long or more, normally all yellow: disk at length columnar and inch or more long: pappus 
of the preceding, but usually a series of minute and delicate squamelle around the broad 
flat summit. — Rudbeckia columnaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 575; Bot. Mag. t. 1601; Hook. Fl. i. 311; 
Sprague, Wild Flowers of Amer., 43, t. 8. Ratibida sulcata, Raf. 1.c. R. columnaris, Don, 
Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. iv. 861. Obeliscaria columnaris, DC. 1. c.— Plains and prairies, Sas- 
katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Texas and Arizona. 

Var. pulchérrima, Torr. & Gray, lc. Differs only in having a part or even the 
whole upper face of the ray brown-purple; varies southward into more slender and branch- 
ing forms, some with rays reduced to « quarter-inch. — Obeliscaria pulcherrima, DC. 1. ¢. 
Ratibida columnaris, var. pulcherrima, Don, 1. c. t. 361.— Nebraska to Arizona and Texas. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


§ 2. Akenes completely flat: style-tips slender-subulate, very hispid: root 
probably annual or biennial. — § Lophochena, Torr. & Gray, 1. 


L. peduncularis, Torr. & Gray. Strigose-scabrous or pubescent and somewhat cinereous, 
2 or 3 feet high, including the naked peduncle of a foot or more: leaves rather large, 
irregularly bipinnately parted or pinnately parted and some of the lobes incisely pinnatifid 
or toothed, these oblong-linear or broader: rays obovate, an inch or less long and pure 
yellow, or sometimes only quarter-inch long and particolored: disk cylindrical, the largest 
an inch and a half long: akenes broadly and somewhat obliquely obovate, with no nerve or 
elevation on the face, from narrowly to broadly winged and squamellate-fimbriate on at least 
the inner edge, deeply notched at summit by an extension into two chaffy teeth, the inner 
one large and triangular-subulate, the outer smaller, and the notch fringed with small irreg- 
ular squamelle. — Fl. ii. 315.— Low ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, &e. 

Var. picta, Gray. Pubescence more cinereous: leaves simply and lyrately pinnately 
parted into fewer (5 to 7) divisions; these incised, the larger terminal one ovate-oblong or 
obovate: rays barely half-inch long, brown-purple with yellow edge: disk becoming inch 
and a half long. —Pl. Wright. i107. Z. serrata, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 
457. — Texas, near the coast, and in sandy woods, Wright, Buckley, Hall. 


97. WEDELIA, Jacq. (Prof. G. W. Wedel, of Jena, in the latter part of 
the 17th century.) — Tropical herbs or undershrubs, mostly of sea-shores; with 
opposite leaves, and lateral or terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. 
One species has reached our southernmost coast. 


Balsamorrhiza, COMPOSIT&. 265 


‘W. carnosa, Pers. Perennial herb, slightly strigose-hispidulous, glabrate: stem exten- 
sively creeping, sending up erect branches: leaves fleshy, mostly sessile, cuneate-oblong to 
obovate, somewhat serrate, often with some coarse teeth or 3 to 5 short lobes: rays golden 
yellow, 3-toothed, little surpassing the oblong foliaceous involucral bracts: akenes (3 lines 
long including the cupulate pappus) much thickened and muricate-scabrous at maturity, the 
attenuate base compressed and sharp-edged. — Syn. ii. 490; DC. Prodr. v. 538; Griseb. Fl. 
W. Ind. 371. Sil/phium trilobatum, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1302 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 107, f. 2; 
Sloane, Jam. t.155, f.1). Buphthalmum repens, Lam. — Biscayne Bay, S. E. Florida, Curtiss. 
(W. Ind., 8. Am.) 


98. BORRICHIA, Adans. (Ole Borrich, a Danish botanist of the 17th 
century.) -- Shrubs or suffruticose and more or less fleshy plants of the sea-coast, 
canescent, or becoming glabrate and green; with opposite entire or denticulate 
leaves tapering somewhat into a petiole, and rather large heads of yellow flowers 
on terminal peduncles: fl. summer. — Fam. ii. 180; DC. Prodr. v. 488. 

B. arboréscens, DC. Shrub 4 feet or less high, fleshy, much branched: leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate, rigidly mucronate, veinless: involucre appressed: bracts of the receptacle obtuse 
or barely mucronate.—Prodr. 1. c. Asteriscus, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 43. Corona-solis 
frutescens, &c., Plum. ed. Burm. t. 16, f. 2. Buphthalmum arborescens, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1273. 
—Sandy shores and Keys, 8. Florida. (W. Ind. to Peru.) 

B. frutéscens, DC. Less woody, more permanently canescent ; the simpler stems 1 to 3 feet 
high: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, from obovate to spatulate-lanceolate, sometimes dentate : 
bracts of the involucre smaller and looser, spreading in age; of the receptacle spinulose- 
cuspidate. — Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 268. Asteriscus frutescens, &c., Dill. Elth, 
t. 38, f.44. Chrysanthemum fruticosum, &c., Catesb. Car. i. t. 93. Buphthalmum frutescens, 
L. Spec. ii. 903; Walt. Car. 212.—Sandy sea-coast, Virginia to Texas. (Mex., &c.) 


99. BALSAMORRHIZA, Hook. (BdAcapor, balsam, pila, root.) — 
Low perennials (all of Central and Western N. America) ; with thick and deep 
roots, which exude a terebinthine balsam, and send up a tuft of radical leaves, 
mostly on long petioles, and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked 
scapes, bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers; the rays ample 
and numerous. Cauline leaves when present alternate or occasionally opposite, 
petioled. The root, when peeled (to get rid of the terebinthine rind) and baked, 
is an article of food to the aborigines, and the akenes are also eaten. — Fl. i. 
310 (under Heliopsis) ; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 800; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 81. 


§ 1. Ligules becoming thin-papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous 
from the canescently pubescent akenes. — Kalliactis, Gray, 1. ¢. 


B. Careydna, Gray, 1.c. Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous: flowering stems a foot 
high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to 7 racemosely disposed heads: leaves 
subcoriaceous, entire, reticulated ; the radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length: 
involucre half-inch or more high: ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a 
very short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate and very hispid 
throughout. — Sandy plains on the Clearwater, Idaho, fl. May, Spalding. Rediscovered on 
the Wallawalla, Washington Terr., 1883, by Brandegee, with the rays deciduous from the 
mature fruit. 


§ 2. Ligules deciduous in the ordinary manner: akenes glabrous: stems or 
scapes terminated by solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 heads. 


% Leaves entire or merely serrate; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long-peti- 
oled. — § Artorhiza, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350. Zspeletia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 39, not Humb. & Bonpl. 


B. sagittata, Nvrr. Silvery-tomentulose or canescent, and the involucre white-woolly : 
radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so (4 to 9 inches long, the 


266 COMPOSITA. Balsamorrhiza. 


base 2 to 6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length); the few and inconspicuous cauline 
from linear to spatulate: scape at length a foot or more high: rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. 
— Gray, Bet. Calif. i. 348. B. sagittata & B. helianthoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c.; 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. Espeletia helianthoides & E. sagittata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, 
t.4. Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh, Fi. ii. 564.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Mon- 
tana and Brit. Columbia, the border of California, and 8. Utah. Young stalks, root, and 
seeds used for food by the Indians. Outer bracts of the involucre sometimes oblong-lanceo- 
late, foliaceous, and surpassing the disk (as in Pursh’s original) ; or all more imbricate and 
conformed, the outer shorter. 

B. deltoidea, Nutr. Trans. 1.c. Green, more or less pubescent or glabrate: leaves broadly 
cordate to cordately ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid, from irregularly serrate to 
entire, 4 to 10 inches long: scape with small lanceolate or rarely ovate leaves, not rarely 
2-3-cephalous: rays an inch or more long.— Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif.l.c. B. 
glabrescens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 317.— Idaho and Brit. Columbia to S. California. 

B. Bolanderi, Gray. Green, glabrate: stems stout, a span or two high, and bearing 2 or 3 
subcordate nearly entire leaves, similar to and as large as the radical ones: principal invo- 
lucre of the short-peduncled head a single or double series of ovate-lanceolate foliaceous 
bracts, over an inch long: apparently disk-akenes flattened.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356, & 
Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, at Auburn, and on the Sacramento, Fremont, Rich, Bolander. 


* * Leaves not cordate and entire, varying from laciniately dentate to pinnately or bipinnately 
divided: heads solitary on a naked scape, or scapiform stem bearing a pair of small opposite 
leaves towards the base: thick caudex or root exceedingly balsamic-resiniferous. Perhaps all 
forms of one polymorphous species. —§ Eubalsamorrhiza, Nutt. 


B. macrophylla, Nurr. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins 
of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous: leaves ample, ovate or oblong in out- 
line, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them 
pinnately parted into broadly lanceolate and commonly entire lobes (of 2 or 3 inches in 
length): scapes a foot or two high: bracts of the involucre from narrowly lanceolate to 
spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of 
the rays. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 
168.— Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson. 


B. terebinthacea, Nurr. Slightly and minutely if at all canescent: leaves from green 
and glabrate to minutely hispidulous-scabrous, or barely hirsutulous at margins, at length 
rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate and with cuneate or truncate base (4 to 8 inches 
long, 1 to 3 wide), spinulosely dentate or sometimes crenate-dentate, or some laciniate-incised, 
or even pinnatifid: scapes a span to a foot high: involucre lanate-tomentose, of numerous 
and narrow linear-lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal bracts, an inch long. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 349 (name only); Gray, Pl. Fendl. 82. B. Hookeri, var., Torr. & 
Gray, lc. Heliopsis? terebinthacea, Hook. FI. ii. 310%— W. Idaho to E. Oregon, in hard 
or stony ground, Douglas, Spalding, Nevius, Cusick. 

B. Hookeri, Nurr.1.c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pubescence, but 
not at all hirsute: scapes and leaves a span to afoot high; the latter lanceolate or elongated- 
oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, 
or some of them only pinnatifid or incised: involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate ; 
its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes 
the outermost foliaceous and enlarged. — Torr. & Gray, l. c., excl. var.; Eaton in Bot. King 
Exp. lc. Heliopsis? balsamorrhiza, Hook. 1. c.— Hills and rocky plains, eastern parts of 
Washington Terr. to Nevada and W. California; first coll. by Douglas. 

Var. incana. Densely white-tomentose: leaves often of broader outline. — B. incana, 
Nutt. 1c. 350; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.— Wyoming and Montana to northern parts of Cali- 
fornia; first coll. by Nuttall. 


B. hirstita, Nurr.1.c. Green, roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomentose nor canes- 
cent: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or divided, the divisions (9 to 15 lines in 
length) incisely toothed or again pinnatifid, soon rigid: scapes a span to a foot high: invo- 
lucre hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, of narrowly lanceolate or more attenuate bracts. — 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Eaton, 1. c.— Utah to Brit. Columbia and N. E. California, in the dry 
region; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall. 


Wyethia. COMPOSITE. 267 


100. WYETHIA, Nutt. (Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who collected the species 
on which the genus was founded, and with whom Nuttall subsequently crossed 
the continent.) — Stout and mostly low perennials (W. North-American) ; with 
more or less balsamic or resiniferous juice, ample and undivided pinnately veined 
alternate leaves (commonly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers. 
(Thick roots and seeds were food of the Indians.) — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, 
& Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 851; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 654. Alargonia, 
DC. Prodr. v. 537. 


* Rays from “ pale yellow ”’ or dull straw-color to white. — The original Wyethia, Nutt. 


W. helianthoides, Nutr. A span to a foot and a half high, simple and with a single 
large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute: leaves from oval to broadly lanceolate, denticulate or 
entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole: heads an 
inch high: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous: rays nearly 2 inches long : 
akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus shorter 
than the width of the akene, sometimes minute, chaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or 
several teeth. — Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. t.5; Gray, 1. c.— Northern Rocky Mountains, in 
moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon, Wyeth, Nevius, Cusick, Watson, Scribner. 


* * Rays bright yellow. — Alargonia, DC. (Dedicated to the memory of Hernando de Alarcon, 
a noble Spanish navigator, who, in 1540, first visited and carefully surveyed the coast of Cali- 
fornia.) 

+ Involucre of the very large and broad heads foliaceous; the spreading outer bracts ovate or 
oblong, commonly 2 inches or more in length, much surpassing the disk (which is of about equal 
breadth) and often exceeding the rays: akenes very stout and thick, half-inch long, with com- 
paratively obtuse angles, crowned with a large chaffy-coriaceous calyciform pappus, which is 
cleft into unequal teeth or lobes: cauline leaves short-petioled. 

W. helenioides, Notr.1.c. Very stout, 2 or 3 feet high, floccosely tomentose, glabrate 
in age: leaves oblong and ovate, mostly entire, radical a foot or two and upper cauline 
6 to 8 inches long: akenes pubescent toward the summit. — Gray, Pl. Fend]. 82, Proc. Am. 
Acad. l.c., & Bot. Calif. i. 349. Alargonia helenioides, DC. 1. c.—Hillsides around and 
near San Francisco Bay, California; first coll. by Douglas. 

W. glabra, Gray. A foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, balsamic-viscid: leaves of 
the preceding in size and shape, or narrower, sometimes serrate: akenes glabrous. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 543, viii. 654, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— W. California, from Marin Co. southward, 
Andrews, Brewer, &c. 

+ + Involucre of the smaller heads (about inch or less high) narrower and fewer-flowered, 
usually campanulate; the outer bracts even when foliaceous seldom surpassing the disk: akenes 
less thick, 3 to 5 lines long. 

++ Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid: leaves thickish, lanceolate to ob- 
long, upper sessile, lower tapering into margined petioles: outer bracts of the narrowish invo- 
lucre disposed to be foliaceous. 

W. amplexicatlis, Nutr. A foot or two high, robust: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong, 
entire or denticulate ; radical often a foot or more long; upper cauline (a span or so long) 
partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base: heads solitary or several, short- 
peduncled: involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, one or two outer ones 
occasionally foliaceous and larger: rays inch and a half long: akenes with a conspicuous 
crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Ll. c.; 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. L£speletia amplexicaulis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Silphium? 
leve, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 244.— Moist valleys and plains, Rocky Mountains from 
Colorado to Montana, west to Nevada and Brit. Columbia. Pe-ik of the Indians. 

W. longicatilis, Gray. Nearly resembles preceding, taller, rather slender: leaves Janceo- 
late, even uppermost with tapering base and not clasping: heads solitary or paniculate, on 
long and slender peduncles: outer series of involucral bracts oblong or somewhat spatulate, 
foliaceous, mostly surpassing the inner and the disk: rays only inch long: akenes with a 
short erosely denticulate crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4.— Prairies of E. Humboldt Co., 
California, Rattan. 


268 COMPOSIT. Wyethia. 


++ ++ Glabrous, but scabridous and balsamic-viscid: leaves ovate, abruptly petioled, coriaceous. 


W. reticulata, Grerne. Habit of W. ovata, only puberulent-hispidulous without tomen. 
tum, leafy up to the corymbosely disposed heads: cauline leaves ovate or subcordate, short- 
petioled (4 down to 2 inches long), 3-5-plinerved, and with veins and veinlets much reticu- 
lated, shining; those of flowering branches small, oblong, 3-nerved: heads hemispherical, 
little over half-inch high: bracts of involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, short; outer foliaceous 
and loose, sometimes one or two enlarged: rays apparently few and rather small: akenes 
compressed-quadrangular, glabrous (barely 8 lines long): pappus an extremely short erose- 
denticulate crown; no awn.— Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9.— Banks of Sweetwater Creek, El 
Dorado Co., California, Mrs. Curran. 
4+ ++ ++ Tomentose or woolly, but sometimes glabrate in age: leaves all petioled and becoming 

coriaceous, ample, even the cauline 4 to 7 inches long. 
== Involucre hemispherical, of numerous broadly lanceolate bracts, not surpassing the disk: rays 
numerous, 20 to 24. 

W. ovata, Torr. & Gray. Canescent with a soft not floccose tomentum, 2 or 3 feet high 
from running rootstocks, commonly branching : leaves ovate, the cauline subcordate and 
with acute apex, somewhat triplinerved; veinlets not much reticulated: pappus a chaffy, 
several-toothed crown.— Emory Rep. 148 (1848, wholly overlooked); Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. @alif. 1. c.— California, on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. 
== = Involucre narrower, campanulate; the outer bracts larger than the inner and more or less 

surpassing the disk: rays fewer: leaves at length firm-coriaceous and the veinlets cunspicuously 
reticulated. 

W. mollis, Gray. White with floccose wool when young, more or less glabrate in age, 
1 to 3 feet high, bearing solitary or few heads: leaves oblong and ovate, with either rounded 
or truncate or cuneate base: rays 10 to 15, over an inch long: akenes minutely pubescent at 
summit: pappus a truncate chaffy crown, and 2 or in the ray 3 to 5 subulate awns. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 544, viii. 655, &c. — Sierra Nevada, especially on the eastern side, from Sierra 
Valley to Virginia City, Nevada, and westward to the Yosemite ; first coll. by Anderson. 

W. coriacea, Gray. Sericeous-tomentose, stout, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves rigid, broadly 
ovate or oval, obtuse or apiculate, somewhat triplinerved, even the upper cauline (5 to 7 
inches long) seldom longer than their petiole: rays 5 to 9, hardly surpassing the involucre: 
pappus a short obtusely 4-6-cleft crown.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77, & Bot. Calif. i. 616. — 
San Diego Co., California, on the Mesa Grande, &c., Palmer, Parish. 
++ ++ ++ ++ Hirsutely more or less pubescent, often somewhat balsamic-glutinous: leaves 

elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper and sessile cauline broader: bracts 
of the involucre mostly foliaceous or herbaceous, lanceolate or broader, equalling the disk. 

W. angustifolia, Nurr. A span to 2 feet high, and the radical leaves about as long, 
these occasionally denticulate or serrate, often undulate: involucre fully inch high, loose or 
spreading: head solitary: rays mostly numerous, inch and a half long: pappus a short and 
chaffy fimbriolate-cleft crown, and one or two or in the ray 8 or 4 elongated subulate awns, 
one of them about the length of the akene. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655, & Bot. Calif. 
lc. W. angustifolia & W. robusta, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 299. Helianthus 
longifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 312; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 353. H. Hookerianus, DC. Prodr. 
Alar¢gonia angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 537.— Plains and hills, commonly in moist ground, 
Washington Terr. to Monterey Bay, California. 

W. Arizénica, Gray. A foot high, bearing a single or few and smaller heads: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate: involucre of fewer and more erect bracts: rays 8 to 12: pappus a very 
narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate teeth, or into one or two short awns. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 161, t. 9; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, 
ser. 2, il. t. 37. Near streams and springs, S. Colorado to 8. Utah and Arizona, Palmer, 
Bishop, Siler, Rothrock, &c. 


++ +4 ++ ++ ++ Hispidulous, very scabrous, narrow-leaved: involucre more imbricated, squarrose. 
W.scabra, Hoon. A foot or two high (root unknown), rigid: cauline leaves linear, thick, 
4 to 6 inches long, half-inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute, the few veins confluent into 
lateral undulate nerves: involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 
series, all the outer with a coriaceous ovate-oblong appressed base, which is acuminate into 
a longer subulate filiform spreading very hispid-scabrous appendage : rays several, half-inch 


2 


Gymnolomia. COMPOSITA. 269 


long: akenes acutely angled and with few or obscure intermediate nerves, very smooth, the 
3 or 4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short and blunt teeth, which are barely 
coroniform-confluent at base. — Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 245; Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 102, & 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655.— §. Colorado and New Mexico to Utah and Wyoming, Geyer, 
Bigelow, Parry, Ward, &c. 


101. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. (fopids, naked, Ada, border, the pappus 
obsolete or none.) — Herbs or frutescent plants (of Mexico and adjacent coun- 
tries), resembling the smaller-flowered species of Helianthus ; with erect branch- 
ing stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow flowers (or the disk 
brownish) ; the peduncles terminating the branches: fl. summer. — Nov. Gen. & 
Spec. iv. 217, t. 373, 374; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 363. Gymnopsis, DC. 
Prodr. v. 561, in part. 


%¥ Annuals: receptacle of the head conical and the disk high: bracts of the rather simple involucre 
linear. — Heliomeris, Nutt. 

G. Pérteri, Gray. A foot or two high, slender, paniculately branched, sparingly hispid, 
otherwise nearly glabrous: leaves nearly all alternate, narrowly lanceolate or linear, entire: 
rays 5 to 8, oval or obovate (half-inch or more long), deep orange yellow: disk in age oblong- 
conical; its chaffy bracts oblong-lanceolate or the outer ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, striate, 
merely concave at maturity : fructiferous receptacle almost columnar: akenes turgid-obovate, 
very obscurely quadrangular, dull, somewhat puberulent, with small terminal areola, one of 
the angles or nerves sometimes slightly margined or umbonate at the summit: style-tips 
subulate and hispid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 35. — Rud- 
beckia? Porteri, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 83. — Northern Georgia, known only on the isolated granite 
rock called Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, where it abounds; first coll. by Prof. Porter. 

G. multifié6ra, Bentu. & Hook. A foot to a yard high, strigulose-pubescent or scabrous, 
sometimes also hispid, often much branched: leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate, 
rarely broader, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely denticulate: rays 
10 to 15, golden yellow: disk hemispherical, in age little more elevated and receptacle ob- 
tusely conical; its bracts obtuse or the inner acute with soft acumination : akenes smooth, 
compressed, with convex or obtusely angulate sides : style-tips short and obtuse. — Benth. & 
Hook. ex Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 160, & Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 162. Heliomeris 
multiflora, Nutt. 1.c.; Gray, Pl. Fendl., Pl. Wright. ii. 87, with var. hispida, &e. — Sandy 
banks of streams, &c., W. Texas to Wyoming, Nevada, and Arizona. Very polymorphous: 
the root not perennial as was supposed. An indigenous specimen coll. by Lemmon in Arizona 
has disk-corollas all converted into rays or radiatiform ampliate lobes. (Mex.) 

G. triloba, Gray. Much branched, over 2 feet high (root not seen), obscurely puberulent, 
no hispid bristles: leaves roundish in general outline, 8-lobed, with subcordate or truncate 
base, short-petioled, the lobes short and broad: rays 12 or more, oblong-linear, elongated : 
disk hemispherical : receptacle low-conical: akenes of the preceding but more oblong. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217.— Mountains of S. Arizona south of Rucker’s Valley, Lemmon. 


%* % Perennial or frutescent: disk and receptacle low. 


G. tenuifélia, Beytu. & Hook. Shrubby, much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous- 
puberulent, very leafy: branches terminated by solitary long-peduncled heads : leaves alter- 
nate and the lower opposite, canescent beneath, pinnately or pedately parted into 3 to 7 
narrow linear lobes, or the uppermost very narrow and entire, the margins mostly revolute : 
bracts of the involucre subulate-linear: rays 10 to 16: disk convex: chaffy bracts of the 
receptacle truncate-obtuse: akenes smooth, quadrangular-compressed. — Ex Hemsl. Biol. 
Centr.-Am. 1. vc. Heliomeris tenuifolia, Gray, P]. Fendl. 84, Pl. Wright, &c.— 8S. W. Texas, 
Wright, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg, &c.) 

* * * Annual: receptacle and disk barely convex: habit of Encelia and Helianthus. 


G. encelioides, Grky. A foot or two high from an annual root, strigose-canescent and 
the branching stem hispid: leaves ovate-oblong or obscurely deltoid, rather obtuse, nearly 
entire, mostly long-petioled, the lower opposite: heads barely half-inch high : involucre bi- 
serial; outer bracts all equal and equalling the disk, oblong-lanceolate, acute, white with soft 


270 COMPOSITA. Viguiera, 


but at length hispid pubescence, longer and larger than the nearly linear interior ones: rays 
10 or 12, oval, showy, golden yellow, less than an inch long: disk-corollas with dark purple 
‘tips: akenes obovate-oblong, below sparsely and toward the summit thickly villous with 
slender hairs: pappus none, or a few very delicate setiform squamellz shorter than the hairs 
of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4.—S. E. California, at Aqua Caliente, in the Mo- 


have Desert, Parish. 


102. VIGUIERA, HBK. (Dr. A. Viguier, botanist, of Montpellier.) — 
Herbaceous or sometimes suffruticose plants (of the warm parts of America) ; 
with only the lower or rarely all the leaves opposite, yellow-flowered heads of 
only medium size (in our species), on peduncles at the summit of the branches, 
the akenes usually pubescent. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 224, t. 879; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 875. Vigutera, Leighia (Cass.), & Harpalium (Cass.), in part, 
DC. Prodr. v. 578-584. 


* Disk of the head at maturity elevated or strongly convex (but at first often low) and the re- 
ceptacle conical: root probably annual or biennial. 

V. helianthoides, HBK. Minutely hispidulous-pubescent or scabrous, green, or some- 
times cinereous: stem 2 to 7 feet high, slender, paniculately branched above: leaves alternate 
or occasionally either upper or lower opposite, slender-petioled, mostly thin, ovate, acuminate, 
sometimes very broadly ovate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long and 3 or 4 wide), sometimes 
ovate-lanceolate, from slightly to coarsely serrate, triplinerved from near the base: heads 
paniculate, usually slender-peduncled: involucre only 3 lines high, shorter than the disk, 
nearly simple, of subulate or linear bracts: rays 7 to 10, obovate or oblong, over half-inch 
long: chaffy bracts of the receptacle somewhat cuspidately mucronate or acuminate: akenes 
villous-pubescent: palez a pair on each side between the chaffy awns, erose or fimbriolate at 
the truncate summit.— HBK. 1. c.; Benth. & Hook. 1.c. V. helianthoides, Sagreana, lazxa, 
brevipes, and probably V. microcline, triquetra, also with little doubt V. dentata (Spreng., the 
Helianthus dentutus, Cav. Ic. iii. 10, t. 220), DC. Prodr. v.579. V. Texana, Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 318. Helianthella latifolia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. — Shady or more open grounds,’ 
Texas to Arizona. (Mex., Cuba.) 

V. canéscens, DC. Less tall, more rigid, commonly cinereous: leaves coriaceous, entire 
or nearly so, from broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate ; the lower opposite: chaff of the 
receptacle more cuspidate: rays saffron-yellow: akenes canescently sericeous. —Prodr. v. 
579.— 8. Arizona, Pringle, a greener form, and in adjacent Mexico, Palmer. (Mex.) 


* %* Disk flattish or convex: receptacle at maturity flat or hardly conical. 
+ Herbaceous to the base from a probably perennial root, not canescent nor tomentose. 


V. cordifdlia, Gray. Hispid or hispidulous and scabrous: stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet 
high, leafy to the top, commonly branched above: leaves mostly all opposite, occasionally 
some alternate, subcordate-ovate or deltojd, acute, serrate or denticulate, 3-ribbed from the 
base, either sessile or short-petioled, rough; veinlets reticulated: heads mostly corymbose 
and short-peduncled: involucre campanulate, fully half-inch long, equalling the barely con- 
vex disk, commonly lanceolate and acuminate, erect, in 2 or 3 series: chaffy bracts of the 
receptacle gradually acuminate: akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong, almost equalled by the 
chaffy awns; the intermediate palew equalling the breadth of the akene, narrowly oblong, 
rigid. — Pl. Wright. i. 107, ii. 88.— Near water-courses, W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, 
Schott, Lemmon, &c. (Mex., Schaffner.) 


+— +- Shrubby or lignescent at base, low, not tomentose: leaves hispidulous-scabrous, mostly 
alternate, rigid. 

V. lacinidta, Gray. Branching: leaves lanceolate or obscurely hastate, from laciniate- 
pinnatifid to nearly entire, abruptly petioled, an inch or two long, beneath with very prom- 
inent pinnate veins: branches bearing several cymosely disposed and pedunculate heads: 
involucre nearly half-inch high; its bracts lanceolate or the outermost ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate: rays half-inch long: akenes sparingly pilose, glabrate: pappus-awns chaffy; the inter- 
mediate chaffy pale laciniate or erose.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 89, & Bot. Calif. i. 354. — San 
Diego Co., California, Schott, Newberry, Cleveland, &c. (Lower Calif.) 


Helianthus. COMPOSITZ. 271 


V. Parishii, Greens. Branched from the base and diffuse; the nearly simple slender 
flowering branches (sometimes rather canescently pubescent) bearing mostly solitary pedun- 
culate heads: leaves ovate, small (half-inch to barely inch long), somewhat serrate, short- 
petioled : involucre broad: its bracts lanceolate: akenes more villous: awns as long as the 
akene and chaffy-dilated only near the base; the palew much laciniate. — Bull. Torr. Club, 
ix. 15.— Desert region of W. Arizona and §. E. California to the coast at San Luis Rey, 
Newberry, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon, Parish, W. G. Wright, Greene. 


+ + + Herbaceous? perennials, white-tomentose or canescent (at least the foliage): involucre 
of rather short imbricated bracts. 


V. reticulata, Watson. Stem glabrate, few-leaved: leaves rigid and coriaceous, cordate, 
entire, strongly veined and reticulated beneath, 2 inches long, petioled, canescent with short 
rather silky pubescence: heads small (3 or 4 lines high), several in the corymbiform clus- 
ters: rays 3 lines long: subulate chaffy awns only twice the length of the laciniate pales 
of the pappus. — Amer. Nat. vii. 301. — Telescope Mountain, Nevada, Wheeler. 


V. tephrédes, Gray. Silvery-white with close-pressed sericeous-hirsute (not tomentose) 
pubescence, which is probably somewhat deciduous: leaves alternate, ovate-oblong or the 
upper rather deltoid-lanceolate, entire, thickish, 3-ribbed at base and obscurely veiny, less 
than inch long, slender-petioled: heads few or solitary, less than half-inch high: akenes (or 
rather ovaries) short, with villous-ciliate margins and rather glabrous sides, about the length 
of the lanceolate awned palex, the short intermediate palez dissected into almost setiform 
squamellz.—— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218. Helianthus (Harpalium) tephrodes, Gray, Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 90. Viguiera nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 354, excl. syn. Benth. & syn. Kellogg. 
—S. E. California, at Mirasol del Monte, in the Colorado Desert, Schott. 


V. nandta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218 (Bahiopsis lanata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 
ii. 35), of Lower California, with very pannose dense tomentum, is of the genus, but is not 
Encelia nivea, Benth. 


V. romenrésa and V. pettofpga, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 161, are other species of 
Lower California. 


108. TITHONIA, Desf. (TiOwvds, consort of Aurora.) — Robust annuals 
(all Mexican); with alternate petioled and 3-ribbed often 3-lobed ample leaves, and 
large heads of yellow flowers on long and stout upwardly thickened peduncles. 
Ligules entire or nearly so. Bracts of the receptacle rather rigid, striate, cuspi- 
date or aristate. Akenes oblong or narrower, compressed-quadrangular: the 
pappus either deciduous or persistent. — Desf. Ann. Mus. i. 49, t. 4; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 874. The following was collected so near the southwestern 
boundary of the U. S. that it is here introduced. 

T. Tharberi, Gray. Comparatively small and slender, 2 feet high, slightly hispid: leaves 
ovate, serrate, undivided : head only half-inch high, with little exserted orange-colored rays : 
bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong, with short foliaceous tips: akenes narrow: 
squamelle of the pappus linear-oblong, coriaceous, the awns nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. 


Acad. viii. 655. 7. tubeformis, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90, not Cass., which is a far larger 
and showy species. — Magdalena, State of Sonora, Mex., near Arizona, Thurber. 


104. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunrrower. (From “Hwos, the sun, and 
dy8os, flower.) — Annual and perennial American herbs, almost all N. American, 
usually tall or coarse; with the lowest and sometimes all the leaves opposite and 
simple; heads pedunculate and terminating the stem or branches, produced in 
summer or autumn, with yellow rays (wanting in one or two species), and either 
yellow or dark purple disk-flowers: chaffy bracts of the receptacle either entire 
or 3-toothed: throat of the disk-corollas not rarely 10-nerved. Pappus normally 
of a thin and acuminate or awn-pointed palea from each of the two principal 
angles of the akene, or rarely an additional one: intermediate squamelle present 


272 COMPOSIT A. Helianthus, 


only in a few species, and then inconstant, or else mere appendages or lateral 
portions of the 2-paleaceous pappus. Juice of the stem resinous. — Schkuhr, 
Handb. t. 528; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 818; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 376, excl. 
syn. of Flourensia in part. 


H. paucirLoérus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 177, of “ Lower Louisiana,” with narrow serrate leavez, and 
ovate closely imbricated bracts to the involucre, has not been identified. 


§ 1. Annuals: involucre spreading; its bracts attenuate to a point: disk 
brownish or dark purple: receptacle flat or nearly so: leaves petioled, 3-ribbed 
from or near the base, all but the lower usually alternate. 


* Stem erect, commonly robust: chaffy bracts of the receptacle mostly 3-cleft at apex, the longer 
middle lobe lanceolate or linear and somewhat hirsute or hispid. Species of difficult limitation, 
apparently confluent. , 

H. argophyllus, Torr. & Gray. White with soft and silky wool, which is sometimes 
floccose, in age more or less deciduous: leaves slightly serrate: otherwise as in the larger 
indigenous forms of the following. — FI. ii. 318; Rev. Hort. 1857, 431 with figure. — Texas; 
first coll. by Drummond. Disk often inch and a half broad, and rays as long. Degenerates 
in cultivation apparently into 

H. annuus, L. (Common Sunrrower.) Robust, when well developed tall, hispid, his- 
pidulous, or scabrous: stem often spotted or mottled: leaves ovate and the lower cordate, 
serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauline ones longer than their petiole: 
bracts of the involucre from broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-acuminate, below hispidly 
ciliate: disk in the wild plant commonly an inch or more in diameter. — Spec. ii. 904 (excl. 
habitat, for it came not from Peru, nor even from Mexico); Lam. Ill. 706; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 353. H. lenticularis, Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1225; DC. Prodr. v. 586; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 
HZ. tubaformis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 177; Ind. Sem. Geett. 139. A. ovatus, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 
1828, & Linn. v. 376. H. erythrocarpus, Bartl. H. macrocarpus, DC. Prodr. 1. ¢., a race of 
the garden Sunflower with larger and light-colored akenes, long cult. in Russia, &c., for food 
and oil. H. multiflorus, Hook. Fl. i. 313, excl. syn. (For history, &c., see Decaisne in Fl. 
des Serres, xxiii., and Gray & Trumbull in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xxiii. 245.) — Plains and 
alluvial grounds, Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to Washington Terr. and California. 
(Adj. Mex.) Fruit from early times collected by the N. American Indians for food and 
hair-oil; the plant cultivated for these uses. Gigantesque forms everywhere commonly 
cultivated for ornament. 

H. petiolaris, Nurr. A foot to a yard high, more slender, loosely branching, strigose-his- 
pidulous, rarely hirsute: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparingly 
denticulate, barely acute, 1 to 3 inches long, cuneately attenuate or the lower abruptly con- 
tracted into a long and slender petiole: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, with acute and mucronate or sometimes more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate: disk 
half-inch or more in diameter. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii, 115; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
t.75; DC.L¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1c. H. patens, ehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828, & Ind. Schol. 
1828,19. H. integrifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366.— Dry plains, Saskatchewan 
to Texas, west to Oregon and Arizona: seemingly passes into the preceding species. 

Var. canéscens, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 108. Leaves whitened with a fine and close 
strigulose-sericeous pubescence; the lowest ovate, all or most of them with blade longer 
than the petiole. —S. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. A very similar 
variety from Nebraska, H. Engelmann. 

* * Stem erect, not tall: chaffy bracts of the receptacle entire or with a pair of small lateral 
teeth, and the apex prolonged into a naked cusp or awn: bracts of the involucre hirsute or 
hispid with long spreading hairs, oblong or lanceolate, mostly attenuate-acuminate. 


H. scabérrimus, Benru. A foot or two high: stem rather stout, branching, scabrous- 
hispid: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from rather coarsely serrate to entire, 2 to 5 
inches long, the base cuneately or more abruptly contracted into the petiole, both faces either 
slightly or strongly scabrous: disk about’ two-thirds inch in diameter, and rays of about 
equal length: cusp of the chaff mostly subulate-aristiform and equalling the developed disk- 
flowers. — Bot. Sulph. 28, not Ell. H. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544, & Bot. 


Helianthus. COMPOSITA. 2738 


Calif. i. 353. — California, from San Francisco Bay northward, Hinds (who got it at Bo- 
degas), Bridges, Bolander, Mfrs. Ames. 

H. exilis, Gray. A foot or so high, slender, commonly hirsute: leaves lanceolate and 
ovate-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, tapering into a slender petiole: heads from half to 
nearly full size of those of the preceding: cusp of the chaff a slender awn, surpassing the 
disk-flowers. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Plains throughout the northern 
part of California. (The specimen from Owen’s Valley, Van Horn, is probably a depau- 
perate H. petiolaris.) 


* ¥* %* Stems branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, slender. 


H. débilis, Nurr. Scabrous to hispidulous or hispid: stems a foot to a yard long: leaves’ 
from ovate to deltoid or obscurely hastate, occasionally subcordate, thinnish, 1 to 3 inches 
long, repand-denticulate to sparingly lobulate-dentate, slender-petioled: bracts of the invo- 
lucre lanceolate and gradually subulate-acuminate: disk half-inch or more in diameter; its 
chaffy bracts with truncate or 3-toothed summit, the middle tooth aristiform-subulate: rays 
half-inch or more long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 367; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 320; the coast 
form. H. precor, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 13, form with more hispid stem. — Sandy 
shores of Florida, W. Louisiana, and E. Texas. 

Var. cucumerifolius. A larger form, usually with purple-mottled stems, leaves 
irregularly serrate with salient teeth, more commonly subcordate, the larger 4 or 5 inches 
long, and the ampler (15 to 20) rays an inch or more long. — H. cucumerifolius, Torr. & 
Gray, l.c. 319. H. Lindheimerianus, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 159?— Sandy soil, often in 
woods, Texas, common westward.’ 


§ 2. Perennials: receptacle convex, or in some at length low-conical: lower 
leaves almost always opposite. 


% Involucre loose (about half-inch high), more or less squarrose in age, of subulate-lanceolate or 
narrower mostly attenuate-acuminate and almost equal bracts: disk (upper part of corollas) 
commonly but not always dark purple or turning brownish: all but the lower leaves linear or 
filiform and strictly one-nerved: slender creeping rootstocks, no tubers. 

H. orgydlis, DC. Stem smooth and glabrous, often 10 feet high, very leafy to the top: 
leaves mostly alternate, from long-linear (8 to 16 inches long, commonly 2 to 4 lines wide), 
or the lowest lanceolate, to almost filiform, slightly papillose-scabrous, the lower narrowed 
into a petiole and sometimes serrulate: bracts of the involucre filiform-attenuate, those of 
the receptacle entire: akenes oblong-obovate with a rounded summit, 3 lines long. — Notul. 
Pl. Rar. Genev. 12, & Prodr. v. 586, excl. syn.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 320. ZH. giganteus, var. 
crinitus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 177? Dry plains, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, west to S. E. 
Colorado. 

H. angustifolius, L. Scabrous, sometimes hispidulous: stems 2 to 6 feet high, rather 
sparsely leafy, slender: leaves thickish, entire, when dry with revolute margins: cauline 
sessile (the upper hardly narrowed at base), 3 to 7 inches long, mostly 2 or 3 lines wide, 
paler and smooth or sometimes canescent beneath, many of them opposite ; radical some- 
what spatulate or lanceolate: bracts of the involucre lanceolate and acute or attenuate- 
acuminate: rays numerous, inch long: disk generally dark-purple : receptacular bracts 
entire or 3-toothed: akenes (barely 2 lines long) with broad truncate apex. — Spec. ii. 906 ; 
Walt. Car. 216; Michx. Fl. ii. 141; Bot. Mag. t. 2051; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 105; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 320. Coreopsis angustifolia, L. 1. c. 908; Mill. Ic. t. 224,-f.2; and Rudbeckia 
angustifolia, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1281. Leighia bicolor, Cass. Dict. xxv. 436.— Wet ground, pine 
barrens of New Jersey and Kentucky to Florida and Texas. 

% %* Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal inappendiculate bracts, none of them folia- 
ceous: disk mostly dark-colored or dusky: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, rarely linear: herbage 
not tomentose nor conspicuously cinereous: Atlantic United States species, one of them reach- 
ing the Rocky Mountains. 

+ Stems glabrous and very smooth or merely scabrous, leafy: leaves narrowly to broadly lanceo- 
late: chaff of receptacle entire, merely mucronate. 

H. Floriddnus, Gray. Stem from 2 to 6 feet high: leaves thinnish, bright green above, 
sparsely hispidulous-scabrous, lanceolate, sparivgly or obscurely denticulate, somewhat tripli- 
nerved near the base, 2 to 4 inches long, 5 to 9 lines wide toward the base, often short-peti- 

18 


274 COMPOSITE. Helianthus. 


oled ; uppermost commonly alternate: bracts of the involucre from oblong-ovate to lanceolate 

and either acute or acuminate, glabrous, shorter than or sometimes equalling the yellowish 

or at length brownish disk ; its bracts nearly glabrous: rays about an inch long, oblong. — 

Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 629. HZ. angustifolius, var. with broader leaves and yellow disk, Chapm. 

Fl. 229; Curtiss, distrib. 1437.—N. and E. Florida, Chapman, Palmer, Garber, Curtiss ; 

flowering late. 

H. ciliaris, DC. Glaucous: stems a foot or two high, very leafy: leaves nearly all opposite 
and sessile, lanceolate, varying to ovate-lanceolate or to linear, thickish, with undulate or 
repand margins, either very smooth and naked, or hispidulous with some scattered bristles, 
at least along the margins: bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, obtuse or abruptly 
mucronulate, hirsutely ciliate: chaff of the brownish disk pubescent at tip: rays few or 
several, not surpassing the disk, sometimes none. — Prodr. v. 587; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 84, Pl. 
Wright. i. 108. — Linsecomia glauca, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 458.— Low and 
brackish ground, 8. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, and Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, Thurber, 
&c. (Adj. Mex.) 

+ + Stems somewhat hirsute, scapiform and monocephalous: leaves roundish: chaff of recep- 
tacle with entire cuspidate-acuminate tips: rays commonly wanting: akenes rather flat, emar- 
ginate-2-toothed at summit: an anomalous species. — Echinomeria, Nutt. 

H. rddula, Torr. & Gray. Leaves hirsute or hispid, denticulate, triplinerved, mostly 
sessile; radical orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long, in a rosulate cluster; cauline 2 or 3 pairs near 
the base of the (foot or two high) simple stem, obovate with narrowed base, or above 
reduced to some narrow and minute ones: involucral bracts broadly lanceolate or oblong, 
acute, brownish-purple, as is the disk: the few rays when present little exserted: akenes with 
the unusually acute margins produced above more or less into a sort of tooth: pappus small. 
—Fl. ii. 321. Rudbeckia radula, Pursh, Fl. ii. 575. RB. apetala, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 77. Echinomeria apetala, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 356. — Low pine barrens, 
Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. 


+ + + Stem and (mostly opposite and triplinerved) leaves more or less hispid, hirsute, or 
scabrous (or forms of the last species smoother): chaff of receptacle entire or some 3-toothed at 
the apex, pointless: rays numerous and conspicuous. 


++ Disk of the head dark purple or brownish. 


H. heterophyllus, Nutr. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, naked above, bearing a single 
showy head: leaves hispid, entire; radical oval to spatulate-oblong; cauline 3 or 4 pairs 
and some minute ones above, narrowly lanceolate or linear, sessile, the lowér with long 
tapering base: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate : rays about 20, inch and 
a half long.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98, partly; Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c. — Low pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana, toward the coast. 


H. atrérubens, L. Stems stouter, sometimes leafy, sometimes few-leaved, 2 to 4 feet high, 
bearing few or several rather small heads: leaves hispid and scabrous, veiny, commonly thin- 
nish, from roundish-ovate or rarely cordate to oblong-lanceolate, often serrate, contracted below 
into winged petioles, lower a span to a foot long, uppermost small and bract-like: bracts of 
the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, ciliolate: rays 10 to 16, rarely inch long. — Spec. ii. 906, 
& ed. 2, 1279 (Dill. Elth. t. 94; Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. t. 20); Ait. Kew. iii, 250; Michx. 
Fl. ii. 140, in part ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Lam., nor Bot. Mag., Bot. Reg., &e. H. sparsi- 
folius, Ell. Sk. ii. 415. .silphioides, ‘Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366.— Open woods, 
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Louisiana. 

H. rigidus, Desr. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, sparingly branched : leaves 
very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispidulous-scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or 
serrate, lightly triplinerved but indistinctly and-sparingly veined; lower oblong and ovate- 
lanceolate, attenuate at base into short winged petioles; upper mostly lanceolate: heads 
comparatively large, showy (disk three-fourths inch high): involucre pluriserially imbricated ; 
its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate: 
rays numerous, generally inch and a half ‘long: akenes oblong-obovate, 3 lines long: pap- 
pus of two large ovate-lanceolate pale, and sometimes two or four rather stout interme- 
diate pales! more commonly none.— Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3,184; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 322.: 
IT. atrorubens, Michx. 1. c., in part; Bot. Reg. t. 508; Bot. Mag. t. 2668; DC. Prodr. v. 586. 
H. diffusus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2020. H. Missuricus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 618, name in place of 


Helianthus. COMPOSIT. : 275 


difusus. H. scaberrimus, Ell. Sk. ii. 423. H. Missouriens’s (Schweinitz) & H. crassifolius, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. lc. Harpalium rigidum, Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. xx. 200; DC. 
Prodr. v. 583, founded on the form with intermediate pales to the pappus. Plains and 
prairies, Saskatchewan and Michigan to W. Georgia, Texas, and eastern part of Colorado. 
Sometimes the disk-corollas are at first yellow! 


++ ++ Disk yellow. (Here the Californian H. gracilentus would be sought.) 


H. leetiflorus, Pers. Resembles tall forms of the preceding, similarly scabrous or hispid, 
leafy: leaves commonly thinner, mostly oval-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 4 to 10 
inches long, more or less serrate: heads usually several and rather short-peduncled: disk 
half-inch high: bracts of the involucre imbricated in only 2 or 3 series, from ovate- to 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate-acute, hirsutely ciliate or ciliolate, occasionally a 
little hirsute on the back: rays numerous, the larger inch and a half long.—Syn. ii. 476; 
DC. Prodr. v. 586, excl. syn. Ell.; Torr. & Gray, 1. v. H. atrorubens, Lam. Dict. iii. 86, not 
L.— Prairies and barrens, Indiana, [linois, Wisconsin. , 

Var. trictspis, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Leaves less serrate: chaff of receptacle more 
commonly 3-toothed. — H. tricuspis, Ell Sk. ii. 422. W. Georgia, ex Elliott. Needs confir- 
mation. / : 

H. ptimilus, Norr. Hispid and scabrous throughout: stems simple, a foot or two high, 
bearing 5 to 7 pairs of leaves and a few rather short-peduncled heads: leaves mostly ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so (14 to 4 inches long), rigid, abruptly contracted at base 
into a short margined petiole: involucre less than half-inch high, white-hirsute or scabro- 
hispidulous ; its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-lanceolate, acutish: rays about 
inch long.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 239. — 
Eastern Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains of the Platte, &c., from Wyoming to Colorado, 
Nuttall, Hayden, Geyer, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c. 

H. occidentalis, Rippeiy. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes smooth and gla- 
brous, usually leafy only at and near the base: radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate to 
lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate, contracted at base into long margined petioles, 
minutely hirsute or hispidulous, moderately scabrous; upper cauline a few remote pairs, sub- 
sessile, lanceolate, and bract-like, of an inch or half-inch in length: heads few or sometimes 
solitary, small: bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or 
the margins sometimes ciliate, sometimes naked : rays half-inch to nearly inch long: akenes 
when young and at summit pubescent. — Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. (1836), 13; Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 323. H. heterophyllus, Short, Cat. Kentucky Pl. Suppl. 3; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98, 
partly, not Nutt.— Prairies and oak barrens, in dry ground, Michigan to Kentucky and 
Missouri. 

Var. plantagineus, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Minutely puberulent and slightly or not 
at all scabrous: leaves rather more rigid: involucre obscurely ciliolate or naked. — Texas, 
Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adj. Mex.) : 

Var. Dowellidnus, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding, but leafy to the middle or 
higher, the leaves larger and mostly ovate, and stem sometimes branching. — Fl. ii. 504. 
A. Dowellianus, Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82.— Mountain region in the southwestern 
part of North Carolina, Curtis, Buckley, &c. 


* * * Involucre looser and the bracts disposed to be more taper-pointed, or elongated, or foli- 
aceous (closer and shorter in some species): disk except for the dark anthers yellow or 
yellowish. 

+ Canescent or cinereous, at least the foliage, with soft and fine appressed (but not tomentose) 
. pubescence: leaves all opposite, sessile, merely serrulate: heads middle-sized: bracts of the in- 
volucre imbricated; their attenuate tips seldom or little surpassing the disk: Atlantic species. 


H. cinéreus, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, barely cinereous throughout with 
minute and slightly scabrous appressed pubescence: stem simple, somewhat equably. leafy, 
bearing one or two slender-pedunculate small heads : leaves coriaceous, Janceolate-oblong, 
acute; lower (3 inches long) contracted into a rather long narrowed base ; uppermost (about 
inch long) ovate-lanceolate with a broad sessile base: involucre half-inch high; its bracts 
lgnceolate-subulate, canescent : rays 10 or 12, two-thirds inch long. — FI. ii. 324, excl. var. 
—Texas, Drummond. Heads little larger than those of H. occidentalis, of which it may be a 

‘ hybridized offspring. 


276 COMPOSITA. Helianthus. 


H. mollis, Lam. Canescent throughout: stems 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy, when young 


villous, in age often hirsute or hispid, simple and with solitary or few rather large heads, or 

branched above and more floriferous : leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate with a cordate closely 

sessile or a clasping base, attenuate-acute or acuminate, 3 to 5 inches long, whitened with a 

soft pubescence, or the upper face becoming greener and scabrous: involucre two-thirds inch 

high, villous or sericeous: rays 15 to 25, an inch or more long. — Dict. iii. 85 (1789); DC. 

Prodr. v. 587; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., not Willd., &. H. canescens, Michx. Fl. ii. 140. 

HZ. pubescens, Vahl, Symb. ii. 92 (1791); Willd. Spec. iii. 2240; Ell. Sk. ii. 418; Hook. 

Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98.— Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Texas. 

Well-marked species, but passes into a greener or less pubescent and somewhat scabrous 

variety. 

+ + Soft-villous rather than tomentose (varying to merely pubescent) as to the lower face of 
the mostly alternate ample leaves, but the tall stem villous hirsute or even hispid: heads rather 
large: involucre loose and long: disk grayish: the corolla-lobes as well as the tips of the chaff 
externally hirsute! 


H. tomentésus, Micux. Stems stout, 4 to 9 feet high, branching : leaves thinnish, ample 


(the larger cauline a foot long), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 


_ mostly somewhat petioled, sparingly serrate, upper face scabrous: heads nearly inch high 


“and broad: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate and long-attenuate into almost filiform 


tips, externally hirsute, especially the margins, squarrose-spreading, often much surpassing 
the disk, outermost sometimes large and foliaceous: rays pale yellow, an inch or more long. 
— Fi. ii. 141; ElL Sk. ii. 424; Torr. & Gray, l.c. HH. pubescens, Bot. Reg. t. 524, but not that 
of Hort. Kew., &c. H. squarrosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 367. H. spathulatus, 
Ell. Sk. ii. 421, a form with mostly opposite leaves and less prolonged involucral bracts. — 
Moist woods, Illinois? and Virginia to Georgia and Alabama, most common along the 
mountains, in the lower country with leaves less pubescent beneath. 


+ + + Leaves mostly scabrous both sides (in one sometimes soft tomentose-canescent beneath), 
the upper disposed to be alternate and not triplinerved, mostly petiolate and not broad: heads 
middle-sized. ; 


++ Atlantic species: involucre loose or squarrose; its bracts linear-subulate or gradually attenuate 
-from a narrowish base to a slender point, all nearly of the same length, equalling or surpassing 
the dull yellow disk: all producing slender creeping rootstocks and also forming one or more 
fleshy thickened roots (like tap-roots) at base of stem. 


H. grosse-serratus, Marrens. Stem very smooth and glabrous, commonly glaucous, 6 to 


a 


10 feet high, bearing numerous rather cymosely disposed and short-peduncled heads: leaves 
(not rarely some even of the uppermost opposite) slender-petioled, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate 
or narrower, or some of the cauline almost deltoid-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, sharply 
serrate (sometimes with long salient teeth), or upper merely denticulate, slightly scabrous 
above, whitish and minutely tomentulose or soft-puberulent beneath; larger cauline com- 
monly 8 to 10 inches and the petiole an inch or two long: heads fully half-inch high, and 
deep yellow oblong rays over an inch long: bracts of the involucre mostly slender. — Sel. 
Sem. Hort. Lovan., & Linn. xiv. Suppl. 133; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 326.— Dry plains and 
prairies, Ohio to Dakota, Missouri, and Texas. Eastward the smaller-leaved forms seem to 
pass into HH. giganteus. 

Var. hypoleticus. Leaves almost silvery-canescent with fine and dense soft tomen- 
tum, the larger with either cuneate or truncate base.— Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, 
Wright. (Var. y, Torr. & Gray, in part.) 


H. gigantéus, L. Stem hispidulous or scabrous, or below smooth, 3 to 10 feet high, com- 


monly one or more of the roots becoming thick and tuber-like; the larger plants branching 
above, bearing scattered heads: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, green and more or 
less scabrous both sides, tapering to base and summit, short-petioled or subsessile, minutely 
serrate or denticulate, occasionally nearly entire, commonly only 3 to 5 inches long: heads 
of the preceding or smaller: rays pale yellow, barely inch long. — Spec. ii. 905; Ait. Kew. 
iii, 249; Willd. Spec. iii. 2242; DC. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325; excl. B. ZZ. altissimus, 
L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1278; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 162. H. gigas, Michx. Fl. ii. 141. A low and 
mainly northern form is H. tuberosus, Parry in Owen Rep. Minnesota Surv. 614, and H. sub- 
tuberosus, Bourgeau in herb. Hook.; “the Indian Potato of the Assiniboine tribe,” the so-called 
“edible tubers” (which were also long ago noted by Douglas) being tuber-like thickened 


Helianthus. COMPOSITA. 277 


roots. — Moist or wet ground, Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to Alabama and Louisiana. 
Very variable: the var. ambiguus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is intermediate between this species 
and H. divaricatus, probably a hybrid. 

H. Maximiliani, Scurapsr. Hispidulous-scabrous: stem stout, 2 or 3 (and even 10 to 12) 
feet high, below ‘mostly rough-hispid: leaves almost all alternate, thickish, becoming rigid, 
very scabrous above, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, mostly subsessile, all entire 
or sparingly denticulate: heads comparatively large, short-peduncled, terminating somewhat 
simple stem or branches, and later in the axils of many of the cauline leaves: involucre 
of more rigid bracts: rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yellow: flowering 
late. — Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett. 1835 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325; Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. i. 41 (with var. asperrimus, which is merely a rougher form) ; Meehan, Nat. F1. ii. 
t. 37. — Rich prairies and plains, west of the Mississippi, and from Saskatchewan and Min- 
nesota to Texas. 


++ ++ Pacific species: leaves mostly lanceolate, broader toward the base and tapering to an acute 
or acuminate apex, short-petioled or subsessile: involucre of narrow or small bracts: rays about 
inch long. 


== Bracts of the involucre linear- or lanceolate-subulate, attenuate, fully equalling the disk, her- 
baceous, loose or soon squarrose-spreading : stem usually smooth and glabrous, except at the 
summit. 

H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly simple: leaves 
lanceolate or the upper linear (3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, in small plants not rarely 
all opposite), serrulate or entire: heads half-inch high: bracts of the involucre naked or 
somewhat hirsute at base: disk-corollas slightly pubescent toward the base: palez of the 
pappus long and narrow.— FI. ii. 324. H. Californicus, Nutt. in herb., not DC.— In wet 
soil, Rocky Mountains, from western part of Wyoming and Utah to Oregon, Washington 
Terr., and interior of Brit. Columbia. 

H. Parishii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, 6 to 15 feet high: leaves elongated-lanceo- 
late, softly cinereous-puberulent or even canescent beneath, scabrous above: heads half-inch 
high and rays 10 to 18 lines long: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, longer than the 
disk, villous toward the base: disk-corollas with a silky-villous ring or two tufts above the 
short proper tube: palex of the pappus slender-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7.—S. E. 
California, in wet places and along streams at San Bernardino, Parish ; fl. autumn. 

H. Califérnicus, DC. Tall, 3 to 8 feet high, usually branching : leaves lanceolate, entire 
or serrate (the larger 4 to 10 inches long, sometimes an inch or two wide): heads mostly 
two-thirds inch high: rays over an inch long when well developed: bracts of the involucre 
slightly hirsute or naked : disk-corollas canescently puberulent toward the base: akenes very 
glabrous: palex of the pappus broadly lanceolate. — Prodr. v. 589 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325 ; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 353. ZH. giganteus, var. insulus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17.— 
California, along streams, from San Francisco Bay southward. 

Var. Utahénsis (H. giganteus, var. Utuhensis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 169) seems 
rather to be a form of ZH. Californicus, with thin and smoother leaves, and involucre more 
hirsute. — Wahsatch Mts., Parley’s Park, Utah, Watson. 

Var. Mariposidnus. Leaves ample; upper cauline ovate or oblong-lanceolate, en- 
tire (7 or 8 inches long by 2 or more wide): pappus not rarely of 4 linear-lanceolate palex 
of nearly equal length, or two often reduced and short.— Banks of the Merced at Clark’s 
Ranch, Mariposa Co., California, Bolunder. 


= = Bracts of the involucre broader and short, erect. 


H. graciléntus, Gray. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rough-hispidulous, the slender branches 
glabrous or scabrous: leaves thickish, scabrous and commonly hispidulous both sides, spar- 
ingly denticulate or entire; lower cauline from broadly to ovate-lanceolate, triplinerved near 
the base, which is abruptly contracted into a short margined petiole; upper lanceolate : 
heads slender-peduncled, half-inch high : bracts of the involucre imbricated in about 3 ranks, 
thickish, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or apiculate-acuminate, shorter than the disk, 
scabrous-puberulent, usually ciliolate: chaff of receptacle with puberulent obtuse or abruptly 
acutish tips, below often purplish: rays 12 to 16, about inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77, 
Bot. Calif. i. 616. — Low plains and along water-courses, San Diego Co. to San Bernardino 
Co., California, Pulmer, Parry & Lemmon, Parish, &c. : 


278 COMPOSIT. Helianthus. 


++ ++ ++ Imperfectly known Pacific species, probably perennial, with foliaceous involucre. 


H. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray. Stems branching, ascending, hispidulous : leaves alternate; 
upper rhomboid-oblong to spatulate-lanceolate, tapering into winged petioles, obtuse, entire, 
inch or two long: head half-inch high: bracts of the involucre almost all foliaceous, hispidu- 
lous; outer narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, reflexed or spreading, longer than the disk, 
innermost shorter, erect, acute or somewhat acuminate: rays barely half-inch long: chaff of 
receptacle entire. — Fl. ii. 332. — California, Douglas (mentioned in Bot. Beech. 253); near 
Santa Clara, Sinclair, in Bot. Sulph. as “ H. Californicus.” 

+ + + + Leaves all or most of them opposite, at least the cauline, or in H. tuberosus, &c., 
the upper alternate, all triplinerved or 8-nerved: Atlantic species. 

++ Heads remarkably small, only 4 or 5 lines high and rather narrow, loosely paniculate: rays 
only 5 to 8, seldom inch long: stem and spreading branches slender: leaves scabrous above, 
puberulent or canescent-tomentulose beneath. 


H. parvifiérus, Beryu. Stem smooth and glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves thin, nearly 
membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuneately or almost truncately contracted at 
base into a half-inch or inch long partly margined petiole, gradually attenuate-acuminate, 
serrulate, sometimes more serrate (4 to 7 inches long, the larger inch or two wide near the 
base), pale and when young tomentulose or puberulent beneath; bracts of the campanulate 
involucre subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the comparatively few-flowered disk, the tips 
loose or squarrose: rays 5 or 6, commonly half-inch but sometimes nearly inch long. — 
Spreng. Syst. iii. 617 (1826, & probably somewhat earlier), not of HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec., 
1820 (H. micranthus, Spreng.), which perhaps is not of the genus. H. divaricatus, Michx. 
Fl. ii. 141; Ell. Sk. ii. 428, not L. H. strumosus, var. pallidus, Ell. 1. c., ex Torr. & Gray. 
H.. tracheliifolius, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 229. 
— Moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Upper Georgia, Arkansas, and 
Louisiana. 

Var. attenudtus. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5 inches long, at most half-inch wide, 
very scabrous above, therefore connecting with the following. — Dry woods, near ‘Tallulah 
Falls, Georgia, J. Donnell Smith. 

H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispidulous or minutely strigose-pubescent, 2 to 
5 feet high: leaves of thicker texture, shagreen-scabrous above, canescently tomentulose 
beneath, lanceolate (the larger 4 to 7 inches long, inch or less wide) and with more tapering 
less petioled base, serrulate or nearly entire: involucre hirsute: rays 6 to 8, half-inch long. 
— FI. ii. 330; Chapm. Fl. 231.— Dry ground, W. North Carolina to Middle Georgia. 
++ ++ Heads small, half-inch or less high, few or scattered, slender-peduncled: rays 6 to 10: 

whole plant glabrous and smooth! except perhaps the edges of the leaves and involucral bracts: 

involucre campanulate, of thickish smooth bracts; the outer lanceolate with gradually attenuate- 
subulate spreading tips; inner ovate-lanceolate or ‘broader, somewhat acuminate, erect: akenes 

a little hairy at the summit: usually but not always one or two conspicuous acute squamelle 

or short palez on each side between the lanceolate or ovate principal palex of the pappus, some- 

times united with their base (like stipules), caducous with them. 


H. longifdlius, Pursn. Stem 3 to 7 feet high, simple: leaves elongated linear-lanceolate 
(8 to 8 inches long, quarter to half inch wide), thickish, mostly entire, sessile, lowest cauline 
and radical tapering into slender margined petioles: rays about 10, narrow, half-inch long: 
chaff of the receptacle glabrous, commonly 3-toothed, narrow: proper paler of the pappus 
2 or 3, the squamelle thin and small. — Fl. ii. 571; Ell. Sk. ii.417; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 431. 
Leighia longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vii, 365. — W. Georgia, in wet soil, Lyon, &c. 
Little known; no sufficient specimens seen. 

H. levigatus, Torr. & Gray. Nocreeping rootstocks and no fleshy-thickened roots: stem 
2 to 5 feet high, glaucous: leaves lanceolate, very acute, subsessile, thickish, pale beneath, 
sparsely serrulate or the upper entire: rays 6 to 8, broad, usually inch long, bright yellow: 
chaff of the receptacle entire, more or less pubescent on the back: squamelle or inter- 
mediate pale of the pappus rather large and firm, half or a quarter the length of the lan- 
ceolate or ovate proper pales, sometimes wanting. — Fl. ii. 330; Gray, Man. 256.— Alle- 
ghany Mountains in Virginia and N. Carolina. Occurs in two forms; one slender, simple, 
2 or 3 feet high, with narrow leaves 3 to 5 inches long, half-inch or less broad (this possibly 
may be H. longifolius): thé other larger, 4 to 6 feet high, branching, with ampler leaves, 
the larger cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate and 2 or 3 inches wide, and rays over an inch 


Helianthus. COMPOSITA. 279 


long, and it would appear to pass into HZ. strumosus except for the remarkable smoothness. 
Bracts of the involucre minutely ciliolate. 
++ ++ ++ Heads middle-sized, at least half-inch high: rays usually but not always more than 

10, an inch or more long: plant multiplying by creeping rootstocks. (Species difficult of extri- 

cation, either confluent or mixed by intercrossing.) 
== Cauline leaves all sessile and even somewhat connate by a more or less narrowed base, those 

of the flowering branches not rarely alternate, none more than serrulate, no Jateral basal ribs. 

H. doronicoides, Lim. Minutely pubescent and somewhat scabrous: stem 8 to 7 feet 
high: leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed from below the middle to both ends, moderately so 
below, lightly or indistinctly triplinerved much above the base, 4 to 8 inches long: involucre 
of loose subulate-linear and slender pointed bracts, soft-pubescent or hirsute : rays 13 to 18, 
a third to half inch broad, sometimes inch and a half long: ovary and akene glabrous. — 
Dict. iii. 84; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 327, in part, excl. syn. Vahl, &ec., not of Gray, Man. 
H. pubescens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2778, not Vahl. A. cinereus ? var. Sullirantii, Torr. & Gray, 
1. v. 324, appears to be a form of this.— Dry Ground, Ohio to Missouri, &e. i 
= = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a rounded or subcordate and 3-nerved base, thence 

gradually narrowed to the slender apex, of rather firm texture: heads and rays comparatively 

small. 

H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple to the summit or nearly, a foot to a yard high, mostly 
slender, rigid, usually smooth and glabrous below and hispidulous-scabrous at summit, bear- 
ing few short-peduncled heads: leaves green and scabrous both sides, appressed-serrulate, 
all the cauline opposite and horizontally divaricate (whence the name), commonly 4 or 5 
inches long, and at base an inch or two wide: head only half-inch high. bracts of the invo 
lucre lanceolate-subulate, usually hirsute-ciliate: rays 8 to 12, at most an inch long.— Spec. 
ii, 906 (excl. syn. Moris. Hist. sect. 6, t. 7, f. 66); Ait. Kew, iii. 250; Willd. Spec. iii. 2244; 
Torr. & Gray, F1. ii. 329. H. truncatus, Schweinitz in Ell. Sk. ii. 416. Chrysanthemum Vir- 
ginianum, &c., Moris. Hist. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 622 — Dry and sandy or gravelly soil, Canada and 
Saskatchewan to Florida and Louisiana. 
= = = Cauline leaves short-petioled or upper subsessile, serrulate or serrate with small erect 

teeth, or the uppermost entire, all triplinerved from near the base. 

H. hirstitus, Rar. Stem simple or branched at summit, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, commonly 
smooth below, rough and hispidulous above: leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, 
subsessile or short-petioled with a roundish or broad abrupt and rarely subcordate or some- 
times rather cuneate base, thence gradually tapering to the point in the manner of J7. divari- 
cutus, scabrous above, somewhat so and little paler beneath: bracts of the involucre usually 
broadly lanceolate and acuminate, ciliate, unequal, commonly erect and not surpassing the 
disk: rays 12 to 15, rather broad, fully inch long. — Ann. Nat. (1820),14; DC. Prody. v. 591; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 329. HZ. diversifolius & H. hispidulus? Ell. Sk. 1. ¢.— Dry or moist 
soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas. 

Var. trachyphyllus, Torr. & Gray, |. c., a form from Arkansas, with thick very 
rough leaves, and larger heads with squarrose involucre. 

Var. stenophyllus, Torr. & Gray, l.c., a small form, with narrow lanceolate 
leaves almost sessile by a somewhat contracted base. — /. strumosus, var.? leptophyllus, ‘Torr. 
& Gray, 1. c., may be the same with smoother stem. — Louisiana and Texas. 

H. strumésus, L. Rootstocks long and slender, often branching, thickened often into a 
narrow fusiform tuber at the apex: stem usually branching, 3 to 6 feet high, glabrous and 
very smooth and often glaucous, but summit and branches not rarely hispidulous: leaves 
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the lowér sometimes ovate, acute or acuminate, slightly serrate 
or some of them entire, bright-green and somewhat papillose-scabrous above, whitish beneath 
(either with or without minute tomentum), abruptly contracted or more tapering into a 
margined petiole (the larger 5 to 8 inches long and 2 wide): heads rather small (half-inch 
high), but the rays ample, 9 to 15, commonly oblong, an inch to inch and a half long: bracts of 
the involucre rather broadly or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes with attenuate spread- 
ing tips, rarely surpassing the disk, ciliate, either glabrous or pubescent on the back: pappus 
not rarely with intermediate squamelle, either free or adnate to the base of the palex. — 
Spec. ii. 905; Ait. Kew. iii. 249; Torr. & Gray,].c. If levis, Walt. Car. 215? H. neglectus, 
Otto, in Berlin Garden, is either a glabrous form of this, or is H. levigatus. — Open woods 
and banks, Canada to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Arkansas. 


280 COMPOSITA. Helianthus. 


Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray, lc. Leaves canescently tomentulose beneath, not 
rarely subcordate, commonly larger (upper cauline not rarely 6 to 8 inches long): involucre 
looser, the bracts mostly with prolonged attenuate tips: there are similar forms without the 
pubescence, except when young. — H. mollis, Willd. Spec. iii. 2240, excl. syn. Michx. ; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 3689, not Lam. H. macrophyllus, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 70, & Enum. 920.— 
Mass. to Iowa; commoner westward. 

H. tracheliifélius, Wittp. Resembles the two preceding: leaves thinner, nearly of the 
same rather dull green hue both sides, all distinctly short-petioled, lower more sharply 
serrate: involucre of the following, i. e. the bracts all loose and spreading, linear-attenuate, 
hirsute, surpassing the disk, sometimes much prolonged and attenuate-foliaceous. — Spec. 
iii. 2241, & Enum. 920. ZH. prostratus, Willd. 1. c. 2242, a weak form, decumbent in cultiva- 
tion. — Moist or dry ground, Penn.? and Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. 
= = = = Cauline leaves more conspicuously petioled, prominently serrate, thinnish or soft, 

veiny, commonly broad, the upper disposed to be alternate: stems mostly branching: involucral 

bracts loose, hirsute-ciliate. 

H. decapétalus, L. Rootstocks rather slender, branching, more or less tuberous-thickened 
at apex: stem smooth and glabrous below, 2 to 5 feet high; the branches slightly pubescent 
or scabrous: leaves usually membranaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, saliently ser- 
rate, green both sides, either smooth and glabrous or above papillose-scabrous and slightly 
scabrous below, 4 to 8 inches long, the truncate or somewhat cuneate base abruptly con- 
tracted into a winged or naked petiole: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear or 
linear, thin, often foliaceous and surpassing the disk: rays 8 to 10 or more, light yellow, 
only an inch long. — Spec. ii. 905; Ait. 1c¢.; Willd. 1.c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3510; Torr. & 
Gray, Lc. HH. frondosus, L. Ameen. Acad. iv. 290, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1277, merely a form 
with foliaceous involucre. JZ. strumosus, Willd. 1. c. 2422; Ell. Sk. ii. 420. Z. tenutfolius, 
Ell. 1. c., thin-leaved form of shady places. — Banks of streams and moist woods, Canada to 
Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, and Georgia, in the upper country. 

Var. multifiérus? ZH. multiflorus, L.1.¢.; Bot. Mag. t. 227, known only in culti- 
yation, from early times; must have been derived from H. decapetalus. It has short and 
thick rootstocks, somewhat firmer leaves, on naked petioles, larger heads, more numerous 
bracts to the involucre, and 20 or more rays. The more common form of it in gardens is 
dwarf, and the disk filled with transformed ligulate flowers. 

H. tuberdsus, L. (Jerusatem Arricuoxs.) Stem usually pubescent or hirsute, 5 to 10 
feet high, branching at summit: leaves mostly alternate’on the branches, and sometimes on 
the upper part of the stem, ovate or subcordaté, sometimes oblong, acuminate, thickish- 
membranaceous, dull green, minutely pubescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon 
scabrous above: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, hirsute, at least the 
margins toward the base: rays often inch and a half long, 12 to 20: bracts of the receptacle 
hirsute-pubescent on the back: akenes more or less pubescent at summit and margins, 
mostly long and slender ~ horizontal rootstocks enlarging at apex into either oval or fusiform 
fleshy tubers (in cult. large and oblong or roundish, sweet and edible). —L. Spec. ii. 905 
(excl. habitat) ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 161; Trumbull & Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3. xiii. 
(May, 1877), 347; Decaisne in FI. Serres, xxiii. 1881. H. doronicoides, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
327, in part; Gray, Man. 257, not Lam.— Moist alluvial ground, Upper Canada to Sas- 
katchewan, and south to Arkansas and middle parts of Georgia. Was cultivated by the 
aborigines, and the tubers developed ; now widely dispersed under cultivation. Among the 
various indigenous forms the following may be distinguished. 

Var. subcanéscens. Mostly dwarf (about 2 feet high), comparatively small-leaved, 
rough-hispidulous or scabrous, but the lower face of the leaves whitish with soft and fine 
pubescence. — Plains of Minnesota, Dakota, &c., Kennicott, Coues, Ward, sometimes with 
well-developed tubers. Also, a larger form with narrower leaves, near St. Louis, Missouri, 
Engelmann, &e. 

H. peaupAtus. A foot or two high from a frutescent base, canescent with fine appressed 
pubescence: leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, entire or repand, 3-nerved at the rounded or ab- 
ruptly contracted base (about inch long), rather long-petioled ; lower opposite, upper alternate : 
head solitary, terminating simple stems or few branches, slender-peduncled, barely half-inch 
high: involucre short-campanulate, canescent, of oblong-linear obtuse bracts, shorter than the 
fuscous disk: rays 4 or 5 lines long: akenes turgid, sericeous-pubescent. — Lower California, 


Encelia. COMPOSITA. 981 


Belding, 1875. At All-Saints Bay, 70 miles below the U. S. boundary, Parry, 1883; perhaps 
therefore within the U.S. A singular species, with aspect of a Viguiera, but a caducous pappus 
of two lanceolate pales and no squamelle. 


105. FLOURENSIA, DC. (IV. P. Flourens, a distinguished physi- 
ologist.) — Founded on two homogamous northern Mexican species, of very dis- 
tinct habit and character, shrubby, almost glabrous, somewhat resiniferous-viscid, 
much branched, with alternate entire leaves, either corymbed or paniculate short- 
peduncled heads from upper axils, and whitish or yellowish flowers. ‘To these 
the founder added two Chilian radiate species, viz. F. corymbosa, which is a 
Viguiera (V. Peppigit); and F. thurifera (Helianthus thurifer, Molina), which 
may probably remain as a subgenus, Diomedia, Bertero and Colla, not Cass. — 
DC. Prodr. v. 592, excl. no. 2; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7. 


F. cérnua, DC., 1c. Very branching and leafy shrub, with the aromatic bitterness and 
odor of hops, 3 to 6 feet high: branches puberulent: leaves obovate and oblong, half to inch 
and a half long, acute at both ends, dull, obscurely veiny: heads seldom half-inch long, sub- 
sessile in the axils or terminating paniculate branchlets, soon nodding: involuere cam- 
panulate, shorter than the disk, of lanceolate erect imbricated bracts, with some outer and 
spreading foliaceous ones passing into leaves: tips of the short style-branches much dilated, 
wider than high: awns of the pappus rigid, half the length of the appressed-villous akene, 
the slender squamellx not surpassing the villous hairs. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 114, & ii. 89. 
Helianthus cernuus, Benth. & Hook. Gen., ex Hemsl., but it is not really so referred, nor has 
it any likeness to that genus. — Arid hills and plains, W. Texas to Arizona, Wriyht, Lem- 
mon, &c. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg, &c.) 

F. racuriréuia, DC. 1. c., of N. E. Mexico, Berlandier, Palmer, is larger, with oblong and 
more veiny lucid leaves (2 to 4 inches long, on distinct petioles), corymbosely clustered heads 
of twice or thrice the size, &c.; may occur on the Lower Rio Grande. 


106. ENCELIA, Adans. (Christopher Encel, wrote upon oak-galls.) — 
Herbs or some under-shrubby (all American, chiefly subtropical); with alternate 
or opposite leaves, commonly with rather showy radiate heads of flowers on 
naked peduncles; the rays mostly yellow, occasionally wanting; the disk yellow 
or brownish. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle usually soft and mainly scarious. — 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 878. Encelia, Simsia (Pers.), & Armania (Bertero), 
DC. Prodr., with Gerea, Torr. & Gray, & Barrattia, Gray & Engelm. Neglect- 
ing the pappus, which is inconstant, the four sections may be reduced to two. 


§ 1. Evenctiza. Akenes densely long-ciliate: upper and commonly most of 
the leaves alternate: petioles naked. — Lncelia, Adans. Fam. ii. 128. Pallas?a, 
‘L’Her. ex Ait., not L. f. Gerea, Torr. & Gray, &c. 


* Shrubby or lignescent at base, wich herbaceous flowering branches: leaves from ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly entire. 


E. MICROPHELLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 37, & xix. 7, of Northern Mexico, makes the 
nearest approach to Flourensia, and commonly has a biaristellate pappus. 

E. atéscens, Gray, 1. c. viii. 658, of Sonora in Mexico, Palmer, appears to be more herba- 
ceous than the following species; the akenes less strongly villous on the edges, except next the 
summit, and the faces pubescent : pappus biaristellate. It may be expected in S. Arizona. 

E. marimiréuia, Cav. Ie. iii. 6, t. 210 (Pallasia grandiflora, Willd. Spec. iii. 2261), from 
“Nova Hispania,” i. e. Mexico, probably from the Pacific side. This resembles £. Californica, 
and, being described as having green and glabrous leaves and ciliate involucral bracts, is very 
probably identified in a plant collected on the Xaqui River, Sonora, by Palmer, perhaps not far 
below the Mexican border of Arizona. It is probably also Z. conspersa, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of 
Lower California. 


282 COMPOSITA. Encelia. 


E. Califérnica, Nurr. Woody only at base, 2 to 4 feet high, strong-scented, minutely 
pubescent and sometimes cinereous when young, at least the foliage glabrate and green: 
leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely denticulate or toothed, about 2 inches long: 
heads commonly solitary and large, the disk nearly inch broad, brownish or purplish : invo- 
lucre white-villous: rays 16 to 20, an inch or more long, golden yellow: akenes obovate, 
with very shallow notch and no pappus; the margins very long-villous. — Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 357; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 351.— Dry ground, California 
near the coast, from Santa Barbara to San Diego, thence east to the borders of Arizona, 
where is a smaller-flowered form, /, conspersa, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 88, not Benth. ? 


E. farinésa, Gray. Shrubby, except the nearly leafless flowering branches or corymbosely 
branched peduncles, 2 to 5 feet high. leaves (and the leafy branches) silvery-white with a 
close furfuraceous tomentum, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, contracted at base into a:rather 
long-petiole: heads somewhat paniculate, smaller; the disk only half-inch broad, yellowish - 
involucre short, barely pubescent rays 6 to 10, only half-inch long: akenes obovate, with a 
deep notch and no pappus. — Emory Rep. 143, & Bot. Calif. Lu. E. mvea, Gray, Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 88, not Benth. — Dry hills, 8. E. California and Arizona, first coll. by Coulter. 


E. frutéscens, Gray. Shrubby below, 2 or 3 feet high, with widely spreading monoceph- 
alous branches, lispidulous-scabrous and at least the branches cinereous: leaves ovate or 
oblong, obtuse, half-inch or an inch long, abruptly petioled mostly from a rounded base: 
heads rather long-peduncled, variable in size: rays either none, few, or numerous, but short 
(quarter to half inch long) and 3~4-lobed: akenes very long-villous on the margins, with a 
small narrow notch at summit pappus either none or of two delicate long-villous awns. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657, & Bot. Calif. 1.c. Stmsia (Gerea) frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 89.— Gravelly hills and ravines, 8. Utah, Arizona, and 8. E. California; first coll. 
by Fremont. 

* %* Herbaceous perennial. leaves linear, entire. 


BE. scapésa, Gray. Minutely scabrous-puberulent, a foot or more high: leaves all crowded 
at and near the base of the slender scapiform and simple monocephalous stem, rather rigid, 
entire, 2 or 3 inches long, a line or two wide: involucre loose: rays several, obovate or 
cuneiform, half-inch or less long, 3-toothed: akenes (immature) very villous all over, as also 
the pappus of two chaffy awns.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7. Simsia? (Gera) scaposa, Gray, 
Pl. Wright. ii. 88. — New Mexico, and stony hills between the Mimbres and the Rio Grande, 
Wright. 


%* * * Herbaceous from an annual or biennial root (at least the first species): leaves apparently 
all alternate, somewhat dentate: awns of the pappus large and conspicuous, thick at base, con- 
tinuous from the rather strong and very villous margins of the cuneate akene. — Gerea, Torr. & 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48. 


E. eriocéphala, Gray. <A foot or two high, hirsute with white hairs: stem simple or 
branched from the annual root, leafy below, nearly leafless toward the somewhat paniculate 
heads : leaves cuneate-obovate or ovate-oblong ; lower tapering into margined petioles, upper- 
most reduced to sparse subulate bracts: heads about half-inch high: bracts of the involucre 
linear-lanceolate, green, but the lower half and the margins very white with long villous 
pubescence: rays 12 or more, cuneate-obovate or spatulate, half-inch or more long, golderf 
yellow: akenes cuneate, slightly emarginate between the thick-based awns.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 657; Bot. Calif. lc. Gercea canescens, Torr. & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48. 
Simsia (Gerwa) canescens, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 85.— Low grounds and sand-hills, thrgugh the 
arid region of W. Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada and S. E. California; first coll. by 
Coulter, then by Fremont. 

Var. paniculata. A greener and less hairy form, paniculately branched ; the nu- 
merous heads of only half the ordinary size. — 8. Arizona, Pringle. 

HE. viscida, Gray. A foot or two high, branching, leafy up to the usually short simple 
peduncles, viscid-glandular and hirsutely villous: leaves thinnish; cauline all ovate or oblong, 
obtuse, closely sessile and clasping by an auriculate or cordate base; lower ones and base of 
stem not seen: heads nearly an inch high and broad: bracts of the viscid involucre oblong, 
obtuse, at length much shorter than the yellow disk: rays none: akenes narrowly cuneate, 
truncate between the awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, & Bot. Calif. i. 616. — Mountains of 
San Diego Co., California, Palmer, Parish. 


Helianthella. COMPOSITA. 283 


§ 2. Simsza. Akenes naked, at least not strongly ciliate: leaves usually 
opposite or the upper alternate, broad, usually serrate, sometimes 3-5-lobed, not 
rarely auriculate-dilated at the insertion: herbs.— Stmsia, Pers. Barrattia, Gray 
& Engelm., merely wants the pappus. 


* Root annual: petioles all naked at base: some uppermost leaves alternate. 


HE. exaristata, Gray. Stem 2 feet or more high, rather slender, minutely glandular-puber- 
alent and sparsely villous-hirsute, naked at summit and bearing loosely paniculate heads: 
leaves ovate and oblong-ovate, barely serrate, rarely somewhat incised, on narrowly margined 
petioles: heads half-inch high, rather narrow: bracts of the involucre lanceolate; outer 
series villous-hirsute, more than half the length of the narrow and granulose-glandular 
inner ones: rays 4 to 9, not surpassing the disk : akenes very smooth and glabrous through- 
out, obovate, slightly emarginate at summit, destitute of pappus, or not rarely with two 
minute vestiges of awns.— Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 183, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 8. 
Simsia lagasceformis, Gray, P). Wright. i. 107, not DC. S. eraristata, Gray, Pl. Wright. 
ii. 87.— Valleys along water-courses, Western Texas to Southern Arizona, Wright, Thurber, 
Lemmon. (Mex.?) ‘ 

* * Root perennial, thick and fleshy-tuberous: leaves all opposite, even on the branches, on 
margined or narrowly winged petioles, these united at base on each side by a foliaceous append- 
age, the two often connate into an amplexicaul disk. 

E. calva, Gray. Scabrous-pubescent and often hispidulous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, with 
opposite branches, terminating in long and naked monocephalous peduncles: leaves deltoid- 
ovate and subcordate, often hastately 3-lobed, irregularly dentate: involucre hemispherical, 
half-inch high, hirsute and hispid, outer bracts foliaceous and somewhat squarrose: rays 
15 to 20, half-inch long: akenes wholly smooth and glabrous, obcordate-oval, without vestige 
of pappus.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 8. Barrattia calva, Gray & Engelm. Proc. Am. Acad. 
i. 48. Simsia (Barrattia) calva, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 228.— Rocky hills and edges of oak 
woods, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier.) 

E. subaristata, Gray, 1c. Too closely like the preceding, sometimes more canescently 
hispid. akenes minutely pilose-pubescent, ciliolate toward the summit, bearing two rigid 
scabro-hispidulous awns, which are half the length of the akene or often reduced to mere 
rudiments. — Simsia subaristata, Gray, Pl. Fend]. 84.—S,. W. Texas, Wright, Palmer. 
(Monterey, Mex., Gregg, &c.) 


107. HELIANTHELLA, Torr.&Gray. (Helianthus with altered ter- 
mination, the principal species resembling that genus.) — Perennial (N. Amer- 
ican) herbs, of diverse habit, commonly simple-stemmed and entire-leaved: rays 
yellow: disk either yellow or purplish-brown. — Fl. ii. 233; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 9, 


§ 1. Enceriépsis. Silvery-canescent, scapose, with large heads (disk an inch 
broad and flat), thick-leaved: chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious: 
akenes flat, oblong-cuneate, very villous, with narrow callous margins and summit, 
the latter bordered between the short subulate awns by a very short fringe of 
membranaceously confluent squamelle. Anomalous species. 


H. nudicatlis, Gray. Cespitose, with a stout multicipital caudex, densely tomentulose- 
canescent : leaves all radical and rosulate-tufted, obovate or orbicular, obtuse, an inch or 
more long, abruptly contracted into a longer margined petiole: scapes naked, nearly a foot 
high, monocephalous: bracts of the involucre all canescent and lanceolate, numerous in 
2 or 3 series, equal: rays 20 or more, linear, about inch long: disk-corollas also yellow ; the 
short ovate teeth hispidulous-pubescent outside: immature akenes 4 lines long, including the 
short awns, which do not surpass the villosity. —Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 9. Encelia ( Gereea) 
nudicaulis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656.—S. W. Utah, Capt. Bishop. Candelaria, 
Esmeralda Co., Nevada, Shockley. 

H. argophylla, Gray, 1.c. Said to be “2 or 3 feet high, leafy, with cauline leaves similar 
to the radical ones”; these very white with the dense silvery tomentum, rhomboid-obovate 


284 COMPOSITA. Helianthella. 


or cuneate and acute: mature akene 5 lines long. — Tithonia argophylla, Eaton, Bot, King 
Exp. 423. Encela (Gerea) argophylla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656. —S. W. Utah, near 
St. George, Palmer. Incompletely known. Perhaps the two are not specifically different. 


§ 2. HexranrHfiyia proper. Habit somewhat. of Wyethia, leafy-stemmed: 
leaves from lanceolate to ovate, mostly triplinerved above the tapering base, and 
commonly venulose-reticulated, varying from opposite to alternate: rays broad: 
tube of the disk-corollas usually nearly half the length of the throat, and the 
short ovate lobes more or less puberulent: akenes flat, from cuneate-obovate and 
emarginate to slightly obcordate: style-appendages obtuse, mostly short and spat- 
ulate or oblong. 


% Chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious: akenes with some long villous hairs on the 
margins and sometimes on the faces. 

+— Heads showy, large or middle-sized, solitary, or some later ones in the axils of bract-like 
leaves below: bracts of the involucre loose and lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less 
foliaceous, conspicuously hirsute-ciliate: disk yellowish, with dark anthers. 

H. quinquenérvis, Gray. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent or almost glabrous: stems 
solitary or scattered, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves mostly opposite, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, 4 to 9 inches long, triplinerved below the middle and commonly with a lower 
pair at some distance, uppermost sessile, lower ones tapering into margined petioles, and the 
lowest (a foot or more long) into longer petioles: head mostly long-peduncled, ample, the - 
disk a full inch in diameter: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, more or less foliaceous: 
rays 15 to 20, pale yellow, commonly inch and a half long: akenes cuneate-obovate and 
obscurely obcordate, 4 lines long, with margins and commonly a part of the faces long- 
villous: pappus of 2 slender awns, of half the length of the akene, and nearly thrice the 
length of the squamellz, which form a conspicuous finely dissected fringe. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 10. Helianthus quinquenervis, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 247. Helianthella 
uniflora, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 71; Eaton 
in Bot. King Exp. 170; not Torr. & Gray, Fl, except as to one of Nuttall’s specimens of 
Leighia uniflora, but not the original from Wyeth.— Rocky Mountains from Dakota and 
Montana to S. Colorado. 

Var. Arizénica. Akenes obovate, even 5 lines long, with delicate awns rarely twice 
the length of the broader squamellz.— Northern Arizona, Woodhouse, and 8. W. Arizona, 
Lemmon. 

H. Parryi, Gray. Hispidulous-hirsute: stems numerous from a thickened root, a foot high, 
rather slender: leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceolate and an inch or two long, or 
the lowest and radical oblong-spatulate and of double the size: heads and rays barely half 
the size of the preceding: pappus of fimbriately dissected squamelle only, or with a pair 
of slender awns not surpassing these. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coult. Fl. 
Colorado, 71.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado and northern part of New Mexico, at 8,000 
to 10,000 feet, Parry, Hall, &c. 

H. MexicAya, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 37, of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, ranks between 
the preceding and the following, but is nearer the former; has solitary heads, dark brownish 
disk of 4 lines in diameter, broad rays half-inch long, and almost linear leaves. 


+— + Heads small: involucre more imbricated: rays few and hardly surpassing the dark-purple 
disk. 


H. microcéphala, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous: stems numerous from a greatly thick- 
ened root, a foot or less high, slender, somewhat paniculately or corymbosely branched at 
summit and bearing several heads: leaves rigid, all but the lower alternate; radical lanceo- 
late-spatulate ; upper cauline nearly linear and sessile, inch long: involucre somewhat cam- 
panulate, 3 or 4 lines high; its bracts linear-oblong, mostly obtuse: rays not over 3 lines 
long: immature akenes villous, at least at the summit: pappus of several slender squamellz 
intermixed with the long hairs, longer than the breadth of the ovary, two marginal ones 
often extended and awn-like.— Proc, Am. Acad. xix. 10. Encelia (Gerea) microcephala, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657.— Borders of Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and 
Utah, north to Rabbit Valley, Newberry, Brandegee, Ward. 


Zexmenia. COMPOSITA. 285 


* %* Chaffy bracts of the receptacle rather firm-chartaceous: stems a foot or two high. 


H. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, extended. Hirsute-pubescent with spreading hairs, at least 
the upper part of the stem: leaves mostly opposite and oblong-lanceolate ; upper sessile or 
nearly so: disk of the head an inch broad: involucre hirsute: rays an inch long: akenes 
obovate, more or less ciliate-fringed: pappus a pair of elongated awns with more or less 
chaffy-dilated base, or sometimes (as in the original specimen) reduced to this base, and with 
mostly conspicuous squamelle.— H. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 334. H. lanceolata, 
Torr. in Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 354, hardly of Torr. & Gray, Fl. — Dry ground, W. Idaho 
and E. Oregon and Washington Terr., Douglas (awns of pappus reduced, perhaps not con- 
stantly), Spalding, Cusick, Brandegee. Ciliation of ovary and akene variable, sometimes 
wanting except near the summit. 

H. uniflora, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Minutely pubescent or somewhat scabridous, or glabrate: 
leaves more commonly opposite, sometimes all alternate, oblong-lanceolate (2 to 5 inches 
long); lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent or slightly hirsute : rays a full inch long: 
akenes more or less ciliate: pappus a pair of long awns and rather conspicuous squamelle. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix.10. H. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. (Leighia lanceolata, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 365, which is said by Nuttall to have three or more heads, but of 
which we have only two or three flowers, is probably of this species). H. multicaulis, Eaton 
in Bot. King Exp. 170, small form. Helianthus uniflorus, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 37, 
& Leighia uniflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., by char. and genuine specimens. — Rocky 
Mountains, Montana and E. Idaho to S. Utah, Wyeth, Burke, Watson, Ward, &c. 

H. Califérnica, Gray. Minutely scabrous-puberulent or almost glabrous: stems slender, 
rarely bearing 2 or 3 small heads: leaves more commonly alternate, lanceolate, nearly all 
tapering into slender or distinct petioles: rays half-inch or more long, usually little sur- 
passing the involucre: akenes obovate, wholly glabrous, the roundish summit slightly 
notched at maturity, minutely 2-aristellate and with very short squamelle, but whole pappus 
often obsolete in age, margins very obscurely ciliolate near the summit.— Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 103; Bot. Calif. i. 352.— California, from Napa Valley to the Sierra Nevada, from the 
heads of the Sacramento to Mariposa Co.; first coll. by Bigelow. 


§ 3. Psevpo-HELIANTHUS. Habit of the narrow-leaved Helianthi: slender 
and leafy-stemmed: leaves all linear and one-nerved, with revolute margins, 
alternate, hispidulous-scabrous: bracts of the involucre linear-attenuate, hispid, 
squarrose-spreading : rays long and narrow: style-appendages of the disk-flowers 
long and slender, hirsute: chaffy bracts of the receptacle rather rigid, obscurely 
3-toothed at the apex: akenes less flat, the lateral angles being usually devel- 
oped, or even quadrangular. 


H. grandifléra, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Stem 3 or 4 feet high (the base unknown): leaves 
somewhat broadly linear (2 lines wide by 2 inches or more long), strongly papillose-scabrous 
above: head nearly three-fourths inch high and broad: rays 16 to 20, inch and a half long: 
immature akenes broadly oblong, glabrous below, the acute almost winged margins produced 
on each side at apex into a chaffy tooth, and one or both of these commonly extended into 
a chaffy persistent awn, the salient border connecting them villous and minutely multi- 
squamellate. — E. Florida, Leavenworth, Burrows. Mature akenes not seen. 

H. tenuifélia, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Stem 2 feet or more high, more slender and simple 
from a narrow somewhat moniliform horizontal tuber: leaves nearly filiform: head one 
half smaller: rays 10 to 15, an inch or more long: akenes slightly pubescent, quadrangular 
and moderately or the outer very little compressed, the anterior and posterior angles nar- 
rowly and acutely margined, these two and sometimes the other angles surmounted by a 
subulate or triangular short persistent chaffy and pointed tooth, and with some minute 
intermediate squamellx.— Sandhills and dry pine barrens on and near the Apalachicola 
River, Florida, Chapman, Mohr. 


108. ZEXMENIA, Llave & Lex. (Anagram of Ximenez, the genus 
being likened to Ximenesia.) — Mexican genus of numerous species, two of them 
reaching U. S., perennial herbs or some rather shrubby ; with mostly opposite 


286 COMPOSITA. Zeamenia, 


leaves, and heads of yellow flowers, of moderate or small size, in ours solitary on 
slender peduncles terminating the branches. Ray-akenes commonly triquetrous 
and 8-awned; those of the disk either much compressed or thicker, with winged 
or bordered margins, but the wings variable. Style-branches of the hermaphro- 
dite flowers with acute hispid tips. - Nov. Veg. Descr. i. 13; Gray, Pl. Wright. 
i. 12; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 873.— The genuine species (Lasianthea, Zucc., 
Lipochete Americane, DC.) form a marked group: some others too nearly 
approach Wedelia on the one hand, and Verbesina on the other. 


Z. brevifolia, Gray. Much branched and below shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, strigose-scabrous 
or hispidulous, and the branches cinereous: leaves (alternate on the branches!) small, less 
than an inch long, ovate and oval, mostly entire, short-petioled: heads solitary on slender 
peduncles terminating the branches, half-inch high: involucre between hemispherical and 
campanulate, of broad mostly ovate bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer looser and 
partly foliaceous: rays 5 to 9, small: corolla-lobes glabrous: akenes obovate, flat, some 
nearly marginless, some at maturity conspicuously callous-winged, slightly narrowed at 
summit between the wings or margin and the subulate-attenuate awns; between the bases 
of these the free or partly united squamelle are conspicuous, yet sometimes obsolete in age. 
— Pl. Wright. i. 112, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 92.— Rocky banks, S. W. Texas, Wright, Parry, 
Palmer. (Adj. Mex.) 

Z. hispida, Gray. Herbaceous and branched or many-stemmed from a barely lignescent 
base or root, strigose-hispid, about 2 feet high: branches terminated by solitary long- 
peduncled heads: leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or the lower rhomboid-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate and with acute or cuneate base, irregularly more or less serrate, some- 
times with a pair of coarser salient teeth or lobes above the base: involucre biserial ; the 
outer bracts more loose and foliaceous, lanceolate from a broader base, as long as the oblong 
inner ones: rays 7 to 9, orange-yellow, barely half-inch long: corolla-lobes puberulent-cilio- 
late: akenes obovate, either narrowly or (when well developed) broadly winged, or sometimes 
winged only near the summit, appearing obcordate, the pappus in the centre of* the notch, 
consisting of a somewhat elevated cupule of united firm squamelle and one or two (or in 
the ray 3) variable awns, these occasionally abortive or little exceeding the squamelle; usu- 
ally an appressed fleshy scale or protuberance on each side of the base of the akene. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 10. Wedelia hispida, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 214, t. 371 (poor details, 
from flowers only); Bot. Reg. t. 543 (details copied from HBK.); DC. Prodr. v. 539, excl. 
syn. Cav.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 370. Stemmodontia scaberrima, Cass. Dict. xlvi. 407. 
Lipocheta (Catomenia) Texana, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 357; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 229. Zexrmenia 
Texana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 112. Wirtgenia Texana, Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 
804. — Dry ground, common in Texas. (Mex.) 

Z. podocéphala. Herbaceous from a lignescent root, 2 or 3 feet high, rough-hirsute or 
hispidulous: stems with few and slender branches, terminated by solitary long-peduncled 
heads: leaves ovate, nearly sessile by a rounded base, obtuse or acute, serrate, thinnish, 
very veiny (the larger 3 or 4 inches long): head and involucre nearly of the preceding, but 
corolla-lobes hispidulous: akenes obovate, with narrow at length callous wings, more or less 
confluent with the rather long awns; the intermediate squamellz small and distinct, abso- 
lutely wanting in the original specimens of Wright, on which was founded Verbesina podo- 
cephala, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 92, and of Schott, but obvious in specimens of Rothrock and 
Lemmon. — 8. Arizona. 


109. VERBESINA, L. partly, Less. (Unmeaning name.) — American 
herbaceous or more or less shrubby plants; with heads of yellow or rarely white 
flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 379, with part of Actinomeris, Verbesina, 
Ximenesia, DC. 


§ 1. Verpesinfria, DC. Heads narrow, mostly small, cymosely clustered or 
paniculate: involucre imbricated in two or more series, the bracts not elongated- 
foliaceous: rays (rarely wanting) few or several, styliferous and usually fertile: 


Verbesina. COMPOSIT&. 287 


disk from flattish to low conical: awns of the pappus not hooked: ours all per- 


pe or 


ennial herbs. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 11. 


* Akenes wholly wingless: receptacle nearly flat: flowers yellow, thé rays 1 to 5, lanceolate: 
leaves opposite. : 

V. occidentalis, Warr. Green and minutely pubescent or glabrous, 4 to 7 feet high, with 
erect narrowly 4-winged branches, leafy up to the short peduncles of the corymbosely panicu- 
late open cymes: leaves ovate and the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely ser- 
rate, the larger about 8 inches long, contracted into a margined petiole: involucre oblong, 
4 or 5 lines high: akenes obovate-oblong, pubescent.— Car. 213. V. Siegesbeckia, Michx. 
Fi. ii. 134; DC. Prodr. v. 616; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 358. Siegesbeckia occidentalis, L. Spec. 
ii. 900, & Pl. Gronov. V. Phethusa, Cass. Dict. li. 476, & lix. 149; DC. Prodr. l.c., but 
there are no squamellx. Phethusa Americana, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 425, t. 169, f. 3, hairs at 
summit of akene exaggerated, and awns missing. P. borealis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 591. Core- 
opsis alata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 567, therefore Actinomeris alata, Nutt. Gen. 181.— Borders of 
woods and banks, S. Penn. to Illinois and Florida. aa 


* * Akenes or most of them broadly winged at maturity, but variable: receptacle convex to con- 
ical: flowers both of ray and disk white or whitish; the anthers blackish: rays 3 to 5, obovate, 
short: leaves alternate. 

V. Virginica, L. Minutely tomentose-pubescent or puberulent, 3 to 6 feet high: stem or 
branches winged or wingless: leaves green and glabrate or minutely hispidulous-scabrous 
above, cinereous to canescent beneath, ovate or the upper narrower, from denticulate to 
coarsely serrate, contracted below into a winged petiole: heads small, 3 or 4 lines high, 
crowded on the irregular branches of the compound paniculate naked cyme: bracts of the 
involucre lanceolate, rather obtuse, erect, pubescent: awns of the pappus slender, sometimes 
obsolete. — Spec. ii. 901 ; Walt. ].c.; Michx. ].c.; DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 359. V. pa- 
niculata, Poir. Dict. viii. 456. V. microptera, DC.1. c.; akenes sometimes but not always 
imperfectly winged. V. polycephala, DC. 1. ¢., rather robust form. V. villosa, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 370, a tomentose form. V. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 
458. — Rich dry soil, Penn. ?°and Illinois to Florida and Texas. (Mex.) 

Var. laciniata. Leaves variously and irregular sinuate- or laciniate-lobed, rarely 
almost to the midrib ; the principal lobes 3 to 5. — Siegesbeckia laciniata, Poir. Dict. vii. 158. 
Verbesina laciniata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 170. V. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 411; DC. 1.¢.; Torr. & Gray, 
1.c. —Along the coast, $. Carolina to Florida. 


§ 2. Prerépoyton. Heads (solitary or scattered) comparatively broad: in- 
volucre more or less imbricated, all or at least the inner bracts erect or appressed : 
disk convex to oval and the akenes all erect in fruit ; the receptacle from convex 
to conical: rays several to numerous, either neutral or styliferous (even in the 
same species), but almost always infertile: akenes flat: awns of the pappus not 
hooked, often obsolete or wanting: perennial herbs. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 12. Part of Pterophyton, Cass., & of Actinomeris, Nutt. 

* Stems wholly wingless and marginless: leaves long and linear, not decurrent: bracts of the in- 

volucre narrow, the outer loose and disposed to become foliaceous. 


V. longifélia, Gray. Stems slender, smooth and glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy, 
branching at summit and bearing several heads: leaves alternate or some 2-3-nate, sessile, 
scabrous, reticulate-veiny and with prominent midrib, 4 to 9 inches long, quarter to half inch 
wide: head hemispherical, half-inch high, with flattish disk, often subtended by one or two 
linear leaf-like bracts: involucral bracts linear: rays about 15, neutral, inch long: akeues 
obovate, smooth, with narrow wing, a shallow notch, and no awns or rarely a rudimentary 
one. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 12. Actinomeris longifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 89. — Mountains 
of 8. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, &c. 


* * Stems wholly wingless: leaves ovate to oblong, sessile, not decurrent, mostly opposite: 
bracts of the involucre broader and closer: rays not rarely styliferous. 

V. Wrightii, Gray, 1.c. Scabrous and mostly hispidulous: stems stout, 1 to 3 feet high, 

somewhat branching, bearing few or solitary long-pedunculate showy heads: leaves from 


288 COMPOSIT&.. Verbesina. 


‘broadly ovate to oblong, thickish, serrate, triplinerved: heads hemispherical, three-fourths 
inch high: bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, obtuse, in 2 or 3 series: rays about 12, 
oval or oblong, sometimes inch long, rarely wanting: akenes obovate, smooth, with either 
broad or narrow wings, and only minute callous teeth for pappus, or some of the inner with 
short awns : receptacle low. — Actinomeris Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 85, & Pl. Lindh. ii, 229; 
Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 162, t. 8.— Rocky ground, W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, 
Thurber, &c. (Adj. Mex.) 

V. Warei, Gray, lc. Scabrous, somewhat hispidulous: stem slender, a foot or two high, 
simple, leafless at the pedunclelike summit, which bears one or two small heads: leaves 
4 or 5 pairs, narrowly oblong, obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, reticulate-veiny, lucid; 
the upper very small: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the ovoid- 
conical fruiting disk: “rays 3 or 4,” small: akenes oblong, with narrow or rather broad 
wings, connected by an obscure epigynous border: pappus of 2 minute teeth or none, — 
Actinomeris pauciflora, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301, & (§ Achata) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 364; Torr. & Gray, 1.c. But there is a V. pauciflora of Hemsley in Mexico. — Florida, 
in low pine barrens near the coast, Ware, Chapman. 

V. nudicatilis, Gray, l.c. Scabrous-hirsute and hispidulous, 2 or 3 feet high; the naked 
summit of the stem or branches bearing a few mostly pedunculate small heads: leaves in 
numerous pairs,-dull green, elliptical-oblong, obtuse at both ends or the apex acutish, acutely 
and irregularly serrate, loosely pinnately veined: bracts of the involucre oblong-linear, short : 
disk in fruit merely convex: rays 7 to 12, linear, an inch or more long, the head only 
quarter-inch wide: wings of the akene often one or both wanting, sometimes rather conspic- 
uous: pappus 2-aristellate or obsolete. — Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell. Sk. ii. 428. Actinomeris 
nudicaulis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, 
Alabama, and Florida. 

%* * * Stems winged by decurrence of the more or less broad sessile leaves. Leaves in our spe- 
cies only pinnately-veined: stems 2 or 3 feet high, simple or with sparing flowering branches. 

V. heterophylla, Gray, 1l.c. Hispidulous-scabrous, below somewhat hirsute: lower leaves 
nearly all opposite, approximate, oblong or oval, obtuse, sometimes acute, minutely serrate 
(1 to 3 inches long), indistinctly veiny, decurrent into wings; those toward the naked sum- 
mit and on the slender flowering branches small, lanceolate, soon reduced to linear bracts : 
heads somewhat paniculate, barely half-inch high in fruit, then with strongly convex disk: 
bracts of the involucre barely in 2 series, small, lanceolate; those of the receptacle very 
similar, rigid: rays 5 to 10, linear: akenes obovate, narrowly winged, 2-aristellate. — Acti- 
nomeris heterophylla, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 6. — Dry pine barrens, E. Florida, Chapman, 
Garber, Curtiss. Related to the preceding. 

V. helianthoides, Micux. Pubescent, stouter: stem usually winged up to the short pedun- 
cles: leaves alternate, or rarely some of the lower opposite, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 
acuminate, serrate, transversely veiny-scabrous above, canescently soft-pubescent beneath, 
at least when young: heads few, fully half-inch high; the disk and receptacle at maturity 
either strongly convex or conical: involucre of 2 or 3 series of erect lanceolate bracts: 
rays 8 to 15, inch or more long: akenes somewhat pubescent or scabrous, rather broadly 
winged, 2-aristellate. — Fl. ii. 134; Pursh, Fl. ii. 565. Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt. Gen. 
ii. 181; Ell. Sk. ii. 413; DC. Prodr. v. 575, & vii. 290 (vars. Nuttall: & Elliott); Torr. & 
Gray, l.c. A. oppositifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. l.¢., not of Fresenius? — Prairies and open 
woods, Ohio to Iowa, Georgia, and Texas; first coll. by Michauz. 


§ 3. Ximenfis1a. Heads (solitary or scattered) broad: involucre of spreading 
linear and foliaceous equal bracts: disk and receptacle merely convex: rays 
numerous and conspicuous, usually fertile: akenes flat; the awns not hooked: 
root annual. — Ximenesia, Cav. 

V. encelioides, Benrn. & Hoox. A foot or two high, freely branching, pale and cinereous 
or sometimes canescent with fine and soft appressed pubescence: leaves mostly alternate, 
and the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously serrate or 
laciniate-dentate, some with nearly naked, most with winged petioles, and these commonly 
with auriculate-dilated appendage at base: heads large, the disk three-fourths inch in diam- 
eter: rays 12 to 15, inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit: akenes obovate, mostly broadly 


. 


Coreopsis. COMPOSITA. 989 


winged and with short setiform awns; the outermost often awnless and pubescent, some- 
times rugose and thick-winged. — Xmenesia encelioides, Cay. Ic. ii. 60, t. 178; DC. Prodr. 
v. 627 (under several varieties); Torr. & Gray, 1c. | Pallasia serratifolia, Smith in Rees 
Cycl. — Low grounds, Texas and S. Colorado to Arizona: also Florida, where it was prob- 
ably introduced. Now widely dispersed in warm regions and cult. (Mex.) 


110. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt., partly. (From dxris, a ray, and pepis, 
a part.) — Tall perennials, of the Atlantic U. S.; the somewhat simple stems 
(4 to 8 feet high) leafy to the top, below mostly winged in the manner of 
Verbesina by decurrent prolongations from the base of the leaves; these alter- 
nate or some lower ones occasionally opposite, lanceolate or broader, acuminate 
at both ends, pinnately veined, serrate, thinnish : heads loosely corymbose- 
paniculate: flowers yellow or white, produced in 4ate summer. — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 11. <Actinomeris, spec. 1, Nutt. Gen. ii. 181, & § 1, 2, Torr. & 
Gray, FI. ii. 335. 


A. squarrésa, Nurt.l.c. Heads with 2 to 8 irregular yellow rays; disk-flowers yellow: 
involucral bracts linear to narrowly spatulate: akenes mostly with broad and firm wings: 
pappus of 2 or in marginal akenes 3 awns. — Ell. Sk. ii. 413 (excl. var. alba); Torr. & Gray, 
l.c. (forms alternifolia and oppositifolia, the latter of rare occurrence); Meehan, Nat. FI. 
i. t. 89. A. alternifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 575. A. oppositifolia, Fresenius, Ind. Sem. Hort. 
Francf. 1836, an occasional form. Coreopsis alternifolia, L. Spec. ii. 909 ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. 
t.110. C. procera, Ait. Kew. iii. 253. C. acuta, Pursh, Fl. ii. 569% Verbesina Coreopsis, 
Michx. FI. ii. 134. — Rich or alluvial soil, either moist or dry, W. New York to Iowa, south 
to Florida and Louisiana. Wholly wingless-stemmed specimens occasionally occur. 

A. alba, Torr. & Gray,l.c. Rather smoother: heads smaller: rays none; disk-flowers dull 
white: akenes oftener wingless or narrowly winged: awns of the pappus not rarely 3 or 4, 
and commonly some interposed small ones or aristellate squamella!— A. squarrosa, var. 
alba, Nutt. 1.c.; Ell. 1.c. A. alternifolia, var. alba, DC. 1.c. Athanasia paniculata, Walt. 
Car. 201. Verbesina Coreopsis, var. alba, Michx. 1. c.— Alluvial soil, S. Carolina to Louisi- 
ana, near the coast: rare in herbaria. Specimens from Dr. Mellichamp, S. Carolina, all 
exhibit the squamellate-aristellate pappus, not before known in this genus. 


111. SYNEDRELLA, Gertn. (Swve8péa, a sitting together, the heads in 
the original species being collected at the nodes.) — Tropical annuals; with branch- 
ing stems, opposite and more or less serrate petioled leaves, and small heads of 
yellow flowers, the rays short. — Fruct. ii. 456, t.171; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 60. 
Synedrella, Oligogyne in part, & Calyptrocarpus (Less.), DC. Prodr. v. 629. 


S. vidlis, Gray. Diffuse or procumbent, slender, strigulose-hirsute or more hairy: leaves 
ovate, about inch long: heads only 3 lines long, solitary or scattered, some subsessile, others 
slender-peduncled: principal bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate or oblong: rays 5 to 8, 
with oblong exserted ligule: akenes or many of them tuberculate-scabrous at maturity, 
some of the outer occasionally trigonal, mostly flattened, and with or more commonly with- 
out a coriaceous and thickish undulated wing-like border, the central ones narrower and 
marginless: pappus of 2 or sometimes 3 rigid diverging awns, with occasionally one or two 
additional teeth or squamellw, arising from an obscure border. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. 
Calyptrocarpus vialis, Less. Syn. 221, & Linn. ix. 269. Oligogyne Tampicana, DC. Prodr. v. 
629; Deless. Ic. Sel. ix. t. 388; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 111. Zermenia hispidula, Buckley in 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 458. Waysides and waste grounds, southern borders of Texas. 
(Mex., S. Am. ?) 


112. COREOPSIS, L. Ticxseep. (Kepis, a tick, and dys, resem- 
blance, from the form of the akene.) — Herbs, mostly Eastern North American 
and opposite-leaved, of various habit; with pedunculate heads terminating the 
branches; the rays commonly showy, yellow, particolored, or sometimes rose- 

19 


290 COMPOSITA. Coreopsis. 


colored: fl. summer and autumn. —Gen. no. 981; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 338; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 384, partly. 


C. Aspera, Pursh, Fl. ii. 570, and C. rrexicaU.is, Raf. in Med. Rep., are not identified, 
and probably not of the genus. 


§ 1. Caxziépsis. Styletips truncate or obtusely short-conical: akenes not 
villous-ciliate: outer involucre small, short and calyculiform, except in the last 
species: rays obovate or cuneate, inclined to be palmately 3-4-toothed or lobed. 
— § Calliopsis, Coreoloma, & Cosmella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 


* Perennials, with rose-red rays and yéllow disk-flowers: akenes oblong, nearly straight, smooth. 
— § Cosmella, Torr. & Gray. 

C. résea, Nurr. Nearly glabrqus, a foot or less high from slender creeping rootstocks, 
branched, leafy, bearing numerous small and short-peduncled heads: leaves opposite, linear 
or nearly so and entire, or the lower 2-3-toothed or 3-parted: involucre 2 or 3 lines high: 
rays rose-color, coarsely 3-toothed or lobed: akenes with merely callous margins and an 
obscure entire border at summit. — Gen. ii. 179; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t.12; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 848; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t.57. Calliopsis rosea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 611.— Grassy swamps, 
coast of Mass. to Delaware and Georgia. 

C. nudata, Nurr.1.c. Very smooth and glabrous: stem 2 to 4 feet high from a thick or 
tuberous rootstock, rush-like, below bearing some alternate terete and filiform-subulate 
leaves (the larger a foot long), above some scattered smaller ones, gradually reduced to 
bracts, the naked summit forking and bearing a few slender pedunculate heads: involucre 
4 or 5 lines high: rays showy, obscurely lobed, bright purplish rose-color, inch long: akenes 
with fimbriately or pectinately dissected wings, and two short upwardly hirsute subulate 
awns.— Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Hook. £. Bot. Mag. t. 6419. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. 


%* * Perennials, with yellow rays, dark purple disk-flowers, and mostly entire leaves: akenes 
oblong or elliptical, straight, with fimbriate border or dissected wings and a pair of awns.— 
§ Coreoloma, Torr. & Gray, excl. first species. § Rhabdocaulis & Eublepharis, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 859, excl. sp. 

+ Stems not rarely alternate-leaved throughout, strict; the summit or flowering branches (bear- 
ing solitary or scattered heads) naked and rush-like, their leaves being reduced to small subulate 
bracts: cauline thickish and rather fleshy, especially when near brackish water, all tapering or 
contracted at base. 

C. gladiata, Warr. Glabrous, or young leaves not rarely pilose-pubescent: stem terete, 
2 to 4 feet high, all the upper part naked: principal leaves alternate, from broadly obovate- 
oval to lanceolate-linear, obtuse, scarious-edged ; lower 3 to 6 inches long, with long margined 
petiole dilated and partly clasping at insertion : involucre 4 or 5 lines high : rays commonly inch 
long: mature akenes bordered by a strong pectinate fringe, and surmounted by 2 short rigid 
awns or teeth which may not surpass the fringe. —Car. 215; Nutt. Gen. l.c.; Ell. Sk. ii. 
244; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 347. C. dichotoma, Michx. FI. ii. 137, mainly and by the char. — 
Moist pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida, in the low country, commoner near the coast. 

C. angustifolia, Art. Wholly glabrous: stem slender, mostly quadrangular, 1 to 3 feet 
high: leaves narrower and smaller than in the foregoing, sometimes all opposite; lower 
spatulate-lanceolate and the upper spatulate-linear: heads and rays smaller, the latter about 
half-inch long: akenes with narrow lacerate fimbriate wings and slender setiform awns. — 
Ait. Kew. iii. 253; Torr. & Gray, l.c. C. dichotoma in part, Michx. l.c. C. linifolia, Nutt. 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 75. C. (Rhabdocaulis) linifolia & angustifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Moist pine barrens or swamps, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


+— + Stems leafy to near the summit, and the leaves opposite. 


C. integrifélia, Porr. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or oblong, entire, 
only inch and a half long, rounded at base; upper almost sessile; lower abruptly petioled: 
rays three-fourths inch long: akenes not seen: ovary minutely serrulate-hispidulous on the 
margin, minutely awned.— Suppl. ii. 353; DC. Prodr. v. 570; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 347, 
mainly. — Carolina, Bosc (originals in herb. Poir., now of Cosson, & herb. DC.), S. Carolina, 
Ravenel, and Georgia, Decatur Co., Chapman. Too little known. Ligules said by Poiret to 
be linear-oblong and entire, which does not accord with our specimens, nor with the group. 


Coreopsis. COMPOSITA. 291 


* * * Annuals or biennials, one has been thought perennial, with opposite leaves, yellow or 
particolored rays, and dark-purple or brown disk-flowers: akenes short, with entire scarious 
wings or none, incurved at maturity, one or both faces sometimes becoming papillose or tuber- 
culate-roughened, or in some remaining smooth: heads scattered-paniculate: herbage glabrous 
or nearly so, except in C. Drummondii. —§ Calliopsis, Torr. & Gray, slightly extended. 

+— Rays pure yellow: pappus a pair of conspicuous slender awns (or these rarely abortive): leaves 
from entire to 3-parted or simply pinnately divided. — Coreopsidium, Tory. & Gray. 

C. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, sometimes seemingly perennial, slender, 
1 or 2 feet high: lower leaves or their 3 to 7 divisions from broadly linear to spatulate-lan- 
ceolate: rays barely half-inch long: wings of the akene on each side as wide as the body, 
equalled or surpassed by the distinct erect awns. — Moist ground in pine barrens, Florida; 
first coll. by Leavenworth. 

Var. Garberi. Very remarkable form, more robust, all the cauline leaves pinnately 
5-7-parted or divided into shorter and broader divisions; the terminal one from obovate to 
lanceolate-oblong. — Tampa, Florida, Garber: perhaps in over-luxuriant condition. 

+ + Rays with base or lower part brown-purple: pappus none or minute: leaves all 1-2-pin- 
nately divided. 

++ Akenes winged. 

C. Atkinsonidna, Dover. Root “perennial” or annual, flowering in autumn, stem 2 to 4 
feet high: lobes of the leaves linear or nearly so: akenes with a narrow wing, sometimes a 
mere scarious margin, and usually a pair of distinct short subulate teeth for pappus. — 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1876; Torr. & Gray, l. c. 346. Calliopsis Atkinsoniana, Hook. FI. i. 311. 
— River banks, Oregon, Washington Terr., and east to Dakota; first coll. by Douglas. 

C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Root annual: stem a span to 2 feet high: lobes of 
the lower or radical leaves oval to lanceolate, sometimes linear; of the upper mostly linear: 
rays rarely half-inch long: akenes with a moderately broad wing, with which is sometimes 
connected two obscure teeth. —FI. 1]. c., with var. lineariloba, the narrowest-leaved form. 
Calliopsis cardaminefolia, DC. Prodr. v. 568.— Low grounds, W. Louisiana and Texas to 
Kansas and New Mexico. (Adj. Mex.) 


++ ++ Akenes wingless: pappus none or an obscure border: annuals. 


C. tinctéria, Norr. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: radical and some lower cauline leaves 
2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear divisions; upper with 3 to 7 linear divisions: 
outer involucre short and close: rays from half to three-fourths inch long, sometimes base 
only, sometimes nearly all crimson-brown: akenes oblong, thinnish, moderately incurved. — 
Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 114; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 45; Bot. Mag. t. 2512; Bot. Reg. t. 846; 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t.72; Torr. & Gray,].c. “ Calliopsis bicolor, Reichenb. Mag. t. 70.” — C. tine- 
toria, DC. 1. c. 568; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3511, var. atropurpurea.— Low ground, Saskatche- 
wan and Minnesota to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. Common everywhere in gardens. 

C. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Low, pubescent with many-jointed lax hairs, 
sometimes glabrous: divisions of the radical and lower cauline leaves from roundish-ovate 
to oblong-lanceolate ; of the uppermost sometimes linear: peduncles inclined to be solitary 
terminating stem and branches: outer involucre of loose and spreading more foliaceous 
bracts, little shorter than the inner:.rays broad, sometimes inch long, brown-purple only at 
base: akenes oval or obovate, thick, much incurved at maturity, a cartilaginous margin 
bordering the inner face.— C. diversifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3474, not DC. Calliopsis 
Drummondii, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 315. — Sandy soil, Texas ; first coll. by Drummond. 
Common in cultivation. 

Var. Wrightii. Lobes of the leaves narrower, linear and the broadest linear-oblong : 
heads smaller: akenes circinately incurved. — Pl. Wright. ii. 90.— Rocky hills on the San 
Pedro, W. Texas, Wrigit. 


§ 2. Lefcuta. Style-tips hispid or hirsute and abruptly produced into a cusp 
or acute cone: akenes nearly orbicular, incurved at maturity, some or all of them 
becoming papillose or muriculate at maturity, often developing a callus at base 
and apex of the inner face (this varying greatly even in the same head): pappus 
of two small chaffy teeth, or none: outer involucre little shorter and more herba- 
ceous than the inner: rays cuneate, palmately 3-5-lobed or toothed, mostly yellow, 


292 COMPOSITA. Coreopsis, 


as also the disk-flowers: narrow chaffy bracts of receptacle attenuate-filiform at 
apex: heads usually showy, on long and simple peduncles: leaves all opposite, 
entire or pinnately 3—7-parted, mostly petioled.— Leachia, Cass. Dict. x., xxv., 
lix. Coreopsides, Mcench. Chrysomelea, Tausch. § Hucoreopsis, Leachia, Torr. 
& Gray. 


* Root annual: style-tips almost truncate and with a short conical point: rays with some brown- 
purple lines or spots toward the base: leaves long-petioled. Transition to preceding section. 


C. coronata, Hoox. Sparsely hirsute-pubescent or mainly glabrous, a. foot or two high, 
lax: leaves entire or the lower 3-5-parted, obovate and spatulate-oblong, the lateral divisions 
when present small: bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate: rays an 
inch or less long, bright yellow, with deeper or orange hue at base, above which are delicate 
brownish-purple markings, thus forming a sort of corona: akenes with a rather broad wing 
and a pappus of 2 minute squamellate teeth. — Bot. Mag. t. 3460 (not L.); Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii 345.—E. Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Rather common in orna- 
mental cultivation. 


%* % Root apparently perennial: style-tips with conspicuous cusps: rays sometimes brown-purple 
at base: heads small: cauline leaves hardly petioled, very slender. 


C. Harveyana. A foot or more high, smooth and glabrous: stems slender, branching 
above: leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 and upper often palmately parted into 8 to 5 
filiform divisions (no broader than the rhachis) ; lowest cauline and radical petioled and the 
divisions narrowly linear: involucre about 3 lines high : bracts of the outer involucre nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear, little shorter than the inner: rays 3 or 4 lines long; disk-flowers 
brownish in age: akenes orbicular (only a line long), outer narrowly winged (and the wing 
occasionally laciniate-dentate), mostly muricate-roughened ; inner smooth and wingless or 
nearly so; callus small or none: pappus a pair of obtuse short squamelle.— Arkansas, on 
cliffs near Fort Smith, Prof. F. L. Harvey. 


% %* %* Root perennial, or in the first species sometimes annual: rays yellow throughout (the 
larger inch long) : style-tips with conspicuous cusp: calli of the akene often very large: pappus 
a pair of small denticulate or fimbriolate squamelle, which become subulate teeth, sometimes 
deciduous or obsolete; at least lower leaves slender-petioled: species apparently confluent. 
+— Wings of the akene thin-scarious, outspread, broad when well developed. 


C. grandifiéra, Nurr. Glabrous except the hirsute-ciliate petioles, rarely sparsely pilose, 
a foot or two high: radical and some lower cauline leaves lanceolate or spatulate and entire; 
upper or sometimes all the cauline 3-5-parted or divided, the divisions lanceolate or linear, 
or even almost filiform, sometimes again 2-3-parted: heads, &c., nearly of the next, usually 
larger: akenes with more conspicuous squamellate or paleaceous pappus. — Hort. Barclay & 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 858; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 175; DC. Prodr. v. 572; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 344, with the vars. longipes & subintegrifolia. C’. longipes, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3586 ; 
DC. Le. C. Boykiniana & C. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c. — Low grounds, 
Georgia to S. Missouri and Texas. Variable species: involucre 5 to 7 lines high: rays 
half-inch to inch long : foliage diverse. 

C. lanceolata, L. Low, only a foot or two high, including the long and simple naked 
peduncles: leaves ordinarily a few pairs, oblong-spatulate to lanceolate or nearly linear, ob- 
tuse, thickish, all entire, or rarely 1 or 2 small lateral lobes: rays commonly inch long and 
half-inch broad, sometimes smaller: pappus very small or obsolete. — Spec. ii. 908 (Martyn, 
Hist. Pl. t. 26; Dill. Elth. t. 48); Michx. Fl. ii. 136; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 344. Leachia 
lanceolata, &c., Cass. Chrysomelea lanceolata, Tausch. — In rich or sandy damp soil, W. Ca- 
ada and Illinois, Virginia, &c., to Florida and Louisiana. The ante-Linnean figures well 
represent the species ; the type glabrous or nearly so, except hirsute ciliation: passes into 

Var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray, l.c. (var. glabella, Michx. 1. ¢., partly); a low 
form, with narrow leaves (2 to 4 lines wide) all crowded on the abbreviated stems, and scapi- 
form peduncles about a foot long. — Shore of L. Superior to Florida. 

Var. villésa, Micrx. 1.c. Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 
villous-hirsute with many-jointed hairs, as also lower part of the stem.— C. crassifolia, Ait. 
Kew. iii. 253; Ell. Sk. ii. 434. C. oblongifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 76. Illinois to 
Florida. : 


Coreopsis. COMPOSITA. 2938 


C. pubéscens, Exx. Taller, 1 to 4 feet high, more leafy, from pubescent to nearly gla- 
brous: leaves thickish, oblong, or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, 
often all entire, some not rarely with 2 or even 4 small lanceolate lateral lobes or divisions : 
heads usually smaller than in the preceding: akenes similar.— Sk. ii. 441; Chapm. Fl. 
Suppl. 680. C. auriculata, Schk. Handb. t. 260; DC. Prodr. 1. e.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 343, 
in part (y & 5), and of old gardens. Leachia trifoliata, Cass. ? — Virginia to S. Lllinois, 
Missouri, and south to Florida. In the middle or low country southward only a slender 
form, usually with lateral lobes to upper leaves; in the mountains a larger plant in all its 
parts, with larger leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 1 or 2 inches wide, all entire, or a few 3-parted, 
the var. y, Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. c. 


+— + Wings of the akene narrow, strongly involute and callous-thickened at maturity. 


C. auriculata, L. Low and weak, stoloniferous, below commonly villous-hirsute : stems a 
foot or so high, including the long and slender peduncle, often simple: leaves of few pairs, 
ovate to round-oval, only an inch or so long, entire and some with a pair of smaller basal 
lobes, all but the upper slender-petioled: head comparatively small: rays little more than 
half-inch long: akenes by involution of margins oblong and umbilicate.—Spec. ii. 908 
(Pluk. Alm. t. 242, f. 4,and perhaps t. 83, f.5; Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 45); Michx. Fl. 
ii. 138; Ell. Lc. (var. diversifolia), Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., as to typical form, but the akenes 
were then unknown. C. diversifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 571, excl. syn. — Wooded ground, 
Virginia and Kentucky to the borders of Florida. 


§ 3. Evcorsdpsis. Style-tips produced into a cusp or acute cone: akenes 
straight or little incurved, oblong, with narrow wing or none; no calli on the 
inner face: rays mostly entire or slightly toothed (yet sometimes 2—3-cleft) at the 
apex, pure yellow: disk-corollas yellow (sometimes dull, rarely turning brown) : 
leaves opposite, in some seemingly verticillate. — Torr. & Gray, F1., excl. Leachia. 


* Perennials, mostly low (a foot or two high), leafy to the summit: leaves sessile, palmately 
divided or cleft, but never serrate, not vemy: involucre becoming rigid, its bracts all united 
at the base; outer oblong-linear, erect, about the length of the inner: rays from oblong to 
lanceolate: chaff of the receptacle linear-filiform and persistent: akenes oblong, narrowly wing- 
margined: pappus 2-toothed or 2-aristellate, or obsolete: stems and branches striate-angled 
when dry. —§ Gyrophyllum, Nutt. 
a4— Leaves 8-cleft to or below the middle, but not to the base, which has a 3-nerved midrib. 


C. palmata, Nurr. Glabrous, rigid: stem nearly simple: leaves cuneiform in outline; the 
undivided basal portion little wider than the rather broadly linear lobes, which are either 
simple or again 1~3-lobed, the margins scabrous: rays obovate-oblong: akenes oblong. — 
Gen. ii. 573; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 342. C. pauciflora, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1833, 
& Linn. x. Suppl. 76. C. precoz, Fresenius, Ind. Sem. Hort. Francf. 1838. Calliopsis pal- 
mata, Spreng. Syst. iii. 611. — Plains and prairies, Winnipeg and Wisconsin to IMlinois, 
Louisiana, and W. Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. 


+— + Leaves divided to the base, the pair thus imitating a whorl of six, or the uppermost simple, 
rarely some of the lower also simple. 

C. verticilldta, L  Glabrous, slender: leaves 2-3-ternately dissected into very narrowly 
linear or nearly filiform lobes: heads small: rays narrowly oblong: disk-corollas dull yellow: 
akenes obovate-cuneiform. — Spec. ii. 907; Lam. Dict. ii. 108; Michx 1. ¢. (var. fenuifolia) ; 
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 73; Torr. & Gray, lc. C. tenuifolia, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 168; Willd. 
Spec. iii. 2252; Schk. Handb. t. 260; DC. 1. c.— Moist ground, Upper Canada and Maryland 
to upper parts of Carolina and Arkansas. 

C. delphinifélia, Lam. Stouter than the preceding: divisions of the leaves fewer and 
wider; the middle one once or its midlobe again 3-parted, lateral ones 2-parted or simple; 
lobes all linear, 2 lines wide: disk-flowers brown! — Dict. ii. 108; DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 
le. C. verticillata, Ehrh. ].c.; Willd. 1.c.; Bot. Mag. t.156; Schk. Handb. t. 260. C- ver- 
ticillata, var. linearis, Michx. 1. v.— Pine woods, &c., Virginia to Alabama and the borders 
of Florida. 

C. senifélia, Micux. Stem stouter and often taller (2 or 3 feet high): leaves divided into 
8 commonly oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and entire sessile divisions (of 1} to 35 


294 COMPOSITA. Coreors:s. 


inches in length and half-inch to inch wide), thus closely imitating a whorl of six: disk- 
flowers dull yellow: akenes obovate-elliptical, 2-toothed at summit by extension of the broad- 
ish wing, the teeth sometimes aristellate-pointed. — Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, Fl. ii. 568; Nutt. in 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77; Torr. & Gray, lc. C. major, Walt. Car. 214% — Dry and 
usually sandy woodlands, N. Carolina to Florida. The typical form is softly and minutely 
pubescent. Passes into the following 

Var. stellata, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Smooth and glabrous throughout : divisions of the 
leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, sometimes rather attenuate at base (rarely, or in a 
monstrosity, the middle one 3-cleft !), sometimes a part or even all the leaves entire! —C. stel- 
lata (Soland. in herb. Banks), Nutt. Jour. Acad. lc. C. senifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3484. 
C. Gimleri, Ell. Sk. ii. 435, the abnormal entire-leaved form.— Upper country and moun- 
tains, Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia. Passes, especially ia the lower country, to 

Var. rigida, Nurtr. Divisions of the leaves lanceolate, mostly attenuate at base, from 
2 to 3 or 4 lines wide, mostly quite glabrous. — Gen. ii. 180. C. Wrayi, Nutt. Jour. Acad. 
lic. C. delphinifolia, var. rigida, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—S. Carolina to Florida, in the low 
and middle country. Narrowest-leaved forms closely approach C. delphinifolia. 
* ¥* Perennial, tall: leaves petioled and pinnately 3-5-divided, except the uppermost: otherwise 

nearly as the preceding. — § Chrysostemma, Torr. & Gray. Chrysostemma, Less., DC. 


C. tripteris, L. Smooth and glabrous, or leaves minutely pubescent: stem strict, 4 to 8 
feet high, simple, with corymbose or fastigiate flowering branches : leaflets lanceolate, rather 
obtuse, 2 to 5 inches long; the pinnate veins connected by an obscure vein just within the 
scabrous margin: heads half-inch or less high, and oblong rays almost inch long: disk-flow- 
ers dull yellow turning brownish: akenes with narrow wings obscurely lacerate or denticu- 
late at summit: no proper pappus: heads when bruised anise-scented. — Spec. ii. 908 (Moris. 
Hist. sect. 6, t.3, f. 44); Michx. Fl. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, l.c. Anacis tripteris, Schrank, ex 
DC. Chrysostemma tripteris, Less. Syn. 227; DC. Prodr. v. 568; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3553. 
— Near streams, in rich soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and Louisiana. 

%* * * Perennial, tall: leaves short-petioled, undivided, copiously pinnately veiny and serrate: 
style-tips conical-pointed: akenes oblong-lanceolate, wingless, the narrow truncate apex desti- 
tute of teeth or any kind of pappus: flowering late. —§ Silphidium, Torr. & Gray. 

C. latifélia, Micux. Glabrous and smooth, or pubescent, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy and simple 
to near the top: leaves membranaceous, 6 to 9 inches long, ovate or oval, acuminate at both 
ends, short-petioled; the long-mucronate teeth callous-tipped: heads several or numerous: 
involucre half-inch high, narrow; bracts of the outer loose and herbaceous, linear, more or 
less shorter than the thin and narrowly obloug inner ones, hardly united at base: rays nar- 
rowly oblong, entire, over half-inch long: disk-corollas yellow, barely brownish in age: 
akenes nearly 4 lines long. — Fl. ii. 137; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 341. — Higher mountains, 
N. Carolina to Georgia. 


* * * * Annuals, late-flowering, some perhaps biennial, leafy-stemmed and branching: leaves 
thinnish, petioled, pinnately 3-7-parted or divided, rarely undivided, these or their divisions 
pinnately veiny and incised or serrate, the principal veins often running to the sinuses: heads 
numerous: bracts of the involucre mostly distinct to the base; the outer loose and spreading or 
reflexed, usually foliaceous, irregular, sometimes numerous: rays obovate-oblong, almost always 
entire, conspicuously many-nerved. disk-flowers dull yellow: anthers black: akenes wingless 
or obscurely margined, obovate or cuneate-oblong, unicostate on each face, straight, more or 
less 2-dentate or 2-aristate, sometimes the lateral ribs produced at summit into a tooth or awn. 
— § Diodonta, Torr. & Gray. Diodonta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 360. (Transition to 
Bidens: differing only in the absence of retrorse barbs to the awns of the pappus, and some 
species hybridizing with those of Bidens.) 

+ Heads radiate: rays golden yellow: bracts of the oater involucre about 8, not longer than the 
inner: akenes cuneate-oblong or obovate-cuneate, somewhat angulate-thickened on the faces, 
obscurely ciliate or naked-margined. ; 

C. atirea, Air. Glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves various, more commonly 3-7- 
divided, with lanceolate divisions or leaflets incisely serrate or lobed, or upper leaves undi- 
vided: rays half or two-thirds inch long. akenes broadly cuneate, only one or two lines 
long, slightly hairy, bearing two very short and rather divergent and blunt chaffy teeth, and 
rarely obscure ones from the lateral angles. — Ait. Kew. iii. 252; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 339. 
C. coronata, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1281, as to herb., but excl. syn. Plum. (from which the “ foliis 


Bidens. COMPOSIT. 295 


lineatis,” &c., is taken) & Vaill.; Walt. Car. 215; name best not restored. Diodonta mitis, 

aurea, & leptophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 360. — Wet ground, Virginia to Florida. 

The original C. aurea is a form with some of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire, low- 

ermost of 3 leaflets. Extreme forms are: var. subintegra, Torr. & Gray, with all or most of 

the leaves undivided and lanceolate (C.arguta, Pursh, Fl. 567, & C. anbioua, Nutt. Jour. 

Acad. Philad. vii. 75) ; var. leptophylla, Torr. & Gray, l.¢., with leaves or their few divisions 

elongated linear, only a line or two wide (Diodonia leptophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 

1. ¢.), a brackish coast form; and var. incisa, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., with nearly all the leaves 

3-7-divided and the divisions incised or coarsely serrate (C. mitis, Michx. Fl. ii. 138, & the 

C. coronata of herb. Linn.), the form which approaches or passes into the following. 

C. trichospérma, Micnx. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two (rarely 3 to 5) high: 
leaves almost all 3-5-divided into lanceolate coarsely serrate or pinnately incised divisions : 
rays oval-obovate, two-thirds to three-fourths inch long: akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong, 
sparsely hairy or glabrate, about 4 lines long and barely a line wide, or the outer somewhat 
broader and shorter, bearing a pair of strong subulate pointed erect teeth, commonly equal 
in length to the breadth of the summit of the akene. — FI. ii. 139 ; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 340, 
C. aurea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1228. Diodonta coronata, Nutt. 1. c. — Wet ground, coast of 
Mass. to Virginia and N. E. Georgia. Also shore of L. Erie to Illinois; where is a 

Var. -tenuiloba. Tall, much branched: divisions of the leaves from narrowly lanceo- 
late to linear: akenes smaller (outer barely 3 lines long), and with shorter somewhat spread- 

ing teeth: approaching C. aurea. — Peat bogs, Indiana and Illinois, Vasey, Stewart, &e. 

+ + Heads radiate: rays golden yellow, sometimes inch long: akenes obovate, very flat, with 
very thin margins hispid-ciliate: leaves all 3-7-divided or parted; the divisions serrate, incised, 
or some again cleft: herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrous. (Hybrids of these with Bidens 
JSrondosa or others are not uncommon.) 

C. aristosa, Micux. Stem 1 to 3 feet high: divisions of the leaves lanceolate, acuminate : 
bracts of the outer involucre 8 to 10, barely ciliate, not surpassing the inner: akene with a 
pair of slender upwardly scabrous awns of ‘ts own length, or these rarely wanting. — Fl. 
ii. 140; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6462. C\ aristata, Willd. Spee. iii. 2253. 
Diodonta aristosa, Nutt. 1. v.— Swamps, Michigan to Iowa, Missouri and W. Louisiana: 
Southwestward with the var. mutica (the awns wanting), there disposed to pass into the 
next. 

C. involucrata, Nurr. Heads rather larger: bracts of the outer involucre 12 to 20, mostly 
surpassing the inner, slender, hispid on the back and margins: akenes with 2 short acute 
teeth. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74; Torr. & Gray, 1 ¢. Duodonta involucrata, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soe. 1. c. — W. Illinois to Kansas and Texas. 

+ + + Heads without rays, or rarely a rudimentary one, short-pedunculate: disk dull yellow: 
outer involucre of 3 to 5 irregular foliaceous bracts, some or most of them surpassing the head: 
herbage glabrous or nearly so: leaves slender-petioled. 

C. bidentoides, Nurr. Rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, with ascending branches: leaves 
undivided, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at base into the long petiole: heads ob- 
long, half to three-fourths inch long, and outer involucral bracts sometimes inch and a half 
long, resembling uppermost leaves; bracts of inner involucre with somewhat petaloid mar- 
gins and tips: akenes cuneate-linear, 4 or 5 lines long, more or less exceeding the two setiform 
upwardly hispidulous awns, rarely vestiges of awns from lateral nerves. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 889. Diodonta (Heterodonta) bidentoides, Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii 361.— Muddy 
shores of Delaware River and Bay, from above Philadelphia. first coll by Nuttall. 

C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray,l.v. Slender, with widely spreading branches, a foot or two 
high: leaves membranaceous, irregularly serrate; uppermost undivided and rhomboid- 
lanceolate ; lower divided into 3 sessile or petiolulate leaflets: heads campanulate, a quarter- 
inch high: akenes narrowly cuneiform, 2 or 3 lines long, the two subulate teeth rather than 
awns mostly shorter than the width of its summit. — River borders and swamps, Connecticut 
and N. New York to Ohio, Virginia, and Texas. 


118, BIDENS, Tourn. Bur-Maricotp. (Lat. didens, with two teeth or 
prongs: name from the adjective, i. e. planta bidens, therefore feminine.) — Herbs, 
af wide distribution, chiefly American; with opposite either simple or compound 


296 COMPOSITA. Bidens. 


leaves, and solitary or paniculate heads of mostly yellow (sometimes white, rarely 
purple) flowers; in summer or autumn. — Linn. Gen. no. 932; DC. Prodr. v. 
593; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 387. 


§ 1. Pratycarr#a, DC. Akenes flat, from obovate to cuneiform, not at all 
contracted at the summit, 2-4-awned: outer involucre foliaceous and spreading: 
veins of the leaves commonly terminating in the sinuses: ours annuals. 


%* Heads erect, rayless, or rarely with one to five small rays, these usually shorter than the disk 
and therefore inconspicuous: disk greenish yellow: leaves mostly petioled. 


B. frondésa, L. (Sticx-treut.) Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet 
high: leaves except the uppermost pinnately 3-5-divided into lanceolate or broader sharply 
serrate and pinnately veiny commonly petiolulate leaflets: outer involucre often very leafy : 
akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy (the hairs of the margin ascending except near 
the summit), 2-awned. — Spec. ii. 882; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 351.— Shady or moist ground, 
preferring manured soil, Florida and Texas to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia, every- 
where common, and with the habit of a naturalized weed. Near Philadelphia, along with 
this and Coreopsis bidentoides, occurs a form with upwardly hispidulous awns, doubtless a 
hybrid. : 

B. connata, Mun. Glabrous, a foot or two high, loosely branched : leaves either all un- 
divided, oblong or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate, tapering 
into margined petioles or the upper sessile; or some with a pair of lateral divisions which 
are sessile and decurrent on the petiole: akenes oblong-cuneate or the outermost obovate, 
nearly glabrous but retrorsely hispid-ciliate, commonly 3-awned. — Willd. Spec. ili. 1718; 
DC. Le.; Torr. & Gray, le. B. tripartita, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 294, not L. B. petiolata, 
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 99, a thin-leaved small-headed form ; while var. comosa, Gray, 
Man. 261, is a stout and larger-headed form with very leafy involucre. Slender forms imi- 
tate Coreopsis discoidea. — Wet ground, Canada to Illinois, Missouri, and Georgia. 


%* * Heads disposed to nod after anthesis, commonly with conspicuous rays: leaves all sessile 
and undivided; upper pairs somewhat connate round the stem: margins of the cuneate akenes 
and the rigid awns retrorsely aculeolate-hispid. 

B. cérnua, L. Stem glabrous or setulose-hispid, from a span to a yard high: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply serrate: heads conspicuously nodding after an- 
thesis, commonly surpassed by the foliaceous outer involucre: rays ovate or oval, little 
surpassing the disk or wanting: akenes usually 4-awned.— Spec. ii. 832 (discoid) ; Willd. 
Spec. iii. 1716; Schk. Handb. t. 235; Fl. Dan. t. 841; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 352, with var. 
elata, a large form of the Pacific coast. B. quadriaristata, var. dentata, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1. c. 368. Coreopsis Bidens, L. 1. v. 908, radiate form.— Wet ground, from Hud- 
son’s Bay and Saskatchewan to the Pacific coast, and in the Atlantic States south to Virginia 
and Missouri; at some stations seemingly introduced. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

B. chrysanthemoides, Micux. Glabrous, often decumbent at base, a foot or two high: 
leaves lanceolate, rather minutely and evenly serrate: heads rather large, little or not at all 
nodding: outer involucre seldom surpassing the inner, conspicuously surpassed by the oval 
or broadly oblong (usually inch-long) rays: akenes 2-4- (more commonly 2-) awned.— Fl. 
ii. 136; Willd. Spec. ili. 1717; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Sprague, Wild Flowers of Amer. 131, 
t. 30. B. quadriaristata, DC.1.¢. B. helianthoides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 230. Heli- 
anthus levis, L. Spec. ii. 906, viz. Pl. Gronov. Fl. Virg., ed. 1, 104 (not of ed. 2). Coreopsis 
Bidens (& C. perfoliata?), Walt. Car. 215. — Wet grounds, Canada to Florida, Arizona, 
and California. (Mex., S. Am.) 


§ 2. Pstrocarp#a, DC. (Ceratocephalus, Vaill.) Akenes narrow, linear- 
tetragonal; the outer almost always shorter and more truncate at apex than the 
inner, which generally taper upward, but are not distinctly rostrate: outer in- 
volucre seldom foliaceous or enlarged. 


* Leaves mainly divided into 3 to 5 ovate merely serrate divisions or leaflets: rays when present 
white: annuals, at least with us, varying from pilose-pubescent to nearly glabrous: akenes 4 to 5 


Bidens. COMPOSITA. 297 


or even 6 lines Jong, in the same plant either smooth with sparing bristles, or the outer becoming 
tuberculose and rough. 


B. leucaéntha, Wittp. Leaves of rather firm texture, some undivided and ovate; these 
and the 3 or occasionally 5 ovate or oblong-ovate divisions evenly serrate, more or less lin- 
eately veiny: heads corymbosely paniculate on rather short peduncles: rays obovate, bright 
white, 5 to 8 lines long, rather showy. — Spee. iii. 1719; Torr. & Gray, lc. B. striata, 
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 237; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3155. Coreopsis leucanthema, L. Amcen. 
Acad. iv. 291. C\. leucantha, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1282; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 583. C. coronata, 
L. 1. ¢. 1281, as to syn. Plum. t. 53, f. 2. — Common in S. Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.) 

B. pilédsa, L. Stem sometimes tall, usually weak: leaves thin; leaflets 3 to 5, irregularly 
serrate, sometimes incised, or the lower divisions occasionally 3-lobed: heads fewer and 
scattered : rays commonly none, at most inconspicuous and yellowish-white. — Spec. ii. 832 
(but the cited figure, Dill. Elth. t. 43, probably belongs to B. frondosa); Willd. l.¢. Core- 
opsis alba, L. Spec. ii. 908 (Herm. Parad. t. 124? excl. syn. Pluk.). Bidens Californica, DC. 
Prodr. v. 599; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 354. Variable, and the slender forms in warm coun- 
tries seeming to pass into B. bipinnata.—S. California and Arizona, introduced? (Mex. to 
Chili, W. Ind., and all tropics.) 


* %* Leaves all once to thrice 3-5-nately parted or divided into oblong or linear ultimate lobes: 
root in ours annual. 


+ Heads narrow: rays inconspicuous and yellowish or none: akenes long and slender, at least 
the central ones much surpassing the involucre. 


++ Lobes of the thin leaves from oblong to lanceolate: heads slender-peduncled. 


B. bipinnata, L. (Sranisn Nuzprzs.) Primary and secondary divisions of the leaves 
rather ovate or deltoid-lanceolate in circumscription, and the lobes mostly acute: akenes all 
slender, the inner ones 5 to 9 lines long, outermost moderately shorter and thicker: awns 
3 or 4, sometimes only 2.— Spec. ii. 832; Michx. ii. 135; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Damp 
thickets and waste ground; a common and disagreeable weed, New England to Florida and 
Arizona. (Trop. Am., &c.) 

B. Bigelévii, Gray. Lobes of the leaves linear-oblong, mostly obtuse: innermost akenes 
5 or 6 lines long, 2-3-awned ; outermost of half that length or less, stouter, 2-corniculate, or 
with a pair of short awns, or even with none. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 91. B. tenuisecta, in part, 
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 109. —S. W. Texas to S. Arizona, first coll. by Wright and Bigelow. 


++ ++ Lobes of the leaves linear. 


B. tenuisécta, Gray. A foot or two high, branched from the base, sparsely hirsute or 
glabrous: leaves 2-3-ternately or pinnately dissected into narrow linear lobes (of a line or 
more in width): heads on naked rather long and stout peduncles, many-flowered, 4 or 5 
lines high in flower: involucre hirsute, especially at base: akenes glabrous, 2-awned ; inner 
5 lines long, with tapering summit; outermost 3 lines long, stouter and with broad summit 
and usually short awns: rays yellow, mostly surpassing the disk. — Pl. Fendl. 86. — Along 
water-courses, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Fendler. 

B. Lemmoni. A foot or less high, slender, with short branches, smooth and glabrous: 
leaves twice ternately parted into entire obtuse rather broadly linear lobes (a line or two 
wide) ; the uppermost simply 3-5-parted, subtending the mostly sessile 5-9-flowered cylin- 
draceous and glabrous heads: akenes nearly of the preceding, but the outer nearly like the 
inner: rays apparently none. —S. Arizona, in Apache Pass, Lemmon. 

B. heterospérma, Gray. Slender, glabrous, paniculately much branched: leaves once 
or twice ternately parted into filiform-linear (half-line wide) lobes: heads on slender pe- 
duncles, few-flowered, in flower barely 3 lines long: rays apparently none: akenes 2-3-awned, 
smooth ; the inner 4 or 5 lines long, outermost only 2 lines long and their short awns cadu- 
cous. — Pl. Wright. ii. 90. —S. Arizona: raised from seed coll. by Wright (thought to come 
from New Mexico): rediscovered in Apache Pass by Lemmon. 

‘+ + Heads broader, many-flowered, and with comparatively large deep yellow rays: akenes all 
short, hardly surpassing the involucre. 

B. précera, Doy. Erect and tall from an annual or biennial root, glabrous: leaves twice 
or thrice parted into narrow linear lobes (mostly of an inch or more in length and less than 
a line wide): heads corymbosely paniculate: outer involucre small and inconspicuous, 


298 COMPOSIT. Bidens. 


merely spreading: rays oval (in ours half-inch long, in Mexican sometimes an inch): disk 
in fruit only 4 lines high, comparatively broad: outer akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong and 
only 2 lines long, innermost 3 lines long and cuneate-linear, apex not attenuate: awns 2, 
strongly barbed, of half or a third the length of the akene. — Bot. Reg. t. 684 (1822); DC. 
Prodr. v. 603; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. B. feniculifolia, DC. 1. c. (probably); Gray, 
PL. Wright. ii. 90; Rothr. Wheeler Rep. vi. 165. B. ferulefolia, Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Centr.- 
Am. ii. 202, mainly, not Jacq. — Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. (Mex.) 


%* * % Leaves some undivided, some 3-5-parted into lanceolate or linear divisions: root perennial. 


B. heterophylla, Orr. Glabrous or nearly so, often tall: leaves of firm texture and with 
ascending veins, mostly serrate with erect teeth, from oblong to lanceolate and tapering into 
a petiole, sometimes all undivided, commonly some 3-parted or the upper 5-parted into lan- 
ceolate or linear lobes: heads in flower 3 and in fruit about 5 lines high: rays broadly ob- 
ovate, half to three-fourths inch long, deep yellow: akenes cuneate-linear, the inner (3 lines 
long) little longer than the outermost, 2-3-awned.— Dec. 99, t. 12; DC. Prodr. v. 597. B. 
arguta, HB. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 231; DC. lc. B. longifolia, DC. 1. c.—S8. Arizona, 
along streams, Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

Var. Wrightii. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown: upper leaves and (when 
divided) their divisions lanceolate-linear, entire or nearly so, the longer +4 or 5 inches long 
and 3 or 4 lines broad. — Pl. Wright. ii. 90 (as unnamed doubtful var.); Rothrock in 
Wheeler Rep. vi. 165.—S8. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, Lemmon. Seemingly an extreme 
form of a variable species. 


§ 3. Hyprocarp#a. Akenes almost terete, cartilaginous, truncate at both 
ends, bearing 3 to 6 very long and rigid acerose awns, which are smooth below, 
the upper part densely and retrorsely hispidulous: aquatic: submersed leaves 
filiformly dissected: rays conspicuous, yellow. 


B. Béckii, Torr. Submersed stems much elongated in deep water, thickly beset with the 
almost capillary ternately multifid leaves; emersed summit bearing a few pairs of oblong- 
lanceolate serrate leaves, or the lower pinnatifid: head short-peduncled: bracts of the invo- 
lucre oblong: rays obovate, over half-inch long: mature akenes half-inch and the rigid 
diverging awns an inch or less long, very persistent. — Torr. in Spreng. Neu. Entd. ii. 135, 
Syst. iii. 455, & FL. N. Y. i. 388, t. 58. — In slow-flowing streams and ponds, Canada to New 
Jersey and Missouri; first coll. by L. C. Beck. 


114, COSMOS, Cav. (Kécpos, an ornament.) — Tropical American herbs, 
chiefly Mexican, too near Bidens; for there is one yellow-rayed species, and 
certain species with purple rays have hardly a beak to the akenes. —Iec. i. 9, 
t. 14, 79; DC. Prodr. v. 606; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 887. Cosmea, Willd. 
Spec. iii. 2250. 


C. caupAtus, HBK. Apparently annual: leaves twice pinnately parted into lanceolate acute 
lobes: rays rose-colored, seldom much surpassing the involucre: akenes fusiform, with beak 
longer than the body (in all nearly inch long), 2-awned. —-HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. iv. 240; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 349. — Key West, Blodgett. (Evidently introduced from W. Ind.) 

C, sipinnAtus, Cay. l.c. t. 14. Annual: leaves pinnately divided into narrowly linear or 
almost filiform lobes: heads very showy, the deep rose-colored rays commonly an inch or 
more long: akenes smooth and glabrous throughout, with abrupt beak very much shorter 
than the body, or in some flowers reduced to a mere neck: awns 1 to 3, short (Mexico); in 
var. ExaRisTATus, DC. l.c., the awns wholly wanting. — The var., S. Texas, near Marfa, on 
an abandoned ranch (base of stem becoming lignescent), Havard. (Mex.) 

C. parvifl6rus, HBK. Annual, slender: heads smaller, with either white or rose-colored 
rays half to a quarter of an inch long: beak of the akenes slender, usually half the length 
of the body, scabrous, 2-3-awned: otherwise as preceding, into which it may pass. — 
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 241. C. bipinnatus, var. parviflorus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 90. Coreopsis 
parviflora, Willd. Spec. iii. 2551. Bidens Humboldtii, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 307.— 
S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


Leptosyne. COMPOSITA. 299 


115. HETEROSPERMUM, Cav. (Heterosperma. “Erepos, other, in 
sense of unlike, owépua, seed.) —Small or slender annuals (from the Mexican 
border southward), mainly glabrous, branching; with opposite pinnately or ter- 
nately dissected or sometimes undivided leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers; 
the 3 to 5 rays little exserted.— Cav. Ic. iii. 24, t. 267; HBK. Nov. Gen. & 
Spec. iv. 245, t. 383, 8384; DC. Prodr. v. 632. 


H. pinndtum, Cav.1.c. About a foot high: leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into linear divis- 
ions, which are either all entire or some of them again 2-3-parted : heads slender-peduncled, 
about 3 lines long: outer involucre of 3 to 5 linear foliaceous bracts, hispidly ciliate at base, 
and overtopping the thin and oval striate inner bracts: outer akenes oval, at maturity cym- 
biform or becoming oblong by inflexion of the callous wing, destitute of pappus; innermost 
commonly infertile, subulate, attenuate into a scabrous beak, bearing a pair of short decidu- 
ous awns. — Willd. Spec. iii. 2129; DC. Prodr. v. 632. H. tagetinum, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 87, 
& Pl. Wright. ii. 91, a form with simply pinnate leaves often marked with glandular spots, 
the awns sometimes wholly wanting or caducous. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


116. LEPTOSYNE, DC., extended. (Aerrocivy, slenderness; a name 
applicable to the original, but not to most of the species here associated, except 
as to the leaves and their divisions.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (of 
California and Arizona), smooth and glabrous; with alternate or opposite and 
usually rather fleshy ternately or pinnately divided or dissected leaves, and showy 
pedunculate heads, both disk and ray flowers bright yellow. Habit of Coreopsis 
(which it represents on the western side of the continent), but mostly with pistil- 
jate rays, and always with a ring on the tube of the disk-corollas or at its junc- 
tion with the throat. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218. Leptosyne, DC. Prodr. 
v. 531, with Agarista, DC. 1. ¢. 569. Coreocarpus & Acoma, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 
28, 29, t. 16,17. Leptosyne & Pugiopappus, Gray (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104), Bot. 
Calif. i. 354. 


§ 1. Eurertésyne. Akenes callous-winged and commonly meniscoidal at 
maturity, a small or obscure saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus: rays pistillate 
and commonly fertile, obovate, more or less 3-lobed: style-tips of the disk- 
flowers capitellate either with or without a minute setiform cusp: low anuuals, 
with all but the lowest leaves alternate, and long or scape-like monocephalous 
peduncles: bracts of the outer involucre linear or lanceolate, loose. — Leptosyne, 


DC. 1. ec. 


L. Douglasii, DC. A span to a foot high, leafy only at or near the base: leaves once to 
thrice parted into nearly filiform divisions: rays half-inch or more long: ring of the disk- 
corollas usually distinctly bearded: akenes thickened at maturity (at least the more fertile 
outer ones) and corky-winged, also corky-ridged down the inner face, roughened nearly 
throughout with capitellate or clavate short and rigid bristles: pappus-cup somewhat con- 
spicuous. — Prodr. v. 531; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.355; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.356. L. Californica, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 363, & LZ. Newberryi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, Bot. 
Calif. 1. c.; state with young akenes or infertile inner ones thin-winged, and ring of corolla- 
tube less bearded. — California (from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino) and 
adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Douglas: flowering early. 

L. Stillmani, Gray. Stouter, more leafy below: lobes of the leaves linear, a line or more 
broad: ring of the disk-corollas beardless: akenes somewhat obovate, quite smooth and 
naked on the back, becoming papillose or tuberculate on the inner face, at least along 
the slightly ridged centre, the corky wing more or less rugose.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 356. — California, from San Francisco Bay northward and eastward ; first coll. 
by Stillman. 


300 COMPOSITZ. Leptosyne. 


§ 2. Tucxrermfnnta. Akenes plane, oblong, smooth and glabrous, with 
obscure wing-like margin: pappus none or sometimes the margins continued into 
an acute tooth or short naked awn: rays fertile, oblong, obscurely toothed at the 


apex: ring of disk-corollas beardless: perennial, with more ‘fleshy _1 leaves and 
thickened succulent stem or caudex: the heads large and ‘showy. — Tuckermannia, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 363. 


L. maritima, Gray. Stems low, fleshy-herbaceous from a thick base or caudex : branches 
terminating in monocephalous peduncles of a span to a foot in length: leaves bipinnately 
divided into narrowly linear Jobes of a line or two in width: rays 16 to 20, an inch or more 
long, and disk-commonly an inch-in. diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif. l.c.; 

+® Regel, Rev. Hort. 1e¢2pteb. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355; 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92,t.381. Coreopsis maritima, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6241. —S. Coast 
of California, at San Diego and on the adjacent islands. 

L. gigantéa, Ketioae. Fleshy-woody stem 2 to.8 feet_high, 1 to 5 inches thick, leafy at 
top: leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided into filiform lobes: heads smaller (disk half- 
inch in diameter) on short_corymbosely clustered peduncles: inner bracts of the involucre 
with prominent midrib. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 198; Gray, Bot. Calif: i. 356. — California, 
on the mountains near Sta. Barbara and San Miguel, and islands off the coast; first coll. by 
Coulter. May be a form of the preceding, but seemingly is quite distinct. (Guadalupe 
Island, Palmer.) 


§ 8. Pucropdppus. Akenes dimorphous; those of the ray- or outermost disk- 
flowers very like those of the preceding section (oval, flat, glabrous), either fer- 
tile or sterile; those of the disk also flat, but narrowly oblong, marginless, clothed 
at least on the margins with long and soft-villous hairs (which are bidentate at 
apex under a lens), bearing a conspicuous pappus of a pair of linear triquetrous 
pales: annuals with the habit and otherwise the character of Huleptosyne ; the 
ample golden yellow rays multinervose, commonly styliferous, not rarely fertile, 
yet sometimes neutral or with mere included rudiment of style. — Agarista, DC. 
Prodr. v. 569; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 887, not Don. Pugiopappus, Gray, Pacif. 
R. Rep. 1. c., & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, viii. 659. 


L. Bigelévii, Gray. A foot or less high, with the habit of L. Douglasii, leafy only at base, 
and with long often scapiform peduncles: leaves once or twice ternately or quinately parted 
into narrow linear lobes: involucre half-inch or less high; its outer bracts linear or nearly 
so, inner oblong-ovate: rays obovate or quadrate-oblong, half to two-thirds inch long, 10-12- 
nerved: ring of disk-corollas beardless: ray-akenes oblong, with narrow callous-winged mar- 
gin; disk-akenes elongated-oblong, very villous at the margins, sparsely so or naked on one or 
both faces, twice the length of the pale of the pappus. — Pugiopappus Bigelovii & P. Breweri, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 660, & Bot. Calif. 1. c., the former described from immature and 
incomplete specimens, in which the villosity of the disk-akenes was little developed. — South- 
ern part of California, from San Buenaventura and Tejon to the Mohave Desert. 


L. calliopsidea, Gray. A foot or two high, rather stout and leafy, with peduncles a span 
long: lobes of the leaves narrowly linear, sometimes incised: heads rather large and broad: 
bracts of the outer involucre broadly ovate, thick, a_little shorter than the narrowly ovate 
inner ones: rays broadly cuneate-obovate, commonly ar an inch long and three-fourths inch 
wide, 15-20-nerved : ring of the disk- corollas pubescent: ray-akenes broadly oval, distinctly 
thin-winged ; disk-akenes cuneate-oblong, little longer than the pales of the pappus, very 
long villous on the margins and inner face. — Agarista calliopsidea, DC. Prodr. v. 569; 
Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Coreopsis calliopsidea, Bolander, Cat. Pl. San Francisco. Pugiopappus 
calliopsideus, Gray Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1.c. Leptosyne maritima, Rev. Hortic. 
1873, 330, tab. — Moist hillsides and plains, California, from the Sacramento southward. 

Var. nana. A span or so high, with more scapiform peduncles, leaves crowded at 
base, heads and rays smaller, outer involucre comparatively shorter, and ray-akenes narrower 
or less margined. — San Bernardino Co. at Mohave Station, &c., Lemmon, Pringle. 


Thelesperma. COMPOSITE. 301 


§ 4. CorzocMrrus. Akenes nearly of Huleptosyne, but mostly with tuber- 
culate rather than winged margins, and some of them bearing a pair of sometimes 
retrorsely hispid awns; those of the ray-flowers mostly fertile: style-branches of 
the disk-flowers produced into a subulate appendage: outer involucre of a few 
small inconspicuous bracts: annuals or suffruticose perennials; with branching 
stems, opposite leaves, and small cymose or paniculate heads on short slender 
peduncles. — Coreocarpus & Acoma, Benth. Bot. Sulph.1l.c. Coreocarpus, Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 384. 


L. Arizénica, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, and paniculately branched from a woody 
base, rigid, slender: leaves 3-5-parted into mostly entire linear acute lobes: heads loosely 
cymose, 3 or 4 lines long : outer involucre of 1 to 3 small loose bracts; inner of 6 to 8 ovate 
ones in two ranks: rays 5 or 6, about 3 lines long: disk-corollas with a bearded ring : akenes 
narrowly oblong, with faces either smooth or papillose-muriculate, and margins beset with a 
wing which is wholly dissected into a pectinate tubercular fringe (in the manner of Coreopsis, 
§ Coreoloma), the inner and less fertile or infertile marginless, some without pappus, others 
bearing either one or two short and setiform awns, which are either naked or sparingly 
denticulate, the denticulations spreading or a few of them recurved.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 218. — Along streams in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Southern Arizona, Lemmon, 
Pringle. 

L. partnENtofpEes (Coreocarpus parthenioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 16), L. merrrocArpa 

(C, heterocarpus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 162), and L. pisstcra (Acoma dissectum, Benth. 

Le, t.17) are species of Lower California, insufficiently known. 


117. THELESPERMA, Less. (@y\}, a nipple, orépua, seed, from 
the papillosity of some of the akenes.) — Perennial, sometimes annual or suffru- 
tescent herbs (of the Great Plains, and one on the Pampas of S. Amer.), smooth 
and glabrous; with habit of Coreopsis, opposite usually finely dissected leaves, and 
pedunculate heads; the rays normally golden yellow, disk-flowers yellow, some- 
times purplish or brownish. — Less. in Linn. vi. 511; Gray in Kew Jour. Bot. 
i. 252, & Pl. Wright. i.109. Cosmidium, Torr. & Gray, in Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. lL. c., & FI. ii. 850. 


* Lobes of the disk-corollas linear or lanceolate, longer than the short-campanulate throat: style- 
appendages with cuspidate or subulate tips: pappus evident: chaff of receptacle falling with and 
partly embracing the akenes. 

T. scaprosiofpEs, Less., of the Pampas in S. America, closely represents T. gracile, but has 

more filiform foliage and longer-awned pappus. 

Cosmip1um BurripceAnum of the gardens is a hybrid of T. jilifolium and Coreopsis tinc- 

toria, acquiring its brown-purple rays from the latter. 


T. filifélium, Gray. A foot or two high from an annual or biennial root, loosely branch- 
ing, leafy: leaves not rigid, bipinnately divided into filiform lobes no wider than the rhachis: 
bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling or more than half the 
length of the inner, which are connate only to the middle: rays broad, over half-inch long: 
disk usually purple turning brownish: outer akenes becoming coarsely papillose on the back ; 
the stout triangular-subulate pappus-scales not longer than the width of the akene. —Kew 
Jour. Bot. i. 252, & Pl. Wright. i. 109. Coreopsis trifida, Lam. Ill. t. 704; Poir. Suppl. ii. 
353, ex tab. C. filifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3505. Cosmidium Jilifolium, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 350.— Dry uplands and plains, Arkansas to Texas. 


T. ambiguum, Gray. A foot high, perennial and spreading by creeping rootstocks, rather 
rigid, usually more naked above or with longer peduncles: cauline leaves less compound ; 
the lobes from filiform to narrowly linear; bracts of inner involucre connate to or above the 
middle: rays rarely wanting; otherwise as the preceding.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. 
T. filifolium, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 109, & ii. 90, chiefly. — Plains and hills, W. Texas to New 
Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. 


302 COMPOSITA. Thebesperma. 


T. gracile, Gray, 1].c. More rigid, a foot or two high from a deep perennial root, less 
branched, naked above: leaves once or twice 3-5-nately divided or parted into filiform-linear 
or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and entire: bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, 
very short, ovate or oblong ; of the inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their 
lobes slightly scarious: disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis: akenes less 
papillose or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns: rays 
usually none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long. — Bidens gracilis, Torr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. 
ii, 215. Cosmidium gracile, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to 
W. Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

* * Lobes of disk-corollas from ovate to oblong, decidedly shorter than the cylindraceous throat; 
the proper tube also shorter than in the foregoing: pappus shorter and more coroniform, desti- 
tute of retrorse bristles or hairs, or wanting. 
+— Leafy-stemmed, branching, herbaceous to the ground: style-appendages subulate-tipped. 


T. subsimplicifélium, Gray. Stems slender, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves sometimes 
all entire and filiform (14 to 3 inches long), sometimes 3-5-parted into filiform entire lobes : 
outer bracts of the involucre oblong to linear, short: rays half-inch long: akenes short- 
fusiform: pappus 2 minute slightly hairy teeth, or obsolete. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 90. T’. sim- 
plicifolium, Gray, Kew Jour. Bot. l.c. Cosmidium simplicifolium, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 86. — 
Rocky prairies, Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 
+— + Low, branching from a lignescent base, very leafy below, sending up long and naked or 

scapiform peduncles: outer involucre short and small: akenes fusiform, more incurved at 
maturity. 2 

T. subniidum, Gray. Rather stout: leaves thickish and rigid, once or twice ternately 
parted into linear or lanceolate lobes: peduncles 4 to 10 inches long: head rather large 
(half-inch high): rays sometimes none, sometimes ample (the larger two-thirds inch long 
and over half-inch wide): style-appendages subulate-tipped: pappus a minute 4—5-toothed 
naked crown, or obsolete. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 72. Includes also 7. subsimplicifolium, var. 
scaposum, Gray, coll. Parry, &c.—New Mexico, 8. Utah, and N. Arizona, Palmer, Parry, 
Ward. Also apparently Green River, Wyoming, Parry, a plant referred to 7’. gracile. 

T. léngipes, Gray. Fastigiately much branched at the woody base, very leafy: leaves 
3-5-parted into filiform divisions which are usually no wider than the rhachis: peduncles 
filiform, wholly simple, 5 to 10 inches long: head small (quarter-inch high), rayless: style- 
appendages tipped with a very short cone: akenes barely 2 lines long, arcuate at maturity, 
falling free from the chaff: pappus quite obsolete. —Pl. Wright. i. 109; Rothrock in 
Wheeler Rep. vi. 164.— Dry hills and banks, W. Texas and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock (not 
showing the woody stems), Lemmon. (Mex., Schaffner.) 


118. BALDWINIA, Nutt., in the form of Balduina. (Dr. Wm. Baldwin, 
collaborator with Elliott, died early.) —— Apparently biennials or annuals (of S. 
Atlantic States), mostly glabrous or minutely puberulent; with alternate entire 
leaves, puncticulate in the manner of Helentum and veinless, and solitary or corym- 
bosely paniculate heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes purplish- 
tinged: fl. late summer and autumn. — Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Ell. Sk. ii. 447; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 391. Baldwinia and Actinospermum (Ell.), Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 388. (True affinity rather with the Helenioidee.) 


B. unifléra, Nurr.1.c. Stem rather stout, simple or simply branched, 1 to 3 feet high from 
a perhaps “ perennial” root, with terminal usually elongated peduncle bearing a solitary 
large head : leaves obtuse, spatulate, or the upper linear : bracts of the involucre numerous, 
in about 4 series, thickish, at first appressed: rays 20 to 30, cuneate-linear, 3-toothed at 
truncate apex, inch or more long: concreted chaff of receptacle truncate: akenes cylindra- 
ceous-obconical, with pappus of 7 to 9 narrowly oblong pales of nearly its length. — Ell. Sk. 
ii. 447. — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by Bartram. 

B. multifléra, Nurr. 1. c. Slender, from.an annual or biennial root, branching above, very 
leafy up to the several or numerous slender peduncles, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hir- 
sute : leaves all narrowly linear: heads small (3 or in fruit 5 lines high): bracts of the 


Galinsoga. COMPOSITA. 303 


involucre fewer and narrow: rays 8 or 10, cuneate, half-inch long, 3-4-lobed at summit : 
alveoli cuspidate-toothed at the angles: akenes stipitate, turbinate, the flat summit crowned 
with the pappus of about 12 radiate and orbicular-obovate pales. — Actinospermum, Ell. 1. ¢. 
A. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. ve. Buphihalmum angustifolium, Pursh, F1. ii. 564. — Sand- 
hills, Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Bartram. 


119. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. (Humphiy Marshall, author of the earliest 
indigenous work on the sylva of N. America.) — Low and smooth nearly glabrous 
perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with fibrous roots, commonly simple stems, and 
solitary pedunculate (Armeria-like) heads of rose-purple or white glandular- 
puberulent flowers, with blue anthers, produced in spring or summer: peduncle 
puberulent: leaves alternate, entire, mostly 3-nerved, but not manifestly veiny. 
— Gen. ii. 810; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 390. Persoonia, Michx. Fl. ii. 104, not 
Smith. Trattenickia, Pers. Syn. 403, not Willd. Therolepta, Raf. 


* Leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, all but the upper tapering below into « slender sessile base or 
margined petiole; radical spatulate. 

M. angustifolia, Pursn. Sometimes 2 feet high and branching above. cauline leaves 
linear, or the uppermost linear-subulate ; radical spatulate: bracts of involucre narrow, 
mostly acute, rigid, head only half-inch high: corollas pale purple: akenes minutely pubes- 
cent or at maturity glabrous, longer than the pappus. — Fl. ii. 520; Ell. Sk. ii. 316 (& var. 
cyananthera) ; Torr. & Gray, l.c. Athanasia graminifolia, Walt. Car. 201. Persoonia angus- 
tifolia, Michx. 1.c. Trattenickia angustifoha, Pers. 1. c.—Low pine barrens, N. Carolina 
(and Tennessee ?) to Florida and Louisiana. 

M. cespitésa, Nurr. More tufted, a foot high or less, either leafy only at base and with 
scapiform peduncle, or sparsely leafy-stemmed and sparingly branching: leaves spatulate- 
linear, or somewhat lanceolate and the upper linear: bracts of involucre narrow-linear, acute 
or acutish: head two-thirds inch or more high: corollas pale-rose-color or white: akenes 
obpyramidal, villous on the angles, shorter than the pappus. — Nutt. in DC. Prodr. v. 680; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3704; Torr. & Gray, ]. c.—Calcareous soil, Arkansas to Texas; fir& 
coll. by Berlandier and Nuttall. 

M. lanceolata, Pursu. A foot or less high, commonly leafy only at base and with scapi- 
form simple peduncle: leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 3 to 6 lines wide: bracts 
of involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse: akenes elongated-turbinate, pubescent, 
much longer than the pappus. — Fl. ii. 519; Ell. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1l.cv. Persoonia lan- 
ceolata, Michx. 1. c. Trrattenickia lanceolata, Pers. 1.c.— Open dry woods, N. Carolina to 
Florida, preferring the upper districts. 

Var. platyphylla, M. A. Curtis. Leafy-stemmed, sometimes 2 feet high, with 
spatulate-oblong leaves 2 to 6 inches long, all obtuse. — Chapm. Fl. 241.— Moist or wet 
ground, N. Carolina, &c., from the middle country westward. 


%* %* Leaves thinner, conspicuously 3-nerved; cauline acuminate. 


M. latifélia, Pursu, 1.c. A foot or so high, leafy to the middle or more: cauline leaves 
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a merely narrowed base, gradually acuminate, 2 or 3 
inches long: bracts of the involucre linear, acute or acutish, rigid. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
Athanasia trinervia, Walt. 1.c. Persoonia latifolia, Michx. 1. ¢., t. 43. Trattenickia latifolia, 
Pers. l.c. Marshallia Schreberi, Tratt. Arch. Gen. i. 108.— Moist soil, Virginia to Missis- 
sippi, along the middle country. 


120. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. (ML Galinsoga, a Spanish physician 
and botanist.)—- Annuals of Tropical America, the common species now widely 
disseminated. 


G. parviflora, Cav. A foot or two high, loosely branching, slender, somewhat pubescent : 
leaves thin, ovate, acute, serrate, 3-nerved from near the base, petioled: heads 2 lines long, 
slender-peduncled from the summit of the branches, somewhat paniculate: rays whitish, 
barely exserted : disk-flowers yellow: pappus usually of 8 to 16 short palex. — Ic. iii. 41, t. 281; 
DC. Prodr. v. 677; Gray, Man. 264 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 983. — Open or waste grounds, 


304 COMPOSITE. Blepharipappus. 


perhaps indigenous to New Mexico and Arizona, an introduced weed about gardens in the 
Northern States. In indigenous plants of the Southern border (var. Caracasana, & var. 
semicalva, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 98) pappus of the ray much reduced or wanting. (Mex., 
S. Amer.) 


121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook. (BAcdapis, the eyelash, zdzzos, 
seed-down, from the fringed pales of the pappus.) — A single but variable species. 


(Transition to the Madiee.) 


B. scdber, Hoox. Annual, a span to a foot high, loosely branched, puberulent and sca- 
brous, and with some hispid hairs, above more or less glandular: leaves alternate, narrowly 
linear, with revolute or involute margins when dry, entire: heads short-peduncled, terminat- 
ing the paniculate branchlets, 3 to 5 lines high: both rays and disk-flowers white: anthers 
brownish-purple. — Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 391; Gray, Bot Calif. i358. Ptilonella 
scabra, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 386.— Dry plains and mountains, interior of 
Oregon, Idaho, &c., to Nevada and the Sierra Nevada, California. 

Var. subcalvus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. Pappus both of ray and disk obsolete or 
recluced to hyaline vestiges, — Eastern borders of California, Lemmon, Matthews, &c. 

Var. levis, Gray, 1l.c. Slender, with filiform branches, almost smooth: heads few- 
flowered. — California, Bridges. Taken for Hemizonia in Gen. PI. ii. 395. 4 


122. MADIA, Molina. Tarweep. (Madi, the Chilian name of the com 
mon species.) — Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented ; with leaves 
entire or merely toothed, some or all of them alternate; heads axillary and 
terminal; the yellow flowers vespertine or matutinal, closing in sunshine: in 
summer, — Molina, Chil.; Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298; Don in Bot. Reg.; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 893. Madaria (DC.), Madariopsis, Madorella, Amida, Anisocar- 
pus, & Harpecarpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 


*§ 1. Mapdria. Ligules exserted and conspicuous: disk-flowers sterile or 
partly fertile: disk-corollas pubescent, except in the first species: herbage hir- 
sute, the upper part minutely glandular.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 188, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 358. 


* Annual, low and slender, with mostly alternate leaves and small heads: pappus both to ray and 
disk-flowers ! 


M. Yosemitana, Parry. A span or more high: leaves linear, entire: heads slender- 
pedunculate, 2 lines high: ray-flowers 5 to 10, with ligules a line or two long: disk-flowers 
3 to 10, sterile: corollas nearly glabrous: bracts of the involucre with short and narrow tips; 
of the receptacle 4 to 8, more or less connate by their margins: ray-akenes semi-obovate or 
slightly lunate, bearing an evident pappus in the form of a ciliolate crown: pappus of the 
disk-fowers of about 5 sparsely barbellate awns, nearly equalling the corolla. — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 219.— California; near Fresno, Eisen ; at’ the foot of the upper Yo8emite 
Fall, Parry (few-flowered form) ; near Auburn, Marcus E. Jones, a larger form, with 8 to 10 
rays and about as many disk-flowers. 


* %* Perennial, taller, with larger heads and some or most of the leaves opposite, occasionally 
dentate: a manifest pappus to the disk-flowers, of plumose-lacerate or fimbriate paleze. — Aniso- 
carpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 388. 


M. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves linear-lanceolate: heads 
sparsely paniculate, 4 lines high, usually slender-peduncled: involucral bracts 8 to 12, with 
short inconspicuous tips: exserted ligules 3 to 5 lines long: only ray-akenes fertile; these 
obovate-faleate, much compressed, with sides many-striate and nearly nerveless : pappus of 
sterile disk-flowers of small oblong palew. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. viii. 391, ix. 188, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 358. Anisocarpus madioides, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 403. — Woods, from 
Monterey, California, to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Nuttall. 

M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1l.c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves linear (the longer 7 to 10 inches 
long, 4 lines wide): heads half to three-fourths inch high: involucral bracts and rays 12 


Madia. COMPOSITA. 305 


M 


M 


no 
no 


to 16; bracts of the receptacle linear and unconnected: ray-akenes linear-falcate, 1-2-nerved 
on the narrow faces, commonly with a rudiment of pappus: disk-akenes numerous, straighter, 
all the outer ones fertile, all with a pappus of slender pale, which are either little or much 
shorter than the corolla. — Anisocarpus Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360.— Woods 
of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa to Plumas Co.; first coll. by Bolander, and 
northward to Scott Mountains, Pringle. 
* * * Annual, with showy heads, chiefly alternate leaves, and no pappus: pubescence viscid as 
well as hirsute or hispid. 
. radiata, KeLttoce. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high: larger leaves broadly lanceolate, den- 
ticulate: bracts of the involucre 10 to 20, with short tips: rays as many, half-inch long, 
obtusely 3-toothed-: disk-flowers very numerous on a nearly flat glabrous receptacle, all but 
the central ones fertile, somewhat clavate and 4-angular, straightish: ray-akenes narrowly 
obovate-falcate, flat, tipped with a minute reflexed beak !— Proc. Calif. Acad. iv.190; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 359. — California, near the mouth of the San Joachin River, Bolander. 
. 6legans, Dox. Stem less stout, a foot or two high, or in depauperate forms only a span 
or two, above sometimes copiously beset with stipitate viscid glands, sometimes these almost 
wanting: leaves linear or lanceolate, mostly entire: bracts of the involucre 5 to 15, with 
linear tips: rays acutely 3-lobed, yellow throughout or with a brown-red spot at base: disk- 
flowers more numerous than the rays, on a convex hirsute-fimbrillate receptacle, all sterile : 
fertile akenes obliquely obovate-cuneate, nearly nerveless, depressed-truncate and wholly 
beakless at summit.— Don in Bot. Reg. t. 1458; Gray, l.c. MM. viscosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 
24, not Cav. Madaria elegans & M. corymbosa (with var. hispida?), DC. Prodr. v. 692. 
M1. elegans, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3548. AL. corymbosa, Endl. Iconogr. t. 36. Jf. racemosa, 
Nutt. Trans. 1. c.— Hills and plains, throughout California, Oregon, and the borders of 
Nevada; first coll. by Douglas. 


§ 2, EvumAp1a. Ligules inconspicuous or short, from twelve to one, or rarely 
ne: disk-flowers few or numerous and fertile: the corollas pubescent: pappus 
ne: receptacle flat, smooth: glandular and viscid heavy-scented annuals. — 


Gray, lc. Madia, Madariopsis, Madorella, & Amida, Nutt. 1. c. 
M. sativa, Morina. Commonly robust, 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent with slender somewhat 


viscid hairs and beset with pedicellate very viscid glands: leaves from broadly lanceolate to 
linear: heads commonly short-peduncled or sessile and rather scattered, 5 or 6 lines high: 
rays 5 to 12, with honey-yellow ligules about 2 lines long: disk-akenes cuneate-oblong and 
quadrangular, being prominently one-nerved on the faces (2 lines long), those of the ray 
somewhat falcate-obovate, either with or without an obvious nerve on the sides.— Don in 
Bot. Reg. 1. c.; DC. Notul. Jard. Genev. & Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 404. Mf. sativa 
(with false char.) & Jf. mellosa (which would have been the better name to use), Molina, 
Chil. ed. 1, 354. MM. viscosa, Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298. Jf. mellosa, Jacq. Hort. Scheenb. iii. 29, 
t.302. M. stellata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop., few-flowered form, like that figured 
by Jacquin. — Oregon and California. (Chili.) 

Var. congésta, Torr. & Gray, l.v. The common Tarweep near the coast, stout, 
branching, very sticky: heads mostly crowded or glomerate at the end of the branches, 
many-flowered ; the rays from 8 to 12.—M/. capitata, Nutt. 1.c. Nearly MM. viscosa, Cay. l.c. 
— Fields and waysides throughout the western portion of California and Oregon; probably 
an introduction from Chili, or the contrary. 

Var. racemosa, Gray, l.c. Slender, simple-stemmed, with fewer-flowered heads 
somewhat racemosely disposed: disk-akenes flatter and nerve less distinct. — M. racemosa} 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. Madorella racemosa, Nutt. 1.c.— Oregon to Idaho, interior of Cali- 
fornia, and Nevada. Approaching the fewer-flowered Chilian M. mellosa, Jacq., &c., perhaps 
passing into the next. 


M. dissitifléra, Torr. & Gray, lc. Slender, a foot or two high, often loosely branching, 


moderately viscid: heads 3 or barely 4 lines high, scattered or loosely paniculate: rays 5 to 8: 
disk-flowers few: akenes shorter and broader (a line or two long), also thicker, not angled 
for with the sides evidently nerved.— M. sativa, var. dissitiflora, Gray, lic. Madorella 
dissitiflora, Nutt. 1.c. Sclerocarpus gracilis, Smith in Rees Cycl.? — Not uncommon through- 
out Oregon and California. 

20 


306 COMPOSITA. Madia. 


M. glomerdta, Hoox. A foot or so high, rigid, very leafy, hirsute, glandular only toward 
the inflorescence: leaves narrowly linear: heads glomerate: rays 2 to 5 or sometimes none, 
not surpassing the about equal number of disk-flowers; akenes (2 lines or more long) narrow, 
those of the disk 4-5-angled; of the ray somewhat curved and 1-nerved on each face. — Fl. 
ii. 24; Gray, Le. Amida. hirsuta & A. gracilis, Nutt. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Rocky 
Mountains of Colorado to Saskatchewan, Washington Terr., Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada 
in California. 


§ 8. Harpmcdrpus. Ligules very short and inconspicuous, not surpassing 
the solitary fertile disk-flower, all destitute of pappus: corolla glabrous. — Gray, 
lc. Harpecarpus, Nutt. 1. c. 389. 

M. filipes, Gray, 1.c. Slender annual, a span to a foot or more high, hirsute, glandular 
above, paniculately branched; the small heads (a line or two long) on long filiform pedun- 
cles: leaves narrowly linear: bracts of the involucre 4 to 8, lunate and strongly carinate in 
fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular: bracts of receptacle united into a 3-5- 
toothed cup: ray-akenes obovate-lunate, the tip somewhat pointed by a small epigynous 
disk: disk-akene straight and obliquely obovate.— Sclerocarpus exiguus, Smith in Rees 
Cycl.? Harpecarpus madarioides, Nutt.1.c. H. exiguus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 101.— 
Open grounds, from 8. California to British Columbia near the coast, and eastward to 
Idaho. 


123. HEMIZONELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Hemizonia.) — Little 
annuals of Pacific N. America; with somewhat the aspect and characters of the 
Harpecarpus section of Madva, hirsute-pubescent and above glandular, diffusely 
branching: leaves linear, entire, opposite or some of the upper alternate: heads 
in the forks and cymosely clustered, terminating the branchlets, short-pedun- 
cled, small (a line or two in length) ; the very small corollas yellow. Involucre 
glandular-hispid on the back.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189, & Bot. Calif. i. 360. 
Hemizonia § Hemizonella, Gray, Proc. 1. ¢. vi. 548. 

H. Durandi, Gray. A span high: earliest heads slender-peduncled: akenes narrowly 
oblong-obovate or somewhat fusiform, manifestly obcompressed with the inner face slightly 
angulate, tipped with a short but conspicuous incurved beak. — H. Durandi & H. parvula, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189. Hemizonia Durandi & H. parvula, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 


vi. 549.— Dry ground, California, from the Yosemite Valley to Washington Territory ; first 
coll. by Pratten. 

H. minima, Gray, 1.c., with syn. An inch or two high: peduncles all shorter than the 
heads: ray-akenes obovate, less incurved, much obcompressed, the beak obsolete or a minute 
inflexed apiculation. — Dry sterile soil, California, through the eastern ranges of the Sierra 
Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, Brewer, Afatthews, &c. 


124. HEMIZONIA, DC. Tarweep. (Composed of #yu, half, £év7, gir- 
dle, from the half-enclosed ray-akenes.) — Californian herbs, nearly all annuals 
or biennials, usually glandular, viscid, and heavy-scented ; with alternate or some- 
times opposite leaves, and middle-sized or small heads of yellow or white flowers, 
the anthers commonly brownish. FI. summer or later. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
396; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 394; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 190, xix. 17, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 361. Hemizonia, Hartmannia, in part, & Calycadenia, DC. 
Prodr. v. 692-695. 


§ 1. Evnemizénta, Gray, 1. ¢. Ray-akenes only fertile, obovate-triangular, 
with depressed terminal areola hardly eccentric, glabrous, smooth and even: 
disk-akenes abortive and without pappus: annuals, a foot or so high; with entire 
or merely denticulate and mostly linear leaves, and white or yellow flowers: rays 
3-lobed. — Hemizonia, DC. (the typical species of both sections). 


Hemizonia. COMPOSITA. 807 


% Akenes rounded on the back and with u ventral angle, destitute or nearly so of basal stipe: 
rays exserted but rather short: chaffy bracts none or hardly any among the inner flowers: 
leaves narrow, quite entire, or rarely a few salient denticulations. (Ambiguous species, with the 
habit, but not the akenes, of Madia.) 


H. Wheéleri, Gray. Loosely branching, slender, green, slightly pubescent, minutely 
glandular above: heads scattered: rays 5 or 6, bright yellow: marginal bracts of the recep- 
tacle distinct. — Bot. Calif. i. 617; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 361, t. 10.—Olanche 
Mountains, of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, Rothrock. 


H. citriodéra. Simple-stemmed, with short-pedunculate corymbosely panicled heads, or 
loosely branched above and heads more scattered, “lemon-scented,” cinereously villous-hirsute 
and above with small pedicellate glands interspersed : rays 8 or 9, greenish-yellow: marginal 
bracts of the receptacle lightly united into a cup.— JJadia citriodora, Greene, Bull. Torr. 
Club, ix. 63. — Northern California, from Siskiyou Co., Greene, to Placer and Sacramento 
Co., Bolunder (1865), Mrs. Curran. With specimens from the latter a less villous and more 
glandular form, J/adia anomala, Greene, ined. 


* * Akenes obovate-triangular, with a dorsal and two lateral angles, the ventral face broad and 
nearly plane, surface smocth and shining, base usually extended into a small inflexed stipe, 
with a whitish callous at its insertion (but sometimes the stipe short or obsolete and the callus at 
the very base of the akene): receptacle chaffy throughout: rays either white or light yellow in 
the same species, opening only in bright sunshine. 


+~— Heads terminating paniculate or usually corymbosely cymose branches. 


H. congésta, DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, but not lanate, slightly glandular toward the 
clustered or scattered heads: bracts of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, little 
surpassed by the rays: marginal bracts of the receptacle either lightly connate or nearly 
distinct : inflexed stipe of the akene conspicuous. — Prodr. v. 692; Gray, 1. c. (not of Pacif. 
R. Rep. iv. 109, which proves to be young Lagophylla).— California, near San Francisco, 
Douglas, G. R. Vasey. Specimens formerly referred to this still little-known species belong 
to the following. 

H. luzuleefoélia, DC. Villous, and below even sericeous-lanate, at least when young, above 
becoming very viscjd-glandular and corymbosely or paniculately branched: lower leaves 
elongated, 3-5-nerved: bracts of the involucre with short and broadish herbaceous tips: 
marginal bracts of the receptacle united into a cup: rays 5 to 10, rather large, white, some- 
times tinged with pink, or not rarely pale yellow (var. lutescens, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 
ix. 16): stipe of akene as in the preceding, or shorter, or obsolete. — Prodr. |. c.; Gray, 1. ¢. 
H. sericea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. H. rudis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 31, a very branch- 
ing and late-flowering form.— Dry open grounds, throughout western part of California, 
very common from San Francisco Bay to Monterey. Varying greatly. 


+— + Heads disposed to be sessile along simple branches. 


H. Clevelandi, Greens. More slender, below villous with long spreading hairs, not lanate : 
leaves all narrowly linear, mostly one-nerved: heads smaller, nearly all after the terminal 
one subsessile in the axils or on short leafy branchlets, thus as it were spicately or race- 
mosely disposed: rays white: akenes and flowers as in the smaller-headed form of the 
preceding. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109. — California, from Mendocino Co. (Kellogg) to Lake 
Co., Bolander, Cleveland. 


§ 2. Harrmfnnia, Gray, l.c. Ray-akenes opaque and often rugose or 
tuberculate (rarely smooth and shining), very gibbous, turgid, the terminal areola 
from the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity commonly intra- 
apical, raised on a little beak (rostellum) or apiculation: flowers in all yellow: 
ours annuals. — Hartmannia (excl. spec.) & part of Hemizonia, DC. Prodr. 

H. rruréscers, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif. i. 361, an outlying species 


from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is remarkable for having a woody-based stem, 
and is probably the only species that is really perennial. This and 


H. Srretrsi, Gray, 1. c. xii. 162, from San Benito Island, Lower California, are the only 
known representatives of the genus beyond the limits of this Flora. 


308 COMPOSITA. Hemizonia, 


* Receptacle conical or convex, many-flowered, all the disk-flowers subtended by narrow and 
mostly quite distinct chaffy bracts, some of them not rarely fertile: ray-flowers usually numer- 
ous and in more than one series, with short and yellow ligules; their akenes obovate-triangular, 
with very oblique apiculation, usually smoothish: rigid and branching annuals; with some 
or all of the lower leaves incisely pinnatifid, and the uppermost clustered around the sessile 
heads. — Hartmannia § Olocarphu, DC. Prodr. 


+ Leaves and bracts not pungent, but the upper gland-tipped. 


H. macradénia, DC. Stout, hirsute, viscid-glandular, very leafy: upper leaves linear, 
entire or laciniately dentate; those of the branchlets and axillary fascicles linear-subulate, 
truncately gland-tipped : some of these and most of those crowded around the sessile glom- 
erate heads, also the bracts of the involucre and even those of the conical receptacle, beset 
with stipitate tack-shaped glands: heads fully half-inch in diameter: pappus none. — Prodr. 
y. 693; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 400; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 363. — 
Dry open ground, from the Bay of San Francisco southward. An unpleasantly scented 
Tarweed. 
++ + Upper leaves or their lobes and the bracts of the involucre rigid, pungently pointed, none 

gland-tipped. 

H. Fitchii, Gray. Villous-hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with small scattered tack- 
shaped glands: leaves some (even of the lower) entire and elongated linear-acerose, very 
pungent, some of the lower once or twice pinnately parted: bracts of the involucre subulate ; 
those of the receptacle pointless, soft, bearded with long villous hairs: disk-akenes sterile, 
with pappus of 8 to 12 linear palex, fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base, 
nearly equalling their corolla.— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Common in 
California north and east of Sacramento; first coll. by Rev. Mr. Fitch. 

H. Parryi, Greens. Sparsely or slightly hirsute, sometimes minutely viscid-glandular : 
leaves short; lower sparingly pinnatifid ; upper subulate-acerose, as also the tips of the invo- 
lucral bracts; those of the receptacle thin, villous on the margin, acute or obtuse, but 
neither pointed nor rigid: sterile disk-akenes with a pappus of 3 to 5 narrowly linear slender, 
pointed naked palez which equal the corolla. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16. (Has been inex- 
cusably confounded with the preceding and following.) — Not uncommon in California from 
Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co., Torrey, Parry, Parish, &c. ; 

H. pingens, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or hispid, sometimes only slightly so, hardly at all 
viscid or glandular: cauline leaves pinnatifid or the lower bipinnatifid, and the lobes short ; 
those of the branchlets and fascicles entire, lanceolate or linear-subulate, with very pungent 
tips, those around the head little surpassing it: bracts of the receptacle also pungently 
pointed: pappus to disk-flowers none. — Fl. ii. 399; Bot. Calif. 1. cv. Hartmannia pungens, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 357; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 334.— Dry hills and fields, from San Fran- 
cisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas. 

* %* Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked among the disk-flowers, which are surrounded by a circle 
of connate or sometimes distinct bracts: rays golden yellow and with glandular usually slender 
tubes: some of the pubescence glandular or viscid: no large tack-shaped or terminal truncate 
glands. 

+ Rays 12 to 24, oblong-cuneate; their akenes occupying more than one series, obscurely rugose: 
disk-flowers as numerous, with wholly sterile or abortive ovary, and small plurisquamellate 
pappus or none. 

H. corymbosa, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Erect, corymbosely branched above, hirsute, with or 
without short-pedicellate glands intermixed : lower or sometimes most of the cauline leaves 
pinnately parted into linear lobes; those of the branches narrowly linear: heads rather large 
(a third to half inch high): rays 15 to 25, oblong-cuneate: bracts of receptacle well 
united into a cup: akenes 4~-5-nerved or angled (the nerve of the inner face indistinct or 
wanting), and with beak short and stout: disk-pappus setosely plurisquamellate. — H. angusti- 
folia, Benth. Pl. Hartw., not DC. H. macrocephala, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 174. H. balsamifera, 
Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 64, t. 13. Hartmannia corymbosa, DC. Prodr. v. 694. — W. 
California, in low grounds, common from San Francisco Bay to San Luis Obispo; first coll. 
by Douglas. 

H. angustifdlia, DC. Diffuse, a span to a foot high, hirsutely pubescent and glandular, 
becoming viscid: cauline leaves all linear, small, entire: heads corymbosely pauiculate or 


Hemizonia. COMPOSIT. 309 


scattered: rays 12 to 15: bracts of the receptacle less united, or almost separate: akenes 
3-nerved, with prominent upturned beak: disk-pappus minute and squamellate or nearly 
wanting. — Prodr. v. 692; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 398; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 362. #7. multicaulis, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 355% H. decumbens, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 175. — W. California, in 
open grounds, from San Francisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas, 

Var. Barclayi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 190, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. (excl. pl. Brewer), 
from Monterey, Barclay, has more conspicuous laciniate pappus to disk-flowers. 


+ + Rays 8 to 20, broadly cuneate or quadrate: disk-flowers more numerous, with well-formed 
and often fertile ovary and a conspicuous pappus of coriuceous oblong obtuse palese, which are 
hirsute at summit and margins, and even on the back: stems erect, paniculately branched, 2 feet 
or more high, very leafy. 


H. floribtnda, Gray. Minutely glandular-pubescent and viscid, not hirsute: cauline leaves 
all linear, small, entire: heads disposed to be racemose-paniculate on the branches: rays 
about 20; their akenes in more than one series, somewhat tuberculate-rugose, obscurely 
4-angled, with very short straight beak: disk-akenes numerous, with pappus of 5 to 8 broad- 
ish palee shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 616. — California, southern part of San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland. 


H. paniculata, Gray. More diffusely branched, below commonly hirsute, the branchlets 
and heads viscid-glandular~ cauline leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; those of the branches entire 
or 2-3-dentate, linear, small; of the flowering branchlets mostly very small and bract-like, 
erect: heads sparsely paniculate, barely 3 lines high: involucral bracts minutely densely 
glandular: rays about 8; their akenes coarsely rugose or pitted on the back: receptacular 
bracts connate or distinct: disk-flowers about 11; their well-formed akenes with a pappus of 
8 or 10 oblong pales which exceed the proper tube of the corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 
17.— Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co., Brewer, Parish, Jared. Includes plant of coll. 
Brewer, referred in Bot. Calif. to H. angustifolia, var. Barclayi. 


+ + + Rays 5 (rarely 3, 4, or 6), broadly cuneate or quadrate: disk-flowers not over 6, sur- 
rounded by mostly 5 receptacular bracts, which are usually more or less connate; their akenes 
generally sterile, the paleze of their pappus not hirsute: stems paniculately branched, a foot or 
two high, some taller: lower cauline leaves pinnatifid; upper and rameul entire, small. 


H. Kelléggii, Greeve. Hirsute, sparsely so above, bearing short-pedicelled loosely panicu- 
late heads : cauline leaves mostly pinnately-parted or toothed: involucre quarter-inch high ; 
the bracts hirsutely glandular on the back, broadly lanceolate: rays fully 3 lines long: 
bracts of the receptacle rather broad, well united into a cup: ray-akenes tuberculate-rugose 
(a line or more long), bearing a rather strongly lateral and slender curved (almost sigmoid) 
beak : sterile disk-akenes with pappus about equalling the tube of their corolla, composed of 
lacerately truncate pale, which are mostly connate to near their summits. — Bull. Torr. 
Club, x. 41. — Central California near Antioch (Kedloyg), and along the San Joaquin Valley, 
Greene. 

H. Wrightii, Gray. Hirsute below, 1 to 3 feet high, with widely-spreading branches, 
when much branched decumbent ; the slender or filiform branchlets terminated by pedicellate 
heads: lower cauline leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; those of the branchlets mostly minute and 
very viscid-glandular, as is the involucre; its bracts ovate-lanceolate ; those of the receptacle 
partly united: ray-akenes obscurely tuberculate-rugose, with short beak: sterile disk-akenes 
with pappus of 8 or 9 oblong firm palez, their summit erose-laciniate. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 17.—S. California, about San Bernardino, W. G. Wright, Parish, Parry. Found also 
as a waif near San Francisco, Greene. Heads always scattered, and most of them on pedicels 
of fully their own length. 

H. fasciculata, Torr. & Gray. More or less hirsute or hispid below, a span to 2 feet 
high, commonly with rather rigid ascending glabrate or viscid-glandular branches, bearing 
usually fasciculate-clustered sessile small heads: cauline leaves mostly pinnately parted or 
laciniate ; uppermost on the branches subulate-linear and rather crowded about the heads 
or clusters: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, either glabrous or glandular-hispidu- 
lous; of the receptacle lightly united or nearly free: ray-akenes either smoothish or at length 

" transversely rugose, apiculate with a small very short beak; disk-akenes chiefly sterile, with 
conspicuous pappus of 8 or 10 narrowly oblong or linear lacerate-tipped palew. — Fl. ii. 397 ; 
Gray, 1. cv. H. glomerata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. «. Hartmannia fasciculata, DC. 


310 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia, 


Prodr. 1. c.— Dry ground, W. California, common from Monterey to San Diego; first coll. 

by Coulter, Douglas, &c. Passes into 

Var. ramosissima. Diffuse, sometimes decumbent: upper leaves mostly entire: 
heads less fascicled or all scattered: akenes at maturity rugose. — ZZ. ramosissima, Benth. 
Bot. Sulph. 30; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif. i. 362.— Same range, and to 
San Bernardino Co. . 

Var. Lobbii (. Lobbii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109, founded on a single speci- 
men, coll. by Lobb, thought to come from near Monterey) appears to be nothing more than 
a tall and slender form of this species, with stem 2 feet high, long and slender branches, 
very small and numerous leaves on the branchlets, rays reduced to 3 or 4, and disk-flowers 
to about the same number, each subtended and partly enclosed by a free bract. But speci- 
mens hardly sufficient. 

% * %* Receptacle flat: all the flowers subtended and akenes partly enclosed by bracts; the 
corolla-tubes glandular: ligules yellow and broad, 5 to 8: ray-akenes somewhat 5-nerved or 
angled, i. e. ventral face somewhat carinate-angled, with short upturned beak: disk-flowers 8 to 
15, with akenes mostly sterile and destitute of pappus: slender virgately branched or panicu- 
late annuals, with lowest cauline leaves commonly laciniate-dentate, the upper all small and 
linear, none of them at all pungently pointed, but those of the branchlets tipped with a sessile 
truncate gland. 

H. Heermaénni, Greens. Viscid and somewhat pubescent or hirsute, heavy-scented, 
paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, the minute leaves of the diffuse flowering branchlets 
rather scattered: involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts (and rays) 5 to 9, viscid-pubes- 
cent and copiously beset with pedicellate glands; the terminal gland inconspicuous: beak 
and stipe of ray-akenes somewhat conspicuous: disk-flowers 10 to 15.— Bull. Torr. Club, 
ix. 15. A. macradenia, Durand, Pacif. R. Rep. v. 10, not DC. HH. ramosissima, in part, 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 365.— Southern part of California, from Santa Barbara to 
Kern Co., &c., first coll. by Heermann. 

H. virgata, Gray. Less pubescent and viscid or nearly glabrous, the stem or long branches 
virgate and bearing numerous racemosely or somewhat paniculately disposed heads on short 
densely foliolose branchlets ; their leaves Heath-like, line long, all glandular-truncate : invo- 
lucre campanulate or in age oblong; its mostly 5 bracts becoming coriaceous, with stout 
involute tip bearing a large truncate gland, the back nearly glabrous and sparsely. beset with 
some stout pedicellate glands or gland-tipped processes: stipe of ray-akene hardly any, and 
its beak short: disk-flowers 7 to 10.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif. i. 363.— Cali- 
fornia, from Lake Co. to Los Angeles, &c.; first coll. by Fremont. 


§-38. Catycapinia, Gray, ].c. Ray-flowers few (1 to 7), with very broad 
palmately 3-lobed or parted ligule; their akenes mostly dull, obovoid-triangular 
and little oblique; the terminal areola scarcely if at all eccentric: disk-flowers 
surrounded by a circle of herbaceous bracts (forming a kind of inner involucre), 
which are connate into a cup or rarely separable; their akenes well formed and 
the outer not rarely fertile (then hairy), turbinate-quadrangular or slightly ob- 
compressed, straight, bearing a conspicuous paleaceous pappus: annuals, with 
entire narrowly linear leaves, often becoming filiform by revolution of the mar- 
gins; those of the axillary fascicles and clusters near the heads usually tipped 
with tack-shaped or when dry saucer-shaped conspicuous glands, which are either 
sessile. or short-stipitate, sometimes similar glands along their backs or edges: 
heads as it were involucrate by some bract-like leaves. —Calycadenia, DC. 
Prodr. v. 695. 

* Wholly destitute of tack-shaped glands, paniculately and diffusely much branched and heads 


scattered: rays 3-parted down to the slender tube, and disk-corollas cleft into oblong-linear 
lobes; both white: ray-akenes almost beaked. —Osmadenia, Nutt. 


H. tenélla, Gray. Slender, 6 to 18 inches high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent or hispid, and 
filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular: leaves almost filiform: involucre cylindra- 
ceous-campanulate: ray-flowers 3 to 5; their akenes rugose, short-stipitate and abruptly 
rostellate-apiculate: disk-flowers 5; their pappus of 4 or 5 lanceolate palex tapering into 


Hemizonia. COMPOSITZ. 311 


stout rough awns, and as many intermediate short and lacerate-truncate ones. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. ix. 191, Bot. Calif. lc. Osmadenia tenella, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 392. 
Calycadenia tenella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402. — Found only near San Diego, California; first 
by Coulter and Nuttall. 


%* ¥* Tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands borne at least by the leaves next the heads and those fas- 
cicled in the axils: stem strict or with ascending branches: disk-corollas long and narrow, 
5-toothed: ray-akenes truncate at summit, and with a depressed or sometimes slightly pro- 
tuberant terminal areola; no basal stipe: anthesis commonly (or perhaps always) vespertine 
or matutinal. 


+ Heads very few-flowered and narrow, spicately and sparsely scattered along flexuous simple 
branches: flowers white or rose-tinged. 


H. paucifiéra, Grar,1.c. A foot or less high, with spreading filiform branches, sparsely 
hirsute, glabrate: heads solitary and sessile in the axils of small remote leaves; these and 
the floral ones sparsely hispid near the base: ray-flowers solitary or 2, the ligule 3-parted: 
disk-flowers 3 in a 3-lobed cup; their pappus of 5 subulate-awned and 5 small truncate 
pales: ray-akenes glabrous: tack-shaped glands small and sparse, short-stalked. —Calyca- 
denia pauciflora, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100.— California, from unrecorded station, Fremont. 
Also Lakeport, Lake Co., Pringle. 


+ + Heads many-flowered, loosely paniculate or racemosely scattered along the slender spread- 
ing branches: flowers yellow: plant remarkably glabrous. 


H. truncata, Gray, l.c. A foot or two high: leaves rather lucid and thickish, some of 
them hispidulous-scabrous, or the lower with a few bristles, and those next the heads occa- 
sionally setose-ciliate, otherwise very smooth: glands mostly only terminal, large and sub- 
sessile: heads oval-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines long: ray-flowers 5 to 8, with ovate-oblong 
boat-shaped involucral bracts and glabrous triangular-obpyramidal akenes: bracts of the 
receptacle 7 to 9, lightly connate to the top into a truncate cup, at length separable: disk- 
flowers 10 to 20; their pappus of 7 to 10 oblong and somewhat erose fimbriate pointless 
palez, much shorter than the akene, sometimes obsolete. — Calycadenia truncata, DC. 
Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1]. c.— California, from near San Francisco Bay northward into 
Oregon ; first coll. by Douglas. 


+ + + Heads 8-15-flowered, in axillary and terminal short-pedunculate clusters on the strict 
stem or branches: pubescence all soft and short, grayish. 


H. mollis, Gray, lc. <A foot or two high, the stem only puberulent: leaves cinereous- 
pubescent; those of the fascicles and around the heads and the bracts tipped with a short- 
stalked dark gland, also some on the back: ray-flowers 3 to 5, with sometimes white some- 
times yellow 3-parted ligules on a short slender tube: chaff of receptacle forming a 6-8- 
toothed cup: ray-akenes obpyramidal, glabrous: disk-flowers 5 to 10, with pappus of 5 or 6 
subulate-awned palex nearly twice the length of the akenes, and one or two small pointless 
ones. — H. angustifolia, Durand, in Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c., not DC. Calycadenia mollis, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360.— Sierra Nevada, California, in the foothills up to 4,000 feet in 
Merced Co. and Tuolumne Co.; first found with bright white rays, later with yellow also, 
by Lemmon, &e. 


+ + + + Heads several-many-flowered, mostly glomerate or spicately paniculate on the 
strict stem or branches, in depauperate slender plants solitary in the axils: leaves rather rigid: 
pubescence setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the margins of the upper leaves: lobes of the 
disk-corollas sometimes strongly and sometimes sparsely and obscurely hispidulous-glandular or 
barbellate on the outside. 


H. Douglasii, Grav, lc. partly. Whitish-hirsute and hispid: tack-shaped glands not rare 
on the margins as well as the tips of many of the leaves, mostly none on the bracts of the 
involucre and receptacle: flowers yellow or white and purplish-tinged: akenes silky-villous, 
at least when young, but often glabrate: pappus a little shorter than the disk-corolla, of 10 
or sometimes 12 narrow linear-lanceolate pale which are gradually attenuate into an awn- 
like point, as long as or longer than the akenes, or 2 or 3 of them not rarely shorter or point- 
less. —Calycadenia villosa, DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., founded on slender and too young 
specimens of coll. Douglas. H. hispida, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63; a robust form, 
1 to 8 feet high, with yellow flowers; coll. near Atwater Station, Merced Co., by Greene and 
Parry. H.'spicata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16, a dwarf form, with white flowers; coll. 


312 COMPOSITAE. Hemizonia. 


by the same at Milton. — Desiccated plains, from Lake Co. to Merced Co., California; first 
coll. by Dovglas, in immature and depauperate specimens. As polymorphous as the next 
species. 

H. multiglandulésa, Gray,1 ¢. Hirsute or hispid, also puberulent: tack-shaped glands 
usually abundant on the back of the bracts of the involucre and of the receptacle: flowers 
white, sometimes purplish-tinged: ray-akenes glabrous or glabrate, short and broadly ob- 
pyramidal-obovate, glabrous or soon glabrate: pappus much shorter than the disk-corolla 
and shorter than the akenes, of 10 or rarely 12 unequal palez, 5 of them oblong- to lanceolate- 
subulate and attenuate at summit into an awn-like point, the others obtuse or erose-trun- 
cate. —Calycadenia multiglandulosa & C. cephalotes. DC. Prodr. v. 695.— Common in Cali- 
fornia, especially in the Great Valley and north of the Bay of San Francisco. Runs into 
many and various forms. The type of the species has the heads or clusters sessile and not 
much crowded in the axils of the leaves along the virgate stem or its basal branches: odor 
said to be disagreeable. 

Var. cephaldtes. Stouter, with heads densely glomerate at the summit of the stem 
and in approximate axils, sometimes appearing later in remoter axils: herbage heavy-scented. 
— HT. cephalotes, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix.110. Calycadenia cephalotes, DC. le. A 
common form: odor said to be balsamic. 

Var. sparsa. Slender, lax, a span to a foot high: lower and sometimes all the leaves 
opposite: heads usually solitary in a few axils; the terminal glands on the bracts few. — 
HI. Fremonti, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191. (Calycadenia Fremonti, Gray, Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 100.) #. oppositifolia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c.— Valley of the Sacramento, 
Fremont, Mrs. Bidwell, Parry, &e. 


§ 4. Buepuarizénia, Gray. Ray-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules: disk- 
flowers 10 to 20; outer ones subtended by one or two series of linear receptacu- 
lar bracts: akenes of disk disposed to be fertile and nearly like those of the ray, 
except in their pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose awns: ray- 
akenes elongated-turbinate, hardly oblique, sericeous-hirsute, about 10-nerved, with 
broad and depressed terminal areola, this obscurely coroniform-bordered. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. ix. 192, & Bot. Calif. i. 366. 


H. plumosa, Gray, 1. c. Strongly ill-scented annual, 2 to 5 feet high, paniculately 
branched, hirsute-pubescent, above most copiously beset with very viscid tack-shaped 
glands: cauline leaves linear, entire; those of the branchlets very small, oblong or oval, 
bract-like: heads racemosely paniculate, broad (4 or 5 lines long): involucral bracts short, 
very glandular: pappus in the original specimens nearly half the length of the disk- 
akenes. —Calycadenia plumosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49.— Banks and dried beds 
of streams, near Stockton, California; the original discoverer unknown ; recently collected 
by Lemmon, &e. 

Var. subplumésa. Pappus only one quarter the length of thé disk-akenes, or even 
hardly longer than the diameter of their summit: heads more sparse, terminating loosely 
paniculate branches.— Near Stockton, apparently same habitat as that of the original 
species, Parry, Mrs. Curran, 


125. ACHYRACH ASN A, Schauer. ("Axvpov, chaff, and achenium, the 
botanical name of the fruit of Composite, &e.: relates to the very chaffy pappus.) 
— Del. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. 1887; DC. Prodr. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
392; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 896. Lepidostephanus, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. 
Geett. 1887. — Single species, a Californian annual. 


A. mollis, Scuaver,1.c. <A span to a foot high, erect, villous-pubescent, slightly glandular 
viscid: leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, long and narrowly linear, entire or the lower 
laciniate: heads solitary and long-peduncled, terminating the stem and fastigiate branches, 
an inch or less long: corollas whitish or yellowish and turning brownish: pappus and disk- 
akenes each quarter-inch long: in fruit and when mature and dry the akenes with their 
spreading pappus diverging, forming a globular silvery-chaffy head, resembling that of Thrift. 


Lagophylla. COMPOSITA. 313 


—Lepidostephanus madioides, Bartl. 1. c.—Open grounds; fl. in spring, throughout the 
western part of California; first coll. by Douglas. 


126. LAGOPHYLLA, Nutt. (Aayés, a hare, pvrXorv, foliage.) — Slen- 
der (Pacific N. American) herbs, paniculately much branched, usually more or 
less cinereous with sericeous pubescence (this so long and copious on the crowded 
upper leaves of the original species as to have suggested the generic name, from 
some likeness to a hare’s foot): leaves narrow, entire or nearly so, the lower 
opposite, upper alternate, sometimes bearing small tack-shaped glands: heads 
small, with “pale yellow” or white and rose-tinged rays, apparently vespertine. 
Bracts and chaff promptly deciduous with the mature akenes, leaving the naked 
receptacle terminating and little thicker than the peduncle. — Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. ]. c. 890; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 402. 


§ 1. Horozés1a. Perennial and spreading by creeping scaly rootstocks: 
pubescence all short: heads naked, scattered, mostly slender-peduncled: corollas 
white or purplish-tinged: chaff of receptacle connate into a 9-12-toothed cup: 
ray-akenes bearing a shallow entire or denticulate cupule in place of pappus (as 
sometimes in Layia): ovary of sterile disk-flowers occasionally bearing 2 to 5 
nearly capillary naked bristles, which are very caducous, sometimes almost equal- 
ling the corolla. — Holozonia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 122, 146. 


L. filipes, Gray. Rootstocks elongated, rigid, partly sheathed by the approximate pairs 
of connate scales: stems diffusely branched: filiform branchlets and peduncles glabrous 
or sparsely glandular: cauline leaves linear, minutely soft-villous; those of the branchlets 
minute, oblong, commonly beset with short-stipitate dark glands: involucre loosely villous; 
its bracts little longer than the clavate-obovate obscurely 5-nerved akene, which bears a con- 
spicuous white saucer-shaped cupule. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109, Bot. Mex. Bound. 101, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 367. Hemizonia filipes, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 359. 
Aholozonia filipes, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, |. c., where the peculiar characters were pointed 
out, and not unnaturally taken to be generic. — Rocky hills near streams, Napa Co. to Men- 
docino Co.; first coll. by Douglas. 


§ 2. LaGopHyLLa proper. Annuals: heads subtended by bracteal leaves 
which may sometimes imitate an outer involucre, disposed to be sessile and glom- 
erate, or at length short-peduncled: no cupule or pappus to the akenes: chaff or 
bracts of the receptacle mostly quite distinct: stems below smooth and glabrous, 
or early glabrate. 


* Green or barely cinereous, not canescent: heads loose or scattered: ligules much exserted, pale 
yellow ? 

L. dichétoma, Bexrn. Stem a foot or two high, dichotomously paniculate; the branch- 
lets puberulent : leaves sparse; cauline spatulate, occasionally dentate, strigulose-pubescent ; 
of the branchlets short, hirsute-ciliate, as also the broadish bracts of the involucre, and with 
small and sparse or no glands: akenes obovate, much obcompressed, no nerve or keel to the 
ventral.face. — P]. Hartw. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 366.— Plains of Feather River, on the 

. Sacramento, and-Lake Co., California, Hartweg, Fitch, Bigelow, Mrs. Curran. 


L. glandulédsa, Gray. Stem virgately paniculate, slender, « foot or two high: leaves 
cinereous-puberulent, linear or the radical spatulate-lanceolate, entire, sometimes even the 
lower as well as the small and scattered upper ones (also the branchlets) beset with small 
tack-shaped glands, sometimes these all but or quite absent: bracts of the involucre and the 
outer subtending bracts resembling the ordinary leaves, and inconspicuously if at all ciliate: 
akenes nearly of the following. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 219.— Not rare from Butte Co. to 
Mariposa, Mrs. Bidwell, G. R. Vasey, Lemmon, Mrs. Curran, Congdon. Badly named, the 
glands inconstant in this, and occasionally seen in all the species. 


314 COMPOSIT&. Lagophylla, 


* * Typical species: leaves canescent with soft silky pubescence: the short ones subtending the 
crowded heads conspicuously and densely ciliate with very soft villous hairs, and back occasion- 
ally beset with sessile or short-stipitate glands: involucral bracts comose-ciliate at the sides 
(along the line of infolding): ligules short, pale yellow according to Nuttall, but certainly some- 
times if not always purplish or rose-color: akenes clavately obovate-oblong, carinate down the 
ventral face: stems at length becoming naked below by the early fall of the older leaves. — 
Lagophylla, Nutt. 

L. ramosissima, Nutr. Slender, paniculately much branched, 6 to 30 inches high: leaves 
entire; radical and lowest cauline obovate-spatulate; upper lanceolate or linear, obtuse; 
uppermost linear-oblong: heads 3 lines long, glomerate in small and at length rather scat- 
tered irregular clusters: ‘akenes only a line and a half long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 
390; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 402; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 367, mainly. LZ. minima, Kellogg, Proc. 
Calif. Acad. v. 53.— Dry ground, common through California, and to Washington Terr., 
Nevada, and W. Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall. 

L. congésta, Greene. Robust, a foot toa yard high, with short branches and larger heads 
in thick glomerules: akenes 2 lines long.— Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Hemizonia congesta, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109 (immature), not DC.— From Marin Co. to the Sierra Nevada 
and to Mendocino Co., California, Bigelow, Torrey, Lemmon, Greene, Mrs. Curran. Chaff of 
receptacle not found to be “united into a cup”: perhaps only a gigantesque form of the 
preceding species. : 


127. LAYIA, Hook. & Arn. (Thomas Lay, naturalist in Beechey’s Voy- 
age.) — Annuals, of California and adjacent parts; with chiefly alternate leaves, 
and branches terminated by usually showy heads of flowers, in spring and early 
summer: disk-corollas sparsely hispidulous or hirsute on the lobes, yellow: rays 
yellow or white. — Bot. Beech. 148 & 357 (not 182); Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 393; 
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif. i. 368. Madaroglossa & Oxyura, DC. Prodr. 
v. 693, 694. Hriopappus, Arn. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 443. Callichroa, 
Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 31. Cadliglossa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 856. Calliachyris, Torr. & Gray, in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. 110.— 
Certain species are so much alike in their whole aspect and structure that the 
technical characters which alone distinguish them may be expected to give way. 


§ 1. Maparoctréssa, Gray, Pl. Fendl.1.c¢. Pappus of about 10 to 20 stout 
bristles, which are long-plumose or villous below the middle: akenes all narrow 
and somewhat clavate, mostly with an obvious almost cupulate epigynous disk, 
at least in the ray: receptacle naked and pubescent among the disk-flowers: 
herbage hispid or hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with scattered stipitate 
blackish glands. — Madaroglossa, DC. 1.c. ayia, Hook. & Arn. 


* Rays bright white (sometimes tinged with rose), large and conspicuous, commonly half to three- 
fourths inch long, 8-lobed: lower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, 
upper narrower and entire: pubescence more or less hispid or hirsute and with scattered short- 
stipitate dark glands, especially toward the heads: lobes of the disk-corollas with some sparse 
hispid hairs: pappus bright white. 

L. glanduldsa, Hoox. & Arn. A span toa foot or more high, diffusely branched: dark 
glands sometimes abundant, sometimes scarce: rays 8 to 13: villous hairs of the pappus- 
bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and interlaced into a 
woolly mass. — Bot. Beech. 358; Torr. & Gray, lc. L. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, Pl. Wright. 
ii. 98, a form with vestiges of pappus to ray-akenes. Blepharipappus glandulosus, Hook. Fl. 
i. 316. Eriopappus glandulosus, Arn.1.¢. Madaroglossa angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 694, ex 
Hook. & Arn. — Barren ground, British Columbia to 8. California and the Mexican border, 
and east to Idaho and New Mexico. Variable, sometimes with stems almost glabrous, some- 
times with hairs of the pappus less copious. 

Var. rdsea, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 368, a rare state with rose-purple rays. — Ojai, Cali- 
fornia, Peckham, Palm2r. 


Layia. COMPOSITA. 315 


L. heterdtricha, Hoor. & Arn. 1. c. Generally larger and more erect: dark glands 
copious: rays 10 to 18: long-villous hairs of the pappus-bristles less abundant, all erect, the 
inner woolly ones wanting. —Gray,].c. Madaroglossa heterotricha, DC. 1. c.; Hook. Ic. Pl. 
t, 326. — California, from the Lower Sacramento Valley southward. 

* * Rays apparently white, but small and inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk: pappus 
dull white. 

L. carnésa, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, barely a span high, diffusely branched from the base, 
somewhat pubescent: dark glands few or wanting: leaves succulent, spatulate to linear- 
oblong, an inch or less long, some sinuate-pinnatifid: pappus-bristles sparsely plumose with 
straight villous hairs: akenes of the ray also pubescent !— Fl. ii. 394; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 
Madaroglossa carnosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 393. — Sands of the California sea- 
beach, from San Diego to Marin Co., Nuttall, Parry, Bigelow. 

* * * Rays as well as disk-flowers yellow, or the former rarely white-edged. 


+— Pubescence hirsute rather than hispid: inner hairs on the pappus woolly and interlaced in the 
manner of L. glandulosa, but mostly less densely so. 

L. élegans, Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Diffuse: stipitate glands small and sparse: leaves linear; 
the lower pinnately toothed or parted into linear lobes: rays 10 to 12, half-inch long: pap- 
pus white or whitish, its copious villous hairs much shorter than the aristiform bristles. — 
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif. i.369. J/adaroglossa elegans, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii, 393.—Common from Sayta Barbara Co. southward to San Bernardino, California, 
Nuttall, Cleveland, Parish, &c.; also in the northern part of the State at Ukiah, Kellogg. 

+ + Pubescente hispid; the stem often dark-spotted at the base of the papilla of the stronger 
bristles: hairs on the pappus less copious, all straight and erect: stems and branches mostly 
upright. 

L. hieracioides, Hoox. & Arn. 1.c. Leaves from linear to oblong, mostly laciniate-den- 
tate: rays 10 to 15, small and short, little surpassing the disk: pappus dull white or rusty. 
—Gray,].c. Madaroglossa hieracioides, DC. 1. c.— California, from San Mendocino Co. to 
Santa Barbara, &c.; first coll. by Douglas. 

L. gaillardioides, Hoox. & Arn. Leaves more commonly laciniate-pinnatifid: heads 
usually larger: rays 10 to 20, orange-yellow, half to three-fourths inch long: pappus dull 
white or rusty. — Bot. Beech. 357 (Zridax? gaillardioides or Layia, Bot. Beech. 148); Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 393; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 369. Common in W. California, from Mendocino 
Co. to Tejon; first coll. by Lay. 


§ 2. Carricréa, Gray, lc. Pappus of 5 to 25 naked aristiform bristles, or 
rarely wanting: otherwise as in the preceding. — Callichroa, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c. 


L. pentacheéta, Gray. Somewhat hirsute and viscid-pubescent, hardly hispid, erect, a 
foot or two high, paniculately branched; stipitate glands minute and sparse = cauline leaves 
mostly pinnatifid and the lower laciniately bipinnatifid; the lobes narrowly linear: rays 
ample, half-inch or more long, golden- or orange-yellow: disk-akenes minutely pubescent or 
glabrate: pappus of 5 or rarely fewer rigid and smooth bristles, sometimes even wholly 
wanting in certain specimens apparently of very same parentage. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 108, 
t.16; Bot. Calif. i. 369.— California, along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, from Placer 
to Fresno Co., Bigelow, Bolander, Parry. 

L. platygléssa, Gray. Usually more hirsute and lower: stipitate glands small and sparse - 
cauline leaves linear, simply pinnatifid into short linear lobes, most of the upper entire 
rays half-inch long, light yellow, commonly with white tips to the lobes: disk-akenes silky- 
hirsute: pappus of 15 to 20 upwardly scabrous stout awn-like bristles, only a little shorter 
than the corolla. — Pl. Fendl. 1. c.; Bot. Calif. l.c. Callichroa platyglossa, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c., & Sert. Petrop. t.5; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 373; Hook. 
& Arn. 1.¢.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t.3719; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.395. Madaroglossa (Callichroa) 
hirsuta & angustifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c.— Common in low grounds through- 
out W. California. 

Var. breviséta, Gray, Bot. Calif.i. 370. Pappus only half the length of corolla and 
of the young akene: cauline leaves mostly pinnatifid, —S. California, in the vicinity of Los 
Angeles, Bigelow. 


316 COMPOSITE. Layia. 


§ 3. CariicLéssa, Gray, ].c. Pappus wanting or of few or several flattened 
awns or palez (instead of bristles), either naked or with long hairs only at base. 
— Calliglossa, Hook. & Arn., with Oxyura, DC. & Lindl. 


* Rays pure white: only marginal receptacular bracts present: pappus aristiform: habit of L. 
glandulosa: a few smal] stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre. 


L. Douglasii, Hoox. & Ary. Low, sparingly hirsute or hispid: radical leaves pinnatifid- 
dentate ; upper linear and entire: rays rather short, broad, 3-cleft: lobes of disk-corolla hir- 
sute outside: akenes narrow, those of the disk villous-pubescent: pappus of about 10 minutely 
scabrous linear-subulate flat palex, nearly equalling disk-corolla; their margins toward the 
base scantily beset with long and straight villous hairs. — Bot. Beech. 358; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. ix. 194.— Gravelly banks, between the Dalles and Great Falls of the Columbia 
River, Douglas (the pappus in the specimen fulvous by discoloration) ; Austin, Nevada, 1882, 
M. E. Jones (pappus bright white). Probably only a form of ZL. glandulosa with more 
paleaceous and almost naked pappus. 


* * Rays yellow at base, white or pale at summit: bracts of the involucre lanate-ciliate at the 
basal margins where infolded around the akene: both ray- and disk-akenes mostly oblong- 
obovate. 


+— Pappus of 7 to 12 broadish naked pale: disk-akenes more or less villous-hirsute. — Calli- 
achyris, Torr. & Gray. 

L. Jonésii, Gray. Somewhat hispidulous and viscid, a few small and sessile dark glands 
on and near the involucre: leaves hispidulous-ciliate, narrowly linear, simply pinnatifid, and 
upper ones 3-lobed or entire: heads rather small: rays only quarter-inch long: receptacular 
bracts only marginal: pale of the pappus ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, often erose- 
denticulate, not longer than the tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 18.— San Luis 
Obispo, California, M. E£. Jones. 


L. Fremonti, Gray. A foot high, minutely pubescent, not glandular: leaves not ciliate, 
nearly all pinnately parted into oblong-linear or spatulate short lobes: rays ample, half to 
three-fourths inch long: receptacular bracts to many of the flowers: pale of the pappus 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly equalling the corolla, 
the margins entire, accompanied by a few free long-villous hairs, which much exceed those 
of the surface of the akene. — Pl. Fendl. 103, Bot. Calif. i. 370. Calliachyris Fremonti, Torr. 
& Gray, Jour. Bot. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 140. — California, upper valley of the Sacramento to 
Tuolumne Co.; first coll. by Fremont. 


+ + Pappus subulate-aristiform ana unequal and naked, or none: chaffy bracts to most of the 
disk-flowers: herbs loosely erect or diffuse (about a foot high), not glanduliferous, with herbage 
glabrous or minutely pubescent, but the margin of the leaves and yet more the base of the 
bracts strongly hispidulous-ciliate: lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed; upper entire: heads 
showy, with ample usually particolored rays. 


. Calligléssa, Gray, J. c. Akenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate: pappus of usually 
several (10 to 18) very unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or 
slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather shorter than the corolla, the 
smaller hardly half as long. — Oxyura chrysanthemoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1850; Fisch. & 
Meyer, Hort. Petrop. t.6. Calliglossa Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. Callichroa 
(Calliglossa) Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 396. — California, common around San Fran- 
cisco Bay ; probably first coll. by Douglas. 

Var. oligocheéta, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1c. Pappus reduced to the two marginal 
awns (and these sometimes slender) and to some intermediate rudiments or small awns: 
leaves less lobed. — Petaluma, Santa Rosa, and elsewhere, north of Bay of San Francisco, 
Newberry, Bolander, &e. 

L. chrysanthemoideés, Gray, 1l.c. Akenes wholly glabrous, broader, with no epigynous 
disk (the base of corolla covering the top of the ovary): no pappus: receptacle becoming 
convex: otherwise quite like the preceding species. — Oxyura chrysanthemoides, DC. (in 
Lindl. Syst. Nat. &) Prodr. v. 693, not of Bot. Reg. Tollatia chrysanthemoides, Endl. Gen. 
Suppl., & Walp. Repert. ii. 631. Hartmannia ciliata, DC. Prodr. v. 694.— California, not 
rare near San Francisco; first coll. by Douglas. 


Riddellia. COMPOSITE. 317 


Tris—E VI. HELENIOIDEA, p. 70. 


128. CLAPPIA, Gray. (Dr. A. Clapp, author of a Synopsis of the 
Medicinal Plants of the U. S.) — Bot. Mex. Bound. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii, 413, & Ic. Pl. xi., partly. (The excluded C. aurantiaca, Benth. Ic. Pl. t. 1104, 
is a Dysodia, apparently wanting the oil-glands.) — Single species. 

C. sueedzefolia, Gray, 1c. Suffruticose, a foot high, widely branching, not punctate nor 
glandular: leaves alternate, fleshy, terete, linear, entire, or the lower pinnately 3-5-parted, 
sessile: head (half-inch in diameter) pedunculate, terminating herbaceous branchlets: flow- 


ers doubtless yellow. — Benth. Ic. Pl. t. 1105.—S. Texas; on the Rio Grande at Laredo, 
Berlandier. Alkaline flats of the Pecos, Havard. 


129. JAUMEA, Pers. (Z A. Jaume St. Hilaire, a French botanist.) — 
Herbs or suffruticose plants (mainly S. American); with opposite entire leaves, 
and terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers.— Syn. Pl. ii. 897; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 397 (including Cotnogyne, Less., Espejoa, DC., Chethymenia, 
Hook. & Arn., &c.); Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 871. Kleinia, Juss., not L. 

J. carndsa, Gray. Procumbent or ascending perennial herb, fleshy, glabrous, leafy to the 
short-pedunculate head: leaves spatulate-linear, almost terete, about inch long: head half- 
inch long, fleshy : rays 6 to 10, linear, not surpassing the disk: receptacle conical: akenes 
glabrous, destitute of pappus. — Wilkes Exped. xvii. 360, & Bot. Calif. i. 372. Coinogyne 
carnosa, Less. in Linn. vi. 520; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 410.— Salt marshes and sea-beaches, 
Brit. Columbia to California; probably first coll. by Chamisso. 


180. VENEGASIA, DC. (Michael Venegas, a Jesuit missionary, early 
writer upon California.) — Prodr. v. 43; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 397. — Single 
species, yellow-flowered. 

V. carpesioides, DC. l.c. Large perennial herb, with glabrous leafy branches: leaves 
alternate, slender-petioled, membranaceous, ovate and subcordate, mostly denticulate, veiny, 
somewhat puberulent or atomiferous: heads terminal and from upper axils, short-peduncled, 
inch broad, and the about 15 rays an inch long.— Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 372. Partheniopsis 
maritima, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 100.— Rocky banks of streams, coast of California, 
from Santa Barbara southward ; first coll. by Douglas and Coulter: fl. summer. 


181. RIDDELLIA, Nutt. (Prof. John L. Riddell, author of a Synopsis 
of the Flora of Western States.) — Low and corymbosely branched woolly herbs 
(Texano-Arizonian); with alternate and spatulate or linear leaves, the cauline 
entire, and small heads of yellow flowers; the ligules large in proportion, becom- 
ing pale or whitish in age and thin-papery; fl. summer. In habit not unlike 
Zinnia § Diplothrix of the same regions. Bracts of the involucre distinct, but 
connivent-erect, and connected by the intricate wool so as to seem connate. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 371; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 94, & Bot. Calif. i. 372. 
Psilostrophe, DC. Prodr. vii. 261. 


* Rays at maturity half-inch long: akenes and pappus glabrous, or the former with few and short 
scattered hairs: perennial. 

R. tagetina, Nutt. 1.c. Loosely or somewhat villosely lanate, sometimes glabrate in age, 
rather widely branched : radical and even lower cauline leaves often laciniate-pinnatifid : heads 
numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and short-peduncled: pale of the pappus oblong- 
lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse, half or three-fourths the length of the disk-corolla. — Torr. 
in Emory Rep. t.5; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 94. —W. Texas to E. Colorado and Arizona; first 
coll. by James. 


318 COMPOSITA. Riddellia, 


Var. sparsifléra. Heads more scattered and slender-peduncled: palez of the pappus 
linear-lanceolate, mostly acute. — S. Utah, Bishop, Mrs. Thompson. 

R. Codperi, Gray. Canescent with close and matted tomentum, no villous hairs, or the 
wholly entire narrow leaves glabrate: stems much branched from a ligneous base: heads 
scattered, slender-peduncled: palex of the pappus from broadly oblong to lanceolate, erose- 
laciniate at summit or nearly entire, less than half the length of the disk-corolla. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif. ii. 373.— Gravelly plains and banks, 8S. E. California to 
S. Utah and Arizona; first coll. by Dr. Cooper. 


* %* Rays at maturity only a quarter of an inch in length: akenes and pappus long-villous: bien- 
nial or annual ? 


R. arachnoidea, Gray. Loosely lanate: stem and branches rather strict: foliage of R. 
tagetina: heads clustered, short-peduncled: arachnoid hairs even longer than the somewhat 
turbinate akenes: palee of the pappus subulate-lanceolate, their margins and apex more 
or less deliquescent into long and arachnoid hairs. — Pl. Fendl. 94. Pesilostrophe gnapha- 
lioides, DC. 1. c.— Western Texas along the Rio Grande, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., Ber- 
landier, Gregg, &c.) 


132. BAILEYA, Harvey & Gray. (Jacob Whitman Bailey, the pioneer 
in microscopical research in U. 8.) — Soft and densely floccose-woolly annuals or 
biennials, of the Texano-Arizonian district; with alternate leaves, the lower 
once or twice pinnatifid, and terminal long-pedunculate solitary heads of yellow 
flowers, the large and persistent rays deflexed in age: fl. summer. — Pl. Fendl. 
105; Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195. 


B. pauciradiata, Harv. & Gray, 1c. Villosely and floccosely lanate, a foot or so high, 
loosely paniculately branched, leafy : leaves sparingly, laciniate-pinnatifid or the upper entire, 
linear: heads small, short-peduncled: involucre quarter-inch high and broad: ligules 5 or 6, 
roundish-oval, 3 or 4 lines long: disk-flowers 10 to 25: akenes subclavate, with slightly nar- 
rowed summit, strongly many-nerved, muriculate-scabrous, obscurely resinous-atomiferous. 
— Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 373. — Sandy deserts, 8. E. California and adjacent Arizona, Coulter, 
Schott, Cooper, Parish. Still rare. 

B. multiradiata, Harv. & Gray, 1.c. Densely floccosely white-tomentose, at length much 
branched from the base and leafy: radical and lower leaves spatulate or broader, mostly 
laciniate-pinnatifid or sparingly bipinnatifid ; uppermost small, spatulate-linear, entire; heads 
on slender and often long peduncles: involucre mostly half-inch broad: ligules 25 to 50, 
cuneate-oblong or at length broader and nearly quadrate, 5 or 6 lines long: disk-flowers 
very numerous: akenes oblong-prismatic and obscurely striate, broadest at the truncate 
apex, minutely scabrous and resinous-atomiferous. — Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 6; Rothrock in 
Wheeler, Rep. vi.175. B. pleniradiata & B. multiradiata, Pl. Fendl. 1. c., Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.; 
the former the commoner form, branching and leafy, with more numerous and smaller heads. 
— Plains, from W. Texas to 8. Utah, Arizona, and the borders of S. E. California; first coll. 
by Coulter. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. nudicatlis. More simple-stemmed, or branched only from a stout (biennial ?) 
base: leaves more divided: peduncles elongated, sometimes scapiform: head larger. — 
B. multiradiata, Harv. & Gray, 1. c., mainly. — Same range, or more southern. (Adj. Mex.) 


133. WHITNEYA, Gray. (Josiah D. Whitney, Director of California 
Geological Survey.) — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 549, ix. 195, & Bot. Calif. i. 874. — 
Single species, yellow-flowered ; perhaps most related to Arnica. 


W. dealbata, Gray, lc. Low perennial herb, from filiform rootstocks, with aspect of 
Arnica, canescent with minute and close tomentum: stems simple or sparingly branched, 
bearing 2 to 4 pairs of opposite entire leaves, and solitary few slender monocephalous pedun- 
cles: radical leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 2 or 3 inches long; upper 
small, lanceolate: head half-inch high: rays inch or more long. — Sierra Nevada, California, 
in Mariposa Co., at 5,000 feet or higher ; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander. 


Laphamia. COMPOSITA. 319 


134, LAPHAMIA, Gray. (Dr. Increase Allen Lapham, of Wisconsin, 
died in 1875.) — Low suffruticulose perennials, Texano-Arizonian, growing in 
crevices of rocks, mostly with petioled and dentate or laciniate small leaves, the 
upper alternate, rarely all opposite ; small heads of yellow (rarely white?) flow- 
ers, either cymosely disposed or singly terminating the branches: f. spring and 
summer. — P]. Wright. i. 99, t. 9; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 398, excl. spec. 


L. PENINSULARIS, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8, is an extra-limital species (with rather 
large and radiate heads and no pappus) from Lower California. 


§ 1. Pappérurix, Gray, l.c. Pappus of about’ 20 unequal rigid hispidulous 
bristles, hardly as long as the somewhat quadrangular-compressed akene, shorter 
than the corolla: rays none: disk-flowers 12 to 15; the corolla with short proper 
tube and cylindraceous throat: bracts of the involucre 5 to 8, linear-oblong, nearly 
plane: stems slender, a span or more high and much branched from the stout 
woody base: leaves mostly opposite, as broad as long, abruptly slender-petioled : 
short-peduncled heads rather scattered. 


L. rupéstris, Gray, ]. c. Pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy to summit: leaves (half-inch 
long) sometimes crenately sometimes strongly and acutely dentate or almost laciniate: 
pappus much exceeding short proper tube of the corolla. — 8. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. 

L. cinérea, Gray. Tomentose-canescent: leaves more orbicular, almost entire: pappus 
hardly surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, which is more than half the length of the 
short-cylindraceous throat: akenes sometimes 4-nerved. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 82.— Rocks 
along Escondido Creek, S. W. Texas, Bigelow. 


§ 2. Lapua proper, Gray, ].c. Pappus of a solitary very slender bristle 
(very rarely a pair from the same angle), or none: akenes flatter: disk-flowers 
15 to 20; their corollas with longer and glandular tube. — Monothriz, Torr. in 
Stansb. Exped. 389, t. 7. 


* Involucre 15-20-flowered, of nearly as many plane and linear pubescent bracts: leaves nearly 
f orbicular in outline, palmately lobed or dissected, not punctate, the lower opposite. 


L. Lemmo6ni, Gray. Depressed and diffuse, much branched, hardly a span high, villosely 
pubescent, leafy throughout: leaves a quarter or third of an inch in diameter and with 
petiole of equal length, obtusely 3-lobed and the lobes coarsely crenate-dentate: heads (3 or 
4 lines long) short-peduncled : rays none: akenes canescently puberulent: pappus w very 
delicate bristle, or occasionally a pair from the same angle, little surpassing the proper tube 
of the corolla, or often none. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 191.— Southern Arizona, near Camp 
Lowell, Lemmon. 

Var. pedata, Gray, 1l.c. Leaves pedately parted and cut into narrow lobes. — With 
the other form, also on the Chiricahua Mountains, Lemmon. 


* * Involucre 15-25-flowered, rather narrow, glabrous, of thinnish nearly plane bracts, 2 or 3 
lines long: herbage merely puberulent: leaves mostly angulate-toothed or incised, the lower 
opposite: heads commonly corymbosely cymose and pedunculate. 


L. halimifélia, Gray. Stems a span or more high and crowded on a thick woody caudex : 
leaves coriaceous, resinous-punctate or atomiferous, somewhat viscid, broadly ovate or rhom- 
bic, seldom inch long, laciniately dentate, abruptly long-petioled: rays 4 to 6, with broad and 
short ligules little longer than the tube: pappus none. — Pl. Wright. 1.c. 99, t.9.—S. W. 
Texas, Wright, Bigelow. 

L. angustifélia, Gray. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, tapering into margined 
petioles, laciniately 1-5-toothed or lobed: heads less numerous, scattered: rays none: other- 
wise much like the preceding species. —Pl. Wright. ]. c. & ii. 81.—S. W. Texas, on high 
and rocky hills of the Pecos, Wright, Havard, the latter’s specimens connecting with var. 
laciniata, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 82, which proves to be only a form with long and weak 
stems, hanging from rocks on the Rio Grande, Bigelow, Schott. 


320 COMPOSIT.: Laphamia. 


L. Lindheimeri, Gray. Stems a foot or less high from a thick woody base: leaves thin- 

. ner, oblong or ovate, glabrous, few-toothed or some entire, contracted at base into a short 
petiole: heads loosely cymose: rays 3 to 6, very short, sometimes none: pappus a single 
slender bristle equalling the proper tube of the corolla. — Pl. Wright. i. 101. — Rocky banks 
of the Guadalupe, near New Braunfels, Texas, Lindheimer. 


%* * * Involucre 35-50-flowered, of numerous carinate-concave bracts, somewhat puberulent or 
glandular on the back: herbage minutely puberulent: leaves thickish. 


+— Flowers said to be white: leaves mostly opposite, numerous up to the heads, dentate. 


L. Palmeri, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent: leaves broadly ovate or deltoid-rotund, rigid, 
coarsely 5-7-dentate or laciniate-lobed, half-inch long, veiny, abruptly short-petioled: heads 
somewhat crowded on the fastigiate flowering branches, little surpassing the upper leaves: 
involucre campanulate, about 35-flowered ; its bracts linear, somewhat pubescent: rays none: 
pappus a bristle of the length of the akene and a little shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xiii. 372. — Cafions at Beaver-dam, N. W. Arizona, pendulous from rock-crevices, 
Palmer, who notes that the flowers are “ creamy white.” 
+~— + Flowers yellow: leaves small, 2 to 4 lines long, mostly orbicular, more entire, the upper 

alternate, scattered: heads solitary and naked, terminating the loose branchlets, nearly hemi- 
spherical. 

L. megacéphala, Warsoy. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown; those of flowering 
branches all very small, alternate, short-petioled: involucre about 50-flowered ; its bracts 
lanceolate-linear, minutely glandular: rays none: pappus none.—Am. Nat. vii. 301.— 
8. Nevada, Wheeler. 

L. Stansbtrii, Gray. Stems slender and lax from a woody base: lower leaves opposite 
and on petioles of their own length; upper alternate, also slender-petioled: involucre 35-40- 
flowered, its bracts fewer and broader, lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous: rays 6 to 10, con- 
spicuous, oblong: pappus a bristle somewhat shorter than the disk-corolla. — Pl. Wright. 
i. 101; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 164. Monothrix Stansburii, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 389, 
t. 7. — Rocks on Stansbury Island, &c., Salt Lake, Utah; first coll. by Stansbury. 


§ 3. Dirarix. Pappus a pair of stouter naked bristles, one from each angle 
of the akene: head only 6-8-flowered. 

L. bisetésa, Torr. Hispidulous-puberulent, minutely resinous-atomiferous and punctate: 
stems 1 to 3 inches high from the woody base: leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous, spatulate- 
ovate, obscurely few-toothed (quarter-inch long including the petiole): heads solitary and 
sessile: rays none: involucre (3 lines long) with bracts broadly linear, slightly pubescent, 
carinate-concave at base: flowers proportionally large: corolla (whitish or pale yellow?) 
with glandular tube one-third the length of the campanulate cylindraceous throat: akenes 
hispidulous-puberulent, the narrow marginal nerves naked: rigid awns rather shorter than 
the akene, more than half the length of the corolla. —Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 106. — On the 
Rio Grande, Texas, in a cafion below Presidio del Norte, Parry. 


135. PERITYLE, Benth. (Wepi, around; rvAy, a callus; the akenes 
callous-margined.) — Californian and Mexican herbs, the genuine species mostly 
annuals; with petiolate dentate or palmately-lobed leaves, lower opposite, upper 
alternate, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads terminating the branches : 
disk-flowers yellow (or sometimes white?): rays when present yellow or white. — 
Bot. Sulph. 23 & 119, t. 15; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 77, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 396. 


P. incAna, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is 
an outlying anomalous species: all the others are as follows. 


§ 1. Crown of the pappus an entire or undulate firm and shallow border: 
akene hardly ciliate: suffruticulose: transition to Laphamia. 


P. dissécta, Gray. Dwarf, 3 or 4 inches high from the woody base, cinereous-pubescent, 
very leafy : leaves with blade (quarter-inch long) equalled by the petiole, round-cordate in 


Perityle. COMPOSIT A. 321 


outline, pedately cleft or parted and dissected into short linear lobes: heads subsessile, 3 or 
4 lines high: involucre campanulate, of numerous narrow linear bracts: rays none: disk- 
flowers about 20 (perhaps white): akenes linear-oblong, minutely cinercous-hirsute, and the 
cartilaginous margins somewhat more hirsute; a short scabrous awn from one angle, of 
nearly half its length, or this wanting: style-branches slender-subulate, not short and ob- 
tuse, as said in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195.— Laphamia dissecta, Torr. in PI. Wright. ii. 81. 
— Rocks at Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico. 


§ 2. Genuine species: pappus a crown of hyaline lacerate squamelle, either 
somewhat united at base or distinct, rarely obsolete. 
* Suffruticulose perennial, with commonly dissected leaves: rays and perhaps disk-flowers also 
white. 

P. coronopifolia, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, many-stemmed from the woody base, a 
foot or less high, slender, leafy: leaves small, somewhat pedately or pinnately once or twice 
divided or parted into linear or narrow spatulate lobes, or some coarser and merely trifid : 
heads disposed to be paniculate, 3 lines high: rays as long, broadly oblong, coarsely 3-toothed 
at apex : style-tips slender-subulate : akenes narrowly oblong, glabrate on the faces, densely 
hirsute-ciliate: awns 2, little shorter than the corolla.— Pl. Wright. ii. 82, & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 82.— Rocks on mountain-sides, New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright. 
Varies with roundish merely incisely-cleft leaves. 

* * Herbaceous, chiefly and perhaps all with annual root, loosely branching, and bearing 
scattered pedunculate heads: leaves often palmately cleft. 

+— Akenes thin-margined, hispidulous or hirsutely ciliate: crown of pappus minute or obsolete 
and awns wanting: style-appendages short, acute. (Perhaps extra-limital.) 

P. Fitchii, Torr. Viscid-pubescent: leaves and involucre nearly of the following species : 
akenes unknown: ovaries apparently destitute of pappus. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. — “ Cali- 
fornia, Rev. A. Fitch,’ in herb. Torr. Probably from the islands: imperfect, seemingly 
winter specimens. (To this apparently is to be joined var. Parmunt, P. Emoryi of coll. 
Palmer, no. 44, which has the whole aspect and foliage of P. Californica, var. nuda, but akenes 
narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately oblique, with a short pappus of numerous squamelle 
united into an erose-denticulate crown. — Guadalupe Island off Lower California.) 

+ + Akenes callous-margined and densely ciliate with long beard: pappus-crown more con- 
spicuous: awns rarely wanting. 


++ Style-branches with short and obtuse or acute minutely hirsute appendages: rays 6 to 12, 
short, the oblong or broader ligule little longer than the tube, perhaps always white. 

P. Califérnica, Bextu. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent, also viscid and glandular: leaves 
broadly ovate or roundish-cordate, incisely lobed or more deeply 3-5-cleft and the lobes 
coarsely dentate: heads fully 3 or 4 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre narrowly 
oblong: akenes oblong, densely hispid-villous on the margins, crowned with conspicuous 
squamellz, and with a single more or less barbellate awn of about the length of the akene. — 
Bot. Sulph. 23, t. 15. P. Emoryi, Torr. in Emory Rep. (1848), 142; Gray, Bot Calif. i. 397, 
form with usually more rounded lobed and incised leaves. — Desert-region of the Mohave 
and Gila, S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower California, Guadalupe Island, &c. 
Now found by many collectors.) 

Var. nada, Gray, Bot. Calif. l.c. under P. Emoryi. Awn of the pappus none: 
otherwise as in the P. Emoryi form.— P. nuda, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100.— With the 
aristate form and commoner. (Lower Calif.) 

P, plumigera, Gray. Flowering branches only seen, small-leaved, viscid-glandular: heads 
much smaller than in the preceding (narrowish, barely 3 lines high): akenes oval-oblong, the 
margins very densely long-villous: awn solitary, longer than the akene, sparsely barbellate- 
hispid. — Pl. Fendl. 1. c. —“ California,” probably Arizona, Coulter. Possibly a late-flower- 
ing form of the preceding. 

P. microgléssa, Benru. Merely puberulent, obscurely glandular above: leaves broadly 
ovate with subcordate or truncate base, or upper somewhat hastate, incisely dentate, often 
3-5-lobed: heads 3 lines high: akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, with broad summit, villous- 
ciliate margins, and a pair of delicate awns, which barely equal the breadth of the akene and 
are twice or thrice the length of the crown of squamellx.— Bot. Sulph. 119; Hemsl. Biol. 

21 


399 COMPOSITA. Perityle, 


Centr.-Am. Bot. ii.210. P. Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159, not Benth. P. Acmeila, 
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 77, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., with P. Californica, mainly. Spilanthes Pseudo- 
Acmella, Hook. & Ara. Bot. Beech. 150. Boltonia § Dichetophora sp., Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 269. — California, from Monterey? southward, Lay g Collie, Coulter, Parish. (Mex.) 
Var. effisa. Very much branched from the annual root, paniculately floriferous: 
leaves and heads smaller (the former half-inch or so, the latter only 2 lines high): akenes 
correspondingly small, narrowly obovate-oblong. — Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona, 
Pringle. 
++ ++ Style-branches tipped with setaceous-filiform acute hispidulous appendages: rays with 
narrow ligules, or wanting in one species: disk-corollas slender, with long and narrow throat: 
akenes oblong: pappus of a rather conspicuous crown of squamelle and one long and delicate 
awn: heads 5 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear: perhaps perennials or with lignescent 
base, not improbably all of one species. 

P. leptogléssa, Gray. Minutely puberulent or glabrate, not at all glandular: leaves 
roundish-subcordate, coarsely and doubly crenate-dentate (half to three-fourths inch long): 
rays oblong-linear, 4 lines long: akenes (a line long) linear-oblong, with comparatively short 
hispid ciliation, the setiform awn shorter than the disk-corolla.— Pl. Fendl..77; Bot. Calif. 
1. c. —“ California,” Coulter, more probably from Arizona. 

P, Parryi, Gray. Minutely pubescent and obscurely viscid: leaves reniform-cordate, cre- 
nately dentate and often lobed (the larger inch broad): rays oblong, barely 2 lines long: 
akenes (a line and a half Jong) oblong, strongly hirsute-ciliate: awn of the pappus nearly 
equalling the disk-corolla.— Pl. Wright. ii. 106.—S. border of Texas, or on the Mexican 
side, in a cafion of the Rio Grande below Presidio, Parry. Also mountains on the Texan 
side, Havard. 

P. agloéssa, Gray, l.c. Somewhat puberulent, obscurely viscid: leaves roundish, with 
subcordate or truncate base, mostly 3-5-cleft and coarsely dentate (the larger 2 inches broad) : 
bracts of the involucre very narrowly linear: rays none: akenes narrowly oblong, with 
rather short and dense hirsute ciliation: awn of the pappus equalling the disk-corolla.— 
Cajion of the Rio Grande, with or near the preceding, Parry. 


136. PER{COME, Gray. (Ilep/, around, and xdéuy, a tuft of hairs; a 
coma of long hairs all round the margin of the akenes.) — Pl. Wright. ii. 82; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406.— The latter authors indicate a Mexican radiate 
species, of anomalous character, which they associate with the typical 


P. cauddta, Gray, lc. Rather tall widely branching perennial herb, strong-scented, very 
minutely puberulent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and membranaceous, minutely 
somewhat resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate (2 to 5 inches long), with sparingly cre- 
nate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in less degree are the basal 
angles: heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes, half-inch or less high; flowers 
golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the glabrous involucre: akenes linear-oblong; the 
flat faces glabrous, the nerviform margins densely villous-bearded: pappus a crown of 
hyaline squamelle which are more or less connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the 
fringe dissected into bristles or hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene ; 
also sometimes a slender awn from one or both margins of the akene. — Rocky cajfions, &c., 
S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Wright, Bigelow, &c. ¥1. late summer 
and autumn. 


1387. EATONELLA, Gray. (Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, author of 
Ferns of N. America, the Composite of King’s Expedition, &c., grandson of 
Amos Eaton for whom was named the genus Katonia.) —Very floccose-lanate 
annuals, of California and adjacent Nevada; with mostly alternate leaves and 
small sessile heads of yellow or white flowers: fl. spring or early summer. — 
Bot. Calif. i. 379, as subgenus under Actinolepis ; Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 19. 


E. nivea, Gray, l.c. Depressed in a small tuft from a slender root, an inch or so high, 
subcaulescent, densely leafy, white with long and loose wool: leaves obovate-spatulate, entire, 


Monolopia. COMPOSITE. 323 


equalling or surpassing the sessile heads: involucre of about 8 narrowly oblong bracts, sub- 
tending as many ray-flowers: ligules hardly exceeding the disk: disk-corollas 5-toothed : 
akenes all compressed and with only marginal callous nerves, linear-oblong, the dark faces 
polished and shining, the comose long and soft villous hairs of the margin bright white: 
pappus a pair of comparatively large opaque palez, of broadly ovate or quadrate form (the 
insertion of the two occupying the whole circumference of the akene), sparingly laciniate- 
dentate or erose at summit, and the middle produced into a subulate naked awn which nearly 
equals the 4-toothed corolla. — Burrielia nivea, D. C. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 174, t.18. Acti- 
nolepis (Eatonella) nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 379.— Sterile hills of the eastern side of the 
Sierra Nevada; in the Pah-Ute Mts., Nevada, Watson, and Surprise Valley, E. California, 
Lemmon. 

EH. Congdoni, Gray. A span or two high, loosely branching, sparsely leaved, floccosely 
lanate: leaves-oblong linear, sparsely sinuate-dentate or repand: heads short-peduncled or 
nearly sessile at the summit of the stem: involucre of 5 or 6 oval-oblong herbaceous bracts: 
ray-flowers none: disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes oval (the faces at first pubescent, at length 
glabrate), the outermost triangular-obcompressed, the others compressed and flat: pappus of 
2 to 4 very thin and hyaline erose-laciniate awnless palex, not exceeding the long villosity, 
forming a crown. — Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 20.— California, at Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Cong- 
don, and on the San Joaquin, Parry. 


188. MONOLOPIA, DC. (Movédoros, single husk, alluding to the 
uniserial involucre.) — Annual herbs, Californian, clothed with floccose wool ; 
with alternate (or only lower sometimes opposite) sessile leaves, and compara- 
tively large pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers terminating the stem and 
few branches. — Prodr. vi. 74; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 343, 344. Spiridanthes, Fenzl 
in Endl. Gen. Suppl. ii. 105. 


§ 1. Mownoxépra proper. Ray-corollas with ample coarsely 3-4-toothed or 
lobed ligule, and bearing at base on the opposite side of the style a roundish 
denticulate appendage: leaves undivided, strictly sessile or partly clasping by a 
broadish base. — Bot. Calif. i. 883. 


M. major, DC.1.c. A foot or two high, rather stout and simple; the floccose white wool 
tardily deciduous: leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, repand-serrate to entire: bracts 
of the broad (half-inch high) involucre united to above the middle, the lobes triangular- 
ovate: ligules 6 to 10 lines long: akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. — Hook. Ic. Pl. 
t. 344, & Bot. Mag. t. 3839; Gray, Bot. Calif. l.c. Hologymne Douglasii, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 64. Common in low ground, through W. California. 

Var. lanceolata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. A mere form, with bracts of involucre dis- 
tinct to near the base. — M/. lanceolata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 175. Near Los Angeles, &c. 

M. gracilens, Gray. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculately branched, bearing 
scattered small heads: involucre only quarter-inch high; its oval or ovate bracts distinct to 
the base: akenes only a line long.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix.20.— California in the coast 
ranges, near New Almaden and Santa Cruz, Bolander, Torrey, Isaman, Pringle. 


§ 2. Pseupo-Béu1s. Ray-corollas destitute of internal appendage, barely 
3-toothed at apex: leaves all alternate, commonly laciniately cleft, narrowed at 
base into more or less of a petiole. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. 


M. minor, DC. 1c. Loosely lanate, a span or more high: cauline leaves 3-5-cleft into 
linear lobes: heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre about 10, somewhat in 2 series, 
oblong, separate to below the middle: ovary glabrous. — Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 343. — California, 
Douglas. Not since detected. 

M. Heerm4nni, Duranp. Whitened with a close and fine flocculent tomentum, which is 
deciduous, the foliage glabrate and green in age, a span or two high, branching: leaves 
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into linear lobes or divisions, or some of the cauline bipin- 
natifid: heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucral bracts distinct nearly to base: akenes sericeous- 
puberulent or glabrate.— Pl. Pratten. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 93. IM. bahiafolia, 


at 


324 COMPOSITA. Monolopia, 


var. pinnatifida, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 383. — Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California, from 
Calaveras to Tulare Co., Heermann, Pratten, Congdon. Also near Auburn, Bolander. 

M. bahieefolia, Bent. Smaller than the foregoing, and with similar flocculent tomen- 
tum; the simple monocephalous stems only 2 inches high: leaves small (at most half-inch 
long), spatulate to linear, entire, or lower ones 3-lobed: head hardly 3 lines high: involucral 
bracts distinct to the middle: immature akenes sparsely pubescent. — Pl. Hartw. 317; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 383, excl. var.— Valley of the Sacramento, Hartweg. Probably depauperate 


specimens. 


139. LASTHENIA, Cass. (Aacevia, a courtesan, who was a pupil of 
Plato: name given, by some freak of the founder, to a genus of three Western 
American plants.) The Chilian ZL. odtustfolia has comparatively few-flowered 
nearly or quite homogamous heads, and a less developed receptacle. — Low and 
slender annuals, mostly quite glabrous and slightly succulent; with opposite and 
linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly entire leaves, their sessile bases connate 
round the stem; the yellow-flowered heads pedunculate, terminating the stem and 
branches. — “ Opuse. Phyt. iii. 88”; DC. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1780, 1823, & 
Prodr. v. 664; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 377. 


§ 1. LastHENrA proper. Pappus paleaceous: heads discoid; the ligules not 
surpassing the involucre or the short glabrous disk-corollas, therefore wholly 
inconspicuous. — Rancagua, Popp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Spec. i. 15, t. 24, 25. 
L. glabérrima, DC.1.c. Somewhat fleshy: stems ascending, a span to a foot long: heads 

on long peduncles which are enlarged at summit, nodding after anthesis: leaves elongated- 

linear: involucre about 15-toothed : corollas all shorter than the minutely puberulent oblong- 
linear akenes: pappus of 5 to 10 rigid pale, two or three of them with subulate or short- 
awned points, the others erose or laciniate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 384. — 

Wet meadows near brackish water, along the coast of California and Oregon. 


§ 2. Horoctmne. Pappus wanting: rays large, conspicuously exserted: 
disk-corollas fully as long as the akene; their lobes sparsely papillose-barbellate 
outside, as in Monolopia. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. Hologymne, Bartl. Ind. Sem. 
Geett. 1837, 1839. Xantho, Remy, in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xii. 191. asthenia, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. c. 

L. glabrata, Linpt. Somewhat fleshy, sometimes slightly pubescent: stems erect: leaves 
shorter: peduncles somewhat enlarged under the erect head: involucre more hemispherical : 
ligules 3 to 6 lines long: akenes narrowly obovate-oblong with acutish edges, smooth and 
glabrous. — DC. Prodr. v. 665; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3730; Torr. & Gray, l.c. LZ. glabrata 
& L. Californica (a smaller form, mistaken for preceding species which DC. had so named), 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1780, 1828. Hologymne glabrata, Bartl. 1. c. Monolopia glabrata, Fisch. 
& Meyer, Sert. Petrop. 1835. — Moist grounds throughout W. California. 

Var. Coulteri. A smaller form: akenes smaller and narrower, with obtuse edges, 
sprinkled with minute rough points or glands. — Saline marshes, S. California, Coulter (no. 

338), Brewer, Cleveland, Pringle. 


140. BURRIELIA, DC., partly. (Andrés Marcos Burriel, a Spanish 
Jesuit and historian, who, in 1758, wrote a History of California, and edited the 
account by Venegas of the establishment of its missions.) —Prodr. v. 664; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 898: now reduced to one of the three original species. 
Perhaps too near the following somewhat earlier-published genus. 


B. microgldéssa, DC.1.c. Slender annual, a span high, hirsute: leaves an inch long and 
barely a line wide, entire: involucre 3 lines high, equalling the yellow flowers. — Low ground, 
from San Francisco Bay to San Bernardino, California; fl. spring; first coll. by Coulter and 
Douglas. 


Baeria. COMPOSIT. 325 


141. BAERIA, Fisch. & Meyer. (In honor of the eminent Russian zovlo- 
gist, Karl Ernst von Baer.) — Californian annuals, or one perennial species; with 
opposite and entire or pinnately dissected and sessile leaves, sometimes connate 
at the base; and slender-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the 
branches: fl. spring and early summer.—Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 29, Jard. 
Petrop. t. 6, & Sert. Petrop. t.7; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395; 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, Bot. Calif. i. 375, 
& Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. Burrielia in part, DC. Prodr. v. 664; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 878, excluding the typical species. Dicheta & Ptilomeris, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 382, 383. Dicheta & Hymenoxys, Torr. & 
Gray, FI. ii. 379, 380. 


§ Evsatr1a. Pappus of uniform (or mainly uniform) and entire awned or 
pointed palez or chaffy-based awns, or wanting (even present or absent in the 
very same species): receptacle muricate-roughened: ligules mostly conspicuous : 
leaves linear and entire, except in one species. — Burrielia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., 
excl. B. microglossa. 


* Akenes slenderly subclavate-linear: style-tips abruptly terminated by a conspicuous narrow- 
subulate appendage which usually surpasses the broad basal portion: receptacle slender-subu- 
late and elongated in the manner of Burrielia: heads small: involucral bracts and oval rays 
5, or sometimes only 4. 

B. leptalea. Wholly glabrous: stems filiform, a span high: leaves nearly filiform, quarter 
to half inch long: involucre 2 lines high: ligules mostly as long: anther-tips filiform: pap- 
pus of 2 or 3 scabrous flattened awns with gradually dilated base. — Burrielia leptalea, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546, & Bot. Calif. i. 375.— Monterey Co., valley of the Nacismento, 
Brewer, and the Salinas, Greene. Known only as an exiguous vernal plant: probably also 
occurs in a larger form. 

B. débilis, Greene in herb. Minutely pubescent: stems weak, 6 to 10 inches long: leaves 
flaccid, linear, the largest inch and a half long: involucre 2 or 3 lines high: ligules hardly 
over a line long: anther-tips ovate-lanceolate: pappus of 3 or 4 firm ovate-lanceolate and 
awned palez, or in some heads none, then the akene with narrower apex. — Plains of Fresno 
and mountains of Kern Co., Greene. 

* %* Akenes more clavate, with scanty aristiform pappus or commonly none, then less truncate or 
slightly contraeted at summit, either glabrous or minutely papillose-glandular in same species: 
style-tips capitate and mostly with a small apiculation: receptacle conical: large-flowered and 
with some hirsute pubescence, a foot or so high unless depauperate: rays and plane involucral 
bracts 7 to 12. — Baeria, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. 

B. macrantha, Gray. Apparently perennial, rather stout, with peduncles 4 to 8 inches 
long: leaves more or less 3-nerved and obtuse, 2 or 3 lines wide (the lower 4 to 8 inches 
long), hispidly ciliate, at least toward the base: head about half-inch high and broad : invo- 
lucre of about 12 hirsute-pubescent thickish-herbaceous bracts: ligules half to three-fourths 
inch long. —Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. B. chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. ix. 196, & Bot. Calif.1.c. Burrielia chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 106.—Coast of California, north of San Francisco Bay to Humboldt Co., Andrews, 
Bigelow, Bolander. 

Var. pauciaristata, Gray, lc. Clearly perennial, often only 6 inches high: leaves 
shorter, hispid-ciliate: ligules only 4 or 5 lines long: pappus when present of 1 to 3 subulate 
chaffy awns rather than palex, little shorter than the akene.—Coast of Mendocino Co., 
Bolander, Pringle. 

B. chryséstoma, Fiscu. & Meyer, l.c. Annual, slender: leaves narrowly linear (a line 
or less wide): heads 3 or 4 lines high: bracts of the broad involucre 7 to 12, in depauperate 
plants sometimes fewer: ligules 3 or 4 lines long: pappus (perhaps always) none.— Don, 
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395; DC. Prodr. v. 254; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 375, excl. var. Bur- 
rielia chrysostoma, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 379. — Moist ground, common almost throughout 
California. 


326 COMPOSITA. Baeria; 


%* * & Akenes more cuneate and broad at the summit, usually but not always pappose, more or 
less 4-angular, not glandular, mostly canescent-hispidulous: receptacle conical or cylindraceous: 
heads middle-sized or smaller. 


+— Some hirsute or strigulose pubescence, but no woolliness: style-tips capitate, without any obvi- 
ous apiculation: plants slender, a span to a foot high according to situation and season: pappus- 
pale 1 to 5. 


B. gracilis, Gray. Bracts and rays 10 to 12, when depauperate 5 or 6: ligules 2 or 3 lines 
long: akenes almost equalled by the pappus; this in type specimens of 3 or 4 awns from 
small lanceolate pales. — Proc. Am. Acad ix. 196, & xix. 21. Burrielia gracilis, DC. Prodr. 
v. 664, B. hirsuta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 381, a state destitute of pappus. 
—Common in W. California, especially southward, and W. Arizona: variable. Extreme 
variations are 

Var. aristésa, Gray, 1. c., with awns very gradually and slightly widened downward, 

or in some flowers wanting. — Burrielia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3758. 

Var. tenérrima, with pappus-awns of the preceding, but usually fewer: depauperate 

form: bracts and rays only 5 or 6.— Probably Burrielia tenerrima, DC. Prodr. v. 664. 
Var. paleacea, Gray, 1.c., with awns more or less abruptly dilated at base into a 

conspicuous oval or ovate palea, occasionally wanting, rarely one or two of the palee awn- 

less. — Burrielia longifolia & B. parviflora, Nutt. 1. ¢. 

B. ctirta, Gray. Bracts and rays 8 or 10: pappus of 4 or 5 ovate or oblong pointless palex 
(or rarely of a single one), in length not exceeding the breadth of the akene, or in some 
plants obsolete or wanting: leaves all filiform-linear: heads 2 or 3 lines high and wide. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21.— Southeastern California, near San Bernardino, W. G. Wright, 
Lemmon. 

+ -+- Glabrous except some fine deciduous woolliness: leaves and involucral bracts more or less 
fleshy-thickened: heads about 4 lines high, many-flowered: style-tips ovate or capitate, and 
with a conical or subulate apiculation or appendage: pappus of firm ovate or deltoid palee 
abruptly attenuate-awned, about equalling the akene. 

B. Clevelandi, Gray. Leaves linear, a line wide, obtuse, entire: involucral bracts 8 to 12, 
plane: pappus-palez only 2, slender-awned.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22.— San Diego, Cleve- 
land. Too little known. 

B. carndsa, Greene. Leaves filiform, entire: involucral bracts about 7, with a strong cari- 
nate midrib: pappus of 4 or 5 subulate-awned pale. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 86.— Bay of 
San Francisco, in salt marsh at Vallejo, Greene. 

B. platyc4rpha, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear to filiform, some laciniate-pinnatifid: in- 
volucral bracts 6 or 7, manifestly 3-nerved at base, middle nerve at length carinate-thickened : 
pappus-pales 5 to 7, slender-awned. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, xix. 22. Burrielia platycar- 
pha, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 97.— Lower Sacramento and Byron Springs, Stillman, Greene. 


§ 2. Dicu#&ta. Pappus of two forms both in ray and disk, i. e. of truncate or 
muticous palex alternating with awned ones or naked awns, or wanting in some 
species: receptacle, &c., of § 1: involucral bracts more obviously carinate-concave 
in middle, the concavity partly embracing subtended akene, disposed to be decidu- 
ous with it at maturity of the fruit: heads not large (3 or 4 lines high): leaves 
from entire to laciniate-pinnatifid in the same species. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
ix. 196, & xix. 22. Dicheta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 383; Torr. & 
Gray, l. c. 

B. maritima, Gray. Low and diffuse, glabrate: leaves oblong-linear, inch long, entire, or 
lowest sparingly laciniate-toothed: head rather narrow: involucral bracts and short orbicu- 
lar rays 6 or 8: pappus of 3 to 5 slender-subulate awns and at least as many small and 


narrow laciniate squamellz or palew.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix.196. Burrielia maritima, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. — Farallones Islands, off San Francisco, Gruber. 


Baeria. COMPOSIT, 327 


B. Fremonti, Gray, lc. Erect, slender, a span or two high, somewhat hirsute-pubes- 
cent: leaves some narrowly linear and entire, the others palmately or pedately 3-5-parted 
above into linear lobes: bracts of the broad involucre 10 to 12: rays as many or fewer, with 
oval ligules seldom surpassing the disk: pappus of about 4 slender awns and as many or 
more numerous narrow small palez, or rarely none. — Dicheta Fremontii, Torr. in Pl. Fendl. 
102. Burrielia (Dicheta) Fremontii, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 317.— Lower valley of the Sacra- 
mento to San Francisco Bay ; first coll. by Fremont. 


B. uligindésa, Gray,].c. A span to a foot or more high, at length loosely branched and 
diffuse, villous-tomentose when young, commonly glabrate: leaves linear or ligulate (the 
larger 4 to 10 inches long), laciniate-pinnatifid and the linear segments sometimes again 
cleft, or the upper occasionally entire; involucral bracts and oblong exserted rays 10 to 13: 
pappus sometimes none, commonly of 2 or 3 stout chaffy awns, and as many or twice as 
many shorter broad and truncate laciniate-fimbriate palea. — Dicheta uliginosa, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 883; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380.— Wet ground or in shallow water, San 
Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara; first coll. by Coulter. 

Var. ténera, Gray. Depauperate, on drier soil, 2 to 6 inches high: leaves linear, 
entire, or some of the lowermost laciniate: rays oval or oblong, little or not at all exceeding 
the disk: pales and awns each usually 2, the former very broad and quadrate, or splitting 
into 2 or 3.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22. Dicheta tenella, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.— 
With the ordinary form: also at Tulare Station, Parry. 


§ 38. Prizémeris. Pappus wholly of awned or of muticous and commonly 
erose pale, or sometimes wanting: receptacle not muricate-roughened, rather 
scrobiculate: involucral bracts in fruit carinate at centre outside, plicate-concave 
within, and at length deciduous with the subtended akene, as in § Dicheta: heads 
of the same: leaves all pinnately or lower ones bipinnately parted into linear 
and attenuate divisions: not woolly, mostly somewhat glandular, diffuse. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 23. AMymenoxys (Hook.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380, not Cass. 
Ptilomeris, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 882. Actinolepis § Ptilomeris, 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif. i. 878. 
Baeria § Ptilomeris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21, 23. 


* Rays 6 to 8, oblong, short-exserted: involucral bracts ovate-oval: receptacle either acutely or 
obtusely conical, glabrous: heads small (barely 3 lines high): plants a span high, minutely 
pubescent, obscurely if at all glandular, with filiform-linear divisions to the leaves: the two 
following perhaps forms of one species. 


B. affinis, Gray. Pappus of 8 or 10 oblong or lanceolate palez with laciniate-setulose mar- 
gins, fully equalling the corolla tube, some or most of them produced into an awn almost 
equalling disk-corolla, or in the ray blunt and awnless. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23. Ptilomeris 
affinis, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 174. —S. California, from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Gambel, 
Nevin, Parish. 

B. tenélla, Gray, lc. Pappus of 6 to 10 short and firm quadrate or broadly cuneate pale, 
with the truncate muticous summit denticulate or nearly entire, not surpassing the tube of 
the corolla. — Ptilomeris tenella, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 173. Actinolepis tenella, Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 378, mainly. — Los Angeles, California, Gambel, Parry. 


* * Rays 10 to 15, elongated-oblong, exserted: involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate: receptacle 
acutely conical, minutely and sparsely pubescent: plants minutely glandular-pubescent, diffusely 
branched, a span to near a foot high, perhaps all varieties of one, the difference being mainly in 
the pappus. 


B. coronaria, Gray, l.c. Pappus of 8 to 12 lanceolate or oblong denticulate palez, all 
tapering into awns, little shorter than disk-corollas, or some in the .ray awnless: rays nearly 
half-inch long. — Ptilomeris coronaria & P. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 382. 
Shortia Californica, Nutt. in garden catalogues. MHymenoxys Californica, Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8828; Torr. & Gray, l.c., with var. coronaria. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) coronaria, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.—California, Nuttall. Not since collected, but 
common in cultivation, especially in France. 


328 COMPOSITA, Baeria. 


B. anthemoides, Gray, 1c. More glandular, and with somewhat more filiform divisions 
to the leaves: pappus wanting. — Ptilomeris (Ptilopsis) anthemoides, Nutt. l.c. Hymenoxys 
calva, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.¢. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) anthemoides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— 
San Diego, California, Nuttall, and near Julian City, Bolander. 

B. mttiea, Gray, l.c. Like the preceding, probably the pappose state of it: pappus of 6 to 
8 quadrate-oblong palex, the obtuse or truncate summit erose. — Ptilomeris mutica, Nutt. 1.c. 
Hymenoxys mutica, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) mutica, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 
— San Diego, California, Nuttall, Cleveland. . 


142, SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Gray. (Si, Opéé, adaaos, bristles of 
pappus united.) — Low and small Californian and Arizonian winter annuals, 
floccose-woolly, mostly alternate-leaved, branched from the base; with short- 
peduncled heads terminating the branches; flowers all yellow or rays sometimes 
rose-red. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 106, t.15, Bot. Calif. i. 394, & Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 20. 

S. Frem6nti, Gray, 1c. About a span high, loosely floccose: leaves spatulate or linear- 
cuneate, often 3-lobed at summit: involucre 3 lines high, of about 5 broadly oblong bracts: 
rays 5, rather large: flowers all golden yellow: pappus bright white. — Desert plains, S. E. 
California, adjacent Nevada, S. Utah, and Arizona; first coll. by Fremont. 


S. Lemmoni, Gray. Smaller, slender, lightly woolly, glabrate in age: leaves spatulate or 
linear, entire: involucre of 6 to 8 narrowly oblong bracts: rays small, rose-purple and white 
or white-edged ; disk-corollas pale yellow: pappus none.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. Aeti- 
nolepis Lemmoni, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102.—S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert, 
Lemmon. Summit of Cajon Pass, Parish. 


143. ERIOPHYLLUM, Lag. ("Epwov, wool, dvAXov, foliage, the plants 
woolly.) — Mostly floccose herbs, rarely suffruticose (of W. N. America and 
probably in northern parts of Mexico) ; with alternate or partly opposite leaves, 
and peduncled or sometimes sessile heads; the flowers wholly yellow, or one or 
two with rose-purple rays, one rayless. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 28; Dougl. in Bot. 
Reg. t. 1167; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Eriophyllum & Phialis, Spreng. 
Gen. 631. Trichophyllum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 166; Hook. Fl. i. 815. Bahia, DC. 
Prodr. v. 656, in part; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 874, partly, not Lag. Actinolepis, 
DC. Prodr. v. 655. 


§ 1. ActinéLepis. Low and diffuse winter-annuals, with short-peduncled or 
sessile heads only 2 or 3 lines high: involucral bracts few, distinct to the base, 
herbaceous or chartaceous in age: anther-tips from ovate-lanceolate to linear- 
subulate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Actinolepi's, DC., Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 399; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, & Bot. Calif. i. 877, excl. § Ptilo- 
merits. 


* Heads sessile or nearly so in the forks, or at summit of branches, then. subtended by a leaf or 
glomerate, 2 lines high, wholly yellow-flowered: receptacle flat or barely convex: anther-tips 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse: leaves small, spatulate, commonly 3-lobed or 8-toothed at summit. — 
Actinolepis, DC. 1. v., founded on specimens with infertile disk-flowers. 

E. multicatile, Gray, 1c. Whitened with rather close cottony wool, sometimes denudate 
in age: stems slender, at length much branched, a span high, most of the internodes exceeding 
the leaves: rays 3 to 5, obovate, a line long: akenes glabrate: pappus of 10 to 15 rather 
firm narrowly subulate or almost aristiform palex, or sometimes wanting in all or some of 
the disk-flowers, especially when these are infertile; then their style is only minutely forked 
at the apex. — Actinolepis multicaulis, DC. Prodr. vy. 656; Hook. Ic. t. 325; Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. t. 33.— Southern California to Arizona, from Santa Barbara to Tucson, in low 
ground; first coll. by Coulter and Douglas. 


Eriophyllum. COMPOSITA. 329 


E. Pringlei, Grar,1.c. More loosely and copiously woolly, depressed, inch or two high, 
flowering almost from the base: rays none: flowers all fertile: akenes villous: pappus of 
about 10 much larger wholly silvery-scarious oblong-lanceolate and pointless erose pales. — 
Gravelly plains from the Mohave Desert in 8. K. California to Tucson, Arizona, Palmer, 
Lemmon, Pringle, Parish. 


* * Heads pedunculate, terminating the branches, 3 or 4 lines high: receptacle convex or conical: 
plants 3 to 5 inches high, erect and at length diffuse, with mostly entire leaves. 


+— Rays about 5, inconspicuous: disk-flowers not numerous: anther-tips ovate-oblong, obtuse. 


EH. nubigenum, Greene. Densely white-woolly: leaves lanceolate-spatulate (about half- 
inch long): heads short-peduncled, narrow : involucre of 5 oblong bracts: rays with oval 
ligule, hardly exceeding the disk-flowers, yellow: receptacle with conical centre: pappus of 
about 10 oblong or narrow nerveless and obtuse erose thinnish pales, half the length of the 
corolla, one third that of the akene.—Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25.— On Cloud’s Rest, 
above the Yosemite, at 9,000 feet, Afrs. Curran. 


+ + Rays 5 to 9, exserted and ample, oval or oblong: disk-flowers more numerous: anther-tips 
narrow and slender: receptacle high-convex or obtusely low-conical. 


EB. Wallacei, Gray. Thickly clothed with cottony wool: leaves obovate or spatulate, occa- 
sionally 2-3 toothed at apex: pappus of 6 to 10 short-oval or obovate obtuse and pointless 
nerveless palez, of firm texture and opaque: style-tips somewhat subulate-conical: corollas 
all yellow.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Bahia Wallacei, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 105. 
Actinolepis Wallacei, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198.— Plains, from San Diego Co., Cali- 
fornia (first coll. by W. A. Wallace), to adjacent Arizona and 8. Utah. A var. with pale purple 
and white rays (Bahia rubella, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 95), 8. E. California, Parry. 

EH. lanosum, Grar,1.c. More thinly and floccosely woolly: leaves spatulate-linear, entire: 
pappus of about 5 oblong and rather firm nerveless and obtuse palez and as many alternating 
paleaceous awns of double the length: style-tips obtuse and sometimes with a minute cuspi- 
date apiculation: rays white or rose-color. — Burrielia (Dicheta) lanosa, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv.107. Actinolepis lanosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198. — Dry plains, 5. E. California to 
Arizona and S. Utah; first coll. by Bigelow. 


§ 2. TricHopHfLLtum. Larger, erect: heads when clustered small, when 
solitary commonly rather large: involucral bracts of firm texture: rays and disk- 
flowers golden yellow; tube of corolla commonly glandular or hairy : anther-tips 
ovate, mostly obtuse: akenes linear or cuneate-linear, glabrous or nearly so: 
pappus of short opaque and firm nerveless and pointless paleaw, sometimes very 
small, rarely obsolete or wanting. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25.  T'richo- 
phyllum, Nutt. 1.c. Phialis, Spreng. 1. c., but involucre seldom gamophyllous. 


* Suffruticose or suffrutescent, leafy to the top, branching: heads small, compactly corymbosely 
cymose, short-peduncled: ligules roundish-oval, only a line or twolong: pappus of oblong-linear 
paleze much shorter than the akene: leaves mostly lobed or divided, and the margins revolute. 


E. steechadifoélium, Lac. 1.c. Canescent with close-pressed pannose tomentum, at length 
partly denudate, 1 to 4 feet high from a woody base: leaves once or twice pinnately parted 
into linear divisions and rhachis, or the upper linear with a pair of lateral lobes, or some of 
them entire, upper face soon glabrate and green: heads 3 or 4 lines high, numerous in 
rather loose paniculate clusters: involucre cylindraceous-campanulate; its bracts 8 to 10, 
linear-spatulate to narrowly oblong, thinnish: receptacle convex, alveolate-toothed: rays 
6 to 8: palex of the pappus 8 to 12, the four over the angles of the akene rather longer. — 
Helenium steechadifolium, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Bahia artemisiefolia, Less. in Linn. vi. 253; 
DC. Prodr. v. 657; Torr. & Gray,l.c. B. stechadifolia, DC. 1. c. 656 (with wrong habitat, 
the plant of Henke coming from Monterey, California); Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 
(with var. Californica). Lagasca’s original appears to have been a branch of the form with 
uppermost leaves entire. — Coast of California, from San Francisco to Santa Barbara. 

E. confertifidrum, Gray, 1c. Similarly white-woolly, a foot or two high, with slender 
and more strict stems naked at summit: leaves small, of mostly cuneate outline, pinnately 
or somewhat ternately once or twice 3-7-parted into narrow linear divisions: heads 2 lines 


330 COMPOSIT. Eriophyllum. 


, 


high, several or numerous in a compact cymose cluster, mostly short-peduncled or subsessile : 
involucre oval or obovoid-oblong, of about 5 broadly oval thin-coriaceous bracts: receptacle 
convex or low-conical in the centre, not alveolate: rays 4 or 5: pales of the pappus 8 to 14, 
— Bahia confertiflora, DC. 1. ¢. 657; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Hills, California, common from near 
the coast to the Sierra Nevada. - 

Var. trifidum, Gray, 1. c. A form with small short leaves, simply 3-5-cleft into 
oblong or short-linear lobes. — B. trifida, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 
le. B. confertiflora, var. trifida, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— With the ordinary form. Autum- 
nal specimens, coll. by Parish, on the San Bernardino Mountains, are tomentose with longer 
and looser wool. 

Var. laxiflérum, Gray, l.c. Heads loosely fastigiate-cymose and mostly slender- 
peduncled. — Bahia tenuzfolia, DC. 1. c.—California, Douglas (herb. DC.), Coulter. An 
ambiguous form with larger heads and rays, coll. at San Bernardino, Parish. 


% % Herbaceous, commonly and perhaps always perennials: heads larger, mostly solitary or 
scattered and conspicuously pedunculate: receptacle from convex or Jow conical to flat (even in 
the same species): ligules 6 to 18, from quarter to half inch long, oblong or oval: leaves 
variable. 


+ Akenes glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely appressed-pilose, not glandular. 


EB. ceespitésum, Dover. Floccosely white-woolly, many-stemmed from the root: leaves 
in age with upper face often glabrate; lower ones from spatulate or cuneate to roundish in 
outline, from incisely 3-5-lobed to pinnately parted, or the upper varying to linear and entire: 
involucral bracts 8 to 12, oblong or oval: tube of disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and 
longer than the pappus, which is variable, sometimes very short, sometimes obsolete. — Lindl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1167 (but the gamophyllous involucre of the figure is seldom found) ; Gray, l.c. 
Actinella lanata, Pursh, FI. ii. 560. Helentum lanatum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Trichophyllum 
lanatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 167; Hook. FI. i. 315. Bahia lanata, DC. Prodr. v. 657; Torr. & 
Gray, FI. ii. 375, incl. var. tenuzfolia (which is not B. tenuifolia, DC., but merely the most 
slender form of the present species). — Moist or dry ground, common from Montana to Brit. 
Columbia, and thence to 8. California, under very various forms, which are indefinable as 
species. Taking as the type the original of Pursh and Nuttall, with rather slender stems 
a foot or more high, principal leaves somewhat palmately pinnatifid into narrow divisions, or 
incisely cleft, and heads rarely half-inch high, the main divergent forms are :— 

Var. latifélium, Gray, 1. c. The opposite extreme in foliage: stems commonly 
2 feet long, branched and lax when growing in shade : leaves thin, dilated, from rhombic or 
cuneate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5-lobed and incised or dentate, the lobes from oblong to 
broadly lanceolate : peduncles comparatively short: rays 9 to 13: corolla-tube either sparsely 
or densely hirsute with gland-tipped hairs, much longer than the pappus, the rounded palee 
of which do not exceed the breadth of the narrowly oblong-cuneate or narrower glabrous 
akenes, commonly very short and forming a kind of crown, sometimes quite obsolete (as 
occurs in other forms also).— Bahia arachnoidea, Fisch. & Lallement, Ind. Sem. Hort. 
Petrop. 1842; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 100, & Bot. Calif. 1.382. B. latifolia, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 30. 
Eriophyllum cespitosum, Bot. Reg. t. 1167, is nearly this. — California, near the coast, in or 
near Redwood forests, from Humboldt Co. to Santa Cruz. Bahia lanata, var. brachypoda, 
Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., is a sea-shore form of this, with leaves thickish under exposure, heads 
clustered and remarkably short-peduncled, and pappus larger.. Forms connecting with var. 
integrifolium occur in the Sierra, in groves of Sequoia gigantea. 

Var. achillzoides, Gray, l.c. Leaves pinnately parted or cleft, with the 3 to 5 
divisions mostly narrow and laciniately incised or pinnatifid: heads somewhat corymbosely 
collected and rather short-peduncled: involucre hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high; rays and 
involucral bracts 9 to 13: akenes sparsely pubescent or glabrate. — Bahia achillwoides, 
DC.1.c.  B. lanata, var. achilleoides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, near the coast. 

Var. grandifiédrum, Gray,l.c. Rather strict and stout, densely woolly: leaves all 
linear or the lower narrowly lanceolate or spatulate, laciniate-serrate or entire, or some 
parted inte a few narrowly linear divisions: heads solitary and long-peduncled : involucre 
half-inch high, hemispherical, densely woolly, of 10 to 13 bracts: rays as many, large: akenes 
usually somewhat pubescent : corolla-tube sparsely hirsute-glandular. — Bahia lanata, Benth. 
Pl. Hartw. 317. B. lanata, var. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, valley of 
the Sacramento. (Guadalupe Island, off Lower California.) 


Bahia. COMPOSIT.A. 331 


Var. leucophyllum, Gray, 1.c. Smaller, a span to a foot high, rather strict : leaves 
narrow, entire or sparingly cleft or parted : heads solitary, long-peduncled : involucre cam- 
panulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of about 8 oblong bracts: pappus in the typical plant of narrow 
lanceolate palex, four of them twice the length of the others, but this is inconstant.— Bahia 
leucophylla, DC. 1. c.— Brit. Columbia to N. California, and east to Idaho. 

Var. integrifélium, Grax, l.c. Low, often dwarf, cespitose-tufted, 3 to 10 inches 
high: leaves from narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate and entire to more dilated and 3-lobed at 
summit, or at base and on sterile shoots cuneate and incisely lobed : heads rather long-pedun- 
cled : involucre, &c., of the preceding, sometimes smaller and of only 6 bracts: pale of the 
pappus mostly of same length, about equalling the very glandular but not hirsute corolla- 
tube: akenes glabrous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit.— Tri- 
chophyllum integrifolium, Hook. Fl. i. 316. 7. multiflorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 37. 
Bahia integrifolia, DC. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif.1.c. B. multiflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. lc. B. leucophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1.c., in part. B. cuneata, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. 
Acad. v. 49, a form passing into the preceding. —Rocky Mountains in Montana and 
Wyoming to Brit. Columbia and along the higher portions of the Sierra Nevada, California, 
south to San Bernardino Co. 


+ + Akenes like the corolla-tube glandular: stems less than a foot high, slender. 


E. gracile, Gray, 1.c. Loosely floccose-woolly: leaves so far as known all very narrowly 
linear and entire (an inch or two long, half-line wide): head on a long slender peduncle : 
involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate, of about 10 oblong bracts: rays about 8: re- 
ceptacle nearly flat, alveolate-dentate: akenes slender, 2 lines long: pales of the pappus 
oblong or quadrate, exceeding the breadth of the akene. — Bahia gracilis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 353; Torr. & Gray, 1. v.; Gray, Bot. Calif., in part.—S. Idaho, on Snake River, 
Tolmie. Not since seen. 

E. Wats6ni, Gray, 1.c. Canescent with fine and close tomentum, fastigiately branched : 
leaves cuneate or spatulate in outline, with tapering slender base or petiole, 3-lobed at sum- 
mit: involucre 3 lines high, short-campanulate, of 6 or 7 oval bracts: rays 5 to 7: receptacle 
conical, naked: akenes shorter and thicker: pappus a crown of truncate laciniate-dentate 
palez, decidedly shorter than the breadth of the akene.— Bahia leucophylla, Eaton, Bot. 
King Exp. 173, in part. B. gracilis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c., in part. — N. Nevada, at Robert’s 
Station, at 6,000 feet, Watson. 

* * * Annuals, with leaves apparently all alternate, and small pedunculate heads terminating 
the lax slender branches: receptacle conical: pappus a crown of small palez, not longer than 
the breadth of the summit of the akene, sometimes very short or obsolete: style-tips conical. 


E. ambiguum, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat loosely floccose-woolly, or denudate: stems branch- 
ing from the decidedly annual root, 3 to 10 inches high: leaves from spatulate to linear- 
lanceolate (an inch or less long), entire, or 3-toothed or lobed, especially the broader 
sometimes dilated-cuneate lowermost: involucre campanulate, 3 lines high, of 6 to 9 oblong- 
lanceolate bracts, which are either distinct to the base or lightly coherent for two thirds their 
length: rays 5 to 9, oblong or oval: tube of the corollas glandular-hirsute : akenes pubescent 
or the inner ones glabrous. — Lasthenia (Monolopia) ambigua, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 
547. Bahia Wallace’, Gray in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vii. 145, not of Pacif. R. Rep. B. par- 
viflora & B. (Pseudo-Monolopia) ambigua, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 382.—S. E. California, near 
Tejon, Xantus, Van Horn, Parry, and near Hot Springs, San Bernardino Co., Parish. 


144. BAHIA, Lag. (Juan Francisco Bahi, Professor of Botany at Bar- 
celona.) — Suffruticose or mostly herbaceous plants (of Rocky Mountain district, 
Mexico, and Chili), not lanate but in some canescent ; with opposite or sometimes 
alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads of yellow flowers 
terminating the branches. — Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 26. Stylesia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 377, founded on the 
original Bahia. Species of Bahia, Less. Syn. 238; DC. Prodr. v. 656; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 402. Achyropappus, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 257, t. 390, 
not Bieb. Species of Schkuhria & of Villanova, Benth. & Hook. Gen. 403, 404. 


332 COMPOSITA. Bahia, 


Amauria, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower eens insufficiently known, is per- 
haps an epappose Bahia, 


§ 1. Suffruticose (B. ambrosioides, Lag., of Chili) or herbaceous from a per- 
ennial sometimes lignescent root: palez of the pappus 4 to 8, obovate or spatu- 
late, with rounded or truncate scarious summit, and thickened base or imperfect 
costa: leaves dissected or cleft, the lower opposite. 


B. oppositifélia, Nurr A span or two high, fastigiately branched and many-stemmed, 
herbaceous to the base, very leafy up to the short-peduncled heads, cinereous with fine close 
pubescence: leaves mostly opposite, petioled, palmately or pedately 3-5-parted into linear 
divisions little broader than the margined petiole: head 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the 
involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close (the outer obscurely carinate-one-nerved): 
rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers: akenes slender, glandular: pappus half 
the length of the corolla-tube, the pale narrowly obovate, with strongly opaque centre eva- 
nescent near the summit. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 876; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 99. Trichophyllum 
oppositifolium, Nutt. Gen. ii. 167. — Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and the 
borders of New Mexico. 

B. absinthifélia, Benru. About a foot high from an herbaceous root or barely suffru- 
tescent base, diffusely branched, tomentulose-canescent, and with sparsely corymbose-panicu- 
late heads on slender peduncles: leaves opposite and the upper alternate, pedately or 
sometimes pinnately 3-5-parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate divisions and lobes: 
involucre more lax ; its bracts oblong-spatulate or lanceolate with narrowed base: rays 9 to 
12, lanceolate-oblong, much exceeding the disk: akenes slender, pubescent: pappus nearly 
equalling the proper corolla-tube, its pale more dilated and broadly thin-scarious above. — 
Pl. Hartw: 18.— Arizona, near Tucson, Palmer, Lemmon. (Forms almost as slender and 
narrow-leaved as the plant of Northern Mexico.) 

Var. dealbata, Gray. Perhaps more lignescent at base, more whitened with fine 
pannose tomentum: leaves less divided, commonly only 3-cleft into lanceolate or linear- 
oblong lobes, or some lower ones oblong-lanceolate and entire. — Pl. Wright. i. 121; Proe. 
Am. Acad. xix. 27. B. dealbata, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 99.— Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


§ 2. Herbaceous from a perennial caudex: leaves all alternate and entire, 
coriaceous: pales of the pappus about 10, linear-lanceolate, and with a distinct 
excurrent or percurrent costa. — § Platyschkuhria, Gray. 


B. nudicatilis, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, upper part of the scapiform 
stem and involucre minutely glandular, a span or two high: leaves nearly all radical, oval or 
spatulate-oblong (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole: heads solitary or 
few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half-inch high: involucre hemispherical, 
of about 10 oblong bracts: rays 6 to 9, oblong: pappus fully half the length of the cuneate- 
linear sparsely hairy akene ; the thin margins of the pales of the pappus erose, and the 
short-excurrent awn barbellate-hispidulous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27.— Schkuhria (Platy- 
schkuhria) integrifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. viii. 213, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, excl. var.— 
Wind River Mountains, N. W. Wyoming, Parry. 

B. oblongifdlia, Gray, 1. v. Smaller: stems sparsely leafy almost to the 3-cephalous 
naked inflorescence: leaves narrowly oblong: head only 4 lines high, narrow: palez of the 
pappus firmer, smoother, and with entire edges, little shorter than the glabrate akene. — 
Schkuhria integrifolia, var. oblongifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. 1. c.—On the San Juan and Rio 
Colorado, near their junction, S. E. Utah or adjacent Colorado, Newberry, Brandegee. 


§ 3. Annuals, with once or twice palmately or pedately divided leaves: akenes 
mostly hirsute along the slender pienwale base, at least on the angles. — Achyro- 
pappus, HBK. 

% Leaves mainly opposite, at least all the lower ones, their divisions narrowly linear: pappus of 


broad and very obtuse palez, scarious above, callous-thickened and opaque at base, as in § 1: 
ray-flowers occasionally wanting. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Achyropappus, HBK., DC. 


Bahia. COMPOSITA. 333 


B. Bigelévii, Gray. Slender, a foot high, diffuse, strigose-puberulent: leaves 3-parted and 
the divisions sometimes 2-3-parted into linear-filiform segments and lobes: peduncles elon- 
gated, filiform: involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high; its bracts 8 or 9, oval and tapering to 
both ends, viscidly hirsute: rays as many, oblong: tube of disk-corollas hirsute with viscid 
hairs; throat broadly cyathiform: palee of the pappus broadly cuneate-obovate, half the 
length of the corolla-tube, callous-thickened only at base. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 96; Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. le. Schkuhria (Achyropappus) Bigelovii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199.—S. W. 
Texas, in the valley of the Limpio, Bigelow. 

B. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. A span or more high, minutely puberulent : leaves 3-7-parted 
into narrow linear divisions ; uppermost little shorter than the slender peduncles: involucre 
of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatulate bracts: rays none: disk-corollas small, with glan- 
dular tube, almost equalled by the obovate palex of the pappus, which are much thickened 
at and near the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Schkuhria Neo-Mexicana, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 
96, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. Amblyopappus Neo-Mexicanus, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 106. 
—Northern New Mexico and 8. Colorado, Fendler, Bigelow, Parry, &c. 

* %*, Leaves mainly opposite, with linear divisions: flowers perhaps white: pales of the pappus 
lanceolate and with a complete costa. 

B. Woodhotsii, Gray. Low, cinereous-puberulent: peduncles hardly longer than the 
heads: leaves thickish, 3-parted, and the middle divisions sometimes with a pair of lateral 
lobes: involucre 3 lines high; its bracts 8 or 9, oblong-obovate, obtuse: rays 8 or 9, with 
oblong ligules a line or two long, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers: palex of the pappus 
8 to 10, with hyaline margins and a strong opaque costa, which reaches the acute apex. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28.— Achyropappus Woodhousii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546. 
Schkuhria Woodhousii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199.— Northern part of New Mexico, Dr. 
Woodhouse. ? 


* * * Leaves all or mostly alternate, naked-petioled, 2-3-ternately divided or parted; the divis- 
ions from linear-spatulate to obovate, comparatively short: heads loosely cymose-paniculate at 
the naked summit of the erect stems, hemispherical, yellow-flowered, with oblong or obovate 
exserted rays: palez of the pappus oblong to narrowly lanceolate, with a distinct procurrent or 
excurrent costa, or the pappus wanting: akenes tetragonal-clavate, or those of the ray slender 
obpyramidal with 4 sides. 


+— Tube of the disk-corollas glandular but not hirsute; lobes ovate or oblong, shorter than the 
dilated throat: pappus present. 

B. pedata, Gray. A foot or two high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves pedately divided, com- 
monly into 3 petiolulate obovate or cuneate segments, of which the lateral are 2-parted and 
the middle 3-7-lobed ; the lobes obovate or broadly oblong, short ; heads 5 lines high: bracts 
of the involucre oblong, obtuse, shorter than the disk: rays about 12, oblong: palex of the 
pappus 10 to 12, spatulate-oblong, with costa vanishing near the obtuse or retuse summit. — 
Pl. Wright. i. 28, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Schkuhria (Achyropappus) pedata, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199.— S. W. Texas, on the Limpio and Rio Grande, Wright, Bigelow. 

B. biternata, Gray. More pubescent and slender: leaves biternately dissected into linear 
and obtuse or somewhat spatulate segments and lobes, the primary ones slightly petiolulate : 
heads 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre obovate: rays 8 or 10, broadly obovate: pale 
of the pappus 12 to 14, longer and narrower, about equalling the corolla-tube, those of the 
outer flowers obovate and obtuse, with costa evanescent below the apex; of the inner flowers 
longer, elongated-lanceolate, and with costa excurrent into an awn-like cusp; in intermediate 
flowers of intermediate character. — Pl. Wright. ii. 95, & Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. Schkuhria 
(Achyropappus) biternata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199.— Borders of W. Texas and adja- 
cent New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Thurber. May pass into the preceding. 


+— + Tube of disk-corollas viscid-hirsute; the limb cleft into narrow lobes which are much longer 
than the throat and little shorter than the tube: pappus none. 


B. chrysanthemoides, Gray. Taller and stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, puberulent or below 
glabrous, above with the flowering branches and short peduncles glandular-pubescent and 
viscid: leaves 1-3-ternately divided or parted; the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly 
linear: heads 5 or 6 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from 
oblong-lanceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate: rays as many, 
obovate-oblong: akenes obscurely striate on the four narrow faces, the whole apex covered 


334 COMPOSIT&.: Amblyopappus. 


by the base of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Amauria? dissecta, Gray, Pl. Ferdl. 
104. Villanova chrysanthemoides, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 96. — Along mountain water-courses, 
Colorado to S. Arizona; first coll. by Fremont. 


145. AMBLYOPAPPUS, Hook. & Arn. (‘AyBd4s, blunt, wésmos, pap- 
pus.) —Jour. Bot. iii. 321; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. Aromia, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 395. Infantea, Remy, in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 257, t. 48. — 
Low annual (of Chili, and Schkuhria pusilla, Wedd., is perhaps a second species 
in Bolivia), probably introduced into California. 

A. pusillus, Hoox. & Ary. J. c. A span or two high, nearly glabrous, balsamic-viscid, 
paniculately or corymbosely branched, with small short-peduncled heads terminating the 
branches: leaves linear and alternate, entire or lower pinnately 3-5-parted and opposite: 
involucre 2 lines high, equalling the yellowish flowers. — Aromia tenujfolia, Nutt.1.c. In- 
funtea Chilensis, Remy, in Gay, l. c.— Around San Diego, California, and southward. 
(Chili.) 


146. SCHKUHRIA, Roth. (Christian Schkuhr, of Wittenberg.) — 
Slender and paniculately much branched annuals (Mexican and Andean), some- 
what pubescent, never tomentose; the small pedunculate heads of yellow (rarely 
purplish) flowers terminating the branchlets: leaves alternate, or the lower 
opposite, pinnately 3~-7-parted or uppermost entire, the divisions and rhachis 
filiform. Herbage sometimes minutely resinous-atomiferous and the leaves im- 
pressed-punctate. — Roth, Catalecta Bot. i. 116; Cass.; Less. &e. Tetracarpum, 
Meench, Meth. Suppl. 241. Schkuhria & Hopkirkia, DC. Prodr. v. 654, 660. 
Schkuhria, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 403, in part, excl. Achyropappus, &c. — Our 
species, and S. Wislizent of Northern Mexico, form a section (the genus Hop- 
kirkia, DC.), with leaves more commonly only 3-parted and on the branches 
entire, heads only 3-5-flowered, with a single ray-flower or none: obpyramidal 
akenes in length only about double the width of the summit, their angles very 
densely long-villous, some hairs also on the faces: scarious tips of involucral 
bracts purple-tinged: stems diffusely corymbose-paniculate. 

S. Hopkirkia, Gray. Pappus equalling the corolla; its palez all alike, ovate-oblong, with 
percurrent costa projecting as a cusp: faces of the akene conspicuously 3-nerved. — Pl. 


Wright. ii. 94. Hopkirkia anthemidea, DC. Prodr. v. 660.—S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 
(Northern Mex., Henke.) 


S. Wrightii, Gray, 1.c. Pappus shorter than the corolla; its palez all obovate and obtuse 
or erose-truncate, destitute of costa, merely thickened at very base: akenes rather less thick | 
and faces less striate. —S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. 


147. HYMENOTHRIKX, Gray. (From. épzjv, membrane, 6pié, bristle, 
the pappus a combination of awn and thin palea.) — Herbs of Arizona and 
vicinity, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; with probably annual or perhaps per- 
ennial root, branching stems of | to 3 feet high, alternate leaves once to thrice 
parted into linear divisions or lobes, and numerous corymbosely cymose heads 
(about one-third inch high); the corollas yellow or white and purple, strikingly 
different in the two species. 


H. Wislizéni, Gray. Glabrous: lobes of the leaves often spatulate-linear and broadish : 
heads radiate: involucre of comparatively narrow acutish and yellow-tinged bracts, hardly 
any accessory ones: corollas yellow; those of the disk with oblong lobes only half the length 

of the narrowly obconical throat: style-tips pointless: akenes rather slender, barely pubes- 
cent: pappus-awns narrowly ‘margined below, naked and hispidulous above. —Pl. Fendl. 


Hymenapappus. COMPOSIT&: 835 


102, & Pl. Wright. ii. 97; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 168. — River-bottoms, &c., S. Arizona 
and New Mexico; first coll. by Wislizenus. (Adj. Mex.) 

H. Wrightii, Gray. Leaves with very narrow linear or almost filiform divisions, the 
lower cauline hirsute: heads broader: involucre of obovate-oblong and very obtuse purple- 
tinged bracts, and a few smaller narrow accessory ones: rays none: disk-corollas white or 
purplish, 5-parted almost down to the narrow tube into oblong-linear widely spreading lobes : 
style-tips with a slender-subulate cusp: akenes broader, villous: pappus of broader palex 
and smoother awned tips. —Pl. Wright. ii. 97; Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. t. 6; Rothrock, 
1. c.— Along streams, S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Lower California, Orcutt.) 


148. HYMENOPAPPUS, L’Her. (From ip, membrane, zdmzos, 
pappus, the latter of hyaline palew.)— North American and North Mexican 
herbs (chiefly of the prairies and plains), perennial, biennial, or some perhaps 
winter annuals, mostly floccose-tomentose and with sulcate-angled erect stems, 
alternate 1-2-pinnatifid or parted leaves, the lower sometimes entire, and corym- 
bosely cymose or solitary pedunculate middle-sized heads of white or yellow 
flowers. Leaves in some species evidently impressed-punctate. When the corolla 
is deeply cleft the nerves of its lobes are deeply intramarginal. Fl. spring. — 
“T’Her. Diss. cum icon.”; Michx. Fl. ii. 103; Cass. Dict. lv. 266, 279; DC. 
Prodr. v. 658; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. 


% Lobes of the white corolla as long as the short-campanulate or crateriform throat; the tube long 
and slender, much exceeding the short pappus: stamens with even the filaments mostly exserted: 
akenes merely pubescent, clavate-obpyramidal, with much thickened summit and stipitiform 
base: involucre of comparatively lax and partly white-petaloid bracts: heads corymbiform- 
cymose and rather numerous, on short peduncles: comparatively Eastern species, biennials, 
1 to 3 feet high. 


+ Pappus of very small obovate or roundish nerveless pale forming a crown, much shorter than 
the breadth of the summit of the merely pubescent akene, often minute, even obsolete: floccose 
or pannose tomentum thin, sometimes deciduous. 


H. scabioszus, L’Her. Leafy to the top, thinly tomentose: radical leaves pinnately 
parted or occasionally entire, cauline irregularly 1-2-pinnately parted into broadly or nar- 
rowly linear lobes: heads about 5 lines high: the broad involucre somewhat radiate-expanded, 
its mainly white bracts roundish-obovate, at first surpassing the disk: akenes short-pubescent. 
—Michx. Fl. ii: 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 372. Rothia Carolinensis, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. 
i. 16, t. 1, & Ill. t. 667.—Sandy pine-barrens, Middle Florida to S. Carolina, and west to 
Illinois and Texas. 

H. corymbésus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, smaller, and glabrate, naked above: 
lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into narrowly linear 
acute divisions and lobes: heads 3 or 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre much smaller, 
shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit only greenish-white: akenes 
puberulent. — Fl. ii. 372. — Prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. The var. Nuttallii, 
Torr. & Gray, as to plant in herb. Torr., belongs here, but the Z. tenuifolius of Nuttall in 
other herbaria is Pursh’s species. 


+ + Pappus of larger spatulate-obovate paleze, in length nearly equalling the breadth of the 
summit of the villous-pubescent akene, partly traversed by a callous-thickened axis or obscure 
costa. 


H. artemisizefolius, DC. Pannosely or somewhat floccosely white-tomentose, or some- 
what denudate in age: leaves from simply pinnatifid or lyrately few-lobed, and sometimes 
quite entire (lanceolate or oblong), to bipinnately parted into broadly linear or narrowly 
oblong obtuse divisions and lobes: heads 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre obovate- 
oblong, about equalling the disk-flowers, dull white, lower half green. — Prodr. v. 658; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 372. — Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. 

%* % Lobes of the corolla more or less shorter than the throat: pappus conspicuous, of spatulate or 


narrow palex, which have a manifest costa or thicker opaque axis, this evanescent near or below 
the obtuse or retuse apex: akenes villous: involucre greener, less petaloid. 


336 COMPOSITA. Hymenopappus. 


+— Stems leafy, from a biennial root a foot or two high: heads rather numerous and corymbosely 
cymose, on rather short slender peduncles: corolla-tube slender, throat short, and lobes rather 
long. 

H. flavéscens, Gray. Densely white-tomentose, sometimes glabrate in age: leaves once 
or twice or even thrice pinnately parted; the divisions or lobes from narrowly to rather 
broadly linear: heads 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the involucre roundish-obovate or ovate, 
with greenish-white or barely yellowish margins: corolla from yellowish to yellow, and 
short-campanulate throat almost equalled by the lobes: akenes rather short-villous: palez 
of the pappus spatulate, usually ouly half the length of the slender corolla-tube. — Pl. Fendl. 
97, & Pl. Wright. i. 121, ii. 94 (exct. the last var.); Rothrock in Wheeler Exped. vi. 167, 
where one form is printed “ H. canescens.” H. robustus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63, 
stout specimens of the form with finely much divided leaves and somewhat reduced pappus. 
— Sandy plains and valleys, W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

H. tenuifélius, Pursy. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green: leaves rather 
rigid, once or twice (or radical thrice) pinnately parted into very narrowly linear or fili- 
form divisions, their margins soon revolute: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: involucre more 
erect and close; its bracts oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins: corolla 
dull white ; its lobes moderately shorter than the throat: palez of the pappus shorter than 
the corollatube, oblong-spatulate: akenes long-villous.—Fl. ii. 742; Nutt. Gen. ii. 139; 
DC. Prodr. y. 658; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas, and 
apparently also in Utah. 

+ + Stems clustered on a perennial caudex, leafy below, naked above, bearing few or solitary 
comparatively large heads. 

H. filifélius, Hoox. Tomentose-canescent, or somewhat denudate and glabrate: stems a 
span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform: leaves nearly of H. tenuifolius, or of more filiform 
rigid divisions: heads a third to half inch high: bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate- 
oblong, largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged : corolla yel- 
lowish-white or sometimes clear yellow, its reflexed lobes or teeth very much shorter than 
the throat: akenes very long-villous: pales of the pappus equalling or much shorter than 
the tube of the corolla, but commonly equalled by the villosity of the akene.— FI. i. 317, 
but the pappus is not “extremely minute.” WH. filifolius & H. luteus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. Lc.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. lc. H. tenuifolius, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 173.— Rocky 
Mountain plains, from Nebraska and Montana to New Mexico, mountains of Arizona, and 
southern borders of California. The forms referable to H. luteus are more white-tomentose, 
have shorter and more crowded lobes to the leaves, and southward have almost scapiform 
stems. Northeastern forms are greener, more leafy, and with smaller heads,-approaching 
A. tenuifolius. 

%* %* %* Lobes of the honey-colored or yellow corolla much shorter than the throat: akenes broad, 
the faces almost destitute of nerves: pappus obsolete or wanting: root perennial: fl. July—Oct. 

H. Mexicanus, Gray. Densely floccose-tomentose, sometimes denudate in age, a foot or 
two high from a thick root or caudex: radical leaves from lanceolate to spatulate, and from 
entire to pinnately parted, the lobes entire; upper cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, often 
entire: heads few or several and loosely corymbose-paniculate, 4 lines high: bracts of the 
involucre oval or ovate, green’ with yellowish tips: akenes slightly pubescent and glabrate. 
—Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. H. flavescens, var.t Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 94.— Mountain 
ravines, New Mexico, Wright, Greene, Rusby. (Mountains near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 
these certainly perennial, Schaffner.) 


149. FLORESTINA, Cass. (Probably dedicated to a female friend.) — 
Slender annuals (of Mexico and its northern borders), leafy-stemmed, loosely 
paniculately branched, pubescent and above beset with stipitate glands: all but 
the lowest leaves alternate, petiolate, simply palmately or pedately divided into 
entire segments, rarely entire: heads loosely paniculate, quarter-inch high: 
flowers white or flesh-color, in summer. — Bull. Philom. 1815, & Dict. xvii. 155, 
t. 86; DC. Prodr. v. 655, excl. spec. — Consists of the Mexican F. pedata, Cass., 
and the following. 


Polypteris, COMPOSITA. 337 


F, tripteris, DC.1.c. Lowest leaves commonly ovate or oblong and entire; others of 3 
oval or oblong or the upper linear leaflets: tips of involucral bracts and flowers usually dull 
white: anther-tips acutish. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 121.—S. Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


150. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. (IloAvs, many, and wrépis, meant for rrepsr, 
wing ; many-winged or feathered, i. e. the pappus.) — Southeastern _N-American 
herbs (entering Mexico), more or less scabrous-pubescent; with undivided and 
mostly entire petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate, and loosely corymbose- 
cymose or paniculate and pedunculate heads of rose-purple or flesh-colored flowers, 
in summer and autumn. — Gen. ii. 439; Ell. Sk. ii. 314 (not of DC., which was 
a Gaillardia) ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 8377; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 30. Part of Palafoxia, Less., DC., &c. 


§ 1. Heads homogamous, middle-sized or small: bracts of the involucre her- 
baceous up to the small sphacelate colored tip: corollas 5-parted nearly down to 
the slender tube: akenes narrowly obpyramidal: root annual. (Nearest to F'lo- 
restina.) 


P. callésa, Gray,1.c. Slender, paniculately branched, a foot or two high: leaves linear, 
slightly petioled: peduncles glandular: involucre turbinate, 10-12-flowered, quarter-inch 
high, of 8 or 10 linear-oblong bracts: akenes minutely pubescent or glabrous: palex of the 
pappus all short, obovate or roundish, with costate-thickened centre seldom reaching the 
obtuse or erose and retuse apex, occasionally minute or wholly wanting. — Stevia callosa, 
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 121; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 46. lorestina callosa, DC. Prodr. 
v. 655. Palaforia callosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 369.— Low or dry ground, Arkansas to 
Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. 

P. Texdna, Gray, 1. c. Stouter: leaves from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate-oblong (at 
least below), distinctly petioled: peduncles less glandular : involucre campanulate or broader, 
20-30-flowered, 3 to 5 lines high, of 8 to 12 spatulate-oblong bracts: palez of the pappus 
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with slender nearly complete or slightly excurrent 
costa, sometimes almost as long as the akene, in the outer flowers often much shorter. — 
Palafoxia Texana, DC. Prods. v. 124; Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. c.— River-banks, Texas ; first 
coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) 


§ 2. Heads heterogamous, larger, with palmately 3-lobed rays: disk-corollas 
parted not quite to the filiform tube: bracts of the involucre herbaceous up to 
the small and narrow sphacelate colored tip: akenes slender: root annual. 


P. Hookeriana, Gray, lc. Stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, above glandular-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid: leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, mostly 3-nerved below: invo- 
Iucre many-flowered, broad, half-inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate bracts in two 
series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with purplish tips: ray-flowers 
8 to 10, the deeply 3-cleft rose-red rays half-inch long, but sometimes reduced or abortive: 
pappus in the ray a crown of 6 to 8 short and obtuse rather rigid spatulate pale; in the 
disk of narrowly lanceolate thin pale, traversed by an excurrent costa, attenuate at apex 
into a slender point or short awn, nearly of the length of the akene.— Stevia sphacelata 
(Nutt.), Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 214, Palafoxia Texana, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 148, not DC. 
P. Hookeriana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 368; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5549, with var. subradiata, 
a reduced state. — Sandy plains of Nebraska to Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 


§ 3. Heads homogamous, rather large: corollas with the base of 5-parted limb 
forming a short-campanulate throat: involucre more imbricated and whitish- 
scarious, glabrous: akenes slender: root perennial. — Polypteris, Nutt. 


P. integrifdlia, Nurr. Not glandular: stems 2 to 5 feet high, fastigiately corymbose at 
summit, almost glabrous: leaves scabrous, lanceolate and obtuse, upper ones linear, lowest 
spatulate-oblong to obovate: heads fully half-inch high, many-flowered: principal bracts of 

22 


838 COMPOSITA. Palafowia. 


the involucre obovate-spatulate, very obtuse, thin, mainly whitish, some-omter or accessory 
bracts narrower and shorter, partly herbaceous: corollas white or flesh-colof: palew of the 
pappus little shorter than the akenes, linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate, more or less 
pointed by the excurrent tip of the strong costa. — Gen. ii. 139; Ell. Sk. ii. 314, not DC. 
Paleolaria fastigiata, Less. Syn. 156. Palafoxia fastigiata, DC. Prodr. v. 125, P. integri- 
folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 269.— Pine barrens, Georgia and Florida; first coll.. by Dr. 
Baldwin. 


151. PALAFOXIA, Lag. (José Palafox, noted Spanish general.) — Her- 
baceous or suffruticose plants (of Mexico and the U. S. borders) ; with branching 
stems, rather large scattered or loosely cymosely disposed pedunculate heads of 
flesh-colored or whitish flowers; the leaves linear to oblong, alternate, entire, the 
lower short-petioled. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 26 (Elench. Hort. Madr. 1815); Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 381. Palafoxia in part, Less., DC., Benth. & Hook. 


P. vatiréxia, DC. Prodr. v. 125, of Southern Mexico, is unknown to us, and by its opposite 
cordate leaves and obovate involucral bracts is probably of some other genus. 


x Anomalous species, connecting with Polypteris. 


P. Feayi, Gray. A foot or two high, suffruticose at base, very leafy to near the summit, 
minutely scabrous: leaves short (little over inch long), oblong or ovate-oblong and rounded 
at both ends, or uppermost lanceolate and acutish, thickish, 3-nerved at base: heads corym- 
bosely cymose, over half-inch high: involucre campanulate, about half the length of the 
flowers; its bracts spatulate-linear, at apex truncate-obtuse and somewhat purplish-sphace- 
late: corollas with oblong lobes fully half the length of the cylindraceous throat: pappus 
shorter than the corolla-tube and several times shorter than the glabrate akene, of 8 oblong 
rigid pointless lacerately scarious-edged pale (comparable with those of some outermost 
flowers of the following).— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59, xix. 31.—Coast of S. Florida, in 
sandy soil, Feay, Chapman, Curtiss, no. 1507. 

* * Genuine species, with narrow and paniculately scattered heads, narrowly linear involucral 
bracts, these in age usually concave and applied to the subtended akenes. 


P. linearis, Lac. 1.c. Flowering as an annual, but becoming perennial and frutescent, 
strigose-cinereous and partly hirsute or hispid, slender flowering branches sometimes 
glanduliferous: leaves linear, or lower ones lanceolate, more or less canescent: heads about 
inch long, 15-30-flowered (or by depauperation 10-12-flowered) * corolla-lobes oblong-linear, 
half the length of the throat: pappus of 4 (sometimes 5) linear hyaline pale with strong 
and rigid excurrent costa, and little shorter than the slender akenes, or sometimes 2 to 4 
additional and shorter blunt ones, or in the outer flowers all reduced, short, and of firmer 
texture, with imperfect costa, or abortive. —DC. Prodr. v. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2132. 
Ageratum lineare, Cav. Ic. iii. 3, t. 205. Paleolaria carnea, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816,.& Dict. 
P. leucophylia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 291, & Bot. Calif. i. 388, a shrubby form with 
reduced pappus, from seeds of which were raised plants having nearly the ordinary pappus 
of the species, which, although flowering as an herb with seemingly annual root along the 
Mexican border, was originally described as shrubby.— On the Colorado near Fort Yuma, 
&c., 8. California, and Arizona. (Mex.) 


‘152. RIGIOPAPPUS, Gray. (From fcywos, stiffened, and wérmos, pap- 
pus.) — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548, Bot. Calif. 1.887; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
406. — Single but variable species. 


R. leptécladus, Gray,1.c. Slender annual, a span to a foot high, minutely hirsute-pubes- 
cent to almost glabrous, paniculately or subcorymbosely branched: branches commonly 
filiform, elongated, and leafless below, smooth, simple or proliferous, bearing solitary heads: 
leaves all alternate, very narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the 
heads small and subulate: involucre 3 lines high: flowers yellow but often changing to pur- 
ple or whitish: palex rather than awns of the pappus from half to two-thirds the length of 
the akene, 3 to 5, occasionally only 2 or 1, or rarely wanting. —Dry ground, interior region 
of Washington Terr. to the middle of California and Nevada; first coll. by Lyall. 


Chenactis. COMPOSITA. 339 


Var. longiaristétus. A small form: involucre only 2 lines high: pappus of 
(mostly 3) more slender awns, subulate-dilated at base, much longer than the corolla, rather 
longer than the akene. — Rattlesnake Bar, California, Mrs. Curran. 


153. CH A NACTIS, DC. (Xaiva, to gape, and dxris, ray, the enlarging 
orifice and limb of the marginal corollas in most species simulating a kind of 
ray.) — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent (Western N. American) ; with alter- 
nate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, and pedunculate solitary or sometimes 
cymosely disposed heads of yellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers. Pappus more 
commonly shorter or of fewer palew in the outer flowers. Akenes pubescent, 
rarely glabrate. — Prodr. v. 659; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 401; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 545, x. 73. 


§ 1. Cux£NacTIs proper. Pappus of entire or merely erose persistent palez, 
rarely obsolete: akenes more or less tetragonal or terete, slender. 


* Corollas yellow, the marginal ones with enlarged throat and limb, somewhat unequally or as if 
palmately 5-lobed: annuals, mostly winter annuals, flowering in spring. 

+ Pappus of 4 (rarely if ever ‘*5 or 6”) nearly equal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate acut- 
ish pale, at least the inner attaining to the throat of the corolla. 

C. landésa, DC. Floccosely white-woolly when young, flowering from near the base with 
(3 to 8 inches) long naked peduncles, the earliest scapiform: leaves thickish, simply pin- 
nately parted into a few narrowly linear (rarely again parted) lobes no wider than the rhachis, 
or uppermost entire: heads half-inch high: involucral bracts nearly linear: marginal 
flowers moderately ampliate, not surpassing the disk. — Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
370; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 389.— California, common from Monterey southward to San Ber- 
nardino, &¢. 

C. glabriuscula, DC. Taller, stouter, more caulescent, a foot or more high, thinly floccose, 
at length denudate, branching above, and with stout sometimes elongated peduncles bearing 
solitary heads of two-thirds to three-fourths inch high: leaves with more numerous and 
irregular lobes: bracts of the involucre broader, thickish, glabrate, obtuse: marginal corollas 
with much ampliate and more palmate limb, surpassing the disk.— Prodr. 1. c.; Gray, 1. ¢. 
C. denudata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 177. The var. megacephala, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104, 
is merely a larger form. — California, from valley of the Sacramento southward. 

C. tenuifdlia, Nurr. Somewhat white-tomentulose when young, glabrate, loosely branched, 
often diffuse, bearing scattered or paniculately disposed heads (a third of an inch high) on 
short slender peduncles: leaves once or twice pinnately parted into irregular and small linear 
or oblong or sometimes nearly filiform lobes: involucral bracts narrow, rather rigid: limb of 
marginal corollas short, not surpassing the disk.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. v. 375; Torr. & 
Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. C. filifolia, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98, the most slender-leaved 
form. On the sea-shore occurs an opposite extreme, with primary divisions of the leaves 
pinnatifid into very short and thickish lobes. — Coast of California, from Santa Barbara to 
San Diego; also San Bernardino. . 

+— -+— Pappus of very obtuse mostly unequal palez, or obsolete. 

C. heterocérpha, Gray. Lightly floccose, soon denudate, a span or two high, simple or 
sparingly branched: leaves pinnately or sometimes bipinnately parted into irregular and 
unequal rather crowded and short divisions and lobes: heads half-inch high, mostly on rather 
long peduncles terminating stem and branches: bracts of the involucre broadly linear or 
sometimes wider: limb of the marginal flowers conspicuously ampliate, surpassing the disk : 
pappus of inner flowers of 4 elliptical-oblong pales fully half the length of the corolla, and 
with 4 or fewer alternate outer and roundish very short ones, but these occasionally wanting ; 
in the outermost flowers all shorter or very short. — Pl. Fendl. 98, & Bot. Calif. lc. Var. 
tanacetifolia, Gray, 1. ¢. (C. tanacetifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545), proves to be only 
a stunted and condensed form. — California, from the Upper Sacramento and Lake Co. to 
San Bernardino Co.; first coll. by Hartweg. 

C. Névii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Dwarf, rather stout, puberulent, or leaves nearly 
glabrous: peduncles short: marginal corollas little ampliate: pappus of a few minute denti- 


340 COMPOSIT&. Cheenactis. 


form vestiges: otherwise resembles the preceding, so far as an insufficient specimen shows. 
— Coll. in Idaho, 1876, Nevius. 


% % Corollas white or pale flesh-colored. 


+ Marginal ones with throat and limb manifestly enlarged, and unequally 5-lobed or even pal- 
mately ligulate: bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or acutish: pappus of 4 palez: winter 
annuals. 


C. Freménti, Gray, l.c. Glabrate, the slight woolliness caducous, or glabrous, except 
the puberulent or hispidulous peduncles, a foot or less high, rather stout: leaves thickish, 
narrowly linear, many entire, some with 2 to 5 similar linear lobes: heads half or two-thirds 
inch high, terminating rather simple erect branches: bracts of the involucre thickish, rather 
acute, with prominent midrib: marginal corollas comparatively large and conspicuous, ligu- 
lately palmate, not rarely developing a cuneate almost equally 4—5-cleft ligule (of 3 lines in 
length) : palea of the pappus linear-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with manifestly. 
thickened axis at base forming a vanishing costa. — Desert of the Mohave and Lower Colo- 
rado, California, and adjacent Nevada and Arizona, remont (imperfect specimen), Newberry, 
Parish, Lemmon, &c. Partly confounded in Bot. Calif. with the next. 

C. stevioides, Hoox. & Ary. Floccose-tomentose, glabrate in age, seldom a foot high, 
freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous somewhat cymosely disposed heads (of half- 
inch in height) on short slender peduncles: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into short linear lobes, 
uppermost rarely entire: bracts of involucre narrowly linear, obtuse, with obscure midrib: 
marginal corollas with moderately ampliate unequally 5-lobed limb, not surpassing the disk : 
paleze of the pappus scarcely thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate 
and shorter than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, sometimes 
much shorter. — Bot. Beech. 353; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 371; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 172. 
— Dry interior region, Utah and S. Idaho, to eastern side of Sierra Nevada and through 
Arizona; first coll. by Tolmie. 

C. brachypappa, Gray. Resembles the preceding : leaves perhaps thicker : heads broader: 
involucral bracts with prominent midrib: palew of pappus alike in inner and outermost 
flowers, quadrate or slightly cuneate, very truncate, not longer than the short proper corolla- 
tube, barely one fourth the length of the akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390, & Bot. Calif. i. 
389.—S. E. Nevada, in the Pahranagat Mountains, Miss Searls. 


“+— + Marginal corollas little enlarged, nearly regular: receptacle commonly with a few fimbriilz 
or bracts in the form of setiform awns: bracts of the receptacle very narrowly linear, cuspidately 
or setaceously acuminate: pappus of 4 pale: winter annuals, minutely puberulent, with no 
woolliness. 


C. carphoclinia, Gray. A foot or less high, diffusely much branched, slender, bearing 
numerous scattered heads (barely half-inch high) on short filiform peduncles: leaves 1-2-pin- 
nately parted into almost filiform lobes: involucre 30-40-flowered: awns on the receptacle 
5 to 10 among and nearly equalling the flowers, rigid, persistent: palez of the pappus ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and little or moderately shorter than the inner corollas, or in 
the outer much shorter, occasionally very short.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 94, & Bot. Calif. 1c. 
— Arid districts, W. Arizona and S. Utah to S. E. California; first coll. by Gen. Thomas. 

C. attenuata, Gray. More slender, with narrow 15-20-flowered heads: ray-corollas hardly 
at all enlarged: hardly any fimbrille on the receptacle: pales of the pappus very short, 
broadly obovate-cuneate and truncate: otherwise nearly like the preceding.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 73, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Ehrenberg, Arizona, Janvier, through Canby. 


+— + + Marginal corollas not larger than the others (or only slightly so in C. Xantiana). 
receptacle quite naked: involucral bracts pointless, narrowly linear, rather loose, the midrib 
obvious: pappus of 4 conspicuous palex and usually 2 to 4 small alternating outer ones: leaves 
simply pinnately parted, with divisions entire or merely 1-2-toothed: winter annuals. 

C. Xantidna, Gray. Stout, often a foot or more high, tomentulose when young, some 
glabrate: ascending simple branches terminated by large (three-fourths to inch long) solitary 
many-flowered heads on thick often fistulous peduncles: leaves with a few narrowly linear 
distant lobes, or some entire: corollas with short oval or oblong lobes a little bearded ex- 
ternally, or in the margin rather broader and more spreading, but equal: anthers partly 
exserted (in the manner of the genus) : pappus of 4 lanceolate palex little shorter than the 
corolla, and of as many very short obovate or obcordate ones. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, 


Cheenactis. COMPOSITA. 341 


x. 74, & Bot. Calif. i. 390, with var. integrifolia, which is more slender, fewer-flowered, and 
usually entire-leaved. C’. glabriuscula, var. megacephala, Gray, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., 
vii. 146, not Pacif. R. Rep. — Eastern California and adjacent Nevada, from Tejon to Car- 
son, &c., Dr. Horn, Anderson, Lemmon. 

C. macrantha, Eaton. A span high, rather simply branched from the base, canescently 
tomentulose, partly glabrate: leaves short, with linear or oblong-linear lobes usually ap- 
proximate : heads 12-20-flowered, mostly short-peduncled, or the earlier on longer naked 
peduncles from near the base of the stem: bracts of the involucre thinnish, more or less 
tomentose: corollas half to three-fourths inch long, narrow, externally puberulent, all alike; 
the 5 short teeth linear-oblong, ascending or barely spreading: anthers wholly included in 
the throat, the tips lanceolate: pappus of 4 linear-oblong palew barely half the length of the 
corolla, and 2 to 4 very short cuneate-oblong ones, but these occasionally obsolete or wanting. 
— Bot. King Exp. 171, t.18; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Hills in the desert region, W. Nevada 
to S. Utah and the Mohave in California ; first coll. by Watson. 


+ + + + Marginal corollas not distinctly larger than nor different from the others (the 
lobes if slightly larger still regular): bracts of many-flowered involucre linear or somewhat 
spatulate, obtuse, sometimes one or two loose and shorter outer ones: pappus of 8 to 14 mostly 
equal and large obtuse palex: biennial, perennial, or suffrutescent plants: fl. summer. — Macro- 
carphus, Nutt. 

C. Douglasii, Hoox. & Ary. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose or pannose tomen- 
tum, or sometimes early glabrate, a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or more 
enduring root: leaves mostly of broad outline and bipinnately parted into crowded short 
and very obtuse divisions and lobes: heads from half to three-fourths inch long, in larger 
plants several or numerous and cotymbosely cymose: palew of the pappus from linear- 
ligulate to narrowly oblong and from half to three-fourths the length of the corolla, or in 
marginal flowers shorter and broader.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. 
C. Douglasii & C. achilleefolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 354; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. ¢.; 
Torr. in Stansb. Rep. t. 6. Hymenopappus Douglasti, Hook. Fl. i. 316; DC. Prodr. v. 658 ; 
Macrocarphus Douglasii & M. achillewfolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 376. — 
Dry plains and mountains, Montana to New Mexico, west to Washington Terr. and Cali- 
fornia. From 8S. E. California, Palmer, an incomplete specimen of a peculiar large and 
glabrate form, with sparser divisions to the leaves, and shorter spatulate-oblong palex of 
pappus. Very variable species. 

Var. alpina. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves 
with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads, 
surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex ,or rootstock. — 
Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, of the 
Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Terr. Seems distinct from the fol- 
lowing. 

C. Nevadénsis, Gray. Very dwarf, in small tufts surmounting filiform branches of sub- 
terranean rootstocks, mostly growing in volcanic scoriz or ashes: leaves small (half to 
barely inch long), densely white-woolly, crowded, obovate or flabelliform-cuneate in outline, 
once or twice pinnatifid or parted into obovate or spatulate-linear lobes: peduncles inch or 
less long, bearing a solitary rather narrow head. — Bot. Calif.i.391. Hymenopappus Neva- 
densis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. — Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California, 
from Shasta and Lassen to the sources of the San Joaquin, Kellogg, Muir, Lemmon, &c. 

C. santolinoides, Greene, in herb. Subcaulescent perennial: leaves all crowded on 
short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown, white-tomentose, linear in outline, with 
broadish rhachis thickly beset with small (line or so long) oblong obtusely few-lobed and 
crispate divisions: peduncles scapiform, 4 to 6 inches high, simple or once or twice forked, 
glandular and viscid: head half-inch high, rather narrow: pappus of 8 or 10 linear-ligulate 
palex, a little shorter than the corolla. —San Bernardino Mountains, above Bear Valley, 
S. E. California, Parish. 

C. suffrutéscens, Gray. Canescently tomentose, a foot or more high from decumbent 
woody stems: leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 7 narrowly linear entire or rarely 1-2-toothed 
divisions : heads solitary or scattered, on slender peduncles, three-fourths inch high: pappus 
of 10 to 13 linear or narrowly ligulate-oblong pales a little shorter than the corolla, or in 
the outermost flowers considerably shorter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100.— California, on the 


342 COMPOSITA, Cheenactis, 


rocky banks of the Sacramento, below Mount. Shasta, Lemmon (perhaps.a mistake ax to 
habitat); S. E, California, south of San Jacinto Mountains, Parish. 


§ 2. AcaRPH&A. Pappus of deciduous and fimbriate palez, or wanting: 
akenes obovate- or linear-clavate, hardly angled, blackish: involucre viscid: 
corollas whitish or ochroleucous, all alike or nearly so, the marginal not obviously 
ampliate: annuals. —Acarphea, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98; characterized anew in 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. 


C. artemisizefolia, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched, furfuraceous- 
pubescent, somewhat viscid, above glandular-hirsute, especially the naked summit and 
peduncles and involucre of the loosely cymose-paniculate heads: leaves 2-3-pinnately divided 
or parted into short linear or oblong lobes: involucre broadly campanulate, half-inch high, 
many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, acute: akenes linear-clavate, flattened, hardly at 
all angled, the sides minutely impressed-striate ; epigynous disk small and obscurely annu- 
late. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1c. Acarphea artemisicfolia, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 
98, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32. —San Diego Co., California; first coll. by Coulter. 

C. thysanocarpha, Gray. Slender and low annual, paniculately branched, viscid-puber- 
ulent, with some early deciduous villosity, sparsely leafy up to the subsessile small heads: 
leaves narrowly linear, entire: involucre barely 3 lines high, of few linear-oblong and vis- 
cidulous bracts, 7-10-flowered: akenes clavate-obovate, obscurely angled: pappus about half 
the length of the corolla, of 8 or 9 nearly equal thin spatulate pales which are erosely fim- 
briate quite down to their unguiculate base, deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30.— Sierra 
Nevada in Kern Co.? California, at 9,800 feet, Rothrock, no. 345. Apparently depauperate 
or unseasonable specimens of a peculiar plant; coll. Sept. 


154. HULSEA, Torr. & Gray. (The late Dr. G. W. Hulse, U. S. Army.) 
— Herbs, of the Sierra Nevada and its continuations, viscid-pubescent and bal- 
samic-scented, most of the species when young floccose-woolly; with alternate 
mostly sessile entire or dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or scattered large 
heads of yellow flowers, or rays sometimes purple; in summer. — Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 98; Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 77, t. 13; Bot. Calif. i. 385. 


% More or less floccose-woolly when young, and denudate in age: upper leaves reduced in size and 
bract-like on the naked flowering branches or peduncles: root perennial, or in the first species per- 
haps biennial. 


H. Califérnica, Torr. & Gray, |. c. Robust, 2 feet or more high, leafy, bearing several 
paniculately disposed heads, when young whitened by long and soft loose wool: leaves 
entire or nearly so; lower spatulate or lingulate, uppermost ovate-lanceolate to linear: inyo- 
lucre two-thirds inch high and broad; its bracts very numerous, linear, gradually acute, 
villose-lanate : rays very many, with linear ligule half-inch long: palex of the pappus quad- 
rate-oblong and somewhat equal, or the two over the principal angles longer, erose-denticulate 
at summit. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 386. — 8. California, in mountains of San Diego Co., Parry, 
and (near Campo, June, 1880), Parish, G. R. Vasey. 


H. vestita, Gray. Commonly a foot or less high from a rosette of pannosely white-tomen- 
tose spatulate leaves (either entire or lyrately dentate, tardily somewhat denudate); the 
flowering stems sometimes scapiform and monocephalous, commonly sparsely leaved below 
and bearing two or three slender pedunculate heads: involucre half-inch high, of mostly 
broadly lanceolate viscid-pubescent bracts: rays little surpassing the disk-flowers, sometimes 
shorter, or even wanting, yellow or changing to reddish: pappus of conspicuous and silvery 
quadrate erose-toothed palez, either nearly equal or two rather longer. —DProc. Am. Acad. 
vi. 547, & Bot. Calif. i. 387. (Forms have been distributed under the names of H. Parryi, 
Gray, and ZH. callicarpha, 8. Watson.) —S. E. California; volcanic hill south of Mono Lake, 
Brewer, low, scapiform, with large head: San Jacinto Mountain, San Diego Co., 1882, 
Parish. Mohave country, San Bernardino Co., Parry, 1876, form with dentate or almost 
pinnatifid leaves. Also a more leafy and branched form, 2 feet high, with more deciduous 
wool and rather longer rays, Parish. 


Blennosperma. COMPOSIT.A. 343 


Var. pygmeéa,. Depressed, rising only 2 inches high, the head subsessile in the tuft 
of leaves: rays saffron or rose-colored.— San Bernardino Co., on the summit of Greyback 
Mountain, Lemmon, W. G. Wright, and Bear Valley, Parish. 

H. algida, Gray. A span or two high from a deep perennial rootstock, the villous or cot- 
tony wool caducous, viscid pubescence remaining: stem simple, stout, terminated by a solitary 
short-peduncled large head: leaves linear-lingulate, irregularly dentate, sometimes with 
large salient’ teeth ; lower crowded (2 to 5 inches long, quarter to half inch wide), upper 
gradually smaller and sparser: involucre almost inch high and broad; its bracts linear, 
attenuate-acute, lax, villose-lanate and viscid: rays very numerous, linear, nearly half-inch 
long, yellow: pappus short, not exceeding the breadth of the akene, equalled by its hairs; 
the pales deeply fimbriate-lacerate.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547, Bot. Calif. i. 386.— Cali- 
fornia, on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Dana southward, Brewer, 
Bolander, Muir, on Mount Whitney up to 13,700 feet, Rothrock. 

H. nana, Gray. A span high from long branching rootstocks rising through voleanic ashes 
and scoriz, villous-lanate when young, viscid-pubescent : leaves crowded around base of the 
thickish (inch or two long, or sometimes very short) monocephalous peduncle, oblong-spatu- 
late, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering into a margined petiole: involucre half-inch or 
more high, of lanceolate bracts : rays about 30, yellow, broadly linear, nearly half-inch long: 
paleze of the pappus (either broad or apparently splitting into narrower ones) usually longer 
than the breadth of the akene, equalled by its villous hairs, incisely or fimbriately lacerate. 
— Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 76, t. 13, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Volcanic peaks of the Cascade Mountains, 
Oregon, Newberry, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf. 

Var. Larseni, Gray, Bot. Calif.1.c. More woolly even in age, and leaves somewhat 
scattered on the flowering stems, even up to the head: rays smaller. — California, in volcanic 
ashes on peaks of northern part of the Sierra Nevada, such as Shasta and Lassen ; first coll. 
by Lemmon and Larsen. 

* * Apparently quite destitute of floccose wool from the first, but with some long and soft many- 
jointed and viscidulous hairs: stems mostly simple, equably leafy to the top, bearing solitary or 
somewhat racemosely disposed short-pedunculate heads: paleze of the pappus conspicuous, 
oblong or narrower. the two over the angles longer. 

H. heterochréma, Gray. Rather stout, sometimes over 2 feet high from an annual root: 
leaves oblong, saliently dentate: involucre two-thirds or three-fourths inch high, of linear- 
lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts: rays very numerous, 3 or 4 lines long, rose-purple, some- 
times inconspicuous or obsolete : tube of disk-corollas hirsute: shorter pale of the pappus 
truncate-lacerate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 369, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, from the Yo- 
semite, Bolander, to the mountains of San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, Parish. 

H. brevifélia, Gray, l.c. Slender, a foot high from an annual or possibly perennial root, the 
stem or simple branches bearing a solitary comparatively small and narrow head: leaves 
small (the largest inch and a half long), spatulate-oblong, denticulate: involucre half-inch 
high, of linear rather loose bracts: rays only 10 or 12, 8 or 4 lines long, light yellow: palez 
of the pappus rather entire. —California, along the Merced in and near the Yosemite 
Valley, Bolander, &c. 


155. TRICHOPTILIUM, Gray. (@péé, zprxés, hair, and wridov, feather 
or plumage, the pappus-palee feathery-dissected.) — Single species, yellow-flow- 
ered winter annual; fl. spring. 


T. incisum, Gray. Diffusely branched, low and spreading, loosely floccose-woolly, also 
somewhat pubescent and glandular: leaves oblong-rhomboidal or cuneate-lanceolate, incisely 
and acutely dentate, alternate or the lower opposite: heads scarcely half-inch high, on slen- 
der peduncles terminating stem and branches. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 97, Pacif. R. Rep. v. t. 5, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 395. Psathyrotes incisa, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 322. — Arid district of the 
Mohave, Lower Colorado, and Gila, W. Arizona and S. E. California; first coll. by Fremont. 


156. BLENNOSPERMA, Less. (Bdéwa, mucus, oréppa, seed; the 
akenes developing copious mucus when wetted; that is, the club-shaped papilla 
then swell up through imbibition, open at the apex, or else split into two valves, 
and emit a pair of uncoiling filaments of extreme tenuity, in the manner of 


344 COMPOSITA. Blennosperma, 


Crocidium, to which this anomalous genus is perhaps most related.) — Low and 
small annuals, of two species, one Chilian, the other Californian. — Less. Syn. 
267; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272; Remy in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. t. 48; Benth.. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 404. Apalus, DC. Prodr. v. 507. Coniothele, DC. 1. ¢. 531. 

B. Califérnicum, Torr. & Gray,1.c. <A span or two high, at length diffusely branched, 
glabrous or nearly so, with pedunculate heads terminating the branches: leaves alternate, 
pinnately parted into narrowly linear usually entire lobes: heads a third to half inch in 
diameter when expanded: flowers pale yellow, with ligules 2 or 3 lines long, or the alternate 
ones sometimes destitute of corolla: disk-flowers shorter than the involucre: style-branches 
of fertile flowers broad. — Coniothele Californica, DC. Prodr. v. 531.— Moist ground, Upper 
Sacramento to San Diego, California: fl. summer; first coll. by Douglas. 


157. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. (Changed from Actinea, from dxris, 
ray.) — Low herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants (all American) ; the herbage 
usually impressed-punctate and often resinous-atomiferous, bitter-aromatic, gener- 
erally Chamomile-scented ; leaves all alternate and narrow or with narrow lobes; 
the heads of yellow flowers commonly slender-pedunculate. — Pers. Syn. ii. 469 
(Actinea, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 425, t. 61, 4 8. American form, somewhat 
approaching Helenium, but not to be combined with Cephalophora, which is a re- 
duced rayless Helenium) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 173, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 
vii. 878; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 881 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 31. Hymenozys, 
Cass. Dict. lv. 278; DC. Prodr. v. 661. Actinella, Hymenoxys, and a part of 
Cephalophora, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4138-415. 

A. (PLaterréma) PAtmert, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 109, xix. 31, is an outlying species, 


of Northern Mexico, remarkable for its few and broad and nearly herbaceous involucral bracts, 
convex receptacle, and truncate laciniate pales of the pappus. 


§ 1. Evactinéitxa. Involucre of numerous herbaceous or nearly membrana- 
ceous (not rigid) nearly equal and similar bracts, distinct to the base: receptacle 
obtusely conical or hemispherical: heads mostly solitary on long or scapiform 
peduncles, rarely sessile in the cluster of leaves: rays inclined to persist and turn 
pale: akenes silky-villous: pappus of 5 to 7 hyaline paler. — Gray, 1. ¢. 

% Winter annual or at most biennial, caulescent, entire-leaved : receptacle conical. 


A. linearifélia, Torr. & Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, sometimes strict and nearly 
simple, generally diffusely branched, villous-pubescent and glabrate: leaves linear or the 
lowest somewhat spatulate: peduncles filiform, a span long: head 3 lines high: rays 4 lines 
long: palez of the pappus ovate, abruptly acuminate-awned.— Fl. ii. 383. Mymenorys 
lineartfolia, Hook. Ic. t. 146; DC. Prodr. vii. 243.— Texas and borders of Louisiana, in 
sandy soil; first coll. by Drummond. (Adj. Mex.) 

%* * Perennials, mostly with multicipital caudex, commonly lanate in the axils of the radical leaves. 
+— Leaves except in one form of the first species quite entire, all on the crowns of the caudex, 
which bear a simple scapiform peduncle (or none): receptacle obtusely or low conical: inyolucre 
villous-lanate: palex of the pappus hyaline from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly traversed by 


an indistinct costa, and usually produced at apex into an awn: well-formed heads 4 to 6 lines 
high, and rays as long. 

A. scaposa, Nurr. In the typical form somewhat like the preceding in aspect, especially 
when leafy along the base of the scape, loosely villous and glabrate, rather sparsely caespitose, 
the branches of the caudex being slender and often ascending : leaves linear to lanceolate or 
some of the earlier ones spatulate, not rarely laciniate-lobed: scape a span to a foot high. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 382. Cephalophora (Actinella) scaposa, 
DC. Prodr. v. 663. Gaillardia Remeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 161. A. lanuginosa, 
Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459. — Rocky prairies, &c., Texas to New Mexico ; first 
coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) 


Actinella.. COMPOSITA. 345 


Var. linearis, Nurr. 1. c. Leaves all narrowly linear and entire, more rigid. — Texas 
to New Mexico, and the borders of Colorado: broader-leaved and dwarfer forms very like 
glabrate A. acaulis. (Adj. Mex.) 

A. acatilis, Nurr. Densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short, thick, and crowded, 
canescently villous or sericeous, sometimes more naked: leaves thickish, all entire, from 
spatulate to nearly linear, commonly short (half-inch to 2 inches long), densely crowded on 
the caudex: scape half-inch to 6 inches high: rays 3 to 5 inches long (rarely wanting). — 
Gen. ii. 173; Torr. & Gray, |. c.; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 174. A. lanata, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ., a loosely villous form. Galardia acaulis, Pursh, 
Fi. ii. 743. Cephalophora (Actinella) acaulis, DC. 1. c. — Rocky Mountains and the bordering 
plains and hills, Dakota to Montana, and south to New Mexico, W. Nevada, and Arizona. 
Passes into 

Var. glabra, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 263. Leaves green, spatulate-linear, from sparingly 
villous or glabrate to nearly glabrous, even to the base and axils. — A. glabra & A. Torrey- 
ana, Nutt. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 382. — Rocky hills and bluffs, Wyoming Terr. to New 
Mexico and Utah. Also on an ancient mound at Joliet, Dlinois, Scammon, W. Boott, prob- 
ably adventive. 

A. depréssa, Torr. & Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose: leaves densely crowded on the very 
thick dense branches of the caudex, spatulate-linear, half-inch long, either sericeous-canescent 
or glabrate: head strictly sessile, immersed among the long-villous bases of the leaves. — 
Pl. Fendl. 100, with var. pygmea, a diminutive silky-canescent form.— Mountains of W. 
Colorado or E. Utah, Fremont, Ward, and the small variety, Raton Mountains, Gordon. 
Perhaps a state of A. acauljs. 


+ + Leaves all quite entire, crowded on the caudex, also scattered along the simple or sparingly 
branched stems: peduncles slender: heads, &c., of the preceding subdivision. 


A. argéntea, Gray. Commonly rather stout, a span to a foot high, silvery-canescent with 
appressed silky pubescence : lower leaves spatulate and oblanceolate, uppermost linear : heads 
4 or 5 lines high and rays 5 or 6 lines long, but sometimes of less than half this size: palex 
of the pappus 5, from broadly ovate or obovate to oblong, with manifest costa produced into 
an awn which usually about equals the disk-corolla. — P]. Fendl. 100; Rothrock in Wheeler 
Rep. vi. 173. — Hills of New Mexico; first coll. by Fendler. 

A. leptéclada, Gray. A span or two high, more slender, sparsely and more loosely silky- 
villous, glabrate, the narrower (sometimes all narrow-linear) leaves and lower part of the 
stems not rarely glabrous: heads usually smaller than of the foregoing. — Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 107.— New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to Arizona? Bigelow, Newberry, Brandegee, &c. 


+ + + Leaves mostly parted or dissected into narrow linear lobes, crowded on the thick com- 
paratively simple caudex and scattered on the short flowering stems: heads large: bracts of the 
involucre herbaceous but very woolly, loose: receptacle hemispherical: palew of the pappus 
5 or 6, elongated-lanceolate, attenuate into a subulate but hardly awned point, somewhat shorter 
than the disk-corolla. 


A. Brandegéi, T.C. Porter. Leaves glabrate, with 2 or 3 lobes toward the upper part, 
or some entire, narrowly linear, only 2 or 3 on the somewhat scapiform simple flowering 
stem (of a span or more in height): head therefore conspicuously pedunculate, half-inch 
high and wide: involucral bracts lanceolate : rays 12 to 16,3 or 4 lines long. — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xiii. 373. A. grandiflora, var. glabrata, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 76. — 
Alpine region of the Sangre de Christo and adjacent mountains of S. Colorado, Parry 
(1867), Brandegee, Gray & Hooker. 

A. grandifiéra, Torr. & Gray. <A span or two high, very stout, floccose-woolly, tardily 
somewhat glabrate in age: stem simple or branching below, leafy: leaves with petiole 
scarious-dilated at base, lower ones 2-3-ternately or quinately parted, upper with 3 to 5 
simple lobes: involucre about an inch broad, very woolly ; its bracts linear: rays 30 or more, 
over half-inch long: plants generally growing singly and’ the caudex on a perpendicular 
root, as if biennial. — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v.110; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiii. 240.— 
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Montana to Colorado; first coll. by Fremont. 
A. cHrysanTuEemofpes and A. insfanis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 32, of Mexico (large 

and tall species, with much divided leaves, and at most biennial roots), rank next to A. 

grandiflora. 


346 COMPOSITA. Actinella, 


§ 2. Hymenéxys. Involucre double or of two distinct series of coriaceous or 
rigid erect bracts, the outer more commonly connate at base: leafy-stemmed 
herbs; ours all with ray-flowers. —Gray, Pl. Fendl. 101, & Proc. Am. Acad. 
xiii. 873, & xix. 382. Hymenozxys, Cass. Dict. lv. 278 (founded on a rayless 
South Amer. species; DC. Prodr v. 661; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 415. 


%* Simple-stemmed and monocephalous or nearly so, perennial: pappus-paleze elongated and 
pointed. 

A. Bigel6ovii, Gray. Habit of A. leptoclada, loosely woolly, tardily glabrate: stems strict 
and slender, 6 to 15 inches high from an apparently multicipital caudex, terminated by a 
single long-pedunculate head, rarely with one or two branches: leaves all very narrowly 
linear, rigid, not perceptibly punctate, some of them with a pair of subulate lobes, the others 
quite entire: head half-inch high: involucre hemispherical ; its bracts all lanceolate, acute, 
coriaceous, about 12 in each series, distinct; those of the inner a little longer, scarious- 
margined, and attenuate-cuspidate: rays about 12, half-inch long: receptacle obtusely low- 
conical: pales of the pappus about 10, subulate-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with 
more or less evident costa, gradually attenuate into an aristiform cusp.— Pl. Wright. ii. 97, 
& Bot. Mex. Bound. 99.— Pine forests in the mountains of New Mexico, Bigelow, Newberry, 
Palmer, Greene. 


* %* Stems branching above and bearing numerous or several heads. 
+— Most of the leaves entire, some 3-cleft: pappus of about 5 broad and truncate pales. 


A. Ruisbyi, Gray. Green and glabrous or nearly so: stems a foot or more high froma 
lignescent perhaps biennial root, strict, fastigiately branched at summit into a cyme of many 
small (3 lines high) heads: leaves rigid, linear; upper cauline all entire; lower and the 
long and narrow radical ones some entire, some 3-cleft: outer involucre shorter than inner, 
of 7 or 8 thickish subulate-lanceolate coriaceous bracts, connate only at very base: ligules 
2 or 3 lines long, quadrate: pale of the pappus rather firm, quadrate or broadly cuneate 
and truncate, without costa, not surpassing the proper tube of the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 33.— Grassy slopes of the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. 


+ + Leaves all or mostly 1-3-ternately parted. 


++ Palez of the pappus oblong or roundish, pointless, mostly thin and hyaline: heads rather large: 
outer involucre more or less cupulate: rays laciniate at apex: root apparently perennial. 


A. Vaséyi, Gray. Nearly glabrous, a foot high: leaves once or twice 3-parted into linear 
lobes: heads rather numerous and fastigiately cymose: involucre narrowly campanulate, 
4 lines high; outer nearly equalling the inner, united high up into a 7-9-toothed cup: palex 
of the pappus oblong or broadly lanceolate, more or less obtuse, about half the length of the 
disk-corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 219, xix. 33.— Organ Mountains, New Mexico, G. R. 
Vasey. 

A. Codperi, Gray. Puberulent;2 feet or more high, paniculately branched above and with 
more scattered heads: lower leaves twice ternately or quinately and the upper simply 3-5- 
nately parted into (mostly inch long) nearly filiform lobes of hardly more width than the 
rhachis: involucre almost hemispherical; outer of 6 to 10 bracts which are united only 
toward the base: palez of the pappus ovate or quadrate-oblong, with very obtuse erose sum- 
mit, not half the length of the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 394, xix. 33. 


++ ++ Palee of the pappus ovate to lanceolate, attenuate into a slender point or awn, fully half 
the length of disk-corolla. 


A. biénnis, Gray. Mostly stout and a foot or more high from a tap root, probably never 
more than biennial, cinereous-puberulent, sometimes more hoary, sometimes green and gla- 
brate: leaves simply 3-5-parted into narrow linear lobes: heads loosely cymose, hemi- 
spherical : involucre about 4 lines high; bracts of its outer series 12 to 14, plane or barely 
carinate-thickened at base, nearly distinct: rays about as many, half to full inch long when 
well developed, narrowly cuneate: pales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, from acuminate to 
cuspidate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 373; also part of A. Richardsonii, Bot. Calif. i. 394, &c. 
A. Richardsonii, var. canescens, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 175, a hoary and dwarf form. — Arid 
mountain districts of Utah, Nevada, and on the borders of California and Arizona, Watson, 
Ward, Lemmon, Palmer, &c. 


* 


Helenium. COMPOSIT &. 3847 


A. Richards6nii, Nurr. A span to a foot high, in tufts from a multicipital perennial 
caudex, obscurely puberulent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of radical leaves, fas- 
tigiately cymose, polycephalous: upper leaves mostly once and lower twice ternately parted 
into long and simple filiform-linear lobes, rather rigid: involucre campanulate, 2 or 3 lines 
high, 6-9-angled ; the 6 to 9 bracts of the outer strongly carinate, united for the lower quir- 
ter or third: rays broadly or sometimes narrowly cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long: pees of the 
pappus attenuate-acuminate.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 379; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Gray, 
Pl. Fendl. 101, with var. floribunda, a tall and full-flowered fiiui, Picradenia Hohaikeon, 
Hook. FI. i. 317, t. 108. — Plains, Saskatchewan and E. Oregon to Utah and New Mexico. 

A. odorata, Gray. Diffuse and at length much branched from an annual root, a span to 
2 feet high, with scattered small heads terminating leafy branches: leaves once to thrice 
ternately parted into filiform lobes, not rigid: involucre campanulate, rigid; outer of 7 or 8 
oblong bracts, united at base: palee of the pappus aristately attenuate. — Pl. Fendl. 101, 
Pl. Wright. i. 122, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 33. Hymenorys odorata, DC. Prodr. v. 661; 
Deless. Ic. iv. t. 42. Philozera multiflora, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459.— Open 
ground, Texas to S. California; also sparingly in Kansas, where it is probably naturalized. 
(Mex.) 


158. HELENIUM, L. Swyeeze-weep. (Ancient Greek name of Ele- 
campane, or some other plant, which was said to be named after the wise Helenus, 
son of Priam.) — N. American and Mexican herbs, erect, mediocre or tall; with 
alternate simple leaves, which are sometimes decurrent, commonly resinous-atom- 
iferous (therefore bitter-aromatic) and impressed-punctate, and with pedunculate 
heads of usually yellow or occasionally brownish-tinged flowers, produced in sum- 
mer or autumn. — DC. Prodr. v. 667; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 418, with the 
synonymy (except Amblyolepis, and adding Hecubea) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
ix. 202. Helentum, Leptopoda (Nutt.), and Hecubea, DC. Prodr., to which 
Cephalophora (Cass.), § 1, DC., should be added. 


§ 1. Oxtreprs. Rays fertile, numerous, long and narrow: disk-corollas with 
moderately long proper tube: pappus of elongated pales: bracts of the involucre 
numerous in two series, tardily reflexed in fruit: leaves not decurrent on the 
stem. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205. Dugaldea, Cass. Ozxylepis, Benth. PI. 
Hartw. 87. 

H. Hoopésii, Gray. Slightly tomentose or pubescent when young, soon glabrate: stem 
stout, 1 to 3 feet high, from a strong perennial root, leafy, bearing several or sometimes 
solitary large heads: leaves thickish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate with 
long tapering base, somewhat nervose: rays becoming inch long, tardily reflexed: disk half 
to three-fourths inch high, hemispherical: receptacle in fruit ovoid-hemispherical: pale of 
the pappus ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla. — 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205, & Bot. Calif. i. 392. — Rocky Moun- 
tains, Montana to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada, California; first coll. by 
Thomas Hoopes. 


§ 2. Evurrénium. Rays fertile (rarely sterile, occasionally wanting), with 
cuneate or oblong soon drooping rays: disk-corollas with proper tube very short 
or reduced to a mere ring: ‘pales of the pappus not dissected: involucre com- 
paratively simple and small, of slender linear or subulate often unequal bracts, 
soon reflexed: plants from glabrous to puberulent, leafy-stemmed, mostly branch- 
ing. — Gray, 1. c. 

* Root annual: leaves all filiform-linear, not decurrent on the stem or branches. 


H. tenuifélium, Nurr. Glabrous, slender, fastigiately much branched, very leafy up to 
the slender peduncles: leaves mostly entire: rays often half-inch long, much surpassing the 
globular disk: receptacle depressed- -hemispherical (a line and a half in diameter): palex of 


348 COMPOSITA. Helenium. 


the pappus ovate, abruptly tipped with a longer awn which equals the villous akene and 
is little shorter than the disk-corolla.— Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 66; Hook. Comp. Bot. 
Mag. i. 98; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 385; Meehan, Native Fl. ii. t. 10. — River bottoms, &c., 
Arkansas to Mississippi, Florida, and Texas: becoming a naturalized weed throughout 
Southern Atlantic States. 

Var. badium, Gray. Disk dull purplish brown (instead of yellow): lower leaves 
sometimes pinnately parted, the radical into short linear or even somewhat oblong entire or 
few-toothed lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 108.— Texas, Z. Hall, Reverchon, Palmer. 


% ¥% Root annual, or at most biennial: leaves broader, at least some of them decurrent and form- 
ing wings on the stem and branches: rays in several species occasionally particolored with 
brownish-red. 

+— Palex of the pappus obtuse or at least pointless, destitute of costa. 
++ Rays present: disk and receptacle in fruit elongated. 


H. quadridentdtum, Laxziztzt. Loosely paniculate: lower leaves incisely pinnatifid; 
upper lanceolate, entire: heads with oval disk becoming oblong, half-inch long, surpassing 
the rays: receptacle cylindraceous-oblong: disk-corollas more commonly 4-toothed: pappus 
of very short roundish-oval palex.— Act. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 22, t.4; Lam. IIL t. 688; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 598; DC. Prodr. v. 666. H. quadripartitum, Link, Enum. ii. 338% Rud- 
beckia alata, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 593. ‘Tetrodus quadridentatus, Cass. Dict. lv. 272.—Low 
ground, Carolina to Texas, near the coast; adventive in ballast-heaps to Philadelphia. 

Mex. 
++ ++ Rays present: disk globular. 

H. élegans, DC. Strict, slender: leaves narrowly lanceolate and entire, or lowermost 
broader and sometimes slightly toothed: heads of the smallest (2 or 3 lines high), with 
brownish or purplish disk, equalled or surpassed by the pure yellow or particolored or some- 
times largely brownish-purple rays: receptacle barely hemispherical: pappus minute, the 
roundish-ovate pales decidedly shorter than the breadth of the akene. — Prodr. v. 667. ZH. 
microcephalum, var. bicolor, Torr. & Gray, Fl. it 385. H. microcephalum, Curtiss, distrib. 
1513. — Moist ground, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) 


H. microcéphalum, DC. Freely branching: leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower den- 
ticulate or repand-toothed: heads with yellow or fuscous disk (3 or 4 lines high) much sur- 
passing or sometimes equalled by the rays: receptacle conical-ovate: pales of the pappus 
ovate, short, but nearly half the length of the akene. —Prodr. v. 667; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. ix. 202, in part. H. heterophyllum, DC. 1. c. as to Berland. 2113 from Reynosa, not of 
char. H. Texanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460, to which aristate pappus is 
wrongly assigned. — Moist ground, Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) 


H. amphibolum, Gray. Stouter, freely branching: wpper leaves lanceolate to linear and 
entire; lower varying to oblong and toothed or laciniate-pinnatifid: heads with fuscous- 
purplish globose disk (3 or 4 lines in diameter), equalled or surpassed by the yellow rays: 
receptacle more than hemispherical: palez of the pappus roundish and very small, as in 
I. elegans. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202. H. Mexicanum, DC. Prodr. v. 666, by the char., 
not HBK.— Southern borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande, at Presidio and Eagle Pass, 
Havard. (Adj. Mex.) 


H. ooclinium, Gray. Freely branching, rather stout: leaves lanceolate, usually more or 
less dentate or denticulate: heads with yellowish and fuscous ovate-globose disk (5 or 6 or 
rarely 4 lines high), longer than the yellow rays: receptacle ovoid-conical (acutish or obtuse) : 
palezx of the pappus comparatively large, ovate, obtuse, often almost the length of the akene, 
sometimes with traces of a costa or of a mucro.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202.— Southern 
borders of Texas, along the Rio Grande, at Presidio and (with smaller heads) at Eagle Pass, 
Havard. (Northern Mex.) 

++ ++ ++ Rayless. 

H. Thirberi, Gray. Slender, puberulent, freely branched, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves mostly 
linear-lanceolate, entire, the lowest broader and denticulate or rarely laciniate: heads glo- 
bose-ovoid, 3 or 4 lines high, fuscous: receptacle relatively large, broadly ovate: pappus of 
ovate obtuse palex, about one third the length of the corolla and of the akene.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 32.—8. Arizona, Coulter (359, distributed as of California), Thurber (wrongly 
referred to H. puberulum in Bot. Mex. Bound.), Pringle, Lemmon. 


Helenium. COMPOSITE. 849 


+~ + Palee of the pappus acuminate, mucronately cuspidate, or awned, the costa commonly 
manifest: heads with globose disk and semi- or sub-globose receptacle: herbage puberulent. 
H. MexicAnum, HBK. (H. rarium, Schrader), by some said to be perennial, has palese of 
the pappus from apiculate to aristellate-acuminate. To it may belong Coulter’s no. 357 (speci- 
men too incomplete), ticketed “ California,” but probably belonging to his Mexican collection. 
H. pubérulum, DC. Mostly tall, freely branching, and with long monocephalous pe- 
duncles: leaves lanceolate or the lower broader, all entire: heads about half-inch in diameter : 
rays one, two, or sometimes three lines long, equalling or exceeding the small involucre 
rarely obsolete: pales of the pappus ovate, short-awned, not half the length of the corolla. — 
Prodr. v. 667; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii.385; Gray, Bot. Calif. i.393. H. pubescens, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 355, not Ait. H. Californicum, Link. Ind. Sem. Berol. 18402 H. decurrens, 
Vatké, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1875. H. Mexicanum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107, probably. 
Cephalophora decurrens, Less. in Linn. vi. 517; DC. Prodr. v. 663.— Moist or wet ground, 
California, common. 


H. laciniatum, Gray. A foot or two high, more cinereous: leaves lanceolate or linear, 
pinnatifid-dentate or laciniate, or the upper entire: heads 4 or 5 lines in diameter: rays as 
in the preceding: involucre commonly more conspicuous: palez of the pappus more than 
half the length of the corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.—S. E. Cali- 
fornia and adjacent Arizona, Coulter, &. (Adj. Mex.) 


%* * ¥% Root perennial: rays sterile, either neutral or with abortive style and akene: ligules equal- 
ling or exceeding the globular disk: receptacle ovate: leaves mostly narrowly decurrent on the 
stem and branches: pale of the pappus aristate-acuminate, hardly half the length of the disk- 
corolla: heads on short slender peduncles. 


H. nudifiédrum, Nurr. Somewhat puberulent, 1 to 3 feet high, with leafy branches and 
corymbosely disposed heads: leaves from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, entire, or the radi- 
cal obovate or spatulate and dentate: rays half to three-fourths inch long, either pure yellow 
or partly (sometimes wholly) brown-purple, once or twice the length of the brownish or 
purplish disk: receptacle ovate, in age acutish, but sometimes rounder and very obtuse. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203, excl. syn. H. parviflorum. H. nudiflorum & H. micranthum, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lc. 384. H. quadridentatum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. 
HT. atropurpureum, Kunth, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1845, 21, purple-rayed state. H. Seminariense, 
Featherman in Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. & Gray, F1. ii. 388 ; 
Curtiss, distrib., a very slender and small-rayed form. — Low ground, N. Carolina and Ii- 
nois to Arkansas and Texas; and naturalized eastward. Hybridizes with H. autumnale. 

H. parvifil6drum, Nurr. l.c. Glabrate or glabrous, much branched and with scattered 
small heads: leaves broadly lanceolate, with contracted base, sparingly denticulate, very 
narrowly decurrent on the branches: disk and rays yellow, the former 38 or 4 lines in di- 
ameter; the latter 3 to 5 lines long, styliferous: receptacle short-ovate. — Georgia, Nuttall 
(a specimen named by him is ticketed Alabama) ; in a swamp near Macon, J. Donnell Smith. 
Seemingly quite distinct. Simple-stemmed and low specimens with larger heads, Delaware 
Co., Penn., verge rather to H. autumnale. 


* * * * Root perennial: rays fertile and conspicuous: stem or branches more or less winged 
by the decurrent leaves: receptacle from half to two-thirds spherical: pappus with the palee 
acuminate-aristate, not rarely somewhat lacerate or with one or two setiform teeth. 


+~ Heads corymbose at summit of very leafy stem and branches; the disk globose: leaves mostly 
serrate or denticulate: flowering late. 

H. autumnéale, L. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem narrowly winged, 2 to 6 
feet high: leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong: heads about half-inch in diameter, usually 
equalled by the rays: pappus commonly half or two-thirds the length of disk-corolla. — 
Spec. ii. 866; Lam. Ill. t. 688; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 250; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 26; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 2994; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 384. ZH. longifolium, Smith in Rees Cycl. A. pumilum, 
Willd. Enum. Suppl. 60, may be 4 common dwarf form. HZ. pubescens, Ait. Kew. iii. 287. 
FT. canaliculatum, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35, & H. tubuliflorum, DC. Prodr. v. 666, a 
state with tubulose ligules. ZH. altissimum & H. commutatum, Link, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1840. 
H, grandiflorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 384, larger-flowered form. H. montanum, 
Nutt. 1. c. — Wet ground, Canada to Georgia, Texas, and westward to Brit. Columbia and 
Arizona; the var. grandiflorum, with rays three-fourths inch long, only in the northwest. 


350 COMPOSITA. Helenium. 


+— + Heads solitary or few on long (sometimes foot long) peduncles, terminating the stem or 
lax branches; disk depressed-globose or almost hemispherical: leaves en‘ ire. 


H. Bigelovii, Gray. Almost glabrous: stem simple or loosely branched, 2 or 3 feet high: 
leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, the radical oblong-spatulate, elongated: pedun- 
cles mostly slender: disk of the head three-fourths globose at maturity, two-thirds to three- 
fourths inch in diameter, equalled by the rays: pale of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or 
subulate and awn-pointed, considerably shorter than the corolla.— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107, 
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205, & Bot. Calif. i.393.— Wet ground, California, not rare from Lake 

* Co. to San Bernardino Co.; first coll. by Bigelow. 

H. Bolanderi, Gray. Somewhat furfuraceous-pubescent: stems stout, often simple, 1 or 2 
feet high: leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, or lowest obovate: peduncles thick, commonly 
upwardly enlarged and fistulous: disk of the head decidedly broader than high, inch or 
more wide: rays often inch long: pale of pappus lanceolate or subulate, with slender 
awn, almost equalling disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, ix. 204, & Bot. Calif. 1, ¢.— 
Low grounds near the coast, northeastern part of California, Bolander, &c. 


§ 8. Leprépopa. Rays neutral, very numerous, mostly surpassing the linear 
bracts of the involucre, cuneate, 38—5-cleft, yellow, as are also mostly the flowers 
of the broad disk: pappus of thin-scarious wholly nerveless sometimes lacerate or 
fimbriate palee: simple-stemmed perennials (sometimes biennials ?), from slender 
or filiform rootstocks; virgate stem continued into an unusually long solitary 
peduncle, the apex of which is mostly turbinate-thickened under the large and 
broad head: leaves narrowly or not at all decurrent.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
ix. 204. Leptopoda, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174; Ell. Sk. ii. 445; Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 
386, excl. § 2. 


* Receptacle ovate-conical and the disk semi- to sub-globose: involucre soon reflexed and the rays 
(over half-inch long) drooping in the manner of uhelenium: nearly glabrous, with somewhat 
elongated-lanceolate mostly entire cauline leaves, but no conspicuons radical tuft: akenes more 
or less hairy on the ribs. 

H. Curtisii, Gray. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high: disk of the head half-inch in diameter, 
surpassed by the rays: pales of the pappus almost entire, obovate, muticous, about one 
third the length of the disk-corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. Leptopoda integrifolia, M. A. 
Curtis in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 387, under L. brevifolia, var.— Near Raleigh, N. Carolina, 
M. A. Curtis. 

H. fimbridtum, Gray, ].c. Less slender: disk two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad, 
equalled by the rays: pale of the pappus broad, dissected from summit to beyond the 
middle into many capillary bristles. — Gaillardia fimbriata, Michx. Fl. ii. 142. Leptopoda 
Jimbriata, Torr. & Gray, F). 1. c. — Low pine barrens, Florida and Texas. 


* %* Receptacle and disk depressed-hemispherical or flatter: involucre and rays merely horizontal 
or tardily recurved: flowering stem usually from a rosulate cluster of radical leaves: cauline 
leaves gradually diminished upward, the uppermost usually bracteiform and subulate, all some- 
what fleshy. : 

H. Nuttallii, Gray,1.c. A foot or more high, with nearly the foliage of the preceding 
and head of the following: ovary and akene glabrous and glandular-atomiferous: palex of 
the pappus oval or oblong, more or less erose or lacerate, muticous, or some of them aristel- 
late. — Leptopoda Helenium, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174, excl. syn.? Z. denticulata, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 372. £. decurrens, Macbride in Ell. Sk. ii. 446, form with denticulate leaves. 
— Damp ground, 8. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. incisum, Gray, 1.c. Leaves incised or sinuate-pinnatifid in the manner of the 
following. — Leptopoda incisa, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 387. — Georgia, Le Conte. 

H. vernale, Watt. Somewhat puberulent or tomentulose and viscidulous, a foot or two 
high: principal leaves in a radical tuft, spatulate-lanceolate or narrower, 4 to 6 inches long, 
from repand-denticulate to incisely pinnatifid; upper cauline small, linear-subulate and 
bract-like: disk of the head two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad, yellow: akenes pubes- 
cent: pales of the pappus obovate or spatulate, with lacerate or fimbriolate-toothed summit. 
— Walt. Car. 210; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205. Leptopoda puberula, Macbride in Ell. 


Gaillardia. COMPOSIT A. 351 


lc.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., with var. pinnatifida. L. pinnatifida, Schweinitz; Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. 


H. brevifélium, Gray, 1.c. More glabrous: leaves shorter and entire or nearly so, lower 
and radical spatulate: head smaller, with brownish or purplish disk: akenes pubescent: 
palee of the pappus nearly entire. — Leptopoda brevifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. l. c.; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var. — Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Alabama. 


159. AMBLYOLEPIS, DC. (Composed of duBdvs, blunt, and Aeris, 
scale; from the pappus.) — Prodr. v. 667.— Single species, exhaling the odor 
of Melilot in drying: fl. all summer. 


A. setigera, DC. l.c. Annual, a foot or so high, sometimes glabrous and very smooth, 
sometimes villous with very long hairs rising from minute papille, especially along the 
margins of the leaves: stem loosely branching below, terminated by long monocephalous 
peduncles: leaves membranaceous, bright green, entire; radical oblong-spatulate with long 
tapering base; cauline oblong or ovate, with rounded or subcordate half-clasping base and 
mucronate-acuminate tip: head large: flowers all golden yellow: rays almost inch long, 
3-4-lobed: pales of the pappus 5, about half the length of the akene, broadly ovate, silvery- 
scarious, entire and nerveless, very obtuse, or in some outer flowers short-acuminate. — Gray, 
Pl. Wright. i. 121.— Prairies of Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 


160. GAILLARDIA, Fougéroux. (MM. Gaillard de Merentonneau.) — 
N. American herbs (and one extra-trop. S. Amer.), chiefly of the Atlantic side; 
with alternate sometimes resinous-atomiferous and impressed-punctate leaves, and 
ample and showy Scabious-like heads on terminal or sometimes scapiform pedun- 
cles; the flowers often fragrant, yellow or reddish-purple; in summer. — Mem. 
Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 5, t. 1, 2; DC. Prodr. v. 651; J. Gay in Ann. Sci. Nat. 
ser. 2, xii. 56. Galardia, Lam. Dict. ii. (1786), 590, & JIL. t. 708; Michx. Fl. ii. 
142; Nutt. Gen. ii. 175. Calonea, Buchoz, Ic. (1786), t. 126, ex DC. Vir- 
gilia, L’Her. & Smith, not Lam. Guntheria, Spreng. Syst. iii. 356. 


§ 1. Style-branches tipped with short (in ours naked) appendage of only once 
to thrice the length of the penicillate tuft: lobes of disk-corolla short and obtuse : 
rays sometimes fertile, often none: akenes villous all over: winter annuals or at 
most biennials. — Guntherta, Spreng. Syst. iii. 856, 449, and Cercostylis, Less. 
Syn. 289; an extra-tropical S. American species. Agassizia, Gray & Engelm. 
Proc. Am. Acad. i. 50, & Jour. Bot. Nat. Hist. vi. 229. 


G. comdésa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 109, xix. 34, of Coahuila, Mexico, is a third spe- 
cies of this section: it has truly fertile rays, exceedingly long hairs to the akene which nearly 
cover the short-awned pappus and at length almost equal the disk-corolla, and very short soft 
fimbrillz to the receptacle; the head on a naked scape. 

G. simplex, ScnrrLe. Leaves all in a radical cluster or a few near the base of the simple 
(foot or two long) monocephalous scape, commonly spatulate, from pinnatifid to coarsely 
dentate or some entire: head globose in fruit: involucre of about 2 series of short and 
narrow bracts: flowers heliotrope-scented : rays none or imperfect and irregular and stylifer- 
ous, or but few fully developed and neutral: villous hairs of the akene little surpassing the 
base of the large palex of the pappus, these 6 to 11, their slender awns at length surpassing 
disk-corolla. — Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. G. tuberculata, Scheele, 1. c. 349, is apparently the 
subcaulescent and more radiate form. Agassizia suavis, Gray & Engelm. 1. c.— Rocky 
prairies of Texas; first coll. by Lindheimer and Wright. 


§ 2. Style-branches tipped with a long hispid or hispidulous filiform append- 
age: rays neutral, in first species sometimes wanting. — Gaillardia, Foug., 
DC., &e. 


352 COMPOSIT A. Gatllardia. 


% More or less pubescent or hirsute with many-jointed hairs, leafy-stemmed: leaves not coriaceous: 
bracts of the involucre (at least the outer and larger) mainly foliaceous and spreading, la: ceo- 
late or narrower: disk-flowers apt to turn brown or dark-purple: villous hairs covering the 
akene mainly at its base or below the broad summit: palex of the pappus slender-awned. 


+— Fimbrille of the receptacle obsolete or reduced to very short soft teeth: corolla-lobes caudately 
acuminate from a short broadish base. 

'G. lanceolata, Micux. Minutely or somewhat cinereously pubescent, not hirsute, about 
2 feet high from an annual or perhaps perennial root, virgately branched: leaves rather 
small, from spatulate-lanceolate to linear, entire or slightly or sparsely serrate: outer bracts 
of the involucre lax and herbaceous to the base: rays rather few and sparse, half or two- 
thirds inch long, 3-cleft into narrow lobes and with slender tapering base, sometimes obsolete 
or wanting: flowers sweet-scented : the disk commonly dark and the rays yellow or copper- 
colored with dark veins.—Fl. ii. 142; Gray, 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 365, not DC. 
Galardia bicolor, Pursh, FI. ii. 572 (excl. syn. and it cannot be Leysera Caroliniana, Walt.); 
Nutt. 1.¢c.; Ell. Sk. ii. 449. Polypteris integrifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 659, excl. syn. — Dry pine 
barrens, S. Carolina to Florida, Kansas, and Texas. 


+— + Fimbrille of the receptacle setiform or subulate-aristiform, mostly surpassing the akenes. 


++ Lobes or teeth of disk:corolla subulate-acute and usually tipped with a seta or cusp, externally 
beset with long and beaded hairs: rays usually numerous and when well developed contiguous 
or overlapping, short-cuneate at base: pappus aristate even in the ray-flowers: bracts of invo- 
lucre callous at base, more or less hirsute, as also the herbage. 


G. aristata, Pursn. Perennial; often 2 feet or more high: leaves of firm texture, lanceo- 
late or broader, or lower spatulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid: 
rays all yellow, in the largest heads inch and a half long: setiform fimbrillz sometimes little 
shorter than disk-corollas. — Fl. ii. 573; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1186; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2940, 
& Fl. i. 315; DC. Prodr. v. 652; Gay, l.c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. G. bicolor, Hook. Fl. 1c, 
excl. syn. G. bicolor, var. aristata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Hook. Bot. Mag. sub t 3368. 
G. rustica, Cass. Dict. xviii. 20; Desf. Cat. G. lanceolata, DC. 1. c., excl. syn. — Plains, 
Saskatchewan to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, south to S. Colorado, New Mexico, and even 
the borders of California ? 

G. pulchélla, Fouc. Lc. Annual, a foot or less high, diffusely branched at base: leaves 
softer, from entire to pinnatifid: rays two-colored, lower part red-purple or darker, the upper 
‘or teeth yellow, at most inch long: lobes of disk-corolla more attenuate: fimbrille rather 
stouter, hardly surpassing the mature akenes. — Cass. Dict. xviii. 19; DC. l.¢.; Gay, Le.; 
Torr. & Gray, l.c. G. bicolor, Lam. Dict. ii. 590, & TIL. t. 708; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1602 (as 
to figure) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3551 (var. Drummondii, integerrima). G. Drummondii, DC. 
Prodr. v. 652. Virgilia helioides, L’Her.; Smith. Exot. Bot. i. t. 837.— Plains, Louisiana, 
Arkansas, and Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. picta. Form with somewhat succulent leaves, when growing near the sea-shore : 
fimbrille of the receptacle shorter and stouter, more or less subulate. — G. bicolor, var. Drun- 
mondii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3368. G. picta, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 267; Gay, 1. c.— 
Texas, in low grounds. Common in gardens. 


++ ++ Teeth of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless or obscurely apiculate: invo- 


lucre more or less callous at base. . 


= Akenes destitute of villous hairs (glabrous or glabrate) at the upper part, and not overtopped 
by the basal villi: fimbrilla of the receptacle setiform, equalling or surpassing the akenes: leaves 
undivided. 

G. amblyodon, Gay. Annual, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, mostly hirsute: leaves 
oblong or the lower spatulate, all sessile by an auriculate base, deuticulate or the upper 
entire: bracts of the involucre hirsute-ciliate, outer with conspicuous erect callous base; 
rays numerous and contiguous, oblong-cuneate, throughout brownish red or maroon-color, an 
inch or less long: ray-pappus awnless.— Ann. Sci. Nat. Lc.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 367; 
Gray, Chloris Am. Bor. (Mem. Am. Acad. iii.) 32, t. 4; Meehan, Nat. Fl. ii. t. 46. — Sandy 
prairies of Texas; first coll. by Drummond. 

G. Mexicana, Gray. A foot or less high from a perennial root, with the habit of G. lar- 
ceolata, minutely pubescent, naked above, with long rather rigid peduncles: leaves lanceolate. 
rather small, entire, or the lowest cauline and radical sparingly dentate or laciniate: head 


ae Ge 


Flaveria, COMPOSITA. 353 


rather small (disk barely half-inch in diameter): rays rather sparse and narrow, half-inch 
- or less long, yellow and brownish: teeth of disk-corolla oblong: akenes with rather short 

and scanty villosity, surpassed by the numerous setiform fimbrilla.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 

34. G. pulchella, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 120, along with plants mentioned as G. lanceo- 

lata. — Hills of the Rio Frio, 8. W. Texas, Wright. (Adj. Mex. to San Luis.) 

== = Akenes densely long-villous all over: fimbrille subulate-setaceous: rays yellow: pedun- 
cles scapiform or from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches long: some or even all the leaves pin- 
natifid, but very variable. 

G. pinnatifida, Torr. Perennial, cinereous-pubescent: leaves sometimes linear or with 
linear lobes, sometimes spatulate and sinuate or even entire: pappus-palex lanceolate. — 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona ; 
first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.) 

G. Arizonica. Annual, greener: leaves less frequently pinnatifid and with only oblong 
lobes: pappus-palez obovate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse.— High plains of S. Utah and 
Arizona, Palmer, Parry, Greene, Pringle. Has been confounded with the preceding. 

* * Glabrous or nearly so, thick-leaved, impressed-punctate, low, perennial from a stout multi- 
cipital caudex: rays and disk-flowers both yellow: bracts of involucre more coriaceous, mostly 
ovate or oblong and with short herbaceous tips: teeth of disk-corolla short, ovate, obtuse: 
akenes moderately villous all over. 

G. spathulata, Gray. Hardly a foot high, leafy-stemmed, branched from the base : leaves 
spatulate, entire, inch long, uppermost gradually smaller: head barely half-inch in diameter : 
rays few and small: pappus with awns surpassing disk-corolla: fimbrilla setaceous-attenuate, 
shorter than the akenes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59.— Rabbit Valley, Utah, Ward. 

G. acatilis, Gray. Leaves all clustered on the thick caudex, ovate and obovate, somewhat 
spatulate, contracted into slender petioles, entire or sparingly dentate: scapes a span to a 
foot high: head larger: rays more numerous, over half-inch long, rather narrow and with 
narrow lobes: pappus with short awns not equalling the disk-corolla: fimbrille subulate, 
shorter than the akenes.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73.—S. W. Utah and adjacent Arizona, at 
Mokiak Pass, &c., Parry, Palmer. 


161. SARTWELLIA, Gray. (In honor, now in memory, of Dr. Henry 
P. Sartwell.) — Annuals (of the Texano-Mexican border), glabrous, a foot or two 
high, leafy, fastigiately branched, and bearing very numerous small heads (only 
2 lines high) of yellow flowers in corymbiform cymes; the leaves all narrowly 
linear or filiform, entire, rather fleshy, opposite, slightly connate at base. — PI. 
Wright. i. 122, t. 6, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 34. — Two species. 

S. Flavériee, Gray, 1.c. Leaves nearly filiform: pappus a truncate cupule. — 8. W. Texas, 
on the Pecos, &c., Wright, Thurber, Havard. 

8. MexicAna, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 107, xix. 34 (coll. Palmer in Northern Mexico), 


has less filiform leaves, and a pappus of nearly distinct pales, with which as many longer delicate 
awns alternate. 


162. FLAVERIA, Juss. (From flavus, yellow; plants used to dye yel- 
low.) — Glabrous herbs (mainly tropical-American), mostly annuals; with small 
and fascicled or glomerate heads of yellowish or yellow flowers, and opposite 
sessile leaves, the broader ones 3-nerved. Akenes mostly smooth and glabrous. 
—Gen. 186; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 409. Flaveria & Broteroa (Brotera, 
Spreng.), DC. Prodr. v. 635. Vermifuga, Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. 114, t. 24. 


§ 1. Involucre 4-15-flowered, composed of 3 to 5 principal bracts. 

%* Heads more or less clustered in broad and open naked-pedunculate compound terminal corymbi- 
form cymes: leaves somewhat fleshy: involucre of 5 bracts: corollas except in the last species 
nearly or quite glabrous. 

F. chlorzefélia, Gray. Glaucous, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves entire, from ovate-oblong to 
lanceolate, broadest (half to fully an inch broad) and connate or connate-perfoliate at base: 
23 


354 COMPOSIT A. Flaveria, 


heads about 12-flowered, 3 lines long: no ray. (A few flowers once seen with a pap- 
pus of 4 thin pale!) —Pl. Fendl. 88, & Pl. Wright. 114.— Low grounds, on and near 
the Rio Grande, 8. W. Texas, Wright, Parry, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Wislizenus; Gregg, 
Palmer.) 

F. longifolia, Gray, 1c. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, pale: leaves from linear to lance- 
olate, broadest or not narrowed at the closely sessile base, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or with - 
rare spinulose denticulations: heads in very ample cymes, 10-15-flowered, often 3 lines 
long: no ray: bracts of the involucre broad. — Gymnosperma? oppositifolium, DC. Prodr. 
vy. 312. — Not yet found on the Texan side of the Rio Grande. (Adj. Mex.) 

F. linearis, Lac. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves from narrowly linear to 
lanceolate, or sometimes lower oblong-lanceolate (and inch broad), all contracted above the 
somewhat connate bases, sometimes denticulate: heads smaller and more glomerate, 5-8- 
flowered, commonly uniligulate.— Nov. Gen. & Spec. 33; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 360. F.ma- 
ritima, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 285. F. tenuifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 81. 
Selloa nudata, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 300; therefore Gymnosperma nudatum, DC. Prodr. 
vy. 312,— Coast and Keys of S. Florida; first coll. by Ware. (Cuba & Bahamas.) 


%* * Heads in closer subsessile or short-pedunculate or foliose-involucrate chiefly terminal glomer- 
ules: involucre of mostly 3 bracts, narrow, 3-5-flowered or some only 2-flowered, commonly 
uniligulate: disk-corollas sparsely hirsute at base. 

F. angustifolia, Pers. Erect, a foot or two high: leaves from linear to lanceolate, serru- 
late or entire, lightly 3-nerved, sessile by broadish or little contracted base : ligule somewhat 
exceeding the disk. — Syn. ii. 489; DC. Prodr. v. 635; Gray, Pl. Fendl.88. Afilleria angusti- 
folia, Cav. Te. iii. 12, t. 223.— Alkaline ground, S. W. Texas to E. Colorado and New 
Mexico. (Mex.) 

F. Contrayérsa, Pers., is S. American, spreading to W. Indies, and possibly to within our 

borders, has mostly oblong-lanceolate leaves contracted at base and conspicuously 3-nerved, 

more glomerate heads, and ligule not exceeding the disk or wanting. 


§ 2. Involucre 1-2-flowered, of 1 to 3 unequal bracts: heads densely glomer- 
ate. — Broteroa, DC., corrected from Brotera, Spreng. in Schrad. Jour. Bot. (1800), 
ii. 186, t. 5. 

F. repdnda, Lac. 1. c. Divergently branched annual: leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate 
with narrowed petiole-like base, strongly 3-nerved, acutely serrate: glomerules of many con- 
fluent heads, sessile in the forks and involucrate at end of the branches, outermost heads 
commonly of a single short-ligulate flower. — F. Contrayerba, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 114, not’ 
Pers. Brotera Contrayerba, Spreng. 1. c. B. trinervata, Pers. Syn. ii. 498. B. Sprengelii, 
Cass. Dict. xxxiv. 304. Nauenbergia trinervata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2393. Broteroa trinervata, 
DC. Prodr. v. 636.—S. W. borders of Texas, Wright. (Mex., &c.) 


163. POROPHYLLUM, Vaill. (Iépos, a passage or pore, pv)Aor, leaf, 
the foliage or involucre appearing as if punctate on account of the translucent 
oil-glands.) — Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warmer parts of America), 
usually glaucous; with alternate or opposite undivided leaves, and pedunculate 
heads of yellow or purplish flowers. Oil-glands present in the involucre when 
wanting in the leaves, in the form of dots or stripes. — L. Hort. Cliff. 494; 
Adans. Fam. ii. 122; DC. Prodr. v. 647, excl. § 2,3. Aletnia, Jacq. Stirp. Am. 
215, t. 127, not L. 

% Annual, with broad crenate-repand leaves on slender petioles: bracts of cylindrical involucre 


5: corollas purplish, with filiform tube several times longer than the throat and limb: akenes 
filiform or slender-fusiform. 


P. macrocéphalum, DC. A foot or two high: leaves roundish-oval to oblong (or some 
of the lowest narrower), about the length of the petiole: peduncles enlarged above, clavate 
and fistulous: head inch long: bracts of involucre obtuse: akenes much longer than the 
pappus. — Prodr. v. 468; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 93.— Rocky hills and ravines, Arizona,. 
Wright, Thurber, &. (Mex.) 


Dysodia, COMPOSIT. 355 


% % Perennial (as to N. American species), with narrow entire sessile leaves, glaucescent, much 
branched, 1 to 3 feet high. 

P. gracile, Benru. Lignescent at base, with slender striate branches: odor pungent, “Fen- 
nel-like”: leaves narrowly linear with tapering base, or uppermost filiform or subulate, or all 
filiform : involucre cylindraceous, half-inch long ; its bracts 5, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, 
scarious-margined, often slightly purple-tinged: corollas dull white and purple, with tube as 
long as the narrowish throat and short triangular-lanceolate lobes: akenes attenuate at apex, 
rather longer than the pappus. — Bot. Sulph. 29; Gray, Bot. Calif.i. 399. P. Greggii, Gray, 
Pl. Wright. i. 120, in part, & ii. 94. — Arid plains, S. W. Texas to San Diego Co., California, 
(Lower Calif., Adj. Mex.) 

P. scopdérium, Gray. Shrubby at base, with slender rush-like branches: leaves thick and 
firm, linear-subulate and filiform, narrow at base, mucronate-apiculate: involucre campanu- 
late, 4 or 5 lines high, of 7 to 9 broadly lanceolate greenish bracts, one third to half shorter 
than the mature pappus: corollas yellow, with very short obtuse teeth, and narrow throat 
much longer than the proper tube (i. e. below the insertion of the stamens): akenes not at- 
tenuate at apex, fully equalled by the pappus. — Pl. Wright. i. 120, ii. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad. 
xviii. 108. BP. Greggii, Gray, Pl. Wright. l. ¢c., as to pl. Gregg, u stouter form. — Rocky 
banks and plains, S. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. W. borders of 
Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mex.) 

P. AMPLEXICAULE, Engelm. in Pl. Wright. 1. c., of adjacent Mexico, is stouter, less branched, 
with solitary and larger heads, and fleshy-coriaceous leaves lanceolate, tapering from a partly 
clasping base, all but the uppermost opposite: bracts of the involucre 8 to 10, half-inch long. 


164, CHRYSACTINIA, Gray. (Xpvods, gold, dxris, ray, from the 
golden yellow rays, which distinguish the genus from the preceding.) — Pl. Fendl. 
93, & Pl. Wright. i. 119. — Single species, with resinous-aromatic odor. 


C. Mexicana, Gray, 1l.c. Fruticulose, about a foot high from a stout base, much branched, 
very leafy: leaves alternate, Heath-like, thick or almost terete, short-linear or filiform, with 
narrowed base, cuspidate-mucronate, entire, with abundant round oil-glands: heads on slen- 
der peduncles terminating the branches, a third of an inch high: bracts of the involucre 
lanceolate, hardly longer than the akenes, usually bearing a single large and prominent 
infra-apical oil-gland: disk-corollas with short proper tube and long cylindrical throat (in 
the way of Porophyllum scoparium and P. amplezicaule): akenes shorter than the pappus. — 
Rocky ground, W. Texas and adjacent New Mexico; first coll. by Gregg. (Mex.) 


165. NICOLLETIA, Gray. (Memory of J. NV. Nicollet, astronomer and 
explorer of the region between Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.) — Per- 
ennial herbs; with alternate leaves irregularly pinnately parted, and leafy branches 
terminated by large heads of purple or flesh-colored flowers, or disk-corollas at first 
yellow. — Rep. Fremont 2d Exped. 315, Pl. Wright. i. 119, & Bot. Calif. i. 398. 


N. occidentalis, Gray, 1.c. Stout, somewhat fleshy, a foot or two high: branches leafy 
up to the head: leaves with numerous or several short lanceolate-subulate or linear setosely 
tipped lobes: involucre three-fourths inch long, of 8 to 12 bracts: ligules oblong, little sur- 
passing the disk. — Sandy banks and plains of the Mohave Desert region, 8. I. California; 
first coll. by Fremont, who made his earliest exploration under Nicollet. 

N. Edwa4rdsii, Gray. More slender, a span or two high: leaves attenuate-linear, few- 
lobed: heads somewhat naked-pedunculate: involucre turbinate at base, half-inch long, of 
8 or 9 bracts: ligules much exserted, elongated-oblong, dentate or denticulate at the truncate 
summit, commonly half-inch long. — Pl. Wright. i. 119, t. 8, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 93. — 
Sandy banks and plains, S. W. Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow, Parry. (Adj. 
Mex., Dr. Edwards, Palmer. Lower Calif., Streets.) 


166. DYSODIA, Cav., as Dyssodia. (Avow8ia, an ill smell.) — Herbs or 
suffrutescent plants, of N. America and Mexico, mostly strong-scented; with 
alternate or opposite leaves, and solitary or rarely somewhat paniculate heads of 


356 COMPOSITA. Dysodia, 


yellow or orange flowers, sometimes turning purplish or reddish. — Anal. Cienc. 
Nat. vi. 384; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 29 (mainly) ; Cass. Dict. xxv. 896; DC. 
Prodr. v. 639 (excl. § 5 and incl. Clomenocoma & Lebetina, Cass.); Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 409 (but not excl. § Gymnolena, DC.); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 87. Bebera, Willd. Spec. iii. 2125. 


D. anruemipiro.ia, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, is of a peculiar section 
(Beberastrum, Gray, 1. ¢.), with simple and more open involucre, broad conspicuous rays, style- 
branches nearly of Bebera, and pappus with the paleaceous part more conspicuous, the lower 
bristles on the sides much reduced in size. 


§ 1. Eupysdépra, Gray, 1. c. Involucre calyculate with some external loose 
bracts: style-branches (at least in our species) tapering into slender-subulate 
appendages: teeth of the corolla usually narrow: heads comparatively large, 
pedunculate, and terminating naked branches: perennials; ours obviously fru- 
tescent at base, very glabrous, and with glabrous akenes which are shorter than 
the pappus; this of rather scanty bristles; the receptacle minutely if at all fim- 
brillate. i 
D. Codperi, Gray. Stout, a foot or two high: leaves all alternate, sessile, thickish, short 

(the larger less than inch long), from broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute, spinulose-dentate, 

many with a pair of stipule-like small lobes at base, mostly glandless: head broad, inch 

high: principal bracts of the involucre 20 to 30, distinct, subulate-acuminate ; accessory ones 
small and subulate: rays little surpassing the disk orange or turning purplish. — Proc. Am. 

Acad. ix. 201, & Bot. Calif. i. 398. — Dry ravines of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, 

Cooper, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish. 

D. porophylloides, Gray. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a woody base, with numerous 
spreading slender branches: leaves partly alternate, 3-5-parted ; the lower petioled and with 
cuneate to lanceolate entire or incised divisions; upper sessile and the divisions linear-subu- 
late, not setigerous: head narrower, half to three-fourths inch high: principal bracts of the 
involucre 14 to 20, linear, abruptly acute or mucronate, commonly slightly united below: 
rays few and inconspicuous, yellow. — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Amer. Acad. v. 322, & Bot. Calif. 
1. c. — Dry hills and mesas, S. E. California and Arizona; first coll. by Thurber. 

D. speciésa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 163, is a species of Lower California, allied to the 
preceding, with opposite trifoliate leaves, and mostly petiolulate leaflets. 

D. cancettAta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 38 (ZLebetina, Cass.), is a species very closely 
related to D. porophylla, DC. (and with similar abruptly short-appendiculate style-appendages), 
but the pappus is anomalous in having an outer series of short and blunt and wholly naked 
pales. Common in the northern part of Mexico, reaching so near the Texan border that it 
may be expected within it. 


§ 2. Baéprra, DC., excl. spec. Involucre regularly calyculate with accessory 
bracts: style-branches with very short conical tips: corolla-teeth short, ovate: 
palee of the pappus multicapillary : akenes pubescent: receptacle merely pubes- 
cent or puberulent : rather low herbs (the two Mexican species perennials, with 
naked-peduncled conspicuously radiate heads) ; all with opposite pinnately divided 
leaves, and some pubescence. 

D. chrysanthemoides, Lac. Much branched and ill-scented annual, leafy up to the sub- 
sessile or short-pedunculate small heads leaves 1-2-pinnately parted mto linear lobes: 
involucre purplish-tinged or greenish, campanulate, of 8 or 10 scarious-tipped oblong bracts, 
and some linear loose accessory ones: rays few and inconspicuous, not surpassing the disk. 
— Nov. Gen. & Spec. 29; DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 362. D. glandulosa, Cav. D. fas- 
tigiata, DC. 1. ¢., excl. syn. Tagetes papposa, Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 36; Michx. Fl. ii. 132. 
Bebera chrysanthemoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 2125. B. glandulosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 459. — Alluvial 
soi, Minnesota to Louisiana and southwest to Arizona: now spreading eastward in tho 
Atlantic States as a weed. (Mex.) 


Hymenatherum. COMPOSITA. 357 


167. HYMENATHEROM, Cais. (‘Ypyv, membrane, é6rp, awn, the 
palew of the pappus awned.) — Low herbs or suffruticulose plants (chiefly of the 
Mexican borders), of various habit, mostly pleasant-scented; with alternate or 
opposite leaves, and small or barely middle-sized usually radiate heads of yellow 
flowers. — Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817, 1818, & Dict. xxii. 313; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 
88, & Pl. Wright. i. 115; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 410. Hymenatherum (excl. 
§ 2), Dysodia § Aciphyllea, & Gnaphaliopsis, DC. Prodr. Now adding Thy-. 
mophylla, Lag. (slightly earlier published uame, but obscure), & Lowellia, Gray, 
with muticous pappus. Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40. 


§ 1. AcIPpHYLL&A, Gray. Palex of the simple pappus numerous (18 to 20), 
above resolved into about 5 or the alternate ones into 3 capillary bristles, like 
those of Dysodia (to which it makes transition) : heads sessile or nearly so at the 
end of the woody branchlets: leaves entire, opposite. — Pl. Wright. i. 115. 


H. acerésum, Gray,1.c. Shrubby, a span to a foot high from a thick base, rigid, exceed- 
ingly branched: branches barely puberulent: leaves filiform-acerose, usually with shorter 
ones fascicled in most of the axils: heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre with copious large 
oil-glands, subtended by uppermost pair of leaves or by a few shorter subulate foliaceous 
bracts : rays oblong. — Dysodia? (Aciphyllea) acerosa, DC. Prodr. v. 641. Aciphyllea 
acerosa, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 91.—W. borders of Texas to Arizona toward the Mexican boun- 
dary, Wright, &c. (Mex.) 


§ 2. Dysopiépsis, Gray, |. c., excl. spec. Palew of the simple pappus only 
10, rigid, not longer than the thickish akene, much shorter than disk-corolla, 
some entire with a single awn, others with 3 aristate-subulate tips : heads loosely 
foliose-calyculate : leaves alternate. 


H. tagetoides, Gray,l.c. A rigid annual, and becoming perennial, glabrous, a fovt or so 
high, fastigiately branched at summit: leaves narrowly linear, 2 or 3 inches long, rigid, 
laciniately and spinulosely dentate or almost pinnatitid: heads indistinctly peduncled, less 
than half-inch high: involucre rigid ; its bracts obviously imbricated, but connate almost to 
the tip: rays oblong, conspicuous. — Dysodia tagetoides, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 361.— Low 
prairies, Texas; first coll. by Drummond. 


§ 3. EvnrmenatHéRuM, Gray, 1. c. Pale of the pappus 10 to 20, all or 
the inner ones 1-3-aristate, and the awns about equalling or surpassing the disk- 
corolla: heads naked at base, or with some small and scanty subulate accessory 
bracts. (See also § 4.) 


* Rays inconspicuous and few, with ligule not surpassing the disk or the double and dimorphous 
pappus; this of 10 rigid palez in each series, inner with stout awns. 

H. Neo-Mexicanum, Gray. A slender erect annual, a foot or less high, glabrous, fas- 
tigiately branched above: leaves mostly pinnately parted into a few linear-filiform entire 
divisions ; lower opposite, upper alternate : heads short-peduncled : involucre turbinate, 3 or 
4 lines high, of 5 to 7 oblong connate bracts, subtended by 2 to 4 filiform-subulate bractlets : 
akenes appressed-villous at the attenuate base, shorter than the inner pappus, the oblong- 
lanceolate palee of which are cleft into 3 scabrous rigid awns, the middle one longer; those 
of the short outer pappus oblong-spatulate, retuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40. Adenophyllum 
Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 92. — Hillsides, New Mexico, Wright. 


* * Rays exserted and conspicuous, oblong: awns of the pappus capillary or slender-setiform. 


+ Most of the palez of the nearly homomorphous pappus 3-awned, lateral awns shorter: glabrous 
leafy-stemmed herbs, either annuals or slender-rooted subperennials: upper leaves all alternate. 

H. polychétum, Gray. Low, diffusely much branched from an annual root, leafy to 
near the numerous short-peduncled heads: leaves not rigid, pinnately parted into several 
short-filiform obtuse and pointless divisions: involucre barely 3 lines high, 10-16-toothed : 


358 7 COMPOSITA. -Hymenatherum. 


pappus of 18 or 20 very narrow palez, of 2 or 3 lengths, the smaller attenuate into a short 

single awn, the larger into a much longer capillary awn, with a delicate short one at each 

side of its base, or rarely an additional pair of sete. — Pl, Wright. i. 116.— Prairies, S. W. 

Texas and New Mexico, Wright. (Chihuahua, adj. Mex., Thurber.) 

H. Wrightii, Gray. Erect or diffuse, a foot or less high from a firm annual or perhaps 
perennial root: branches rather simple, bearing few or solitary heads on peduncles 1 to 3 
inches long: leaves not rigid, narrowly linear or almost filiform (an inch or more long), setu- 
lose-mucronate, many entire, some with 1 to 3 small subulate lobes: involucre fully 3 lines 
high, 16-20-toothed : palez of the pappus 10, all slenderly 3-awned from a short lanceolate 
base; lateral awns with subulate base, half the length of middle one. — Pl. Fendl. 39, Pl. 
Lindh. ii. 229, & Pl. Wright. 1. c.— Prairies of Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 

H. tenuilobum, DC. Diffusely branched and spreading from a seemingly annual but 
sometimes more enduring root: branches a span to a foot long: heads on filiform (1 to 4 
inches long) peduncles: leaves rather rigid, all pinnately parted into 7 to 11 subulate-filiform 
setulose-mucronate divisions (of only 2 to 4 lines in length): involucre 3 lines high, about: 
12-toothed : palez of the pappus 10, more rigid, all nearly similar and bearing two lateral 
and a middle longer stouter awn, the latter hardly longer than the lanceolate paleaceous por- 
tion (which, however, sometimes splits away from the awn on each side), rarely one or two 
smaller lateral sete or cusps.— Prodr. v. 642. H. tenuifolium, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1. c., not 
Cass. —S. Texas along and near the Rio Grande, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex.) 
+— + All 10 palex of the pappus nearly similar and tapering into a single short awn, and the 

larger mostly 2-setulose: leaves acerose. 

H. Thuarberi, Gray. Habit and character of a more leafy-stemmed form of H. pentachetum : 
paleze of the pappus not distinctly in two series, all narrowly lanceolate, alternate shorter 
ones subulate-awn-pointed, the others with awn rather shorter than the palea, and a pair of 
obscure or more manifest setulose teeth at its base.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 41. . tenui- 
Jolium, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 93.— Texas or adjacent New Mexico, on the Mexican 
border near El Paso, Wright. Corralitas, Thurber. (Apparently also Northern Mexico, 
Parry.) 

+ + + Pappus manifestly double and dimorphous, of 10 scarious palee; the 5 outer shorter, 
spatulate or oblong, obtuse and pointless; inner lanceolate or oblong, bearing a single awn, of 
equal or greater length, between a pair of cusps or subulate or sometimes aristellate teeth. 

++ Low and diffuse suffruticulose perennials, minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, not woolly, 
much branched from the base: leaves rigid or rigidulous, pinnately parted into few or several 
mostly filiform or acerose entire divisions, subulate or setulose-mucronate at tip: heads on elon- 
gated filiform peduncles. 

H. Hartwégi, Gray. A span. or two high, nearly herbaceous and glabrous: leaves chiefly 
opposite, of few rather long filiform-acerose divisions: heads numerous: involucre ‘rather 
narrow, 2 lines high, almost naked at base: outer pales of pappus subcoriaceous, with trun- 
cate summit obscurely denticulate. — Pl. Wright. i.117. AH. Berlandieri, Benth. Pl, Hartw. 
18, not DC.— W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

H. pentachztum, DC. Decidedly suffruticulose, low, diffuse, cinereous-puberulent, 
sometimes glabrate and rather shining, sometimes the foliage canescent with short and fine 
spreading pubescence: leaves rigid, upper alternate, divisions slender subulate-acerose: in- 
volucre from broadly campanulate to hemispherical, 2 or 3 lines high: outer pale of the 
pappus thinnish, usually erose at summit. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 117. H. pentachetum 
(the outer pappus overlooked) & H. Berlandieri, DC. Prodr. v. 642.— Dry hills, Texas (first 
coll. by Berlandier) to Arizona and S. Utah: very variable. (Mex.) 

H. Trecdlii, Gray. Diffuse, nearly herbaceous, almost glabrous, with loose elongated leafy 
branches and very scattered heads: leaves perhaps rather succulent, pectinately parted into 
linear-subulate equal short (2 or 3 lines long) divisions, which are rather narrower than the 
rhachis: involucre (3 lines high) and pappus of the preceding.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. 
—S. E. Texas, Trécul, in herb. Mus. Paris. 


++ ++ Low and densely floccose-lanate and soft-leaved annual. — Gnaphaliopsis, DC. 


H. Gnaphaliépsis, Gray. Depressed or diffusely spreading, clothed even to the involucre 
with dense white wool in the manner of a Cudweed, leafy up to the sessile or short-peduncled 
solitary heads: leaves mostly alternate, spatulate, entire, barely half-inch long: involucre 


Tagetes. COMPOSITA. 359 


quarter-inch high: rays oval, short: receptacle flat and wholly naked: pale of inner pappus 
narrowly lanceolate. — Pl, Fendl. 90 (as H. gnaphalodes) & 115; Pl. Wright. 1.¢. Gnaphali- 
opsis micropoides, DC. Prodr. vii. 258.— Hills and plains, 8. Texas, Wright, Havard, &c. 
(Adj. Mex. ; first coll. by Berlandier.) 


§ 4. TurmorpHfiia, Gray. Pale of the pappus 5 to 12, truncate and muti- 
cous (yet in one species occasionally some are short-awned ! ), somewhat coriaceous, 
distinct or cupulately connate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Thymophylla, Lag. 
Nov. Gen. & Spec. 25; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 91, & Pl. Wright. i. 119, t. 7; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 410 (as Thymophyllum). 


%* Fruticulose plants, with habit and character of the acerose-leaved genuine species of Hymena- 
therum, but white tomentose, and rays in one species wanting. 


H. setirézium, Gray, 1. c. (Thymophylla setifolia, Lag. 1. ¢., on which the long imperfectly 
known genus was founded), may possibly reach our limits. It has a canescent involucre, no 
rays, and normally » pappus of 5 or 6 distinct quadrate palee. But in some specimens of 
Parry and Palmer’s no. 516 occurs an inner alternating series of longer and narrower aristate 
paless, — completely invalidating Lagasca’s genus. 

H. Gréggii, Gray. A span or two high in dense tufts: branches thickly leafy up to the 
filiform glabrate peduncles: leaves white-tomentose, short, Heath-like; lower 3-7-parted, 
upper entire, setaceous: involucre campanulate, glabrous, naked at base: rays 10 to 12, 
short, but distinctly exserted, sometimes wanting: pales of the pappus united into an entire 
truncate cup. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Thymophylla Greggii, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 92 (speci- 
men apparently rayless), & Pl. Wright. i. 109, t. 7, radiate. —S. W. Texas, on the Pecos, &c., 
growing in large bunches, Wright. (Adj. Mex., Gregg.) 

* * Annual, wholly glabrous, wholly resembling H. polychatum and its near allies, except the 

pappus. — Lowellia, Gray. 

H. aGreum, Gray. A span or two high, erect or diffuse, much branched, bearing numer- 
ous short-peduncled heads: leaves mostly alternate, pinnately parted into 7 to 9 linear-fili- 
form pointless divisions: involucre broadly campanulate, 3 lines high: rays about 12, oblong, 
3 lines long: pappus of 6 or 8 quadrate or oblong and erose-truncate palez, in length little 
exceeding the breadth of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Lowellia aurea, Gray, Pl. 
Fendl. 89, & Pl. Wright. i. 118. Plains of Colorado to W. Texas; first coll. by Fendler, 
next by Wright. 


168. TAGETES, Tourn. (A name of the early botanists for the 
“French” or “ African Marigold” of the gardens, 7. patula, and its larger 
form, 7. erecta, L. Fuschius says it was applied by Apulecus to the Tansy: 
some derive the word from Tages, an Etruscan deity.) — Mexican and S. Amer- 
ican herbs, mostly annuals, strong-scented, branching; with opposite and some- 
times alternate leaves, in one species nearly entire, in most pinnately divided, 
having copious oil-glands, bearing large and showy or small and comparatively 
inconspicuous heads of mostly yellow or orange flowers, in cultivation some flame- 
colored or reddish. — Inst. 488, t. 278; L. Gen.; DC. Prodr. v. 642; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. 


T. crpa, Cav., the species with simple and narrow sessile leaves, and cymose heads with 

2 or 3 rather showy rays, may yet be found within our Mexican border. One of our two in- 

digenous species has handsome exserted rays, the other has inconspicuous rays and the most 

slender heads in the genus. 

T. Lemmoni, Gray. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root, lignescent at 
base, rather slender, fastigiately branched, bearing numerous cymosely disposed heads on 
slender short peduncles: leaves all opposite, 3-7-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-linear or some- 
times lanceolate-oblong, with attenuate base, serrulate, not setiferous (an inch or two long), 
sometimes a minute lower pair: involucre turbinate-campanulate, 4 lines high: rays 6 to 8, 
nearly half-inch long, obovate-oblong: lobes of the disk-corolla nearly beardless: pappus 


360 COMPOSIT&. Tagetes. 


much shorter than the akene, of 1 to 3 subulate and one or two shorter truncate palex, — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40, 42.—S. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon. 

T, micrantha, Cav. Slender, diffusely much branched, Anise-scented, a span to a foot 
high from an annual root, with loosely paniculate slender-peduncled heads: leaves linear- 
filiform, 3-5-parted, or some of the lowest undivided, not serrate : involucre fusiform, about 
half-inch long, few-flowered ; rays 1 to 3, the oval pale yellow or white ligules only a line 
long: akenes slender, glabrate, longer than the pappus of 2 oval or truncate thin palee and 
2 longer awns. — Ie. iv. 31, t.352; DC. Prodr. v. 646 ; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 93. — Dry ground, 
New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, &c. (Mex.) 


169. PECTIS, L. (Iexréw, to comb, the leaves of most species of the 
genus pectinately setiferous. It is an ancient Latin name of some plant, appro- 
priated to this genus by Linneus.) — Herbs, all American, mostly low and spread- 
ing, usually glabrous, heavy-scented; with narrow opposite leaves conspicuously 
dotted with round oil-glands; and with mediocre or small heads of yellow flowers, 
occasionally turning purplish, slender rigid bristles fringing at least the base of 
the leaves, or rarely quite wanting. 


§ 1. Evuptctis. Pappus of a few palew or slender awns with or without a 
dilated or chaffy base, or in some (and occasionally in all) of the akenes reduced 
to a paleaceous crown, or to a few squamelle, or obsolete: base of the leaves 
copiously setiferous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 44. Pectis § Peetidopsis & 
Eupectis, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 83. Pectidopsis, Pectis (excl. spec.), and part of 
Lorentea, DC. Prodr. v. 98-101. 


%* Pappus paleaceous, conspicuous: the palez (in ours 4 or 5 or 6 in the disk, 2 or 3 in the ray) 
mostly prolonged into awns or subulate points: bracts of involucre 4 to 6, broad or broadish: 
ours annuals. 


P. prostrata, Cav. Procumbent or prostate: leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-linear (sel- 
dom inch long): heads sessile or nearly so: disk-flowers 5 or 6: pales of the pappus ovate- 
lanceolate or narrower, thin, often unequal, short-awned. — Ic. t. 324; DC. Prodr. v. 100; 
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 83. Chthonia prostrata, Cass. Dict. ix. 173. —S. W. Texas to Arizona. 
(Mex., W. Ind.?) 

P. ciliaris, L. Erect or diffuse, sometimes a foot high: leaves linear-oblanceolate or nar- 
rower, commonly inch long: heads nearly sessile: disk-flowers 4 to 8: pales of the pappus 
lanceolate-subulate tapering into a slender awn, more rigid and equal than in the preceding. 
— Spec. ed. 2, 1250.— Coast and keys of S. Florida, Blodgett, Garber. (W. Ind.) 

P. linifdlia, Less. Erect, diffusely branched, slender, a span to a foot high: leaves narrowly 
linear, inch long: heads on minutely bracteate filiform (commonly inch long) peduncles: 
involucre (2 lines long) of narrower bracts: pales of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
abruptly long-awned, or some nearly awnless. Varies with peduncles not longer than the 
head. — Less. in Linnea, vi. 709 (excl. syn.) ; DC. 1. c. 99 (excl. syn.); Griseb. F. Brit. W. 
Ind. 378, not L.—S. Florida, Blodgett, Garber, Curtiss, &c. (W. Ind.) 


* * Pappus pauciaristate; viz. of 1 to 5 or 6 upwardly scabrous (usually slender and setiform 
but rigid) awns, at most dilated only at very base, with or without a short chaffy crown of con- 
nate or separate squamella, sometimes reduced to this, the awns being absent: bracts of the 
short-cylindraceous rather many-flowered involucre linear, at length with involute margins 
partly surrounding outer akenes: low and much branched annuals, with slender narrow-linear 
leaves, bearing a few bristles next the base. 


+ Heads subsessile or short-peduncled, more or less fastigiate or cymose at the end of the branches: 
bracts of the involucre about 8. 


P. tenélla, DC. A span or more high: pappus of 3 to 6 slender awns, not much shorter than 
the akene : no squamellz or crown. — Prodr. v.99; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73.— S. Texas, 
Berlandier, Thurber, Havard. (Adj. Mex.) 

P. angustifolia, Torr. A span or two high, lemon-scented: pappus a crown of 4 or 5 
mostly connate squamelle, and not rarely one or sometimes two slender usually short awns 


Pectis. COMPOSITA. 361 


—Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 214; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 61, Pl. Wright. i. 82, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1c. 
P. fastigiata, Gray, Pl. Fendl.1.c. Pectidopsis angustifolia, DC. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
62. — Dry hills and plains, Texas to Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by /ames. (Adj. Mex.) 
++ + Heads scattered or solitary, on filiform (one or two inches long) peduncles terminating 
stem and diffuse branches: involucral bracts obtuse, at length more or less infolding ray-akenes : 
plants a span or two high: leaves shorter than or equalling the internodes, an inch or two long. 


P. filipes, Gray. Lemon-scented, at length much branched: leaves narrowly linear: invo- 
lucre narrow, of 5 narrowly oblong bracts: ligules 2 lines long: pappus both in disk and ray- 
flowers of 2 or 3 (rarely one) rigid subulate awns, shorter than or equalling disk-corolla, with 
thickened bases and usually very short and blunt interposed squamellm, sometimes all coro- 
niform-concreted, or some disk-flowers destitute of pappus. — Pl. Fendl. 62, & Pl. Wright. ii. 
69. P. Jaliscana, Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Centr.-Am. in part, not of Hook. & Arn. (as Taliscana) 
as was supposed. —Common from 8. W. Arizona (probably not California) to S. W. Texas; 
first coll. by Coulter. 

P. Rusbyi, Greene, in herb. “ Mint-scented”: leaves linear, thickish: involucre campan- 
ulate, of 7 to 9 oblong very obtuse bracts: ligules 3 lines long: pappus in ray-flowers of 
two or more slender awns; in disk-flowers a conspicuous crown of numerous setaceous- 
pointed squamellz more or less concreted at base: flowers more numerous than in the pre- 
ceding. — Beaver Creek, N. Arizona, Rusby. 4 


§ 2. Pectétarix. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles (at least in most of 
the disk-flowers) and no pale. — Gray, 1. ¢. 
* Pappus barbellate-setose, uniserial, but occasionally reduced to a crown of squamelle: annual. 


P. papposa, Gray. A span to a foot high, diffusely or divaricately much branched from 
the base: leaves very narrowly linear, elongated (the larger 2 inches long, barely a line 
wide), very few bristles at their base: peduncles once to thrice the length of the heads: 
involucre of 7 to 9 linear bracts: akenes sparsely hispidulous with short capitate bristles: 
pappus shorter than the disk-corolla, normally of 12 to 18 unequal capillary bristles, which 
are strongly but rather sparsely barbellate, sometimes (especially in the ray) reduced to a 
setulose or squamellate crown, or quite obsolete. — Pl. Fendl. 62; Pl. Wright. ii. 69. P. 
tenella, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 171, not DC.—S. California, Arizona, Utah, and New 
Mexico; first coll. by Coulter. 

* %* Pappus of merely scabrous capillary bristles, with shorter outer ones more or less in a sepa- 
rate series: ours perennial. 

P. l6ngipes, Gray. Low and much branched from a perennial root, forming spreading or 
depressed tufts: leaves crowded, linear, conspicuously setiferous at base: peduncles elon- 
gated, often scape-like, 3 or 4 inches long: involucre campanulate, 3 lines high, many- 
flowered, of 12 or 13 linear bracts: rays as many, 3 or 4 lines long: pappus of the ray- 
flowers setosely 2-aristate; of the disk multisetose, i.e. of 20 or 30 upwardly denticulate 
capillary bristles, the longer equalling disk-corolla, and of some small more attenuate outer 
ones. — Pl. Wright. ii. 70; Rothrock, 1. c., but root not annual. —S. Arizona; first coll. by 
Wright, Thurber, &c. 


§ 3. Pectipium. Pappus when developed of few (1 to 4 or 5) subulate and 
rigid mostly corneous and persistent awns, or reduced to a crown or vestige in 
some flowers. —§ Pectidium & Heteropectis, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 83. 


* Diffuse low annuals, puberulent, with setiferous leaves: corneous divergent awns of the pappus 
retrorsely barbed, in the way of Bidens. — Heteropectis, Gray, 1. v. 

P. Cotlteri, Gray. A span or less high, very diffuse, slender: leaves narrowly linear, 
setiferous merely at base, only half-inch long: peduncles twice or thrice the length of the 
head : involucre cylindraceous, 2 lines high, 10-20-flowered, of 5 linear-oblong bracts: serru- 
late-hispid awns of the pappus 3 or 4 in the ray, 2 or 3 in the disk.— Pl. Fendl. 62.— Ari- 
Zona (probably not California), Coulter, Palmer. 

P. muxtiséra, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 20 (Lower California, Hinds, Xantus), is larger, with 

broader and serrulate leaves, all the teeth and the apex bristle-tipped; outer akenes with 2 or 3 

retrorsely hispid awns; inner with a single awn and a short crown. 


362 COMPOSITA. Pectis, 


* * Erect and comparatively tall annual, with leaves sparingly if at all setiferous at base: akenes 
all with 2 or 8 corneous and subulate diverging smooth awns (rarely an ascending denticula- 
tion): rays small, turning purplish. — Pectidium, DC. 

P. punctata, Jace. A foot or more high, paniculately branched, very smooth : leaves linear, 
with copious small oil-glands: heads slender-peduncled, quarter-inch long: involucre cylin- 
drical, few-flowered, of 4 or 5 narrow bracts, involute in age. — Stirp. Amer. t. 128; L. Spec. 
ed. 2, 1250; Griseb. l.c. P. linifolia, L. Amoen. Acad. v. 407, & Spec. 1. c., founded on pl. of 
Browne and Sloane. Pectidium punctatum, Less. in Linn. vi. 706; DC. 1c. 98.—S. W. 
Arizona, Palmer, Smart, Lemmon. Not yet seen from Florida, where it would rather be 
expected. (W. Ind., 8. Calif, Galapagos.) 


% * * Erect and rather tall perennial, with leaves wholly destitute of bristles: pappus in some 
flowers of one or two conspicuous erect and smooth paleaceous awns or rigid aristiform palex, 
and 2 or 3 rigid squamelle, or sometimes all reduced to a crown of corneous squamelle, or 
nearly obsolete: rays conspicuous, turning purplish. 


P. imbérbis, Gray. Wholly smooth and glabrous: stems a foot or two high, paniculately 
branched, rather rigid and junciform, sometimes few-léaved: leaves narrowly linear, quite 
entire, sparingly punctate with oil-glands: heads half-inch long, slender-pedunculate: invo- 
lucre cylindrical, of 5 or 6 linear obtuse bracts, with margins strongly involute in age: rays 
5: disk-flowers 5 to 7, with lobes of cofolla bearing a large dark gland. — Pl. Wright. ii. 70; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 172.—S. Arizona, Sanoita Valley, Wright, Rothrock, &c. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


Triss VII ANTHEMIDEA, p. 77. 


170. LEUCAMPYX, Gray. (Acuxdymgé, with white head-band; the 
circle of bracts of the head white-bordered.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 422; 
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 77; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 175, t. 12.— 
Single species. 


L. Newbérryi, Gray in Porter & Coulter, 1.c. Perennial herb, a foot or two high, with 
the aspect and some of the characters of Zymenopappus (except the rays), flocculent-woolly, 
glabrate in age: leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into filiform-linear segments: heads few or 
several at the naked summit of the stem: involucre nearly half-inch broad: rays three-fourths 
inch long, obscurely 3-lobed at summit, at first yellow, soon changing to cream-color or white: 
akenes 2 lines long, turning black.— Cafions, &c.,S. W. Colorado, Newberry, Porter, Bran- 
degee. Also W. New Mexico, Loew. 


171. ANTHEMIS, L. Cuamomite. (Ancient Greek and Latin name 
of Chamomile.) — Herbs, usually with pinnately dissected leaves, and rather 
large heads on peduncles terminating the branches; disk-flowers yellow; rays 
white, rarely yellow, fertile, except in the first species. A large Old-World 
genus, one or two species naturalized. 


A. Coruna, L. (Maywerp.) Annual weed, of the section Maruta, has receptacle of the 
head conical, destitute of bracts near the margin, bristly ones at the centre: rays mostly 
neutral, white, sometimes abortive: akenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate: stem low: 
leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected : herbage unpleasantly strong-scented, acrid. — Spec. ii. 894 ; 
Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. t.14. Afaruta fetida, Cass. Dict. xxix.174. MM. Cotula, DC. Prodr. 
vi. 13. — Common in waste grounds and along roadsides; fl. late summer and autumn. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

A. arvinsis, L. (Frerp Cuamomire.) Annual weed, not unpleasantly scented: leaves 1-2- 
pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate lobes: heads rather long-peduncled: bracts of invo- 
lucre obtuse, whitish-scarious: receptacle conical; its bracts lanceolate, acuminate: rays 
white: akenes with a very short slightly toothed margin in place of pappus. — Engl. Bot. 
t. 602; Fl. Dan. t. 1179; DC. Prodr. vi. 6.— Old fields, sparingly established in the Atlantic 
States, Oregon, &c. (Nat. from. Eu.) 


Matricavia. COMPOSIT. 363 


A. nésruis, L., the officinal Caamom1Le, a low perennial, with pleasant axomatic filiformly 
dissected foliage, not uncommon in gardens, is said to be occasionally spontaneous, but rarely. 

A. TincTérra, L., — an erect herb, rather stout, with large heads, yellow rays, or occasionally 
pale or partly white, and quadrangular akenes, — has sometimes escaped from gardens. 


172. ACHILLEA, Vaill. Yarrow. (After Achilles.) — Perennial herbs ; 
with small and corymbosely cymose heads of white, yellow, or sometimes rose- 
colored flowers, at least in the ray; disk commonly yellow. — Linn. Gen. no. 661. 
Piarmica & Millefolium, Tourn. Ptarmica & Achillea, DC.— Many Old-World 
species, very few American, all perennial. 


§ 1. Heads rather narrow: receptacle at length elevated. — Achillea, DC. 


A. Millefélium, L. (Mrxroit or Yarrow.) From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems 
simple, a foot or two (on high mountains a span) high: leaves elongated and narrow in out- 
line, sessile, bipinnately dissected into numerous small and linear to setaceous-subulate divis- 
ions: heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme: involucre oblong ; its bracts pale or 
sometimes fuscous-margined, or even wholly brownish: rays 4 or 5, about the length of the 
involucre, white occasionally rose-color. — Very variable; in grassy fields of Atlantic States 
green and more or less glabrate, and with open foliage (perhaps introduced from Europe) ; 
northward and on mountains mostly lanate (var. lanata, Koch), with divisions of the narrow 
leaves much crowded; including A. gracilis & A. occidentalis, Raf. in DC. Prodr. vi. 24; 
A. tomentosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 319. A. lunulosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 36; A. setacea, 
Schwein. in Long Exped. ii. 119. Form with dark involucre, A. Jfi/efolium, var. nigrescens, 
E. Meyer, Pl. Labrad.; A. borealis, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 149. Ptarmica borealis, DC. —Com- 
mon from Labrador to Alaska, south to Texas and California. (AJl N. hemisphere.) 


§ 2. Heads broader: involucre campanulate: receptacle low. — Ptarmica, 
Tourn., DC. . 


A. multifléra, Hook. Villous-pubescent, soon glabrate: stem strict, 2 feet high: leaves 
linear, closely pectinate-pinnatifid into lanceolate-subulate minutely denticulate lobes, the 
sinuses extending fully half-way to the midrib: heads in rather a close cyme: rays 10 or 12, 
very short and small, white. — Fl. i. 318; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 409. A. Ptarméca, Richards. 
in Frankl. Journ. 33. —Saskatchewan to Fort Franklin and Behring Strait; first coll. by 
Richardson and Drummond. 

A. Ptaérmica, L. (Syeezewort.) A foot or two high, loosely branching above, bearing 
more loosely disposed and pedunculate heads: leaves glabrous, linear, finely and closely ser- 
rate: rays 8 to 12, comparatively large, roundish, white. — Fl]. Dan. 643; Engl. Bot. 757 ; 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 552. Ptarmica vulgaris, Blackw. Herb. t 256; DC. Prodr. vi. 23.—‘“ Open 
dry swamps, Canada and New York,” Pursh. The latter habitat unsupported. New Bruns- 
wick, apparently indigenous in Restigouche and Kent Counties, Fowler. Locally naturalized 
in Mass. and Michigan. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


173. MATRICARIA, Tourn., L. (Name given by the herbalists, from 
mater or matrix, to herbs of reputed medicinal virtues.) — Herbs, chiefly of 
Europe and Asia; with finely once to thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate 
heads, the disk-flowers yellow, those of the ray white, or occasionally (and in one 
of our species constantly) wanting. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 427. 


§ 1. Akenes obpyramidal, with 3 strong and thick (lateral and facial) ribs. — 
Tripleurospermum, Schultz Bip. Chamemelum, Visiani ; Boiss., in part. 


M. inodora, L. Nearly scentless, annual, an arctic form apparently biennial or perennial : 
leaves 2-3-pinnately divided into filiform or narrow linear lobes: heads large: rays half to 
three-fourths inch long: receptacle at length ovate: pappus a minute entire or 4-toothed 
border. — Fl. Suec. ed. 2,297; DC. Prodr. vi. 52; Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 412. Chrysanthemum 
inodorum, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1253; Fl. Dan. t. 696; Schk. Handb. t. 253. Pyrethrum inodorum, 
Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 676; Hook. Fl. i. 320. T'ripleurospermum inodorum, Schultz Lip. Taza- 


364 COMPOSITA. Matricaria. 


cet. 31. — Arctic sea-coast to Alaska and the Hudson Bay country, commonly in a dwarf and 
monocephalous form with blackish involucre (var. nana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., Chrysanthemum 
grandiflorum, Hook., Pyrethrum, inodorum, var. nanum, Hook. Fl. 1. c.), occasionally wanting 
the ray, var. eligulata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 33. The common taller and branching European 
form is naturalized in some parts of Canada and Maine. (Eu., Asia.) 


§ 2. Akenes more terete, with 3 to 5 slender often unequal or indistinct ribs, 
the surface commonly developing mucilage when wetted. 


M. Cuamomitra, L. Annual, a foot or two high, quite resembling Anthemis Cotula, aromatic: 
heads 3 lines high, and rays of the same length: bracts of the involucre oblong, fuscous: 
receptacle ovate-conical or oblong in age: akenes small, with an obscure border and usually 
no distinct pappus; the inuer face unequally 5-ribbed.— Curt. Fl. Lond. v. t. 63; Schk. 
Handb. t. 253.—— Waste grounds, 8. New York and New Jersey. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. coronAta, Gay, ex Boiss. Akenes of the ray and commonly most of the disk 
furnished with a conspicuous thin-scarious cleft and toothed and sometimes unilateral pap- 
pus, not rarely surpassing the tube of the corolla. — M. coronata, Gay in Koch, Fl. Germ. 
ed. 2,416. MM. Courrantia, DC. 1. c. 72; Webb, Phyt. Canar. ii. t. 89. M. pyrethroides, DC. 

ce. from Mex. Courrantia chamomilloides, Schultz Bip. in Webb, Phyt. Canar. ii. 278, — 
Cult. fields, S. Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex.) 

M. discoidea, DC. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to a foot high, very 
leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into short and narrow linear lobes: heads all short- 
peduncled: bracts of the involucre broadly oval, white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly 
half the length of the well-developed greenish yellow ovoid disk: receptacle high-conical : 
akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at summit, this occa- 
sionally produced into one or two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. — Prodr. 
vi. 50; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 413. MM. tanacetoides, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. vii. 52. 
Santolina suaveolens, Pursh, Fl. ii. 520. Artemisia matricarioides, Less. in Linn. vi. 210. 
Tanacetum matricarioides, Less. Syn. 265. J. suaveolens, Hook. FI. i. 827, t. 110. 7’. pauei- 
florum, DC. 1. ¢. 131, not Richards. Cotula matricarioides, Bong. Veg. ‘Sitch. 150. Lepi- 
dotheca (Lepidanthus) suaveolens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 397. — Open ground, 
W. California to Unalaska and Behring Island, east to Montana, and becoming naturalized 
in the Atlantic States near railroad stations. (N. Asia; nat. in N. Eu.) 


174. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn., L. (Old Greek name, Xpuodr 
Gepov, i, e. golden flower.) —Chrysanthemum & Leucanthemum, Tourn. Pyre- 
thrum, Gertn., &c. — Mostly an Old-World genus, only a small portion of the 
species with yellow rays: fl. summer. 

C. secttum, L. (Corn-CurysanrHemum or Corn-Maryco xp of Europe), is a ballast-weed 
at New York and Philadelphia, and is in fields at Oakland, California. This and C. coro- 
nArium, L., are genuine Chrysanthemums, annuals, with golden yellow rays as well as disk- 
flowers, and 3-sided or 3-winged ray-akenes. 

C. Stnénse and C. fypicum, L., of China and Japan, are the parents of the autumn-flowering 
perennial Chrysanthemums of gardens and houses, and form a peculiar section of the genus. 

C.4 wAnum, Hook. FI. i. 320, is Blennosperma Californicum. 


§ 1. Prritrarum, Benth. & Hook. Herbaceous or suffruticulose perennials; 
with comparatively large and broad heads, either solitary or loosely corymbose : 
rays usually conspicuous: akenes all equably 5-10-costate. — Pyrethrum, Gertn. 
Pyrethrum, Leucanthemum, Plagius, &c., DC. Tanacetum in part, Schultz Bip. 

* Rays described as yellow, but perhaps white, short: leaves bipinnately dissected into many small 

linear lobes. 

C. bipinnatum, L. Slender, a span to a foot high from « creeping rootstock, villous or 
glabrate, bearing usually a solitary head of half-inch diameter: rays obovate, little sur- 
passing the merely convex disk: pappus a short crown. — Spec. fi. 890; founded on Gmel. 
Fl. Sibir. ii. 205, t. 85, £1. Pyrethrum bipinnatum, Willd. Spec. iii. 2160; DC. Prodr. vi. 60. 
Tanacetum Kotzebuense, Bess., ex DC. 1. ¢. 131. T. bipinnatum, Schultz Bip. Tanacet. 48. — 


Soliva. COMPOSITE. 365 


Cape Espenberg, Arctic Amer., Eschscholtz. Yukon Valley, Alaska, Z. V/. 7 urner, a glabrate 

form. (E. Asia to Russ. Lapland.) 

* * Rays white, elongated: heads solitary, mostly long-peduncled: leaves undivided or merely 
pinnatifid. 

C. LevcAnruemum, L. (Ox-sye Daisy, WHITEWEED.) Glabrous, a foot or two high from 
acreeping base or rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : cauline leaves spatulate, and the 
upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised, partly 
clasping at base; radical broader, petioled: head broad and flat: rays inch long: pappus 
none. — Fl. Dan. 994; Engl. Bot. 601. Leucaunthemum vulgare, Lam. FI. Fr. ii. 137; DC. 
Prodr. vi. 46. —- Common weed in pastures and meadows through Atlantic States, &c.; here 
and there met with in similar situations quite to the Pacific. Occurs occasionally with 
abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. arcticum, L. Nearly or quite glabrous, rather fleshy, a span to a foot high: leaves 
cuneate, with long tapering base or petiole, crenately toothed or incised at summit, some- 
times 3-5-lobed ; uppermost small and linear, nearly entire: bracts of the involucre broad, 
brown-margined: rays nearly inch long: pappus none. — Spec. ii. 889; Pursh, FI. ii. 526; 
Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 33. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 412. — 
Coasts, Hudson’s Bay and arctic shores to Arctic Alaska and islands. (Kamtschatka and 
Japan to Lapland.) 

C. integrifélium, Ricnarps. Villous when young: stem simple and scapiform from a 
leafy tufted base, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves linear or slightly spatulate, entire: bracts of in- 
volucre oblong, blackish: rays less than half-inch long: pappus none. — App. Frankl. Journ. 
ed. 2, 33; Hook. in Parry Voy. & FI. i. 319, t. 109. Leucanthemum integrifolium, DC. 1. c.; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Arctic sea-coast ; first coll. by Parry and Richardson. (Arctic Asia.) 
* * * Rays white, broad: heads globular-depressed, comparatively small, loosely corymbose- 

cymose: leaves bipinnately parted or cleft. 

C. Parrsénitum, Pers. (Feverrew.) Much branched, puberulent, leafy: leaves thin, pin- 
nately parted, and the oval or oblong divisions pinnatifid or incised and toothed: rays oval 
or obovate, 2 or 3 lines long (in cultivation sometimes all the disk-flowers changed into rays) : 
pappus a minute crown. — Benth. Brit. Flora, ed. 4, 250. Matricaria Parthenium, L.; FI. 
Dan. t. 624. M. odorata, Lam. Pyrethrum Parthenium, Smith. Leucanthemum Parthenium, 
Godron; Gray, Man. Yanacetum Parthenium, Schultz Bip. — Roadsides and waste grounds, 
sparingly in Atlantic States; escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.) 


§ 2. Gymnécrrye, Benth. & Hook. (Gymnocline, Cass.). Consists of perennial 
species, with small and corymbosely disposed rather narrow heads, resembling 
Achillea except in the naked receptacle, and when discoid or nearly so making 
transition to Zanacetum. An outlying member of this group is 
C, BarsAmira, L., with its rayless or discoid form, var. TANACETO{DES, Boiss. (Cosrmary, 

Mint-GErantvM, of the gardens), is beginning to escape to roadsides in a few places. It 

is known by its sweet-scented herbage, barely serrate oblong leaves, and yellowish flowers ; 

when the rays appear they are white. (Adv. from Asia.) 


175. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pav. (Dr. Salvador Soliva, of Spain.) — Small 
and depressed herbs, mostly if not all annuals and S. American; with mainly 
alternate and petioled pinnately dissected leaves; the heads of greenish flowers 
sessile in the axils or forks. — Prodr. 1138, t. 24. Solivea, Cass. Dict. xxix. 177. 
Gymnostyles, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iv. 258, t. 61. 


S. séssilis, Rcuiz & Pav. Villous, or the leaves glabrate ; these twice divided ; primary 
divisions 3 to 5, petiolate, parted into 3 to 5 narrow lanceolate lobes: heads depressed: akenes 
broadly obovate, thin-winged, the wings entire or sometimes panduriform-excised near the 
base, spinulose-pointed at summit, in some the wings reduced to an acute margin: persistent 
style long and stout. — Syst. 215; DC. Prodr. vi. 143. S. daucifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1. c. 403; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 425; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 406. Gymmnostyles Chi- 
lensis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 500. — Moist ground, coast of California, from Santa Barbara to 
Mendocino Co. (Chili, whence probably introduced.) 


366 COMPOSITA. Soliva. 


S. nasrurritFé1ia, DC. 1.c. Much depressed, spreading, small: leaves glabrate, pinnately 
parted into 5 to 9 oblong divisions of about a line in length; these entire or the lower few- 
toothed : heads globular: akenes small, very numerous, villous at apex, cuneate, the margins 
much thickened and tuberculate-rugose: style short and slender.— Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 
Gymnostyles nasturtijfolia, Juss. Ann. Mus. iv. 262, t. 61, £2. G. stolonifera, Nutt. Gen. ii. 
185; Ell. Sk. ii. 473.— A humble weed, near dwellings, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia. 
(Nat. from Buenos Ayres.) 


176. COTULA, L. (KorvAy, a small cup or disk.) —~ Low herbs of the 
southern hemisphere, one or two naturalized in the northern, strong-scented ; 
leaves alternate, lobed or dissected ; flowers yellow: ours more or less perennial 
by creeping base, or annual. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 428. 


C. coronoriFréiia, L.~ Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous: ascending stems often a foot 
high: leaves lingulate-linear, laciniate-pinnatifid, or uppermost entire, the base clasping or 
sheathing: head much depressed, a third to half inch broad: female flowers a single row, on 
flattened pedicels which lengthen in fruit, their akenes bordered with a thick spongy wing 
and notched at both ends: disk-akenes with wing reduced to » thickened border. — Lam. Ill. 
t. 700; Dill. Elth. t. 23; DC. Prodr. vi. 28.— Wet ground, thoroughly established on the 
coast of California, and on some water-courses in the interior: a rare ballast-weed on the 
Atlantic coast. (Nat. from S. Afr.) 

C. austrAtis, Hoon. f. Slender, diffusely branched, somewhat pubescent: leaves 2-pinnately 
dissected into linear lobes: heads small: female flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes dis- 
tinctly pedicelled ; those of the disk less so. — Fl. N. Zeal. i. 128; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 405. 
Strongylosperma australe, Less.; DC. 1. c. 82. — Waste ground, coast of California. Kellogg, 
Cleveland. Oregon, E. Hall. (Sparingly nat. from Australia.) 


177. TANACETUM, Tourn. Tansy. (Name of the old herbalists, of 
quite uncertain derivation.) — Chiefly perennials, of the northern hemisphere, 
strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered. Disk-flowers 5-toothed. — Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 414. 


§ 1. Robust erect perennials, leafy to the summit: leaves 2-3-pinnately dis- 
sected into very numerous divisions and lobes; also with interposed small ones 
on the main rhachis: pappus coroniform-dentate: receptacle flat, quite naked. — 
§ Hutanacetum & Omalotes, DC. Prodr. vi. 128. 83. 


T. vureAre, L. (Common Tansy.) Acrid-aromatic, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2-or 
3 feet high: divisions and lobes of the leaves decurrent-confluent, the teeth cuspidate-acumi- 
nate: heads numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cymes, 3 to 5 lines broad, depressed- 
hemispherical: ray-corollas terete, inconspicuous, with oblique 3-toothed limb. — Escaped 
from gardens to roadsides, &c., in Atlantic States and Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) 

T. Huronénse, Nurr. Comparatively sweet-aromatic,. villous when young, sometimes gla- 
brate, commonly a foot ‘high: leaves with fewer interposed segments on the rhachis; lobes 
and teeth narrowly oblong to linear, mucronate or acuminate: heads much fewer (1 to 5) 
and larger; the disk convex, half-inch broad: corollas of female flowers with a flattish tube 
and a 3-5-lobed limb, which not rarely expands into a cuneate rather obvious ligule (thus 
making a transition to Chrysanthemum and showing relationship to C. dipinnatum).— Gen. 
fi. 141; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii 414. TZ. Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 128. T. pauciflorum, 
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 30; Hook. Fl. i. 327, not DC. T. boreale, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 401, not Fischer in DC., which is rather a form of 7. vulgare.— 
Banks of streams, &c., N. Maine (Goodale), New Brunswick, and Lake Superior to Hudson’s 

_ Bay, west to Washington Terr. and Oregon on the coast. 

T. camphoratum, Lxss. Pleasantly camphoric-aromatic, villous-tomentose, at least when 
young, glandular, robust, 1 or 2 feet high: pinne and segments of the leaves much crowded ; 
the latter oval or short-oblong, entire or crenately few-lobed, rounded-obtuse, at most callose- 
apiculate, usually with revolute margins: heads several in a corymbiform cluster, short 


Artemisia. COMPOSITA. 367 


peduncled, hemispherical, the flat or at length low-convex disk half-inch broad: disk-corollas 
with flattened tube and 3 small lobes, not surpassing the disk-flowers, regularly 3-5-toothed, 
not at all liguliform.— Linnea, vi. 521. 7. Huronense, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., in 
part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. in part; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 402. 7. elegans, Decaisne in F). Serres, 
ser. 2, xii. t. 1191. Omalanthus camphoratus, Less. Syn. 260; Hook. Fl. i. 321, as to pl. 
Calif. only. Omalotes camphorata, DC. Prodr. vi. 83. — Sea-beaches, San Francisco, Calli- 
fornia ; first coll. by Menzies, next by Chamisso. 


§ 2, Low perennials: slender stems more naked above, bearing rather small 
globular heads: leaves less dissected or entire: corolla of disk-flowers not oblique 
nor dilated at summit, regularly 2~4-toothed: akenes usually utricular: pappus 
obsolete or none: receptacle convex or conical.— § Spheromeria, Torr. & Gray, 
1c. 415. Spheromeria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 402. 


* Herbaceous to the thickened root: leaves dissected: receptacle densely fimbrillate-hirsute. 


T. potentilloides, Gray. Silvery-sericeous: stems decumbent or ascending, a span to a 
foot long, the naked summit bearing a few slender-peduncled somewhat corymbiform-panic- 
ulate heads (of 3 or 4 lines in diameter): radical leaves 2~3-pinnately and cauline 1-2-pin- 
nately parted into rather few mostly linear lobes: bracts of the involucre roundish-ovate or 
obovate.—- Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204; Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. Artemisia potentilloides, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 551.— Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, 
Lemmon, Anderson. 

* ¥* Suffrutescent at base, erect: leaves simply or pedately cleft or entire: receptacle not hirsute, 
sometimes conical: heads only 2 lines broad. — Spheromeria, Nutt. 

T. diversifélium, Earoy. Glabrous, very smooth, 8 to 15 inches high, leafy: leaves some 
narrowly linear and entire, l-nerved, some pinnately or pedately parted: heads several or 
rather numerous in a corymbiform cyme, slender-peduncled: female flowers 8 or 10, with 
8-4-toothed corolla. — Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19.— Utah, in the American Fork Cafion ; 
first coll. by Watson, 

T. canum, Eaton. Silvery with minute close tomentum, a span or two high: lower leaves 
cuneate and 3-lobed or 3-cleft ; upper linear-lanceolate, mostly entire: heads few or several, 
very short-peduncled or in clusters of 2 or 3 terminating the short branches of the cyme: 
female flowers 4 to 8, with a truncate obscurely toothed corolla. — Bot. King Exp. 179, 
t. 19, f. 8-14; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 366.— Nevada, in a cation of E. Humboldt 
Mountains, Watson. - Olanche Mountain, S. E. California, Rothrock. 

T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, loosely cespitose, a span high: leaves 
short, mostly broadly cuneate with tapering base, obtusely 3-5-lobed at the broad summit; 
those of the flowering stems usually oblong or linear and entire : heads few, somewhat panic- 
ulate or loosely clustered, some of them slender-pedunculate: involucre very scarious. — 
Fl. ii. 415. Spheromeria argentea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 402. — Rocky Mountains 
of N. Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry. 

T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray, 1c. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a span high : 
leaves simply or pedately 3-5-parted into linear lobes, or some of them only 3-cleft at sum- 
mit: flowering stems scapiform or 2-4-leaved: heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glom- 
erule. — Spharomeria capitata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c-— Rocky Mountains of N. 
Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry. 


178. ARTEMISIA, Tourn., L. Wormwoopn, Sace-srusu, Muewort. 
(Ancient name of Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.) — 
Herbs and low shrubs (chiefly of the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in 
arid regions), bitter-aromatic; with alternate leaves, and small paniculately dis- 
posed heads, commonly nodding, at least when young; the flowers yellow or 
whitish, or turning brownish, usually sprinkled with resinous globules. Anthers 
commonly tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages, in the manner of Am 
brosia, but not inflexed.—- Besser in DC. Prodr. vi. 93. Artemisia, Abrotanum, 
& Absinthium, Tourn. 


368 COMPOSITA. Artemisia. 


§ 1. Dractncvtus, Bess. — Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphro- 
dite but sterile, their ovary abortive, and style mostly entire, peltate-penicillate 
at tip: receptacle not hairy. — Oligosporus, Cass. 


% Akenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs: spinescent undershrub. — 
Picrothamnus, Nutt. 

A. spinéscens, Eaton. Stout and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18 inches high, villous- 
tomentose: leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divisions 3-lobed; lobes spatulate: heads 
globose, racemosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines: 
bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, broadly obovate : female flowers 1 to 4; hermaphrodite-sterile 
flowers 4 to 8, their corolla ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base. — Bot. King Exp. 
180, t. 19, f. 15-21; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. Picrothamnus desertorum, Nutt. Trans. Am, 
Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 417; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 289.— Whole desert region of Wyoming, 
Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, reaching the borders of California; first coll. by Douglas (incom- 
plete specimens), then Nuttall. 


* * Akenes nearly glabrous: receptacle except in last species hemispherical or ovate: no spines. 
+— Biennial herb: leaves all filiform. 


A. caudata, Micux. Glabrous, with one or more strict stems, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves 1-3- 
pinnately divided into slender filiform lobes: heads small (a line in diameter), very numer- 
ous in an ample elongated thyrsus. — Fl. ii. 129; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
417.— Sandy ground, Canada to Texas near the coast, Illinois to Saskatchewan and Kansas. 


+— + Perennial herbs, the last two or three species sometimes frutescent at base: heads many- 
flowered. 
++ Leaves dissected. 

A. Canadénsis, Micux. A foot or two high from a perennial (or sometimes biennial ?) 
root: glabrous or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely 
or canescently silky-pubescent: leaves mostly 2-pinnately divided into narrow linear or 
almost filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture: heads 1 or 2 lines long, very numerous 
in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle (in reduced specimens northward fewer 
in a simple panicle): involucre greenish, glabrous or rarely pubescent. — FI. ii. 129 (north- 
ern form with heads 2 lines broad) ; Nutt. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Besser, Dracune. 90, & 
DC. 1. ¢., partly (mixed with A. caudata). A. peucedanifolia, Juss. Herb.; Besser, 1]. c. 29 
(A. Canadensis ferulaceo-folio, Vaill.), spec. Herb. Tourn., DC. 1 ec. 99, excl. pl. Mitch. 
A. campestris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521% excl. syn.; Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. A. desertorum, 
in part, Bess. in Hook. Fl. A. commututa, Bess. Dracunc. 68, & in DC. Prodr. vi. 98. A. 
Pacifica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399 ? — Rocky banks and plains, N. New England 
to Hudson’s Bay, west to the Pacific in Washington Terr., and south in the Rocky Mountain 
region to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (N. W. Asia.) 


A. borealis, Parr. A span or two high from a stout caudex: stems simple: leaves silky- 
pubescent or silky-villous; radical and lower 1-2-ternately or pinnately divided into linear 
lobes ; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted: heads (2 lines broad) comparatively few, 
crowded in a narrow (rarely compound) spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: invo- 
lucre pilose or glabrate, pale-fuscous to brownish. — It. iii. 129, t. hh, f. 1; Bess. Dracunc. 
78, & in DC. lc. 98; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. spithamea, Pursh, Fl.,ii. 522. A. violacea, 
Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 475. — Arctic America, Labrador to Alaska, and Rocky Mountains to 
Colorado in the alpine region. (Greenland, N. Asia.) 

Var. Wormskidldii, Bess. Taller, 10 to 16 inches high, with more numerous heads 
in looser or compound narrower thyrsus. — Dracunc. 83, & Hook. ].c. 327. A. Grenlandica, 
Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1585, small specimen. — Hudson’s Bay and mountains of Lower Canada 
(where it seemingly passes into A. Canadensis, in coll. Allen) to Washington Terr. and N. 
Alaska. (Greenland, N. E. Asia.) 

A. pedatifida, Nurr. Cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very dwarf, canescent 
throughout with a fine and close pubescence: leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on 
the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into 
narrowly spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad) 
few, loosely spicately or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent: heads 12-15-flowered ; 
the hermaphrodite-sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary. — Trans. 


Artemisia, COMPOSITA. 369 


Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 399; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419. — Arid grounds in the Rocky Mountains 
of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho,- Nuttall, Fremont (without flowers), Parry. Has been 
wrongly referred to the following section of the genus. 

A. pycnocéphala, DC. A foot or two high, either herbaceous or with a woody base, 
densely silky-villous, even to the involucre, robust: leaves 1-3-pinnately parted into rather 
few and short linear or spatulate lobes: heads numerous (2 lines broad), glomerate in an 
elongated and interrupted spiciform leafy thyrsus. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. pycno- 
cephala & A. pachystachya, DC. 1. c. 99 & 114; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. pycnostachya, Nutt. 
lc, error in name. Oligosporus pycnocephalus, Less. in Linn. vi. 524.— Sea-shores, Cali- 
fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co.; first coll. by Chamisso, 
++ ++ Leaves mostly entire, occasionally some 3-cleft, or the lowest even more divided: base of 

stems rather lignescent. 

A. glatica, Parr. Minutely silky-pubescent or canescent, sometimes glabrate and glaucous : 
stems strict, a foot or two high: leaves rather short, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate: heads 
nearly of the next, into which it probably passes. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1331; Bess. Dracune. 
55,&DC. 1c. A. glauca, var. fastigiata, Bess. 1.c. A. dracunculoides, var. incana, Torr. & 
Gray, FI. ii. 416. — Saskatchewan and Minnesota, Drummond, Nicollet, Kennicott. 

A. dracunculoides, Pursu. Glabrous, wanting the scent and taste of A. Dracunculus, 
which it much resembles: stems 2 to 4 feet high, either virgately or paniculately branched : 
leaves narrowly or sometimes more broadly linear: heads very numerous in a compound 
and crowded or open and diffuse panicle. —Pursh, Fl. ii. 742; Torr: & Gray, Fl. ii. 416. 
A. Dracunculus, Pursh, FI. ii. 521. A. cernua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. inodora, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 150. A. Nuttalliana, Bess. in Hook. Fl., &c., shorter-leaved form, with lower 
leaves more freely 3-cleft. — Plains, Missouri to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia, and from 
Texas to Arizona ‘and California. Polymorphous. 

A. Lewisu1, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 417, appears to be a fictitious species. The plant referred 
to A. Santonica by Pursh is wholly obscure. The specimen in herb. Michaux, with no indication 
of source, which Besser made a var. Americana of A. variabilis, Tenore, is without much doubt 
European. The plant of Engelmann, referred to by Besser in Linnea, xv. 111, is an imperfect 
specimen, probably of A. Canadensis. 


+ + + Suffruticose: heads very small and numerous, few-flowered. 


A. filifélia, Torr. Minutely canescent, even to the 3-6-flowered involucre, 1 to 3 feet high, 
with virgate rigid branches, very leafy: leaves all slender filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the 
upper and those in axillary fascicles entire: heads crowded in an elongated leafy panicle: 
receptacle small, jnot pilose. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 211; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 417; Torr. in 
Marcy Rep. t.12. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 397.— Plains, Nebraska 
to New Mexico and western borders of Texas ; first coll. by James. 


§ 2. Evartemisia. Heads heterogamous; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and 
fertile, with 2-cleft style. — § Abrotanum & Absinthium, Bess. 


%* Akenes obovoid or oblong, wholly destitute of pappus: receptacle beset with long woolly hairs. 
— § Absinthium, Bess. 

A. scopulérum, Gray. Herbaceous, a span or two high from a stout multicipital caudex, 
silky-canescent : stems simple, bearing 3 to 12 spicately or racemosely disposed hemispher- 
ieal (rarely solitary) heads: radical and few lower cauline leaves pinnately 5—7-divided, and 
divisions 3-parted into spatulate-linear lobes; uppermost simply 3-5-parted or entire: invo- 
lucre 2 lines broad, villous, 18-30-flowered ; its bracts brown-margined: corollas hirsute at 
summit. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 184.— Alpine region of the 
Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; first coll. by Parry, Hall & Harbour. 
Var. monocephala, Gray, 1. c., is merely a form with single head. 

A. frigida, Wittp. Herbaceous from a suffrutescent base, silky-canescent and silvery, 
about a foot high: stems simple or branching, bearing numerous racemosely disposed heads 
in an open panicle: leaves mainly twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear 
crowded lobes, and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the 
petiole: heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter: involucre pale, canescent, its outer bracts 
narrow and herbaceous: corollas glabrous. — Spec. iii. 1838 (Gmel. FI. Sibir. t. 63) ; Pursh. 
FI. ii. 521; Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 462; Bess. in Hook. Fl. i. 321. A. sericea, Nutt. Gen. il. 

24 


370 COMPOSITA. Artemisia. 


143, A. virgata, Richards. in Frankl. Journ. — Plains and mountains, Saskatchewan to Min- 
nesota and W. Texas, west to Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, &c. (N. Asia.) 


A. Assfnraium, L. (Wormwoop.) Frutescent, paniculately branched, 2 or 3 feet high, 
bearing numerous small heads in leafy panicles: leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into lanceolate 
or oblong obtuse and entire or sparingly incised lobes: involucre canescent, of one or two 
loose and narrow herbaceous bracts and several roundish and scarious: corollas glabrous, — 
Spec. ii. 848; Engl. Bot. t. 1280. Adbsinthium vulgare, Lam. Fl. Fr.; Gertn. Fr. t. 164. — 
Roadsides, escaped from gardens, Newfoundland to New England. Also Moose Factory, 
Hudson’s Bay. (Nat. from Eu.) 


%* %* Akenes broad or broadish and truncate at summit, commonly bearing a minute or even a 
conspicuous squamellate or coroniform-dentate pappus, therefore having the character of Tana- 
cetum, but the heads paniculate: receptacle glabrous or barely pubescent. (Here belongs 
A. Australis, Less., of Hawaian Islands, as well as the anomalous A. Chinensis, L.) — Crosso- 
stephium, Less. Artemisia § Tanaceum, Nutt. 


A. Califérnica, Less. Shrubby, with habit of A. Abrotanum, 4 or 5 feet high, paniculately 
branched, minutely canescent or cinereous: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into few filiform lobes 
not wider than the rhachis, or uppermost entire: heads very numerous in leafy panicles: 
involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, about 2 lines broad: akenes 3-5-ribbed, with a 
minute squamellate crown at the broad summit. — Linn. vi. 523; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 424; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 403. A. Fischeriana, Besser, Abrot. 21; 
DC. Prodr. vi.105. A. abrotanoides, Fischeriana, & foliosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 
397, 399. California, along the coast, from San Francisco Bay southward and to San Ber- 
nardino Co.; first coll. by Menzies. 

* * * Akenes obovoid or oblong, with small epigynous disk, wholly destitute of pappus: recep- 
tacle not villous. —§ Abrotunum, Bess. 
A. Asrétanum, L. (SouTuERNWooD), cultivated in old gardens, has become spontaneous in 

a few places from New York southward. 

A. procera, Willd., a less shrubby and finer-leaved species, has escaped from gardens at 

Buffalo, New York. 

+— Annuals and biennials. 

A. Anynua, L. A tall and much branched glabrous species, native to Asia, with a very ample 
and loose panicle of small heads, and leaves 2-pinnately divided into oblong deeply pinnatifid 
segments. — Naturalized in waste places around Nashville, Tennessee. 

A. biénnis, Wirip. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid: stem strict, 1 to 3 
feet high, leafy to the'top, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from toward 
the base of the stem to the somewhat naked and spiciform summit: leaves 1-2-pinnately 
parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or incisely toothed lobes; or the uppermost 
small, sparingly pinnatifid and less toothed. —Phytogr. 1794, 11, & Spec. iii. 1842 (excl. 
hab. New Zeal.) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 522; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144; Bess. in Hook. Fl.; DC. Prodr. vi. 
120; Torr. & Gray, le. A. Hispanica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 172, not Lam.— Open grounds, 
Hudson’s Bay to Oregon and Colorado; also in Utah and S. California: common also from 


Ohio and Tennessee to Missouri, probably by immigration, now spreading to the seaboard. 
(Kamtschatka, N. India.) 


+— + Perennials, some fruticulose. 
++ Heads many-flowered, collected in a single capitate glomerule or dense cluster: dwarf, arctic, 
with leaves mainly in radical tufts. (Nearly related species. ) 

A. Senjavinénsis, Bess. Cespitose-proliferous, very densely villous with long hairs, 
which on the radical tufts conceal the foliage: leaves much crowded in the tufts, and scat- 
tered on the flowering stems, cuneate or oblong, simply 3-5-cleft into oblong or lanceolate 
lobes: heads in a dense villous glomerule, fuscous: involucral bracts sphacelate: corolla 
glabrous. — Abrot. 65 (as Semavinensis), Suppl. in Bull. Mose. ix. 64, & DC. Prodr. vi. 116. 
A. androsacea (characteristic name), Seem. Bot. Herald. 34, t. 6 (founded on A. glomerata, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 125, not Ledeb.); Hook. f. Arct. PJ. 331.— Kotzebue Sound, 
Beechey. (Adj. Asia, Arakamtchetchene Island, Wright.) 

A. glomerata, Lepzr. Silky-canescent with mostly close short pubescence : leaves usually 
twice or thrice ternately parted and cleft into lanceolate or spatulate lobes: heads cymose- 
glomerate, fuscous or pale: flowers sparsely pilose, at least the summit of the corolla. — 


Artemisia. COMPOSIT. 371 


Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 564; Bess. Abrot. 63; DC. Prodr. vi. 116; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423. 
A, globularia, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. fi. 588, in part. A. leontopodioides & A. corymbosa (form 
with heads pedunculate), Fisch. in Bess. Abrot. & DC. 1. c.— Arctic Alaska, Seemann, Muir. 
(Adj. Asia.) 

A. globularia, Cuam. Canescently pubescent: leaves once or twice ternately parted into 
linear or broader lobes: heads globular- or somewhat racemiform-capitate, both involucre 
and flowers dark purplish-brown, the latter glabrous. — Cham. in Bess. l.c.; DC.lc. A. 
Senjavinensis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 588, at least in part, not Bess.. Perhaps an extreme arctic 
form of A. Norvegica, as was suspected by Maxim. Diagn. Pl. Jap., & Dec. xi. 534.— 
Arctic Alaska and islands. St. Paul’s Island, M/rs. Macintyre. (Adj. Asia.) 


wr ++ Heads many-flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines in diameter), several or rather numerous and 
loosely racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems of a foot or less in height: subarctic and 
subalpine, with dissected leaves and no cottony tomentum. 


A. Richardsonidna, Brss. <A span to near a foot high, with rather slender ascending 
stems from a cespitose caudex: leaves silvery-canescent with fine very close-pressed pubes- 
cence ; radical twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into oblong-linear or narrower 
lobes (of only 2 or 3 lines in length); cauline sparse, mostly trifid: heads comparatively 
small (2 lines high), several or rather numerous in a strict and simple racemiform inflores- 
cence, fuscous: corollas pilose or sometimes glabrous. — Suppl. 64, & DC. l.c. 117; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 422. A. arctica & A. ceespitosa, Bess. in Hook. FI. i. 323, 324. — Arctic coast to 
Bear Lake (Richardson, &c.), northern Rocky Mountains, and Mount Ranier, Washington 
Terr., Tolmie. (From the char. probably A. heterophylla, Bess. Abrot., which is said to be 
A. trifurcata, Steph. in Spreng. Syst. iii. 488, and to occur in Arct. Amer. as well as Arct. 
Asia to Kamtschatka. ) ; 


A. Norvégica, Fries. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches (commonly a foot) high, from villous 
or sericeous-pubescent to glabrate: leaves twice 3-7-nately parted into linear or lanceolate or 
more dilated segments: heads large (commonly 4 or 5 lines broad), loosely racemose or 
racemose-paniculate, most of them long-peduncled: bracts of the involucre broadly brown- 
margined : corollas yellow or turning brown, loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. — Fries 
in Liljeb. Fl. 1815, Novit. ed. 1, 56, ed. 2, 265; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. 74, t. 89; Bess. Abrot. 
76; DC. Lc. A. rupestris, Fl. Dan. t. 801, not L. A. Chamissoniana, var. saxatilis, Bess. 
lc. & Hook. Fl. i. 324. A. Richardsoniana, Gray, in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 239, 
not Bess. A. arctica, Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66.— Alpine and subalpine region 
of the Rocky Mountains, from lat. 62° to S. Colorado, Utah, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- 
fornia. (N. E. Eu.) 

Var. Pacifica. Robust, glabrous or glabrate up to the heads, sometimes two fect 
high: leaves broader; their divisions from lanceolate to cuneate, commonly laciniate.— A. 
longepedunculuta, Rudolphi, ex Bess. Abrot. 77. A. arctica, Less. in Linn. vi. 213; Hook. & 
Arn. Bot. Beech. 125; DC. Prodr. vi. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423. A. Chamissoniana, 
Bess. in Hook. Fl. 1.¢. (mainly), & Abrot. 77, t. 4, of which the largest and coarsest-leaved 
form is his var. Ochotensis!— Arctic coast to the Aleutian Islands, &c., in various forms. 
(Adj. E. Asia.) 

A. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or less high, wholly glabrous, leafy up to the loosely 
paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-peduncled heads: leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into 
mostly linear thickish lobes: involucre 2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish 
margins and with the corollas glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361.— Mountains of Colo- 
rado, at Sangre de Cristo Pass, 11,000 feet, Parry, Brandegee. 


++ ++ ++ Heads many-flowered, large and broad (4 lines long), in a racemose-glomerate and 
thyrsoid inflorescence, white-tomentose as well as the herbage. 


A. Stelleridna, Bess. A foot or two high from a creeping lignescent base, robust, densely 
white-tomentose, the tomentum of the stem cottony: leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, 
sinuately or incisely pinnatifid; lobes obtuse: corolla glabrous: akenes a line and a half 
long, oblong, not contracted at summit; the coat utricular. — Abrot. 79, t.5; DC. l.c. A. 
Chinensis, Pursh, FI. ii. 521, not L. &c.— This may be what Pursh saw in herb, Lambert, 
from N. W. America, probably from Pallas. It is indigenous from Kamtschatka to Japan, 
and not improbably on the American coast. Singularly, it grows wild in large tufts on 
Lynn Beach, Massachusetts! Also of Sweden, Fl. Dan. t. 3045. 


372 COMPOSITA. Artemisia, 


++ ++ ++ ++ Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), variously paniculate, 
12-many-flowered: flowers glabrous: herbs, or occasionally suffrutescent at base, mostly whit- 
ened (at least when young and on the lower face of the leaves) with cottony tomentum. 


== Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict stems, and undivided elongated-lanceolate 
or linear leaves (the lowest sometimes ‘cleft), 3 to 7 inches long: involucre oblong. 


A. serrata, Nutr. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy: leaves green and glabrous above, 
white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, 
pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pinnately incised: heads rather few-flowered, less 
than 2 lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent. — Gen. ii. 142. A. Ludoviciana, var. serrata, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420.— Prairies and low grounds, linois to Dakota; first coll. by 
Nuttall, 


A. longifélia, Nurr.l.c. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first tomentulose, but 
usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines 
wide), entire; veins obsolete: heads usually canescent, 2 or 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 419, not Bess. Rocky banks, Minnesota and Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana; 
first coll. by Nuttall, or by Lewis & Clarke, if perhaps A. integrifolia of Pursh. 


== = Moderately tall or sometimes low: leaves various, more or less cleft or divided, or when 
entire comparatively short, not filiform or very narrowly linear. Species of very difficult dis- 
crimination. 
a. Involucre canescently lanate-tomentose. 


A. Ludoviciana, Nurr. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virgate branches, some- 
times paniculate, completely and somewhat flocculently white-tomentose, or upper face of 
leaves sometimes early glabrate’ and green: leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, some- 
times nearly all undivided and entire; commonly the lower with a few coarse teeth or 
incisions, or 2-3-cleft, or irregularly 3-5-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes: heads 
glomerately paniculate, not over 2 lines long: involucre campanulate or in fruit ovoid, 12-20- 
flowered. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420 (excl. var. serrata); Bess. Revis. Artem. in Linn. xv. 
104; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. Ludoviciana (with incised or sybpinnatifid leaves) & A. 
ynaphalodes (with undivided leaves), Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. integrifolia, Pursh, 1. c., at least 
in part, not L. A. Purshiana, Bess. Abrot. 59, & Hook. Fl. i. 323. A. Douglasiana, Bess. 
l.c., an entire-leaved less white-tomentose Western form. A. Hookeriana, Bess. 1. c.; the 
plant taken to be this, of “ Rocky Mts., Saskatchewan, &c., Drummond,” in herb. Hook., but 
not ticketed, is a tall and large-leaved form.— Plains and banks, Saskatchewan to Texas, 
east to Illinois and Upper Michigan, and west to Brit. Columbia, California, and Arizona. 
The Wild Sage of Lewis & Clarke, at least in part. (Adj. Mex.) 


b. Involucre not lanate (at least when fully developed), from pilose-pubescent or minutely canescent 
to glabrate or glabrous: divisions of the leaves broad or narrow, but not filiform. 


A. Mexicana, Wittp. Intermediate between preceding and following, paniculately 
branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose: leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly at- 
tenuate, some 3-5-cleft or parted; radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trifid: heads very 
numerous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long: involucre campanu- 
late, arachnoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious, 10-20-flowered.— Spreng. Syst. iii. 
490; Less. in Linn. v. 163; DC. Prodr. vi. 114; Bess. Revis. ].c. 106. A. Indica, var. Mezi- 
cana, Bess. Abrot. 56. A. vulgaris, var. Americana, Bess. in Linn. xv. 105. A. vulgaris, 
var. Mexicana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 421. A. Ludoviciana, in part, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 98. 
A. cuneifolia? & A. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 162, 163. A. Ludoviciana, var. 
Mexicana, forma tenuifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 98, from New Mexico, &c., is a very narrow- 
leaved variety, with strict panicle. — Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and 8. W. 
Nevada. (Mex.) 


A. vulgaris, L. (Mucworr.) Paniculately branched: leaves white with cottony tomen- 
tum beneath, green and soon glabrate or glabrous above, usually bipinnately cleft or parted 
and laciniate, and the lobes lanceolate or coarser; upper sometimes linear: heads numerous 
and glomerate-paniculate, 2 lines long: involucre mostly oblong-campanulate, scarious, 
sparingly arachnoid but usually glabrate.— Michx. Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, Fl. ii. 522; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. l.c. excl. var. Mericana.— The common European form is apparently indige- 
nous at Hudson’s Bay, &c., and is naturalized in Canada.(A. Indica, Canadensis, Bess. in 
Hook. Fl.) and Atlantic States. (Hu., Asia.) 


Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 373 


Var. Tilésii, Lepes. Robust, leafy to the very summit: heads glomerate, fuscous: 
involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid-cottony when young, but glabrate, many-flowered : 
leaves coarsely cleft and laciniate, the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. — Fl. Ross. ii. 586. 
A. Tilesii, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 568; Bess. Abrot. 70; Less. in Linn. vi. 214; DC. 
Le.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Arctic coast to Unalaska. (Adj. E. Asia.) 

Var. Californica, Brss. Less branched or simple-stemmed, with more naked pani- 
cle: heads of var. Tilesii or smaller, or at{maturity sometimes oblong, glabrate. — Bess. in 
Linn. xv. 91 (founded on aA. integrifolia, Less.); Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i404. A. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. A. Tilvsii, var. elatior, Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 422. — Northern Rocky Mountains to Alaska, south to the coast of California 
and in the Sierra Nevada. 

A. franserioides, Grernr. Habit of A. vulgaris, glabrous throughout, or minutely and 
obscurely cinereous-puberulent: stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves comparatively 
ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath ; lower bipinnately and upper simply 
pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2-3-cleft divisions and lobes: heads 
numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines 
broad: involucre greenish, glabrous, low-hemispherical, 30-40-flowered. — Bull. Torr. Club, 
x. 42, A. discolor, Torr. & Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 
176, not Dougl.— Roubideau’s Pass, Mountains of S. Colorado, Gunnison. Pinos Altos 
Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mount Graham, .Arizona, Rothrock. 


A. discolor, Dover. A foot high, mostly slender, from alignescent slender caudex, glabrous 
or glabrate except the lower face of the leaves: these white with close cottony tomentum 
(which is rarely deciduous), 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or 
sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes: heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or vir- 
gate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high: involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and scarious, 

. glabrous or soon becoming so, 20-30-flowered. — Dougl. in herb. Hook.; Bess. Suppl. & 
DC. Prodr. vi. 109; Torr. & Gray, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. Ludoviciana & A. 
Michauxiana, Bess. Abrot. 88, 71, & in Hook. Fl. 1. c., not Nutt. — Mountains of Brit. 
Columbia and Montana to Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. 

Var. incémpta. A stouter form, with coarser and less dissected leaves, having 
mostly broader (sometimes short-oblong) lobes, or the upper entire. — A. incompta, Nutt. 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400.— Rocky Mountains from Montana and Wyoming to Wash- 
ington Terr., Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. 


= = = Not tall, sometimes low, herbaceous or suffrutescent at base: leaves or their divisions 
narrowly linear, simple, small: heads 15-20-flowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle. 


A. Lindleyana, Bess. A foot or two, rarely only a span high, slender, with thin floecu- 
lent tomentum soon deciduous, or persisting on the lower face of the mostly entire leaves 
(these inch or less long, a line or much less wide, the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small 
lobes): heads barely 2 lines high, loosely spicate on the simple stem or paniculate branches 
of the inflorescence: involucre sparingly pubescent or glabrate, pale fuscous. — Abrot. 35, & 
in Hook. 1. c., described from herb. Lindl. A. pumila, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 399, 
a dwarf state. — Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, Idaho, Oregon, and 
Washington Terr., Douglas, Nuttall, Hall (distrib. as A. discolor ?), Brandegee. Also on the 
sands of the sea-shore near the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Douglas. 

A. Wrightii, Gray. Cinereous or canescent with minute pubescence, or radical shoots 
sometimes white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the strict virgate panicle: 
leaves pinnately 5-7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution filiform entire divis- 
ions: heads numerous and crowded: involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, glabrate in 
age.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. — Plains of S. Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, Wright 
(no. 1279, Pl. Wright. ii. 98, mention only), Palmer, Greene, Rothrock (no. 539), Brandegee. 


= = = = Pinnately parted leaves mostly attenuate-filiform: heads simply and loosely race- 
mose-spicate. 


A. Prescottiana, Bess. Much branched from the base, a foot or two high, slender, gla- 
brous or early glabrate. lower leaves cuneate-linear and incised or cleft at apex, slightly 
tomentose beneath; most of the cauline pinnately parted into 5 to 7 delicate filiform divis- 
ions (of an inch or less long): involucre glabrous, hemispherical, about 15-flowered. — Abrot. 
72, & in Hook. 1. c.—“ Quicksand River, near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia,” Douglas. 


374 COMPOSITA, Artemisia, 


Described by Besser from herb. Lindl., here from herb. Hook.. A peculiar and little known 
species, to which Douglas had applied the appropriate name of A. leptophylla. 


+h +h ++ ++ ++ Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered: flowers glabrous: stems woody 
at base: habit of the following section. 


A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent throughout, a foot high: leaves from oblong- to 
linear-cuneate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about half-inch long: heads very 
numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, 
containing only one or two hermaphrodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. —Pacif. 
R. Rep. iv. 110. — Rocky banks and cajions, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas, 
common where the latter leaves the mountains; first coll. by Bigelow. 


§ 3. Szripufpr1um, Bess. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite 
and fertile: receptacle not hairy. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. 


% Anomalous species of Southwestern border, tall, mainly herbaceous, 3,to 5 feet high, with ample 
and naked compound panicles; the heads nodding in anthesis, as is common in the genus. 


A. Parishii, Gray. Frutescent, cinereous-puberulent : leaves linear and entire, below pass- 
ing into elongated slender-spatulate and with 3-toothed apex: panicle a foot or two long, 
loose: heads mostly pedicellate (2 lines long): involucre oblong-campanulate, canescent, 
6-7-flowered : akenes sparsely arachnoid-villous!— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Interior 
of Los Angeles Co., California, Parish. 

A. Palmeri, Gray. Wholly or nearly herbaceous, obscurely puberulent; but leaves white 
beneath with close cottony tomentum, pinnately 3-5-parted into long narrowly linear entire 
lobes, their margins revolute: heads glomerate on the branches of the open panicle, hemi- 
spherical, less than 2 lines in diameter: involucre greenish, about 20-flowered ; many of the 
flowers subtended by scarious-hyaline bracts of the receptacle !— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 618. — Jamul Valley, 20 miles south of San Diego, on the borders of California 
and Lower California, Palmer, Miss Bird. 

% ¥* SAGE-BRUSH or SAGE-BUSHES, low shrubs, or fruticulose, canescent or silvery with very fine 
and close tomentum: heads glomerate or strict in the paniculate or spicifori inflorescence, not 
nodding even when young: corollas sometimes turning reddish, 

+— Foliose-spicate: heads solitary in the axils, surpassed by the rigid leaves. 


A. rigida, Gray. <A span to a foot high from a thick woody base or short stem, producing 
a profusion of rigid and slender rather simple fastigiate branches, leafy to the very top: 
leaves also rigid, silvery-canescent, filiform-linear, 3-5-parted or cleft, or some of the upper 
and fascicled ones entire (even the lower rarely inch long), most of them subtending a sessile 
head: involucre oblong to campanulate, 5-12-flowered, less than 2 lines long; bracts oval, 
hyaline-margined. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. A. trifida, var. rigida, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soe. vii. 398.— On high rocky ridges, N. E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho, Nuttall (without 
flowers), Cusick. 

‘+ + More naked-paniculate or thyrsoid, at least the upper heads or clusters exceeding the sub- 
tending leaves; these not rigid. 

++ Heads comparatively small and few-flowered, mostly oblong, one or two lines Jong: involucral 
bracts rather firm in texture, well imbricated, the outer successively shorter: leaves seldom over 
an inch long, mostly shorter. 

A. arbuscula, Nurr. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a stout base and slender 
flowering branches: leaves short, cuneate or flabelliform, 3-lobed or parted, with the lobes 
obovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed; those subtending the heads usually en- 
tire and narrow: panicle strict and comparatively simple and naked, often spiciform and 
reduced to few rather scattered sessile heads: involucre 5-9-flowered. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 418; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 182; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 405.— 
High mountains and elevated arid plains, Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and the Sierra 
Nevada, California. Two forms, passing into each other (both coll. by Nuttall, &.); one 
with involucre more campanulate, 7-9-flowered ; in the other oblong and only 4-5-flowered ; 
sometimes the inflorescence simply spiciform, sometimes freely naked-paniculate. 

A. tridentata, Nurr. 1. c. Larger, 1 to 6 (or even 12) feet high, much branched: leaves 
cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4-7-toothed, at the truncate summit, upper- 


Petasites. COMPOSIT. 375 


most cuneate-linear: heads densely paniculate: involucre 5-8-flowered, its outer or accessory 
tomentose-canescent bracts short and ovate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Eaton, 1. c. — Plains and 
also on the drier mountains, Montana to Colorado, Washington Territory, and eastern slope 
of the Sierra Nevada, California, immensely abundant, the characteristic Suge-brush or Sage- 
wood of the region. 

Var. angustifolia, Gray. Leaves all narrow ; lower spatulate-linear, barely 3-toothed 
at the roundish summit; upper entire and more linear, a line or less wide: heads small: 
shrub 8 or 4 feet high, with foliage too like that of the following species, but involucre of 
A. tridentata. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. — Arid plains, 8. Idaho and W. New Mexico to 
the Mohave Desert and the southern borders of San Diego Co., California. 


A. trifida, Nurr.1.c. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much branched : leaves 3-cleft 
and 3-parted; the lobes and the entire upper leaves narrowly linear or slightly spatulate- 
dilated: heads numerous in the contracted leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its brauches : 
involucre 3-5-flowered, rarely 6-9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear 
or lanceolate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419 (excl. var.) ; Eaton, 1. c.— Plains and valleys, 
Wyoming and Utah to Washington Terr. and the Sierra Nevada, California. 
++ ++ Heads somewhat larger and broader, glomerate-paniculate, 7-14-flowered: involucre short- 

campanulate; inner bracts more scarious: stems low, suffruticose. 


== Pubescence looser, furfuraceous-tomentose: inner bracts of the involucre narrow. 


A. Bolanderi, Gray. A foot or two high: leaves all narrowly linear, half a line wide, 
acutish, entire, or some with one or two slender lobes: heads numerous, densely glomerate- 
paniculate, 14-flowered, mostly equalled or surpassed by one or two linear-subulate herbaceous 
accessory bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— A. trifida, in part, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 405. — 
Mono Pass, in the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Bolander. 


== = Canescent pubescence minute and very close: bracts of the involucre broad. 


A. cAna, Pursu. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery-canescent: leaves lanceolate- 
linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch or two long, entire, rarely with 
2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes; margins not revolute: heads glomerate in a leafy contracted 
panicle, 6-9-flowered, rarely 5-flowered, usually with one or two linear subulate accessory 
bracts. — Fl. ii. 521; Bess. in Hook. Fl. & DC. Prodr. vi. 105; Torr. & Gray, lL ¢. A. Co- 
Jumbiensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Plains, Saskatchewan to Montana, Dakota, and 
Colorado; common only northward. 

A. Rothroéckii, Gray. A foot or less high, less canescent or cinereous: leaves (inch or 
less long) from cuneate and obtusely 3-lobed at dilated summit to spatulate-lanceolate or the 
upper linear, sometimes all entire: heads (2 or 3 lines long), glomerate-paniculate, 9-12- 
flowered: proper bracts of the involucre all ovate or oval, glabrate. — Bot. Calif. i. 618; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 366, t.13; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. A. trifida, Gray, le. 
405, in part. — California, in the eastern and southern part of the Sierra Nevada, Rothrock, 
Bolander, &c., and S. Utah, Ward, Parry. 


TriseE VIII. SENECIONIDEA, p. 79. 


179. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coxtrtsroor. (Tussis and ago, allays cough.) 

— Single species, indigenous to Europe and Asia, naturalized in N. America. 

T. FArrara, L. Low perennial herb, cottony-tomentose; with extensively creeping root- 
stocks, sending up in earliest spring a scape beset with alternate lanceolate bracts, and 
terminated by a head of yellow flowers; later developing rounded- or angulate-cordate irregu- 
larly dentate leaves on long and stout radical petioles, glabrate in age.— Wet grounds, « 
common weed in N. Atlantic States and Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) 


180. PETASITES, Tourn. Burrer-Bur, SWEET Cortsroor. (Iéracos, 
a broad-brimmed hat, alluding to the large and broad leaves.) — Perennial herbs, 
of the northern temperate zone; with thickish and mostly creeping rootstocks, 
sending up scapiform and foliose-bracteate simple flowering stems, and ample 


376 COMPOSIT. Petasites, 


radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony-tomentose or glabrate; the flowers 
whitish or purplish, in spring. -— Gertn. Fruct. ii. 406, t. 166; Grenier & Godr. 
Fl. Fr. ii. 89; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 896-901; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
438. Nardosmia (Cass.) & Petasites, DC. Prodr. v. 205, 206. 


§ 1. No ligule to female flowers: an introduced plant. — Petasites, DC. 


P. vuuecAris, Desr. Rootstock very stout: leaves at maturity very large, round-cordate, an- 
gulate-dentate and denticulate: heads racemosely disposed : flowers purplish. — Tussilago 
Petasites, L.—In cult. and waste grounds, spreading in ie vicinity of Philadelphia, C. £. 
Smith. (Nat. from Eu.) 


§ 2. Female flowers with distinct ligules: rootstocks in ours slender and creep- 
ing: leaves developing with or soon following the whitish blossoms, in spring. — 
Nardosmia, Cass. ; so named from the fragrant flowers of the original species. 


P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves from deltoid-oblong- to reniform-hastate, from acute to 
rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when full grown 7 to 10 
inches long: heads short-racemose becoming corymbose: ligules equalling or shorter than 
the disk. — Bot. Calif. i. 407. Tussilago sagittata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 332. Nardosmia sagittata, 
Hook. Fl. i 3807, and apparently a part of N. frigida, Hook.— Wet ground, Hudson’s Bay 
to Fort Franklin, west to the Rocky Mountains in Brit. Columbia, and south to those of 
Colorado. 

P. frigida, Fris. Leaves small (1 to 3 or 4 inches long), rounded- or oblong-cordate to 
reniform-hastate, sometimes even truncate at base, angulately or more deeply and sinuately 
lobed, the lobes entire: heads few, corymbose.—“Syll. 20,” & Sum. Veg. Scand. 182. 
Tussilago frigida, L.; Fl. Dan. t 61, not of Pursh, whose plant from Canada and New 
England is either fictitious or the succeeding species. 7’. corymbosa, R. Br. in Parry Voy. 
& Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. Nardosmia angulosa, Cass. Dict. xxxiv 188. NV. frigida 
& N. corymbosa, Hook. 1. c., at least mainly. — Arctic coast and west to Kotzebue Sound, the 
Aleutian Islands, &e. (N. Eu. & Asia.) 

P. palmata, Gray. Leaves (7 to-10 or even 18 inches broad) round-reniform in outline, 
palmately 7-11-cleft to beyond the middle or deeper; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong- 
cuneate, laciniate-dentate: scape multibracteate, bearing rather numerous heads. — Bot. 
Calif. 1.407. Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew. ii. 188, t. 2; Pursh, 1. c. “Nardosmia palmata, 
Hook. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Wet woodlands, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, 
New England, and Wisconsin to Brit. Columbia and California. (I. Asia.) 


181. CACALIOPSIS, Gray. (Kakxadéa, ancient Greek name of Colts- 
foot? and oy-, likeness; from resemblance, if not to the ancient Cacalia, at 
least to that of Tournefort,) — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— Single known species. 


C. Nardésmia, Gray, ].c. Robust perennial, a foot or two high, floccose-woolly, at length 
glabrate: leaves considerably resembling those of Petasites palmata, alternate, long-petioled, 
all but 2 or 3 radical, orbicular-cordate or flabellate, 5-9-cleft or rarely parted; the lobes or 
divisions rather broad, incisely lobed or dentate: heads (an inch high) few or several, pe- 
dunculate, corymbosely or racemosely disposed at the naked summit of the stem: corolla 
pure yellow: flowers honey-scented. —Cacalia Nardosmia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. 
Adenostyles Nardosmia, Gray, 1. c. viii. 631, & Bot Calif. i. 301, following Benth. & Hook. 
— Open pine woods, California from Mendocino Co. northward (Bolander, Kellogg, Greene) 
to Oregon and Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell. 


182. LUINA, Benth. (Anagram of Inula, which this genus approaches.) 
— Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1139; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. — Single species. 


L. hypoletica, Benru. 1.c. Herbaceous and simple-stemmed from a stout woody root- 
stock, white with appressed tomentum: stems hardly a foot high, equably leafy up to the 
corymbiform cyme of several small heads: leaves ovate or oval, alternate, sessile, entire, 
inch or less long, nervose-veiny and reticulated, the upper face soon glabrate and green, 


Psathyrotes. COMPOSITE. SOUL 


involucre 4 linss high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
ix. 206, & Bot. Calif. i. 409. — Cascade Mountains, on the border of Brit. Columbia, Lyall, 
_Yakima Co., Washington Terr., Brandegee. ; 

Var. Californica, Gray, l.c. More densely woolly, and wpper face of the leaves 
tardily glabrate: corolla-lobes shorter. — W. California, on Chimney Rock, Mendocino Co. 
(and, according to the ticket, behind Santa Cruz), Kellogg. 


183. PEUCEPHYLLUM, Gray. (Ileven, the Fir, dvAAov, leaf, from 
some likeness in foliage.) — Bot. Mex. Bound. 74; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. 
Psathyrotes § Peucephyllum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. — Single species. 


P. Schottii, Gray, lc. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high, glabrous but resinous-viscid and balsamic, 
very much branched, rigid (the stem at base often 3 inches in diameter, including the rough 
bark): branches and branchlets very leafy up to the terminal heads: leaves alternate and 
some fascicled in the axils, nearly terete, half-inch to inch long, as it were acerose but Llunt- 
ish and not very rigid, minutely impressed-punctate ; the lower sometimes 3-parted : heads 
barely half-inch high : corollas dull yellowish, with the teeth becoming fuscous: anthers in- 
cluded or half-exserted. — Psathyrotes Schottii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot: Calif. 
i. 409.— Desert region of S. E. California and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Schott and 
Newberry ; later by Parry, Lemmon, Pringle, &e. 


184, PSATHYROTES, Gray. (Wauvpdrys, brittleness, from the brittle 
stems and branches.) — Low and pubescent or scurfy winter annuals (of Nevada 
and Arizona); with round-cordate or ovate petioled leaves, and rather small heads 
of yellowish flowers, sometimes turning purplish. — Pl. Wright. ii. 100; Proc. 
Am. Acad. vii. 863; also Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif. 1. 409, excl. 
§ 2. Tetradymia § Polydymia, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1848, 145. Bulbostylis 
(Psathyrotus), Nutt. Pl. Gamb. in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. i. 179. 


§ 1. Divaricately much branched, spreading or depressed, leafy ; with solitary 
heads in the forks, either erect or nodding on short or slender peduncles: corollas 
more or less woolly at summit: style-branches glabrous, or with some very minute 
pubescence at or toward the tip. 


P. ramosissima, Gray. Lanate, at least the stems and branches, and the young leaves 
covered with dense and somewhat scurfy white tomentum: leaves long-petioled, roundish, 
subcordate or almost cuneate at base, coarsely crenate (half-inch wide): outer bracts of the 
involucre 5, spatulate-obovate, much larger than the inner, the upper part spreading and 
foliaceous: corollas plainly yellow: akenes short-turbinate, densely long-villous. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif.1.¢. P. annua, Gray, Pl.,Thurb. 223, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102, 
in part. Tetradymia (Polydymia) ramosissima, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1. v.— Gravelly hills 
and rocks, along the Mohave and Gila, 8. E. California and throughout adjacent Arizona; 
first coll. by Emory. 

P. A4nnua, Gray. Furfuraceous-canescent or cinereous: leaves more dentate, seldom cor- 
.date, commonly wider than long: outer bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong or narrower, 
less foliaceous, rather shorter than the inner, erect: corollas more slender, pale yellow, 
changing sometimes to purplish: akenes oblong-turbinate, densely villous: pappus rather 
less copious. — Pl. Wright. ii. 100, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364, & Bot. Calif. lc. Bulbostylis 
(Psathyrotus) annua, Nutt. 1. c.— Saline plains, Nevada, eastern borders of California, 
S. Utah, and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Gumbel. 

P. pilifera, Gray. Minutely furfuraceous-tomentose: leaves dilated rhombic-obovate or 
roundish with cuneate base, entire; their margin and sometimes upper face and long petiole 
beset with very long and soft (probably viscid) many-jointed hairs: heads narrower: outer 
bracts of cylindraceous involucre oblong-linear, herbaceous only at summit: young akencs 
oblong, short-hirsute: style-branches dorsally somewhat pubescent for some distance below 
the truncate tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— Southern Utah, near Kanab, Mrs. Thompson, 
Parry. , 


878 COMPOSITA. Psathyrotes, 


§ 2. Scapose, erect: corollas nearly glabrous throughout: style-branches flatter, 
very obtuse, externally minutely hirsute over most of the back. 


P. scapdésa, Gray. Leaves all at or near the base, ovate or roundish, almost entire, short- 
petioled, at first loosely white-tomentose, at length glabrate: scapes or naked peduncles 
several, 3 or 4 inches high, bearing 3 to 7 corymbosely disposed heads, glandular-pubescent, 
as also the campanulate involucre: bracts of the latter all somewhat herbaceous ; outer ones 
broadly linear or barely oblong, equalling and not unlike the inner: akenes oblong-turbi- 
nate, hirsute: pappus about half the length of the corolla.— Pl. Wright. ii. 100, t. 13.— 
Borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, near El Paso, on the Rio Grande, Wright. 
(Adj. Mex.) 


185. BARTLETTIA, Gray. (John R. Bartlett, Commissioner of the 
Mexican Boundary Survey, in which this plant was discovered.) — Pl. Thurb. 
in Mem. Amer. Acad, v. 8324; Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. 


B. scaposa, Gray, 1c. Slender winter-annual, almost glabrous, floweriiig almost from the 
base by monocephalous scapes of 6 to 9 inches high, and later by similar peduncles termi- 
nating sparsely leafy branching stems: leaves slender-petioled, roundish or subcordate, 
membranaceous, repand-dlentate, some 3-5-lobed: head half-inch or less high: involucre 
pubescent: flowers yellow: pappus rather fragile, little longer than the akene. — New 
Mexico, near IE] Paso, perhaps only below the Mexican boundary, Thurber, Schott, G. R. 
Vasey. (Adj. Mex.) 


186, CROCIDIUM, Hook. (Diminutive formed from epoxn, loose thread 
or wool, alluding to the wool which usually persists in the axils of the leaves.) — 
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 335, t. 118; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 448; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
440. — Single species; fl. early spring. 


C. multicatile, Hoox. ].c. Small winter annual, a span or two high, flocculent-woolly 
when young, soon mostly glabrate, producing many simple stems from the tuft of obovate 
or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves: cauline leaves small, lanceo- 
late to linear: head slender-pedunculate, rather small, but showy; the ray and disk deep 
golden yellow. — Plains and hills, British Columbia and Idaho to the northern part of Cali- 
fornia; first coll. by Douglas. 


187. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. (‘ArAébos, simple, éo@ys, garment, the 
involucre of unusually few pieces.) — Pl. Fendl. 109, Pl. Wright. i. 125, & Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. 


H. Gréggii, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutescent, a foot or two high, 
fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes of a few slender-pedunculate 
naked heads: leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire; the lower connate 
at base: heads 2 or 3 lines high: flowers yellow: ligules 1 or 2 lines long. — Saline soil, 
S. E. Colorado and W. Texas to the Mexican border, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, &. (Adj. 
Mex.; first coll. by Gregg.) 


188. LEPIDOSPARTUM, Gray. (Aemis, a scale, and omdprov, the 
Broom plant.) — Proc. Am, Acad. xix. 50.— Single species. 


L. squamatum, Gray, 1l.c. A rigid Broom-like shrub, 4 or 5 feet high; seedling plants 
floccose-tomentose and with spatulate entire alternate leaves of half-inch or more in length; 
but the primary branches and whole subsequent growth glabrous or nearly so, and beset 
with small and thickish appressed green scales in place of leaves: heads terminal or more 
commonly spicate-paniculate on the slender branchlets, 3 to 5 lines long: involucre very 
glabrous, 10-18-flowered : corollas pale yellow. — Linosyris squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 290. Tetradymia (Lepidosparton) squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 408; var. Brewert & var. Palmeri are mere varying forms. Carphephorus junceus, 
Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8, not Penth. Has been mistaken also for a Baccharis.— Dry 


Tetradymia. COMPOSITA. 379 


hills and arid plains, from Los Angeles Co., California, to Arizona; first coll. by ZZeermann 
and by Brewer. 


189. TETRADYMIA, DC. (Terpdévpos, four together, the heads of the 
principal species only 4-flowered.) — Low and rigid shrubs (of the arid interior 
of N. America), sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose; with alternate and 
sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, rather large cymose or clustered 
heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. — Prodr. vi. 540; Deless. 
Ic. Sel. iv. t. 60; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 447. 


§ 1. Evretrapfrmia. Involucre 4-flowered, of 4 or 5 bracts: pappus ex- 
tremely copious: akenes either very villous, glabrate, or glabrous, varying even 
in the same species: undershrubs, a foot or two high. 


T. canéscens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum, unarmed, fas- 
tigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or less long: 
heads half to three-fourths inch long, most of them short-pedunculate. — Prodr. 1. v.; Deless. 
Ic. iv. t. 60.— Hills and plains, along with Artemisia tridentata, N. Wyoming and Brit. 
Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern borders of California. Passes freely into 

Var. inérmis, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 408. A form with shorter and crowded branches, 
shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. — 7. inermis, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 415; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—The commonest and almost the 
only form eastward. 

T. glabrata, Gray. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed: 
branches more slender, spreading : leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender- 
subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half-inch long; those of fascicles in their 
axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless: heads mostly short-pedunculate: involucre often 
glabrate: akenes as far as known very villous. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton, Bot. 
King Exp. 193; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 408. — Common in Utah and to the eastern borders of 
California and S. E. Oregon ; first coll. by Beckwith. 

T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing 
rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves; leaves of the axillary fascicles mostly 
spatulate: heads more glomerate.— Fl. 1.c.; Eaton, lc. JZ. spinosa, Nutt. 1. ¢., not Hook. 
& Arn.— Utah and Wyoming or S. Idaho, Nuttall, Watson. 


§ 2. Lacotudunvs, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Involucre 5—9-flowered, of 5 or 6 
broader bracts: proper pappus less copious, reduced nearly or quite to a single 
series of bristles, which are covered by a false pappus of the extremely long very 
soft and white woolly hairs which densely clothe the akene: shrubs 2 to 4 feet 
high, at least the branches densely white-tomentose. — Lagothamnus, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416. 


T. spinédsa, Hoox. & Arn. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or re- 
curved spines in place of primary leaves: secondary leaves fascicled in their axils, small, 
fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrows or glabrate: heads scattered, pedunculate, fully half-inch 
long: pappus of comparatively rigid capillary bristles, somewhat surpassing the wool of the 
akene. — Bot. Beech. 360; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. e.— Lagothamnus micro- 
phyllus & L. ambiguus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416.—S. Wyoming and Utah to 
Idaho, E. Oregon, and along the southeastern borders of California to border of Arizona. 

T. comésa, Gray. Branches erect, elongated: primary leaves linear, soft, floccose-tomen- 
tose; the earlier 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines wide, plane; those of the branches often fili- 
form and deciduous, some of the upper changed to long and soft spines; fascicled secondary 
leaves wanting, or fewer and like those of 7’. spinosa: heads corymbose or glomerate at 
the summit of the branches: pappus finer and more scanty, concealed by the long wool of 
the akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60; Bot. Calif. ii. 458.—N. W. borders of Nevada 
(Lemmon), San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, Parry, Lemmon, Parish, 
Cleveland. 


380 COMPOSITA. Raillardella, 


190. RAILLARDELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Raillardia, an allied 
Hawaian genus of shrubs.) — Perennial and mostly scapose herbs of the Sierra 
Nevada, California, intermediate between the Senecionidee and the Helenioidee, 
Leaves entire, narrow; cauline alternate or none: head solitary, with yellow 
flowers; in summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 530 (§ of Raillardia), & in Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 442; Bot. Calif. i, 416. 


§ 1. Genuine species, with creeping rootstocks, producing rosulate clusters of 
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower thickish leaves, and occasionally one or two 
small ones near the base of the otherwise naked elortgated simple scape, which 
is terminated by the solitary (commonly inch long) head: pappus-bristles 15 to 
20 or more, conspicuously short-plumose, white: no hirsute pubescence, but invo- 
lucre and upper part of scape glandular. 


R. argéntea, Gray, 1c. Rootstocks extensively creeping, somewhat lignescent: leaves 
silvery with a silky tomentum, inch or two long: scape 2 to 4 inches high: head narrow, in 
depauperate specimens 7-8-flowered, but usually about 15-flowered: no rays. — High Sierra 
Nevada (9,000 to 11,000 feet) from the San Bernardino Mountains to Lassen, Brewer, 
Greene, Lemmon, &c. 

R. scaposa, Gray, ].c. Somewhat pubescent, but no tomentum, glabrate: leaves 1 to 4 
inches long: scape 4 to 10 inches high: involucre cylindraceous, in depauperate plants 
10-12-flowered, in others 20-30-flowered : corollas light yellow. — Sierra Nevada above and 
east of the Yosemite, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander ; the latter 
found some specimens with incipient rays, connecting with 

Var. Hiseni. A small form: heads with 3 or 4 deformed rays.— R. Eiseni, Kellogg 
in herb. Calif. Acad. — Mountains of King’s River, Fresno Co., G. Eisen. 

R. Pringlei, Greene. Rootstock stout and branching: leaves glabrous and smooth, thick- 
ish, some obscurely denticulate, 3 or 4 inches long, 3 or 4 lines wide: scape 10 to 18 inches 
high: involucre campanulate, about 40-flowered, of correspondingly numerous and more 
distinct bracts: flowers orange-yellow, 6 to 10 of them conspicuously radiate: pappus-bristles 
rather fewer (15 to 18) and rather less plumose than in the foregoing. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 
17.— High mountains of N. California, west of Mount Shasta, Pringle. 


§ 2. Anomalous species, hirsute, leafy-stemmed, perhaps some of the central 
flowers infertile. 

R. Muirii, Gray. About a foot high, roughish-hirsute, leafy below, sparsely so and bearing 
stipitate glands toward the summit: leaves inch long, lanceolate-linear, acute, closely sessile; 
radical ones unknown: heads terminal and one or two lateral, half-inch high, wholly dis- 
coid: involucre campanulate, hirsute, its narrow bracts distinct to the base: akenes oblong 
with tapering base: pappus of 11 or 12 somewhat more aristiform and rather less plumose 
bristles than in preceding species. — Bot. Calif. ii. 618.— In the Sierra Nevada, probably 
southward, but station unknown, Muir. Too little known. 


191. ARNICA, L. (Thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) — Peren- 
nial herbs, of the northern temperate and arctic zones; with erect stems, either 
quite simple or branching above, opposite leaves (or upper occasionally alternate), 
and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers; the rays 
usually elongated, rarely wanting. Anthers yellow except in the last species. 
Fl. summer.—Gertn. Fr. t. 173; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 248; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii, 449. 

* Radical leaves roundish and sessile in an ample rosulate cluster. Atlantic U. 8. 
A. nudicatlis, Nutr. Hirsute: stem robust, 1 to 3 feet high, simple and bearing few 

heads, or loosely paniculate with many: leaves denticulate or nearly entire; radical 2 to 5 


inches long; cauline only one or two remote pairs up to the inflorescence, small, oval, closely 
sessile: rays half-inch long. —Gen. ii. 164; Ell. Sk. ii. 383; DC. Prodr. vi. 818; Torr. & 


Arnica. COMPOSITA. 381 


. Gray, Le. A. Claytoni, Pursh, Fl. ii. 527. Doronicum acaule, Walt. Car. 205. D. nudicaule, 
Michx. FI. ii. 121. — Pine barrens, &c., Penn. to Florida. 


* * Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles: rootstocks 
slender and creeping. Pacific and Rocky Mountain species. 


+— Rays wanting or rarely some rudiments: cauline leaves sometimes by disjunction alternate, 
some of them petioled, irregularly dentate: heads rather numerous, paniculate.' 


A. parviflora, Gray. A foot high, slender, pubescent, even the peduncles but slightly 
glandular: leaves narrowly deltoid or oblong, truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two 
long: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered; its linear bracts sparsely pubescent : 
akenes not pubescent, minutely glandular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif. i. 415. 
—California, in Humboldt Co., Bolander. Also at some station north of San Francisco 
Bay, G. R. Vasey. 

A. discoidea, Beytu. A foot or two high, stouter, more or less villous and viscid: raii- 
cal and lowest cauline leaves from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate, 
not rarely wing-petioled: involucre half-inch high, 30-50-flowered, usually very villous and 
glandular ; its bracts lanceolate or linear: akenes pubescent. — Pl. Hartw. 319; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. 1. c., with a part of A. cordifolia. — Wooded hills in the coast ranges of California, from 
San Luis Obispo Co. northward to Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Hartweg. Northwardly 
seems to pass into A. cordifolia. 

+ + Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline leaves all opposite, in one or 
two or at most three pairs, broad, usually membranaceous, dentate or denticulate. 

A. cordifélia, Hoox. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two high, pubescent, or the 
stems hirsute and peduncles villous: lower cauline as well as radical leaves long-petivled, 
deeply cordate, yet sometimes only ovate ; upper cauline small, sessile: heads few, in smaller 
plants solitary: involucre two-thirds inch long, pubescent or villous: rays commonly inch 
long: akenes more or less hirsute. — Fl. i. 331; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 450. A. macrophylla, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 407. Senecio Cumingii, Klatt in Abh. Nat. Hist. Gesellsch. 
xv. 9, is either this or the next. — Woods and high mountains, Brit. Columbia, and mountains 
near Saskatchewan, to those of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and eastern borders of the Sierra 
Nevada, California. 

Var. eradiata is an ambiguous form; with smaller and rayless heads, and oblong- 
ovate at most subcordate leaves. — E. Oregon, Montana, &c. Transition to A. Parryi. 


A. latifélia, Boxe. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with smaller heads than 
the preceding: only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and petioled; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, 
equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with 
contracted base: akenes commonly glabrate or glabrous. — Veg. Sitch. 147; Torr. & Gray, 
le. A. Menziesit, Hook. FI. i. 331, t. 111.— Pine woods, Alaska and Brit. Columbia to 
Oregon, and Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah; first coll. by Menzies. 

Var. viscidula. Viscidly pubescent: cauline leaves less broad at base: heads rather 
larger: akenes pubescent. — High Sierra Nevada, California, Greene, Pringle. And a very 
similar plant from Sitka. 


* * * No cordate leaves; radical leaves petioled, tapering or sometimes abrupt at base: root- 
stocks usually creeping and slender. Western and Northern species. 

+— Leafy to the top: cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not conspicuously 
diminished: heads several or few, or in smaller plants solitary. 


++ Heads all with rays half-inch or more long: plants a foot or two high: the species confluent. 


A. amplexicatlis, Nurr. Slightly pubescent or almost glabrous: leaves from ovate to 
lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, all the cauline sessile by a half-clasping base, saliently 
and very acutely dentate: akenes hirsute-pubescent.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 408 ; Torr. 
& Gray, 1. c. — Woods and shaded rocks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Nuttall, Lyall, Wallace, 
&c. Broad-leaved forms much resembling the preceding, except in more leafy stems and 
want of cordate radical leaves: narrower-leaved forms nearly pass into the succeeding. 


A. Chamissoénis, Less. From tomentulose- or villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous: 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse; lowest tapering 
into a margined petiole, upper broad at base. (sometimes ovate-lanceolate) and somewhat 
clasping : akenes hirsute-pubescent. — Less. in Linn. vi. 238; DC. Prodr. vi. 317; Torr. & 


382 COMPOSITA, Arnica, 


Gray, l.c. partly; Gray, Bot. Calif.1.c. A. mollis, Hook. Fl. i. 231; Torr. & Gray, Fl. le.; 
Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 60, a form with comparatively few and mostly broad leaves. A. /anceolata, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lc. A. datifolia, Gray, Bot. Calif. ii.458, & i. 415, in part, 
almost glabrous broad-leaved form. — Unalaska and Sitka to the Sierra Nevada, California, 
and mountains of Utah and Colorado; east to L. Superior, Mount — and the 
mountains of Lower Canada. A form with comparatively narrow leaves, N. Maine and 
Lower Canada, Goodale, Allen, &c. 

A. longifolia, Eaton. Many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely puberulent: cauline leaves elon- 
gated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose (3 to 6 inches 
long), lower with narrowed bases connate-vaginate; heads corymbosely disposed, short- 
peduncled: akenes minutely glandular, not hairy.— Bot. King Exp. 186.— On rocks, in the 
mountains, at 9,000 feet, from above Summit (Jones, Pringle) to Kern Co. (Rothrock) i in 
California, Clover Mountains, Nevada ( Watson), and Wahsatch Mts. (Jones) in Utah. 

A. foliésa, Nurr. Tomentose-pubescent, strict: leaves lanceolate, denticulate, nervose; 
upper partly clasping by narrowish base, lower with tapering bases connate: heads short- 
peduncled, rarely solitary: akenes hirsute- pubescent or glabrate.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
vii. 407 (excl. var. nana); Gray, Bot. Calif. i416. A. Chamissonis, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., in 
part. A. montana, Hook. Fl. 1. c., in part. — Wet meadows and mountain-sides, Saskatche- 
wan to Oregon, N. California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, and in the Rocky 
Mountains south to Colorado. 

Var. incana, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢. White with very soft floccose tomentum.— Wet 
meadows, mostly in water, in the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada; first coll. 
by Brewer and Torrey. 


++ ++ Heads rayless: stems leafy even on the flowering branches. 


A. viscésa, Gray. A foot or less high, fastigiately branching, very viscid-pubescent: 
leaves small (inch or Jess long), ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile, but not connate at base: 
involucre 4 lines high, considerably shorter than the (25 or 30) flowers: corollas pale yellow: 
akenes glandular-hirsute. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 374, & Bot. Calif. ii. 458. —N. California, 
on Mt. Shasta at 8,000 feet, Gray & Hooker. 


+— + Less leafy: cauline leaves one or two (rarely three) pairs, and the upper mostly small. 
++ Heads rayless, mostly 8 to 5 and rather short-peduncled at the naked summit of the stem. 


A. Parryi, Gray. <A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hirsutely pubescent and 
above glandular: leaves membranaceous, commonly denticulate; radical oval to ovate- 
oblong (1 to 3 inches long), abruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined 
petiole; cauline remote: involucre hirsute and glandular, half-inch or less high: occasion- 
ally some outermost corollas ampliate: akenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs.— Am. 
Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. discoidea, latifolia, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 
238. <A. angustifolia, var. eradiata, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68.— Rocky Mountains. 
from Colorado (on the borders of alpine region) to Wyoming, in the Wahsatch, Utah, and 
west to Oregon and Washington Terr.; first coll. by Parry. 


++ ++ Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly long-peduncled. 
== Anthers yellow, as in all the preceding species: tube of disk-corollas hirsute. 


A. Nevadénsis, Gray. Half a foot high, puberulent, sometimes cinereous: leaves all 
oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire or a few small denticulations (inch or two long), ob- 
scurely triplinerved or 3-nerved at base; radical roundish to obovate, either abruptly con- 
tracted or tapering into slender petiole: involucre half-inch high: akenes minutely pubescent 
and glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55, — Sierra Nevada, California. Lassen’s Peak, Mrs. 
Austin, cinereous form, with rays almost inch long, bears resemblance to Whitneya. Peaks 
south of Summit, at 9,000 feet, Pringle, greener, roundish-leaved, with rays half-inch long. 

A. alpina, Ou1n. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at summit villous, strict, 
simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous: leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong 
to lanceolate, or the radical oblong-spatulate and small uppermost linear, entire or dentic- 
ulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cauline hardly at all connate: akenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely 
glabrate. —“ Murr. Syst. Veg., 1774” (according to Fries, but not found there), “Olin, 
Monogr. Arnic. Upsalie, 1799,” ex Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. 187; Wahl. Fl. Suec. ii. 530; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 416. A. angustifolia, Vahl, Fl. Dan. t. 1524; DC. Prodr. vi. 317; Torr 


Senecio. COMPOSITA. 383 


& Gray, Fl. ii. 449. A. plantaginea & A. fulgens, Pursh, FI. ii. 527.— Labrador and north to 
the arctic coast, west to the Aleutian Islands, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and to 
Colorado in the Rocky Mountains; the southern forms comparatively large and broad- 
leaved. (N. Eu., Greenland.) 

Var. Lessingii, Torr. & Gray, l.c., perhaps from Kotzebue Sound, is a thinner- 
leaved form, of lax habit; the akenes only sometimes glabrous, and the anthers not “black- 
ish.” — A. alpina, Less. in Linn. vi. 235; Herder, Pl. Radd. ii. 110. (N. E. Asia.) 

= = Anthers black: leaves broad: head large, solitary. High Northwestern species. 

A. Unalaschénsis, Less. Robust, a span or two high, hirsute or villous: leaves oblong, 
mostly acutish and opviously serrate or denticulate with subulate callous teeth: disk-corollas 
glabrous or nearly so: akenes slightly hairy or glabrate.— Linn. vi. 235; Herder, 1. v.— 
Unalaska, and other Aleutian Islands, Behring Island, &c.; first coll. by Chamisso. 

A. obtusifdlia, Lzss. l.c. Taller or longer-pedunculate, pubescent or glabrate: leaves 
oblong or spatulate, very obtuse, almost or quite entire, nervose: disk-corollas “glabrous” 
or upper part of the tube hispidulous: akenes glabrous: resembles A. montana. — Unalaska, 
Chamisso. Shumagin Islands, Harrington. 


192, SENECIO, Tourn. Grovnpser. (Old Latin name of Groundsel, 
from senex, old man, in allusion to the hoary pappus.)— One of the largest 
known genera, very widely dispersed over the world, most of the species (all of 
ours) herbs; with alternate leaves, and yellow-flowered heads of middle or rarely 
larger size: fl. spring and summer. Minute short hairs or papilla on the akenes 
of most species swell and emit a pair of spiral threads when wetted. Before 
wetting the akenes may be really or apparently glabrous, and after wetting be- 
come canescent. — Less. Syn. 391; DC. Prodr. vi. 340; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 446, partly. — Arrangement wholly artificial. 

S. Canapensis, L., Spec. ii. 869, and CinERARIA CanapveEnsis, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1244 (to 
which Nutt., Gen. ii. 165, gave the name of S. Aalmii), were said to be of “Canada, Aalm.” 
They are not so indicated in the Linnzan herbarium: both are probably South European 
specimens. The first belongs to S. artemisiefolius, Pers.; the second is a thinner-leaved form 
of Cineraria maritima, L., the S. Cineraria, DC. — C1neRARIA CAROLINENSIS, Walt. Car. 207, 
is undeterminable. 

S. crz1Atus, Walt. Car. 208, is probably only Erigeron Canadense, L. 

S. rLoccfrerus, DC. Prodr. vi. 426, is Walacothrix obtusa, Benth. 

S. CrnerAria, DC., the Dusry-M1LieR of house-cultivation, has been found wild on the 
beach of San Francisco Bay, California, at Alameda. 

S. Jacopaia, L., of Europe, has become a weed in some parts of Nova Scotia and Canada. 

S. PAtmeri, Gray, a peculiar frutescent species of Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is 
quite beyond our limits. 


§ 1. Perennials (one or two suffruticose) ; with pubescence, if any, of a tomen- 
tose character, mostly floccose and when deciduous leaving the surface smooth and 
naked, never viscid nor obviously hirsute. 

%* Heads an inch or distinctly over half-inch high, very many-flowered. 
+— Disk-corollas deeply 5-toothed: heads of the largest. 


S. Rugélia, Gray. Lightly floccose-tomentose when young, soon glabrate: stems simple, a 
foot high from a creeping rootstock, bearing 3 to 5 naked slender-pedunculate somewhat 
racemosely disposed heads: leaves membranaceous; radical and lowest cauline ovate, den- 
ticulate, 2 to 5 inches long, long-petioled; others small and few, bract-like, sessile: involucre 
not calyculate, of about 12 linear-lanceolate thickish glabrous bracts: rays none: pappus 
rather sordid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. Rugelia nudicaulis, Shuttlew. in coll. Rugel; 
Chapm. Fl. 246. — Woods, Smoky Mountains, N. Carolina and Tennessee, Rugel, Buckley. 
Style-branches capitellate-truncate and pubescent at summit, and a few obscure minute 
hairs on the back. 


384 COMPOSITA. ; Senecio, 


Ss. Pseudo-Arnica, Lxss. Floccosely whife-tomentose, more or less glabrate in age: 
stem stout, 6 to 30 inches high, equably very leafy to top, bearing solitary or several 
corymbosely disposed heads on stout bracteolate peduncles: leaves oblong-lingulate or the 
lower spatulate, denticulate or dentate, 5 to 8 inches long, sessile by a partly clasping auric- 
ulate base: involucre calyculate by few or several slender-subulate loose accessory bracts: 
rays numerous, half-inch or more long: pappus dull white. — Less. in Linn. vi. 240; Hook. 
FI. i. 834, t. 113; DC. Prodr. vi. 358; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 446. Arnica maritima, L. Spec. 
ii. 884; Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. A. Doronicum, Pursh, 1. c.— Sea-beaches, &c., Newfoundland, 
New Brunswick, and border of Maine to Labrador, and west to the Aleutian Islands, 
(N. Asia.) 


+ + Disk-corollas merely 5-toothed. Rocky-Mountain and more Western species. 
++ Heads radiate. 
== Alpine species of the Rocky Mountains. 


S. Soldanélla, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high, somewhat succu- 
-lent: leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reniform to spatulate-obovate, 
denticulate or entire ; cauline one or two or none: head solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly 
a full inch high: involucral bracts lanceolate and a very few calyculate ones: rays 6 to 10, - 
oblong, quarter-inch long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 
83. — High alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour, Coulter, &c. 


S. ampléctens, Gray. Lightly floceose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so high, 
few-several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedunculate nodding heads : leaves thinner 
than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate; radical ob- 
ovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole; cauline as large or larger (4 to 6 inches 
long), oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base: involucre over 
half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones: rays linear, inch long or 
more, acute or acutely 2-3-toothed at tip. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 240, & Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1. c. — Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky Mountains, Colorado; first coll. by Parry. 

Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only aspan or two high, with fewer and smaller cauline 
leaves; these and the radical commonly spatulate and with tapering base, not rarely lacini- 
ately subpinnatifid: head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same 
length. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. — High alpine, in the 
mountains of Colorado and Nevada; first coll. by Parry. The most dwarf forms are very 
unlike the type. 


== = Not alpine: scapiform stem low, strict and strictly monocephalous. 


S. Actinélla, Grezne. Floccosely white-tomentose, glabrate in age: simple stem 6 to 10 
inches high, bearing several small and appressed linear bract-like leaves and an erect head of 
two thirds of an inch in height: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, obovate-spatulate, denticu- 
late, subcoriaceous, an inch or more long including the cuneate narrowed base or short 
winged petiole: involucral bracts subulate-linear : rays 9 to 12, rather conspicuous, broadly 
linear. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87-—N. Arizona, near Flagstaff, Rusby. 


= = = Not alpine, with leafy stems u foot to a yard high, and several or few or sometimes 
solitary erect heads. (Here S. Clarkianus, if the heads were a little larger.) 

S. Whippleanus, Gray. Probably floceose when young, sprinkled with less deciduous 
araneose hairs: stem robust, apparently 3 or 4 feet high, naked above, with an ample loose 
cyme: leaves ample (6 or 8 inches long), sinuately or laciniately pinnatifid, the lobes few and 
irregular; cauline sessile: peduncles mostly elongated, naked: involucral bracts fleshy- 
thickened, oblong-linear, abruptly acuminate ; a very few loose and small slender calyculate 
bracts: rays half-inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54, without char. S. eurycephalus, var. 
major, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. (Bot. Whipp.) iv. 111.— Lower Sierra Nevada, at Murphy’s, 
Calaveras Co., California, Bigelow. Further specimens needed. The broad heads nearly 
three-fourths inch high. 


S. Mendocinénsis, Gray. Lightly arachnoid-floccose, soon glabrate : stem robust, 2 or 3 
feet high, leafy below, naked above, bearing a corymbiform cyme of several heads on 
sparsely setaceous-bracteolate peduncles: leaves somewhat succulent, irregularly repand- 
denticulate to dentate ; radical and lower 3 to 6 inches long, oval to oblong-lanceolate, taper- 
ing into margined petioles; upper lanceolate from a broad sessile base, above reduced to 


Senecio. COMPOSITA. 385 


subulate bracts: involucral bracts linear-subulate, and with several loose and slender calycu- 
late ones: rays oblong, seldom half-inch in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif, 
1. ¢, 418. — Plains, Mendocino to Humboldt Co., California, Bolunder, Kellogg, Harford. 


S. Greénei, Gray. Lightly floccose-tomentose, seldom a foot high, simple, bearing 1 to 3 


8 


8. 


short-peduncled heads: leaves (about inch long) coarsely dentate; radical roundish, with 
abrupt or somewhat cuneate base, coarsely crenate-dentate, slender-petioled; cauline few, 
sessile, upper lanceolate and entire, sometimes all small and bract-like : heads two-thirds inch 
long: bracts of involucre linear, no outer calyculate ones: rays deep orange, half-inch or 
more long: style-tips of disk-flowers conspicuously penicillate-margined and with a central 
cusp.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75, & Bot. Calif. i. 412.— Wooded mountain-side, near the 
Geysers in Lake Co., California, Greene. 


.megacéphalus, Nutr. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate, 


leafy: leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole, 
and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish (obscurely glandular under the wool?): heads 
1 to 3, short-peduncled (8 lines to an inch high) ; involucre calyculate by some very loose and 
setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts ; sometimes the true bracts and peduncles bear 
a few hirsute hairs besides the loose wool: rays over half-inch long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
1 ¢. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 438.— Mountains of Idaho, Nuttall, Watson, and Rocky 
Mountains, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet, near British Boundary, Lyall, Canby. 


++ ++ Heads rayless, nodding: some sparse crisped hairs in place of tomentum: caudex hardly 
any; the root a cluster of fibres. 


Bigel6évii, Gray. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply 
paniculate inflorescence, pubescent with some sparse crisped hairs when young, and with 
mere traces of arachnoid caducous wool, at length glabrate: leaves from elongated-oblong 
to lanceolate, denticulate or more dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline 
3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-petioled, or tapering into a winged petiole or 
partly clasping base; upper lanceolate with partly clasping base: heads in small plants few 
or solitary, in larger ones several, nodding on their peduncles: involucre very broadly cam- 
panulate ; its bracts lanceolate, thickish; a few small and loose subulate accessory bractlets 
at base. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 83; Rothrock in Wheeler 
Rep. 178. With var. Halli’, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. (more sessile-leaved), and var. 
monocephalus, Rothrock, 1. c. (smallest form).— Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and 
Arizona, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; first coll. by Bigelow. 


* % Heads middle-sized or small (half-inch or less). 


+ Nodding on the paniculate pedicels in anthesis, rayless, a few loose setaceous or subulate bract- 
lets at their base: very early glabrate or quite glabrous leafy-stemmed plants: leaves at most 
dentate, all either petioled or attenuate at base. 


S. Rasbyi, Greexe. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves very obscurely pruinose-puberulent 


Ss. 


S. 


under a lens, ovate-lanceolate, callous-denticulate ; the lower (3 to 6 inches long) with abrupt 
or truncate base and winged petiole with dilated and somewhat auriculate half-clasping in- 
sertion; upper cuneately contracted into the winged petiole; the small uppermost closely 
sessile, attenuate-acuminate: heads (4 or 5 lines high) less nodding than in the next, almost 
hemispherical. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, at least as to pl. Rusby.— New Mexico, in the 
Mogollon Mountains, Rusby. Apparently in Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon, 
but specimens insufficient. Nearly related to the following : root nearly of the preceding. 
cérnuus, Gray. Quite glabrous, usually more slender, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate 
or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth, 
all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not clasping 
base: heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them de- 
cidedly nodding : involucre narrow-campanulate : flowers pale yellow.— Am. Jour. Sci. 
ser. 2, xxxiii. 10; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 82.— Mountains of Colorado, wholly below 
the alpine region ; first coll. by Parry. 


+ + Heads erect, mostly radiate, occasionally rayless in same species. 
++ Stem frutescent below. 


Lemmé6ni, Gray. Loosely much branched, early glabrate and smooth: main stems de- 
cidedly woody: branches slender, spreading, very leafy below, nearly naked at summit, 
; 25 


386 COMPOSITA. Senecio. 


bearing several or numerous loosely cymose slender-pedunculate heads: leaves somewhat 

succulent, lanceolate, irregularly and sparsely dentate with salient teeth, attenuate below and 

with a dilated cordate-clasping base, or the lower tapering into a naked petiole; uppermost 

small, linear, entire: heads 4 or 5 lines high: rays about 12; disk-flowers 20 or more.— 

Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Santa Catalina Mountains, 8. Arizona, Lemmon. 

++ ++ Stems herbaceous, numerously leafy to the top: leaves all rounded-subcordate and angu- 
lately somewhat lobed, palmately veined and reticulate-venulose, petioled: heads small and 
numerous in a compound cyme. 

S. Hartwégi, Bentu. Flocculent-tomentulose when young, or nearly glabrous: stems 2 or 
3 feet high from a somewhat tuberous rootstock : leaves chartaceo-membranaceous (2 to 4 
inches broad, and petiole inch or two long), the margin with 7 to 9 short angulate lobes or 
coarse teeth, and sinuses dentieulate: veinlets minutely reticulated: heads 3 or 4 lines long, 
crowded: involucre narrow-campanulate, 12-20-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate, short: rays 
few.— Pl. Hartw. 18, form with leaves tomentulose beneath. S. Scemanni, Schultz Bip. in 

- Seem. Bot. Herald, 311, glabrous form. — Cafions, 8. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. 
(Mex.; of a Mexican type unlike any other N. American.) 
++ ++ ++ Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top: leaves pinnately veined, not con- 
spicuously reticulated, from entire to laciniate-dentate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly 
linear: glabrous, or very early glabrate and smooth, seldom a vestige of wool at anthesis. 
== Low, alpine: heads subsolitary, radiate. 

S. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot 
high: leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to oblong (inch or sometimes 
2 inches long), obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifid-dentate, lower 
abruptly contracted into a winged petiole; uppermost sessile by broadish base: heads half- 
inch high, short-peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets: rays 3 to 5 lines long. 
— FI. ii. 445.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains (first coll. by Fremont), from near 
Brit. boundary to S. Colorado, Utah, and Lassen’s Peak, California: passing to 

Var. occidentdlis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads longer- 
peduncled; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the 
ground. — Bot. Calif. i. 618.— Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, Rothrock, 
&c. Also Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming and Montana, at 7,000 to 8,000 feet, Lyall, 
Parry, very dwarf. 

== = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless. 


S. rapifélius, Nurr. About a foot high: leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply 
and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping 
by a broad subcordate base : heads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 10, 
narrowly oblong.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 409: Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 441.— Rocky 
Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte, Nuttall, Fremont, &c. 
= = = Tall, with corymbosely cymose and radiate heads: involucre setaceously few-bracteo- 

late, campanulate or narrower: leaves nearly membranaceous. 

S. triangularis, Hoox. Rather stout: stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or 
somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme: leaves all more or less petioled and 
thickly dentate (sometimes minutely so, sometimes with long lanceolate-subulate and very 
salient teeth), deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and upper- 
most lanceolate with cuneate base: heads about half-inch high: involucre campanulate, 
mostly 25-30-flowered ; the oblong-linear rays 6 to 12.— Fl. i. 332, t.115; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 441; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 189; Gray, Bot. Calif. i414. S. longidentatus, DC. Prodr. 
vi. 428. — Wooded districts in wet ground, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., south to the 
higher mountains of Colorado and through the Sierra Nevada, California. 

S. Huachucanus, Gray. Two or three feet high, somewhat branching: leaves ovate- to 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely denticulate ; lower cauline (4 to 6 inches long) taper- 
ing into a winged petiole, upper partly clasping by a broad subcordate base: heads fastigi- 
ately cymose, small, about 4 lines high: involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, 15-18-flowered : 
the small rays 3 or 4.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54.— High bluffs near Fort Huachuca, 8. 
Arizona, Lemmon. 

S. sérra, Hoox. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather 
few somewhat large (half-inch long) heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing 


Senecio. COMPOSIT. 387 


numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads: leaves (4 to 6 inches long) all lanceolate 
and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base (or the lowest oblong-spatulate and taper- 
ing into a short petiole), usually with whole margin thickly serrate or serrulate with very 
acute salient teeth: involucre oblong-campanulate, 20-30-flowered : rays 5 to 8, oblong-linear, 
sometimes fully half-inch long. — FL. i. 332 (Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441, as to name only, the 
char. taken from S. longidentatus, DC., wrongly referred, and syn. belonging to S. triangu- 
laris); Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, under S. Andinus ?— Mountains, from Wyoming 
to Idaho and S. Colorado; first coll. by Douglas. The form with the very serrate leaves of 
the original of Douglas, but with much fewer and larger heads, mountains of Colorado, 
Fremont, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Rothrock (under S. Andinus). Passes into 

Var. integritisculus. Heads smaller (usually only 3 or 4 lines high) and narrower, 
fewer-flowered: leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all 
entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or broader and not acuminate. — S. Andinus, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif.l.c. S. lanceolatus, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440, an entire-leaved form.— Common from Wyoming to E. Oregon, 
and in the mountains of Nevada and the borders of California; perhaps first coll. by 
Nuttall. 


++ +b ++ ++ Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves 
all entire or denticulate: involucre fleshy-thickened ! 

S. crassulus, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous apparently from the first: stem rather 
stout, 5-7-leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large (fully halfinch high) and thick 
heads: leaves oblong-lanceolate, of rather firm texture, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ; 
radical and lowest cauline spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole ; 
upper sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base: involucre broadly campanulate, 40-50- 
flowered, of 12 or more lanceolate to oblong fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base 
also much thickened, the whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit: rays about 8, 
oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. integerrimus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. lc. & Proc. 
Acad. Philad. 1863, 67, not Nutt. S. lugens, var. Hookeri, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, in 
part. — Subalpine, Rocky Mountains of Colorado (first coll. by Parry) to the Wahsatch in 
Utah ( Watson), and in N. Wyoming, Parry. 


+e +t +r ++ ++ Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves (and sometimes most of the 
cauline) reduced in size; the inflorescence therefore naked: none with narrow linear leaves 
(except one scapose species). 

== Plant tall and simple-stemmed, with a coarsely fibrous cluster of roots, perhaps not perennial: 
leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate. 

S. hydr6éphilus, Nutr. Very glabrous and smooth, sometimes glaucous: stem robust, 
2 to 4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate, with strong midrib and obsolete veins; radical 
oblanceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long and nearly two inches wide; upper 
cauline sessile or partly clasping: heads numerous in a branching corymbiform cyme, 
5 lines high, short-pedicelled: involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate ; its 
bracts 8 to 12: disk-flowers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and small, sometimes none. — In water or 
very wet ground, especially in brackish water, Montana to Brit. Columbia, south to Colo- 
rado, and west to San Francisco Bay, California. 

== = Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks. 

w. Stems commonly robust, from a foot or rarely less to 3 or even 5 feet high, bearing mostly 
numerous heads in a cyme: involucre sparingly calyculate: leaves from entire to dentate, only 
in the last species at all laciniate, none really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. Western 
species, none truly alpine. 

1. Glaucous or glaucescent, apparently quite glabrous throughout from the very first: heads 
many-flowered. 

S. Clevelandi, Greene. Stems rather rigid and slender, a foot or two high from firm 
creeping rootstocks: leaves subcoriaceous, entire, obtuse, with veins almost obsolete, spat- 
ulate or rarely obovate; radical and lower cauline an inch or, two long, tapering into 
much longer slender petioles; upper cauline few and smaller, with shorter petioles: heads 
4 or 5 lines high: involucral bracts subulate-linear: rays 6 to 8 and short, sometimes fewer, 
occasionally none. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Springy ground, Lake Co., California, Cleve- 
land, Pringle. 


388 COMPOSITA, Senecio, 


S. Toluccanus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 110: apparently a com- 
mon Mexican species. 

Var. microdéntus. About 2 feet high from a short rootstock or caudex: leaves 
thickish and firm; radical obovate to oblong, obscurely veiny, mostly acute, numerously 
denticulate, 2 to 6 inches long, tapering into shorter wing-margined petioles; cauline sessile, 
few and oblong-lanceolate toward the base of the stem, or commonly only one or two small 
and bract-like ones on a scapiform stem, these subtending the rather few-headed branches 
of the cyme: heads nearly half-inch high: involucral bracts linear: rays 6 to 10, conspicu- 
ous.— Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, 
Lemmon. Agrees with a specimen of coll. Seemann, N. W. Mexico, but not well with 8, 
Toluccanus, var. modestus, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 211. Approaches very smooth forms 
of S. lugens. 


2. Not glaucous, usually more or less woolly-pubescent when young, and the wool sometimes tar- 
dily deciduous, often quite glabrate and green at flowering time: heads many-flowered: rays 
8 to 12, conspicuous. i 


S. integérrimus, Nurr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elongated-oblong, quite 
entire or denticulate; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated 
base: heads several, umbellately cymose, commonly half-inch high: involucral bracts narrow, 
acute or acuminate. — Gen. ii. 165, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 439, 
— Dakota to Wyoming and Saskatchewan ; first coll. by Nuttall. 


S. lagens, Ricuarps. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical form early gla- 
brate and bright green. stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-leaved and naked above, 
terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads (these about 5 lines high) : radical 
and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly 
contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-den- 
ticulate; upper cauline lanceolate or reduced and bract-like: bracts of the campanulate 
involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips: rays 10 or 
12, conspicuous. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31; Hook. FI. i. 332, t. 114; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
ii. 489; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, var. Hookeri, chiefly, & var. Parryi. S. campestris, 
Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 294, 332, partly. Cineraria pratensis, Herder, Pl. Radd. ii. 127, in part. — 
Low or moist grounds, Subarctic America to Kotzebue Sound? through the whole Rocky 
Mountains to New Mexico, and west to California. In various forms. 

Var. folidsus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 418. Floccose wool usually persistent up to 
flowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity: stem seldom over a foot high, stouter, 
more leafy to near the inflorescence: leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly Janceo- 
late: heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower: 
tips of involucral bracts conspicuously blackish. — S. exaltatus, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Am. 
Jour. Sci. 1. c. 406. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton, 1. c. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah, 
from base up to 10,000 or 12,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry. 

Var. exaltatus, Gray, ].c. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with looser 
and more persistent scattered hairs: stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high: leaves 
thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader 
ones abrupt and sometimes even subcordate at base; cauline occasionally laciniate-dentate : 
heads mostly numerous in the cyme.— S. exaltatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. «. 410; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Wet ground, Brit. Columbia and Idaho to California, where it connects 
with the next species. 

Var. ochroleticus. Rays yellowish-white: otherwise like broader-leaved forms of 
the preceding, some radical leaves subcordate.— S. cordatus, Nutt. 1. c. 411, probably, but 
color of flowers not noted.—Open woods, on Columbia River, Klikitat Co., Washington 
Terr., Suksdorf. 


3. Like the preceding, but with fewer-flowered heads and fewer or no rays: upper leaves occa- 
sionally incised. ~ 


S. aronicoides, DC. Robust, lightly floccose when young, and usually with some decid- 
uous villosity, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves variable, from broadly ovate to oblong, repand-den- 
ticulate to coarsely dentate, or cauline sometimes pinnatifid-laciniate: heads mostly smaller 
than in preceding, often only 10-12-flowered: rays when present only one or two and short. 
—Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 414.—S. ezaltatus, var. 


\ 


Senecio. COMPOSITE. 389 


uniflosculosus, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111.— Low grounds, common in California; first coll. 

by Douglas. Connects with S. lugens, var. exaltatus. 

b. Stems low and simple, bearing a solitary or few comparatively large heads: involucre not at all 
calyculate: leaves entire or merely dentate; radical and lower ones spatulate to obovate. Arctic- 
alpine species, loosely cottony-woolly, tardily glabrate. 

S. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Perhaps a less arctic variety of the next, bearing 3 to 5 
closely corymbose heads, or a var. of S. campestris of the Old World, but ovaries and akenes 
glabrous. — Fl. ii. 438. S. integrifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 334, excl. syn. S. campestris, Hook. f. 
Arct. Pl. 395, partly. Cineraria integrifolia, Richards. 1. c. — Arctic and Subarctic America 
and high-northern Rocky Mountains, Richardson, &c. 

S. frigidus, Less. A span or two high, 3-5-leaved, bearing a solitary head, sometimes 
2 or 3: leaves spatulate, or the radical rounded-obovate and cauline lanceolate from a broad 
or narrow sessile base, these sometimes dentate: involucre half-inch high, usually villous 
with some purplish hairs, especially at the thickened base or summit of the peduncle: rays 
rather numerous, becoming half-inch long: ovaries and akenes glabrous or sparsely hairy. 
— Less. in Linn. vi. 239 ; Hook. FI. i. 334, t. 112; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 445. Cineraria frigida, 
Richards. 1. c.; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 126; Herder, 1]. c. 124. C. atropurpurea, Ledeb. 
ex DC., &.— Newfoundland? and Labrador, Arctic coast to Kotzebue Sound, &. (N. E. 
Asia.) 

c. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform: leaves clustered on the rootstock or caudex, 
entire or crenate; those of the scape few and very small, reduced to mere bracts: involucre 
slightly calyculate. Rocky Mountain species, chiefly alpine or subalpine. 

1. Leaves linear, not thick: akenes papillose-hirtellous. 

S. Thirberi, Gray. Leaves densely tufted on the branches of the multicipital caudex, 
about inch long, barely a line wide toward the apex, tapering into a slender base, entire or 
nearly so, tomentose-canescent, tardily glabrate: scapes glabrate, 4 to 6 inches high, bearing 
2 to 5 heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 7 to 10, 3 lines long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 
68. S. canus, var. pygmaeus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. — Mountain-sides, Santa Rita del 
Cobre, New Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow. 

2. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex, nearly 
veinless, even the midrib obscure: akenes glabrous. 

S. wernerizefdélius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate: leaves quite entire, 
erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base, 
by 2 or 3 lines wide) to elongated-oblong (inch long and half-inch wide) and short-petioled, 
the margins sometimes revolute: scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads; these 
4 or 5 lines high: rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or wanting.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, var. werneriefolius, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & 
Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 81.— Mountains of Colorado, alpine, in coniferous woods near the 
upper limit of trees, and in the alpine region, mostly on the upper waters of Clear Creek, 
Hall & Harbour, Greene, Coulter, &c. 

S. petrzeus, Krarr. Glabrous or early glabrate: leaves from orbicular-obovate or oval 
(a quarter to half an inch long) to cuneate-oblong (largest inch long), entire or 3-7-crenate- 
toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled: scapes 1 to 3 inches high, bearing solitary 
or several clustered heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 6 to 10, golden yellow, 3 lines long. 
— Abhand. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, xv. (1881). S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 
n. ser. xxxiii.11; Porter & Coulter, 1.c. S. aureus, var. borealis, mainly, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 
412.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (first coll. by Parry), of Utah 
(Ward), and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, &c. Approaches the 
preceding on one hand, and .S. aureus, var. borealis, on the other. 

3. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled, more or less clustered at 
the base of the scape: akenes glabrous: plants very glabrous. 

S. renifdlius, Porrer. Two inches high from filiform creeping rootstocks : leaves thickish, 
resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rounded-subcordate or reniform, only about 
half-inch wide, coarsely 5-7-crenate: scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing 
a solitary comparatively large (half-inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long. — 
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 83.— High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Cen- 
tral Colorado, at 13,000 feet, J. Df. Coulter. 


390 COMPOSITA, Senecio, 


S. Cardamine, Greene. Scapes a span or two high, slender, bearing solitary or 2 or 3 
small (about 4 lines high) heads, and below one or two very small oblong-cordate clasping 
pinnatifid-dentate bract-like leaves: radical leaves orbicular-cordate, repand-crenate, thinnish, 
inch or two in diameter, on long slender petioles: rays about 8, pale yellow. — Bull. Torr, 
Club, viii. 98. — New Mexico, on the higher slopes of the Mogollon Mountains, Greene. 


d. Stems low (2 to 6 inches high) and slender, 1-2-cephalous, few-leaved: leaves mostly lyrate- 
pinnatiiid. High northern species. 

S. resedifdélius, Less. Glabrous or soon glabrate: stems simple: earlier radical leaves 
roundish or subcordate, crenate or crenately lobed, later ones lyrate-pinnatifid, slender- 
petioled, all or the terminal lobes crenate-incised: heads 4 or 5 lines high: involucre very 
obscurely bracteolate: rays 5 lines long: style-branches commonly with slender cusp: 
akenes either papillose-hirsute or glabrous. — Less. in Linn. vi. 243; Hook. FI. i. 333, t. 117; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 445. Cineraria lyrata, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 102; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. 
Crit. ii. t. 101. — From Great Bear Lake, &c., near the Arctic Circle, to Kotzebue Sound and 
the Aleutian Islands. (N. Asia.) 

Var. Columbiénsis. Heads rayless: stems often sparingly branched and 2-4- 
leaved. — Mucklung River, British Columbia, Mr. Mackay. 


cv. Stems a foot or two high (or in reduced forms lower), bearing some leaves and corymbosely 
cymose (only when depauperate solitary) heads: involucre sparingly or inconspicuously calycu- 
late, or nearly naked at base: foliage various. Not arctic nor alpine, except perhaps one vari- 
ety of S. aureus: usually some floccose tomentum, at least when young. 


1. Leaves all entire, rarely a tooth or a few obscure denticulations, and narrowed at base. 


S. fastigidtus, Nurr. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose tomentum, or glabrate : 
stems strict, simple, 1 or 2 feet high, terminated by a fastigiate cyme of several heads, or 
sometimes with branches terminated by single and rather larger heads: leaves lanceolate 
or spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 2 inches long; upper often linear; lower cauline and 
the sometimes oblong radical tapering into slender petioles: heads 4 or 5 lines high: rays 
conspicuous: akenes glabrous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 439. 
— Plains of Oregon, Washington Terr., and adjacent Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall. 

Var. Layneze. Stems disposed to branch, and the branches to bear 2 or 3 or some- 
times solitary heads, of half-inch in height: leaves mostly apiculate-acute.— S. Laynee, 
Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87.— Sweetwater Creek, El Dorado Co., California, Mrs. K. 
Layne-Curran. 

2. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided: rays 
occasionally wanting. Species of perhaps impossible limitation. 


S. cdnus, Hoox. Permanently canescent with pannose tomentum, or at length flocculent, 
but rarely at all glabrate: stems from a span to a foot or rarely 2 feet high: leaves some- 
times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong or round- 
ish-oval (half-inch to thrice that length) and slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed 
or pinnatifid (either the upper or lower ones, or both): heads 4 or 5 lines high: akenes 
very glabrous (in figure of Hooker hispidulous on the angles) : style-tips usually with central 
cusp. — FI. i. 338, t. 116; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 412. 8S. integrifolius, Nutt. 
Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria integrifolia minor, Pursh, FI. ii. 528. S. Purshianus, Nutt. Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 412. S. Howellii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98.— Rocky banks, 
Saskatchewan and Dakota to the mountains of Colorado, west to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, 
Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada as far as Kern Co., California. — A notable and dubious 
form, low and stout, with comparatively large heads and always undivided leaves, abounds in 
the mountains of Colorado, at the upper limit of trees. 

S. tomentosus, Micux. Canescent or cinereous with a close or at length floccose and 
more or less deciduous wool: stems rather stout, commonly 2 feet high: leaves thickish, ob- 
long, crenate or sometimes entire; the larger radical ones ample, 5 or 6 inches long, on 
elongated stout petioles and with stout midrib; cauline similar and smaller or lyrate-pin- 
natifid, often few and small: heads, &c., of the next species: akenes always hispidulous, at 
least on the angles. —Fl. ii. 119; Ell. Sk. ii. 329; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 443. S. integri- 
folius, var. heterophyllus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria heterophylla, Pursh, Fl. ii. 528.— 
Open or sparsely wooded moist ground, Delaware to Florida and Arkansas ; first coll. by 
Michauz. 


Senecio. COMPOSIT.E. 391 


S. atreus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering (in spring or 
early summer) and a foot or two high from small rootstocks: radical leaves mostly rounded 
and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciniate : most polymorphous species, 
of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high, surculose by slender rootstocks : 
leaves thin; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, crenate-dentate (1 to 
3 inches in diameter), on long slender petioles ; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobelets on 
the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed; others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often 
incised ; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base: 
heads rather numerous, 4 or 5 lines high: rays 8 to 12, conspicuous, rarely wanting : akenes 
quite glabrous. — Spec. ii. 870; Michx. Fl. ii. 820; Ell. Sk. ii. 331; DC. Prodr. vi. 432; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 442; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 77, t. 15, the normal form. S. gracilis, Pursh, 
Fi. ii. 529; DC. 1. c., a slender or depauperate form. S. fastigiatus, Schwein. in Ell. 1. c. 
— Swamps and wet banks, usually in shaded ground, Newfoundland to Florida, Texas, and 
to Brit. Columbia and the Sierra Nevada, California. 

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray, ].c. Radical leaves of thicker texture, rotund with 
abrupt or truncate base, or obovate and cuneate-contracted into a short margined petiole, or 
the earliest in the rosulate tufts almost sessile and humifuse: otherwise as in the typical 
form.— S. obovatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1999; Pursh, lL c.; Ell. lc. S. Elliottii, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 443, a form with the early radical leaves more plantagineous and very 
short-petioled. — More open and moist grounds, Canada to Indiana and Georgia, in the upper 
country, characteristically developed southward. 

Var. Balsamitze, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or 
less wool until fruiting: depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high: principal 
or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, commonly verging to lanceolate, inch or 
two long, serrate, contracted into slender petioles; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid : heads 
usually rather small and numerous: akenes almost always hispidulous-pubescent on the 
angles. — S. Balsamite, Muhl. 1. ¢.; Pursh,1].c. S. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
1. c. 413, a robust and larger-leaved western form, verging toward S. tomentosus. S. aureus, 
var. lanceolatus, Oakes in Hovey’s Mag., & Torr. & Gray, 1. c., an attenuated form of this, or 
of the type, growing in shady swamps. S. pauperculus, Michx. F]. ii. 120, depauperate form. 
— Rocky or nearly dry ground, Canada to Texas, and northwestward to Brit. Columbia. 

Var. compactus. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young 
whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age: radical leaves oblanceolate or attenuate-spat- 
ulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatifid-dentate, an inch or more long, thick and firm 
at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnatifid: heads rather numerous and 
crowded in the cyme, rather small: ovaries papillose-hispidulous on the angles. — S. aureus, 
var. borealis, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 125, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, in part.—N. W. 
Texas (Wright) to the base of the mountains in Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Greene, Kc. ; 
mostly in saline soil. ; 

Var. borealis, Torr. & Gray,l.c. A foot down to a span high, at summit bearing 
either numerous or few heads; these not rarely rayless: leaves thickish; radical from round- 
ish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, half-inch to 
inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much pinnatifid: akenes glabrous. — S. elongatus, 
pauciflorus, & Cymbalaria? Pursh, FI. ii. 529, 530. S. aureus, var. foliosus, &c., Hook. 1. ¢. 
S. aureus, var. borealis & var. discoideus, Torr. & Gray, l.c. S. cymbalarioides & S. debilis, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 408, 412. — Labrador to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, the high 
Sierra Nevada in California, and mountains of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, where are forms 
undistinguishable from the following. 

Var. créceus, Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate. 
leaves somewhat succulent; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes lyrate ; cauline very 
various: heads usually numerous in the cyme: flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the 
rays, or these sometimes wanting. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coulter, Fi. 
Colorad. 82; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 190, & S. Fendleri of the same. S. aureus, var. multi- 
lobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 411, in part.— Wet ground, high mountains of Colorado, Utah, 
Nevada, north to Montana, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Parry, &. : 

Var. subnidus. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or two high, bearing 
2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a pair: radical leaves few, 
spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate : cauline 
incised or sparingly pinnatifid: rays conspicuous. — S. subnudus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428; Nutt. 


392 COMPOSITA. Senecio. 


l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1c. Here perhaps S. Cymbalaria, Pursh, FI. ii. 580. — Wet ground on 
mountains, Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and sparingly in California. The most 
depauperate form. 

S. Féndleri, Gray. Very canescent with pannose or floccose wool, in age tardily glabrate ; 
stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or narrower; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline 
sinuately pectinate-pinnatifid or even pinnately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 
2-4-lobed: heads mostly numerous and crowded, small (3 or 4 lines high): rays rather 
numerous: akenes and ovaries glabrous.— Pl. Fendl. 108, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111, & Proe, 
Acad. Philad. 1. ec. — Dry ground, mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, at 6,000 to 8,000 
feet, Fendler, Bigelow, Parry, &e. 

S. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray. More or less canescent with looser tomentum, in age gla- 
brate: stems robust, a foot or two high (often from a simple thickish caudex), few-leaved, 
simple or often branching above, and bearing loose cymes of comparatively large (often 
half-inch) heads: leaves thickish (inch or two long); radical oblong-obovate to spatulate, 
with cuneate or tapering base, sometimes coarsely few-toothed only at summit, many lyrate- 
pinnatifid, with few or several pairs of small lateral lobes; cauline similar or more pinnatifid, 
and the lobes incisely few-toothed: rays 12 to 16, in larger heads half-inch long: akenes 
sometimes hispidulous-papillose, sometimes quite glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55. Has 
been variously referred to S. Fendlert, to doubtful forms of S. aureus, &c. — Mountains and 
wooded hills of New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, Thurber, Henry, Greenc, &c. Arizona, Lem- 
mon, Pringle. San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parish. 

S. Arizénicus, Greens. Lightly and loosely floccose-woolly when young, early glabrate 
and green: stems a foot or two high, sometimes from a thick perpendicular caudex : leaves 
mainly in the radical tuft, thickish, ovate to oblong-obovate (commonly 2 or 3 inches long), 
dentate with mucronate teeth, often with rounded or subcordate, but some with cuneate base, 
with or without one or two pairs of small lobes on the petiole; lower cauline leaves one or 
two and usually lyrate-pinnatifid, upper very small and bract-like: heads loosely cymose, 
5 or 6 lines high: rays 9 to 12, conspicuous. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87.— Arizona, Palmer, 
Pringle (referred to a form of S. aureus), Rusby. 


3. Leaves all or mainly bipinnately dissected into narrow lobes. Atlantic species. 


S. Millefélium, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate: stems slender, a foot or two high, bear- 
ing a corymbose cyme of rather numerous heads: these 3 lines high: radical and cauline 
leaves similar (or the earliest less dissected), the very numerous lobes linear-oblong or nar- 
row (1 to 3 lines long), thickish: small upper leaves narrow and more simply dissected: rays 
few, a line or two long. —FI. ii. 444. — Sides of precipitous mountains, North and South 
Carolina, especially at Table Mountain, 8. Carolina, and vicinity ; first coll. by Fraser. 


4, Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted, and again lobed or incised. Pacific species. 


S. Bolanderi, Gray. Glabrous or early glabrate: stems weak and slender, 6 to 30 inches 
high from slender creeping rootstocks: leaves thin and membranaceous, mostly petioled ; 
early radical orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9-lobed or crenate-incised; others pinnately 
divided into 5 to 9 distinct leaflets, or upper lobes confluent with rounded terminal one, all 
obtusely incised: heads several, loosely cymose, 4 or 5 lines high: rays 5 to 8, rather long. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif. i. 411. — Sandstone bluffs and in Redwoods, Mendo- 
cino Co., California, Bolander, Rattan, to Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Kellogg, Howell. 

S. eurycéphalus, Torr. & Gray. Floccose-woolly when young, sometimes early glabrate: 
stems robust, 1 to 3 feet high, corymbosely branching above, bearing several or numerous 
loosely cymose heads: leaves irregularly pinnately parted or the lower divided, radical 
mostly lyrate ; divisions of the cauline from cuneate to linear-lanceolate, variously lobed or 
incised, mucronately tipped: heads hardly at all calyculate, fully half-inch high, commonly 
as broad, but sometimes half smaller: rays 10 to 12, the larger half-inch long. — Gray, in 
Pl. Fendl. 109, & Bot. Calif. i. 411, excl. var. major, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111.— Low grounds, 
California north of the Bay of San Francisco, and on Monte Diablo; first coll. by Fremont 
and Hartweg. : 

S. eremdphilus, Ricuarps. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves 
mostly oblong in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes usually incised 
or acutely dentate: heads numerous in corymbiform cymes, 4 or 5 lines high, short-pedun- 


Senecto. COMPOSIT A, 393 


cled: involucre campanulate or narrower, minutely bracteolate; proper bracts commonly 
purple-tipped: rays 7 to 9, 2 or 3 lines long: akenes either minutely papillose-cinereous or 
glabrous. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31; Hook. Fl. i. 334; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 444; 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. — Shady moist ground, from Mackenzie River and Saskatch- 
ewan, along the Rocky Mountains to those of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona; first coll. by 
Richardson. In canons of 8. Arizona, a form with narrowest and even linear lobes to the 
leaves, coll. Lemmon. 


+t +r ++ ++ ++ ++ Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top, all pin- 
nately lobed or parted, or when entire narrowly linear. 


== Leaves comparatively broad, pinnatitfid and laciniate: early glabrate if not glabrous. 


S. Clarkidnus, Gray. Stems stzict and simple, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-angled: leaves 
lanceolate ; cauline 4 to 7 inches long, sessile, simply pinnatifid or laciniate-dentate; the 
salient lobes or teeth lanceolate or triangular, very acute: heads several, cymose or some- 
what paniculate, fully half-inch high, short-peduncled : involucre of subulate-linear bracts, 
and several more slender loose calyculate ones: rays 4 or 5 lines long, narrow. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. vil. 362, & Bot. Calif. i. 413. — Moist ground, in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 8,000 
to 9,000 feet, Yosemite to Kern Co., Bolander, Rothrock, &c.; first coll. at Clark’s Ranch. 

== = Leaves or their divisions from linear to filiform, or broader toward the base of the stems. 

S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed, 
a foot or two or southward even 5 or 6 feet high, either white-tomentose or glabrate and 
green: leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear (mostly 2 to 4 lines long 
and 1 or 2 lines wide), more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform 
entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from a third to half an inch high, 
obscurely bracteolate, the proper bracts linear: rays 8 to 18, a third to half an inch long: 
akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. — Prodr. vi. 429; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 
443; Gray, Bot. Calif.i.411. S. Regiomontanus, DC. 1. v. (Monterey, California), & probably 
S. stechadiformis, DC. S. longilobus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 18; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 108. 8. jfili- 
folius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 414. S. Riddellii, S. filifolius, & S. spartioides, Torr. 
& Gray, lec. S. fastigiatus ? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 99, a peculiar and abnormal broader-leaved 
form.— Open plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas, 8. Utah, Arizona, 8. California, and 
northward near the Pacific coast to Lake Co. 


§ 2. Perennial? viscidly pubescent: heads conspicuously radiate. 


S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or two high, branching, sparsely leafy to the inflo- 
rescence, pubescent with short and spreading and some longer viscid hairiness: root not 
seen: leaves irregularly dentate, oblong or the lowest spatulate, auriculate-clasping at base : 
heads cymose or somewhat paniculate, about half-inch long: ihvolucre sparsely calyculate : 
akenes strigulose-canescent. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 103.—S. E. California on the San Ber- 
nardino and San Francisco Mountains, Lemmon, Greene. First coll. within the Mexican 
lines, on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua, below San Carlos, Parry. 


§ 3. Annuals or biennials. 
* Indigenous species, of Southern range: heads conspicuously radiate: akenes seldom glabrous. 


S. ampullaceus, Hoox. Lightly floccose or araneose-woolly when young, glabrate and 
smooth: stem mostly stout, a foot or two high, leafy to near the summit: leaves all undi- 
vided, repand-dentate or entire (1 to 6 inches long), ovate or oblong; lowest obovate with 
tapering wing-petioled base ; upper mostly clasping with broad base: heads rather numerous 
in naked loose cymes: involucre (4 lines high) calyculate-bracteolate, cylindraceous, becom- 
ing thickened and conoidal after anthesis: rays 7 to 9, oblong: akenes canescent. — Bot. 
Mag. t. 3487; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440; Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 42.—Sandy prairies, Texas ; 
first coll. by Drummond. 

S. Califérnicus, DC. Early glabrate if not glabrous, slender, a foot or so high: leaves 
lanceolate, linear, or the lower oblong, varying from denticulate to pinnatifid, the lobes short 
and obtuse, all but the lowest auriculate-sessile or clasping at base (one or two inches long) : 
heads several and loosely paniculate or cymose at the naked summit of the stem: involucre 
broadly campanulate, 3 or 4 lines high, nearly naked at base: rays oblong, 3 or 4 lines long: 
akenes canescent. — Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i410. S. Coro- 


394 COMPOSITA. Senecio, 


nopus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; a form with leaves deeply and 
even doubly pinnatifid. — Low ground, California, from Santa Barbara southward. (Lower 
Calif.) 

S. multilobatus, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate and smooth, a foot or two high from a 
winter-annual or biennial root, naked and often branching above, bearing numerous corym- 
bosely cymose heads: radical and lower cauline leaves lyrate, and the divisions dentate ; 
upper pinnately parted, their mostly numerous divisions narrowly cuneate, incised or 2-3- 
lobed at the apex: involucre 3 lines high, nearly or quite naked at base: rays 3 or 4 lines 
long: akenes slightly hispidulous or glabrate. — V1. Fendl. 109, excl. var. pl. Coulter, which 
is probably S. Douglasii S. Tampicanus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 89, perhaps also i. 109. 
S. aureus, var. multilobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., partly. —S. Utah, Arizona, and western 
borders of Texas, Fremont, Wright, Palmer, &c. . 

S. lobdétus;Pers. (Burrer-weep.) Lightly floccose-tomentose when very young, early 
glabrous, very smooth, soft-succulent or tender: stem fistulous, 1 to 3 feet high, sometimes 
depauperate and slender, commonly branching, and bearing compound or paniculdte cymes: 
leaves lyrately parted or divided, irregular and variable ; divisions from roundish to cuneate 
or oblong, obtusely sinuate-lobed or toothed: involucre barely 3 lines high, nearly naked at 
base: rays 6 to 12: akenes minutely hispidulous on some of the angles. — Syn. ii. 436; Ell. 
Sk. ii. 332; Torr. & Gray, lc. 8S. lyratus, Michx. FI. ii. 120, not L., &e. 8 Satellus, Pais 
Dict. vii. 102. S. Carolinianus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 559. S. MLississippianus, DC. Prodr. vi. 427, 
S. densiflorus, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. 67. S. Schweinitzianus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soe. vii.411. S. imparipinnatus, Klatt in Naturf. Gesellsch. Halle. xv. — Wet grounds, 
in the low country, N. Carolina to Texas, common. (Adj. Mex.) 


* %* Indigenous, of northern range: heads obviously radiate: akenes glabrous: pappus elongated. 


5. palustris, Hoox. Loosely woolly or villous with long and many-jointed hairs, in age 
sometimes glabrate: stem 6 to 20 inches high from an annual or biennial root, leafy, usually 
stout: leaves broadly lanceolate, from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid-laciniate, cauline sessile 
by a cordate or auriculate partly clasping base: heads crowded in a glomerate or corymbi- 
form cyme, in flower only 4 lines long, and with short light-yellow rays, in fruit with pappus 
half-inch or more long: involucre naked at base. — Fl. i. 334; DC. Prodr. vi. 363; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 438. S. Kalmii, Less. in Linn. vi. 244, not Nutt., which is only a changed name 
for Cineraria Canadensis, L. Cineraria palustris, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1243-; Fl. Dan. t. 578; 
Schkuhr, Handb. t. 246. C. congesta, R. Br. in Parry, Voy., Richards., &c., only an arctic 
and woolly condensed form, var. congestus, Hook. 1. c.— Wet ground, N. Wisconsin, Iowa, 
and Minnesota to the Arctic sea-coast, N. Alaska, &ce. (N. Asia, Eu.) 


* %* * Naturalized annual weeds from Europe: rays none or minute. 


S. syrvAricus, L. Slender, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot or more high: 
leaves usually pinnatifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high, narrow, nearly naked at base, bearing a few 
rays with inconspicuous ligule not surpassing the disk: akenes canescent.— Engl. Bot. 
t. 748; Fl. Dan. t. 869. — Waste grounds, of sparing occurrence in Nova Scotia and coast 
of California. (Nat. from. Eu.) 

S. vuredris, L. (GRounpse.) Stouter, more branchy and leafy to the top, glabrate: leaves 
incisely pinnatifid, the oblong or roundish lobes and the sinuses sharply toothed : heads 
thicker, 4 or 5 lines high: tips of the involucral bracts and the short calyculate ones at base 
blackish: rays none: akenes canescently puberulent. — Engl. Bot. t. 747; FJ. Dan. t. 513; 
Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. — Waste grounds and cult. fields, not rare on both the Northern Atlantic 
and Pacific coasts. (Nat. from Eu.) 

S. viscésus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented : leaves once or twice pinnatifid: 
heads rather larger, more pedunculate: involucre sparingly and slenderly bracteolate at 
base, its bracts not black-tipped : rays with inconspicuous ligule: akenes glabrous. — Engl. 
Bot. t. 32; Fl. Dan. t. 1230.— Waste grounds on coast of New England, near Providence 
and Boston. (Nat. from Eu.) 


198. CACALIA, L. Inpian Pranrarn. (Ancient Greek name of some 
Senecioneous plant, perhaps Coltsfoot.)— Perennial herbs, not fleshy (some 
shrubby in the tropics), natives of America and Asia in the northern hemisphere, 


Cacalia. COMPOSITA. 395 


with aspect mostly unlike Senecio. Leaves petioled. Our species all smooth, 
glabrous, and akenes glabrous: fl. summer. — L. Gen. ed. 4, 362 (partly); DC. 
Prodr. vi. 827 (with Psacalium, & excl. § 3,4); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 51. 


§ 1. Involucre in ours of rather many bracts, calyculate with some small loose 
ones, and many-flowered: corolla-lobes shorter than the throat: receptacle plane. 


C. suavéolens, L. Nearly glabrous: stem striate-angled, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the 
corymbiform cyme of numerous heads: leaves hastate and on margined or winged petioles, 
or uppermost merely truncate or cuneate at base, acutely and often doubly dentate : proper 
bracts of the involucre about 12: flowers 25 to 30: corolla-lobes fully half the length of the 
throat: style-branches capitellate-truncate. — Spec. ii. 835; Walt. Car. 195; Michx. F. ii. 
96; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. Senecio suaveolens, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. 
— Moist and shaded ground, W. New England to Michigan and Illinois, and along the 
mountain region to W. Florida. 

C. mastATA, L., which reaches Kamtschatka, is said to have been collected in Sitka by four 
collectors (see Herder in Pl. Radd. iii. 108); but Stewart’s plant, named by Herder, is Pre- 
nanthes alata, and probably the others likewise. 


‘ 


§ 2. Involucre of about 5 narrowly oblong or linear bracts and as many flow- 
ers: receptacle commonly with a fleshy projection or 2 or 3 thickish fimbrillz in 
the centre: corolla-lobes longer than the throat: heads numerous in corymbose 
cymes. — § Conophora, DC. 

% Leaves merely lobed, pedately ribbed, veiny: plants glabrous and smooth. 


C. reniférmis, Mun. Green, not at all glaucous: stem angled, 4 to 9 feet high: leaves 
slightly angulate-lobed, repand-dentate, ample; radical dilated-reniform, often 2 feet wide ; 
upper cauline subcordate or flabelliform: corolla parted down almost to the proper tube. 
—Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1735 (where the heads are wrongly said to be many-flow- 
ered); Pursh, Fl. ii. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 435.— Rich and damp woods, Penn. to 
Carolina and Tennessee along the mountains. 

C. atriplicif6lia, L. Glaucous: stem terete, 3 to 6 feet high, naked at summit: leaves of 
firmer texture, lobed or incised, but not dentate; radical from round-reniform to subcordate- 
ovate (larger 6 inches broad); cauline angulate-cordate or triangular, or with cuneate base 
and 3 to 7 laciniate lobes, to rhombic-lanceolate and entire in the uppermost: cymes open: 
corolla-lobes fully twice the length of the throat.— Spec. ii. 835; Walt. l.¢c.; Michx. l.c.; 
Pursh, 1]. c.; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 401, t.59. C. atriplicifolia, etc., 
Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 7, t. 15, f.7. C. gigantea, Nees & Schauer, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. 1841, & 
Linnea, xvi. 216. Senecio atriplicifolius, Hook. F). i. 332, with var. reniformis.— Moist or 
dry ground, W. Canada and New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Illinois. 

C. diversifélia, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucous: stem striate, 2 or 3 feet high: corolla- 
lobes a little longer than the oblong-campanulate throat: otherwise nearly as in the preced- 
ing, into which it may pass. — FI. ii. 435.— River swamps in Middle Florida, Chapman. 
S. Carolina, Ravenel. 

* %* Leaves from sinuately dentate to entire, 3-7-nerved or triplinerved: plants glabrous and 
smooth: style-tips with or without a short setiform central cusp. 


+ Corolla-lobes moderately longer than the oblong-campanulate throat. 

C. Florid4na, Gray. Not glaucous: stem 3 or 4 feet high, rigid, striate-angled: leaves 
thickish, ovate or oblong, obtuse, cuneate-contracted at base into a margined petiole, 3-5- 
nerved from or near the base, obtusely dentate (cauline 2 or 3, and radical 5 or 6 inches long) : 
cymes open, irregular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 52.— Coast of Florida, Palmer, Chapman. 
‘++ + Corolla parted down almost to the proper tube: stems comparatively naked above, bearing 

loose fastigiate-corymbose cymes. 

C. ovata, Erz. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete: 3 or 4 feet high: leaves thinnish, from 
oval, or radical broadly ovate, to oblong or upper cauline oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 
entire or with a few irregular teeth ; uppermost sessile; lower and radical nervose at base 
and triplinerved above it, the nerves commonly diverging. — Ell. Sk. ii. 310; Torr. & Gray, 


396 COMPOSITA. * — Cacalia, 


1. c.— Damp woods, Georgia and W. Florida to Lonisiana. It is impossible to determine 
whether this or the next is Walter’s C. ovata. 

C. tuberésa, Nurr. Green, not glaucous: stem 2 to 5 feet high from “‘a napiform root” 
or stock, striate-angled: leaves thickish, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticu- 
late, or rarely repand-dentate, conspicuously 5—-7-nerved from base, and the nerves parallel 
and continued to the apex; radical plantagineous, 3 to 8 inches long, contracted or tapering 
at base into (sometimes foot long) petioles; lower cauline similar, upper comparatively few 
and small.—Gen. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 486. C. paniculata & C. pteranthes, Raf. 
Ann. Nat. 1820, 14. C. ovata, Walt. Car. 196? from char., not Ell.— Wet prairies, &., 
W. Canada and Wisconsin to Alabama. 

C. lanceolata, Nurr. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete, 2 or 3 feet high, slender: leaves 
all lanceolate and lightly 3-5-nerved, or even linear and 1-3-nerved, thickish, entire, some- 
times 2 or 3 laciniate teeth or small lobes: heads and cymes of the preceding or fewer. — 
Gen. l.c.; Ell. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, le. C. hastata? Walt. 1. c. 195?— Wet pine barrens, 
&c., S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


% % * Leaves decompound: stem and branches slightly pubescent: corolla divided down to the 
proper tube into linear lobes somewhat exceeding it in length. 

C. decompésita, Gray. Stem slender, 3 feet high, floccose-woolly at base, naked and 
paniculately branched above, bearing numerous small (4 or 5 lines high) heads in open 
corymbiform cymes: leaves large (radical 2 feet high including the petiole), 3 or 4 times 
pinnately divided into linear chiefly entire lobes, the primary and secondary divisions more 
commonly alternate: involucre about half the length of the (5 or 6) flowers. — P]. Wright. 
ii. 99. Senecio Grayanus, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.Am. Bot. ii. 241.— Mountains of S. Arizona, 
Wright, Lemmon. 


194, ERECHTITES, Raf. Frrewrerp. (Name of a Groundsel by Dios- 
corides.) — Coarse and homely annuals (Eastern American, and some in New 
Zealand and Australia); with rank smell, alternate leaves, and cymosely or panic- 
ulately disposed heads of whitish or dull yellow flowers. — DC. Prodr. vi. 294; 
Benth. & Hook. Fl. ii. 443. eoceis, Cass. 


E. hieracifolia, Rar. Glabrous or with some hirsute pubescence: stem commonly stout, 
1 to 6 feet highsulcate, leafy to top: leaves of tender texture, lanceolate or broader, sessile, 
acute, acutely dentate, or some incised or pinnatifid, upper commonly with auriculate partly 
clasping base: heads half-inch high, cylindraceous, rather fleshy, setaceously bracteolate: 
pappus white. — DC. Prodr. 1. ¢ ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. E. (Aieracifolia,) preealta, elon- 
gata, &e., Raf. Fl. Ludov. & in DC. Senecio hieracifolius, I,. Spec. ii. 866. Cineraria 
Canadensis, Walt. Car. 207  — Moist woods and copses, a common weed in enriched soil, and 
especially where woods have been recently burned away (fl. late summer), Newfoundland and 
Canada to Louisiana. (Extends to 8. Amer.) 


Tripsg IX. CYNAROIDEA, p. 81. 
195. SAUSSUREA, DC. (Theodore, and his father Horace Benedict 


Saussure, eminent Genevese naturalists.) — Perennials of the northern temper- 

ate and arctic zones; with middle-sized heads of purple or violet-blue flowers. — 

Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. t. 10-13, & Prodr. vi. 532; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 471. 

— Ours all have the distinct and deciduous outer pappus of true Saussurea: 

fl. late summer. 

S. alpina, DC.1.c. Low, 2 to 12 inches high, with few cymose-glomerate heads, loosely 
arachnoid-tomentose and glabrate: leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate or even 
broader, all narrowed at base, denticulate, sometimes entire: bracts of the involucre char- 


taceo-membranaceous, acutish or acute, outer shorter: usually some setose chaff of the 
receptacle among the flowers.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 452; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 816, 


Cnicus. COMPOSITA. 397 


&e.; Herder, Pl. Radd. ili. 36. S, angustifolia, DC. 1.¢. S. monticola, Richards. App. 
Frank. Journ. ed. 2, 29. S. multiflora, Richards. 1. c., ed. 1.— Mackenzie River to Arctic 
coast and Kotzebue Sound. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var.. Ledebouri. More glabrate: leaves from sinuately or laciniate-dentate to 
entire: involucre looser; its bracts mostly attenuate-acuminate, less uncqual, or the outer- 
most prolonged to the height of the inner: chaff of the receptacle either sparse or wanting. — 
S. alpina, Hook. Fl. i. 303, in part. S. Ledebouri, Herder, 1. c. 41. 8. subsinuata, nuda, & 
Tilesii, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 60, 61,62. S. subsinuata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 35,t.7. S. acumi- 
nata, Turez. in DC. 1. ¢. 636, exactly S. nuda, Ledeb. 1. c.— Northern Rocky Mountains in 
the alpine region to Kotzebue Sound and Alaskan islands; in this country the commoner 
form and manifestly passing into S. alpina. (Adj. Asia.) 

S. Americana, Earoy. Tall, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, lightly arachnoid when young, soon 
glabrate, bearing numerous corymbosely cymose heads: leaves membranaceous, denticulate 
or dentate, ovate and oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline sub- 
cordate and on slender margined petioles (+ inches long); upper sessile with acute base; 
uppermost lanceolate: heads half to three-fourths inch long: involucre cylindraceous or 
somewhat turbinate, pubescent, 10~17-flowered; its bracts thin-coriaceous, 5-6-ranked, all 
pointless and obtuse; outer successively shorter, ovate: corollas “dark blue” or “purple”: 
receptacle bearing more or less copious setiform chaff [“naked” according to Eaton]. 
— Bot. Gazette, vi. 283.— Mountains of Eastern Oregon, Cusick, and Simcoe Mountains, 
Washington Terr., TZ. J. Howell. Related to the W. Asiatic S. latifolia, Ledeb., and S. 
grandifolia, Maxim., especially to the latter, which has an equally copious outer pappus. 


196. ARCTIUM, L. Brroocx. ("Apxzos, a bear, from the rough invo- 
lucre ?)— Coarse and rank biennials, of the Old World, unarmed, except the 
hooked tips of the involucral bracts forming the bur; with large and roundish 
mostly cordate leaves, the lower on stout petioles, and middle-sized heads of pink 
or purplish flowers, in summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 466. Zappa, Tourn., 
Juss., Gertn., DC., &e. 

A. LAppa, L. Plant 3 to 5 feet high, with somewhat cymosely disposed heads: leaves mostly 
green and glabrous above, whitish with cottony down beneath: in the larger form, var. 
Agus (Lappa major, Gertn., Arctium majus, Schkuhr), the bur an inch or more in diameter, 
its bracts all spreading and glabrous or nearly so. — Common in waste or manured ground, 
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. tomenxtésum (A. Bardana, Willd., Lappa tomentosa, Lam.), a more woolly form ; 
with bracts of involucre cottony-webbed. — Rare in N. America. 

Var. mixus (A. minus, Schkuhr, Lappa minor, DC.), with smaller and only slightly 
webby heads; these more paniculate, and innermost bracts or awns of the bur erect. Varies 
with laciniate leaves. — Not uncommon. All the forms are vile weeds. 


197. CARDUUS, Tourn., L., partly. Prumeress Turstir. (Ancient 
Latin name of Thistle.) — Old World genus, one species locally naturalized. 
C. ntrans, L. (Musk Tuistix.) Biennial, 1 to 3 feet high, green: stem sinuately and 


interruptedly winged: head solitary, nodding: corollas crimson-purple.— F]. Dan. t. 675; 

Refchenb. Ic. Germ. t. 877.— On the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. crfspus, C. acanrHofpges, and C. pycnockpnatts, L., occasionally appear as ballast- 
weeds or waifs at seaports. 

C. vectinAtus, L. Mant. 279, grown in the Upsal Garden, from unknown source, said by 
Willdenow to come from Pennsylvanian seeds, but doubtless not American, is referred by 
Sprengel to C. defloratus. 


198. CNICUS, Tourn., L., partly. Pirumep TurstLe. (Latin name of 
Safflower, changed from xvixos, of Dioscorides, applied by the herbalists and 
early botanists to Thistles.) —Stout herbs (of the northern hemisphere) ; with 
sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized 


398 COMPOSITA. Cnicus. 


heads; the flowers red, purple, or rose-color, rarely white or yellowish, in summer, 
Many hybridize! — L. Gen. ed. 6, 409 (where the char. is pappus plumosus, and 
in Spec. ed. 2, two years earlier, OC. benedictus is referred to Centaurea) ; Willd. 
Spec. iii. 1662; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 468. Cirsium, DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 8, iv. 
110, & Prodr. vi. 634, not Tourn. 


§ 1. Naturalized from Europe: one species with dicecious heads. 


C. arvéinsis, Horrm. (Canapa TuisTLe). Perennial and spreading by creeping root- 
stocks, a foot or two high, corymbosely branching, usually glabrate and green: stem and 
branches wingless: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furnished with abundant weak 
prickles - heads loosely cymose,\less than inch high, dicecious ; in male plant ovate-globular, 
and flowers (rose-purple) well exserted ; in female oblong-campanulate and flowers less pro- 
jecting : bracts of involucre all appressed, short, and with very small weak prickly points: 
only abortive anthers to the female flowers. — Fl. Germ. iv. 180; Pursh, Fl. ii. 506. Serratula 
arvensis, L. Spec. ii. 820; Fl. Dan. t. 644. Carduus arvensis, Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 57; Engl. 
Bot. t.975. Cirsium arvense, Scop. F]. Carn.; DC. Prodr. vi. 643; Torr. Fl. N.Y. i. 408, 
t. 61; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 842. Breea arvensis, Less. Syn. 9.— Meadows, pastures, 
and waste grounds, from Newfoundland through the Northern and Middle Atlantic States: 
too common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. vanceorAtus, Horrm. 1.c. (Common Turst1e of fields.) Biennial, 3 or 4 feet high, with 
large heads (almost 2 inches high) terminating somewhat leafy branchlets, cottony-tomen- 
tose when young, becoming green, more or less villous or hirsute: leaves lanceolate, deeply 
pinnatifid and with lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly; upper face strigose-setulose; base 
decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings: bracts of involucre arachnoid-woolly, 
lanceolate and mostly attenuate into slender and rigid prickly-pointed spreading tips: flow- 
ers rose-purple, hermaphrodite. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1666; Pursh,].c. Carduus lanceolatus, L. ; 
Engl. Bot. t. 107; Fl. Dan. t 1173. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 1. ¢.; DC. 1. ¢.; Reichenb. 
Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 826.— Pastures and waste grounds, Newfoundland and Canada to Georgia 
(very common northward); also in Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) 


§ 2. Indigenous species, all but one Alaskan species endemic, all or mostly 
biennials. 


* Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricated and the outer successively 
shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white-scarious tips. — Echenais, 
Cass., DC. 


C. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above: branches bearing solitary 
or scattered naked heads: leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately 
pinnatifid, or some merely dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly: heads erect, inch 
high: principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate (not setose- 
spinuliferous) below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, 
tipped with barely exserted cusp or mucro ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious 
tips: flowers ochroleucous: stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 56, without char. C. carlinoides, var. Americanus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 420, excl. syn. Nutt., &c. Echenais carlinoides, var. nutans, Gray, Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1863, 69. — Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to the coast of California. 
(A hybrid with C. undulatus ? with red-purple flowers and purplish tips to involucral bracts, 
is from Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.) 


* * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, tapering gradually 
from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex; outer not very much shorter than 
the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot, 

+ Some with scarious or fringed tip or margins, at least the innermost, slightly or not at all 
prickly-pointed (except accessory leafy ones): leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately 
prickly: Rocky Mountain and Western species. 

C. Parryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high: leaves 
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate : heads (inch high) several and spicately glomerate or more race- 
mosely paniculate, more or less bracteose-leafy at base: accessory and outer proper bracts 
or some of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or less 


Cnicus. COMPOSIT 2. 399 


dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips: corollas pale yellow; the lobes longer 
than the throat: pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them obviously clavellate.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 47; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 180.— Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Utah, 
at about 8,000 feet; first coll. by Parry. Appears to hybridize with C. ertocephalus, &c. 

C. remotifdlius, Gray, 1. c. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when young, 3 to 8 feet high: 
leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum be- 
neath even in age: heads (inch and a half high) pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so 
at base: involucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenuate, the outer into a 
weak small prickle ; the inner or some of them with a scarious (from broadly subulate to 
ovate-lanceolate) entire or sparingly lacerate tip: corolla ochroleucous,. its lobes much 
shorter than the throat: pappus of coarser bristles, the strongest with conspicuously clavel- 
late tips. — Carduus remotifolius, Hook. Fl.i.302. Cirsium remotifolium, DC.; Torr. & Gray, 
Fi. ii. 460. C. stenolepidum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 419. — Along streams, Colum- 
bia River, from the Yakima district, Washington Terr., to the coast, and to Mendocino 
Co., California. Here no. 559 Kellogg & Harford (not “ Hall & Harbour”), doubtfully re- 
ferred to C. Americanus in Bot. Calif. i. 421, a form most approaching the latter species. 


+ + None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-dilated tips, or obscurely so in the 
first species. 


++ Proper bracts nearly all tipped with a slender acicular prickle, also somewhat viscidly long- 
woolly: leaves narrow, well armed with prickles: stem a foot or two high, leafy: pappus- 
bristles not clavellate-tipped. Rocky-Mountain species. 


C. Hookerianus, Gray, 1l.c. Arachnoid white-woolly, hardly glabrate, stout : leaves pin- 
natifid; the short lobes rather distant, sparsely prickly ; base little or not at all decurrent: 
heads few and sessile in a terminal cluster, or scattered, inch and a half high, somewhat 
bracteose-leafy at base: proper bracts tapering from a broadish base into a rather rigid 
subulate prickly point: corollas white or whitish. —Carduus discolor, var. fl. albis, Hook. F1. 
i. 302. Cirsium Hookerianum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418.— Upper wooded and 
subalpine region of the Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 48°, Douglas, Bourgeau, &c. 

C. eriocéphalus, Gray, 1. c. Loosely arachnoid-wooily and partly glabrate, very leafy: 
leaves pinnatifid into very numerous and crowded and numerously prickly short lobes, the 
base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings: heads (inch long) several, sessile, and 
crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule; the subtending leaves and the in- 
volucral bracts densely long-woolly (or the inmost bracts glabrous), all very slender-prickly : 
corollas light yellow or yellowish. — Cirsium eriocephalum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 
69; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 196, excl. var.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, at the 
head of Clear Creek and its tributaries ; first coll. by Parry. 


++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short prickle or 
soft point: leaves green both sides, glabrate, mostly membranaceous, not decurrent on the 
stem, except the lower of the last species. Pacific species, with middle-sized or small heads. 


C. édulis, Gray, 1. c. Stem robust and somewhat succulent, 3 to 6 feet high, pubescent, 
leafy to the top: leaves oblong or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly 
prickly-ciliate: heads (the larger inch and a half high) scattered or few in a cluster, usually 
bracteose-leafy at base: involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly gla- 
brate in age: corollas dull purple or whitish ; the lobes much shorter than throat, filiform in 
the dried state and capitellate-callous at apex!— Bot. Calif. i. 420. Cirsium edule, Nutt. 
l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Low grounds, British Columbia to W. California. 

C. Hallii, Gray. Glabrate and green: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, moderately leafy : 
leaves pinnatifid, the lobes and teeth rather strongly prickly : heads solitary and pedunculate, 
or 2 or 8 in a small terminal cluster (inch or more high), more or less bracteose-leafy at 
base: involucre sparingly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but 
the outermost innocuous: corollas rose-purple, varying to white; the lobes linear, plane, 
obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56.—Oregon, Hall (310, was referred to C. edulis), to 8. 
California (San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, &c.) and 8. Utah, Mrs. Thompson. 

C. Kamtschaticus, Maxim. Glabrate and green, leafy up to the naked and short-pedun- 
culate (inch high) heads: leaves oblong-ovate or oval, from barely dentate to incisely pin- 
natifid, 6 to 10 inches long, weakly prickly ; lower decurrent on the stem into narrow prickly 
wings: involucral bracts all attenuate-subulate from a narrow base, arachnoid-pubescent 


400 COMPOSIT A. Cnicus. 


when young or glabrate: corolla-lobes' narrowly linear, apiculate: larger pappus bristles 
clavellate.— Mel. Biol. ix. 310. Cirsium Kamtschaticum, Ledeb. in DC. Prodr. vi. 644, & 
Fl. Ross. ii. 736. — Atkha, one of the Aleutian Islands, Lieut. Turner. Said to be “7 feet 
high”: corollas whitish: anther-tips slender, as in pl. Kamts., and longer than in var.? 
Grayanus, Maxim., of Japan. (Kamtschatka to Japan.) 


++ ++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre not at all prickly, but the large (2 inches high) heads 
conspicuously and numerously bracteose-leafy at base. Atlantic species. 

C. horridulus, Pursn. Arachnoid when young, glabrate with age, 1 to 3 feet high, the 
larger plants branching and bearing several heads: leaves elongated-lanceolate, not decur- 
rent, pinnatifid, strongly prickly: head about 2 inches high, surrounded by a whorl of 8 to 
30 linear or lanceolate numerously and strongly prickly leaves, which usually equal in length 
the involucre of gradually attenuate weak-pointed minutely scabrous bracts: flowers pale 
yellow, rarely purple (var. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray).— Fl. ii. 507; Ell. Sk. ii. 272; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. C. spinosissimus, Darlingt. FI. Cest. ed. 2, 438. Cirsium horridulum, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 90; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. C. megacanthum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 
421, large form. Carduus spinosissimus, Walt. Car. C. horridulus, Pers. Syn. ii. 390.— 
Sandy or gravelly soil, New England, near the coast, to Florida and Texas. 


* * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about equalling the 
upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with more or less herbaceous spi- 
nescent-tipped spreading upper portion, and no glandular dorsal ridge. Rocky Mountain and 
Pacific species. 


+— Heads (only inch high) few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster: stem leafy to the top. 


C. Hatoni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid-woolly or glabrate: 
leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes, mostly very prickly, either green and 
glabrate or remaining whitish-woolly beneath: involucre rather narrow, from arachnoid- 
ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed 
base, abruptly attenuate into the subulate-acerose slightly herbaceous spinescent portion, 
outermost little shorter than the inner: corolla whitish, its lobes considerably shorter than 
the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cursium eriocephalum, var. leiocephalum, C. foliosum, 
& C. Drummondi in part, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195, 196.— Mountains 6f Utah (Uintah 
and Wahsatch) and of Colorado, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, also in Humboldt Mountains, 
Nevada, Watson, Jones, Hall & Harbour, &e. 


+— +— Heads solitary terminating the stem or branches (involucre usually long-woolly when young, 
but sometimes glabrate), hemispherical, 


++ Middle-sized: flowers white or pale purple: anther-tips deltoid. 


C. Andréwsii, Gray. Probably tall, branching ; the loose wool deciduous except from the 
heads: stem strongly striate: upper leaves laciniate-pinnatifid and with narrowly lanceolate 
prickly lobes: bracts of the involucre with coriaceous oblong-ovate base, greenish at short 
upper part, where it is abruptly contracted into an aristiform spinescent appendage.: corollas 
apparently whitish ; the lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 420.— W. California, Andrews, station unknown. 

C. Califérnicus, Gray, 1l.c. Tall and branching, with white wool more or less deciduous: 
leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly: principal bracts of the invo- 
lucre with somewhat foliaceous and subulate spinescent summit, sometimes very conspicuous, 
sometimes smaller and attenuate more directly into the prickle: corollas cream-color, white, 
or rarely purple; lobes shorter than the throat. — Cirsium Californicum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 112. — California, from the Stanislaus (where first coll. by Bigelow) to San Diego and 
San Bernardino and adjacent Arizona. A variety of forms here assembled, some with 
larger heads and more leafy-bracted involucre passing to the next. 


++ ++ Large heads, the larger fully 2 inches high and broad: slender corolla-lobes considerably 
longer than the throat: herbage and commonly squarrose involucre copiously white-woolly, 
sometimes glabrate in age: anther-tips narrow and acuminate. 


C. Neo-Mexicdnus, Gray, l.c. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high: spinescent rigid tips to the 
principal involucral bracts half to nearly full inch long: corollas from white to pale purple: 
node on the style generally manifest and obscurely bearded: otherwise as the next, into 
which it seems to pass. — Cirsium Neo-Mexicanum, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii.101. (C. canescens, 


Cnicus. COMPOSITA. 401 


Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, not Nutt.— Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first 
coll. by Fendler, Wright, &c. 

C. occidentalis, Gray, 1.c. Mostly stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very white with thick coating 
of cottony wool: leaves from sinuate-dentate to pinnatitid, not very prickly: involucral 
bracts sometimes narrow and herbaceous-acerose from a little dilated base, sometimes with 
broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate tips: corollas red or 
crimson (the longer inch and a half long): style destitute of node.— Carduus occidentalis, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418. Cirsium Coulteri, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110; Eaton in Bot. 
King Exp. 195.—S. Oregon and W. California to San Diego and the Mohave; first coll. 
by Coulter. Varies much in the size of the heads; these in some plants only inch and a 
half long, narrower, and involucre glabrate; its outer bracts successively shorter, with 
lanceolate-subulate squarrose green tips ; approaching C\. Californicus and also the following 
section. , 


* * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in numerous ranks; 
the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged, except that the innermost 
(which are all muticous or innocuous) are in one or two species obviously scarious-tipped. 


+— Heads oblong or cylindraceous, showy (14 to 2 inches long): flowers bright red or crimson- 
pink: involucral bracts comparatively iarge, not at all glandular on the back; inner ones all 
erect and purplish-tinged. Arizonian and Californian. 


++ White with cottony wool, which is tardily if at all deciduous, 1 to 3 feet high. 


C. Andersoni, Gray, lc. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly: leaves lightly 
prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse: heads naked-pedunculate: involucral bracts com- 
paratively loose and erect, all gradually attenuate from a narrow base; outermost tipped 
with a small weak prickle: corolla bright pink-red; its slender lobes about equalling the 
throat: style considerably prolonged above the very obscure node. — Dry hills, E. Califor- 
nia, adjacent Nevada, and S. W. Idaho; common along the Sierra south to the Yosemite and 
Kern Co.; first coll. by Anderson. 

C. Arizénicus, Gray, lc. More densely white-woolly, branching and leafy: leaves 
sinuate or pinnatifid; lobes prickly-pointed: heads more numerous, less peduncled: invo- 
lueral bracts well imbricated, soon glabrate ; outer coriaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceo- 
late, abruptly contracted into a rigid prickle of rarely over their own length, inner attenuate : 
corolla crimson-purple or carmine; its lobes twice the length of the throat: style produced 
at tip to only 4 or 6 times its diameter above the manifest node. — Cirsium undulatum, var., 
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 101.— Sandy or gravelly places, Arizona and S. W. Utah; first coll. 


by Wright and by Thurber. 
++ ++ Green and glabrous or very early glabrate, 3 or 4 feet high. 


C. Rothréckii, Gray. Stout, branching, leafy to the top: leaves from incisely pinnatifia 
to pinnately parted, conspicuously prickly: heads rather thicker than in the foregoing: 
involucre similar, but longer prickly (prickles sometimes even three-fourths inch long) : 
corolla and style similar, or node of the latter less evident.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220 
(form noted by Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. under C. Arizonicus).— Cafions of 8. Arizona, 
Rothrock, Lemmon. 


++ + Heads broad, mostly large: flowers from rose-purple to white: involucre glabrous or early 
glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts rather large, chartaceous or coriaceous, 
not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or innocuous cusp, 
innermost wholly unarmed and not rarely scarious-tipped. 


++ Eastern species: leaves equally green both sides: anther-tips broadish. 


C. pimilus, Torr. Somewhat villous-pubescent: stem stout, mostly simple, a foot or two 
high (rarely taller) and bearing 1 to 3 large heads: leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly 
pinnatifid, copiously prickly and setose-ciliate: heads full 2 inches high, often leafy-bracteose 
at base, arachnoid when young: involucral bracts mostly lanceolate: corollas rose-purple, 
occasionally white, with lobes shorter than throat: flowers distinctly fragrant. — Compend. 
282; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 292; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 138, 
t. 32. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. Cat. 70; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1,85. C. pumilus, & var. 
hystriz, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. Cirsium pumilum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 375; DC. Prodr. vi. 651 ; 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —Open ground, Mass., near the coast, to Penn. and New Jersey. 

26 


402 COMPOSITA. Cnicus, 


++ ++ Western species: leaves either green both sides or deciduously white-woolly beneath: invo- 
lucral bracts plane: anther-tips narrow, very acute. 


C. quercetérum, Gray. Lightly villous-arachnoid when young, soon glabrate: stem 
stout, a foot or less high, bearing few or several thick heads: leaves mostly petiolate (the 
larger a foot long), pinnately parted and the oblong divisions often 3-5-cleft, strongly or 
weakly prickly; involucral bracts thickish-coriaceous, closely imbricated in numerous ranks ; 
outer only mucronately cuspidate or with short prickle (outermost only about 3 lines long) ; 
innermost obscurely scarious at tip: corollas purplish or whitish, the lobes equalling or 
longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40, & Bot. Calif. i. 418.— Dry hills, at Oak- 
land and vicinity, California, Kellogg, Bolander, &c. 

C. Drumméndii, Gray, lc. Green and somewhat villous-pubescent, or when young 
lightly arachnoid-woolly (at least the lower face of the leaves), either stemless and bearing 
sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 8 feet high, with solitary 
or several loosely disposed heads: leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, 
moderately prickly: larger heads fully 2 inches high: involucral bracts thin-coriaceous or 
chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly pointed or innocuous, innermost with more 
scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips: corollas either white or 
sometimes rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter than the throat. — Carduus pumilus, Hook. 
Fl. i. 302, excl. syn. Cirsium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 459. — From Fort Franklin, 
near the Arctic Circle, to the Saskatchewan, along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and 
Utah, west to Oregon, and south along the Sierras to S. California. Polymorphous and of 
very wide range. 

Var. acauléscens, Gray, l.c. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown, 
encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow: 
outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle.— Cirsium acaule, var. Ameri- 
canum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68.— Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada 
in S. California. 

C. folidsus, Gray, ].c. More woolly, usually also villous when young: stem stout, leafy 
to the cluster of a few sessile heads, a span or two high: leaves commonly elongated, linear- 
lanceolate, laciniately dentate, arachnoid-tomentose beneath: heads broad, inch and a half 
high, leafy-bracteose: involucre nearly of the preceding: corollas pale or white, with lobes 
equalling or longer than the throat.— Carduus foliosus, Hook. FI. i. 303. Cirsium foli- 
osum, DC. Prodr. vi. 654.— Prairies of the northern Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Idaho, 
Burke, Spalding. 

C. scariésus. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower face of the leaves: stem 
about a foot high: leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long- 
prickly lobes; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate: 
heads nearly of preceding, 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches: 
innermost bracts of involucre commonly with more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips: 
corollas pale or white. — Cirsium scariosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 420. — Rocky 
Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah, Nuttall, Ward, Palmer, &c. Has been referred to 
C. Americanus and (in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56) to C. foliosus. 


++ ++ ++ Species of Mexican border, with dense white tomentum, smaller and obscurely cari- 
nate outer involucral bracts, and blunt very scarious tips to the inner: anther-tips very acute. 


C. Wheéleri, Gray. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, white with close cottony wool, as is 
the lower face of the leaves: these narrowly lanceolate or linear, sparingly Jaciniate-pinnati- 
fid, glabrate and green above, slightly prickly: head solitary, nearly 2 inches high, naked at 
base: outer involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, much appressed, carinate-thickened down the 
middle of the back, abruptly tipped with a small weak prickle; inner with conspicuous 
scarious or scarious-edged and erose tip or appendage: corolla crimson-purple; its lobes 
much longer than throat.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56.— Rocky Cafion, south of Camp 
Apache, Arizona, Rothrock, in Wheeler Exped., where it was referred to C. undulatus. 


+ + + Heads large or comparatively small: flowers usually rose or flesh-colored: involucral 
bracts closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short 
line, or a broader spot on the back near the summit. 


++ Canescent, at least the lower face of the leaves white-tomentose, very rarely glabrate in age: 
heads naked, solitary or scattered. 


Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 4038 


== Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions: anther-tips attenuate- 
subulate. 

C. Pitcheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose through- 
out: lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 8 lines wide) 
either entire or some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly-tipped; the 
winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or solitary, 2 inches high: involucre 
glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle : 
corollas ochroleucous. — Torr. in A. Eaton, Man. ed. 5, 180; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. 
Cirsium Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 456. — Sand-banks on the shores of the Great Lakes 
from the head of Lake Michigan northwestward, and in Dakota, Suckley; first coll. by 
Dr. Pitcher. 


= = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be 
white-tomentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of the principal involucral bracts more 
or less rigid and pungent. 
a. Bracts of the involucre minutely scabrous-ciliolate. 


C. Grahami, Gray. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves elongated-lanceolate (larger ones a foot 
or more long), from repand-dentate to sinuate and pinnatifid (sometimes delicately, some- 
times strongly prickly), upper face at length glabrate and green: heads 1} to 2 inches high: 
involucre glabrate and greenish ; the bracts lanceolate-subulate, tipped with a short rigid 
cusp rather than prickle, the margins at least of the principal ones minutely scabrous-ciliolate : 
corollas crimson-red: anther-tips attenuate-subulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undu- 
latus, var. Grahami, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium Grahami, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 
102; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885. Wet ground, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. 


b, Bracts of the involucre smooth and naked, or else tomentose on the margins. 


C. ochrocéntrus, Gray. Resembles the next following species, usually taller, even to 6 
or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent: leaves commonly but not always 
deeply pinnatifid and armed with long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or 2 inches high: princi- 
pal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not 
rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely 
white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undulatus, var. ochrocentrus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 43. Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110. — Plains, &c., W. Texas to Colorado, the 
eastern Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 

C. undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomentose : leaves rarely pin- 
nately parted, moderately prickly: heads commonly inch and a half high: principal bracts 
of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, com- 
paratively small and narrow, tipped with an evident spreading short prickle: corollas rose- 
color, pale purple, or rarely white; its lobes equalling or surpassing the throat in length: 
anther-tips attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42, excl. var. ochrocentrus, & var. Gra- 
hami. Carduus undulatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. C. discolor, Hook. F1., in part. Cirsium Dou- 
glasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643, excl. habitat. C'. Hookerianum, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253, not 
Nutt.— Plains, &c., from Lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon, 
south to Kansas and New Mexico. 

Var. canéscens, Gray, 1. c., is merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not 
over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid. — 
Cirsium canescens & C. brevifolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 421. — Minnesota to New 
Mexico and S. Utah. 

Var. megacéphalus, Gray,1.c. Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad 
heads 2 inches or more high. — Minnesota and Texas (where coll. by Berlandier) to Idaho. 

C. Bréweri, Gray, 1. c. Usually both very white-tomentose and tall (5 to 10 feet high): 
leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, conspicuously prickly: heads paniculate, sometimes very 
numerous, subsessile, merely inch high, or when solitary inch and a half high: bracts of the 
globular involucre much appressed, firm-coriaceous, the tip externally bearing an oval or 
oblong greenish viscid-glandular spot ; outer ones ovate to oblong, abruptly tipped with a 
rather slender spreading prickle: corollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the 
throat: anther-tips deltoid, merely acute. — Springy soil, Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe 
and Mendocino Co., California (first coll. by Anderson and Brewer), to E. Oregon, Cusick, 
&e. Also, less white-woolly, San Juan, Monterey Co., Brewer, leading to the var. 


404 COMPOSITA. Cricus, 


Var. Vaséyi. Perhaps a distinct species, only arachnoid-tomentose and greenish, even 
glabrate in age. — California, in Plumas and Sierra Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Ames. A remark- 
ably glabrate form, with involucral bracts obscurely glandular, and tipped with very short 
prickle, growing in dry soil exposed to the sun, Tamalpais, G. R. Vasey. Also a robust form, 
equally glabrate and green, with the glandular spot on the involucral bracts conspicuous 
and narrow : in salt marshes, Suisin Bay, Greene. 


== = = Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, and the lobes from 
ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green: involucral bracts tipped with weak 
setiform prickles or sometimes hardly any: anther-tips subulate, very acute: corolla flesh- 
colored, rarely white. 


C. altissimus, WiLtp. Stem branching, 8 to 10 feet high: leaves in the typical form 
ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose-ciliate slightly toothed margins, 
sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : 
heads one and a half to two inches high: involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped 
with a spreading setiform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong: roots fascicled and 
not rarely tuberous-thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. — Willd. Spec. iii, 
1671; Ell. Sk. ii, 268; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Carduus altissimus, L. Spec. ii. 824. 
Cirsium altissimum, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 81, t. 69. C. altissimum & C. diversifolium, DC. Prodr. 
vi. 640.— Borders of woods, and in open ground, common from New York to Wisconsin, 
Florida, and Texas. 

Var. filipéndulus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high: 
roots tuberiferous: leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid : heads few, only inch and a half high. 
— Cirsium filipendulum, Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 273. C. Virginianum,var.8? Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c.— Prairies and Live-oak thickets, Texas and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) 

Var. discolor, Gray, l. ce. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, freely branching: leaves nearly all 
deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, or those of upper leaves linear ;' heads fully inch and 
a half high. — C. discolor, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1670; Ell. 1. c.; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 
292. Carduus discolor, Nutt., Darlingt., &c. Cirsium discolor, Spreng. Syst. iii. 373; DC. 
l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Borders of fields and thickets, Canada and New England to 
Illinois and Georgia. 

C. Virginidnus, Pursu. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching: leaves 
narrow, varying as in the preceding: heads more naked-pedunculate, only an inch long: in- 
yolucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle- 
like prickle, sometimes hardly any: flowers rose-purple. — Fl. ii. 506; Ell. lc. Carduus 
Virginianus, L. 1. c.; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 99; Nutt. 1c. Cirsium Virginianum, Michx. F1. ii. 90 ; 
DC. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 457, excl. last var. C. Texanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, imperfect specimen, apparently of this species. — Pine woods and dry banks, 
Virginia to Texas. 


++ ++ Green or with only light and thin arachnoid tomentum, this at length mostly deciduous: 
involucre innocuous or nearly so. Atlantic species. 


== Heads only inch high, loosely somewhat paniculate: principal bracts of the involucre con- 
spicuously viscid-glandular on the back, more or less cuspidate-tipped: stems branching, 2 to 8 
feet high. 


C. Nuttallii, Gray, lc. Early glabrate: stem slender, below winged by decurrence of the 
leaves: these when young lightly arachnoid beneath and often villous with jointed hairs 
above, deeply pinnatifid and with narrow lobes, slender-prickly: heads rather narrow: invo- 
lucre nearly glabrous, of very small and narrow thinnish bracts, the lower ones acicular- 
mucronate: corollas white or pale purple. — Carduus glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129? but if so, 
hardly from New Jersey. Cnicus glaber, Ell. Sk. ii. 270. Cirsium Nudttallii, DC. Prodr.” 
vi. 651. — Dry ground, 8. Carolina to Florida, toward the coast. Nearly related to C. 
Virginianus. 

C. Wrightii, Gray, 1.c. Robust and tall, with thin arachnoid wool tardily deciduous from 
the ample (foot or more long) sinuate or pinnatifid weakly prickly leaves: heads in a naked 
panicle, hemispherical: bracts of the involucre small; outer ones subulate, cuspidate-tipped : 
corollas white, or possibly flesh-color: larger pappus-bristles strongly clavellate at tip.— 
Cirsium Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 101.— Near springs, 8. W. Texas and E. Arizona, 
Wright. 


Centaurea. COMPOSIT A. 405 


== = Heads large, oblong or cylindraceous, commonly solitary and pedunculate: involucral 
bracts comparatively large, gradually acuminate into a mucronate cusp or weak and short 
prickle, glabrate, the viscid dorsal ridge narrow: corollas purple: leaves when young canes- 
cently floccose-woolly beneath, oblong-linear or narrowly lanceolate. 

C. repandus, Exx. A foot or two high, leafy: leaves mostly undulate-lobulate, rather 
densely prickly at margins: heads inch and a half long: involucre narrow-campanulate. — 
Sk. ii. 269; Gray, lc. Cirsium repandum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. Carduus 
repandus, Pers. Syn. ii. 886. C. Virginianus, Walt. Car. 195 ?— Dry pine barrens, N. Caro- 
lina to Florida. 

C. Lecontei, Gray. Stem slender but rigid, commonly simple and bearing a single con- 
spicuously pedunculate head (of full 2 inches in height): leaves sparsely dentate or pinnatifid- 
lobulate, with scattered prickles: involucre cylindraceous. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. Cnicus 
Virginianus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48. Cirsium Leconte’, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458. — 
Wet pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by Le Conte. 
== = = Heads inch and a half high, rather broad: involucre arachnoid-woolly ; its principal 

bracts broad and pointless. Atlantic species. 

C. miticus, Pursn. Obscurely arachnoid when young and with some villosity : stem 3 to 
8 feet high, branching above: leaves deeply pinnatifid, sparsely weak-prickly, glabrate : in- 
volucre sometimes glabrate in age: bracts with broad and short viscid ridge or spot just 
beneath the obtuse or acutish sometimes mucronulate apex, lowest ovate or oblong and very 
short, innermost linear: flowers rose-purple.—Gray,1l.c. C. glutinosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 
291, not Lam. Carduus muticus and perhaps C. glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129. Cirsium muti- 
cum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89; DC. 1.¢c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458, excl. syn. of the var.?, which is 
a more rigid form, growing in open ground. C. Bigelovit, DC. 1. c.— Low ground and 
shady swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida, and Louisiana. 


199. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Corron Tutsrie. (Old Greek name, mean- 
ing Asses’ Thistle.) — Large and stout biennials of the Old World, one sparingly 
naturalized; fl. late sammer.— DC. Prodr. vi. 617. Onopordum, L. 

QO. acAxtuium, L. White with cottony wool: stem 3 to 9 feet high, branching, winged 
throughout by decurrence of the large oblong sinuate-lobed and prickly leaves; wings sinu- 
ate, very prickly: heads pretty large: involucre globular, arachnoid or partly glabrate ; 
bracts rigid, subulate and prickly tipped, squarrose: corollas light purple or paler: pappus 
fuscous, scabrous, not twice the length of the slightly rugose akene. — FI. Dan. t. 909; Engl. 


Bot. t. 907. —- Waste grounds near dwellings and roadsides in Atlantic States, not abundant. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 


200. SILYBUM, Vaill. Mirx Turstie. (3éAvfos, ancient Greek name 
of an edible-stemmed Thistle, perhaps the present plant.) — Single species. 
s. MarrAnum, Ge#rtn. Prickly-leaved biennial or annual, glabrate or nearly glabrous ; with 
ample sinuate or pinnatifid green leaves, blotched with white along the veins: corollas rose- 


purple, deeply cleft. — Escaped from gardens in a few places, also a ballast-weed, disposed to 
be naturalized southward, especially in California: fl. summer. (Adv. from Eu.) 


201. CENTAUREA, L. Srar Tuistrix, &c. (Kevravpetov, plant of the 
Centaurs, name applied by the herbalists to two or three widely different genera.) 
—An immense genus in the Old World, one species only indigenous to N. 
America, two or three in Chili. — Centaurea & Carbenia (Adans.), Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 477, 482. 


§ 1. Carpinia. Akenes terete, strongly many-striate, with lateral scar, the 
corneous margin at summit 10-dentate: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform 
bristles, outer longer and naked, inner short and fimbriolate: anthers with elon- 
gated cartilaginous terminal appendages, which are connate to their blunt tips: 


406 COMPOSITA. Centaurea. 


head surrounded by large and leafy accessory bracts. —Carbeni, Adans. Fam, 
ii. 116. Cnicus, Gertn., DC., not L. 


C. senepfcta, L. (Biessep Turstie.) Low and branching annual, hirsute or pubescent : 
Jeaves prominently reticulated, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-dentate, the teeth or margins 
weakly prickly ; lower attenuate at base; upper narrowly oblong, partly clasping by broad 
base: heads sessile, inch and a half high, equalled by the oblong involucral leaves: proper 
involucre of thin-coriaceous bracts in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with an 
aristiform or spinescent and pectinately prickly spreading appendage: receptacle very 
densely setose with long and soft capillary bristles: corollas light yellow : longer bristles of 
the pappus alternating with inner and with the teeth of the akene. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1296 ; 
Sibth. Flora Graeca, t. 906. Cnicus benedictus, L. Spec. ed.1, i. 826; Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 162; 
DC. Prodr. vi. 606; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 455.— Waste grounds, at seaports and elsewhere 
near dwellings, in the Southern Atlantic States and in California; not common. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 


§ 2. CenTauREA proper. Akenes more or less compressed or quadrangular : 
pappus of indefinite (either scanty or numerous) bristles or narrow palez: invo- 
lucre globular or ovoid. 


% Old World species, sparingly naturalized, with comparatively small heads: scar or insertion of 
akene lateral. 

+— Bracts of the involucre (or some of them) armed with a rigid spine or prickle, and also more 

« or less spinulose along its sides or base: cartilaginous appendages terminating the anthers 
commonly elongated and connate: ours annuals, none with the marginal corollas enlarged. — 
Calcitrapa, Juss. ; 

C. Caccirrapa, L. (Star Tuistxs.) Low, much branched, diffusely spreading, green, gla- 
brate or hairy: leaves narrow, laciniate-pinnatifid ; uppermost somewhat involucrate-crowded 
at base of the sessile heads: principal bracts of the involucre becoming corneous, armed with 
a widely spreading very long and rigid spine, which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at 
base: corollas purple or purplish: pappus wanting. — Engl. Bot. t. 125; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
li. 454. — Sparingly established at seaports from New York southward, chiefly as a mere 
ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. soustitiAuis, L. Erect, a foot or two high, canescent with cottony wool: radical leaves 
lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline lanceolate and linear, mostly entire, decurrent on the branches in 
narrow wings: heads naked, somewhat pedunculate: intermediate bracts of the globular in- 
volucre tipped with a long spreading spine, having one or two spinules at base; outermost 
bearing a few small palmate prickles; innermost only scarious-tipped: corollas yellow: pap- 
pus double; outer of short and squamellate, inner of longer bristles. — Engl. Bot. t. 243; 
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 795; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 421.— Near San Francisco and San 
Diego, California, sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. Meriténsis, L. Erect, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched, cinereous-pubescent, some- 
what woolly at first: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly 
entire, narrowly decurrent on the branches: heads smaller, sessile or 1-2-leaved at base: 
principal bracts of involucre bearing a spreading slender spine of about their own length, 
which is pectinately spinulose towards its base ; innermost with simply spinescent tip; outer- 
most usually with the central spine reduced and the spinules palmate: corollas yellow: 
pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or squamelle: akene lightly costate. — Sibth. Flora 
Greca, t. 909; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 796; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢.— Fields, California 
and Arizona, rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) 


+— + Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated by a scarious discolored fimbri- 
ate-ciliate or lacerate appendage. — Jacea, Platylophus, Cyanus, &c., Cass. 


++ Perennials, with rose-purple flowers: pappus obsolete. 


C. xfcra, L. (Kyapweep, Harpueaps.) A foot or two high, branching, roughish-pubescent : 
leaves lanceolate and entire, or lower sparingly toothed: most of the involucral bracts with 
strongly pectinately ciliate-fringed blackish appendages, these only conspicuous: flowers all 
hermaphrodite, marginal ones not enlarged or rarely so. — FJ. Dan. t. 606; Engl. Bot. t. 278. 
— Fields, Newfoundland to E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.) 


Gochnatia. COMPOSITA. 407 


C, JAcza, L. Heads usually larger: brownish appendages of the involucral bracts merely 
lacerate: marginal flowers neutral and with enlarged palmate corollas, forming conspicuous 
false rays: otherwise like the preceding. — Fl. Dan. t. 519; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. 
t. 754, 755. — Charlotte, Vermont, Pringle. Near New York, &c., as a ballast-weed. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 


++ ++ Annual, with blue flowers, varying to white or purple: pappus of unequal bristles about 
the length of the akene. 


C. Cfanus, L. (Biursnorrie.) Slender, branching, a foot or two high, whitened when 
young with floccose wool : leaves linear, entire, or lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : heads 
naked on slender peduncles: involucral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short scarious 
teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged radiatiform corollas. — Engl. Bot. 
t. 277; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 768.— Escaped from gardens sparingly in the Atlantic States. 
(Nat. from. Eu.) 


% * American species: heads large: scar or insertion of akene obliquely basal: bracts of invo- 
lucre unarmed, the appendage conspicuously pectinate-fimbriate: anther-appendages distinct. — 
Plectocephalus, Don. 


C. Americana, Nurr. Annual, nearly glabrous: stem stout, commonly simple, 2 to 6 feet 
high, striate-sulcate, thickened under the naked head: leaves entire or mostly so, oblong- 
lanceolate, mucronate: involucre inch or inch and a half in diameter; its very numerous 
bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages: flowers rose-color or flesh-color ; 
the hermaphrodite ones forming a disk of 1 to 3 inches in diameter; the neutral marginal 
ones (with their very narrow lobes an inch long) forming an ample ray : style filiform, entire 
to the minutely 2-dentate stigmatic tip: pappus of copious similar but unequal bristles 
longer than the akene. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 117; Barton, Fl. Am.Sept. t.50; Reichenb. 
Ic. Exot. t. 182; Fl. Serres, iv. t. 327; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t.17. C. Nuttallii, 
Spreng. Syst. iv. 298. C. Mexicana & C. Americana, DC. Prodr. vi. 575. Plectocephalus 
Americanus, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.51.— Plains of Arkansas and Louisiana to Ari- 
zona; first coll. by Nuttall. (Adj. Mex.) 


Trips X. MUTISIACEA, p. 82. 
202. HECASTOCLEIS, Gray. (“Exacros, each, cA, to shut up, each 


flower in an involucre of its own). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Single 
species. 


H. Shockléyi, Gray, 1.c. Low and glabrous shrub, with rigid branches, and rigid leaves 
of two sorts; cauline small, linear-lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped, and on the sides 
usually a few spiniform teeth, also fascicled on axillary spurs; floral ones 3 or 4 in a whorl 
or cluster, larger (half-inch or more long) and oval or ovate, papyraceous, reticulated, mar- 
gined with sparse slender prickles, forming a loose external involucre around a fascicle of 
few or several sessile heads (these about 5 lines long and fusiform): flower apparently dull 
white. — Esmeralda Co., W. Nevada, in an arid desert region, W. S. Shockley. By the style 
and habit evidently Mutisiaceous rather than Cynaroideous. 


208. GOCHNATIA, HBK. (F. C. Gochnat, of Strasburg.) — American 
shrubby plants; with coriaceous leaves usually entire and tomentose beneath, 
and white or whitish flowers. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 19, t. 309. Gochnatia 
& Moquinia (at least in part), DC.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 490. 


G. hypoletica, Gray. Rigid shrub, 6 to 8 feet high: leaves oblong or oval, very short- 
petioled, commonly inch or more long, glabrous and bright green above, finely white- 
tomentose beneath (like an Olive-leaf) as also the branchlets: heads in sessile somewhat 
thyrsoid-paniculate fascicles, half-inch or less long: involucre cylindraceous, 5-7-flowered : 
bracts ovate and oblong, outermost very short: flowers white, all hermaphrodite !— Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix.57. Moquinia hypoleuca, DC. Prodr. vii. 23. — Southern Texas, between the 
Rio Frio and the Nueces, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.; first coll. by Berlandier.) 


408 COMPOSITA, Chaptalia, 


204. CHAPTALIA, Vent. (J A. C. Chaptal, an eminent chemist.) — 
Perennial herbs (all American), chiefly stemless, low, and floccose-tomentose ; 
with leaves in a radical tuft, persistently canescent beneath, glabrate above ; scapes 
naked ; heads at first nodding ; flowers white or purplish, or the rays rose-purple: 
fl. spring and summer. 


§ 1. Akenes of female flowers merely attenuate into a neck; those of her- 
maphrodite flowers all abortive: scapes elongated. — Chaptalia, DC. 

C. tomentésa, Vent. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, thickish, entire or retrorsely den- 
ticulate, white beneath with dense matted tomentum: scapes a span to a foot high: rays 
broadly linear, commonly purple: akenes glabrous. — Hort. Cels. t. 61; Pursh, Fl. ii. 577; 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2257; DC. Prodr. vii. 41; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 464. Perdicium semi- 
Jlosculare, Walt. Car. 204. Tussilago integrifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 121. Gerbera Walteri, 
Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 313.— Moist pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and 
E. Texas. 


§ 2. Akenes of all the flowers fertile, and with slender usually filiform beak: 
corollas of hermaphrodite flowers sometimes hardly bilabiate, of innermost female 
flowers somewhat so: scapes elongated. — Leria, DC. 

C. nitans, Hemsz. Leaves obovate or oblong, sometimes lyrate-sinuate, thin, beneath 
white with more cottony or even arachnoid and partly deciduous tomentum: scapes a foot 
or two high: rays small and narrow, little exserted: akenes pubescent or glabrate, the beak 
as long as the body. — Bot. Biol. Centr.-Amer. ii. 255. Tussilago nutans, L. Ameen. Acad. 
v. 406 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 41, f.1). Zeria lyrata, Cass. Dict. xxvi. 102. L. nutans, DC. 
Ann. Mus. Par. xix. 68, & Prodr. 1. c. 42. Gerbera nutans, Schultz Bip. 1. c.— Wooded 
grounds, Texas to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.) 


205. PEREZIA, Lag. (Lorenzo Perez, of Toledo, pharmacist and writer 
on materia medica in the sixteenth century.) — Perennial herbs, all American 
(Texan, Californian, and southward, chiefly along the Andes), not lanate, except 
at the base of the stem, mostly with reticulated leaves, often setulose-ciliate or 
spinulose; heads solitary or cymose or paniculate; the corollas rose-purple to 
white, rarely blue, never yellow. — Ameen. Nat. i. 81; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, & 
Pl. Wright. i. 126; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 500. Perezia, Olarionea (Lag. 
ined.), Homotanthus, Dumertlia (Less., not Lag., nor DC. Ann. Mus.), Proustia 
§ Thelecarpea, & Acourtia (Don), DC. Prodr., &e. Drosia, Cass. — § EUPEREZIA 
(Perezia, Lag. 1. c., Clarionea & Homoianthus, DC.), of S. American species, is 
distinguished by radiate heads, the corollas of marginal flowers having elongated 
and conspicuously liguliform outer lip, the two lobes of the inner much shorter 
and smaller. : 


§ Acotrtia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 58, has flowers nearly or quite 
homomorphous, the marginal corollas with 3-toothed outer lip hardly ever longer 
than the two lobes of the inner: flowers commonly fragrant: involucre usually 
naked at base: leaves coriaceous or papyraceous, reticulated: usually a tuft of 
wool at base of the stem.— Acourtia, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 203; DC. 
Prodr. vii. 65. Perezia, Llav. & Lex.; Less.; DC. 1. c. 62. Dumerilia, Less. 
& DC. 1. c. 66, not Lag., nor Cass. Of few Chilian, numerous Mexican, and the 
following Texano-Californian species. 

* Aspan or two high: heads (half-inch to inch long) single or few, 20-30-flowered : flowers purple. 


P. runcinata, Lac. Acaulescent, scabrous-puberulent or glabrate: rootstocks apparently 
short, sending down tuberous-thickened fascicled roots: radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 


Trias. COMPOSITA, 409 


4 to 8 inches long, thin-papyraceous ; lobes rounded, copiously fringed with spinulose teeth, 
margined-petioled : scapes naked, equalling the leaves, bearing solitary or a few pedunculate 
heads: bracts of the involucre rather few in three series, lanceolate, setaceous-acuminate : 
pappus rather sordid. — Lag. in herb. ex Don; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, Pl. Wright. lc. Cla- 
rionea runcinata, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 207; DC. 1. c.— Dry ground, E. & S. Texas, 
Wright, Hall, &e. (Adj. Mex.) 

P. nana, Gray. Leafy-stemmed, glabrous: rootstocks slender, creeping: first leaves small 
and scale-like; principal cauline leaves firm-chartaceous, orbiculate, dilated-obovate, or 
ovate (inch or two long), coarsely spinulose-dentate, sessile or partly clasping the slender 
stem: heads mostly sessile, solitary and terminal: bracts of involucre 3 or 4 series, thinnish, 
acutish; the short outer ones ovate, innermost lanceolate, mucronulate: pappus white. — 
Pl. Fendl. 111. — Dry plains and rocky bluffs, S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Palmer, &c. 
(Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) 


* * Taller, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, especially above, leafy up to the corymbiform polycepha- 
lous inflorescence: leaves closely sessile by sagittate-cordate or sometimes truncate base, densely 
and spinulosely denticulate: heads 5-15-flowered, narrow, half-inch or less long, subsessile and 
fasciculate-crowded or short-pedicelled, quite naked at base: involucral bracts thinnish, not 
very many, in only three series: flowers rose-purple and sometimes white in the same species: 
pappus white, soft. 

+ Involucre 8-15-flowered; its bracts not attenuate-acuminate. 


P. Wrightii, Gray. Glabrous throughout, or obscurely puberulent, but smooth: leaves 
thin, oblong to nearly ovate (larger 4, smaller 1 or 2 inches long), often unequally or doubly 
dentate: heads 8-12-flowered: involucral bracts all pointless and obtuse, or the narrow 
innermost barely acutish: corollas pale rose to whitish.— Pl. Wright. i. 127, ii. 102; & 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. P. Arizonica, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 422, a form of drier districts, 
rather more rigid, the involucral bracts all rounded-obtuse. P. Coulter’, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xv. 40, as to pl. Parry & Palmer, no. 234.— Rocky hills and ravines, $. W. Texas to 
§. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter, then by Wright. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer.) 

P. microcéphala, Gray. Scabro-puberulent and minutely resinous-glandular: leaves 
more chartaceous, oblong, commonly obtuse, finely and closely denticulate: heads 10-15- 
flowered, larger than in preceding (over half-inch long when well developed) : involucral 
bracts scaberulous on the back, abruptly acute or mucronate-acuminate: corollas rose-color. 
—PI. Wright. i. 127, & Bot. Calif. i. 422. Acourtia microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66. — Cali- 
fornia, on hills back of Monterey ? (Douglas), Santa Barbara, and San Diego. 


+ + Inyvolucre 5-6 floweted; bracts attenuate-acuminate: fully developed heads half-inch long. 


P. Thurberi, Gray. Scabro-puberulent, viscidulous-glandular: leaves firm-chartaceous, 
oblong-ovate, denticulate and partly doubly dentate (larger 5 to 8 inches long): involucral 
bracts lanceolate, gradually tapering to a very acute point, scaberulous externally : corollas 
sometimes deep rose-color, sometimes white. —Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 324, & 


Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 59.—S. Arizona, on rocky hills, Thurber, Lemmon. 


206. TRIXIS, P. Browne. (Tprés, threefold, the corolla being trifid.) — 
American, chiefly subtropical, fruticose or perennial herbaceous plants; with en- 
tire or merely denticulate leaves, and paniculately or corymbosely cymose heads, 
of moderate size; the corollas yellow or sometimes whitish. — Hist. Jam. 312; 
Lag. Ameen. Nat. i. 85. Perdicium, L., in part. 


T. angustifdlia, DC. Suffruticose, fastigiately or corymbosely much branched, a foot or 
two high, sericeous-puberulent, from subcanescent to glabrate, somewhat resinous-atomifer- 
ous, leafy up to the heads: leaves sessile, rather rigid, from broadly to very narrowly lan- 
ceolate, entire or denticulate with sparse mucroniform teeth (2 or 3 inches long): heads 
simply fascicled or singly terminating leafy branchlets, half-inch and more long, 9-12-flow- 
ered, subtended by a few lanceolate or linear bracteiform leaves which do not exceed the 8 
or 10 linear-lanceolate and equal proper bracts of the involucre; these in age gibbous and 
indurated at base: receptacle copiously villous: corollas golden yellow; outer lip of the 
marginal ones quarter-inch long: pappus barely fulvous. — Prodr. vii. 69 ; Gray, Pl. Wright. 
i, 128, ii. 102. 7. frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103, vars. T. Californica, Kellogg 


410 COMPOSIT. Trizis. 


in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182, fig. 53, with some seeming monstrosities. TZ. corymbosa, Gray 
in Coll. Pringle, &c.; but that species should have petiolate leaves and loosely corymbosu 
heads. — Hills and cajions, S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. Founded on Mexican 
specimens with narrow leaves revolute when dry. (Mex.) 

Var. latiiscula. Leaves lanceolate, plane, commonly glabrate and greener, from 
4 to nearly 12 lines wide, thence varying into the narrow-leaved form, — Gray, Pl. Wright. 
ii. 102. 1. suffruticosa, Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 459. —Cafions, S. New Mexico to San Diego 
Co., California, Wright, Palmer, Greene, Lemmon, &c. 


T. rrutéscENS, P. Browne, which the broad-leaved forms of the preceding species nearly 
approach, was collected by Berlandier near Matamoras, but has not yet come from Texas. 


Tribe XI. CICHORIACEA, p. 88. 


207. PHALACROSERIS, Gray. (@adaxpds, bald-headed, and cépis, the 
Greek name of some kind of Cichoriaceous plant).— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364; 
Bot. Calif. i. 428. — Single species. 

P. Boldnderi, Gray, l.c. Glabrous and acaulescent perennial, with thickish root: leaves 
lanceolate, entire, clustered on the caudex, slightly succulent: scape perfectly naked, a span 
to a foot high: solitary head half-inch high: flowers deep yellow, in summer. — California, 
in wet mountain meadows of the higher Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co.; first coll. by Torrey 
and by Bolander. 


208. ATRICHOSERIS, Gray. ("Adp:é, without hair, and cépus, a Cicho- 
riaceous plant.) — Malacothrix § Anathrix, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. 
Calif, i. 435. — Single species. 

A. platyphylla. Winter annual, wholly glabrous, somewhat glaucous: leaves all or 
chiefly in a rosulate radical tuft, broadly cuneate or obovate, mostly rounded at summit, ses- 
sile, spinulose-denticulate, somewhat veiny (inch or two long); those of stem reduced to 
very small scattered bracts: stem slender, a foot or two high, at summit deliquescent into a 
diffuse cymose panicle of few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads: involucre quarter- 
inch high, about half the length of the corollas (these white or with purple base): akenes 
2 lines long, at maturity nearly equalling the narrow and open bracts of the involucre, white, 
sometimes with 4 or 5 very thick corky ribs and much smaller alternate ones, sometimes 
more terete and obscurely costate, the truncate summit wholly destitute of the border of 
Malacothrix, its areola small: receptacle rather fleshy, scrobiculate.— Malacothrix? platy- 
phylla, Gray, 1. c.— Gravelly deserts of the Mohave, 8. W. California, to the southern bor- 
ders of Utah, Cooper, Palmer, Parry, Parish. 


209. LAMPSANA, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name, of obscure deriva- 
tion; but the Aapiwdva of Dioscorides and the Lapsana of Pliny, whose orthog- 
raphy was followed by Linnzus, were Cruciferous plants.) — Yellow-flowered and 
leafy-stemmed branching annuals of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized : 
fl. summer. 

L. commtyis, L. (Niprreworrt.) A foot or two high, hirsutely pubescent or glabrate: 
leaves ovate, repand-dentate, or lower lyrate and uppermost oblong : heads loosely paniculate : 


involucre 2 or 3 lines high. — Roadsides, in a few places, Penn. to New England, more 
abundant in Canada, also on the Columbia River. (Nat. from Eu.) 
ae 


210. APOGON, Ell. (Ardywv, beardless, i. e. no pappus.) — Low annuals 
of the Southern Atlantic States, glaucescent, mostly glabrous, a span to a foot 
high, branching from the base, bearing scattered rather small heads on slender 
peduncles: flowers yellow, in spring and early summer. Leaves variable, lan- 
ceolate or lower oblong, from entire or repand to dentate, or radical lyrate-pin- 


Krigia, _ COMPOSITA. 41] 


natifid, uppermost closely sessile, often seemingly opposite. —Sk. ii. 267; DC. 
Prodr. vii. 78; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 466. 


A. hiimilis, Ext. 1c. Peduncles naked, or rarely with some obscure glandular-bristly 
hairs under the head: this in fruit only 2 lines high: corollas pure yellow, little longer than 
involucre: akenes oblong-obovate. — DC. |. c.; Torr. & Gray, l.v., in part. A. lyratum, Nutt. 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 71, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 424. Serinia cwspitosa, Raf. 
Fl. Ludov. 149, cited in DC. Lc. 261, should be either this or the next.— Open ground, S. 
Carolina to Texas and Arkansas. 

A. gracilis, DC.1.c. Sometimes slender and strict, not rarely more robust than the pre- 
ceding, often some bristly hairs on the stem and lower leaves: peduncles usually glandular- 
hispid some way below the head ; this commonly 3 lines high in fruit: corollas orange, con- 
spicuously exserted, twice the length of the involucre: akenes rather thicker and obtuser at 
apex, sometimes an obscure vestige of pappus!— A. humilis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c., 
not Ell.—Rocky prairies, &c., Texas; first coll. in a very slender form by Berlandier. 
Grows with the preceding, keeping distinct. 

A. Wrightii. Resembling slender and narrow-leaved form of the preceding (such as Ber- 
landier’s original specimens): rather diffuse: heads equally small: akenes larger and thicker 
(over half-line long), little contracted at either end, and with comparatively large areola. 
(yet less than the full breadth of the akene), this bordered by obscure vestige of pappus. 
Possibly a hybrid between A. gracilis and Arigia occidentalis. —E. Texas, Wright, in fruit. 


211. KRIGIA, Schreb. (David Krig, or Krieg, an early collector in 
Maryland and Delaware.) — Low herbs of Atlantic U. S., glabrous or somewhat 
hispidulous ; with small or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers, terminating 
slender naked peduncles or scapes; these not rarely glandular-hispidulous at 
summit: fl. in spring or summer. — Gen. Pl. 532, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 507. 
Krigia & Cynthia, Dou; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 467, 468. ; 


§ 1. Crmpta, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Acaulescent annuals: bracts of the invo- 
lucre 5 to 8, oblong-lanceolate, in fruit becoming broader and firmer, erect and 
navicular-carinate, with a conspicuous midnerve, or sometimes 2—3-nerved: akenes 
turbinate, mostly 5-paleaceous and 5-aristate. 


K. occidentalis, Nutr. Scapes a span or more high, commonly glandular-hispidulous, at 
least toward the summit: leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, lyrately lobed or pinnatifid : 
heads 2 or 3 lines high: akenes transversely rugulose: palew of the pappus conspicuous, 
rounded-obovate ; bristles or rather awns alternating with these and over the stronger angles 
of the akene sometimes equalling it in length, sometimes not surpassing the palez, some- 
times (var. mutica, Torr. & Gray) obsolete or wanting. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii.104, & 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 427; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 468. A. nervosa, Hook. Ic. Pl. iii. 
t. 227, -& K. bellioides, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 257, normal form, with pappus-awns double the 
length of the pale. — Prairies of Arkansas and Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. 


§ 2. Eunricra, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Acaulescent and subcaulescent winter 
annual; bracts of the involucre 9 to 18, thin, remaining narrow and nearly nerve- 
less, reflexed after the fall of the narrowly turbinate somewhat 5-angular akenes : 
pappus of 5 to 7 (commonly 5) roundish short palew, and of as many alternating 
nearly capillary long bristles. — Krigia, Schreb., &c. 

K. Virginica, Wirip. Varying much in size; often sparsely hispidulous: scapes 2 or 3 
inches or at length a foot or more high, slender, not rarely caulescent below: leaves from 
spatulate-obovate to lanceolate or linear, from few-toothed or entire to pinnately parted : 
heads 3 or 4 lines high: pappus-bristles fully twice the length of the akene.— Spec. iii. 
1618. K. Virginica, dichotoma, & Caroliniana, Nutt. Gen. ii.127. K. leptophylla, DC. Prodr. 
vii. 88, slender form. Hyoseris Virginica, L. Spec. ii. 809; Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. i. 22, 
t. 12; Walt. Car. 193; Michx. Fl. ii. 88. Hyoseris Caroliniana, Walt. 1. v.? Sandy 
ground, Canada to Florida and Texas: fl. from spring to autumn. 


412 COMPOSITE. Krigia, 


§ 3. Ctnrura. Caulescent or acaulescent perennials, glaucescent, compara- 
tively large-flowered: involucre of the preceding section: akenes less turbinate, 
of 10 to 15 smaller and more squamellate oblong pale and 15 or 20 slender 
capillary bristles. —Cynthia, Don in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xii. 305; DC. Prodr. 
vii. 89; Torr. & Gray, lc. Adopogon, Neck. Elem. i. 55. 


K. Dandélion, Nurr. Scapigerous, or at length leafy-stemmed only next the ground: 
crown bearing oval or globose tubers on filiform stolons: leaves lanceolate or almost linear, 
from denticulate to laciniate-lobed or pinnatifid: scapes 6 to 18 inches high, naked: head 
about half-inch high. — Gen. ii. 127; Ell. Sk. ii. 267. Zragopogon Dandelium, L. Spec. ed. 2, 
ii. 1111. Hyoseris major, Walt. Car. 194. H. angustifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Troximon 
Dandelion, Pers. Syn. ii. 360. Cynthia Dandelion & C. Boscii, DC. Prodr. vii. 89. C. lyrata, 
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69. Avigia Caroliniana, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 100, a 
slender form. — Moist ground, Maryland to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 

K. montana, Nott.1.c. Caulescent or subcaulescent from short cespitose rootstocks, not 
tuberiferous: peduncles simple and naked, a span to a foot long: leaves from oblong to 
linear, from entire to pinnatifid, thickish: head smaller than of the preceding. — Hyoseris 
montana, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Cynthia Dandelion, var. y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 469. C. Dan- 
delion, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t- 85.—Crevices of rocks, Alleghany Mountains 
(Blue Ridge), N. and S. Carolina and Georgia; first coll. by Michaux. 

K. amplexicatilis, Nurr.].c. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous : stem a foot or two 
high, 1-3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long 
peduncles: leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat 
lyrately lobed ; these contracted into winged petioles ; cauline partly clasping by a broad base: 
heads a third of an inch high. — Tragopogon Virginicum, L. Spec. ii. 789. Hyoseris amplezi- 
caulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. H. biflora, Walt. Car. 194% H. prenanthoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 
1618. Cynthia Virginica, Don, 1. ¢c.; Torr. & Gray,l ¢. C. amplexicaulis, Beck, Bot. 168; 
Darl. Fl. Cestr. 441. C. Griffthii, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69, with lower leaves run- 
cinate-lyrate. Luthera Virginica, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 257.— Moist banks, New York 
to Minnesota and Colorado, south to Georgia. 


212. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Svccory, Cutccory, Enpive. (Arabic 
name Latinized.) — Old World herbs. fl. summer. 

C. ivrysus, L. (Cuiccory ) Deep-rooted perennial, more or less hirsute, at least below, 
with rigid stout branches: radical leaves runcinate; cauline oblong or lanceolate, commonly 
dentate; those of flowering branches mostly reduced and scale-like, subtending solitary or 
clustered sessile heads, or some heads raised on a fistulous peduncle: flowers showy, matu- 
tinal, closing by midday, sky-blue, varying occasionally to purple or white. — Roadsides, 
common in lk. New England, and in a few places westward. (Nat. from Eu.) 


213, STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. (Sreddvy, a coronal or wreath, pépos, 
a division ; no particular application.) —W. N. American perennials or an- 
nuals, mostly smooth and glabrous; with branching or rarely virgate and often 
rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering 
branches, and usually paniculate small or. middle-sized heads of rose-colored or 
flesh-colored flowers, open only in early morning. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 
427; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 722; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 533 (excl. Rasinesquia) ; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 427. Jamesia, Nees in Pl. Neuwied Trav. 16, not Torr. & 
Gray. 

§ 1. Atiéseris, Gray. Heads large for the genus, about 12-flowered: invo- 
lucre somewhat imbricated, the outer bracts being of 2 or 3 lengths: receptacle 
alveolate, and the short alveoli fimbriolate-hirsute: pappus-bristles 12-20, short- 
plumose for their whole length, sordid or almost fuscous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 
552, Bot. Calif. 1. c., & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. 


‘Btephanomerta. COMPOSITA. 4138 


S. cichoriacea, Gray.!.c. Perennial, 1 to 4 feet high, comparatively stout, when young 
sometimes tomentulose leaves resembling those of Chiccory, lanceolate, sparsely denticu- 
late to runcinate-laciniate: involucre half-inch high: heads sessile along naked branches: 
mature akenes short-linear, smooth, lightly and acutely 5-angled.— Rocky hills and caiions 
through the southern portions of California, Dr. Horn, Parish, Pringle. 


§ 2. STEPHANOMERIA proper. Heads 3-20-flowered : receptacle quite naked: 
involucre slightly imbricated by having one or two intermediate bracts, espe- 
cially in the earher species, or only calyculate at base: pappus setose and plu- 
mose throughout or only above the middle, the lower part of the bristle either 
slender to base or sometimes paleaceous-dilated. — Gray, 1]. c. 61. 


* Heads fully half-inch high, 10-20-flowered, somewhat corymbosely disposed, 

+- Terminating leafy stems and branches: pappus sordid or grayish, of 10 or 12 rather long-plu- 
mose bristles: akencs smooth and even, with slender ribs or angles: plants a span toa foot high 
from perennial roots; involucre obscurely imbricated, 10-12-flowered. 

S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, widely branched from the base: leaves thickish, deeply 
runcinately pinnatifid;, those of the flowering branchlets rather numerous up to the head, 
small, somewhat spinulose-lobed: pappus-bristles rather stout, naked (and often united in 
twos or threes) at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 61.— Arid districts, near St. George, S. 
Utah, Parry. Borders of the Mohave Desert, 8. E. California, Palmer, Pringle. 

S. lactucina, Gray. Rather slender, with erect branches, leafy up to the nearly naked 
peduncles : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth: pappus- 
bristles slender and plumose to the base. —DProc. Am. Acad. vi. 552; Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— 
Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa Co. to Shasta, Newberry, Brewer, 
Bolander, &c. 

+— + Heads naked-paniculate: pappus bright white: involucre merely calyculate. 

S.Thirberi, Gray. Simple-stemmed from a probably biennial root, a foot or two high: 
leaves mainly at and near the base, runcinate-pinnatifid, inch or two long; those of the naked 
stem and few corymbosely-paniculate branches reduced to linear-subulate or inconspicuous 
bracts: heads rather few: involucre narrow, 16-20-flowered . bristles of the pappus 20 to 30, 
soft and slender, very plumose to base. — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325, & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 105. — New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, Thurber, Bigelow, Henry, Greene, &e. 

S. evAra, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 173,—said to be probably perennial and blue-flowered, simple- 
stemmed, 3 or 4 feet high, with very narrow linear leaves, about 10-flowered heads, involucre 
(6-8-phyllous) and branches sprinkled with resinous dots, and plumose white pappus, coll. at 
Santa Barbara, California, —remains quite obscure. 

* * Heads quarter to third inch high, or sometimes higher, narrow, mostly 5-flowered (flowers 
from 3 to 6, occasionally 8 or 9), and with about the same number of involucral bracts: mature 
akenes either smooth and even between the ribs, or rugose, or tubercular-thickened, sometimes 
in the same species. — Jamesia, Nees, 1. c. 

+ Perennials, paniculately or fastigiately branched from thick and tortuous roots or a lignescent 
base, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above: pappus-bristles 
not at all squamellate-appendaged or dilated at base. 

S. runcindta, Nurr. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading 
branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along ‘the branches: lower leaves 
runcinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate; upper linear or reduced to scales: pappus dull 
white, plumose only to near the base.—Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 472; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 112. 
S. runcinata & S. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢., at least in part and by char., 
but poor specimens, seemingly confused with next. Prenanthes runcinata, James in Long 
Exped. P.? pauciflora, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 210.—Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, 
N. W. Texas, Arizona, and S. California; first coll. by James. 

S. minor, Nutt. 1.c. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usually terminal 
and smaller heads: cauline leaves all-slender, often filiform: pappus white, very plumose 
down to base. — Torr. & Gray, l.c. Prenanthes? tenuifolia, Torr. 1.c. Lygodesmia minor, 
Hook. Fl. i. 205, t. 103 A. Jamesia pauciflora, Nees in Neuwied Tray. 516 (16).— Plains 
and mountains, from borders of Brit. America to those of Texas, Arizona, the Sierra Nevada 


414 COMPOSITA. Stephanomeria, 


in California, and Washington Terr. Generally of more northern range than the foregoing, 
not throughout distinguishable, perhaps has been rightly combined with it. 

S. myridéclada, Eaton. Very slender stems and tortuous filiform branches very numerors 
and fastigiately crowded in an erect tuft, a foot or two high, terminated by scattered small 
heads: leaves linear and very small: involucre 2 and 8 lines long (of 4 or 5 as well as “3” 
narrow bracts) and 3-5-flowered: akenes pluristriate at maturity: pappus white, its bristles 
naked or merely hirsute below the middle or at the base. — Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20.— Dry 
rocky ridges, Thousand Spring and Goose Creek Valleys, Nevada, Watson. Hawthorne, 
Nevada, M. £. Jones. 

+ + Biennial, or probably perennial with long and slender subterranean shoots: pappus bright 
white; the bristles long-plumose to base, which is not at all paleaceous-dilated. 

S. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, slender, with single corymbosely paniculate stems: 
cauline leaves mostly filiform and entire; those of the radical tuft linear to spatulate and 
laciniate-pinnatifid: heads nearly half-inch long, 5-flowered, sparse, pedunculate, terminating 
slender branches: akenes smooth on the salient ribs and narrow intervals, contracted at 
summit: pappus long-plumose.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. SS. runcinata, var., Gray, Pl. 
Wright. ii. 103, no. 1301.— W. Texas, in pebbly bed of Howard’s Creek, Wright (without 
the elongated root or shoot), and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow. Apparently same from 
N. Arizona, Rusby, seemingly perennial from long and filiform subterranean shoots. 


+— + + Annual, strictly erect: pappus white ; the bristles plumose to base, not paleaceous-dilated. 


S. virgata, Benru. Stem rigid, 1 to 4 feet high: heads 3 or 4 lines long, mostly subsessile 
or short-peduncled, spicately or thyrsoidly disposed along the naked upper part of virgate 
stem or similar branches, but sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets: upper 
leaves linear, small and entire; lower oblong or spatulate, often sinuate or pinnatifid: 
involucre 4-8-flowered, originally described as “8-10-flowered ”: akenes subclavate or ob- 
long, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose. — Bot. 
Sulph. 32; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. S. paniculata, chiefly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198, 
t. 20, f.5; Gray, Bot. Calif. i: 428. Possibly (from habitat not improbably) S. elata, Nutt. 
Pl. Gamb. 173; but flowers not blue, and no resinous dots on involucre and branchlets. — 
California, common from San Bernardino and San Diego Co., to Oregon, east to Nevada and 
Utah. 

+ + + + Annual, strictly erect: pappus grayish or fuscous; its bristles short-plumose nearly 
or quite to the more or less paleaceous or squamelliferous base. 


S. paniculata, Nurr. Stem erect from an annual root, a foot or two high, bearing numer- 
ous narrow 3-5-flowered heads in an elongated narrow or more open panicle, or else more 
strictly disposed on virgate branches: leaves linear or the lower lanceolate: akenes nearly 
of the preceding: pappus decidedly different.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 428; Torr. & 
Gray, Fl. ii. 473.— Plains of Idaho, and probably Northern Nevada, to E. Oregon, Nuttall, 
ITall, Cusick, &c. 

— + + + + Annuals or biennials: bristles of the white or whitish pappus plumose above 
but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated or abruptly paleaceous, or else with 
one or two adnate squamelle or bristly teeth at or near insertion: akenes thick-ribbed and 
tuberculate-rugose at maturity: stems paniculately and often divergently branched, bearing 
scattered squamulose-peduncled heads. —§ Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Calif., in part only. 

S. exigua, Nurr. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets, but stem not 
rarely robust (therefore ill named from depauperate specimens): radical and lower cauline 
leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales: invo- 
lucre 3 to 5 lines long, with commonly 5 flowers, “3 or 4” when depauperate, rarely 6 or 8 
in strong plants: bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated and paleaceous or 
thickened bases commonly a little connate in 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2-setulose on each 
side. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 428; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 473 (attenuated form); Eaton, 
Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f. 6,7; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 428. Hemiptilium Bigelovii, Gray, 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, a stout form. — Interior of Wyoming to the Upper Rio Grande on 
the border of Texas, west to Nevada and E. California. 

S. pentacheta, Eaton. A span or two or even 2 or 8 feet high, like the preceding, or 
divaricately branched from the base: pappus of 5 or sometimes 7 bristles, all distinct to the 
base, which is little dilated, plumose only above the middle.— Bot. King Exp. 199, t. 20, 


Tragopogon. COMPOSIT&. A415 


f. 8-10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 63.— Desert region, W. Nevada, Watson, Shockley. 
Edge of desert at San Felipe, San Diego Co., California, Parish. 


§ 8. Hemipritivm, Gray, ]. c., xix. 63. Heads 5-flowered, small : receptacle 
naked: involucre merely calyculate: pappus of 4 to 6 narrow and rigid palex 
(rather than awns), not longer than the akene, sparsely short-plumose toward the 
summit, fuscous. — Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, excl. spec. 


S. Schottii, Gray. Probably annual, with habit of S. paniculata or 8. exigua, slender : 
loosely paniculate, 3 lines long : involucre of 4 or 5 thinnish bracts and 2 or 3 small calycu- 
late ones: ligules barely 3 lines long: akenes less than 2 lines long, rather narrow, 4-5- 
angled, tapering very slightly from truncate summit to base, minutely scabrous between the 
smooth angles. — Bot. Calif. i. 427. — Hemiptilium Schottii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. v.— 
Arizona, on the Gila River, Schott. Not since collected. 


214. CHATADELPHA, Gray. (Xairn, bristles, and dS5eAgy, sister, the 
bristles or awns of pappus as it were 5-adelphous.) — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 182, t. 15.— Single species. 


C. Wheéleri, Gray, 1. c. Much branched from a perennial root, flexuous and fastigiate, 
with aspect of Stephanomeria, or more of Lygodesmia, a foot or two high: leaves narrowly 
linear, entire, uppermost reduced to subulate scales: heads solitary terminating the branch- 
lets: involucre half-inch and more high, somewhat exceeded by the pappus. — W. Nevada, 
on the borders of Arizona, Wheeler. Near Pyramid Lake, Lemmon. 


215. RAFINESQUIA, Nutt. (Constantine S. Rafinesque Schmalz, a 
noted botanist.) —Glabrous and branching slightly succulent and Sonchus-like 
winter annuals (Californian and New Mexican), leafy; with pinnatifid leaves, re- 
duced on the flowering branches to herbaceous bracts: the heads rather large, 
with showy white or rose-tinged flowers, mostly matutinal. — Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 429; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 103, & Bot. Calif. i. 429. 


R. Californica, Nurr.1.c¢. Mostly robust, 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branching, bear- 
ing numerous heads: leaves oblong (larger 4 to 6 inches long); cauline partly clasping : 
involucre thickened at base (half to three-fourths inch high), of 12 to 15 principal bracts and 
some spreading calyculate ones: ligules comparatively short: beak of the akenes very slen- 
der, as long as the body: pappus dull white. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t. 34, figure not good. 
— Moist or shaded ground, common in California toward the coast: a smaller-flowered form 
in N. W. Arizona, Palmer. 

R. Neo-Mexicdna, Gray. A foot or less high, more slender, bearing few but larger and 
more showy heads and much smaller leaves, the lower of these often runcinate: involucre 
narrow, more cylindraceous, sometimes inch fong, little thickened at base, of fewer bracts: 
ligules large and conspicuous (half-inch and more long), white or tinged with flesh-color : 
beak of akene more gradually tapering, therefore stouter, rather shorter than the body: pap- 
pus bright white, of firmer bristles, the plume somewhat arachnoid. —P1. Wright. 1. c.— 
Sand-hills, &c., in the desert region, S. E. California to S. Utah and New Mexico on the Rio 
Grande ; first coll. by Wright. 


216. TRAGOPOGON, Goar’s-BearD, SALsiFry. (Tpdyos, goat, ray, 
beard.) — Old World biennials or rarely perennials, glabrous ; with long taproot ; 
entire and grass-like nervose leaves clasping at base; long and stout peduncles 
commonly thickened and fistulous under the large head; the flowers yellow or 
purple, closing at noon or earlier.—Two species sparingly naturalized, one of 
them cultivated. 


T. rorriréxivs, L. (Sarsiry, OysTeR-PLANT.) Commonly 2 or 3 feet high: peduncle 
strongly clavate-thickened and fistulous for 2 or 3 inches beneath the head, which becomes 


416. COMPOSIT A. Tragopogon. 


’ 


3 inches high: flowers violet-purple, mostly surpassed by the involucre: outermost akenes 
squamellate-muricate.— Sparingly in fields and near dwellings, as an escape from cultiva- 
tion in the Atlantic States, a naturalized weed in California and Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) 


T. prarénsis, L. (Goat’s-Bearp.) A foot or two, or the larger form a yard high: leaves 
with broader base: peduncles little enlarged except close under the head : flowers yellow, 
equalling the involucre, sometimeg longer. — Sparingly found in fields, &c., New England to 
New Jersey and Wisconsin. (Nat. from Eu.) 


217. ANISOCOMA, Torr. & Gray. (“Aviwos, unequal, «dum, tuft of hair; 
from the pappus.) —Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 111, t. 13; Eaton, Bot. King 
Exp. 197; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 480. — Single species. 

A. acatile, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Low winter annual, glabrous, except a dense white tomen- 
tum on the edges of the pinnately lobed and often runcinate leaves: these all in a rosulate 
radical cluster (inch or two long): scapes numerous, naked, a span high: head about inch 
high: ligules conspicuous, light yellow. — Pterostephanus runcinatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. 
Acad. iii. 20, f£. 4, badly characterized. — Dry plains and hills, of the eastern part of the 
Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Co. to the Mohave, California, and adjacent Nevada; first coll. 
by Fremont. 


218. HYPOCHG&RIS, L. (A name of Theophrastus for some plant of 
this tribe.) — Old World and 8. American herbs; with yellow flowers ; one species 
sparingly introduced. 

H. erdsra, L. Nearly glabrous; « rosulate tuft of oblong-spatulate sinuate-dentate leaves 
from an annual root, sending up branching scapes a span to a foot high, bearing a few 
middle-sized heads: involucral bracts lanceolate: outermost akenes truncate, inner slender- 
beaked: bristles of the somewhat sordid pappus arachnoid-plumose, but naked at tip, 
also some fine and shorter naked ones in an outer series. — Fields, E. California. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 


H. rapicAta, L., which is hirsute and has all the akenes rostrate, is an occasional ballast- 
weed, at Philadelphia and New York. 


219. MICROSERIS, Don. (Mixpés, little, cépis, Endive or Lettuce; not 
an apposite name for our larger species.) — W. and S. American (but almost all 
Californian) annuals, biennials, or some perennials, glabrous or merely furfura- 
ceous-puberulent, acaulescent, or subcaulescent; with heads of yellow flowers 
terminating naked scapes or elongated simple peduncles, commonly nodding before 
expansion. Foliage very variable. — Don in Phil. Mag. xi. 388 (1832); Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207, & Bot. Calif. i. 423. Bellardia, Colla in Mem. Acad. 
Taurin. xxxviii. 40, t. 34. Lepidonema, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835. 
Fichtea, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 255. Calais, DC. Prodr. vii. 85; Gray, 
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121. Phyllopappus, F. Muell. in Linn. xiv. 507. Uropappus 
& Scorzonella, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 426. Mcroseris & Scorzonella, 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 506, 538. 


§ 1. Prirépnora, Gray, 1. ec. Pappus of 15 to 20 white and soft plumose 
bristles with paleaceous base: akenes linear-columnar, of same diameter from 
base to summit : stems more or less branching and leaf-bearing: perennials, with 
fusiform biennial roots. 


M. nitans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so high: fusiform roots either fascicled or solitary : 
leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads 
8-20-flowered, slender-peduncled : involucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate grad- 
ually acuminate principal bracts and a few short loose calyculate ones: bristles of pappus 
several times longer than the oblong scale at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. Scorzo- 


Microseris. COMPOSITA. 417 


nella nutans (Geyer), Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253. Ptilophora nutans, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 113. 
Calais (Ptilophora) nutans, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 112. Stephanomeria intermedia, Kellogg, 
Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 39. — Wet grassy grounds, borders of Brit. Columbia and Montana to 
S. W. Colorado, Utah, and the higher Sierra Nevada, California: fl. spring. 

M. major, Gray, lc. Stouter, often more than 2 feet high, apparently thicker-rooted : 
heads larger, sometimes inch high: involucre of more lanceolate bracts imbricated in thrce 
lengths: pappus rather less plumose: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire 6r sparingly laciniate. 
— Ptilophora major, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 113. Calais major, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c. 114.— 
Idaho, Utah, &c.; first coll. by Spalding. : 

Var. laciniata, Gray,1.c. Lower: leaves pinnately parted and laciniate. — Calais 
graciloba, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1. c.— W. Idaho, Spalding. Mendocino Co., California, 
Kellogg. 


§ 2. ScorzonELua, Gray, 1.c. Pappus (somewhat sordid) of 5 to 10 atten- 
uate bristles with paleaceous base, or of short palewe bearing long bristles, these 
either subplumose or naked: akenes truncate at summit, slightly attenuate down- 
ward only: involucre loosely imbricated in 2 or 8 series, many-flowered: peren- 
nials or biennials, often branching from base and somewhat leafy-stemmed: root 
fusiform. — Scorzonella, Nutt., Benth. & Hook. 1. ¢. 


* Pappus-bristles barbellate or short-plumose, not more than 4 times the length of the entire lan- 
ceolate palea: akenes slender. 


M. sylvatica, Gray, 1.v. A foot or so high, not rarely simple and monocephalous: leaves 
from broadly lanceolate to linear, laciniate-pinnatifid: head almost inch high: involucral 
bracts mostly abruptly acuminate from an oval or oblong base: awn-like bristles of the 
pappus (commonly 10) almost or quite plumose.— Scorzonella sylvatica, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 
820. Calais (Anacalais) sylvatica, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113.— California, in woods of 
the Sacramento and its tributaries, Hartweg, Bigelow, Nellogg & Harford. 

Var. Stillmaéni, Gray, l.c. Sometimes several-stemmed from the base and with 
leaves pinnately parted into long linear lobes: involucral bracts lanceolate and more gradu- 
ally slender-acuminate: pappus-bristles (5 to 10) merely barbellate under a lens: akenes 
smooth, obscurely costate. — California, on the Sacramento, &c., Stillman, Bigelow. Near 
San Francisco, Samuels, G. R. Vasey. $ 


* * Pappus-bristles (10, sometimes 8) naked, barely denticulate or scabrous, entire or nearly so, 
several or many times longer than the small palea: akenes columnar or rather slender: heads 
large or middle-sized, with elongated ligules: involucre not reflexed at the fall of the akenes, its 
bracts with loose and conspicuously acuminate or attenuate tips: stem sometimes scapiform, 
often few-leaved and branching. — Scorzonella, Nutt. (Foliage variable, as in the genus gener- 
ally: species too nearly connected.) 

+— Heads and leaves of the largest. 


M. précera, Gray. Glaucous: stem robust, 2 or 3 feet high, branching: leaves chiefly 
oblong and apiculate-acuminate, denticulate or entire, rarely laciniate-lobed ; larger cauline 
6 to 8 inches long and one or two wide; radical oblong-lanceolate, commonly a foot long: 
involucre a full inch or more high and broad; outer bracts broadly ovate with abrupt acu- 
mination; innermost lanceolate-acuminate: akenes nearly 3 lines long: palez of the pappus 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, about one fourth the length of the awn. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 64. M. laciniata, var. procera, Gray, Proc. Lc. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif. i. 424. 
Calais glauca, var. procera, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364. — Hillsides, W. California, from 
Sonoma Co. northward to Klamath, Oregon, Torrey, Bolunder, Kellogg, Kronkhite. 


+— + Heads and leaves less ample and stem less robust, a foot or less to two feet high. 


M. lacinidta, Gray. Rather stout, glaucescent: leaves laciniate-pinnatifid into attenuate 
lobes, or sometimes entire ; radical 4 to 10 inches long: involucre an inch or less high; its 
bracts as in the preceding, or nearly all with broad dilated base: akenes columnar, 2 lines 
long: pale of the pappus deltoid or triangular-ovate, not longer than breadth of the akene, 
abruptly tipped by an awn or bristle 8 or 9 times longer.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, excl. 
var. procera. Hymenonema? laciniatum, & perhaps also JZ.? glaucum, Hook. Fl. i. 301. 
Scorzonella laciniata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 426. Calais (Scorzonella) laciniata, 


27 


418 COMPOSITA. Microseris, 


Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 112.— Alluvial ground, Washington Terr. and Oregon to N. W. 
California; first coll. by Douglas. Some forms are to be distinguished from the smaller of 
the preceding by the pappus only. 

M. leptosépala, Gray. Slender, a foot or less high: leaves from linear to narrowly lan. 
ceolate, and from entire to attenuate-pinnatifid: heads comparatively small and fewer. 
flowered: involucre only half-inch high, of fewer bracts reduced almost to two series; outer 
ovate or oblong with abrupt acumination, inner lanceolate-attenuate: akenes more slender: 
pale of the pappus (often only 8) ovate-lanceolate or narrower, a quarter or fifth of the 
length of the akene, tapering from base gradually into the awn. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, 
Bot. Calif. 1. c. in part only, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 64. Scorzonella leptosepala (& S. glauca), 
Nutt. 1c. Hymenonema? glaucum, Hook. 1.¢.? Calais laciniata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 208, pl. Hall:—Low grounds and meadows, Washington Terr. & Oregon, along the 
Columbia River, Garry? Nuttall, Hall, Suksdorf. 

M. Boladnderi, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high: leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate 
to somewhat spatulate, entire or with a few small salient linear lobes; radical a span to a 
foot long including the margined petiole : involucre half to two-thirds inch high; its bracts 
all gradually lanceolate-attenuate from a broadish base, or some small outermost ovate and 
abruptly acuminate: pales of the pappus (8 to 10) little exceeding the breadth of the akene, 
broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, abruptly tipped by the long slender awn. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 64. Calais Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 865. Microseris leptosepala, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, in part, & Bot. Calif. i. 425, as to Californian plant. — Swamps, 
Mendocino and Humboldt Co., N. W. California, Bolander, Kellogg, Rattan, Pringle. Appar- 
ently same from Seattle, Washington Terr., Mrs. Summers. 


*: * * Pappus-bristles or awns 5, not over thrice the length of the palea, rising from an apical 
cleft, rather strongly denticulate. 

M. Parryi, Gray. Furfuraceous-puberulent: leaves all radical, lanceolate, a span long, 
from entire to laciniate-pinnatifid: scape 7 inches high: involucre campanulate, half-inch 
high, of ovate and oblong and hardly acuminate bracts: ligules little exserted. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif.1l.c. Calais Parryi, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 122, & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 104. —S. California, near San Diego, Parry. Known only from scanty and imper- 
fectly developed specimens; perhaps not of this section. 


§ 8. C4uars. Pappus of 5 scarious awn-tipped pales (in one species some- 
times fewer or deciduous, and with only minute palea at base of the capillary 
awn): involucre either sparingly imbricated or merely calyculate, of thinnish 
bracts, the principal ones lanceolate: acaulescent or subcaulescent annuals, with 
leaves very variable in all the species, some narrow and entire, some laciniate- 
toothed, some very commonly piunatifid or parted into slender lobes, — Calais, 
DC. Prodr. vii. 85. 


% Palex of pappus acutely bifid or bidentate at apex by early splitting away from the base of the 
awn, which thus rises from the notch: akenes more or less slender and narrower upward, but not 
rostrate, for the slender seed reaches nearly to the apex: acaulescent, with slender scapes and 
middle-sized or smaller heads. — Calais § Calocalais, DC. 1. c. 

+— Awn very long in proportion to the palex of the pappus. 


M. macrocheta, Gray, 1.c. Subcaulescent: scapes or peduncles sometimes even 2 feet 
high: involucre narrow, 8 or 10 lines high; its bracts attenuate-acuminate, outermost fully 
half the length of the inner: forming akenes decidedly contracted toward summit: pappus- 
palez thin, small, cleft quite to the middle from the first, bearing a long and weak capillary 
awn. — Calais macrocheta, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 112, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 1183.—S. W. Idaho 
(Spalding), and California along the coast from San Francisco (Bigelow) to San Diego 
(Nuttall, Cleveland); but mature fruit still unknown. : 


+— + Awn short in proportion to the lanceolate palew, which about equal the akene: larger heads 
inch or more high: involucral bracts less acuminate, the few outer of variable length: scapes or 
scapiform peduncles rising from a span to even 2 feet in height. 


M. linearifolia, Gray,1.c. Peduncle more or less thickened upward and in strong plants 
fistulous under the oblong head: leaves sometimes almost villous-pubescent when young: 


Microseris. COMPOSITA. 419 


akene attenuate above almost into a beak: pappus silvery white; very delicate awn barely 
half the length of the more deeply notched palea. — Calais linearifolia, DC. 1. ¢., excl: syn. 
Uropappus linearifolius & U. grandiflorus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 425.— Open low 
grounds, throughout California, to Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. 

M. Lindléyi, Gray, l.c. Peduncle little or not at all thickened upward: akene gradually 
and slightly attenuate toward the summit: pappus sordid; pales: bearing a stronger and 
more exserted awn from a shallow notch, sometimes those of the marginal flowers villous, 
and their akenes pubescent. — Calais Lindleyi, DC. 1. c¢., excl. syn. Uropappus Lindleyi & 
U. heterocarpus, Nutt. 1. c.— California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego; apparently 
less common than the preceding. 


* * Palez of the sordid or merely whitish pappus entire, surmounted by the awn, conspicuous 
except in the second species: scapes slender, a span to 18 inches high: akenes mostly upwardly 
scabrous on the 10 equal ribs, occasionally the outermost villous. — Calais § Eucalais, DC., &c. 


+— Akenes attenuate-fusiform, the upper and slightly narrowed half not occupied by the seed! 


M. attenuata, Greexe. Leaves mostly pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes: scapes 
a span or two high: involucre half-inch high, barely calyculate at base: pappus of the 
length of the akenes (nearly 4 lines); the palex oblong-lanceolate, about half the length of 
the awn, externally either lightly or conspicuously villous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65.— 
California, at Berkeley and hills north of Monte Diablo, Greene. 


+— + Akenes from slender-subclavate to turbinate, the cell filled by the seed. 


++ Palex of the pappus very small (not over half-line long) or obsolete, glabrous, and the slender 
bristles fragile or deciduous. 

M. aphantoc4rpha, Gray, 1].c. Involucre merely calyculate: akenes (1} to 2 lines long) 
oblong-clavate, with usually some constriction or rounding of the summit, shorter than 
the rigid capillary awns of the pappus: these merely deltoid-dilated at base, or hardly so. — 
Calais aphantocarpha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. — California, in Alameda and Contra 
Costa Co.; first coll. by Brewer. 

Var. tenélla, Gray, ].c. Depauperate in the original specimens: bristles of pappus 
2 to 5, sometimes with manifest broadly-ovate palea at base, sometimes deciduous. — Calais 
(Aphanocalais) tenella, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 114, t.17.—Same range, and along the 
Napa and Lower Sacramento; first coll. by Bigelow & Fitch. 


++ ++ Palex of the pappus conspicuous, persistent. 


== Akene (with truncate summit) little over a line long and the long-awned palex of the pappus 
of not more than half its length, both glabrous: head small. 

M. élegans, Greene, in herb. A span to a foot high, slender: head in fruit less than half- 
inch high: akenes tapering gradually from very summit to base: palea of the pappus ovate- 
deltoid or sometimes rather narrower, either obscurely emarginate or more attenuate into 
a slender awn of about 4 times the length: sometimes a minute villosity covering the trun- 
cate summit of the akene. — California, common in Contra Costa Co., Hall, Lemmon, Parry, 
Greene, &c. Between M. aphantocarpha and M. Bigelovit. 


== = Akenes 2 or 3 lines long, some of the outermost not rarely villous: paleze of the pappus 
seldom shorter, in the same species and even in the same head disposed to be either glabrous or 
scabro-puberulent, or externally villous. 


M. acuminata, Grerene. A span or two high: head’ in fruit about inch high: akenes 
apparently all glabrous, slenderly somewhat fusiform-turbinate (obscurely contracted between 
middle and summit), almost 3 lines long, not half the length of the pappus: palex narrowly 
lanceolate, gradually attenuate into a rather shorter awn. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 88. Calais 
Douglasti, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113, not DC. — California, on Mark West’s Creek, Bigelow 
(has passed for the following species; pappus nearly glabrous). Foot-hills of the Sierra 
Nevada, Mrs. Curran, with pale minutely silky-villous externally. 

M. Bigelévii, Gray. Aspan toa foot or more high: head half-inch or more high: involucre 
inclined to be somewhat imbricated: akenes oblong-turbinate, not contracted under the trun- 
cate summit, only 2 lines long; outermost sometimes villous: pale of the pappus oblong- 
to ovate-lanceolate, mostly if not always glabrous, or scaberulous, varying considerably in 
size, only half or a third the length of the awn.— Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209. Calais Bige- 


420 COMPOSITA. Microseris. 


lovii, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 164, t. 17.— Common in the district around San Francisco 

Bay, California, and south to Tulare Co,; first coll. by Bigelow. 

M. Douglasii, Gray. Rather coarser: scapes 8 to 20 inches high: head broad: akenes 
oblong-turbinate, thickish, obviously contracted under the summit, nearly 3 lines long; 
outermost usually white-villous: pales of the pappus ovate to orbicular (2 lines high and 
often as wide), firm-scarious, commonly imbricated or convolutely overlapping, abruptly 
acute or retuse at the apex, a half or a third the length of the awn, sometimes glabrous, 
sometimes densely villous outside.— M. Douglusii & M. cyclocarpha, with var. eriocarpha, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ix. 210. Calais Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vii. 85; Hook. & Arn, Bot, 
Beech. 361. C. cyclocarpha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 115, t.18. C. eriocarpha, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 552.— W. California, from Humboldt Co. to San Francisco Bay, and south- 
ward; perhaps first coll. by Douglas. 

M. platycarpha, Gray, 1c. A span to a foot high, slender: head half-inch or less high: 
proper bracts of involucre rather few and broad (oblong): akenes turbinate, tapering grad- 
ually from the broad summit to base; outermost densely short-villous: palez of the pappus 
ovate, 2 lines long, somewhat longer than the akene, abruptly acnminate into a short awn or 
cusp. — Calais platycarpha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c.— Hills around San Diego and San 
Luis Rey, Parry, Cleveland, Pringle, &. (Lower Calif., Parry, &c.) 

§ 4. Normocéiais. Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery- 
white pale, occupying two or more series, with obscure mid-nerve, very grad- 
ually attenuate into a slender awn: akenes attenuate-fusiform: seed not reaching 
to the tapering summit: bracts of the oblong-campanulate involucre narrowly lan- 
ceolate, nearly equal, in about two series: perennial from a thick caudex. Inter- 
mediate between Microseris and Troxitmon!— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65. 
M. troximoides, Gray. <Acaulescent or nearly so: leaves tufted on the caudex, rather 

fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to 6 inches long: scapes a span to a 

foot high: involucre three-fourths inch high: ligules somewhat elongated: mature akenes 

half-inch long: pappus somewhat longer, its almost setifurm palez a quarter of a line wide 


below. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211.— Wooded hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho 
(first coll. by Spalding), Washington Terr. and Oregon to N. W. California. 


220. LEONTODON, L. partly, Juss.) Hawxerr. (Aéwy, lion, d8ovs, 
tooth, from the toothed leaves.) — Low perennials of the Old World, one natural- 
ized in N. E. America, belonging to section Oporinia, Koch, having simple pap- 
pus of a single series of plumose bristles, and the unopened heads not drooping. 
L. autumydris, L. (Fatt Danpeion.) Short rootstock or caudex premorse: leaves 

lanceolate, more or less pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent with simple hairs: scapes 5 to 15 

inches high, sometimes simple, commonly once to thrice forked : peduncles clavate-thickened 

under the pubescent much calyculate involucre: akenes all alike. — Aparyia autumnalis, 

Hoffm. Fl. Germ. iv. 113; Schk. Handb. t. 220; Pursh, Fl. ii.497. Oporinia autumnalis, Don 

in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 309; DC. Prodr. vii. 108. — In grassy grounds, Newfoundland to 

E. New England and sparingly to Penn.; fl. June to Nov. (Nat. from Eu.) 


L. ufsprpus, L., with double pappus, the outer of short naked bristles, and L. nfrtus, L., 
with both kinds of bristles plumose, and a paleaceous crown to outermost akenes, are sparing: 
ballast-weeds at the ports of New York and Philadelphia. 


220%, PICRIS, L. (Greek name for some bitter herb of this suborder, 
from mxpos, bitter.) — Leafy-stemmed and coarse herbs, chiefly biennials or annu- 
als, and of the Old World, with aspect of the larger kinds of Mieracium, rough- 
bristly, yellow-flowered. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 511. Pieris & Helmintha, 
Juss. Gen. 170. 


P. areraciofpes, L. Rather tall, hispid, and some of the bristles minutely glochidiate, 
corymbosely branched : leaves lanceolate or broader, with partly clasping base, irregularly 


Malacothriz. COMPOSITA. AQ] 


dentate : heads half-inch or more high: outer bracts of the involucre broader and spreading : 
akenes oblong, with 5 broad ribs and little or no beak: pappus of unequal sparsely plumose 
bristles, deciduous in a ring. — Lam. Ill. t. 648; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1375.— Intro- 
duced in a few places (as in Illinois, Hall), and as a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. Japonica, Recrx. Very hispid with dark bristles, even to the involucre. — P. 
Japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 299. P. Kamtschatica, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. 1814, & FI. Alt. iv. 
159. P. Davurica, Fischer & Hornem. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 155. — Sitka, Mertens, according 
to Herder. (Occurs on Behring Island, off Kamtschatka, as well as on the mainland 
Japan, &c.) ; 
P. (HetmintHa) Ecurofpes, L., of the Old World., is a ballast-weed of occasional appear- 

ance near New York and Philadelphia: it is known by the ovate and subcordate foliaceous cuter 
bracts of the involucre, 3 to 5 in number, and by the narrow inner ones becoming thickened at 
base in age; also by the slender beak to the akene and a densely plumose pappus. 


ae: PINAROPAPPUS, Less. (IItwapos, dirty, aézzos, pappus, this 

being sordid or fuscous.) — Syn. 143; DC. Prodr. vii. 99. — Single species. 

P. rdseus, Less. 1. c. Glabrous and glaucescent deep-rooted perennial: stems scapiform 
with a few minute bracts, and monocephalous, or leafy below with a few naked branches, 
slender, rather rigid : leaves lanceolate and entire, and some pinnatifid: involucre over half- 
inch high : ligules conspicuous, rose-tinged or almost white. — Trorimon Remerianum, Scheele 
in Linn. xxii. 165. — High and rocky prairies, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Mex.) 


222. CALYCOSERIS, Gray. (KdAvé, a cup, alluding to the shallow 
cup at summit of akene, opis, a Cichoriaceous plant.) — New Mexican and Cali- 
fornian winter annuals, low, branching from the base, glabrous below and glau- 
cescent; with leaves pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes, and showy rather 
large heads terminating the branches ; the ligules elongated ; peduncles sparsely 
or copiously hispid with tack-shaped glands. Fl. spring. — Pl. Wright. ii. 104, 
t. 14, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, & Bot. Calif. i. 481. 

C. Wrightii, Gray. Flowers rose-color: akenes with thick and broad somewhat rugulose 


ribs and thickish beak. — FP]. Wright. 1. c. t. 14. —New Mexico from the Rio Grande to 
Arizona and S. Utah; first coll. by Wright. 

C. Parryi, Gray. Flowers yellow: akenes more slender, 5-angled by the acute ribs, with 
narrower beak and smaller apical cup. —~ Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. ¢.; Bot. Calif. 1. c.— San 
Diego Co., California, to S. Nevada and adjacent Utah; first coll. by Parry. 


223. MALACOTHRIX, DC., extended. (Madaxds, soft, Opéé, hair.) — 
W.N. American herbs, leafy-stemmed or sometimes scapose; with pedunculate 
heads usually nodding before anthesis: flowers yellow or white, sometimes becom- 
ing purplish-tinged; in spring and early summer. — DC. Prodr. vii. 192; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 485; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 113; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. 518; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif. i. 432, excl. § 3. 


§ 1. Maracérepis, Gray, 1.c. Involucre very broad, of silvery-scarious bracts 
with only a linear central portion green, regularly imbricated in several series; 
the short outer ones orbicular; inner from oval to oblong-lanceolate: receptacle 
bearing slender persistent bristles: corollas white, closed in sunshine, purplish- 
tinged in fading: broad-leaved annual. 

M. Cotlteri, Gray, J. ¢. A foot or two high, rather stout, glabrous: leaves oblong or 
spatulate, upper cauline ovate or cordate and clasping, sparsely laciniate-dentate : heads 
terminating loose branches, short-peduncled, hemispherical, over half-inch high: akenes 
acutely about 15-ribbed and 4-5-angled, the summit obscurely denticulate by projection of 
the ribs: one or two stouter pappus-bristles more persistent.—S. California, from the 
Mohave desert to San Luis Obispo, &e. ; first coll. by Coulter. 


422, COMPOSITA. Malacothriz, 


§ 2. Matacérurix proper. Involucre of narrow and acute or acuminate 
bracts, only narrowly scarious-margined, much less imbricated: bristles on the 
receptacle sparing, or fragile and deciduous, rarely none. — Leptoseris, Leucoseris, 
& Malacomeris, Nutt. 

* Annuals: flowers light yellow, sometimes purplish in fading. 

+- Simply scapose, with solitary large head, about 3-serially imbricated involucre, and herbage 

long-woolly when young. — Malacothrix, DC. : 

M. Califérnica, DC. Leaves once or partly twice laciniately pinnatifid into narrow linear 
or almost filiform lobes, when young woolly with long and loose very soft hairs (whence the 
generic name), as also is the base of the broadly campanulate (two-thirds inch high) invo- 
lucre; the outer bracts slender-subulate : delicate bristles of the receptacle generally present : 
akenes narrow, lightly striate-costate, the acutish base with a small concave callus: outer 
pappus of 2 persistent bristles and between them some minute pointed teeth: scape a foot or 
less high, bractless or nearly so. — Prodr. vii. 192; Gray, ]. c., excl. var. glabrata, Eaton. — 
Open grounds, California, from the Sacramento valley to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas. 
+— + Subcaulescent or more leafy-stemmed, more or less branching, early glabrate or glabrous: 

involucral bracts nearly or wholly of two lengths; the outer (or calyculus) short, proportionally 
broader and loose. — Leptoseris, Nutt. 

++ Heads comparatively large, and on elongated or the earlier on scapiform peduncles: leaves and 

their divisions long and slender, nearly as in the preceding species. 

M. glabrata. Erect, or with ascending branches from the base, these leafy, often again 
branching and bearing a few lateral as well as terminal heads: involucre fully half-inch 
high, glabrous, or outer bracts sometimes tomentulose-canescent when young: flowers, &c., 
as in M. Californica.— M. Californica, var. glabrata, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. Torreyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, as to “slender narrow-leaved 
form.” — Dry eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, to 8. E. Utah 
and Arizona; first coll. by Anderson. 
++ ++ Heads smaller, with broadish campanulate involucre seldom less than half-inch high, 

short-peduncled on the leafy usually spreading branches: lower leaves oblong, rather short, 
pinnatifid, with short and dentate lobes; teeth and lobes commonly callous-muctonate: plants 
a span to a foot high. 

M. Torréyi, Gray. <Akenes linear-oblong, 5-angled by as many salient often almost wing- 
like ribs, a much less prominent pair in each interval: outer pappus of 2 to 5 or sometimes 
8 stouter persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of which are minute teeth: bracts of 
the involucre acuminate: peduncles commonly with some sparse gland-tipped hairs. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif. i. 483. Mf. sonchoides, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 392; Gray, 
Pl. Wright. ii. 105, in part; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201, not Torr. & Gray. — Low grounds, 
Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. Oregon, probably to California; first coll. by Stansbury. 

M. sonchoides, Torr. & Gray. Akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-costate, somewhat angled 
by 5 moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 15-denticulate white border: no persistent 
bristles : involucral bracts rather broader, merely acute: branches more diffuse: rhachis of 
the principal leaves as well as lobes dentate.— Fl. ii. 486; Gray, 1]. c. JZ. obtusa, Eaton, 
l.c., in part. Leptoseris sonchoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 428. — Plains of W. Ne- 
braska to New Mexico, Nevada, and adjacent California and Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. 

M. Féndleri, Gray. Akenes cylindrical, equably 15-costate, dark-colored ; the summit bor- 
dered by a shallow cupulate crown, its margin entire, white within: no persistent pappus- 
bristles or only one.— Pl. Wright. ii. 104, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 
213. — E. New Mexico to S. E. California, Fendler, Bigelow, Wright, Lemmon, &c. 
++ ++ ++ Heads small, numerous and loosely paniculate on slender erect and rather naked stem 

and branches: involucre seldom over 3 lines high, narrower, fewer-flowered: the tips of the 
bracts commonly sphacelate or purplish. 

M. XAnvr, Gray, 1. c., the only outlying species of the genus (Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- 
fornia, Xantus), is 2 feet high, with leaves mainly radical and lyrate-pinnatifid, panicle very 
naked, narrow involucre 4 lines high, akenes obtusely 15-ribbed, five ribs moderately stronger, 
cupulate apex obtusely 5-toothed, outer pappus of 3 to 5 very slender persistent bristles. 
Heads larger than in either of the following. 


Glyptopleura. COMPOSITA. 423 


M. Clevelandi, Gray. Akenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate, 4 or 5 of the ribs 
slightly more prominent: outer pappus of one persistent bristle and a conspicuous circle of 
narrow white setulose teeth: leaves narrow, only some of the radical pinnatifid. — Bot. Calif. 
i. 433.—From Antioch (Jfrs. Curran) to Santa Barbara and San Diego in California (first 
coll. by Cleveland) ; also mountains of Arizona. 

M. obtusa, Bentn. <Akenes obovate-oblong, obtusely angled by 5 rather prominent ribs, 
the others delicate or obscure, the apex somewhat contracted and its border entire: no per- 
sistent pappus-bristles : remains of tomentum in axils of leaves, &c.: radical leaves thickish, 
spatulate-oblong, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; the teeth or lobes short-oblong, sometimes 
very obtuse: corollas (white?) in dried specimens purplish-tinged.— Gray, l.c. M. obtusa, 
& M. parviflora, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 321. Senecio flocciferus, DC. Prodr. vi. 426.— Cali- 

‘fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co. and in the Yosemite; first coll. by Douglas and 
Hartweg. 
* * Suffrutescent-perennial: ‘‘ flowers yellow.’? — Malacomeris, Nutt. 


M. incdna, Torr. & Gray. Low, white-tomentose: leaves in tufts on short basal shoots, 
pinnatifid, with short lobes: flowering branches scape-like, a few inches high, bearing one 
or two rather large heads: involucre broadly campanulate: no persistent pappus-bristles. — 
FI. ii. 486. falacomeris incana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 485.— Island in the bay at 
San Diego, California, Nuttall, who only has collected it, and in imperfect specimens. 


* * * Somewhat suffrutescent and leafy paniculately branching perennials: flowers white 
(changing to rose-color?): involucre broadly campanulate (nearly half-inch high), many- 
flowered; the loose calyculate bracts numerous, subulate, passing into similar bractlets on the 
peduncle: receptacle obscurely dentate-alveolate, no bristles detected: no persistent exterior 
pappus-bristles. — Leucoseris, Nutt. 

M. saxAtilis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely tomentose when young, soon glabrate, somewhat 
succulent, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate, either entire or lacini- 
ate-pinnatifid: heads terminating the paniculate branches: akenes narrowly oblong, 10-15- 
costate, at maturity somewhat 4~-5-angled by the stronger ribs: apex slightly contracted, 
bearing a very short multidenticulate white border. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 
M. sazatilis & M. commutata, Torr. & Gray, l.c., excl. syn. Senecio flocciferus. Leucoseris 
sazatilis & L. Californica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 440, 441. Hieracium? Califor- 
nicum, DC. Prodr. vii. 235. Sonchus? Californicus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 261.— Coast 
of California at Santa Barbara and southward; first coll. by Coulter. Passes on the moun- 
tains and in the interior district into 

Var. tenuifdlia. Early glabrate or glabrous: stems slender, not succulent, 2 to 4 
feet high, with long and slender loosely-paniculate branches, bearing slender-pedunculate 
heads (of equal or smaller size): leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, or on branchlets 
almost filiform. — M. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. ].c. Zeucoseris tenui- 
folia, Nutt. 1. L.— Mountain-sides and cafions, Santa Barbara to San Diego, also Tejon, San 

Bernardino, and Arizona; first coll. by Coulter. 


224. GLYPTOPLEURA, Eaton. (Tdvrrds, carved, rAcupd, side, from 
the sculpturing of the akenes.) — Winter annuals of the Utah-Nevada desert, 
many-stemmed and depressed, forming flat and leafy tufts, only an inch or two 
high; with thickish and oblong runcinate leaves on margined petioles: heads 
rather large for the size of the plant: fl. spring. — Bot. King Exp. 207, t. 20; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif. i. 431. 


G. margindta, Eaton, 1.c. Corollas white, turning pink in fading, little exserted: lobes 
and mostly whole margin of the leaves densely scarious-fringed, this white border mainly cut 
into short obtuse teeth, only pectinate-setiform on the leaves subtending the heads. — West- 
ern borders of Nevada, from the Truckee to Candelaria (Watson, Lemmon, Shockley), and to 
the Mohave desert in California, Parish. 

G. setulésa, Gray, 1c. Corollas yellow changing to pink, much exserted (half to three- 
fourths inch): white margin of the leaves less conspicuous, mainly composed of distinct sub- 
ulate or acicular white teeth. — St. George, 8. Utah, to the Mohave desert, Parry, Palmer, 
Parish, &. 


424 COMPOSITA, Apargidium, 


225. APARGIDIUM, Torr. & Gray. (Likeness to Apargia, a sort of 
Dandelion.) — FI. ii. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 439, — Single species. 


A. boredle, Torr. & Gray, lc. Glabrous and slender perennial: leaves wholly radical, 
linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, thinnish: scapes at length a foot high: involucre half 
to three-fourths inch high: corollas deep yellow, conspicuous. — Apargia borealis, Bongard, 
Veg. Sitch. 146. Leontodon boreale, DC. Prodr. vii. 102. Microseris borealis, Schultz Bip., 
ex Herder in Pl. Radd. iii. (4), 28.— Wet meadows and bogs, Alaskan Islands (Mertens, 
&«.) to Mendocino Co., California. Mature akenes not yet seen. 


226. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawxweerv. (The Greek and Latin name, 
from fepdé, a hawk.) — A huge European genus, and with a moderate number of 
peculiar American species; perennial herbs, often with toothed but never deeply 
lobed leaves; heads in ours from small to barely middle-sized, paniculate, rarely 
solitary; the flowers yellow, in one species white, produced in summer and 
autumn, usually open through the day. — Freelich in DC. Prodr. vii. 198; Fries, 
Symb. Hist. Hier. (1848), & Epicrisis Hier. (1862); Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 
ii. 516; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65. Sections after Fries. 


H. KA, L. The original in the Linnzan herbarium is some wholly undetermined plant, 
probably not at all from Pennsylvania,’nor from America, certainly not of this genus. 


§ 1. Pirositxa, Fries. Involucre not distinctly calyculate nor regularly 
much imbricate: pappus a single series of delicate bristles: akenes oblong, trun- 
cate: natives of the Old World. 


H. avranrfacum, L. Somewhat stoloniferous from the tufted rootstocks, long-hirsute and 
above setose-hispid as well as setulose-glandular, the involucre especially with dark hairs: 
leaves radical and near the base of the simple scape or peduncle: heads (four lines high) in 
a naked cymose cluster: flowers deep orange-color to flame-color: pappus whitish. — Jacq. 
Fil. Austr. t.410; Fl. Dan. t.1112.— Escaped from gardens to roadsides and fields in several 
places, New England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 

H. ereArttum, Vitt. Glaucous, 2 feet or more high: stems scapiform, leafy only near the 
base, and there (as also the lanceolate leaves) sparsely beset with bristly hairs: heads rather 
numerous in an open cyme: involucre about three lines high.— A form of this appears to 
be established, along fences and field borders, near Evans Mills and Carthage, N. New York, 
L. F. Ward. (Nat. from Eu.) 


§ 2. Arcnterfcium, Fries. Involucre of the comparatively large heads 
irregularly more or less imbricated: pappus of more copious and unequal bristles: 
akenes columnar, truncate: chiefly natives of the Old World. 


* Stem scapiform, or only with a leaf or two above the base. 


H. murérem, L. The form called H. precox, Schultz Bip., or nearly: leaves thin, oval or 
oblong, obtuse, incisely dentate toward the subcordate base: scapiform stem a foot or less 
high, bearing few or several cymose heads: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, dark-glandular. — 
Open woodlands near Brooklyn, New York, Merriam. Also apparently in Lower Canada. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

H. vulgdétum, Frizs. Habit of the preceding, or more leafy: leaves from ‘oblong to 
broadly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends, decurrent on the petiole: heads few, rather 
smaller than in the foregoing. — Novit. ii. 258, Symb. Hier. 115, & Epicr. 98; Reichenb. Ic. 
FL. Germ. xix. t. 1526, 1527. ZZ. sylvaticum, Smith (that of L. is rather H. murorum); Fl. 
Dan. t. 1113; Schlecht. in Linn. x. 87. H. molle, Pursh, Fl. ii. 503, not Jacq. — Labrador, 
Kohlmeister, &c. Canada, on shores of the Lower St. Lawrence (Macoun), there perhaps 
introduced. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.) 

H. atrfixum, L., which has only a single large and dark-haired head, is in Greenland only, 
beyond our range. 


Hieractum. COMPOSITA. 425 


% * Stem leafy to the top (a foot to a yard high), bearing short-pedunculate broad heads : invo- 
lucre half-inch high, or sometimes smaller: no stolons or running rootstocks: no cluster of 
leaves at base of the developed stems; cauline leaves all closely sessile: receptacle conspicuously 
fimbrillate-dentate: ligules not ciliate. 


H. umbelldtum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few somewhat umbellatcly dis- 
posed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceolate, nearly entire, sparsely den- 
ticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base: involucre usually livid, glabrous 
or nearly so; outermost bracts loose or spreading. — Fl. Dan. t. 680; Fl. Lond. vi. t. 58; 
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 29? in part; Fries, lc. H. Canadense, var. angusti- 
folium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 476, in part. H. macranthum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 
446. H. rigidum? Fries in Epicr. 134. —N. shore of Lake Superior to the Rocky Moun- 
tains, and northward. (Kamtschatka, N. Asia, Eu.) 


H. Canadénse, Micux. Taller, robust, with corymbosely or paniculately cymose heads: 
leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate or even laciniate, 
at least the upper partly clasping and broad or broadish at base: involucre usually pubes- 
cent when young, glabrate, occasionally glandular; the narrow outermost bracts loose: pap- 
pus sordid. — Fl. ii. 86; Torr. & Gray, Lc. H. virgatum, fasciculatum, & macrophyllum, 
Pursh, Fl. ii.504. H. Kalmii, Spreng. Syst. iii 646; Bigel. F]. Bost.; Torr. Compend., &c., 
not L. H. scabriusculum, Schwein. App. Long Exp. LH. prenanthoides, Hook. FI. i. 300, not 
Vill. A. helianthifolium, Froelich in DC. 1. ¢. 225. H. corymbosum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 185, 
as to pl. Newfoundl.? also H. auratum, Fries, 1. ¢. 181, & Epicr. 124; these being thin-leaved 
forms of shady places. — Open woods in dry soil, Newfoundland ? and New England to Penn., 
north to the Mackenzie River, west to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, northwardly passing into 
HT. umbellatum. (Greenland, N. Eu., if also H. crocatum, Fries.) 


§ 8. StenotHica, Torr. & Gray, 1c. Involucre a series of equal bracts 
and a few short calyculate ones, usually narrow and few-many-flowered: pappus 
of more or less scanty equal bristles: akenes in a few species slender or tapering 
to the summit. (Name therefore more applicable to the involucre than to the 
akenes.) — Fries, ]. c. Stenotheca, Monnier, Ess. Hierac. 71, there restricted to 
species with attenuate akenes. Species of P2losella, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, 
433-440. 


* Atlantic species, all yellow-flowered and with sordid pappus. 
+— Akenes columnar, at maturity not at all attenuate upward: panicle not virgate. 


++ Heads 15-20-flowered, narrow, effusely paniculate, on divergent or divaricate slender pedicels: 
stem leafy, sometimes almost leafless in depauperate plants. 

H. paniculdétum, L. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, usually leafy up to the sparse compound 
panicle, nearly smooth and glabrous (except some villosity at base of stem), not glandular: 
leaves thin, lanceolate or broader, tapering to both ends, sparingly denticulate or salient- 
dentate: peduncles and pedicels filiform, an inch or more long: involucre 3 or 4 lines long, 
of 8 to 14 narrow principal bracts. — Spec. ii. 802; Michx. Fl. ii. 86; Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 
478, — Open dry woods, Canada and New England to upper parts of Georgia and Alabama. 
HT. venosum, var. caulescens, Arvet-Touvet, and JT. Sullivantii, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 
(1881), 11, are seemingly depauperate forms of this. * 


++ ++ Heads 15-40-flowered, narrow-campanulate or oblong, on erect or ascending slender pedi- 
cels, in a naked and very loose corymbiform-paniculate cyme. 


H. venésum, L. (Ratriesyake-weep.) Slender: stem leafless from a depressed radical 
rosette, or 1-2-leaved above it, a foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, branching above 
into a lax corymbiform cyme of few or several heads: leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong, 
mostly denticulate, subsessile, commonly purple-veined and sparsely setose-villous : inyolucre 
4 lines long, 15-35-flowered (or even only 12-flowered), of 10 to 14 principal bracts and very 
few bractlets, either glabrous or with the peduncles beset with some small glandular hairs: 
akenes short, strictly columnar, even when young.— Spec. ii. 800 (founded on the syn., but 
the “seapo crassissimo” of Gronovius unaccountable) ; Willd. Spec. iii. 1570; Torr. & Gray, 
Le.; Fries, l.c. A. Gronovii, L.1.¢. 802, as to herb. & descr. (but not the Gronovian plant) ; 
Willd. l.c.; Michx, l.c., in part, the var. subcaulescens, Torr. & Gray, ].c. 1. subnudum, 


426 COMPOSITE. Hieracium, 


Frel. in DC. vii. 218, chiefly. Stenotheca venosa, Monnier, Ess. Hier. 72.— Open pine 
woods and sandy barrens, Canada and Saskatchewan to Georgia and Kentucky. 

H. Mariadnum, Wittp. Larger, 2 or 3 feet high, few-several-leaved, pilose-hirsute below, 
branching at summit into a very open cymose panicle of several or numerous 20-43-flowered 
heads: leaves obovate-oblong with tapering base; radical erect or ascending, attenuate below 
into petioles, rarely at all purplish-veiny : peduncles and pedicels commonly minutely whitish- 
tomentulose, also usually the base of the involucre, at least when young, and beset with few 
and sparse or more copious glandular bristles: akenes slender-columnar, with tapering sum- 
mit when forming, but not so at maturity. — Spec. iii. 1572, partly (& as to syn. H. Marianum, 
&c., Pluk. Mant. 102, t. 420, f. 2, whence the name); Freel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 217. H. 
Gronovii, var. subnudum, in part, & some of H. scabrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 447. H. Caro- 
linianum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 145, & Epicr. 151. . Rugelii, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 
(1881), 11, by the char.— Dry and open woods and clearings, New England to Penn. and 
Georgia. Various forms almost fill the interval between the preceding and the following 
species. 
+r ++ ++ Heads 40-50-flowered, thickish (and the tumid-campanulate involucre 4 or 5 lines bigh), 

on shorter and rather rigid spreading pedicels, and somewhat crowded in a convex or barely 
flat-topped cyme: no rosulate tuft of radical leaves at flowering time. 


H. scdbrum, Micux. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, mostly leafy up to the inflorescence, hir- 
sutely hispid below, glandular-hispid above: whole inflorescence and mostly base of invo- 
lucre densely beset with dark glandular bristles and with some fine grayish tomentum: 
leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, pubescent or hirsute, sessile by a 
narrow base: akenes exactly columnar. — FI. ii. 86; Pursh, FI. ii. 504; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
476; Fries, l.c. “4. Marianum, Willd. 1. ¢., in part (as to one specimen); Bigel. Fl. Bost. 
ed. 2, 288; Ell. Sk. ii. 263. — Dry open woods, Canada to Lake Superior, Missouri, and to 
Georgia. 
+— + Akenes fusiform or with tapering summit: heads 15-30-flowered, on short and ascending 

pedicels disposed in a narrow thyrsiform or almost virgate panicle: glandular-bristly hairs on 
peduncles and cylindraceous involucre either scanty or numerous: radical leaves generally 
present at flowering time, and destitute of colored veins, oblong-obovate, all more or less long- 
pilose or setiferous, especially along the midrib beneath. 

H. Gronovii, L. Stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy (3-12-leaved) below, continued nearly 
through the virgate or thyrsiform panicle :. pubescence mainly soft-setose, the stronger bristles 
from papillz: cauline leaves oval or oblong, closely sessile mostly by a broad base; lowest 
and radical obovate or spatulate with attenuate base or short petiole: involucre 3 or 4 lines 
long, 15-20-flowered : akenes fusiform, with gradually tapering beak-like summit: pappus 
dirty whitish. — Spec. ii. 802, as to pl. Gronov. (excl. remarks and pl. herb., which are of 
HT. venosum) ; Michx. FI. (var. foliosum); Monnier, Ess. Hier. 30; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 677, 
not of Willd., Freel. in DC., &. H. Marianum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 147, & Epicr. 152, not 
Willd., except perhaps in small part. Stenotheca Mariana, Monnier, ]. c. 72% S. subnuda, 
Monnier, l. c. t. 2, f.5; depauperate form (var. subnudum, Torr. & Gray), with narrow pani- 
cle reduced to a few heads. H. Gronoviti, var. hirsutissimum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is the most 
setose-hirsute form, with narrow panicle a foot or more long: and from that character, either 
this or the next must be H. Pennsylvanicum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 150, & Epicr. 156; yet the 
akenes described are like those of H. Marianum, Willd.— Sandy ground, and open dry 
woods, Canada? to Florida, Missouri, and Louisiana. 

H. longipilum, Torr. Stouter, leafy to near the middle of the stem, and with linear- 
lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle: pubescence mainly setose and most 
abundant; the bristles from a small papilla, upright, commonly half-inch to even an inch 
long, fulvous or rufous, denticulate: leaves spatulate-oblong or upper lanceolate, thickish, 
the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time: involucre 5 or 6 lines long, 20-30- 
flowered, oblong-campanulate, and with short peduncles more or less tomentulose as well 
as glandular: akenes fusiform, but much less tapering upward than in the preceding: 
pappus at maturity fuscous. — Hook. FI. i. 298 (note); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 477; Fries, lc. 
HI. barbatum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 70, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 446, not Tausch. 
— Open woods and prairies, Michigan to Nebraska and Texas. 

Var. spathulatum (Pilosella spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, conjectured by 
the author to be a variety of Hieracium scabrum), collected on Tuscarora Mountain, in the 


Hieracium. | COMPOSITA. 427 


Alleghanies of Penn., Porter and Traill Green, seems to be a depauperate form of the present 
species, with stem naked and leafless except near the base, and bristly hairs not so long: 
but heads in the specimens barely in blossom, and akenes unknown. 


* % Rocky Mountain and Pacific species. (Involucre in most cases less obviously double than in 
the Eastern species; the calyculate bracts sometimes unequal or emulating the interior, or else 
obsolete.) 


+ Crinite-hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs, especially on both 
sides of the entire leaves, on the branching leafy stems and panicle, and commonly but not 
always on the involucre also: flowers yellow: akenes columnar and short, not at all narrowed 
upward, at most a line and a half long, shorter than the sordid pappus. 

H. Scotileri, Hoor. Robust, a foot or two high: long and soft setose hairs commonly from 
small papille: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long) : panicle irregu- 
lar or branching: heads half-inch high: involucre somewhat furfuraceous and glandular, 
also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs: pappus whitish. — FI. i. 298, & Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 478, partly (some specimens of coll. Scouler distributed being LH. cynogios- 
soides, and the plant from “Pennsylvania, Schweinitz,” of Hooker, being H. Gronovit) ; 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 199.— Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, southeast to the 
Wahsatch Mountains, Utah. 

H. horridum, Fries. Low (a span to a foot high), in tufts, branched from the caudex: 
softer villous hairs not from papille: leaves lingulate-lanceolate or spatulate-oblong, lowest 
petioled: panicle corymbiform-cymose, of numerous small and .rather narrow heads: invo- 
lucre 3 lines high, sometimes nearly naked, oftener beset with scattered and long bristly 
hairs: pappus fuscous. — Epicr. Hier. 154; Arvet-Touvet,l.c.19. HH. Breweri, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif. i. 440. — On rocks, in the higher Sierra Nevada, California, 
from Shasta to San Bernardino Co.; first coll. by Bridges, next by Brewer. 

H. revfcinum, Fries, Epicr. 153, would seem to be only a taller and simpler-stemmed 
form of the preceding, with widely open panicle and long-hirsute involucre. Described from 

a specimen in herb. DC., from mountains of California, Bridges. 


+ + Crinitely long-villous with soft-woolly and blackish smooth hairs, which involve the heads, 
&c., but are wanting to lower leaves; no stellular pubescence and no glands: flowers yellow: 
pappus fuscous. 

H. triste, Cuam. A span or two high: stem simple, few-leaved, bearing solitary or mostly 
2 to 4 somewhat racemosely disposed heads: radical leaves obovate to spatulate, entire, 
green and glabrate, or with sparse pale hairs; cauline oblong, upper ones and stem more or 
less villous-lanate: heads half-inch high: livid involucre and peduncles densely clothed with 
the very long dark-brown or partly grayish soft wool: akenes short-columnar. — Cham. in 
herb. Willd.; Spreng. Syst. iii. 640; Frel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 209; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
458, partly; Fries, 1. c.— Aleutian Islands to Behring Strait; first coll. by Chamisso and 
Eschscholtz. 


+ + + Dark-hirsute (verging to naked) and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short 
stellular-tomentum) on the involucre: leaves and lower part of scapiform stems not even pilose 
(but glabrous or at most puberulent): flowers yellow: pappus sordid. 

H. gracile, Hoox. Pale green, in tufts: leaves nearly all in radical clusters, obovate- to 
oblong-spatulate (1 to 3 inches long) and attenuate into petioles, entire or repand-denticu- 
late: stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous-tomentulose above, bearing few 
or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower linear-bracteate: involucre about 4 
lines high, usually blackish-hairy at base in the manner of the preceding, but the hairs much 
shorter than the head, also (as on the peduncles) some more setulose and glandular ones: 
akenes short-columnar. — F1. i. 298; Fries, 1. c., not of Freel., which is later. . arcticum, 
Frel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 209. H. Hookeri, Stend. Nomen. ed. 2, 763. H. triste, in part, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 478. H. triste, var. gracile, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 441. — Alaska (Norfolk 
Sound, ex Frelich), Brit. Columbia, Northern Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and south 
to those of Utah and Colorado. Passes into . 

Var. deténsum. A span to nearly a foot high, with rather smaller heads: dark hir- 
sute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the involucre. — J. triste, var. deton- 
sum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Mountains of Brit. Columbia to those of Colorado, and alpine 
region in the Sierra Nevada, California, at some stations accompanying the typical form. 


428 COMPOSITZ. Hieracium, 


-— + + + Not crinite (yet sometimes scattered bristles on the involucre and panicle), but at 
least the radical leaves and base of stem sparsely or even thickly setose-hirsute with long 
spreading hairs. 

++ Flowers white: stems leafy and in larger plants loosely branching, depauperate or subalpine 
plants even scapose: involucre 18-30-flowered: akenes linear-columnar (only a line and a half 
long), not at all narrowed upward: pappus sordid: leaves entire or denticulate. 


H. albifidrum, Hoon. A foot toa yard high, smaller plants with simple and larger with 
compound open corymbiform-paniculate cyme: leaves oblong, thin (2 to 4 or larger 5 to 6 
inches long), upper with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole: involucre 
narrow-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly gla- 
brous or nearly so, not rarely a few bristly hairs. — Fl. i. 298; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 479; 
Fries, Symb. Hier. 143; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 440.— Open dry woods, Rocky Mountains, 
from lat. 56° to Colorado and Utah, and Brit. Columbia to mountains of S. California; first 
coll. by Drummond. H. Vancouverianum, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 10 (at least specimens 
coll. Lyall distributed from Kew as “H. Scouleri”), is of this species, and doubtless white- 
flowered. 


++ ++ Flowers yellow: stems more or less leafy, except in var. of H. cynoglossoides: involucre 
15-30-flowered, oblong-campanulate, of rather numerous narrow and acute or acutish bracts: 
akenes columnar, not at all tapering upward, not over a line and a half long: pappus from sor- 
did to dull white. 
== Leaves or many of them salient-dentate: pappus whitish. 


H. arguitum, Nort. A foot or two high, slender, hirsute with long shaggy hairs at base of 
stem, glabrous or merely puberulent above and throughout the very lax diffuse naked pani- 
cle: leaves numerous at and near the base of the stem, broadly lanceolate (or radical oblong- 
spatulate), acute or acuminate, tapering into margined petioles, larger ones 4 inches long, 
half or two-thirds inch wide, each margin with 4 or 5 salient triangular teeth; upper ones 
linear and entire, much reduced in size (1 to 3 lines wide): peduncles elongated and with 
the involucre more or less dark-glandular, sometimes a few scattered dark hairs. — Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 447. Hills behind Santa Barbara, California, Nuttall (specimen not 
seen), Rothrock, who found it in Bartlett’s Caiion, young, color of flowers uncertain; Santa 
Lucia Mountains, Purry, an almost naked-stemmed form with radical leaves merely dentic- 
ulate, the involucre and peduncles less glandular and more scurfy-puberulent ; corollas cer- 
tainly yellow. Also coll. by Henke? if Pilosella arguta, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, 438. 

H. Parishii, Gray. Leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, puberulent above, with no 
glandular hairs or stipitate glands: lower leaves shaggy-hirsute (along with base of stem), 
elongated-lanceolate (5 to 8 inches long, half-inch or more wide), tapering to the base or 
margined petiole, with 5 to 8 salient teeth to each margin; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, 
entire, those subtending lower branches of panicle (2 inches long) little shorter than they: 
peduncles seldom much longer and often shorter than the heads: involucre pale, granulose- 
puberulent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 67.— Rock-crevices, San Bernardino Mountains, S. E. 
California, Parish. 


= = Leaves all entire, or merely repand, or slightly denticulate. 


H. Rusbyi, Greene. Leafy-stemmed, 2 feet or more high, bearing numerous compound- 
paniculate heads: stem hirsute below, above smooth and glabrous up to the rather short- 
peduncled heads: leaves all elongated-oblong ; cauline little diminished in size upward (3 or 4 
inches long), quite entire, mostly half-clasping at base: involucre 8 lines high, pale, barely 
puberulent : akenes short-columnar, blackish: pappus sordid.— Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69.— Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. 

Var. Wrightii, Gray, 1c. More robust and branching: bristles of the stem truly 
hispid from papilliform base: branches and even peduncles setulose-hispidulous, and the latter 
obscurely glandular: sometimes a few small bristles near the tips of the involucral bracts: 
pappus dull white. — Crepis ambiqua, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 129, not Pl. Fend]. — W. borders 
of Texas, between the Limpio and the Rio Grande, Wright. 

H. cynoglossoides, Arvet. Stem a foot or less high (either from naked base or more 
commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2-several-leaved, bearing few or several cymosely 
disposed heads, setose-hirsute or hispid at base, either hispidulous or glabrous above : leaves 
lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower conspicuously setose-hirsute ; upper some 


Hieracium. COMPOSITS, 429 


times glabrous: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, glandular, sometimes as also peduncles glandu- 
lar-hispidulous: akenes rather short-columnar: pappus whitish.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 68. H. Scowleri, Hooker, in herb. & distrib., partly ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 478, & Gray, 
Bot. Calif. 1. c., mainly, not Hook. Fl. H. cynoglossoides, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 20, 
founded on undeveloped specimen of Parry’s N. Wyoming coll. no. 188. E. Hall’s Oregon 
coll. 523 consists of this and H. Scouleri mixed. —N.W. Wyoming and Montana (Porter, 
Parry) to Washington Terr. and Oregon (first coll. by Tolmie, &c.) ; also Siskiyou Co., Cali- 
fornia, Greene, passing to 

Var. nudicatile, Gray, 1.c. Leaves all in the radical tuft, or only one or two very 
small and bracteiform on the (8 to 12 inch high) glabrous scape. — Northern Sierra Nevada, 
California, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, the latter on Lassen’s Peak. 


++ ++ ++ Flowers apparently yellow, only 5 to 15 in the narrow and diffusely paniculate heads: 
involucre cylindraceous, not at all glandular (4 lines high), of 7 to 9 broadish-linear and obtuse 
principal bracts and 2 or 3 short ones: akenes comparatively large, fully 2 lines long, chestnut- 
brown, slightly or at maturity not perceptibly tapering to the summit: pappus dark-fuscous : 
leaves obovate-spatulate, all in a radical tuft at base of the loosely branching (span to foot high) 
scapes. 


H. Bolanderi, Gray. Radical leaves sparsely or densely long-hirsute, no other pubescence, 
scapes and involucre smooth and glabrous.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 365, Bot. Calif. i. 440, 
& Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68.— Mountains of California, Humboldt Co., Bolander. Near head- 
waters of the Sacramento, Pringle. Sierra Co., Lemmon. Only Bolander’s specimen has 
akenes narrowed upward. 

H. Gréenei, Gray. Radical leaves villous-hirsute, also canescent-tomentose on both sides 
with stellular pubescence: scape with peduncles and involucre cinereous-tomentose. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 69.— Pine woods of Scott’s Mountains, Siskiyou Co., N. California, Greene. 


+e ++ +r ++ Flowers yellow, 20 to 30 in the oblong heads: akenes fusiform, tapering gradually 
to a narrow summit, fully as long as the white or whitish and softer pappus: stems scapiform, 
bearing one or two small leaves toward the base and subulate bracts subtending peduncles 
or simple branches of the panicle: leaves of radical tuft obovate to spatulate, obtuse, entire or 
minutely denticulate, contracted into short wing-margined petioles. —§ Chionoracium, Schultz 
Bip. in Bonplandia, 1861. Crepidispermum, Fries, Symb. Heteropleura, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 
1861, 434. (Transition to Crepis.) 


H. Pringlei, Gray. Strictly scapose, completely destitute of setose hairs and of glands: 
leaves wholly rosulate, very villous-lanate both sides, obovate (2 or 3 inches long): scape very 
slender, a foot or more high, minutely soft-pubescent, as also the involucre, loosely paniculate 
above, bearing few (4 or 5 lines long) and scattered heads: forming akenes somewhat nar- 
rowed upward: young pappus soft, bright-white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69. — 8. Arizona, 
on Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle, Lemmon. Specimens too young. 

H. Féndleri, Scuvrrz Bir. Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves toward base of the 
simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose-hirsute, not at all lanate, not gland- 
ular or only obscurely so on the peduncles: radical leaves spatulate or broader; cauline 
verging to lanceolate, reduced above to linear bracts: heads few and racemiform-paniculate, 
or more numerous and corymbosely disposed, rather long-pedunculate: involucre half-inch 
high, of 16 to 24 linear bracts and some short ones, puberulent or glabrate, with or without 
scattered setose hairs: akenes 23 to fully 3 lines long, tapering from near the base to sum- 
mit (at maturity the alternate nerves usually thicker than the others), sometimes reddish, at 
length commonly blackish: pappus copious, soft, sordid-whitish. — Bonplandia, ix. 173; 
Gray, le. Crepis ambigua, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 114.—New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, G. R. 
Vasey. Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour. 

Var. discolor, Gray, 1. c. Radical leaves (sometimes large, roundish, and over 2 
inches broad) purple beneath: pappus nearly pure white.— Santa Rita and Huachuca 
Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, the latter distributed as Hieracium erythrospermum, 
Greene, ined., which is the following. 

Var. Mogollénse, Gray, 1. c. Leaves narrower, hardly if at all purple-tinged: 
bristly hairs disposed to be shorter: peduncles minutely and sparsely glandular-setulose: in- 
volucre smaller (only 5 lines high): immature akenes reddish: pappus pure white.— H. 
brevipilum, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, first distributed as “ Hieracium erythrosper- 
mum.” — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. 


430 COMPOSITA. Hieracium 


+e +b ++ ++ ++ Flowers white or flesh-colored: akenes slender-columnar, hardly narrowed 
upward, about the length of the bright white soft pappus: stem leafy. (Transition to Crepis.) 


H. cérneum, Greene. Wholly glabrous and smooth except below: stem slender, 2 feet or 
more high, loosely paniculate-branched, glaucescent, its base and the oblong or lanceolate 
subsessile radical leaves beset with long villous-setiform hairs : cauline leaves narrowly-lance- 
olate to linear, entire, very smooth, some of the lower sparsely piliferous: heads scattered in 
the corymbiform or irregular panicle: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, pale, of 
narrow linear-lanceolate bracts, 15-20-flowered: corollas light rose-color: akenes 2 lines 
long. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 184; Gray, 1. c. 69.— Mountains of New Mexico, Greene. Also 
coll. by Bigelow or Wright. Huachuca Mountains, 8. Arizona, Lemmon. 


H. Lemmo6ni, Gray. Villously or hirsutely setose throughout up to the racemiform close 
thyrsus: stem simple, 2 feet or more high, very leafy: leaves thinnish, lanceolate-oblong, 
denticulate with callous or glandular teeth; cauline partly clasping, acute ; lowest oblong- 
spatulate, 4 to 7 inches long, tapering into winged petioles; those of radical cluster wanting: 
heads numerous and crowded in the oblong thyrsus, 4 lines high, 12-20-flowered : involucre 
glabrous or nearly so, not glandular, not longer than the canescently puberulent peduncles; 
its principal bracts narrowly linear, greenish-livid, obtuse : corollas short, seemingly white: 
akenes hardly 2 lines long, slender, obscurely if at all narrowed upward when mature but 
obviously so when younger: pappus less copious than in the preceding, bright white. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 70.— 8. Arizona, at Bear Spring, Cave Cajion, near Fort Huachuca, 
Lemmon. A species of Mexican type, of the group T’hyrsoidea of Fries. 

H. aznscissum, Less., a Mexican species (with habit of H. Lemmoni, but less leafy), probably 
also including H. thyrsoideum, Fries, is said, in Fries, Epicrisis, 150, to come from “ Texas ad 

Malpays de la Joyas” (an unrecognized locality), and from “ Alabama.” 


2277. CREPIS, L. (Name used by Pliny for some now unknown plant, 
from xpnris, a boot or sandal.) —Chiefly a European genus, of annuals or peren- 
nials, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked or beaked akenes, some with 
truncate or merely upwardly attenuate akenes; the involucre apt to be thickened 
at base, and leaves to be pinnatifid. Flowers in all ours yellow. — Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 513. 


* Annuals or hardly biennials, sparingly introduced from Europe: akenes beakless or nearly so: 
bracts of involucre thickening and becoming more or less rigid at base after anthesis. 


C. virzns, L. A foot or two high, erect or ascending: leaves from dentate to laciniate-pin- 
natifid, spatulate to lanceolate; cauline with sagittate somewhat clasping base: heads 
slender-peduncled, small: involucre 3 or 4 lines high: akenes oblong, 10-striate, smooth, 
slightly and about equally contracted at both ends.— Vill. Fl. Delph. iii. 142. C. polymor- 
pha, Wallr.; DC. Prodr. vii. 162, mainly. Malacothrix crepoides, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. xii. 
49, & Crepis Cooperi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 214, a small and diffuse somewhat naked- 
stemmed form, with scattered heads. — At landings and near towns on the Columbia River, 
Oregon and Washington Terr., probably at first a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. recrérum, L. Usually more slender: leaves narrow, less or not at all sagittate at base: 
akenes fusiform, with gradually attenuate summit, upwardly scabrous on the ribs. —A 
ballast-weed at New York Harbor. In fields at Lansing, Michigan. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. siznnts, L. Generally larger, more pubescent or hirsute, leafy-stemmed : leaves runcinate- 
pinnatifid, or some of the lower spatulate and barely dentate; cauline with sagittate-dentate 
base: involucre 4 to 6 lines high, broadly campanulate, somewhat canescently pubescent and 
hispidulous: akenes oblong with narrower summit, 13-striate, smooth. — Engl. Bot. t. 149; 
DC. Prodr. vii. 163 (excl. var. Americana) ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1439. — Waste grounds, 
Vermont, Pringle. (Nat. from Eu.) 


% * Perennials, indigenous westward or northward: akenes beakless or short-beaked. 


+— Low or depressed, branched from base, glaucescent and wholly glabrous, bearing numerous 
clustered and narrow short-peduncled heads: involucre cylindrical, 8-14-flowered, of 8 to 10 
smooth and narrowly linear obtuse equal bracts, in a single series (unchanged in fruit except by 
thickened midrib close to the base in C. nana), and 8 or 4 short calyculate ones at base: akenes 


Crepis. COMPOSITA. 43] 


narrow, 10-striate, the summit with a more or less dilated disk bearing the soft deciduous pap- 
pus. — Youngia, Ledeb., &c., not Cass. 

C. nana, RicHarps. Forming depressed tufts on slender creeping rootstocks: leaves 
chiefly radical (inch or two long, including petiole or attenuate base), obovate to spatulate, 
entire, repand-dentate, or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems: heads 
in fruit half-inch high or nearly: akenes linear, unequally costate, obscurely contracted 
under the moderately dilated pappiferous disk.— App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 92; Hook. 
App. Parry Voy. 397, t.1, & Fl.i. 297; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.488. Hieracium, etc., Gmel. Fl. 
Sibir. ii. 20, t.7. Prenanthes pygmea, Ledeb. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 553. P. polymorpha, 
Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 144. Barkhausia nana, DC. Prodr. vii. 156. Youngia pygmea, Ledeb. 
Fl. Ross. ii. 838. — Arctic coast and islands, and alpine mountain summits south to Colorado 
and the Sierra Nevada in California. (N. Asia.) 

C. élegans, Hoox. Many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, a span to a foot high, 
diffusely branched : leaves entire or nearly so; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to 
linear: heads smaller or narrower than in the preceding: akenes linear-fusiform, minutely 
scabrous on the equal narrow ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid 
dilated at summit. — FI. i. 297; DC. Prodr. vii. 172; Torr. & Gray, ].c. Barkhausia elegans, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 435.— Saskatchewan district to Dakota and Montana; first 
coll. by Drummond. 

“+— + More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads: akenes 
thicker, not discoid-dilated at the insertion of the pappus. 

++ No furfuraceous or canescent pubescence: foliage mostly glabrous: involucre campanulate, 
many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or linear, acute, little thickened below after flowering: 
thick root possibly biennial, probably perennial: heads few or several and loosely corymbosely 
cymose: pappus not remarkably copious. — Crepidium, Nutt. 
C. glatica, Torr. & Gray. Usually scapose, a foot or two high, glaucescent or glaucous: 
radical leaves from obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, from entire to laciniate-pinnatifid: invo- 
lucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearly so, as also the peduncles: akenes oblong, with slightly 
narrowed summit, strongly and evenly 10-costate. — FI. ii. 488 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 203 ; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.436. Crepidium glaucum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 436.— Moist 
and saline ground, Saskatchewan and Nebraska, Utah and Nevada. Probably Arizona 
(Rothrock), but specimen too young and leafy, and peduncles sparingly hispidulous-glandu- 
lar. Crepidium caulescens, Nutt. 1. c., is probably a somewhat leafy-stemmed form. 
C. runcindta, Torr. & Gray, lc. Not glaucous or slightly so, a foot or two high: radi- 
cal leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, from repand to runcinate-pinnatifid with short 
lobes or teeth; cauline none, or small and narrow at the forks: involucre half-inch high or 
smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, sometimes (with peduncles and upper part of scape) 
glandular-hispidulous: akenes narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat 
evenly 10-costate. — C. biennis, var., Hook. FI. i. 297, not L. CC. biennis, var. Americana, 
DC. Prodr. vii. 163. Hieracium runcinatum, James in Long Exped. i. 453; Torr. in Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. ii. 209. Crepidium runcinatum, Nutt. 1. c.— Saskatchewan to Montana and 
south to Colorado and Utah, in subalpine swamps; first coll. by James. 
C. Andersoni, Gray. Not glaucous, a foot or more high; leaves laciniately pinnatifid or 
dentate, but not runcinate: involucre half to three-fourths inch high, cinereous-pubescent, of 
broader and firmer bracts, more imbricated, outermost oblong- to ovate-lanceolate: akenes 
fusiform, unequally 8-10-costate, tapering into a short but manifest beak.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif. i. 436. — Eastern Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, 
in low grounds: a form with a cauline leaf or two in uplands; first coll. by Anderson. 
++ ++ Furfuraceous- or cinereous-pubescent, at least the foliage, sometimes also hirsute, deep- 
rooted perennials, more or less leafy-stemmed: akenes oblong to fusiform, beakless, 10-12-cos- 
tate: pappus of very copious bristles, persistent: bracts of involucre at length with more or 
less thickened or carinate midrib, at least the base: leaves usually laciniate-pinnatifid. — Crepis 
§ Leptotheca & Psilochenia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 437, but false character of akenes 
of the fatter, and outer flowers not sterile. Species difficult. 

== Principal bracts of the narrow involucre and flowers 5 to 8: no hirsute pubescence: pappus 
moderately copious and soft. 

C. acuminata, Nurr.1.c. Minutely cinereously-puberulent below, but green: stem slen- 
der, 1 to 3 feet high, 1-3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous 


433 COMPOSITA. Crepis, 


small heads: leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, laciniate-pin- 
natifid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear tail-like prolonga- 
tion (of 2 or 3 inches in length) ; the lobes also mostly linear-lanceolate, rarely short: invo- 
lucre narrow-cylindraceous, a third to half inch long, rarely over 6-flowered, theinflorescence 
smooth and glabrous: the few calyculate bractlets minute and often tomentulose: akenes 
at maturity fusiform, considerably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate, moderately 
attenuate at summit.— Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 489; Torr. in Stansbury Rep. 392, t. viii. (akene 
too rostrate); Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 204, hardly of Gray, Bot. Calif.— Dry ground, Mon- 
tana and Wyoming to E. Oregon, southward to Utah and mountains of 8. E. California; 
first coll. by Nuttall. 

C. intermédia. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less tall, more cinereous-puberulent, 
usually with fewer heads: involucre half-inch or more long, canescently puberulent ; its bracts 
in age more carinate by thickened midrib, the calyculate ones less minute: akenes acutely 
10-costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling 
the pappus. — C. acuminata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢c., partly. Rocky Mountains in Colorado 
to the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to the interior of Washington Terr. and borders 
of British Columbia. Appears to pass both into preceding and following. 

Var. gracilis. A very slender form, with rhachis and apical prolongation as well as 
lobes of the leaves attenuate-linear. — C. occidentalis, var. gracilis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 
203, mainly. 

Var. pleurocarpa. Leaves runcinately dentate, or subpinnatifid, or some entire, not 
prolonged at apex: akenes merely oblong, hardly narrowed upward, shorter than the pappus, 
very saliently 10-costate.— Mountains about headwaters of the Sacramento, N. California, 
Pringle, coll. 1881, taken as a well-marked species: but the coll. 1882, distributed as “ C. pleu- 
rocarpa, Gray,” accords both as to leaves and akenes with C. intermedia. 


== = Principal bracts of involucre 9 to 24 and flowers 10 to 80: pappus exceedingly copious and 
pluriserial, rather harsher. 

C. occidentalis, Nurr. Often hirsute as well as canescent, rather robust, a span to a foot 
or so high, commonly leafy-stemmed and branching: leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader 
in outline, variously laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, apex seldom much prolonged : heads few 
or several, mostly on stout peduncles: involucre half to two-thirds inch high, oblong-cylin- 
draceous to campanulate, canescent: akenes (4 or 5 lines long, longer than the pappus) 
usually with tapering summit and acute ribs. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 29; Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. 488; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 435. Psilochenia occidentalis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lc. 
— Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Washington Terr., and south to the mountains of 
Colorado and California. Varies widely, as into 

Var. costata, Gray, Bot. Calif.1.c. Low and stouter form, with broader heads, and 
no hirsute pubescence: involucre oblong, of 10 to 14 bracts: akenes thicker, oblong, some- 
times hardly at all narrowed at summit and more saliently costate.— Utah, on Stansbury 
Island, Watson. : 

Var. Nevadénsis, Kettoce. Stout, a span or two high, hirsute as well as canes- 
cent, or canescent only: leaves broad, disposed to be laciniately bipinnatifid: heads solitary 
or few, on stout peduncles: involucre campanulate; its principal bracts 16 to 20: akenes 
gradually narrowed to summit. — C. occidentalis, var. Nevadensis & var. subacaulis, Kellogg, 
Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 50. Var, costata in part, & var. Nevadensis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— 
High Sierra Nevada, California, Kellogy, Lemmon, &c. 

Var. crinita, Gray, Bot. Calif. le. Stout, a span to a foot high, barbately and 
above somewhat viscidly hirsute even to the involucre; this from broadly campanulate to 
oblong, 20-30-flowered: akenes (as far as seen) oblong, strongly costate, obscurely narrowed 
at summit. — Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Ames, to Siskiyou Co., Greene. 
Also collected by the Wilkes. Expedition, in Washington Territory, or perhaps rather N. 
California. 


228. PRENANTHES, Vaill. (Ipyvjs, drooping, av6y, blossom.) — 
Perennial herbs, the original a European species, with loosely paniculate heads, 
few-nerved akenes, and soft bright white pappus. But the American species all 
belong to the following well-marked subgenus, 


Prenanthes. COMPOSITA. 4383 


§ 1. N&saxvs, Endl., with more contracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers, 
more nerved akenes (only in the last species tapering at summit), and stifler 
sordid pappus. (North American & North Asiatic.) — Mabalus, Cass. Dict. xliii. 
281; Hook. Fl. i. 293; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 480. Harpalyce, Don, in Edinb. 
Phil. Jour. vi. 305, not DC. FJ. late summer and autumn. 


* Heads 20-35-flowered, comparatively broad, corymbosely paniculate: leaves mostly wing- 
petioled. 6 

P. crepidinea, Micux. Minutely pubescent or partly glabrous: stem stout, 5 to 9 feet high, 
branching above, leafy up to the short branches of inflorescence: leaves ample, ovate-deltoid, 
or radical hastate and uppermost oblong, acutely or laciniately dentate: involucre half to 
two-thirds inch long, oblong-campanulate, sparsely hirsute: flowers ochroleucous: akenes 
finely 12-15-costate, four or five of the ribs stronger: pappus sordid. —FI. ii.84. Harpalyce 
crepidina, Don ex Steud. Nabalus crepidineus, DC. Prodr. vii. 241; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 483. 
— Rich soil, Penn. and western borders of New York to Illinois and Kentucky ; first coll. by 
Michaux. 


%* * Heads 8-15-flowered, narrow, crowded or sometimes scattered in an elongated racemiform or 
thyrsoid-virgate inflorescence which terminates the simple (1 to 5 feet high) stem: cauline 
leaves sessile; radical and lower tapering into winged petioles, not cordate or deltoid; all simply 
pinnately veined: root usually fusiform-thickened or tuberous, simple or palmately branched. 

+— Thyrsus hirsute or pubescent: heads little or not at all drooping, on pedicels much shorter than 
the involucre, 12-14-flowered: akenes at maturity about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by four or 
five of the nerves being stronger: stems leafy up to the strict thyrsus: leaves ordinarily only 
denticulate, lower spatulate-oblong to obovate. 

P. aspera, Micux. |. c. “Minutely scabrous-pubescent or below puberulent: upper leaves 
lanceolate, not clasping: thyrsus a foot or two long: involucre roughish-hirsute: flowers 
yellowish cream-color.— P. Iilinoensis, Pers. Syn. ii. 366; Pursh, Fl. ii. 500. Chondrilla 
Illinoensis, Poir. Suppl. ii. 331. Nabalus Illinoensis, DC. Prodr. vii. 242. N. asper, Torr. & 
Gray, 1. c. — Prairies and barrens, Ohio and Kentucky to Iowa and Louisiana; first coll. by 
Michaux. 

P. racemosa, Micux.1.c. Leaves and stem glabrous and glaucous: upper cauline leaves 
lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader ones by cordate or auriculate base: thyrsus 
a span to 2 feet long: involucre rather loosely hirsute: flowers purplish. — Harpalyce race- 
mosa, Don ex Steud.; Beck, Bot. 168. Nabdalus racemosus, DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— 
Moist or low ground, N. Maine and Canada, also New Jersey, to Saskatchewan and the 
Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado; first coll. by Michauz. 

Var. pinnatifida. Large: leaves all lyrately or laciniately pinnatifid.— .V. race- 
mosus, var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Hackensack Marshes, New Jersey, Carey. 


++ + Thyrsus and whole plant smooth and glabrous: heads pendulous and more pedicellate, in a 
looser racemiform thyrsus, 8-12-flowered: akenes about 5-nerved or angled, the intermediate 
nerves obscure. 

P. Mainénsis. About two feet high, leafy up to and into the panicle: leaves nearly those 
of P. racemosa, but thinner and less glaucous; the radical ovate, commonly with abrupt or 
rounded base; upper subtending clusters of the interrupted narrow thyrsus: heads all droop- 
ing both before and after anthesis, resembling those of the following species. — Shore of the 
St. John’s River, at St. Francis, N. Maine, Pringle. Growing with or near P. racemosa. 
And a looser form of the latter, “very common on the St. John’s River,” Goodale, is some- 
what between the two; so that this may be a hybrid of P. racemosa with P. serpentaria. 


P. virgata, Mrcnx. 1. c. Glaucescent, very smooth, 2 to 4 feet high, very strict : radical 
and lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, and divis- 
ions sometimes lobed or few-toothed; upper not clasping, decreasing to linearlanceolato 
and entire, and to small subulate bracts of the naked and slender (1 or 2 feet long) race- 
miform inflorescence: flowers whitish or pale flesh-color: pappus sordid-stramineous. — 
Willd. Spec. iii. 1533; Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. Sk. ii. 258. P. autumnalis, &c., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ; 
Walt. Car. 193. P. simplex, Pursh, 1. c. Harpalyce virgata, Don ex Steud.; Beck, 1. c. 
Nabalus virgatus, DC. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Moist ground in pine barrens, New Jersey 
to Florida, in the low country. 

28 


434 COMPOSITA. Prenanthes, 


%* * * Heads 5-18-flowered, sometimes racemose, usually paniculate, commonly . pendulous: 
leaves diverse, but the cauline nearly all petioled; lower and radical or some of them cordate, or 
hastate, or truncate at base: rout mostly fusiform-thickened or tuberous, as in the preceding: 
akenes obscurely or minutely striate and sometimes 3-4-costate or angled. 


4— Involucre cylindraceous, distinctly calyculate with very short and ovate to triangular-subulate 
appressed scale-like bracts: principal bracts with their covered margins white-scarious in dried 
specimens. Species variously called Wuire Lertucn, Lion’s-roor, RATTLESNAKE-RooT, 
GALL-OF-THE-EARTH. 


He Pappus cinnamon-brown: stem tall, generally purplish. 


P. Alba, L. Glabrous, often glaucescent, 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout: leaves sometimes all 
deltoid-hastate and nearly dentate, on slender winged petioles, or uppermost oblong with 
tapering base, or most of them 3-5-lobed or parted : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate: invo- 
lucre 8-12- (rarely 5-) flowered, commonly purplish-tinged: flowers dull white: pappus 
reddish-brown. — L. as to Hort. Cliff. & Syn. Pluk., not of herb.; Michx. Fl. ii. 83, in part 
(not of herb. proper); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1079 ; Pursh, FI. ii. 499; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 286. 
P. rubicunda, Willd. Spec. iii. 2537, excl. syn.; Pursh, lc. P. suavis, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 
t. 85. P. Miamensis, ovata, & proteophylla, Riddell, Syn. W. Pl., to be divided between this 
and following species. Harpalyce alba, Don ex Steud.; Beck, 1. ¢. Nabalus trifoliolatus, 
Cass. Dict. xxxiv. 95. IN. suavis, DC. 1. ¢. 241. MN. albus, Hook. Fl. ii. 294, chiefly; Torr. 
& Gray, Fl. ii. 480, excl. var. — Open oak-woods and sandy or gravelly ground, Canada and 
New England to Saskatchewan, Illinois, and the upper country of Georgia, &c. 


++ ++ Pappus sordid straw-color or whitish: leaves diversely variable, assuming all the forms 
of the preceding species. 


P. serpentaria, Pursu. Commonly 2 feet high, glabrous or a little hirsute-pubescent : 
stem sometimes purple-spotted, rather stout: inflorescence corymbosely thyrsoid-paniculate ; 
the heads mostly glomerate at summit of ascending or spreading flowering-branches or pe- 
duncles: involucre green, rarely purplish-tinged, 8—12-flowered : flowers purplish, greenish 
white, or ochroleucous. — Fl. ii. 499, t. 24; Ell. Sk. ii. 261. P. alba, L. Spec., as to Pl. 
Gronov.; Walt. Car. 193; Ell. Sk. ii. 259. Harpalyce serpentaria, Don, 1. ¢c.; Beck, 1. c. 
Nabalus trilobatus, Cass. Dict. 1. «4 N. serpentarius (Hook. 1. c.), N. trilobatus, & N. 
Fraseri, DC.1.¢. (N. glaucus, Prenanthes glauca, Raf. Fl. Lud. 57, & Esopon glaucum, Raf. 
1. c. 149, has no foundation.) — Open grounds, commonly in sandy or sterile soil, New Bruns- 
wick and Canada to Florida. 

Var. ndna. Stem more simple and strict, 6 to 16 inches high, smooth and glabrous: 
inflorescence contracted ; often sessile or subsessile clusters of heads in the axils of most of 
the cauline leaves: involucre livid-greenish.— P. alba, var. nana, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 1. ¢. 
Nabalus nanus (also N. serpentarius, var. levis), DC. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1c. A form with 
leaves pedately parted into narrow divisions is probably N. trifoliolatus, Cass. — Mountains 
of N. New England to Canada, 8. Labrador, and Newfoundland. 

Var. barbdta. Sometimes hirsutulous-pubescent: leaves from oblong to deltoid- 
hastate, from denticulate to sinuate-lobed, upper not rarely sessile: involucre sometimes 
sparingly and sometimes copiously beset with bristles. — P. crepidinea, Ell. Sk. ii. 259, not 
Michx. Nabalus integrifolius (Cass. 1. c. 96, with “subsagittate” leaves), & N. Fraseri in part, 
DC.Le N. Fraseri, var. integrifolius & var. barbatus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 481. N. (& 
Prenanthes) Roanensis, Chickering in Bot. Gazette, v. 155, vi. 191, a mountain form, a span 
to a foot high, with most of the leaves hastate-deltoid, and bristles on the involucre copious 
and conspicuous. — Mountains of N. and §. Carolina to Alabama; apparently first coll. by 
Fraser, then by Macbride; the high mountain form by Chickering on Roan Mountain. Oc- 
casionally a few of these setose hairs are found on the involucre of ordinary P. serpentaria, 
and in this variety some heads are almost destitute of them. 

P. altissima, L. Commonly 3 to 7 feet high, slender, not glaucous, glabrous or nearly so 
(in open ground sometimes purple-stemmed and hispidulous!): leaves thin, disposed to be 
hastate, deltoid, or cordate, sometimes ovate, and denticulate or dentate ; lower not rarely from 
3-lobed to pedately 5-parted: panicle elongated and loose, very commonly subsessile clusters 
in the axils of many cauline leaves: involucre narrow-cylindrical, greenish, always glabrous, 
5-6-flowered: flowers greenish-ochroleucous.— Spec. ii. 797, from char., syn. Pluk. (Alm. 
t. 317) & Vaill., and perhaps herb. (P. alba, L. herb., specimen from Kalm, is either this or 


Lygodesmia. COMPOSITA. 435 


P. serpentaria.) Harpalyce altissima, Don, l.c.; Beck. 1.c. Nabalus altissimus, Hook. FI. i. 
294; DC.1.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.c., with named varieties, ovatus, cordatus (N. cordatus, Hook., 
Prenanthes cordata, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 25), deltoideus (N. deltoideus & N. cordatus, DC. 
l.c., Prenanthes deltoideus, Ell. 1. ¢.), & dissectus, all too transitional for preservation. —Woods 
and shaded banks, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Pennsylvania, and to the mountains of 
Georgia. 

+ + Involucre campanulate-oblong, of livid or greenish bracts nearly or quite destitute of 
scarious margins, imperfectly calyculate by 2 or 3 irregular and loose linear accessory bracts, 
less pendulous than in the preceding: pappus sordid-whitish: plants glabrous or a little 
pubescent. 

P. Bodttii. A span or two high, simple, several-leaved, bearing 7 to 15 racemosely disposed 
heads: leaves deltoid-oblong and obtuse, or somewhat hastate and the upper acute, on mar- 
gined petioles, uppermost lanceolate, all entire or denticulate, the lamina only an inch or sv 
long: involucre half-inch long, of 10 to 15 obtuse and rather unequal proper bracts, 10-18- 
flowered: flowers dull white.— Prenanthes alba, var. nana, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 1. ¢., in part. 
Nabalus Boottii, DC. Prodr. vii. 241; Torr. & Gray, 1. v. 482. — Alpine region, mountains of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and N. New York; first coll. by Boott and Bigelow. 

P, alata. A foot or two high, the larger plants branching: leaves hastate-deltoid, acute or 
acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted or some of the upper cune- 
ately decurrent into winged petioles, or small uppermost narrower and sessile by a tapering 
base: heads loosely and somewhat corymbosely paniculate: involucre of 8 to 10 bracts, 7-15- 
flowered: flowers purplish: akenes slender, 3 or almost 4 lines long, at least sometimes with 
tapering summit! — Sonchus hastatus, Less. in Linn. vi. 99; Bong. Veg. Sitch. 146. Nabalus 
alatus, Hook. Fl. i. 294, t. 102; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 483. Mulgedium hastatum, DC. Prodr. 
vii. 250.— Unalaska and other Aleutian Islands to Oregon; first coll. by Chamisso, &c. 
(Adj. Asia.) 

Var. sagittata. Leaves sagittate or hastate, with the basal lobes mostly slender and 
prolonged: heads in a virgate panicle: involucre narrower, pale green (not livid), very 
glabrous, subtended by more numerous slender calyculate bracts: immature akeues little 
over 2 lines Jong, not tapering at summit. — Rocky Mountains, N. Montana, in Jocko Cajon, 
Watson. Upper Flathead, Canby & Sargent. 


229. LYGODESMIA, Don. (Avdyos, a pliant twig, and Sécpy, bundle, 
from the vimineous fasciculate stems of the typical species.) — N. American herbs, 
mostly smooth and glabrous ; with usually rush-like rigid or tough stems, linear or 
scale-like leaves, and terminal or scattered heads which are always erect; the 
flowers pink or rose-color, produced in spring or summer. — Don, in Edinb. Phil. 
Jour. vi. 305; DC. Prodr. vii. 198; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 484; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. 5380; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. Genus somewhat polymorphous. 


§ 1. Erect perennials, with striate-angled junciform stems and branches, not 
spinescent, and terminal solitary heads: akenes slender, terete, almost filiform, 
slightly tapering to summit, 4-8-nerved or at maturity nerveless: pappus soft and 
copious, whitish or sordid. 


L. jGncea, Doy, Lc. Fastigiately much branched from the deep-rooted base, about a foot 
high: leaves persistent, small, somewhat nervose ; lower lanceolate-linear from a broadish 
base, inch or two long; upper reduced to small subulate scales : involucre at most half-inch 
long, 5-flowered : ligules a quarter or third of an inch long. — Hook. F1. i. 295, t. 103; Torr. 
& Gray, 1c. Prenanthes juncea, Pursh, Fl. ii. 498; Nutt. Gen. ii. 123.— Plains of the Sas- 
katchewan and Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, and even in Nevada, 
Watson. 

L. grandifiéra, Torr. & Gray. Stems separate or few from the root, simple below, a 
span to a foot high; the larger plants leafy, corymbosely branched above, and bearing few 
or numerous short-pedunculate heads: leaves all entire, of firm and thickish texture, linear- 
attenuate, 2 to 4 inches long, only the very uppermost reduced to scales: involucre fully 
three-fourths inch long, 5-10-flowered : ligules of equal length, showy, rose-red.— FI. ii, 485. 


436 COMPOSITA. Lygodesmia, 


L. juncea, var. dianthopsis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 200, the well-developed and taller form, 
leafy to the top. Erythremia grandiflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 445, dwarf form. 
— Gravelly hills or slopes, W. Wyoming (first coll. by Nuttall), Utah about Salt Lake (first 
coll. by Stansbury), and S. Utah. 

L.‘aphylla, DC. 1. c. Stems mostly solitary from the root, slender and quite rush-like, 
2 feet or so high, naked or nearly so, once or twice forked above, and bearing solitary long- 
peduncled heads: leaves rather fleshy, chiefly radical or near the ground, filiform, elongated, 
entire, or with one or two rare teeth ; upper reduced to minute scales at the forks: involucre 
(mostly 10-flowered) and rose-colored ligules each two-thirds to three-fourths inch long. — 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 251. Prenanthes aphylla, Nutt. Gen. ii. 123 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 261. 
Erythremia aphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 446. — Dry pine barrens, 8. Georgia 
and Florida; first coll. by Baldwin. 

Var. Texana, Torr. & Gray, ]. c. Stouter: leaves more numerous, from filiform 
and usually with 2 or 3 lateral lobes to linear (2 lines broad) and sparingly pinnately lobed, 
also some smaller leaves on the stem: some Texan specimens nearly like those of Florida. 
— Rocky hills and plains, Texas; first coll. by Berlandier, Drummond, &e. 


§ 2. Diffuse and spinescent perennial, with flexuous branches not striate-angled : 
pappus rigidulous, whitish, of unequal bristles. — § Pleacanthus, Nutt. 


L. spindésa, Nut. l.c. Stems slender and rigid, low, much branched from an indurated 
and matted-woolly base, otherwise glabrous: branchlets divergent, spinescent, bearing 
minute scales in place of leaves and lateral very short-peduncled heads: lower cauline leaves 
linear, entire, thickish, above soon reduced to scales: involucre 3-5-flowered ; its proper bracts 
not more numerous, rather loose, lanceolate; the unequal and more imbricated calyculate 
ones comparatively broad and large: akenes much shorter than the pappus, not at all nar- 
rowed upward, 4-5-costate.— Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 200; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. 441.— Gravelly hills and plains in the arid district, S. Idaho to 8. Nevada and the east- 
ern borders of California; first coll. by Nuttall. 


§ 3. Paniculately branched annuals, not spinescent: pappus white and soft. 


L. rostrata, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corymbose-paniculate : leaves 
narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, obscurely 3-nerved; cauline 3 to 7 inches 
long, barely 2 lines wide ; uppermost slender-subulate : heads numerous, on scaly-bracteolate 
erect peduncles: involucre over half-inch high, 8~9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear 
bracts and a few short calyculate ones: rays small and narrow, probably purplish: akenes 
slender-fusiform, 4 or 5 lines long, distinctly attenuate at.summit but not truly rostrate, 5-8- 
striate, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. L. juncea, 
var. rostrata, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 69.— Plains along the eastern base of the 
Rocky Mountains, from the Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills, Macoun) to Wyoming and Colo- 
rado, where first coll. by Hall & Harbour. 

L. exigua, Gray, 1c. A span or two high, effusely paniculate from the base, bearing 
numerous small heads terminating short-filiform divergent branchlets or peduncles: branches 
not striate: radical leaves spatulate or oblong (about inch long), from nearly entire to ruv- 
cinate-pinnatifid ; cauline small and entire, soon reduced to minute bracts : involucre oblong, 
2 lines high, 4-5-flowered, of as many narrowly oblong bracts and one or two very small 
calyculate ones: akenes not 2 lines long, gradually tapering from the truncate summit to 
base, broadly 4-5-costate, or rather narrowly 4—5-sulcate, somewhat longer than the bright 
white pappus.— Prenanthes exigua, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 105.— Stony hills, 8. E. New 
Mexico, Wright. S. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer. Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Parish. 


230. TROXIMON, Nutt. (Probably from rpdyw, tpdgoua, to chew, of 
no obvious application to this, or to the factitious genus, partly KArigia, partly 
Scorzonera, for which Gertner coined the name.) —N. American with one or 
two 8. American herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, with a cluster of sessile or sub- 
sessile radical leaves, and simple scapes bearing a head of yellow or rarely purple 
flowers, in summer. Occasionally in one species some chaffy bracts among the 


Troximon. COMPOSIT. 437 


flowers. — Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 127; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 522; 
Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. ix. 215, Bot. Calif. i. 437, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 71. 
Troximon & Macrorhynchus (Less.), DC., Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 489, 491. 


§ 1. Evrréximon. Akenes more or less linear, beakless, or tapering gradually 
into a short and thickish beak, on which the nerves or ribs of the body are pro- 
longed to the apex: pappus rigidulous: perennial from a strong caudex. 


* No beak to the akene, its moderately short contracted summit of the same texture as the body 
and equally 10-costate: involucral bracts somewhat equal, all tapering to a slender acumination, 
the outer from an oblong or ovate-lanceolate base, glabrous: corolla yellow: root perennial. 

T. alpéstre, Gray. Dwarf from an elongated rootstock or caudex, glabrous: leaves diverse 
(2 or 3 inches long), narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and pinnately lobed or incised, or 
parted into narrow linear divisions: scape 2 or 3 inches high, weak: involucre campanulate, 
7 or 8 lines high; the bracts in about 2 series: akenes 2} lines long, equalled by the slender 
uniform pappus-bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 70, 71.—On Mount Paddo, Washington 
Terr., Suksdorf, 1880. Summit of Cascade Mountains, Oregon, L. F. Henderson. 

T. cuspidatum, Pcrsu. Glaucescent, tomentulose when young, a span or two or the 
scape at length a foot high from a thickened caudex: leaves entire, elongated linear-lanceolate 
and upwardly linear-attenuate, thickish, often nervose, mostly tomentulose-ciliate (2 to 5 
lines wide): involucre about inch high; its bracts in 2 or 3 series: akenes 3 or 4 lines long 
when mature, rather shorter than the unequal rigidulous pappus. — Fl. ii. 472; Torr. & Gray, 
l.c.; Gray, Man. 277, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 215. J’. marginatum, Nutt. 1. c. — Prairies of 
W. Illinois and Wisconsin to Dakota; first coll. by Nuttall and Bradbury. Stronger pap- 
pus-bristles gradually and slightly widened toward the base. 

* * Akenes with apex tapering gradually into a rather stout and nerved beak which is shorter 
than the body. — § Nothotroximon, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., partly. 

T. barbelluldtum, Greene in herb. Slender, not glaucous: leaves linear-lanceolate, 
laciniate-pinnatifid into a few short and narrow lobes, or some entire: involucre narrow, 
over half-inch high, rather few-flowered ; its 10 to 12 bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, glabrous: flowers yellow: akenes with the beak (of fully half the length of the fusi- 
form body) 3 lines long, about the length of the soft distinctly barbellulate pappus. — Castle 
Lake, near Mount Shasta, California, C. H. Dwinelle, from Greene. 

T. glaticum, Norr. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or glaucous, either 
glabrous or with loose pubescence: leaves linear to lanceolate, from entire to sparingly 
dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long: involucre commonly an inch high and 
many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate or broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent, or 
even villous: akenes with the beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus, the copious and 
rather rigid bristles of which are (as in most species) only denticulate-scabrous. — Nutt. in 
Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 128; Pursh, 1. c.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1667; Torr. & Gray, 1.¢c. Macro- 
rhynchus glaucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 204. — Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to 
Brit. Columbia, and mountains of Utah and Colorado; first coll. by Nuttall and Bradbury. 

Var. parvifidrum. A small and slender form: leaves only 2 to 6 inches long: scape 
a span to a foot high: head smaller and narrower. — T. parviflorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. vii. 434. Macrorhynchus cynthioides, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 256 ? — Plains of Ne- 
braska and Wyoming to the mountains of New Mexico. 

Var. lacinidtum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Dwarf (a span or two high), with the 
small heads of the preceding variety, varying to larger, glabrous or glabrate, when young 
often cinereous-pubescent throughout: rays sometimes purplish externally or in fading: 
leaves mostly of lanceolate outline and laciniate-pinnatifid. — Mountains of Colorado and 
New Mexico to the higher Sierra Nevada, California. Larger forms pass into the next. 

Var. dasycéphalum, Torr. & Gray. Commonly robust, with large and broad 
heads; the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to cinereous-pubescent, 
sometimes early glabrate: receptacle not rarely bearing a few chaffy bracts among the flow- 
ers: leaves from elongated-lanceolate to oblong-spatulate (the broadest even inch and a 
half wide), from entire to laciniate or rarely pinnatifid: scape from a span to 2 feet high. — 
— Ammogeton scorzonercefolium, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett. 1833; DC. Prodr. vii. 98. 
Trorimon glaucum, Richards. App. Frankl. Jour.; Hook. Bot. Mag. 3462. 7. pumilum, Nutt. 


438 COMPOSITA. Trowimon. 


Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢,,a dwarf form. TZ. taraxacifolium, Nutt. J. c., a larger form. — 
Dakota to Saskatchewan and to near Arctic coast, south to the mountains of Colorado, west 
to the Sierra Nevada and Washington Terr. on the mountains. Passes through smoother 
and narrowish-leaved forms to the type of this polymorphous species. 


§ 2. Macrorufncnus. Akenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless 
beak and soft pappus. — Macrorhynchus, Torr. & Gray, Fl.l.c.  Trochoseris, 
Endl. Gen., & Popp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 56, t. 263. Troximon in 
part, Stylopappus, Cryptopleura, & Kymapleura, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 
430, 434, 


%* Perennials, with akene acute or tapering at summit 
+ Into a beak not longer or little longer than the cylindraceous or narrowly fusiform body. 


T. aurantiacum, Hoox. Loosely soft-pubescent and glabrate: leaves from linear-lan- 
ceolate to spatulate, thinnish, entire, or sparingly laciniate-dentate, occasionally pinnatifid : 
scape from a span to a foot or more high: involucre oblong to campanulate, 7 to 9 lines 
high; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and acute, or outer and looser ones 
oblong and obtuse: flowers orange, commonly changing to brownish red or purple: akenes 
thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and the firm beak only 2 or 3 lines long: pappus somewhat rigid- 
ulous. — FI. i. 300, t. 104. Z’. roseum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.¢.,a small form. Jfacro- 
rhynchus aurantiacus, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1837% M. troximoides, 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 491. — Mountain prairies and banks of streams, northern Rocky Moun- 
tains to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, perhaps California, and mountains of Colorado. 

Var. purptreum, Gray. Leaves apparently thickish, laciniate, and with the purple- 
tinged involucre very glabrous or glabrate: “flowers purple.” — Proc, Am. Acad. xix. 72. 
Macrorhynchus purpureus, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 114.— Along Santa Fé Creek, New Mexico, 
Fendler. A similar form in mountains of Colorado. 


T. grdcilens, Gray. Resembles slender forms of preceding: leaves mostly entire, flaccid, 
from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatulate: scape 10 to 18 inches high: 
head and involucral bracts narrow: flowers deep orange: akenes fusiform-linear, 3 or 4 lines 
long; the very slender beak 4 or 5 lines long: pappus soft, but not flaccid. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 71.—Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington Terr., Lyall, Nevius, 
Suksdorf, Brandegee. Rocky Mountains in N. Wyoming, Forwood. 

Var. Greénei, Gray, ].c. <A dubious form, smaller: leaves narrowly linear, with a 
few linear lobes. —N. California, in Scott Mountains, Siskiyou Co., in dry open ground at 
about 7,000 feet, Greene. 

T. Nuttallii, Gray. Resembles broad-leaved forms of T. glaucum, robust: leaves thickish, 
from spatulate to lanceolate, from sparingly dentate to pinnatifid, a span to near a foot long 
(the thick midrib nervose when dry): scape 6 to 20 inches high: head broad, an inch or 
more high: involucre more or less pubescent: flowers yellow: thickish akene and beak each 
3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216, & Bot. Calif. i. 438 (excl. pl. Nevius). Stylo- 
pappus elatus, Nutt. l.c. 433. Macrorhynchus elatus, Torr. & Gray, lc. MM. grandiflorus, 
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 206. Troximon aurantiacum, Gray, Bot. Calif. l.c., as to Calif. 
plant.— Low or moist ground, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California to 8. Utah; 
perhaps first coll. by Nuttall. 

T. apargioides, Less. Low and tufted from a multicipital lignescent caudex, glabrate: 
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth or lobes, or pinnatifid 
with sparse linear divisions: scapes a span or two high: head half-inch high: involucre 
campanulate; outer bracts at least pubescent: akenes and beak each 14 to 2 lines long: 
pappus soft, dull white. — Linnea, vi. 594; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly. — Sandy soil on 
and near.the coast, San Francisco Bay, &c., California; first coll. by Chamisso. 


+- + Beak slender-filiform or almost capillary, 2 to 4 times the length of the short-fusiform or 
oblong akene (this rarely over 2 lines long): pappus soft and fine, rather flaccid: flowers all yel- 
low. — Stylopappus, Nutt. 1. c. 


++ Pappus about the length of the beak, whitish. 


T. hamile, Gray. Leaves hirgutely pubescent, from spatulate and repand-dentate or lyrate- 
pinnatifid to lanceolate or broadér in outline and pinnately parted into linear lobes: scapes 


Troximon. COMPOSIT. 439 


from a span to a foot high, slender: involucre permanently villous with apparently some- 
what viscid hairs: ligules exserted : closed head in fruit from half-inch to hardly inch high: 
filiform beak only about twice the length of the whitish akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72. 
Leontodon hirsutum, Hook. Fl. i. 296, therefore Taraxacum hirsutum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 
494, ex char. Barkhausia Lessingii, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 145, excl. syn. Mucro- 
rhynchus Lessingii, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 361, excl. syn., for it is not Lessing’s plant described in 
Linnea. JL. humile, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 320, a small form. Jf. Harfordii, Kellogg, Proc. 
Calif. Acad.,a larger form. Troximon apargioides in part, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California 
near the coast, from Monterey to Washington Terr. Variable in size, the flowering head 
sometimes nearly as large as in J. grandiflorum. 


++ ++ Pappus much shorter than the almost capillary beak, usually bright white. 


T, lacinidtum, Gray,1.c. Smooth and glabrous, or with sparse soft pubescence: leaves 
elongated-lanceolate, laciniate-dentate or commonly deeply pinnatifid into linear lobes: 
scapes a foot or two high: involucre glabrous or glabrate, or base of the outer of the lan- 
ceolate bracts tomentose: closed head in fruit not over inch high: akene 2 and beak 5 to 7 
lines long. — Stylopappus laciniatus (original specimen, and one like it from Vancouver's 
Island, Lyall, small and with small immature heads, but apparently of the species) and 
especially var. longifolius, Nutt. 1.c. Adacrorhynchus laciniatus, & var., Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 
Troximon grandiflorum, var. tenutfolium & var. laciniatum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Low 
ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay or nearly. 

T. grandifiédrum, Gray. Leaves hirsutely or cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate, spatulate to 
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, or even pinnately parted: scapes stout, a 
foot or two high: involucre broad, usually well imbricated; the bracts lanate or tomentose 
when young, often glabrate in age: ligules short: head in fruit an inch to inch and a half 
high: akene 2 and capillary beak 6 to 8 lines long. —Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216, & Bot. 
Calif. 1. ¢., excl. vars. Stylopappus grandiflorus, Nutt. 1. c. Afacrorhynchus grandiflorus, 
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains and moist hillsides, Washington Terr. to 8. California, toward 
the coast. Some forms seem to pass into the preceding. 


* * Perennial, with habit of the last preceding species: akene abruptly long-beaked from a 
broad truncate summit. 

T. retrorsum, Gray, lc. Villous-tomentose when young: leaves pinnately parted into 
linear-lanceolate usually retrorse lobes, the terminal lobe long and narrow, all callous-tipped : 
scapes about a foot high: involucre narrowly oblong, 1} to 2 inches high when mature; its 
narrow linear bracts hardly surpassed by the soft white pappus: ligules short: akene 3 lines 
and filiform beak about an inch long.— Afacrorhynchus retrorsus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 30; 
Gray, in Wilkes Exp. xvi. 373. J. angustifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 47.— 
Open pine woods, California, from Mendocino and the Upper Sacramento to mountains of 
San Bernardino; first coll. by Pickering & Brackenridge, then by Hartweg. Also in 8. W. 
Idaho, Nevius. 


* * * Annuals, slender, mostly low, occasionally subcaulescent: flowers yellow. — Macrorhyn- 
chus, Less. Syn. 137, but ‘“‘achenium plano-obcompressum”’ is erroneous. AKymapleura in 
corrig. (Macrorhynchus in text) & Cryptopleura, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soe. vii. 430. 

T. heterophyllum, Greexe. Somewhat villoscly or hirsutely pubescent, or glabrate: 
leaves from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, denticulate to pinnatifid: scapes a span or two 
(rarely a foot) high: involucre oblong-campanulate, half to three-fourths inch high; its 
bracts erect, lanceolate or narrower; outer decidedly shorter than the glabrous inner ones, 
more or less pubescent with simple or gland-tipped hairs (not villous): akenes various but 
at most 2 lines long, usually fusiform; filiform beak fully 3 lines long, mostly longer than 
the white or whitish pappus. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 88; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72. 
T. Chilense, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216, & Bot. Calif. i. 439. Macrorhynchus heterophyllus 
& Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt. 1.c. If. Californicus & M. heterophyllus, Torr. & Gray, FI. 
ii. 493. 3. Chilensis, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 256.— Open and low ground throughout 
California, at least near the coast, to Brit. Columbia, and east to Utah. — Varies mainly in 
the akenes; these generally glabrous, occasionally outer ones pubescent or hirsute ; some- 
times all alike and from 10-striate to acutely 10-costate; sometimes the outer ones more 
acutely or even alately costate, and passing into the following forms described by Nuttall, 
even taken as of different and peculiar genera, but they af rather conditions than.varieties 


440 COMPOSITA. Troximon, 


Var. Kymapletra, Greexs,1.c. Outermost and sometimes all of the akenes thicker 
and blunter or truncately obtuse by the development of the ribs into wings, which become 
sinuously undulate, covering the whole surface. — M. (Kymapleura) heterophyllus, Nutt. 1. ¢., 
changed in corrig. to Kymapleura heterophylla. —Common in California, with other forms. 

Var. Cryptopletira, Greene, 1. c. Some marginal akenes becoming utricular 
and lightly nerved, enlarging to almost a line in diameter. — Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt. 
1. c.— With other forms, less common. 


231. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danpetion, 7. e. Dent pe Lion. (To 
péoow, to stir up, alluding to medicinal virtues.) — Perennials, of the northern 
hemisphere, sending up in spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinate-pinnatifid or 
lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, which elongate with and after anthesis 
of the showy head of yellow flowers: involucre reflexed at maturity of the fruit, 
which, with the expanded pappus, raised on the elongated beak, is displayed in a 
globose body. The common and only North American, but very polymorphous 
species, is the following. 


T. officinale, Wrsrr. Root vertical: leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate, from 
irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid: akenes oblong-obovate or narrower, squamulose or 
spinellose-muricate toward the summit, abruptly contracted into a conical or pyramidal apex, 
which is prolonged into a filiform beak of twice or thrice the length of the akene. In the 
ordinary form of the fields the involucral bracts are obscurely or not at all corniculate, and 
the calyculate bracts are linear, elongated, and recurved ; leaves usually lobed. — Weber (not 
Wiggers) Prim. Pl. Holst.56; Vill. Dauph.; Koch, Fl. Germ., &e. J. Dens-leonis, Desf. 
Fl Atl. ji, 228; DC. Prodr.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 494. Leontodon Taraxacum, L. L. offici- 
nalis, Withering. J. vulgare, Lam.—Common everywhere in fields and yards, an intro- 
duction from Europe: perhaps nowhere here indigenous, but it comes even from Modoc 
Co., California. (Eu., Asia, &c.) 

Var. alpinum, Kocu. Outer involucral bracts ovate to broadly lanceolate, spread- 
ing, none conspicuously corniculate. — Leontodon alpinus, Hoppe. Taraxacum latilobum, DC. 
Prodr. vii. 4944 — Labrador to Brit. Columbia, and southward along higher mountains to 
Colorado, Utah, and California. 

Var. glaucéscens, Kocu. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate to linear, looscly 
erect or spreading, inner ones and sometimes outer with a corniculate appendage below the 
tip: leaves generally glaucescent. — 7’. corniculatum and T. ceratophorum, DC.1.c. Leontodon 
ceratophorum, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 34.— Unalaska, &c. (Adj. Asia, Greenland.) 

Var. lividum, Kocu. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all apt to be 
dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all corniculate: leaves from denticulate to runci- 
nate-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid.— T. palustre, DC., &e. T. lanceolatum, Poir. T. mon- 
tanum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 430, not Meyer & DC. Leontodon lividus, Walds. & 
Kit. — Rocky Mountains, south to New Mexico, north to Arctic coast and islands, and the 
Aleutian Islands, in various forms. (N. Asia, Eu., Greenland.) é 

Var. scopulérum. Minute: leaves and scape an inch or less long: head 3 or in fruit 
even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered: outer involucral bracts lanceolate, rather loose; 
inner somewhat corniculate.— T. levigatum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 70. — Highest 
alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Brandegee. 

T. puymarocArpum, J. Vakl in Fl. Dan. t. 2297, of Greenland, is near var. lividum, but 
the akene is broad and its beak shorter. 


232. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. (Ilupgés, flame-colored, zazmds, pappus.) 
— Atlantic N. American and adjacent Mexican herbs; with leafy or sometimes 
scapiform stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and rather large slender-peduncu- 
late heads of golden yellow flowers, produced in late spring and summer. Prin- 
cipal bracts of the involucre always more or less corniculate behind the tip, in 
the manner of. certain forms of Dandelion. — Prodr. vii. 144 (excl. 8. African 
sp.); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 495; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 523. 


Lactuca. COMPOSITA. 44] 


% Scapose, monocephalous, perennial by roundish tubers. 


P, scapdsus, DC. 1.c. Hirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple: globular tuber (tlirec- 
fourths inch in diameter) sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground 
a cluster of pinnatifid leaves and scapes of a span or two high: the latter simple and naked, 
sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base: head seldom an inch high in fruit: calyculate 
bracts of involucre short and small, subulate; principal ones obscurely corniculate at tip ; 
flowers citron-yellow: pappus fulvous.—P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 
430; Torr. & Gray, l. c.; Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 42. Barkhausia grandiflora, Nutt. 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69.— Prairies of Arkansas and Kansas; first coll. by Pitcher. 
Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. 


% * More or less leafy-stemmed and branching: heads moderately long-pedunculate. 
+— Leaves diversely pinnatifid, laciniate, sinuate-dentate, or some upper ones entire. 


P. Carolinianus, DC. Annual or biennial, freely branching, 2 to 5 feet high, nearly 
glabrous, but peduncles and inyolucre mostly cinereous-puberulent: upper leaves when undi- 
vided usually elongated lanceolate and gradually attenuate to the tip: flowers very bright 
yellow: fruiting heads fully inch high: calyculate bracts setaceous-subulate, loose, half or 
a third the length of the principal ones; these conspicuously corniculate at the apex: 
pappus rufous. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., with var. maximus. 
P. multicaulis, Curtiss, Distrib. N. Am. Pl. 1623, not DC. Leontodon Carolinianum, Walt. 
Car. 192. Scorzonera pinnatifida, Michx. Fl. ii. 89. Chondrilla levigata, Pursh, FI. ii. 497. 
Barkhausia Caroliniana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 126; Ell. Sk. ii. 251.—Dry ground, Maryland: to 
Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 

P, multicatilis, DC.1.c. A foot or two high from a thickened apparently perennial root 
(but flowering first season), less leafy, at length many-stemmed from base and diffuse or 
ascending: leaves seldom large: head in fruit two-thirds to three-fourths inch high: calycu- 
late bracts of involucre short and subulate: pappus rufous or fulvous. — Texas (first coll. by 
Berlandier), New Mexico (Newberry, Greene, Rusby), and Arizona (Lemmon), the latter a 
dwarf and very narrow-leaved form. (Mex., where P. pauciflorus and even P. Sesseanus 
are probably forms of it.) 


+— + Leaves all undivided, narrow: stems junciform. 


P. Rothréckii, Gray. Glabrous, or involucre obscurely puberulent: stems 1 to 3 feet 
high, slender, erect from a thickened perennial root: leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 
entire or merely denticulate (3 to 9 inches long, 14 to 4 lines wide); radical ones spatulate- 
lanceolate: calyculate bracts of involucre short and subulate: head in fruit only two-thirds 
inch high: pappus sordid-whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 80; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 
181, t. 14. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Rothrock, Lemmon. 


233. CHONDRILLA, L. (Name by Dioscorides, of unexplained mean- 
ing, for some gummiferous plant.) Old World herbs, perennials or biennials ; 
with virgate or rush-like stems and branches, leafy below, and small heads of 
yellow flowers; one species introduced. 

C. stxcra, L. Hirsute towards the base, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous above: lower leaves runci- 
nate; upper linear and entire, those on the long slender branches reduced to linear-subulate 
bracts: heads scattered or in small clusters and nearly sessile along the branches: akenes 


somewhat clavate, bearing a circle of scales at base of the filiform beak.— Old fields and 
banks, S. Maryland and N. Virginia, common about Washington. (Nat. from Eu.) 


234, LACTUCA, Tourn. Lerruce. (Ancient Latin name, from Jac, 
milk, referring to the milky juice.) — Mostly tall herbs (of the northern hemi- 
sphere); with leafy stems, and paniculate middle-sized or small heads of yellow, 
blue, or sometimes whitish flowers, in summer. Involucre in ours glabrous and 
smooth. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 524, excl. § 5, 6. Lactuca & Mulgedium, 
Cass., DC., &e. 


449, COMPOSITZ. Lactuca, 


$1. Scarfora, DC. Akenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, abruptly produced 
into a filiform beak of softer texture, which bears the soft white pappus on its 
dilated apex: involucre cylindraceous or in fruit conoidal, glabrous: ours biennials 
or sometimes annuals. 
% Introduced: heads 6-12-flowered: akenes several-nerved, margined. 


L. Scarfora, L. Strict, 2 to 6 feet high, glaucous-green, glabrous except lower part of stem, 
which has stiff bristles: leaves becoming vertical by a twist, lanceolate to oblong, with spinu- 
lose-denticulate margins, sometimes sinuate-toothed, sometimes pinnatifid; midrib beneath 
beset with weak prickles rather than bristles; base sagittate-clasping: panicle open: heads 
small: flowers pale yellow: beak about the length of the obovate-oblong striate-nerved 
akene. — Waste ground, becoming common in Atlantic States near towns and habitations. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

* ¥* Indigenous: heads 12-20-flowered: akenes blackish, obscurely scabrous-rugulose, lightly one- 
nerved on the middle of each face, sometimes with obscure nerves toward the distinct thin mar- 
gins; the beak a little shorter or longer than the body: most of the cauline leaves partly clasping 
by a sagittate or auriculate base. 

+ Involucre irregularly calyculate, but little imbricated, hardly over half-inch long. Species seem- 
ingly confluent. ‘ 

L. Canadénsis, L. (Fire-weep, Witp Lerruce, Trumprt-weep.) Glabrous, glau- 
cescent: stem strict, 4 to 9 feet high, very leafy up to the elongated narrow panicle: leaves 
mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, 6 to 12 inches long, with margins entire or sparingly dentate, and 
midrib naked or rarely some sparse bristles: involucre half-inch or less high: flowers pale 
yellow: akenes broadly oval, rather longer than the beak. — Spec. ii. 796; Gray, Man. 280. 
L. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 193% L. longifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 85. Z. elongata, Muhl. in 
Willd. Spec. iii: 1523; Pursh, Fl. ii. 252; Hook. Fl.i. 296; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., var. longifolia. 
Galathenium elongatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 443. Sonchus pallidus, Willd. Spec. 
iii. 1521; Pursh, 1. c., founded wholly on char. of Lactuca Canadensis, L.— Rich moist 
grounds, Nova Scotia and Canada to-Saskatchewan, south to the upper part of Georgia. 
Specimens from a grain-field in Sierra Valley, California, probably introduced with grain. 

L. integrifdlia, Brent. Glabrous, less leafy, 3 or 4 feet high, loosely branched above, or 
heads loosely paniculate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate (larger 7 to 10 inches long, 
13 to 3 inches broad), whitish beneath, denticulate, sometimes quite entire, all undivided, 
midrib naked: involucre barely half-inch long: flowers yellow or purplish-tinged: akenes 
oval, longer than the beak. — Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 287; DC. 1.c. 137, not Nutt. Z. sagittifolia, 
Ell. Sk. ii. 253. LZ. elongata, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, l.c. L. Canadensis, var. inte- 
grifolia, Gray, Man.1.c. Galathenium integrifolium and partly G. salicifolium, Nutt. 1. e— 
Open grounds, New England to Llinois and Georgia. 

L. hirstta, Muu. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, rather few-leaved, often reddish, the naked 
summit paniculate-branched or bearing a loose panicle of heads, the base commonly hirsute: 
leaves hirsute on both faces, or glabrous except the hirsute or hispid midrib, mostly runci- 
nate-pinnatifid, with narrow rhachis; cauline 3 or 4 inches long: involucre rather over half- 
inch long: flowers yellow-purple or dull red, or sometimes whitish: akenes oblong-oval, 
about the length of the beak.— Cat. & in Nutt. Gen. ii. 124. £. sanguinea, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 
ed. 2,287. J. elongata, var. sanguinea & var. albiflora, Torr. & Gray, l.c. ZL. Canadensis, 
Gray, Man. l.c. Galathenium sanguineum, & G. Floridanum, Nutt. 1. c.—Dry and open 
ground, E. Massachusetts to Louisiana and ‘Texas. 

L. graminifélia, Micux. Perhaps perennial, glaucescent and glabrous, or merely hispid 
on the midrib beneath, or hirsute in the manner of the foregoing species: stem slender, 
2 or 3 feet high, terminating in a naked loose panicle of comparatively large heads: leaves 
elongated-linear or linear-lanceolate (4 to 12 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide), rather rigid, 
entire, or with spreading or deflexed lobes, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and pinnatifid : 
involucre 6 or 7 lines long, with outer bracts broader and more imbricated: flowers purple 
or pale blue, varying to white or yellow: akenes elliptical-oblong, longer than the beak. — 
Fl. ii. 85; Ell. Sk. ii. 253; DC. Prodr. vii. 134; Torr. & Gray, lc. Z. elongata, var. grami- 
nifolia, Chapm. Fl. 252. ZL. graminea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 659. Galathenium graminifolium 
& G. salicifolium in part, Nutt. 1. c. — Dry and fertile soil, S. Carolina to Florida and ‘Texas; 
also New Mexico and Arizona. 


Lactuca. COMPOSITE. 443 


+- + Involucre more imbricated, commonly three-fourths inch high; outermost and intermediate 
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate. 


L, Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy to the open panicle, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves all 
oblong and auriculate-clasping, 3 or 4 inches long, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat spinnlosely 
dentate, more or less bristly-ciliate, more or less hispidulous-setose on the midrib bencatl : 
peduncles squamose-bracteolate: flowers yellow: akenes oblong-oval, about equalled by the 
filiform beak. — Prodr. vii. 141; Torr. & Gray, lc. Sonchus Ludovicianus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 
125. Galathenium Ludovicianum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢.— Moist or drv bauks of 
lakes and streams, Dakota, Nuttul/, Geyer. Iowa, Arthur. Black Hills of the Platte, Hay- 
den. Rio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Biyelow. 


§ 2. Lacrucdstrum. | Akenes lanceolate-oblong, flat, marginless, tapering 
into a beak nearly like that of the preceding section, but not longer than the 
breadth of the body: root perennial: involucre well imbricated, glabrous. 


L. pulchélla, DC. A foot or two high, very glabrous, glaucescent, leafy up to the open 
corymbiform panicle: leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire or runcinate- 
dentate, or some lower ones pinnatifid; cauline sessile, with base not auriculate-clasping, dis- 
posed to be vertical: branches of the loose panicle and peduncles squamose-bracteolate : 
involucre two-thirds inch high, 15-20-flowered; its outer bracts ovate-lanceolate: flowers 
bright blue or violet-purple: akenes barely 2 lines long, striate-nervose; the tip of short 
beak soft and usually whitish. — Prody. vii. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 442. LZ. integrifolia, 
Nutt. Gen. |. c., not Bigel. Sonchus pulchellus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 502. S. Sibiricus, Richards. ; 
Hook. Fl. i. 293, not L.  Mulgedium pulchellum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 497. A. pulchellum & 
I. heterophyllum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 441. — Alluvial ground, Upper Michigan 
to the Hudson’s Bay region in lat. 60°, south to New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia and 
mountains of Nevada and adjacent California. 


§ 38. Mcickpicm. Akenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerves, 
contracted at summit into a stout short beak mainly of the texture of the body, 
or into a mere (even obscure) neck under the dilated pappiferous apex: involucre 
(glabrous, 15—-25-flowered) and habit of § Scaréola, or more branching: glabrous 
biennials or annuals, with or without some hairs or weak bristles on the mid- 
rib and veins beneath, commonly with bluish flowers. —ere characterized for 
the American species only of Mulgedium, Cass. (Agathyrsus, Don), leaving the 
older name, Cicerbita, Wallr., for the Old World species of less affinity to true 
Lactuca. 


* Flowers light blue: pappus bright white: cauline leaves on margined or winged petioles, not 
clasping nor auriculate at insertion: heads loosely paniculate. 


L. Floridana, Gerry. Stem 3 to 7 feet high: leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid; lobes 
simply or doubly dentate, lateral ones ovate, terminal dilated-deltoid and acuminate: invo- 
lucre half-inch long: akenes acuminate into a manifest beak. — Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 262, name, 
but the akenes figured, t. 158, probably from herb. Banks, are of L. leucophica. Sonchus 
Floridanus, L. Spec. ii. 795; Willd. Spec. iii. 1520; Michx. Fl. ii. 85, in part; Ell. Sk. ii. 
225. Mulgedium lyratum, Cass. Dict. xxxiii. 297. Jf, Floridanum, DC. Prodr. vii. 249; 
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 498, excl. vars. Agathyrsus Floridanus, Beck, Bot. 171. Galathenium 
Floridanum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 443.— Alluvial ground and along streams, 
Penn. to Ilinois, Florida, and Texas. 

L. acuminata, Gray. Leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both 
ends, or cauline not rarely sagittate or hastate, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, occa- 
sionally some of the lower cleft at base, forming a pair of lateral lobes: involucre 5 lines 
high: akenes beakless and with hardly a neck: otherwise nearly like the preceding. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 73. JZ. villosa, Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. iii. t. 367; Beck, Bot. 170, but the plant 
mostly glabrous or nearly so. Sonchus acuminatus, Willd. Spec. iii. 1521; Ell. lc. 8. 
Floridanus, Michx.1.c¢., in part. Mfulgedium acuminatum, DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. e.— 
Borders of woodlands, New York to IHlinois and Florida. 


444 COMPOSITA. Sonchus, 


* * Flowers bluish to yellowish or whitish: pappus sordid or fuscous: upper cauline leaves sessile 
by a mostly narrowed but auriculate or partly clasping base: heads in a pyramidal more crowded 
panicle. — Mulgedium § Agalma, DC. 1. ¢., in part. 

L. leucophéa, Gray, l.c. Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the panicle: leaves 
ample, sinuately or runcinately pinnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly dentate: invo- 
lucre oblong, 5 lines high. akenes narrowed at summit into a short but manifest neck.— 
L. Canadensis flore leucopheo, Tourn. Sonchus alpinus, L., as to char. (& of Smith, Ic. Ined, 
t. 21), & S. Canadensis, L., as to habitat, owing to transposition by Linnzus. S. spicatus, 
Lam. Dict. iii. 401, excl. syn. Walt. S. racemosus, Lam. 1. c. 400. 8. biennis, Moench, 
Meth. 545. S. leucopheeus, Willd. Spec. iii. 1520, excl. syn. Walt. S. Floridanus, Ait. Kew. 
iii. 116, from fruit of which is probably that of Lactuca Floridana, Geertn. t. 158. 8S. acumi- 
natus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,290. S. pallidus, Torr. Compend. 279. Agathyrsus leucopheus, 
Beck, Bot. 170. Mulgedium leucopheum, DC. 1. c., Nutt. 1. ¢. (§ Leucomela); Torr. & Gray, 
Fl. ii. 499. AL. multiflorum, DC. 1. c. Sonchus multiflorus, Desf. Cat. (and so Galathenium 
multiflorum, Nutt. 1. c.) is, from sessile cauline leaves, probably this species. — Moist grounds 
and border of woods, Newfoundland to Canada, Iowa, mountains of Carvlina and Tennessee, 
and northwestward to coast of Oregon and Brit. Columbia. 

Var. integrifdélia. Leaves undivided (simulating those of Z. acuminata, but sessile), 
or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. — M/ulgedium leucopheum, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, 

1. ¢.— Ohio, Zea. Canton, Ilinois, Wolf. 

L. macropu¥ tua, Sonchus macrophyllus, Willd., is not known in this country, and is doubt- 

less an Old World species. 

L. aurfxa, Sonchus alpinus, L., is not American. For an account of the early confusion 

between this and L. /eucophea, see the latter species, supra, and Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 500. 


235. SONCHUS, Tourn. Sow-Tutstiz. (The ancient Greek name.) 
— Herbs of the Old World, some species now widely diffused, the following natu- 
ralized in N. America. Stems leafy: leaves somewhat spinulosely or ciliately 
dentate: flowers yellow, in summer: pappus white. 


* Coarse annual weeds, of cultivated soil and around dwellings; with mostly runcmately or 
lyrately pinnatifid leaves, of tender texture, beset with soft spinulose serratures; upper cauline 
auriculate-clasping, and lobes ovate or oblong: heads about half-inch high, somewhat corym- 
bose-paniculate, on short peduncles; these sometimes setose-glandular: akenes flat, thin-edged, 
oblong-obovate. 

S. orerdcevs, L. Leaves with soft or hardly spinulose teeth; auricles of the cauline ones 
acute: akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous.— Common in yards and 
gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) 

S. Asprr, Virn. Teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly; auricles of the clasping 
base rounded: akenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side, margined. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 501, 
with syn. S. Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 192; Ell. Sk. ii. 255. SS. spinulosus, Bigel. Fl. 
Bost. ed. 2, 292.— More common westward and southward, widely dispersed, even to 
remote districts. 


* %* Slender annual; wi h leaves pinnately parted into narrow lobes. 


S. revérriuus, L. A foot or two high, with rather few and scattered pedunculate heads, 
glabrous: lobes of the leaves mostly linear or narrowly lanceolate, somewhat spinulosely 
denticulate: akenes narrow, thickish, rugose-scabrous. — S. tenuifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. vii. 438.— San Diego, California, Nuttall, Orcutt. (Nat. from Eu.) 

%* %* %* Strong-rooted perennial, with deep yellow flowers: akenes thickish. 

S. arvinsis, L. Rootstocks creeping: stems 2 feet high, naked at summit, bearing few or 
several and corymbosely paniculate showy heads: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or some undi- 
vided, denticulate-spinulose, cauline partly clasping at base: peduncles and involucre more 
or less glandular-bristly : head almost inch high: akenes oblong, about 10-costate, rugulose 


on the ribs. — On shores and banks of streams, in several places in N. Atlantic States, and 
Salt Lake City, Utah. (Nat. from Eu.) 


SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. I. PART II. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


RUBIACEA. 
26. GALIUM. P. 35, add, after the mention of Asperula : — 


SuerArpia aRVEnSIs, L., according to Macoun, has been found wild in several places in 
Canada. 

G. pasycArpPuM, Nees, Pl Neuwied Trav 11 (510), collected on the Missouri at the mouth 
of the Yellowstone, and briefly described, is wholly obscure. It is likened to G. boreale.— The 
following is a somewhat anomalous species, perhaps to stand after G. multiflorum. 

G. Catalinénse. Herbaceous perennial, hispidulous-puberulent or glabrate, unarmed: 
stems erect, 3 or 4 feet high, mostly simple with short flowering branches which little sur- 
pass the larger leaves; its nodes usually with a tumid ring: leaves in fives or fours, narrowly 
oblong, obtuse, mucronate, one-nerved (rarely by the union of two leaves 2-nerved), either 
sessile by a contracted base or short-petioled ; at the insertion within bearing some obscurely 
glandular bristle-shaped appendages: flowers on short slender pedicels, perhaps polygamous : 
corolla white {2 lines in diameter): young fruit sometimes naked and smooth, sometimes 
beset with soft and straight bristles of about the length of the body. — Island of Santa Cata- 
lina off Los Angeles, California, W. S. Lyon. 


COMPOSITA. 


To the Synopsis of Genera add, at the end of the Inuloidee, p. 59: — 


631 DIMERESIA. Heads 2flowered, homogamous. Involucre 2-phyllous. Pappus plu- 
mose, early deciduous. 


Trize VIII. SENECIONIDEA, p.79. An additional division is required for an 
outlying genus, viz. : — 
Style-branches attenuate: involucre imbricated : often some chaffy bracts on the receptacle. 
— Subtribe Liabee, Benth. & Hook. 


1781. BEBBIA. For the characters see p. 453. 


18. BRICKELLIA, Ell. 


B. Nevinii, Gray. (Next to B. mecrophylla, p. 106.) White-tomentose, almost as in B, in- 
cana, frutescent: leaves ovate or oval (larger ones only half-inch long): heads 30-40-flowered : 
outer bracts of the involucre resembling the small rameal leaves, equally tomentose: other- 
cow nearly like B. microphylla.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297.—S. California, near Newhall, 

fevin. 


446 SUPPLEMENT. 


17. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. The section § 2. Kunntorss, and the 
species under it to be suppressed. Vide 1637, Bebbia, p. 453. 


24, PENTACH ATA, Nutt. 


P, atirea, Nurt., p. 120. Add syn.: P. paleacea, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 189. The “tri. 
angular palea at base” of the pappus-bristles is evident in most specimens, from Nuttall’s 
onward. 

P. Lyoni. Hirsute, at least the margins of the plane linear or spatulate-linear leaves, 4 to 7 
inches high, with the sparing ascending branches leafy up to the head or short peduncle: 
involucre hirsute; its bracts linear-lanceolate and of nearly equal length, green, with narrow 
scarious margins: pappus-bristles 9 to 11 or commonly 12!—S. California, at San Pedro, 
Los Angeles Co., and Catalina Island, W. S. Lyon. An anomalous species, evidently allied 
to P. aurea, notwithstanding the involucre and the more numerous pappus-bristles, which 
are repugnant to the generic name. 


27. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. 


C. graminifolia, Nurr., p. 121. A probable synonym is Erigeron Carolinianum, Walt. 
Car. 205. 

C. gossypina, Nurr., p. 122. Here may belong Erigeron squarrosum, Walt. 1. c. But 
C. gossypina, Nees, Pl. Neuwied Trav. 14, must be C. villosa. 

C. Wrightii. Amsop1a, near C. Breweri, p.124. Pubescent with fine soft hairs: bracts 
of the involucre all partly herbaceous, and the inner nearly equalling the flowers: corollas 
with limb slightly hairy outside: stigmatic portion of the style-branches not much longer 
than broad, several times shorter than the subulate-linear appendage: outer pappus scanty 
and obscure; inner extremely copious. —S. California, on the San Bernardino Mountains, 
at 11,500 feet, W. C. Wright. 


30. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. 


A. Orctittii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297, an extra-limital species of Lower California, 
connects the rayless A. squarrosus, p. 125, with the radiate Pyrrocomoid species. And the 
following connects these with the Arnicella group. 

A. Howeéllii. Before A. uniflorus, p. 128. A span or two in height, branching from base 
into ascending few-leaved monocephalous stems, sericeous-tomentose, glabrate in age: leaves 
all narrowly lanceolate and acute, entire, or rarely a denticulation : head and involucre nearly 
of A. uniflorus, the bracts of the latter of equal length and rather obtuse: style-appendages 
long and slender in the manner of A. carthamoides: akenes also elongated (oblong-linear) 
but pubescent, nearly as long as the rigid pappus.— On Stein’s Mountain, 8S. E. Oregon, 
June, 1885, Howell, Cusick. 

A. spinuldsus, DC., p. 130. Add syn.. Sideranthus spinulosus, ‘Fraser ex Steud.” ; Nees, 
Pl. Neuwied Trav. 15 (515). 

A. sUncrus, Greene, Bull. Acad. Calif. i. 190, S. W. border of California, is one of those 
forms intermediate between A. gracilis and the polymorphous A. spinulosus. 


34, LESSINGIA, Cham. P. 161, add: Pappus not rarely of awns rather 
than capillary bristles (especially in depauperate heads), then correspondingly 
fewer and sometimes irregularly concreted at base in pairs or phalanges. The 
species are polymorphous and not readily limited. 

L. ramulésa, Gray, p. 162. Tack-shaped glands abound on the margins of the leaves 
whenever these are rigid: pappus-bristles inclined to unite at base into five phalanges. 


Var. adendéphora. Tack-shaped glands conspicuous, even on involucral bracts: 
heads only about 8-flowered: pappus of few bristles in 5 paleaceous-aristiform phalanges, or 


COMPOSITE. 447 


some of these reduced to a rigid awn. — L. adenophora, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 190.— 
Colusa Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 

L. leptéclada, Gray, p.162. Pappus of fewer and more rigid bristles in the reduced forms, 
such as the 

Var. microcéphala, Gray, the most attenuate form, with only 5-flowered or even 

8-flowered small heads.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 851, & Bot. Calif. i. 308, with var. tenuis. 
L. nemaclada, Greene, 1. c. 191. — Not uncommon. 

L. nana, Gray, var. cauléscens, p.163. Add syn.: L. Parryi, Greene, 1. c. Almost ex- 
actly the typical plant (which also occurs in the same region), except that, in addition to the 
subradical heads, some elevated 3-4-cephalous shoots have developed. 


48, ASTER. P.172, &c. The following omitted names to be added in 
their places, chiefly as synonyms. 

A. intyBAcets, Kunth & Bouché, Adn. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1845, & Ann. Sci. Nat. 
ser. 3, v. 358, according to an original specimen, is 4. Tartaricus, L. f., wrongly taken for 
North American. 

A. satsucinosts, Less. in Linn. vi. 124 (not Richards.), is A. Sibiricus, L., fide Herder. 

A. GRAVEOLENS, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 294, is a syn. of A. oblongifolius, 
Nutt., on p. 178. ‘ 

A. PuBESCENS, Nees, Syn. Ast. 16 (.4. heterophyllus, var. Nees, Ast. 55), is a form of A. sagitti- 
folius, Willd., p. 182. 

A. pintFOLius, Nees, Syn. Ast. 29 (referred to 4. Zradescanti in Nees, Ast. 103), seems to 
be A. polyphyllus, Willd , p. 184. 

A. ancUsrus, Nees, Syn. Ast. 26 (referred, along with A. rigidulus, Syn. Ast. 29, to A. belli- 
diflorus in Nees, Ast. 97, seems to be a cultivated form of A. paniculatus, Lam., p. 187. 

A. £urnens, Nees, Ast. 87, is a mixture. The leading form is either A. junceus, Ait. (cited 
by Nees as a synonym), or A. paniculatus, to which some of the varieties seem to belong; the 
var. levigatus is our A. Novi-Belgii, var. levigatus (to which his synonym points); other forms 
are more obscure. 

A. LuxUrians (Spreng. Syst. iii. 538), Nees, Ast. 538, is a broad-leaved form of A. Novi- 
Belgii. 

A. UMBELLATUS, Mill., should have the syn. supplied: Dellingeria umbellata, Nees, Ast. 178, 
a broad-leaved form. 

A. vircAtus, Nees, Syn. Ast. 27 (not Ell.), is a form of A. Novi-Belgii, L., p. 189. 

The above determinations from Nees were derived from a set of cultivated Asters supplied 
by Nees to Hohenacker (either directly or indirectly), thence to Dr. Klatt, who obligingly gave 
them to the author. 

A. Haypens, Porter in Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1871 (published 1872), 485, is a syn. of A. pul- 
chellus, Eaton, p. 201. 


49. ERIGERON, L. On p. 214, after Z. Bloomeri, add: — 


E. nudatus, Gray. Like E. Bloomeri, but quite glabrous and smooth: leaves thickish, 
narrowly spatulate-linear, obtuse, much shorter than the simple (span high) monocephalous 
scape: involucre of thickish and green lanceolate bracts somewhat in two series: akenes 
obovate-oblong, sparsely pubescent: pappus whitish, simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297.— 
Dry hillsides, Waldo, S. W. Oregon, Howell. 

E. glaticus, Ker, p. 208. Here probably belongs E. squarrosus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. 
misc. 44. No specimen has been found in the herbarium of Lindley. 

E. pamilus, Nurr., p. 210. Add syn.: EZ. sulcatus, Nees, P]. Neuwied Trav. 13, according 
to the character. 

E. Chrysépsidis, Gray, p.210. Rays vary from yellow to cream-color and even white, 
according to Suksdorf. 


448 SUPPLEMENT. 


H. inornatus, var. angustatus, Gray, p. 215. Add syn.: E. angustatus, Greene, Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 88: perhaps a distinct species, but appears to connect with var. viscidulus, 
E. Oreganus, Gray, p. 216. On both sides of the Columbia River, up to and beyond the 
Cascades, Mrs. Barrett, Suksdorf. Truly perennial, forming a stout caudex and strong root, 

not stoloniferous; the rosulate tufts appressed to the bare rocks, which it affects 


E. Philadélphicus, L., p.217. In California the rays are commonly paler, not rarely white. 


56. PSILOCARPHUS, Nutt. P. 228, add after line 4: Very few or 
commonly no empty involucral bracts. Species revised as follows: — 


% Leaves all (even those subtending the heads) tapering below, and midrib not prominent: herb- 
age and (small) heads canescent with close wool: iructiferous bracts not over a line long. 

P. tenéllus, Nurr. At length much depressed, the woolliness cottony and becoming floccu- 
lent: leaves spatulate, a quarter or rarely half an inch long: akenes (half-line long) obovate- 
oblong. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 341; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 266. — California, 
common in low grounds throughout the western part of the State. 


P. Oregdnus, Nurr. lc. More erect and silky-lanate: leaves nearly linear, attenuate 
below, half-inch long: akenes oblong-cylindraceous. (On p. 228 partly confounded with 
the preceding.) — Along and near the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington Terr., Nut- 
tall, Howell, Suksdorf, Mrs. Barrett. 

* * Leaves little and those subtending the heads seldom at all narrowed at base; the midrib of 
the latter (in dried specimens) comparatively strong: herbage and especially the heads loosely 
floccose-lanate, least so in the first species. 

P. elAtior. Erect and caulescent, or at length with branches spreading, 3 to 6 inches high, 
commonly robust, and with large (3 or 4 lines broad) very leafy-subtended heads, lightly 
arachnoid-woolly, the wool of the fructiferous bracts shorter and mostly close: leaves lanceo- 
late- or subspatulate-linear, sometimes an inch long: akenes cylindraceous. — P. Oreganus, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390. P. Oreganus, var. elatior, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 336, & Syn. 
Fl. supra, 228.— On the Columbia River, from the Willamette to Hood River, Z. Hall, 
Kellogg & Harford, Suksdorf. Also, Boise City, S. W. Idaho, Wilcox, ambiguous between 
this and the preceding. 

P. brevissimus, Nurr. Dwarf, with solitary or few and very woolly heads: leaves oblong 
or lanceoiate, 2 to 5 lines long, seldom surpassing the developed heads: akenes cylindrical 
or slightly clavate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 340, excl. syn.; exceedingly depauperate 
specimens from the banks of the Columbia River, Nuttall. Also “California,” Kellogg & 
Harford, no. 417, less depauperate, half-inch high or more. N. California, in fields on Chico 
Creek, Gray, 1885, half-inch to two inches high, with large and very woolly terminal head 
or glomerule of heads; the akenesa line long! ‘The scarious beak to the fructiferous bracts, 
which Nuttall thought to be wanting in his exiguous specimens, is small and deciduous. 


P. globiferus, Nutr. Branched from the base and spreading or prostrate: leaves linear 
or narrowly spatulate, becoming glabrate ; uppermost little surpassing the very woolly heads: 
akenes obovate-oblong, scarcely over half a line in length. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1.¢., excl. 
syn.— Coast of California, from Santa Barbara (Nuttall, &c.) to Los Angeles (Nevin) and 
San Diego, Cleveland. 

P. CurLénsis (Micropus globiferus, Bertero, DC. Prodr. v. 460, and Bezanilla Chilensis, 

Remy in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 110, t. 46, f.1) has somewhat similar akenes, but mainly ovate 

leaves. 


631. DIMERESIA. New genus, to be appended to the Inuloidee, on 
p- 59 and p. 237: (Name Aipepys, of two parts or members.) — Heads 2-flow- 
ered, homogamous ; the flowers hermaphrodite; the involucre of two herbaceous 
oblong concave bracts, a little united at base, each subtending and almost enclos- 
ing a flower. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at base, the 
narrow auricles little extended. Style-branches narrowly linear, obtuse, uot ap- 


COMPOSITE. 449 


pendaged ; the bordering stigmatic lines extending to and around the naked apex. 
Akenes clavate-pyriform, glabrous, many-striate, with small epigynous areola 
bearing a pappus of 20 stout and long-plumose bristles in a single series, these 
united at base in a ring and early deciduous together. 


D. Howéllii. An acaulescent and depressed little herb, from an apparently annual tap- 
root, somewhat woolly but early glabrate; the thickish and obovate or oval entire and 3-5- 
nerved leaves all crowded in a rosulate tuft at the surface of the ground, bearing among and 
between them, on very short and crowded branches, numerous small subsessile heads in a 
depressed tuft: flowers purplish or flesh-color.—On Stein’s Mountain in S. E. Oregon, 
June, 1885, T. Howel/, and rather later, Cusick. 


68. MELAMPODIUM, L. P. 239, at end of genus, add: — 


* * * Coarse and broad-leaved annual: akene wholly enclosed in its indurated bract: ray and 
disk-corollas yellow. 


M. rerrouiAtum, HBK. Mostly glabrous, divergently branched, bearing slender peduncles 
in the forks: leaves large, rhombic-ovate, serrulate, contracted below as if into a winged 
petiole, the bases of the pairs connate around the stem, forming a kind of cup: fructiferous 
bracts lanate-obovate, compressed, smooth and unarmed, except a few small tubercular points 
at and near the apex.— Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 274; DC. Prodr. vy. 520. Alcina perfoliata, 
Cav. Ic. i. 10, t. 15. Wedelia perfoliata, Willd. Polymnia perfoliata, Poir.— Waste grounds 
in Los Angeles, California. (Nat. from Mex.) 


70. SILPHIUM, L. After S. perfoliatum, p. 240, add: — 


%* 1 Stem square, but branches terete: leaves not cupulate-connate; cauline petioled, all opposite. 


S. brachidtum, Garrixcer. Stem (3 to 5 feet high) and very slender brachiate branches 
smooth, glabrous, glaucous: leaves somewhat hispidulous-scabrous, thin; cauline hastate- or 
deltoid-lanceolate (4 to 8 inches long), slightly dentate, on rather long and barely margined 
or naked petioles; those of the branches small and very distant, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, en- 
tire; uppermost reduced to small bracts: heads small (half-inch or so high), on long and 
slender peduncles: involucral bracts ovate: rays 6 to 8: akenes ovate-orbicular, narrowly 
winged, with barely emarginate summit.— Bot. Gazette, ix. 192; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
297. —S. E. Tennessee, on the Cumberland Mountains near Cowan, Gatlinger, coll. 1867. 


S. Asteriscus, L., p. 241. Add the following : — 
Var. angustatum. A slender form, hispid: leaves oblong-lanceolate ; all the cauline 
(except the much reduced uppermost) tapering at base into more or less of a petiole: akenes 
obovate-orbicular. — Chattahoochee, Florida, A. H. Curtiss. 


82. FRANSERIA, Cav. 


F, tenuifélia, Gray, p. 250. Add syn.: Ambrosia tenujfolia, Gren. & Godr. FI. Fr. ii. 395 
(but fruit wanting in spec. Cosson), not of Spreng. Syst., if that is rightly taken by Baker 
in Fl. Bras. vi. 150, t. 49, for a coarse-leaved annual plant, apparently too like A. polystachya. 
Three species of the southwestern borders now to be added to the section ACANTHOLENA, 

viz. :— 

F. cordifélia, Gray. (Ed. 1, 445.) Herbaceous, with merely suffrutescent base, erect, 
2 or 8 feet high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves thin, roundish-cordate or subcordate, obscurely 
3-5-lobed, serrate, an inch or two long, slender-petioled, sometimes one or two small appen- 
dages or lobes at or near the summit of the petiole: heads loosely paniculate on slender 
rather naked branches: fertile involucre 2 or 3 lines long, minutely granulose-puberulent, 
bearing 4 or 5 short and stout subulate spines. —S. Arizona, in the mountains near Tucson, 
Pringle, Parish. 


450 SUPPLEMENT. 


F. flexudsa, Gray. Widely branched from a woody hase, canescently puberulent or gla- 
brate in age: branches slender, flexuous: leaves coriaceous, short-petioled, deltoid-lanceolate 
and laciniate-dentate, or upper lanceolate with cuneate base, feather-veined, the tapering tip 
and coarse teeth somewhat spinulose: heads naked-paniculate on the branches: fertile invo- 
lucres pubescent, armed with 7 or § stout-subulate and widely spreading straight spines, 
2-3-flowered. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 298.—Cafion Cantillas, within the borders of Lower 
California, Orcutt. 

F. chenopodifolia, Buntu. To stand between F’. deltoidea and F’. eriocentra, habit of the 
former: leaves broadly ovate or subcordate, rather slender-petioled, crenate-serrate, rarely 
somewhat incised, an inch broad, minutely white-tomentose, upper face glabrate: fertile in- 
volucres glomerate, subglobose, 2-3-flowered, tomentose-lanate, but the numerous subulate 
divergent spines naked. — Bot. Sulph. 26.— All Saints Bar, in Lower California, Oreuit, 


vw? 


Hinds found it farther south, at Bay of Magdalena. Probably may reach the U. S. border. 


101. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. 


G. triloba, Gray, p. 269, has a thick perennial root, and should be transferred to the second 
division, after G. tenuifolia. . 

G. encelioides, Gray, and the division under which it stands, are to be suppressed, as also 
Viguiera tephrodes, p. 271. See Helianthus, infra. 


104. HELIANTHUS, L. After H. debilis, p. 273, add: — 


H. tephrédes, Gray. Annual, strigose-canescent, or the stem and branches more loosely 
hispidulous: leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate or entire (an inch 
or two long), soft strigose-canescent both sides, rather long-petioled : heads short-peduncled : 
involucre 4 or 5 lines high, of oblong-lanceolate acute bracts: rays broadly oblong: bracts 
of the receptacle nearly entire and glabrous: akenes linear-oblong, thickish, silky-hairy at 
least above : pappus of two oblong or linear caducous small and thin pale, which some- 
times do not surpass the hairs of the akene. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 90, & Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
298. Viguiera nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif. i, 354, excl. syn. V. tephrodes, Gray, & Gymnolomia 
encelioides (Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4), Gray, supra, 269, 271. — Southern borders of California 
and Arizona about the head of the Gulf, Schott, Parish. (Adj. Sonora, Pringle.) 

H. Olivéri, Gray. Perhaps next H. Parishii, p. 277, tall and stout (10 or 12 feet high), 
leafy to the top, remarkable for its soft-villous and even tomentose pubescence and no rough- 
ness: leaves all alternate, lanceolate (4 to 7 inches long), tapering to an acute point, and at 
base into a short and margined petiole, nearly entire, obscurely triplinerved near the base: 
involucre also villous, of linear-subulate bracts, not surpassing the disk: rays an inch long: 
palese of the pappus subulate from a broad base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299.— §. Califor- 
nia, in low grounds between Los Angeles and Santa Monica, J. C. Oliver. 

H. peaupArvs, Gray, p. 280. Collected in excellent specimens by FE. L. Greene, 1885, on 
Cape San Quentin, Lower California; the foliage very silvery and soft with the dense pannose 
tomentum. From the habitat, the Encelia-like aspect, and the whole description, this is evi- 
dently Encelia nivea, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 27, the new specimens with peduncles even longer than 
described, and the bracts of the involucre come near to ovate-lanceolate. The small and narrow 
palez of the pappus are so very caducous from the ovary that Bentham overlooked them. 


107. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. 


H. Califérnica, Grav, p. 285. Addsyn.: H. Nevadensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 90, 
the state with small awns and intermediate exiguous squamellz more developed; but traces 
of both are found in the original of coll. Bigelow, sometimes whole pappus obsolete from 
the first. : 


118. BALDWINIA, Nutt. 
B. uniflora, Nurt., p. 302. Add syn.: Viguiera glandulosa, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. 45. 


COMPOSIT. 451 


122. MADIA, Molina. 


M. Yosemitana, Parry, p. 304. Add syn.. JJ. Rammii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 90, 
the larger and fully developed form, sometimes 18 inches high (occurring along the western 
base of the Sierra Nevada), the original of Parry being the most depauperate. 


124, HEMIZONIA, DC. 


H. citriodéra, Gray, p. 307. Add to syn.: Madia citriodora, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 
63, & Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 91. To habitat add: Hood River, Oregon, J/rs. Barrett, Klickitat 
Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf. Instead of the statement about J/adia anomala, add: 

H. anomala. More hirsute and viscid than the preceding, destitute of soft villous pubes- 
cence, not at all lemon-scented : rays “3 to 5, greenish-yellow”: bracts of receptacle uncon- 
nected: akenes of disk and ray similar, larger than in related species (2 lines long), turgid 
oval, obscurely gibbous, subterete, very obtuse or retuse at both ends, wholly destitute of 
terminal apiculation and of basal stipe or callus, not at all angled, or in ray-akenes a very 
obscure ventral ridge. — J/adia anomalu, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 91.— California, on 
hills and mountains in El] Dorado and Lake Co., Mrs. Layne-Curran. The akenes confirm 
the reference of the preceding species with the present one to Luhemizonia. 

H. Streétsii, Gray, mentioned on p. 307, to be introduced on p. 308, before H. corymbosa. 
Erect or ascending, at length much branched, 5 to 15 inches high, more or less hirsute, desti- 
tute of glands, usually very leafy up to the*numerous corymbosely crowded heads: leaves 
linear, obtuse, short (the larger only inch and a half long), entire or with a few coarse short 
teeth: heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucral bracts short and linear; those of the receptacle 
15 or more in a circle, slightly united below: rays 14 to 20: disk-flowers numerous: akenes 
of the ray rugose-tuberculate at maturity, indistinctly triangular, with a prominent upturned 
beak ; those of the disk sterile, bearing a pappus of about 10 subulate-linear palee of half 
the length of the corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162, from dwarf or early specimens. — 
Islands of California, Santa Catalina, Lyon, San Clemente, Nevin & Lyon. (Lower California 
on San Benito Island, Dr. Streets.) 


127. LAYIA, Hook. & Arn. 


L. heterétricha, Hoon. & Ary., p. 315. Pubescence all short and fine; hispid or hirsute 
hairs none or few in the original specimens, but moderately developed in a form which is 
distinguished from L. glandulosa, chiefly by the want of crisped wool to the pappus. 

Var. major. Robust, the copious pubescence all short: heads and rays large: pappus 
more or less deciduous from the disk-akenes in a ring at maturity (which the original of the 
species also shows). — L. qraveolens, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92.— California; near An- 
tioch, Kellogg, and Tehachapi Pass, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 


137: CROCKERIA, Greene. Next to Eatonella, p. 823. (Dedicated 
by the discoverer to Charles Crocker, Esq., of San Francisco, one of the most 
liberal promoters of botanical exploration in California and adjacent regions.) — 
Habit, involucre, flowers, and receptacle essentially of Lasthenia § Hologymne. 
Akenes oval-obovate, very flat and the plane sides nerveless, glabrous; margins 
with a distinct filiform nerve, and very densely ciliate with short and pyriform or 
clavate rather rigid more or less glandular hairs; apex truncate. Pappus none. 
C. chrysantha, Greese, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 93. A span or two high from a slender 

annual root, nearly glabrous, not at all woolly: leaves all opposite, linear, entire: heads a 

quarter-inch high: involucre nearly hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; the 12 to 14 ovate 

bracts cupulate-connate to the middle: rays and numerous disk-flowers golden yellow, and 
quite like those of Lasthenia glabrata. To refer the plant to that genus seems impractica- 

ble. — Valley of the San Joaquin, California, in alkaline soil near Lake Tulare, April 15, 

1884, EB. L. Greene. 


452 SUPPLEMENT. 


138. MONOLOPIA, DC. 
M. major, DC., p. 323. Add: Regel, Gart. Fl. xx. 162, t. 690. 


139. LASTHENIA, Cass. 


L. glabrata, Linpt., var. Coulteri, p. 325. Add syn.: LZ. Coulteri, Greene, Bull. Calif, 
Acad. i. 192. 


141. BAERIA. At close of § Evparrta, p. 326, add: — 


B. Palmeri, Gray. Palezx of the disk-flowers mostly 5, all-alike, ovate, firm, attenuate into 
a stout awn, erose-laciniate or denticulate ; those of the ray-flowers commonly awnless or de- 
pauperate or obsolete: otherwise nearly like a large form of B. gracilis. — Bot. Calif. i. 376,.. 
& Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22, where it is not well placed in the section Dicheta. — Guadalupe 
Island, off Lower California, Palmer, Greene, extra-limital. 

Var. Clementina. Heads rather smaller: pappus alike and awned in ray and disk- 
flowers, the pales sparingly erose-laciniate or only denticulate!—On San Clemente, off 
Southern California, Nevin & Lyon, 1885. An ambiguous form. 


143. ERIOPHYLLUM, Lag.; § Tricnornrtium, p. 329, add: — 


H. Nevinii. Stem about 3 feet high, decidedly woody below: leaves comparatively large, 
equally white-tomentose both sides, twice pinnately parted into narrow and very obtuse seg- 
ments and lobes: corymbiform and compound cymes naked-peduncled, of very many and 
much crowded heads: bracts of the involucre mostly 3-4-nerved : receptacle wholly naked : 
rays not surpassing the disk-flowers: pappus of 4 to 6 often unequal palee.— Island of 
San Clemente, off San Diego, California, on rocks overhanging the sea, Nevin & Lyon, April, 
1885. Near to E. stechadifolium. 

E. ceespitésum, Dovet., p. 330. Add syn.: Egletes Californicus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. 
Acad. i. 56. 


144, BAHIA, Lag. 


B. Woodhéusii, Gray, p. 333. Rediscovered at Albuquerque, New Mexico, by Marcus 
£E. Jones. 


153. CH ZZNACTIS, DC. 


C. heterocarpha, Gray, p. 339, var. carta. Pappus of only 4 oval or broadly oblong 
palez, either equal or one of them longer, but not over a third or fourth of the length of the 
corolla. — Ventura Co., California, in the upper part of the Santa Clara Valley, Gray & Far- 
low, 1885. ‘ 

C. Névii, Gray, p. 339. Now collected in good condition in John Day’s Valley, S. E. Ore- 
gon, by Howell. Plants rather slender. Akenes terete, clavate, surmounted by a short and 
thickish obscurely denticulate crown, which is an epigynous disk rather than pappus. 

C. Cusickii. Of the white-flowered division having marginal flowers enlarged, very low, 
diffusely branched, floccose-tomentulose, soon glabrate : leaves rather fleshy, all entire, spatu- 
late-linear : peduncles short : bracts of the involucre broadly linear, midrib obscure : pappus 
of 10 linear-oblong nearly equal palex, about the length of the tube of the corolla. — Sandy 
hills of the Malheur, Baker Co., E. Oregon, 1885, Cusick. 

C. suffrutéscens, Gray, p. 341, includes two species, both suffrutescent perennials. The 
char. of this is: Tomentose-canescent: branches simple from a decumbent ligneous stem, 
erect, bearing a solitary long-peduncled head: leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear 
entire lobes: head nearly an inch high: palew of the pappus 10, oblong-lingulate. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvi. 100, & Syn. Fl. 1. ¢. in part, distinguished in Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299.— 
Sand-washes of the Upper Sacramento, California, near Mount Shasta, Lemmon, 1879. 


COMPOSIT#. 453 


C. Parishii, Gray. Minnutely canescent: stems branching from a suffrutescent base and 
bearing few heads: leaves pinnately parted into short and partly entire linear lobes: heads 
hardly over half an inch high: palex of the pappus 18 to 15, linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
299. — On the southern borders of California, south of the San Jacinto Mountains, Parish, 
1882, and near Hanson’s Ranch below the boundary, Orcutt, 1884. 


167. HYMENATHERUM, Cass. Add on p. 357: — 


§ 2). HeterocurOmEA. Palee of the simple pappus 10, little shorter than 
the slender akene and the disk-corolla, lanceolate, resolved above into 5 or 7 awns, 
the central one longer, and the lateral successively shorter: rays white! 

H. concinnum. Depressed and spreading from the annual root, mostly glabrous, glau- 
cescent: leaves chiefly alternate, thickish, pinnately parted into narrowly linear obtuse and 
pointless divisions: heads sessile and clustered at summit of the short leafy branchlets: in- 
volucre 12-14-toothed, nearly naked at base : rays 10 or 12, the showy oblong ligules (2 lines 
long) bright white ; the disk-flowers yellow. — Arizona, on the mesas near Tucson, 1884, 
Pringle. — A handsome species, anomalous for its heterochromous flowers ; and in other re- 
spects serving to connect the first two sections with true Hymenatherum. 


178. ARTEMISIA, Tourn. 


A. scopulérum, Gray, p. 369. Strike out var. monocephala, and add: — 

A. Patters6ni. More dwarf and white-tomentose, but sometimes glabrate in age: leaves 
3-5-parted or cleft, or uppermost entire : heads much larger and broader, solitary or 2 to 5, 
40-50-flowered: corollas glabrous: receptacle extremely long-woolly. — A. scopulorum, var. 
monocephala, Gray. — Lower alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, first coll. by 
Parry in 1862, and noted as distinct, and now well distinguished by Patterson. 


189. TETRADYMIA, DC. § EureTrapymia, p. 379, add: — 


T. stendlepis, Grerxe. Very white-tomentose with appressed wool, armed with long and 
slender leaf-spines ; also bearing from narrowly spatulate to linear-subulate primary leaves : 
heads fully half-inch long, 5-flowered, bracteate with one or two smal] narrow leaves: bracts 
of the involucre linear or broader, rigid and thick: akenes pubescent when young ; pappus 
copious, rather rigid. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92.—S. E. California, at Tehachapi Pass and 
Antelope Valley, Mrs. Layne-Curran, J. C. Oliver. Habit of the second, but characters of 
the first section of the genus. 


1901. BEBBIA, Greene. (Michael S. Bebb, of Mlinois, specially notable for 
his knowledge of Willows.) — Heads homogamous, 20-—30-flowered; flowers all her- 
maphrodite and fertile. Involucre campanulate, shorter than the disk ; its bracts 
imbricated in two or three series, oblong or ovate, appressed ; outermost short 
ones nearly herbaceous; inner partly or wholly scarious and obscurely nervose 
when dry, a few of the innermost among the outer flowers. Receptacle other- 
wise naked, flat. Corolla with short proper tube and elongated upwardly enlar- 
ging throat, 5-toothed; the teeth ovate, spreading, hispidulous outside. Style- 
branches slender and produced into indistinct subulate hispidulous appendages. 
Akenes somewhat turbinate, hirsute, obsoletely 5-nerved and many striate. Pap- 
pus of 15 to 20 rigid short-plumose bristles in a single series. — Greene in Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i.179. Carphephorus, § Kuhniotdes, Gray, p. 113. 

B. juncea, Greexe,1.c. Shrubby at base, fastigiately much branched, a yard or less high; 


flowering branches rush-like, herbaceous or mainly so, mostly leafless and alternate, bearing 
solitary or scattered heads: leaves few or sparse; lower opposite, oblong to linear, the lar- 


454 SUPPLEMENT. 


ger often laciniate and petioled ; upper small and linear, or reduced to subulate minute 
scales: flowers golden yellow, sweet-scented (somewhat as in those of Acacia Farnesiana), ~ 
Carphephores junceus, Benth. & p. 113. B. atriplicifolia (Carphephorus atriplicifolius, Gray, 
1. c.) of Lower California is probably the same, and var. aspera, Greene, 1. c., is a common 
hispidulous state. — Rocky places, in cafions, &c. in the arid regions of Arizona and §. E, 
California (Lower Calif, first coll. by Hinds). LE vidently an outlying representative of the 
subtribe Liabec. 


192. SENECIO, Tourn. 


S. atreus, var. Balsdmite, p. 391. Add syn.: S. ceratophyllus, Nees, Pl. Neuwied 
Tray. 12. 

S. Neo-Mexicdnus, Gray, p. 392. S. Austine, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 93, is 
probably a form of this, from the northeastern borders of California, in Modoc Co., Mrs. 
Austin. 

S. Ly6ni. (Next after S. eremophilus, p. 393.) Obscurely suffrutescent, and somewhat 
succulent, early glabrate except the persistent dense tufts of wool in the axils: leaves once 
or twice prinnately parted into linear obtuse segments and lobes, glabrous above, minutely 
woolly-pubescent beneath: peduncle bearing a few pedicellate heads (these 4 to 6 lines 
high and radiate): pedicels and involucre sparingly subulate-bracteolate.—Island of San 
Clemente, off S. California, on cliffs by the sea, Nevin’& Lyon, April, 1885. 

S. Califérnicus, DC. Growing in sand along the sea-shore (San Diego and southward) it 
becomes succulent and dwarf, when it is S. ammophilus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 193. 


At the end of the genus, p. 394, add : — 
* * * # Jndigenous winter-annual: heads with few and minute ray-flowers, or none. 


S. Mohavénsis. Glabrous, branching from the base, leafy up to the loose corymbiform 
panicle: leaves soft and thickish, ovate or oblong, sinuate-dentate or sparingly incised, cau- 
line with auriculate or cordate-clasping base : heads slender-peduncled, 4 lines high : involucre 
narrow-campanulate, 18-20-flowered; calyculate bracts few and inconspicuous: ray-flowers 
when present mostly difformed and biligulate, not surpassing the disk: akenes canescent. — 
8. E. California in the Mohave region, near.the Colorado, Lemmon. (Also within the bor- 
ders of Sonora, Mex., Pringle.) 


213. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. 


S. coronaria, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194, Santa Lucia Mountains, Brandegee, by the 
character seems too like S. exigua, Nutt., p. 414. 


219. MICROSERIS, § Scorzonetzta. At end, p. 418, add: — 


M. Howeéllii, Gray. <A foot or more high from a fusiform root, slender, bearing solitary 
or 2 or 3 heads: leaves (only 2 or 3 lines wide) elongated-linear and attenuate, some bearing 
a few attenuate refracted lobes; involucre half-inch high, narrow, 15-20-flowered ; its bracts 
all acuminate ; inner oblong-lanceolate and all nearly equal; outer much shorter and mostly 
ovate: akenes 3 lines long, narrower at base: pappus of 8 or 10 conspicuous and firm lance- 
olate pale, which nearly equal the length of the akene and bear a denticulate-scabrous awn 
of hardly greater length!— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 300, where by some mistake the pappus 
is quite wrongly described. — Waldo, S. W. Oregon, June, 1884, Howell. Ambiguous be- 
tween the sections Scorzonelia and Calais, with pappus-palez of the latter, except in number, 
but perennial or biennial from a fusiform root, and the habit of a slender IW. leptosepala. 


223. MALACOTHRIX, DC. 


M. Cofilteri, Gray, p. 421. Anthesis vespertine or matutinal, the heads closed at 
midday. 

M. insularis, Greys. Intermediate between § Malacolepis and Malacothrix subsection 
Malacomeris, annual, glabrous, a foot or two high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, laciniate-pinna- 


COMPOSIT.E. 455 


tifid, the lobes almost linear : involucre well imbricated, less than half-inch high ; outermost 
bracts ovate, innermost linear, all scarious with green or purplish tip and centre: coroHa 
yellow: receptacle almost destitute of bristles: akenes 15-ribbed, five of the ribs angulate- 
prominent: one or two stronger pappus-bristles persistent. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194.— 
S. California, on Coronados Islands, off San Diego, Greene. 

M. folidsa, Between JF. obtusa and MW. incana, p. 423, with habit of M. saratilis, but an an- 
nual, with much smaller heads of yellow flowers, glabrous: stem u foot or two high, erect, 
much branched, very leafy even to the branchlets: leaves Janceolate, most of them lacinjate- 
pinnatifid, 2 to + inches long, uppermost linear-attenuate : heads short-peduncled, 3 to 5 lines 
high: bracts of the involnare lanceolate, rather obtuse : akenes somewhat equally 10-costate : 
pappus wholly deciduous, leaving neither bristles nor crown. — Island of San Clemente, off 
Southern California, Vevin & Lyon, April, 1885.— Connects the Leucoseris of Nuttall with 
his Leptoseris. 

M. saxatilis, Torr. & Gray, p. 423. Under this may be more than one species, not only 
the JV. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, but also a larger-flowered one, J/. altissima, Greene, Bull. 
Calif. Acad. 1. v., of mountains of Kern Co., Mrs. Layne-Curran, said to be annual (but not 
seen here): probably same from Ojai, Peckham. But the characters are not yet clear. 


226. HIERACIUM, Tourn. 


H. longipilum, Torr., p. 426. Cancel the var. spathulatum, which should be trans- 
ferred to 

H. Marianum, Witcp., var. spathulatum. A mountain form, with leaves all or 
mainly radical and unusually barbate-hispid. — Pilosella spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 
1862. — Tuscarora or Two-top Mountain, Penn., Porter and Traill Green. 

H. Brandegéi, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194. Santa Lucia Mountains, Brandegee, fide 
Greene, which we have not seen, appears to be the same as the plant of the same district, 
coll. G. R. Vasey (not Parry as stated), and referred to H. argutum, Nutt., on p. 428. 


INDEX. 


Names of orders are in CAPITALS; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted 
genera and species, in ordinary Roman type; of synonyms, as also of subgenera, sections, and all species 


merely referred to, in /talic type. 


Abrotanum, 369. 

Absinthium, 369. 
vulgare, 370. 

Acamptopappus, 54, 124. 
Shockleyi, 124. 
spherocephalus, 124. 

Acantholena, 250. 

Acanthospermum, 60, 239. 
australe, 239. 
Brasilum, 239. 
hispidum, 240. 
humile, 240. 
xanthioides, 239. 

Acanthoxanthium, 253. 

Acarphea, 342. 
artemisiefolia, 342. 

Acheta, 288. 

Achillea, 78, 3863. 
borealis, 363. 
gracilis, 363. 
lanulosa, 363. 
Millefolium, 363. 
multiflora, 363. 
occidentalis, 363. 
Ptarmica, 363. 
tomentosa, 363. 

Achyrachena, 69, 312. 
mollis, 312. 

Achyrea, 124. 

Achyropappus, 332. 
Woodhousei, 333. 

Aciphyllea, 357. 
acerosa, 357. 

Acmella occidentalis, 258. 
repens, 258. 

Acoma dissectum, 301. 

Acosmia, 263. 

Acourtia, 408 
microcephala, 409. 

Actinea, 344. 

Actinella, 75, 344. 
acaulis, 345. 
argentea, 345. 
biennis, 346. 
Bigelovii, 346. 
Brandegei, 345. 
chrysanthemoides, 345, 
Cooperi, 346. 
depressa, 345, 
glabra, 345. 
grandiflora, 345. 
insignis, 345. 
lanata, 330, 345. 
lanuginosa, 344. 
leptoclada, 345. 
linearifolia, 344. 


odorata, 347. 
Palmeri, 344. 
Richardsonii, 347. 
Richardsonii, 346. 
Rusbyi, 346. 
scaposa, 344. 
Torreyana, 345. 
Vaseyi, 346. 
Actinaphoria, 129. 
Actinolepis, 328. 

anthemoides, 328. 

coronaria, 327. 

lanosa, 329. 

Lemmoni, 328. 

muilticaulis, 328. 

mutica, 328. 

nivea, 323. 

tenella, 327. 

Wallacei, 329. 
Actinomeris, 67, 289. 

alata, 287. 

alba, 289. 

alternifolia, 289. 

helianthoides, 288. 

heterophylla, 288. 

longifolia, 287. 

nudicaulis, 288. 

oppositifolia, 288, 289. 

pauciflora, 288. 

squarrosa, 289. 

Wrightii, 288. 
Actinospermum, 302. 

angustiflium, 303. 
ADENOCAULE&, 59. 
Adenocaulon, 59, 237. 

bicolor, 237. 
Adenophyllum Wrightii, 357. 
Adenostyles Nardosmia, 376. 
Adopogon, £12. 

Adoxa, 7, 8. 

Moschatellina, 8. 
thulia uniflora, 92. 
Agarista, 299, 300. 

calliopsidea, 300. 
Agassizia, 351. 

suavis, 351. 
Agathyrsus, 443. 

Floridanus, 443. 

leucopheus, 444. 
Ageratum, 51, 93. 

altissimum, 101. 

celestinum, 93. 

conyzoides, 93. 

corymbosum, 93. 

lineare, 338. 

littorale, 93. 


maritimum, 93. 
Mezicanum, 93. 
punctatum, 92. 
Wrightii, 92. 
Alarconia angustifolia, 268. 
helenivides, 267. 
Alcina perfoliata, 449. 
Aldama uniserialis, 256. 
Alloseris, 412. 
Alymnia, 238. 
Amauria, 332. 
dissecta, 334. 
Amblyolepis, 76, 351. 
setigera, 351. 
Amblvopappus, 73, 334. 
Neo-Mexicanus, 333. 
pusillus, 334. 
Ambrosia, 63, 248. 
absynthifolia, 249. 
acanthicarpa, 251. 
aptera, 249. 
artemisicfolia, 249. 
bidentata, 249. 
cheiranthifolia, 249. 
confertiflora, 250. 
coronopifolia, 250. 
crithmifolia, 250. 
elatior, 249. 
Sruticosa, 250. 
glandulosa, 250. % 
heteronbyllt, 249. 
hispida, 250. 
integrifolia, 249. 
Lindheimeriana, 250. 
longistylis, 249. 
longistylis, 250. 
paniculata, 249, 
Peruviana, 250. 
Pitcheri, 246. 
psilostachya, 250. 
pumila, 250. 
tenuifolia, 250, 449. 
tomentosa, 251. 
trifida, 249. 
AMBROSIEA, 62. 
Amellastrum, 172. 
Amellus Carolinianus, 256. 
spinulosus, 130. 
villosus, 123. 
Amida gracilis, 306. 
. hirsuta, 306. 
Ammodia, 124. 
Oregana, 124. 
Ammogeton 
scorzonerafolium, 437. 
Amphiachvris, 53, 116. 


458 


dracunculoides, 116. 
Fremontii, 116. 
Amphipappus Fremontii, 116. 
Anacalais, 417. 
Anacis tripteris, 294. 
Anaphalis, 59, 233. 
margaritacea, 233. 
Ancistrocarphus, 227. 
Jilayineus, 228. 
Angelandra, 244. 
Anisocarpus Bolanderi, 305. 
madioides, 304. 
Anisocoma, 85, 416. 
acaule, 416. 
Anotis lanceolata, 26. 
Antennaria, 58, 231. 
alpina, 282. 
alpina, 231. 
argentea, 232. 
Carpathica, 232. 
dimorpha, 231. 
dioica, 233. 
flagellaris, 231. 
Gevyeri, 231. 
hyperborea, 233. 
Labradorica, 232. 
luzuloides, 232. 
margaritacea, 238. 
microcephala, 232. 
monocephala, 232. 
parvifolia, 233. 
plantaginea, 233. 
plantaginifolia, 233. 
racemosa, 233. 
stenophylla, 231. 
ANTHEMIDES, 77, 362. 
Anthemis, 78, 362. 
arvensis, 362. 
Cotula, 362. 
nobilis, 363. 
repens, 258. 
tinctoria, 363. 
Apalus, 344. 
Apargia autumnalis, 420. 
borealis, 424, 
Apargidium, 86, 424. 
boreale, 424. 
Aparine, 35. 
Aphanostephus, 55, 163. 
Arizonicus, 163. 
Arkansanus, 164. 
humilis, 164, 
pilosus, 163. 
yamosissimus, 163. 
ramosus, 164. 
Riddellii, 163. 
Aphantocheta, 119. 
exilis, 120. 
Aplodiscus, 125, 142. 
Aplopappus, 54, 125, 446. 
acaulis, 132. : 
alpigenus, 201. 
apargioides, 127. 
arenarius, 130. 
armerioides, 182. 
aureus, 129. 
baccharoides, 160. 
Berberidis, 126. 
blephariphyllus, 205 
Bloomeri, 134. 
Brandegei, 132. 
canescens, 123. 
carthamoides, 126. 
cervinus, 134, 
ciliatus, 125. 


INDEX. 


croceus, 128. 
cuneatus, 133. 
discoideus, 143. 
divaricatus, 130. 
ericoides, 138. 
florifer, 168. 
Fremonti, 128. 
gracilis, 130. 
Greenei, 135. 
gymnocephalus, 205. 
Henkei, 170. 
Hallii, 129. 
hirtus, 127. 
Hookerianus, 131. 
Howellii, 446. 
integrifolius, 128. 
inuloides, 128. 
Janceolatus, 129, 
lanceolatus, 127. 
lanuginosus, 131. 
laricifolius, 133. 
linearifolius, 132. 
linearifolius, 222. 
Lyalli, 131. 
Jjunceus, 446. 
Macronema, 135. 
Menziesti, 143. 
mollis, 135. 
monactis, 133. 
multicaulis, 129, 
nanus, 134, 
Nuttallii, 125. 
Orcuttii, 446. 
Palmeri, 133. 
paniculatus, 127, 
Parryi, 181. 
pinifolius, 134. 
phyllocephalus, 130. 
pygmeus, 131. 
racemosus, 126. 
ramulosus, 142, 228. 
resinosus, 184. 
rubiginosus, 130. 
spherocephalus, 124. 
spinulosus, 130, 446. 
squarrosus, 125. 
stenophyllus, 182. 
suffruticosus, 135. 
tenuicaulis, 129. 
tortifolius, 173. 
uniflorus, 128. 
Watsoni, 134. 
Whitneyi, 127. 
Aplostephium canum, 170. 
Apogon, 84, 410. 
gracilis, 411. 
humilis, 411. 
lyratus, 411. 
Wrightii, 411. 
Archieracium, 424, 
Arctium, 82, 397. 
Bardana, 397. 
Lappa, 397. 
majus, 897. 
minus, 397. 
Arctogeron, 200. 


Argyrocheta bipinnatifida, 244. 


Armania, 281. 

Arnica, 81, 380. 
alpina, 382. 
amplexicaulis, 381. 
angustifolia, 382. 
Chamissonis, 381. 
Chamissonis, 382. 
Clayton, 380. 


cordifolia, 381. 
discoidea, 381. 
Doronicum, 384. 
foliosa, 382. 
ulgens, 3838. 
lanceolata, 382. 
latifolia, 881. 
latifolia, 882. 
longifolia, 382. 
macrophylla, 381, 
maritima, 884, 
Menziesit, 381. 
mollis, 882. 
montana, 382. 
Nevadensis, 382, 
nudicaulis, 880. 
obtusifolia, 383. 
Parryi, 382. 
parviflora, 381. 
plantaginea, 888. 
Unalaschensis, 883. 
viscosa, 882. 
Arnicella, 128. 
Aromia tenuifolia, 884, 
Arrhenachne, 221. 
Arrow-wood, 10, 225. 
Artemisia, 78, 367. 
abrotanoides, 370. 
Abrotanum, 870. 
Absinthium, 370. 
andrusacea, 370. 
annua, 370. 
arbuscula, 374. 
arctica, 871. 
biennis, 370, 
Bigelovii, 374. 
Bolanderi, 375. 
borealis, 368. 
cespitosa, 871. 
Californica, 370, 
campestris, 868. 
cana, 875. 
Canadensis, 368. 
capillifolia, 97. 
caudata, 368. 
cernua, 369. 
Chamissoniana, 371. 
Chinensis, 371. 
Columbiensis, 375. 
commutata, 368. 
corymbosa, 371. 
cuneifolia, 3872. 
desertorum, 368. 
discolor, 3738. 
Douglasiana, 372. 
dracunculoides, 369. 
Dracunculus, 369. 
filifolia, 869. 
Fischeriana, 370. 
Soliosa, 370. 
franserioides, 373. 
frigida, 369. 
glauca, 369. 
globularia, 371, 
glomerata, 370. 
gnaphalodes, 3872. 
Grenlandica, 368. 
heterophylla, 371, 873. 
Hispanica, 870. 
Hookeriana, 872. 
incompta, 878. 
Indica, var., 872. 
inodora, 869. 
integrifolia, 372, 8738. 
leptophylla, 874. 


INDEX. 459 


leontopodioides, 371. Andersonii, 201, Douglasii, 192. 
Lewisii, 369. Andinus, 191. Douglasii, 193, 194. 
Lindheimeriana, 372. angustus, 204. dracunculoides, 188. 
Lindlevana, 3738. angustus, 447. Drummondii, 182. 
longepedunculata, 371. anomalus, 181. dumosus, 185. 
longifolia, 3872. annuus, 172, 219. dumosus, 184, 186. 
Ludoviciana, 872. arenarioides, 201. Durandit, 190. 
Ludoviciana, 373. argenteus, 179. elegans, 200. 
matricarioides, 364. argutus, 189. elegans, 176, 184, 199, 
Mexicana, 372. artemisieflorus, 187. Elliottii, 194. 
Michauziana, 373. asperrimus, 178. elodes, 100. 
Norvegica, 371. asperugineus, 212. eminens, 188, 189, 190, 447. 
Nuttalliana, 369. asperulus, 181. Engelmanni, 199. 
pachystachya, 369. attenuatus, 183. ericztolius, 198. 
Pacifiea, 368. auritus, 180. ericoides, 184. 
Palmeri, 374. azureus, 181. ericoides, 185, 186. 
Parishii, 374. Baldwinii, 182. eryngiifolius, 173. 
Parryi, 371. bellidiflorus, 188. Espenber yensis, 176. 
Pattersoni, 453. bicolor, 146. exilis, 203. 
pedatilida, 368. biennis, 179, 185, 206. exscapus, 168. 
peucedanifolia, 368. biflorus, 176. falcatus, 185. 
Plattensis, 369. bifrons, 187. Jalcatus, 190, 191. 
potentilloides, 367. Bigelovii, 205. Fendleri, 178. 
Prescottiana, 373. blandus, 195. Jilaginifolius, 170. 
procera, 370. blepharophyllus, 202, 205. Jirmus, 195. 

mila, 373. Bloomerz, 178. Slexuosus, 202. 

urshiana, 372 Bonariensis, 208. Jloribundus, 189. 
pycnocephala, 369. borealis, 188. foliaceus, 193. 
pycnostachya, 369. Bostoniensis, 185. Soliolosus, 186. 
Richardsoniana, 371. éracteolatus, 191. JSragilis, 186, 187. 
rigida, 374. brumalis, 189. Fremonti, 191. 
Rothrockii, 375. cerulescens, 188. frondosus, 204. 
rupestris, 871. cespitosus, 190. glabellus, 184. 
Santonica, 369. Californicus, 208. glabriusculus, 200. 
scopulorum, 369, 453. campestris, 178. glacialis, 201, 208, 209, 211. 
scopulorum, 453, Canbyi, 193. glaucescens, 183. 
Semavinensis, 370. canescens, 206. glaucus, 200. 
Senjavinensis, 370. caricifolius, 202. gracilentus, 183. 
Senjavinensis, 371. carneus, 188, 192. gracilis, 176. 
sericea, 369. carnosus, 202. graminifolius, 216. 
serrata, 372. Carolinianus, 179. grandiflorus, 178. 
spinescens, 368. Chaniissonis, 190. grandiflorus, 174, 
spithamea, 368. Chapmani, 201. graveolens, 447. 
Stelleriana, 371. Chilensis, 190. Greenei, 188. 
Tilesii, 373. chrysanthemoides, 206. gymnocephalus, 205. 
tridentata, 374. ciliatus, 172. Hallii, 191. 
trifida, 375. ciliatus, 180, 185. Hayden, 447. 
trifida, 374, 375. ciliolatus, 182. hebecladus, 185. 
trifurcata, 371. Collinsii, 172. Herveyi, 175. 
variabilis, 369. Coloradoensis, 205. hesperius, 192. Pi 
violacea, 368. commutatus, 185. heterophyllus, 182, 447. 
virgata, 370. concinnus, 183. hiemalis, 189. 
vulgaris, 372. concinnus, 178. hirsuticaulis, 187. 
Wrightii, 373. concolor, 180. hirtellus, 182. 

Artichoke, 82, 280. confertus, 183, 195. hispidus, 195. 

Artorhiza, 265. consanquineus, 196. horizontalis, 187. 

Asperula odvrata, 35. conspicuus, 177. humilis, 197. 

Aster, 56, 172. conyzoides, 171. hyssopifolius, 172. 
abbreviatus, 194. cordifolius, 182. imbricatus, 201. 
acuminatus, 199. cordifolius, 174, 128. incanus, 206. 
acuminatus, 194. coridifolius, 186. infirmus, 197. 
adnatus, 180. cornifolius, 197. integrifolius, 177. 
adscendens, 191. Cornuti, 194. intybaceus, 447. 
adscendens, 192, 193. corymbosus, 174. junceus, 188. 
adullerinus, 189. Curtisii, 177. Junceus, 188, 
estivus, 188, 189, 192. Cusickii, 195. Kingii, 178. 
alatus, 180. cyaneus, 183. Kumleini, 179. 
albus, 198. ‘enudatus, 191. leriqatus, 183, 189. 
alpigenus, 201. dichotomus, 197. levis, 183. 
alpinus, 173. diffusus, 186. Lamarckianus, 188. 
amethystinus, 185. diffusus, 186, 187, 199. lanceolatus, 188. 
amenus, 195. discoideus, 144. latifolius, 175. 
ampiexicaulis, 178, 180, 183. divaricatus, 172,174, 197, 199, laxifolius, 188, 189, 192. 
amplus, 194. divergens, 186. [203. laxus, 188, 189. 
amygdalinus, 196, 197. diversifolius, 181. leucanthemus, 187. 


460 


ledifulius, 199. 
leduphyllus, 200. 
Lemmoni, 199. 
linariifolius, 197. 
Lindleyanus, 182. 
linifolius, 172, 202, 204. 
longifolius, 188. 
longifolius, 189, 190, 192. 
lucidus, 195. 
lutescens, 199. 
luxurians, 447. 
macrophyllus, 175. 
Marylandicus, 171. 
Menziesii, 190. 
microphyllus, 180. 
mirabilis, 175. 
miser, 172, 183, 186, 187. 
modestus, 179. 
montanus, 176, 179. 
multiceps, 179. 
multiflorus, 185. 
multiflorus, 186, 191. 
mutabilis, 172. 
mutabilis, 183, 189. 
mutatus, 179. 
Neesit, 190. 
nemoralis, 199. 
Nove-Anglia, 178. 
Novi-Belgii, 189, 447. 
Novi-Belgii, 192. 
nudiflorus, 176. 
Nuttallii, 178, 191. 
obliquus, 188. i 
oblongifolius, 178, 447. 
obovatus, 196, 197. 
occidentalis, 192. 
onustus, 188, 189. 
Oolentangiensis, 181. 
Oreganus, 192. 
pallens, 194. 
Palmeri, 203. 
paludosus, 174. 
paniculatus, 187, 447. 
paniculatus, 181, 182, 189. 
Parryi, 200. 
parviflorus, 207. 
parviflorus, 187. 
patens, 180. 
patentissimus, 180. 
Pattersoni, 205. 
Pattersoni, 206. 
patulus, 194. 
pauciflorus, 202. 
pauciflorus, 184. 
pendulus, 186. 
Pennsylvanicus, 183. 
peregrinus, 196. 
phlogifolius, 180. 
Ue ea 179. 
ptlosus, 184, 185. 
pinifolius, 447. 
politus, 183. 
polyphyllus, 184, 447. 
Porteri, 184. 
prealtus, 188, 189. 
precox, 182, 194. 
renanthoides, 194. 
rescottit, 176. 
ptarmicoides, 198. 
pubescens, 447. 
pulchellus, 201, 447. 
pulcherrimus, 197. 
puniceus, 195. 
puniceus, 194. 
purpuratus, 183. 


INDEX. 


yemeeus, 196. 
Loses 186. 
radula, 176. 
radula, 177, 190. 
radulinus, 177. 
ramulosus, 185, 191. 
recurvatus, 187, 188. 
Reevesii, 184. 
reticulatus, 197. 
Richardsonii, 176. 
rigidus, 172, 197. 
rigidulus, 188. 
riparius, 202. 
roseus, 178. 
rubricaulis, 183. 
sagittifolius, 182, 447. 
sagittifolius, 181 
salicitolius, 188. 
salicifolius, 188, 189. 
salignus, 188. 
salsuginosus, 196, 208, 209, 
Sayanus, 179. (447. 
scaber, 181. 
scabrosus, 172. 
scandens, 179. 
scoparius, 185. 
scopulorum, 198. 
secundiflorus, 186. 
sericeus, 179. 
serotinus, 189. 
Shastensis, 174. 
Shortii, 181. 
Sibiricus, 176, 447. 
simplex, 188, 192. 
solidagineus, 171. 
solidaginoides, 171. 
Sonore, 202.. 
sparsiflorus, 186, 202. 
spathulatus, 191. 
speciosus, 176. , 
spectabilis, 176. 
spectabilis, 190. 
spinosus, 203. 
spinulosus, 174. 
spurius, 178. 
squarrosus, 180. 
squarrulosus, 189. 
stenomeres, 198. 
stenophyllus, 188. 
strictus, 176, 188. 
subasper, 188. 
subspicatus, 193. 
subulatus, 204. 
subulatus, 203. 
surculosus. 176. 
tanacetifolius, 206. 
tardiflorus, 194. 
tardiflorus, 189. 
tenuifolius, 202, 
tenwifolius, 184, 186, 187,188. 
thyrsiflorus, 190. 
Tilest, 196. 
tomentellus, 170. 
tortifolius, 173. 
tortifolius, 172. 
Townshendii, 205. 


-Tradescanti, 187. 


Tradescanti, 186, 188, 194. 
Tripolium, 202. 

turbinellus, 183. 

umbellatus, 196, 447. 
Onalaschensis, 179, 196, 208. 
undulatus, 181. 

undulatus, 180. 

uniflorus, 199. 


urophyllus, 182. 
vernus, 172, 216, 
versicolor, 183. 
villosus, 184. 
vimineus, 186, 
vimineus, 183, 194, 195. 
virgatus, 183. 
virgatus, 184, 447. 
virgineus, 189. 
Watsoni, 201. 
Wrightii, 173. 
Xylorrhiza, 200. 
ASTEROIDES, 52, 114, 
Astranthium integrifolium, 163. 
Astropolium, 208 
Athanasia graminifolia, 303. 
hastata, 257. 
paniculata, 289. 
trinervia, 303. 
Atrichoseris, 84, 410. 
platyphylla, 410. 
Aurelia, 117. 
amplexicaulis, 118. 
decurrens, 119. 


BACCHARIDE, 57. 

Baccharis, 57, 221. 
Alamani, 225. 
angustifolia, 222. 
Bigelovii, 224. 
brachyphylla, 223. 
cerulescens, 225. 
consanguinea, 222. 
Douglasii, 224. 
Emoryi, 222. 
JSetida, 226. 
glomeruliflora, 222. 
glomeruliflora, 222, 
glutinosa, 224. 
glutinosa, 225. 
Heenkei, 224. 
halimifolia, 222. 
Havardi, 224. 
juncea, 221. 
pilularis, 222. 
pilularis, 228. 
Pingrea, 225. 
Plummere, 224, 
ptarmicefolia, 224, 
pteronioides, 223, 
ramulosa, 223. 
salicifolia, 222. 
salicina, 222. 
salicina, 223. 
sarothroides, 223, 
Seemanni, 221. 
sergiloides, 225. 
sessiliflora, 222. 
Texana, 222. 
thesioides, 224. 
veneta, 143. 
viminea, 225. 
viscosa, 226. 
Wrightii, 222. 

Baeria, 72, 325. 
affinis, 327. 
anthemoides, 328. 
carnosa, 326. 
chrysostoma, 825, 
Clevelandi, 326. 
coronaria, 327. 
curta, 326. 
debilis, 325. 
Fremonti, 327. 
gracilis, 326. 


leptalea, 325. 
macrantha, 325. 
maritima, 320. 
mutica, 3828. 
Palmeri. 452. 
platyearpha, 326. 
tenella, 327. 
uliginosa, 327. 
Bahia, 73, 331. 
absinthifolia, 332. 
achilleoides, 330. 
ambigua, 331. 
ambrosioides, 332. 
arachnoidea, 330. 
artemisiefolia, 329. 
Bigelovii, 333. 
biternata, 333. 


chrysanthemoides, 333. 


confertifiora, 330. 
cuneata, 331. 
dealbata, 332. 
racilis, 331 
antegrifolia, 331. 
lanata, 330. 
latifolia, 330. 
leucophylla, 331. 
multiflora, 331. 
Neo-Mexicana, 333. 
nudicaulis, 332. 
oblongifolia, 332. 
oppositifolia, 332. 
parviflora, 331. 
pedata, 333. 
rubella, 329. 
stechadifolia, 329. 
tenuifolia, 330. 
trifida, 330. 
Wallacei, 329, 331. 


Woodhousii, 333, 452. 


Bahiopsis lanuta, 271. 
Baileya, 71, 318. 
multiradiata, 318. 
pauciradiata, 318. 
pleniradiata, 318. 
Baldwinia, 68, 302. 
inultiflora, 302. 
uniflora, 302, 450. 
Balsamorrhiza, 66, 255. 
Bolanderi, 266. 
Careyana, 265. 
deltoidea, 266. 
labrescens, 266. 
helianthoides, 266. 
hirsuta, 266. 
Hookeri, 266. 
incana, 266. 
macrophylla, 266. 
sagittata, 265. 
terebinthacea, 266. 


Barkhausia Caroliniana, 441. 


elegans, 431. 
grandiflora, 441. 
Lessingii, 439. 
nani, 431. 
Barrattia, 283. 
calva, 283. 
Bartlettia, 80, 378. 
scaposa, 378. ° 
Bebbia, 445, 453. 
juncea, 453. 
Bedstraw, 35. 
Bellardin, 416. 
Bellis, 55, 163. 
integrifolia, 163. 
Mexicana, 163. 


INDEX. 


perennis, 163. 
xanthocomvides, 163. 


Berlandiera, 61, 242. 


incisa, 243, 
longifolia, 242. 
lyrata, 243. 
pumila, 243, 
subacaulis, 243, 
Texana, 242. 
tomentosa, 243. 


Berthelotia, 225. 
Betckea, 44, 46, 47. 


major, 47. 
samolifolia, 47. 


Bezanilla, 228, 448. 
Bidens, 68, 25. 


arguta, 298. 
Beckii, 298. 
Bigelovii, 297. 
bipinnata, 297. 
Californica, 297. 
cernua, 296. 


chrysanthemoides, 296. 


connata, 296. 
Serulefolia, 298. 
Seniculifolia, 298. 
frondosa, 296. 
eo 302. 
elianthoides, 296. 
heterophylla, 298. 
heterosperma, 297. 
Humboldtii, 298. 
Lemmoni, 297. 
leucantha, 297. 
longifolia, 298. 
nivea, 297. 
petiolata, 296. 
pilosa, 297. 
procera, 297. 
quadriaristata, 296. 
striata, 297. 
tenuisecta, 297. 
tripartita, 296. 


Bigelovia, 54, 135. 


acradenia, 142. 
albida, 137. 
arborescens, 141. 
Bigelovii, 137. 
Bolanderi, 136. 
brachylepis, 141. 
ceruminosa, 138. 
Cooperi, 141. 
coronopifolia, 142. 
coronopifolia, 143. 
depressa, 137. 
diffusa, 141. 
Douglasii, 139. 
dracunculoides, 139. 
Drummondii, 142. 
Engelmanni, 137. 
aveolens, 139. 
rreenei, 138. 
Hartwegi, 143. 
Howardi, 136. 
intricata, 203. 
lanceolata, 140. 
leiosperma, 139. 
juncea, 138. 
Menziesii, 143. 
Missouriensis, 139. 
Mohavensis, 138. 
Nevadensis, 136. 
nudata, 141. 
paniculata, 138. 
Parishii, 141. 


Parryi, 136. 
pluriflora, 142. 
pulchella, 137. 
rupestris, 138. 
spathulata, 133. 
teretifolia, 138. 
tridentata, 143. 
uniligulata, 154, 
Vaseyi, 140. 
veneta, 142. 
virgata, 141. 
viscidiflora, 140. 
Wrightii, 142. 
Biotia, 174. 
commixta, 175, 176. 
corymbosa, 174. 
ne, 175. 
atifolia, 175. 
yea oe ige 175. 
Schrebert, 175. 
Blazing Star, 109. 
Blennosperma, 60, 343. 
Californicum, 344, 
Blepharipappus, 69, 304. 
glandulosus, 314, 
scaber, 304. 
Blepharizonia, 312. 
Blepharodon, 129. 
Bluebottle, 407. 
Bluets, 24. 
Bebera, 356. 


chrysanthemoides, 356. 


glandulosa, 356. 
Beberastrum, 356. 
Bolophyta, 245. 

alpina, 245. 
Bolophytum, 245. 
Boltonia, 56, 166. 

asteroides, 166. 

diffusa, 166. 

glastifolia, 166. 

atisquama, 166. 
Bombycilena, 227. 
Boneset, 99. 
Borreria, 33. 

Domingensis, 34. 

micrantha, 34. 

parviflora, 34. 

subulata, 33. 
Borrichia, 66, 265. 

arborescens, 265. 

frutescens, 265. 
Bouvardia, 19, 23. 

angustifolia, 24. 

coccinea, 24. 

hirtella, 24. 

Jacquini, 24. 

ovata, 23. 

quaternifolia, 24, 

splendens, 24. 

ternifolia, 24. 

triphylla, 23. 
Brachyachyris, 115. 

Euthamia, 115. 
Brachyactis, 204. 

ciliata, 204. 

Srondosa, 204. 
Brachycheeta, 53, 54, 161. 

cordata, 161. 


461 


Brachycome xanthocomoides, 166. 


Brachyris, 115. 
Californica, 115. 
divaricata, 115. 
dracunculoides, 116. 
Euthamia, 115. 


462 


microcephala, 115, 116. 


ovatifolia, 161. 
paniculata, 115. 
ramosissima, 116. 
Bradburia, 53, 120. 
hirtella, 120. 
Brauneria, 258. 
Breea arvensis, 398. 
Brickellia, 51, 103. 
atractyloides, 104. 
baccharidea, 106. 
betoniczefolia, 107. 
brachyphylla, 108. 
Californica, 106. 
cordifolia, 105. 
Coulteri, 105. 
Cumingii, 124. 
evlindracea, 107. 
dentata, 106. 
Fendleri, 96. 
floribunda, 105. 
frutescens, 108. 
grandiflora, 105. 
Greenei, 104. 
hastata, 104. 
incana, 104. 
Jaciniata, 106. 
Lemmoni, 107. 
linearifolia, 140. 
linifolia, 104. 
longifolia, 108. 
microphylla, 106. 
Mohavensis, 104. 
multiflora, 108. 
Nevinii, 445. 
oblongifolia, 104. 
oliganthes, 107. 
arvula, 107. 
ringlei, 107. 
reniformis, 106. 
Riddellii, 108. 
Rusbyi, 106. 
simplex, 105. 
spinulosa, 108. 
squamulosa, 108. 
tenera, 106. 
Wislizeni, 107. 
Wrightii, 106. 
Wrightit, 105. 
Brotera Contrayerba, 354. 
Sprengelii, 354. 
trinervata, 354. 
Broteroa trinervata, 354. 
Bulbostylis, 104. 
annua, 377. 
Californica, 106. 
Cavanillesii, 106. 
deltoides, 100. 
microphylla, 106. 
oliganthes, 107. 


Buphthalmum angustifolium, 303. 


arborescens, 265. 
Srutescens, 265. 
helianthoides, 255. 
repens, 265. 
sagittatum, 266. 
Burdock, 397. 
Bur-Marigold, 295. 
Burrielia, 72, 824. 
chrysostoma, 325. 
Fremonti, 327. 
el 826. 
hirsuta, 326. 
lanosa, 329. 
leptalea, 325. 


INDEX. 


longifolia, 326. 
maritima, 826. 
microglossa, 324. 
nivea, 323. 
parviflora, 326. 
platycarpha, 326. 
tenerrima, 326. 
Bush Honeysuckle, 18. 
Butter-bur, 375. 
Butter-weed, 394. 
Button Snakeroot, 109. 


Cacalia, 81, 394. 
atriplicifolia, 395. 
cordifolia, 94. 
decomposita, 396. 
diversifolia, 395. 
Floridana, 395. 
gigantea, 895. 
hastata, 395. 
hastata, 395, 396. 
lanceolata, 396. 
Nardosmia, 376. 
ovata, 395. 
ovata, 396. 
paniculata, 396. 
pteranthes, 396. 
reniformis, 395. 
suaveolens, 395. 
tuberosa, 396. 

Cacaliopsis, 79, 376. 
Nardosmia, 376. 

Cachimilla, 225. 

Cenotus, 220. 

Calais, 418. 
aphantocarpha, 419. 
Bigelovii, 419. 
Bolanderi, 418. 
cyclocarpha, 420. 
Douglasti, 419, 420. 
eriocarpha, 420. 
glauca, 417. 
graciloba, 417. 
laciniata, 417, 418. 
Lindleyi, 419. 
linearrfolia, 419. 
macrocheta, 418. 
major, 417. 
nutans, 417. 
Parryi, 418. 
platycarpha, 420. 
sylvatica, 417. 
tenella, 419. 

Calea aspera, 257. 
oppositifolia, 257. 


Calliachyris Fremonti, 316. 


Calliastrum, 175. 
Callichroa, 315. 
Douglasii, 316. 
platyglossa, 315. 
Calliglossa Douglasii, 316. 
Calliopsis, 290. 
Atkinsoniana, 291. 
bicolor, 291. 
cardaminefolia, 291. 
Drummondii, 291. 
palmata, 293. 
rosea, 290. 
tinctoria, 291. 
Calocalais, 418. 
Calonea, 351. 
Calostelma, 109. 
Calycadenia, 310. 
cephalntes, 312. 
Fremonti, 312. 


mollis, 311. 
multiglandulosa, 312 
pauciflora, 311. 
plumosa, 312. 
tenella, 311. 
truncata, 311. 
villosa, 311. 
Calycoseris, 86, 421. 
Parryi, 421. 
Wrightii, 421. 
Calymmandra, 229. 
candida, 230. 
Calyptrocarpus vialis, 289. 
Canada Thistle, 390. 
CAPRIFOLIACEZ, 7. 
Caprifolium, 16. 
bracteosum, 18. 
ciliosum, 16. 
Douglasii, 17. 
flavum, 17. 
Fraseri, 17, 
hispidulum, 18. 
glaucum, 18. 
gratum, 18. 
occidentale, 16. 
parviflorum, 18. 
pubescens, 17. 
sempervirens, 16. 
Carbenia, 405. 
Cardoon, 82. 
CARDUINE4, 82. 
Carduus, 82, 397. 
acanthoides, 397. 
altissimus, 404. 
arvensis, 398. 
crispus, 397. 
discolor, 399, 403, 404. 
foliosus, 402. 
glaber, 404, 405. 
horridulus, 400. 
lanceolatus, 398. 
muticus, 405. 
nutans, 397. 
occidentalis, 401. 
odoratus, 401. 
pectinatus, 397. 
pumilus, 401, 402. 
pycnocephalus, 397. 
remotifolius, 399. 
repandus, 405. 
spinosissimus, 400. 
undulatus, 403. 
Virginianus, 404, 405. 
Carminatia, 51, 103. 
tenuiflora, 103. 
Carphephorus, 52, 112. 
atriplicifolius, 113. 
bellidifolius, 113. 
corymbosus, 113. 
junceus, 113. 
junceus, 378. 
Pseudo-Liatris, 113. 
tomentosus, 113. 
Carphocheete, 52, 109. 
Bigelovii, 109. 
Cartesia centauroides, 88. 
Carthamus levis, 88. 
Catesbea, 20, 28. 
parviflora, 28. 
Catomenia, 286. 
Centaurea, 82, 405. 
Americana, 407. 
Americana, 88. 
benedicta, 406. 
Calcitrapa, 406. 


Cyanus, 407. 

Jacea, 407. 

Melitensis, 406. 

Mexicana, 407. 

nigra, 406. 

Nuttallii, 407. 

solstitialis, £06. 

Centauridium Drummondii, 125. 

CENTAURINES, 82. 

Centrocarpha aristata, 260. 
grandiflora, 261. 
triloba, 259, 260. 

Centrospermum humile, 240. 
zanthioides, 239. 

Cephalanthus, 20, 29. 
occidentalis, 29. 
salicifolius, 29. 

Cephalophora acaulis, 345. 
decurrens, 349. 
scaposa, 344. 

Ceratocephalus, 296. 

Cercomeris, 249. 

Cercostylis, 351. 

Chenactis, 74, 339, 452. 
achilleefolia, 341. 
artemisizfolia, 342. 
attenuata, 340. 
brachypappa, 340. 
carphoclinia, 340. 
Cusickii, 452. 
denudata, 339. 
Douglasii, 341. 
Jilifoliu, 339. 
Fremonti, 340. 
glabriuscula, 339. 

labriusculu, 341. 

fiatévocarphe, 339, 452. 

lanosa, 339 

macrantha, 341. 

Nevadensis, 341. 

Nevii, 339, 452. 

Parishii, 453. 

santolinoides, 341. 

stevioides, 340. 

suffrutescens, 341, 452. 

tanacetifolia, 339. 

tenuifolia, 339. 

thysanocarpha, 342. 

Xantiana, 340. 
Chetadelpha, 84, 415. 

Wheeleri, 415. 
Chetanthera asteroides, 165. 
Chaethymenia, 317. 
Chetopappa, 55, 165. 

asteroides, 165. 

modesta, 165. 

Parryi, 165. 
Chamedaphne, 31. 
Chamemelum, 363. 
Chamomile, 362, 363. 
Chaptalia, 83, 408. 

nutans, 408. 

tomentosa, 408. 
Chiccory, 412. 

Chiococca, 21, 30. 
parvifolia, 30. 
racemosa, 30. 

Chionoracium, 429. 

Chlenolobus pycnostachyus, 226. 
virgatus, 226. 

Chondrilla, 87, 441. 
Illinoensis, 433. 
juncea, 441. 
levigato, 441. 

Chorisiva, 247. 


INDEX. 


Chrysactinia, 77, 355. 
Mexicana, 355. 
Chrysanthemum, 78, 364. 
arcticum, 365. 
Balsamita, 365. 
bipinnatum, 364. 
Carolinianum, 166. 
grandiflorum, 364. 
Indicum, 864. 
tnodorum, 363. 
integrifolium, 365. 
Leucanthemum, 35. 
nanum, 364, 
Parthenium, 365. 
segetum, 364. 
Sinense, 364. 
Chrysastrum, 144. 
Chrysocoma acaulis, 91. 
coronopifolia, 97. 
dracunculoides, 139. 
gigantea, 90. 


graminifolia, 90, 161. 


graveolens, 139, 142. 
nauseosa, 189. 
nudata, 141. 
tomentosa, 89. 
virgata, 141. 
Chrysogonum, 61, 243. 
Diotostephus, 243. 
Virginianum, 243. 
Chrysoma, 161. 
pumila, 160. 
solidaginoides, 161. 
uniligulata, 154. 
Chrysomelea, 292. 
lanceolata, 292. 
Chrysopsis, 58, 121, 446. 
acaulis, 182. 
alba, 198. 
alpina, 198. 
amygdalina, 196. 
argentea, 121. 
aspera, 121. 
Bolanderi, 123. 
Breweri, 124. 
cespitosa, 132. 
canescens, 123, 213. 
coronopifolia, 206. 
decumbens, 122. 
dentata, 122. 
divaricata, 130. 
echioides, 123. 
Jalcata, 123. 
Jfoliosa, 123. 
gossypina, 122, 446. 


Peay 121, 446. 


irtella, 210. 
hispida, 123. 
humilis, 197. 
hyssopifolia, 122. 
Lamarckii, 130. 
linariifolia, 197. 
Mariana, 122. 
mollis, 123. 
obovata, 197. 
oligantha, 121. 
Oregana, 124. 
pilosa, 124. 
pinifolia, 121. 
scabra, 121. 
scabrella, 122. 
sessiliflora, 123. 
trichophylla, 122. 
villosa, 122. 
Wrightii, 446. 


463 


Chrysostemma tripteris, 294. 
Chrysothamnopsis, 136. 
Chrysothamnus, 136, 187. 
depressus, 137. 
dracunculvidcs, 189, 
lenceolatus, 140. 
pumilus, 140. 
spectosus, 139, 
viscidiflorus, 140. 
Chthonia prostrata, 860. 
CICHORIACE.E, 83, 410. 
Cichorium, 84, 412. 
Intybus, 412. 
Cinchona Caribea, 23. 
Caroliniana, 23. 
Jamuaicensis, 23. 
CINCHONACES, 19. 
Cineraria atropurpurea, 389. 
Canadensis, 383, 394, 896. 
Carolinensis, 383. 
congesta, 394. 
Srigida, 389. 
heterophylla, 390. 
integrifolia, 389, 390. 
Lewisit, 211. 
lyrata, 390. 
maritima, 383. 
palustris, 394. 
pratensis, 388. 
Cirsium, 398. 
acaule, 402. 
altissimum, 404. 
arvense, 398. 
Bigelovii, 405. 
brevifolium, 403. 
Californicum, 400. 
canescens, 400, 403. 
Coulteri, 401. 
discolor, 404. 
diversifolium, 404. 
Douglasii, 403. 
Drummondii, 400, 402. 
edule, 399. 
eriocephalum, 399, 400. 
Jilipendulum, 404. 
JSoliosum, 400, 402. 
Grahami, 403. 
Hookerianum, 399, 408. 
horridulum, 400. 
Kamtschaticum, 400. 
lanceolatum, 398. 
Lecontei, 405. 
megacanthum, 400. 
muticum, 405. 
Neo-Mezxicanum, 400. 
Nuttallii, 404. 
ochrocentrum, 403. 
Pitcheri, 403. 
pumilum, 401. 
remotifolium, 399. 
repandum, 405. 
scariosum, 402. 
stenolepidum, 899. 
Texanum, 404. 
undulatum, 401, 403. 
Virgintanum, 404. 
Wrightii, 404. 
Clappia, 70, 317. 
aurantiaca, 317. 
suadefolia, 317. 
Clarionea, 408. 
runcinata, 409. 
Clavigera, 104. 
brachyphylla, 108. 
dentuta, 108. 


464 


Riddellii, 108. 
Cleavers, 35. 
Clomenocoma, 356. 
Clot-bur, 252. 

Cuicus, 82, 397. 
altissimus, 404. 
Americanus, 398. 
Andersoni, 401. 
Andrewsii, 400. 
Arizonicus, 401. 
arvensis, 398. 
benedictus, 406. 
Breweri, 403. 
Californicus, 400. 
carlinoides, 398. 
Drummondii, 402. 
Eatoni, 400. 
edulis, 899. 
eriocephalus, 399. 
foliosus, 402. 
glaber, 404. 
glutinosus, 405. 
Grahami, 403. 
Hallii, 399. 
Hookerianus, 399. 
horridulus, 400. 
Kamtschaticus, 399. 
lanceolatus, 398. 
Lecontei, 405. 
muticus, 405. 
Neo-Mexicanus, 400. 
Nuttallii, 404. 
occidentalis, 401. 
ochrocentrus, 403. 
Parryi, 398. 
Pitcheri, 403. 
puinilus, 401. 
quercetorum, 402. 
remotifolius, 399. 
repandus, 405. 
Rothrockii, 401. 
scariosus, 402. 
spinusissinus, 400. 
undulatus, 403. 
Virginianus, 404. 
Virginianus, 405. 
Wheeleri, 402. 
Wrightii, 404. 

Cockle-bur, 252. 

Ceelestina, 93. 
ageratoides, 93. 
cerulea, 93, 102. 
corymbosa, 93. 
maritima, 93. 

CoFrrEACE&, 20. 

Cotnogyne carnosa, 317. 

Coleosanthus, 104. 

Coltsfoot, 375. 

Compass-plant, 242. 

COMPOSITZ, 48, 445. 

Cone-flower, 259. 

Coniothele Californica, 344. 

Conoclinium, 102. 
betonicum, 102. 
celestinum, 102. 
dichotomum, 102. 
dissectum, 102. 
rigidum, 95. 

Conophora, 395. 

Conyza, 57, 221. 
Altaica, 204. 
ambigqua, 221. 
ampleaicaulis, 226. 
angustifolia, 226. 
asteroides, 171. 


INDEX. 


bifoliata, 172. 
bifrons, 226. 
camphoratu, 226. 
Carolinensis, 226. 
Coulteri, 221. 
Coulteri, 220. 
linifolia, 171. 
Marylandica, 226. 
pycnostachya, 226. 
sinuata, 221. 
subdecurrens, 220, 221. 
uliginosa, 226. 
virgata, 226. 
ConyzE&, 57. 
Conyzopsis, 204. 
Coral-berry, 13. 


Coreocarpus heterocarpus, 301. 


parthenioides, 301. 
Coreoloma, 290. 
CoREUPSIDEA, 67. 
Coreopsides, 292. 
Coreopsidium, 291. 
Coreopsis, 68, 289. 

acuta, 289. 

alata, 287. 

alba, 297. 

alternifolia, 289. 

ambigua, 295. 

angustifolia, 290. 

angustifolia, 273. 

arguta, 295. 

aristata, 295. 

aristosa, 295. 

aspera, 290. 

Atkinsoniana, 291. 

aurea, 294. 

aurea, 295. 

auriculata, 293. 

auriculata, 293. 

Bidens, 296. 

bidentoides, 295. 

Boykiniana, 292. 

calliopsidea, 300. 

cardaminefolia, 291. 

coronata, 292. 

coronata, 294, 295, 297. 

crassifolia, 292. 

delphinifolia, 293. 

delphinifolia, 294. 

dichotoma, 290. 

discoidea, 295. 

diversifolia, 291, 298. 

Drummondii, 291. 

Jilifolia, 301. 

flexicaulis, 290. 

gladiata, 290. 

grandiflora, 292. 

Harveyana, 292. 

heterophylla, 292. 

integrifolia, 290. 

involucrata, 295. 

lanceolata, 292. 

latifolia, 294. 

Leavenworthii, 291. 

leucantha, 297. 

leucanthema, 297. 

linifolia, 290. 

longipes, 292. 

major, 294. 

maritima, 300. 

mitis, 295. 

nudata, 290. 

oblongifolia, 292. 

Gmleri, 294. 

palmata, 293. 


parviflora, 298. 
paucifiora, 298. 
perfoliata, 296. 
precoz, 293. 
procera, 289. 
pubescens, 293, 
rosea, 290. 
senifolia, 293. 
stellata, 294. 
tenuifolia, 293. 
tinctoria, 291. 
trichosperma, 295. 
trifida, 301. 
tripteris, 294, 
verticillata, 293. 
verticiliata, 298. 
Wrayi, 294. 
Corethrogyne, 56, 170. 
Californica, 170. 
detonsa, 170. 
filaginifolia, 170. 
incana, 170. 
obovata, 170. 
spathulata, 170. 
tomentella, 170. 
virgata, 170. 
Corn Marygold, 364. 
Corn Salad, 44. 
Corvisartia, 236. 
Cosmidium Burridgeanum, 801. 
Jilifolium, 301. 
gracile, 302. 
simplicifulium, 302. 
Cesmos, 68, 298. 
bipinnatus, 298. 
caudatus, 298. 
parviflorus, 298. 
Costmary, 365. 
Cotton-Rose, 230. 
Cotula, 78, 366. 
alba, 256. 
australis, 366. 
coronopifolia, 366. 
matricarioides, 364. 
Courrantia chamomilloides, 364. 
Cranberry-Tree, 10. 
Crepidium caulescens, 481. 
glanucum, 431. 
runcinatum, 431. 
Crepidispermum, 429. 
Crepis, 86, 87, 430. 
acuminata, 431. 
acuminata, 432, 
ambigua, 428 429. 
Andersoni, 431. 
biennis, 430. 
biennis, 431. 
Cooperi, 430. 
elegans, 431. 
glauca, 431. 
intermedia, 432. 
nana, 431, 
occidentalis, 432. 
occidentalis, 432. 
pleurocarpa, 482. 
‘polymorpha, 480. 
runcinata, 431. 
tectorum, 430. 
virens, 430. 
Crinitaria humilis, 204, 
viscidiflora, 140. 
Critonia Kuhnia, 103. 
Crocidium, 80, 378. 
multicaule, 378. 
Crockeria chrysantha, 72, 451. 


Crossostephium, 370. 


-Cruciata, 35. 


Crusea, 22, 82. 
allococea, 33. 
subulata, 33. 
Wrightii, 33. 

Cryptopleura, 439. 
Californica, 440. eS 

Cryptostemma calendulacea, 82. 

Cudweed, 234. 

Cup-plant, 240. 

Cyanus, 406. 

Cyclacheena, 245. 
zanthiifolia, 246. 

Cylindrocephala, 94. 

Cymbia, 411. 

Cynara, 82. 

CyNARvIDES, 81, 396. 

Cynthia, 412. 
amplexicaulis, 412. 
Boseit, 412. 
Dandelion, 412. 
Griffithii, 412. 
lyrata, 412. 
Virginica, 412. 


Dandelion, 420, 440. 
Demetria glutinosa, 119. 
spathulata, 117. 
Dent de Lion, 440. 
Diaperia, 223. 
candida, 230. 
Drummondii, 229. 
multicaulis, 229. 
prolifera, 229. 
Dicheta, 326. 
Fremonti, 327. 
tenella, 327. 
uliginosa, 327. 
Dichetophora, 55, 165. 
campestris, 166. 
Dicoria, 63, 248. 
Brandegei, 248. 
canescens, 248. 
Dicranocarpus, 60, 237. 
parviflorus, 237. 
Diervilla, 8, 18. 
Acadiensis, 19. 
Canadensis, 19. 
humilis, 19. 
lutea, 19. 
sessilifolia, 19. 
Tournefortii, 19. 
trifida, 18. 
Dieteria, 205. 
asteroides, 206. 
canescens, 206. 
coronopifolia, 2)6. 
divaricata, 206. 
gracilis, 130. 
meana, 206. 
pulverulenta, 203. 
sessiliflora, 206. 
spinulosa, 130. 
viscosa, 206. 
Dimeresia, 445, 448. 
Howellii, 449. 
Diodia, 22, 34. 
glabra, 34. 
irsuta, 34. 
teres, 35. 
tetracocca, 33. 
telragona, 35. 
tricocca, 33. 
Virginiana, 35. 


INDEX. 


Virginica, 35. 
Diodonta, 294. 
aristosa, 295. 
aurea, 295. 
bidentoides, 295. 
coronata, 295. 
involucrata, 295. 
leptophylla, 295. 
mitis, 295. 
Diomedea, 281. 
Divtostephus repens, 243. 
Diplepappus albus, 198. 
alpmus, 198. 
amygdalinus, 196, 197. 
canescens, 214. 
cornifolius, 197. 
dubius, 219, 
ertcoides, 133, 198. 
Jilifolius, 213. 
eked haat 121. 
randiflorus, 214. 
hispidus, 123. 
wont. one P 
leucophyllus, 170. 
laneiains 197. 
linearis, 213. 
lutescens, 199. 
Mnarianus, 122. 
obovatus, 197. 
occidentalis, 215. 
pinnatifidus, 130. 
rigidus, 197. 
scaber, 121. 
sericeus, 121. 
trichophyllus, 122. 
umbellatus, 196. 
villosus, 123. 
Diplostelma bellioides, 165. 
Diplostephium acuminatum, 199. 
amygdalinum, 196. 
boreale, 197. 
canum, 170. 
cornifolium, 197. 
dichotomum, 197. 
linariifolium, 197. 
obovatum, 197. 
umbellatum, 196. 
Diplothriz, 253. 
acerust, 254. 
DIPSACACEZ, 47. 
Dipsacus, 47. 
fullonum, 48. 
sylvestris, 48. 
Distasis concinna, 210. 
heterophylla, 165. 
modesta, 165. 
Distreptus, 88. 
Dithrix, 320. 
Dockmackie, 10. 
Deellingeria, 196. 
amygdalina, 197. 
cornifolia, 197. 
obovata, 197. 
ptarmicoides, 198. 
Donia, 117. 
ciliata, 125. 
glutinosa, 118, 119. 
anuloides, 117. 
lanceolata, 129. 
squarrosa, 118. 
uniflora, 128. 
Doronicum acaule, 381. 
glutinosum, 119. 
levifolium, 216. 
nudicaule, 381. 


30 


465 


\ ramosum, 219. 

| Dracopis, 263. 

| amplexicaulis, 263. 

| Dracunculus, 368. 

, Dufresnia, 44. 

| Dugaldea, 347. 

| Polen, 28. 

Dumerilia, 408. 

Dunantia Achyranthes, 257. 

Dysodia, 77, 355. 
acerosa, 357. 
anthemidifolia, 356. 

: cancellata, 356. 

} chrysanthemoides, 356. 
Cooperi, 356. 
Sastigiata, 356. 
glandulosa, 356. 
porophylloides, 356. 
speciosa, 356. 
tagetioides, 357. 

Dysodvopsis, 357. 


Eatonella, 72, 322. 
Congdonii, 323. 
nivea, 322. 

Echenais carlinoides, 398. 

Echinacea, 65, 258. 
angustifolia, 258. 
atrorubens, 259. 
pallida, 258. 
purpurea, 258. 
sanguinea, 258. 
serotina, 258. 

Echinomeria apetala, 274. 

Eclipta, 64, 256. 
alba, 256. 
brachypoda, 256. 
erceta, 206. 
integrifolia, 163. 
procumbens, 256. 
prostrata, 256. 

Egletes Arkansana, 164. 
Californicus, 452. 
humilis, 164. 
ramosissima, 164. 

Elecampane, 236. 

Elephantopus, 50, 88. 
Carolinianus, 88. 
elatus, 88. 
nudatus, 88. 
nudicaulis, 88, 89. 
scaber, 88, 89. 
tomentosus, 88. 

Elephantosis, 88. 

Encelia, 67, 281. 
pee Hee 
argophylla, 284. 
Caliiorticn 282. 
ealva, 283. 
conspersa, 281, 282. 
eriocephala, 282. 
exaristata, 283. 
farinosa, 282. 
frutescens, 282. 
halimifolia, 281. 
microcephala, 284. 
microphylla, 281. 
nived, 282, 450. 
nudicaulis, 283. 
scaposa, 282. 
subaristata, 283. 
viscida, 282. 

Enceliopsis, 283. 

Endive, 412. 

Engelmannia, 61, 244. 


466 


pinnatifida, 244. 
Texana, 244. 
Enula Campana, 236. 
Erechtites, 81, 396. 
elongata, 396. 
hieracifolia, 396. 
realta, 396. 
Ercicotis, 27. 
Eremiastrum, 56, 171. 
bellioides, 171. 
Ericameria, 132. 
diffusa, 141. 
erecta, 134. 
microphylla, 133. 
nana, 134. 
resinosa, 134. 
Erigerastrum, 196. 
Erigeridium, 216. 
Erigeron, 56, 207, 447. 
acris, 219. 
alpinus, 219. 
alpinus, 207, 220. 
ambiguus, 219, 221. 
Andersonti, 201. 
angustatus, 448. 
annuus, 218. 
argentatus, 212. 
Arizonicus, 218. 
armerizefolius, 220. 
asper, 209. 
asperugineus, 212. 
Bellidiastrum, 217. 
bellidifolius, 216. 
Beyrichii, 219. 
Bigelovii, 210. 
Bloomeri, 214. 
Bonariensis, 221. 
Brandegei, 210. 
Brazoensis, 218. 
Breweri, 215. 
cespitosus, 214, 
cespitosus, 212, 214. 
camphoratus, 226. 
Canadensis, 221. 
canescens, 213, 214. 
canus, 212. 
Carolinianus, 161, 446. 
Chrysopsidis, 210, 447 
ciliatus, 204. 
cinereus, 218. 
compositus, 211. 
concinnus, 210. 
corymbosus, 214. 
Coulteri, 209. 
decumbens, 215. 
decumbens, 215. 
delphinifolius, 219. 
delphinifolius, 219. 
discoideus, 221. 
divaricatus, 221. 
divaricatus, 218. 
divergens, 218. 
divergens, 217, 
Douglasii, 215. 
Drebachensis, 220. 
Eatoni, 214. 
elongatus, 220. 
eriocephalus, 207. 
erjophyllus, 220. 
filifolius, 213. 
flagellaris, 217. 
florifer, 168. 
foliosus, 215. 
glabellus, 209. 
glabratus, 220. 


INDEX. 


glandulosus, 212. 
glandulosus, 121. 
glaucus, 208, 447. 
grandiflorus, 208. 
esl: rg 208, 209. 
eterophyllus, 219. 
hirsutus, 210. 
hispidus, 208. 
Howellii, 209. 
hyssopifolius, 216. 
incomptus, 218. 
inornatus, 215, 448. 
integrifolius, 216, 219. 
Kamtschaticus, 220. 
lanatus, 207. 
leiomerus, 211.. 
Lemmoni, 216. 
linifolius, 220. 
lonchophyllus, 220. 
longipes, 217. 
macrauthus, 209. 
maritimus, 208. 
miser, 216. 
modestus, 218. 
Muirii, 207. 
multiflorus, 203. 
nanus, 212. 
Neo-Mexicanus, 219. 
nervosus, 121. 
Nevadensis, 214. 
nudatus, 447. 
nudicaulis, 216. 
nudiflorus, 218. 
ochroleucus, 213. 
ochroleucus, 210, 214. 
Oreganus, 216, 448. 
paniculatus, 221. 
Parishii, 212. 
pedatus, 211. 
eucephyllus, 213. 
hiladelphicus, 217. 
Bho plrcus, 217, 219, 448. 
ptlosus, 122. 
oliospermus, 210. 
ringlei, 211. 
pulchellus, 207, 209, 216, 217. 
pumilus, 210, 447. 
pumilus, 213. 
purpureus, 217. 
pusillus, 221. 
quercifolius, 217. 
quercifolius, 218. 
racemosus, 220. 
radicatus, 211. 
repens, 217. 
Rusbyi, 217. 
salsuginosus, 208. 
salsuginosus, 209. 
scaposus, 217. 
speciosus, 209. 
sguarrosus, 208, 446, 447. 
stenophyllus, 213. 
stenophyllus, 201, 213, 215. 
strictus, 221. 
strigosus, 219. 
strigosus, 210, 218, 219. 
subdecurrens, 220. 
subdecurrens, 221. 
sulcatus, 447. 
supplex, 215. 
tener, 212. 
tenuis, 218. 
trifidus, 211. 
uniflorus, 207. 
ursinus, 211. 


Utahensis, 213. 

_ vernus, 216. 
Eriocarpum grindelioides, 126. 
Eriopappus glandulosus, 314, 
Eriophyllum, 72, 78, 328, 452. 

ambiguum, 381. 
cespitosuin, 330, 452. 
confertiflorum, 329. 
gracile, 331. 
lanosum, 829. 
multicaule, 328. 
Nevinii, 452. 
nubigenum, 329. 
Pringlei, 329. 
stachadifolium, 3829. 
Wallacei, 329. 
Watsoni, 331. 

Erithalis, 21, 30. 
fruticosa, 30. 
odorifera, 30. 

Ernodea, 21, 31. 
littoralis, 31. 

Erythremia aphylla, 436. 
grandiflora, 436. 

Esopon glaucum, 434. 

Espejoa, 317. 

Espeletia amplexicaulis, 267. 
helianthoides, 266. 
sagittata, 266. 

Eublepharis, 290. 

Eucephalus, 199. 
albus, 198. 
elegans, 200. 
ericoides, 198. 
glaucus, 200. 

EUINULEA, 59. 

EvPATORIACE#, 50; 91. 

Eupatoriophalacron, 256. 

Eupatorium, 51, 94. 
ageratifolium, 100. 
ageratifolium, 101. 
ageratoides, 101. 
album, 98. 
altissimum, 99. 
altissimum, 101. 
ambiguum, 97, 98. 
amenum, 96. 
aromaticum, 101. 
Berlandieri, 100, 101. 
betonicum, 102. 
Bigelovii, 96. 
Brickellia, 105. 
Bruneri, 96. 
calocephalum, 95. 
cassinifolium, 98. 
ceanothifolium, 101. 
ceelestinum, 102. 
compositifolium, 97. 
concinnum, 95. 
conyzoides, 95. 
cordatum, 101. 
cordiforme, 101. 
coronopifolium, 97. 
crassifolium, 97, 102. 
Cubense, 101. 
cuneatum, 100. 
cuneifolium, 98. 
dissectum, 102. 
divergens, 95. 
dubium, 96. 
Salcatum, 96. 
Fendleri, 96. 
foeniculaceum, 97. 
Seniculoides, 97. 
floribundum, 95. 


Fraseri, 101. 
fusco-rubrum, 96. 
glandulosum, 98. 
glastifolium, 114. 
glaucescens, 98. 
grandiflorum, 105. 
Greggii, 102. 
Hartwegi, 102. 
heteroclinium, 95. 
hyssopifolium, 98. 
incarnatum, 101. 
ivefolium, 95. 
levigatum, 96. 
lanceolatum, 99. 
leptophyllum, 97. 
leucolepis, 98. 


Lindheimertanum, 100. 


linearifolium, 98. 
luteum, 102. 
maculatum, 95, 96. 
Marrubium, 99. 
Mazimiliani, 95. 
melissoides, 101. 
mikanioides, 97. 
multinerve, 100. 
obovratum, 99. 
obscurum, 95. 
occidentale, 100. 
odoratum, 95, 101. 
oliganthes, 107. 
Oreganum, 101. 
ovatum, 99. 
Parryi, 96. 


parviflorum, 97, 98, 99. 


pauperculum, 102. 
perfoliatum, 99. 
pilosum,-99. 
pinnatifidum, 97. 
pubescens, 99. 
punctatum, 96. 
purpureum, 95. 
pyecnocephalum, 100. 
racemosum, 97. 
resinosum, 100. 
Rothrockii, 102. 
rotundifolium, 99. 
Sabeanum, 95. 
Seelam Dy 94. 
salviefolium, 100. 
scabridum, 99. 
scandens, 94. 
Schiedeanum, 100. 
semiserratum, 98. 
serotinum, 97. 
sessilifolium, 99. 
solidaginifolium, 97. 
Sonore, 100. 
speciosum, 109. 
stigmatosum, 98. 
suaveolens, 101. 
ternifolium, 96. 
teucrifolium, 99. 
tortifolium, 98. 
trifoliatum, 95. 
truncatum, 99, 100. 
urticefolium, 101. 
verbenefolium, 99. 
verticillatum, 95. 
villosum, 100. 
violaceum, 102. 
Wrightii, 100. 


Euphrosyne ambrosiefolia, 246. 


aanthiifolia, 246. 
Eurybia commiata, 175. 
corymbosa, 174. 


INDEX. 


glomerata, 175. 
Schreberi, 178. 
Jussi, 175. 
macrophylla, 175. 
Euthamia, 160. 
graminifolia, 160. 
occidentalis, 160. 
tenuifolia, 161. 
Euthamiopsis, 141. 
Tevax, 58, 228. 
candida, 230. 
caulescens, 228. 
multicaulis, 229. 
prolifera, 229. 
Everlasting, 233, 234. 
Exostema, 19, 23. 
Caribeum, 23. 
Exostemma, 23. 


Fedia, 44. 
amarella, 45. 
chenopodifolia, 45. 
Fagopyrum, 45. 
longifolia, 46. 
Nuttallii, 46. 
olitoria, 44. 
patellaria, 46. 
radiata, 45. 
stenocarpa, 45. 
umbilicata, 45. 
Woodsiana, 45. 
Feverwort, 12. 
Fichtea, 416. 
TILAGINEA, 57. 
Filaginopsis Drummondii, 229. 
multicaulis, 229. 
Filago, 58, 230. 
Arizonica, 230. 
Californica, 230. 
depressa, 230. 
Gallica, 230. 
Germanica, 230. 
parvula, 230. 
repens, 231. 
Teaxana, 231. 
Fireweed, 396. 
Flaveria, 76, 353. 
angustifolia, 354. 
chlorefolia, 353. 
Contrayerba, 354. 
linearis, 354. 
longifolia, 354. 
maritima, 354. 
repanda, 354. 
tenuifolia, 354. 
FLAVERIE, 76. 
Fleabane, 207. 
Florestina, 74, 336. 
callosa, 337. 
tripteris, 337. 
Flourensia, 66, 281. 
cernua, 281. 
corymbosa, 281. 
laurifolia, 281. 
thurifera, 281. 
Fly Honeysuckle, 15. 
Franseria, 63, 250, 449. 
albicaulis, 251. 
ambrosioides, 252. 
artemisioides, 252. 
bipinnatifida, 251. 
Chamissonis, 251. 
chenopodiifolia, (251, 252,) 
cordifolia, 449. 450. 
cuneifolia, 251. 


deltoidea, 251. 
discolor, 251. 
dumosa, 251. 
eriocentra, 251. 
flexuosa, 450. 
Hookeriana, 250. 
ilicifolia, 252. 
Lessingii, 251. 
montana, 251. 
pumila, 250. 
tenuifolia, 250, 449, 
tomentosa, 251. 
Fuller’s Teasel, 48. 


Gaillardia, 76, 351. 
acaulis, 353. 
acaulis, 345. 
amblyodon, 352. 
aristata, 352. 
Arizonica, 353. 
bicolor, 352. 
comosa, 351. 
Drummondii, 352. 
lanceolata, 352. 
Mexicana, 352. 
picta, 352. 
pinnatifida, 353. 
pulchella, 352. 
pulchella, 353. 
Remeriina, 344. 
rustica, 352. 
simplex, 351. 
spathulata, 353. 
tuberculata, 351. 

Galardia, 351. 


467 


Galatella graminifolia, 216. 


nemoralis, 199. 
obtusifolia, 171. 


Galathenium elongatum, 442. 


Floridanum, 442, 448. 


graminifolium, 443. 
integrifolium, 442. 
Ludovicianum, 443. 
multiflorum, 444. 


salicifolium, 442, 443. 


sanguineum, 442. 
Galinsoga, 69, 303. 
parviflora, 303. 
GALINSOGE#, 68. 
Galium, 23, 35, 445. 
acutissimum, 40. 
Andrewsii, 41. 
Anglicum, 36. 
angustifolium, 39. 
Aparine, 36. 
Arkansanum, 38. 
asperrimum, 39. 
asprellum, 39. 
Bermudianum, 87. 
Bermudiense, 37. 
bifolium, 36. 
Bloomeri, 40. 
Bolanderi, 41. 
boreale, 38. 
boreale, 87. 
brachiatum, 37, 39. 
Brandegei, 38. 
Californicum, 41. 
Catalinense, 445. 
cireezans, 37. 
Claytoni, 38. 
concinnum, 38. 
cuspidatum, 39. 
dasycarpum, 445. 
Fendleri, 41. 


468 


hispidulum, 42. 
hispidum, 42. 
hypotrichium, 40. 
Kamtschaticum, 387. 
lanceolatum, 37. 
Jatifolium, 88. 
Littellii, 37. 
margaricoccum, 41. 
Matthewsii, 40. 
micranthum, 39. 
microphyllum, 41. 
Mollugo, 35. 
multiflorum, 40. 
Nuttallii, 41. 
obovatum, 37. 
obtusum, 38. 
Parisiense, 36. 
parriflurum, 39. 


Pennsylvanicum, 39. 


pilosum, 87. 
proliferum, 37. 
pubens, 40. 
punctatum, 37. 
puncticulosum, 40. 
purpureum, 37. 
Rothrockii, 39. 
rubioides, 38. 
septentrionale, 38. 
spinulosum, 39. 
stellatum, 40. 
strictum, 88. 
suaveolens, 39. 
suffruticosum, 41. 
Texanum, 36. 
Texense, 36. 
tinctorium, 38. 
Torreyji, 37. 
tricorne, 36. 
trifidum, 38. 
trifloruin, 39. 
uncinulatum, 36. 
uniflorum, 41. 
Vaillantir, 36. 
verum, 35. 
virgatum, 36. 
Wrightii, 39. 
Gall-of-the-earth, 434. 
Gamocheta, 236. 
Garberia, 52, 112. 
fruticosa, 112. 
Gardenia florida, 29. 
clusiefolia, 29. 
Randia, 29. 
Genipa, 20, 29. 
clusiafolia, 29. 
Georgia Bark, 23. 
Gerea, 281, 282. 
canescens, 282. 
Gerbera nutans, 408. 
Walteri, 408. 
Glyptopleura, 86, 423. 
marginata, 423. 
setulosa, 423. 
GERBERE#, 83. 
GNAPHALIES, 58. 


Gnaphaliopsis micropoides, 359. 


Gnaphalium, 59, 234. 
alienum, 232. 
alpinum, 232. 
Americanum, 236. 
Arizouicum, 234. 
Californicum, 235. 
Carpathicum, 232. 
Chamissonis, 236. 
Chilense, 235. 


INDEX. 


conoideum, 234. 
decurrens, 238. 
dimorphum, 231. 
diotcum, 233. 
falcatum, 236. 
filaginoides, 230. 
gossypinum, 235. 
hyemale, 236. 
leucocephalum, 235. 
luteo-album, 235. 
margaritaceum, 233. 
microcephalum, 234. 
Norvegicum, 236. 
obtusifolium, 234. 
alustre, 235. 
ennsylvanicum, 236. 
plantagineum, 233. 
Ee ab lg 233. 
polycephalum, 234. 
purpureum, 236. 
pusilum, 236. 
ramosissimuin, 235. 
rectum, 236. 
spathulatum, 236. 
spicatum, 236. 
Sprengelii, 234. 
Sprengelii, 235. 
stachydifolium, 286. 
strictum, 235. 
supinum, 236. 
sylvaticum, 236. 
sylvaticum, 236. 
uliginosum, 238, 
ustulatum, 236. 
virgatum, 226. 
Wrightii, 234. 
Goat’s-beard, 415, 416. 
Gochnatia, 83, 407. 
hypoleuca, 407. 
GocHNATIEA, 83. 
Golden-rod, 143. 
Greenella, 55, 164. 
Arizonica, 164. 
discoidea, 164. 
Grindelia, 53, 116. 
angustifolia, 117. 
Arizonica, 118. 
arguta, 118. 
coronopifotia, 117. 
costata, 117. 
cuneifolia, 118. 
discoiden, 119. 
glutinosa, 119. 
grandiflora, 118. 
hirsutula, 117. 
humilis, 119. * 
humilis, 119. 
integrifolia, 117. 
integrifolia, 118. 
inuloides, 117. 
lanceolata, 118. 
latifolia, 119. 
microcephala, 117, 118. 
nana, 119 
nuda, 118. 
Oregana, 118. 
Pacifica, 119. 
robusta, 119. 
rubricaulis, 117. 
squarrosa, 118. 
squarrosa, 119. 
stricta, 117. 
subdecurrens, 118. 
Texana, 118. 
virgata, 118. 


Groundsel, 383, 394. 
Guardiola, 60, 287. 
platyphylla, 287. 
Guettarda, 21, 29, 
ambigua, 30. 
Blodgettii, 30. 
elliptica, 30. 
scabra, 30. 
Gum-plant, 116, 119. 
Guntheria, 351. 
Gutierrezia, 53, 115. 
Berlandieri, 116. 
Californica, 115. 
divaricata, 115. 
eriocarpa, 116. 
Euthamie, 115. 
Lindheimeriana, 116. 
linearifolia, 115. 
linearifolia, 115. 
microcephata, 115. 
microphylla, 115. 
spherocephala, 115. 
Texana, 116. 
Gymnocline, 365. 
Gymnolena, 356. 
Gymnolomia, 66, 269. 
encelioides, 269, 450. 
multiflora, 269. 
Porteri, 269. 
tenuifolia, 269. 
triloba, 269, 450. 
Gymnopsis, 269. 
uniserialis, 256. 
Gymnosperma, 52, 114. 
corymbosum, 114. 
multiflorum, 114. 
nudatum, 854. - 
oppositifolium, 354. 
scoparium, 114. 
Gymnostyles Chilensis, 365. 
nasturtiifolia, 366. 
stolonifera, 566. 
Gynema, 225. 
dentata, 226. 
viscida, 226. 
Gyrophyllum, 293. 


Halea Ludoviciana, 256. 
repanda, 256. 
exand, 256. 
Hamelia, 20, 28. 
coccinea, 28. 
patens, 28. 
Haploesthes, 80, 378. 
Greggii, 378. 
Haplopappus, 125. 
Hardheads, 406. 
Harpecarpus exiguus, 306. 
madartoides, 806. 
Harpalium, 270, 271. 
rigidum, 275. 
Harpatyce, 433. 
alba, 484. 
altissima, 435. 
crepidina, 433. 
racemosa, 433. 
serpentaria, 484. 
virgata, 433. 
Hartmannia, 807. 
ciliata, 316. 
corymbosa, 308. 
Jasciculata, 309. 
pungens, 308. 
Hawkbit, 420. 


Hawkweed, 424. 


Hecastocleis, 83, 407. 
Shockleyi, 407. 

Hectorea villosissima, 121. 

Hecubea, 347. 

Hedyvtis acerosa, 27. 
angustifolia, 26. 
auricularia, 28. 
Boseit, 27. 
cerulea, 24. 
calycosa, 26. 

. ciliolata, 26. 
gentianoides, 24. 
gumerata, 28. 
Halei, 28. 
humifusa, 26, 27. 
lanceolata, 26. 
longifolia, 26. 
minima, 25. 
rotund: folia, 25. 
ie of 
serpyllifolia, 24. 
ae pie 26, 27. 
umbellata, 26. 
Virginica, 28. 

Heleastrum, 173. 
album, 198. 
paludosum, 174. 

HELENIES, 72. 

HELENIOIDE, 70, 317. 

Helenium, 76, 347. 
altissimum, 349. 
amphibolum, 348. 
atropurpureum, 349. 
autumnale, 349. 
Bigelovii, 350. 
Bolanderi, 350. 
brevifolium, 351. 
Californicum, 349. 
canaliculatum, 349. 
commutatum, 349. 
Curtisii, 350. 
decurrens, 349. 
elegans, 348. 
fimbriatum, 350. 
eh ape 349. 

oopesii, 347. 
lanatum, 330. 
longifolium, 349. 
Mexicanum, 349. 


Mexicanum, 348, 349. 


micranthum, 349. 
microcephalum, 348. 
montanum, 349. 
nudiflorum, 349. 
Nuttallii, 350. 
ooclinium, 348. 
parviflorum, 349. 
puberulum, 349. 
pubescens, 349. 
pumilum, 349. 
quadridentatum, 348. 
quadridentatum, 349. 
uadripartitum, 348. 
eminariense, 349. 
stechadifolium, 329. 
tenuifolium, 347. 
Thurberi, 348. 
tubuliflorum, 349. 
varium, 349. 
vernale, 350. 
Helepta grandiflora, 255. 
Helianthella, 67, 283. 
argophylla, 283. 
Californica, 285. 
Douglasii, 285. 


INDEX. 


andiflora, 285. 
atifolia, 270. 
Mexicana, 284. 
microcepbala, 284. 
Nevadensis, 450. 
nudicaulis, 283. 
Parryi, 284. 
quinquenervis, 284. 
tenutfolia, 285. 
uniflora, 285. 
uniflora, 284. 


HELIANTHOIDE.E, 59, 237. 


Helianthus, 66, 271, 450. 
altissimus, 276. 


~ ~“angustifolius, 273. 


annuus, 272. 
argophyllus, 272. 
aristatus, 288. 
atrorubens, 274. 
atrorubens, 274, 275. 
Bolanderi, 272. 
Californicus, 277. 
canescens, 276. 
cernuus, 281. 
ciliaris, 274. 
cinereus, 275. 
cinereus, 279. 
crassifolius, 275. 
cucumerifolius, 273. 
dealbatus, 280, 450. 
debilis, 273. 
decapetalus, 280. 
dentatus, 270. 
diffusus, 274. 
divaricatus, 279. 
divaricalus, 278. 
diversifolius, 279. 
doronicoides, 279. 
doronicoides, 280. . 
Douglasii, 278. 
Dowellianus, 275. 
erythrocarpus, 272. 
exilis, 273. 
Floridanus, 273. 
Srondosus, 280. 
giganteus, 276. 
giganteus, 273, 277. 
gigas, 276. 
gracilentus, 277. 
grosse-serratus, 276. 
heterophyllus, 274. 
heterophyllus, 275. 
hirsutus, 279. 
hispidulus, 279. 
Hookerianus, 268. 
integrifolius, 272. 
leetiflorus, 275. 
levigatus, 278. 
levis, 255, 279, 296. 
lenticularis, 272. 


Lindheimerianus, 273. 


longifolius, 278. 
longifolius, 268. 
macrocarpus, 272. 
macrophyllus, 280. 
Maximiliani, 277. 
microcephalus, 278. 
AMissouriensis, 275. 
Missuricus, 274. 
mollis, 276. 

mollis, 280. 
multiflorus, 272, 280. 
neglectus, 279. 
Nuttallii, 277. 
occidentalis, 275. 


469 


Oliveri, 450. 
orgyalis, 273. 
ovatus, 272. 
Parishii, 277. 
parviflorus, 276. 
patens, 272, 
paucitlorus, 272. 
petiolaris, 272. 
precox, 273. 
prostratus, 280, 
pubescens, 276, 279. 
pumilus, 275. 
quinquenervis, 284. 
radula, 274. 
rigidus, 274. 
scaberrimus, 272. 
scaberrimus, 275. 
Schweinitzii, 278. 
silphioides, 274. 
sparsiflorus, 274. 
spathulatus, 276. 
sguarrosus, 276. 
strumosus, 279. 
strumosus, 278, 279, 280. 
subtuberosus, 276. 
tenuifolius, 280. 
tephrodes, 400. 
tephrodes, 271. 
thurifer, 281. 
tomentosus, 276. 
tracheliifolius, 280. 
tracheliifulius, 278. 
tricuspis, 275. 
truncatus, 279. 
tubeformis, 272. 
tuberosus, 280. 
tuberosus, 276. 
Heliochroa amena, 258. 
elation, 258. 
Surcata, 258. 
Linneana, 258. 
Heliomeris multiflora, 269. 
tenuifolia, 269. 
Heliopsis, 64, 254. 
annua, 255. 
Balsamorrhiza, 266. 
buphthalmoides, 255. 
buphthalmoides, 255. 
canescens, 255. 
gracilis, 255. 
levis. 254. 
parvifolia, 255. 
scabra, 255. 
terebinthacea, 266. 
Helmintha, 420. 
Helogyne, 93. 
Hemiachyris Texana, 116. 
Tn aisha. 250. 
Hemiptilium, 415. 
Bigelorii, 414. 
Schottii, 415. 
Hemizxanthidium, 250, 251. 
Hemizonella, 69, 306. 
Durandi, 306. 
minima, 306. 
parvula, 306. 
Hemizonia, 69, 306. 
angustifolia, 308. 
angustifolia, 311. 
balsamifera, 308. 
cephalotes, 312. 
citriodora, 307, 451. 
Clevelandi, 307. 
congesta, 307. 
congesta, 314. 


470 


corymbosa, 308. 
decumbens, 3809. 
Douglasii, 311. 
fasciculata, 309. 
Jilipes, 313. 
Fitchii, 308. 
floribunda, 309. 
Fremonti, 312. 
frutescens, 307. 
glomerata, 309. 
Heermanni, 310. 
hispida, 311. 
Kelloggii, 309. 
Lobbit, 310. 
luzulefolia, 307. 
macradenia, 308. 
macradenia, 310. 
macrocephala, 308. 
mollis, 311. 
muiticaalis, 309. 
multiglandulosa, 312. 
oppositifolia, 312. 
aniculata, 309. 
Pony 308. 
pauciflora, 311. 
plumosa, 312. 
pungens, 308. 
ramosissima, 310. 
rudis, 307. 
sericea, 807. 
spicata, 311. 
Streetsii, 807, 451. 
tenella, 310. 
truncata, 311. 
virgata, 310. 
Wheeleri, 307. 
Wrightii, 309. 
Herba Impia, 230. 
Hesperastrum, 174. 
Hesperevax, 228. 
Feterocheta, 207. 
Heterochromea, 453. 
HETEROCHROMES, 54. 
Heterodonta, 295. 
Heterogyne, 253. 
Heteropectis, 361. 
Heterophania, 231. 
Heteropleura, 429. 
Heterosperma, 299. 
Heterospermum, 68, 299. 
dicranocarpum, 287. 
pinnatum, 299. 
tagetinum, 299. 
Heterotheca, 53, 120. 
Chrysopsidis, 121. 
floribunda, 121. 
randiflora, 121. 
amarckii, 120. 
Lamarckii, 180. 
latifolia, 121. 
leptoglossa, 121. 
scabra, J21. 
Hieracium, 86, 424. 
abscissum, 430. 
albiflorum, 428. 
alpinum, 424. 
arcticum, 427. 
argutum, 428. 
aurantiacum, 424. 
auratum, 425. 
barbatum, 426. 
Bolanderi, 429. 
Brandegei, 455. 
brevipilum, 429. 
Breweri, 427. 


INDEX. 


Californicum, 428. 

Canadense, 425. 

Canadense, 425. 

carneum, 430. 

Carolinvanum, 426. 

corymbosum, 425. 

cynoglossoides, 428. 

erythrospermum, 429. 

Jfasciculatum, 425. 

Fendleri. 429. 

racile, 427. 

Greenei, 429. 

Gronovii, 426. 

Gronovii, 425, 426, 427. 

helianthifolium, 425. 

Hookeri, 427. 

horridum, 427. 

Kalmii, 424. 

Kalmii, 425. 

Lemmoni, 430. 

longipilum, 426, 455. 

macranthum, 425. 

macrophyllum, 425. 

Marianum, 426, 446, 455. 

Marianum, 426. 

molle, 424. 

murorum,424, 

aniculatum, 425. 
arishii, 428. 

Pennsylvanicum, 426. 

prealtum, 424. 

precon, 424, 

prenanthoides, 425. 

Pringlei, 429, 

pusillum, 207. 

relicinum, 427. 

rigidum, 425. 

Rugelii, 426. 

runcinatum, 431. 

Rusbvi, 428. 

scabriusculum, 425. 

scabrum, 426. 

scabrum, 426. 

Scouleri, 427. 

Scoulert, 429. 

subnudum, 425. 

Sullivantit, 425. 

sylvaticum, 424. 

HH yprapatlenr, 430. 

triste, 427. 

triste, 427. 

umbellatum, 425. 

Vancouverianum, 428. 

venosum, 425. 

venosum, 425. 

virgatum, 425. 

vulgatum, 424. 
High Cranberry, 10. 
High-water Shrub, 247, 
Hobble-bush, 9. 
Hofmeisteria, 51, 93. 

pluriseta, 93. 
Hologymne, 324. 

Douglasii, 323. 

glabrata, 824. 
Holozonia, 318. 

Jilipes, 313. 
Homocnromes, 52. 
Homotanthus, 408. 
Homopappus, 126. 

argutus, 127. 

glomeratus, 127. 

inuloides, 128. 

multiflorus, 129. 

paniculatus, 127. 


racemosus, 127, 
spathulatus, 149. 
squarrosus, 125, 
Honeysuckle, 141. 
Hopkirkia anthemoides, 334, 
Horse-Gentian, 12. 
Houndstongue, 118. 
Houstonia, 20, 24. 
acerosa, 27. 
angustifolia, 26. 
cerulea, 24. 
ciliolata, 26. 
coccinea, 24. 
fasciculata, 27. 
Sruticosa, 26. 
humifusa, 25. 
Linnei, 24, 25. 
longifolia, 26. 
minima, 25. 
patens, 24, 
pubescens, 26. 
purpurea, 26. 
asia, 24, 
rotundifolia, 25. 
rubra, 25. 
rupestris, 26. 
serpyllifolia, 24. 
subviscosa, 25. 
tenuifolia, 26. 
varians, 26. 
Wrightii, 26. 
Hulsea, 75, 342. 
algida, 348. 
brevifolia, 343. 
Californica, 342. 
callicarpha, 342. 
heterochroma, 343. 
nana, 343. 
Parryi, 342. 
vestita, 342. 
Hydrocarpea, 298. 
Hymenatherum, 77, 357, 453. 
acerosum, 357. 
aureum, 359. 
Berlandieri, 358. 
concinnum, 453. 
Gnaphaliopsis, 358. 
gnaphalodes, 359. 
Greggii, 359. 
Hartwegi, 358. 
Neo-Mexicanum, 357. 
pentachetum, 358. 
polychetum, 357. 
setifolium, 859. 
tagetoides, 357. 
tenuifolium, 358. 
tenuilobum, 358. 
Thurberi, 358. 
Treculii, 358. 
Wrightii, 358. 
Hymenoclea, 63, 248. 
monogyra, 248. 
Salsola, 248. 
Hymenonema glaucum, 417, 418. 
laciniatum, 417. 
Hymenopappus, 74, 235. 
artemisiefolius, 235. 
corymbosus, 335. 
Douglasii, 341. 
filifolius, 336. 
flavescens, 336. 
luteus, 336.. 
Mexicanus, 336. 
Nevadensis, 341. 
robustus, 336. 


scabiosseus, 335. 
tenuifolius, 336. 
tenuifolius, 336. 
Hymenothrix, 73, 334. 
Wislizeni, 334. 
Wrightii, 335. 
Hymenoxys, 346. 
Californica, 327. 
calva, 828. 
linearifolia, 344. 
mutica, 328. 
odorata, 347. 
Hyoseris amplexicaulis, 412. 
angustifolia, 412. 
Shorea: 412. 
Caroliniana, 411. 
major, 412. 
montana, 412. 
prenanthoides, 412. 
Hypocheeris, 85, 416. 
glabra, 416 
radicata, 416. 


Janthe, 197. 

Indian Currant, 13. 

Indian Plantain, 394. 

Infantia Chilensis, 334. 

Innocence, 24. 

Tnula, 59, 236. 
argentea, 121, 
divaricata, 130. 
ericoides, 198. 
JSaleata, 122. 
glandulosa, 122. 
glutinosa, 119. 
gossypina, 122. 
graminifolia, 121. 
Helenium, 236. 
Mariana, 122. 
scabra, 121. 
serrata, 117. 
subazxillaris, 121. 

INULOIDE, 57, 225. 

Iron-weed, 89. Hi 

Isocarpha, 65, 257. 
oppositifolia, 257. 

Tsocoma vernonioides, 143. 

Jsopappus, 130. 
divaricatus, 130. 
Hookerianus, 131. 

Iva, 62, 245. 
ambrosiefolia, 246. 
angustifolia, 247. 
annua, 246. 
axillaris, 247. 
ciliata, 246. 
dealbata, 246. 

foliolosa 247. 
frutescens, 247. 
Hayesiana, 247. 
imbricata, 246. 
microcephala, 247, 
monophylla, 249. 
Nevadensis, 247. 
paniculata, 246. 
xanthiifolia, 246. 

Izora Americana, 24. 
ternifolia, 24. 


Jacea, 406. 
Jamesia, 412, 413. 
paucifiora, 418. 
Jaumea, 70, 317. 
carnosa, 317, 
JAUMIE&, 70, 


INDEX. 


Jerusalem Artichoke, 280. 
Joe-Pye Weed, 95. 


Katlliactis, 265. 
Keerlia, 55, 164. 


bellidifolia, 164. 
effusa, 165. 
ramosa, 164. 
skirrobasis, 164. 


Kelloggia, 22, 31. 


galioides, 32. 


Kleinia, 317, 354. 
Knapweed, 406. 
Knovia, 31 
Krigia, 84, 411. 


amplexicaulis, 412. 
bellioides, 411. 


Caroliniana, 411, 412. 


Dandelion, 412. 
dichotoma, 411. 
leptophylla, 411. 
montana, 412. 
nervosa, 411, 
occidentalis, 411. + 
Virginica, 411. 


Kuhnia, 51, 103. 


Critonia, 103. 
eupatoricides, 103. 
JSrutescens, 103. 
glutinosa, 99, 103. 
leptophylla, 103. 
macrantha, 103. 
Mazimiliani, 103. 
paniculata, 103. 
rosmarinifolia, 103. 
Schaffneri, 103. 
suaveolens, 103. 


Kuhnioides, 113. 
Kymapleura, 439. 


heterophylla, 440. 


LABIATIFLOR.E, 50, 82. 
Lactuca, 87, 441. 


acuminata, 443. 
alpina, 444. 
Canadensis, 442. 
Canadensis, 444. 
Caroliniana, 442. 
elongata, 442, 443. 
Floridana, 443. 
Floridana, 444. 
graminea, 443. 
graminifolia, 442. 
hirsuta, 442. 
integrifolia, 442. 
integrifolia, 443. 
leucophea, 444. 
longifolia, 442. 
Ludoviciana, 443. 
macrophylla, 444. 
pulchella, 443. 
sagittifolia, 442, 
sanguinea, 442. 
Scariola, 442. 
villosa, 444. 


Lactucastrum, 443. 
Lagatea, 200. 
Lagophylla, 70, 313. 


congesta, 314. 
dichotoma, 313. 
filipes, 313. 
glandulosa, 313. 
ramosissima, 314. 


Lagothamnus, 379. 


ambiguus, 379. 


microphyilus, 379, 
Lampsana, 84, 410. 
communis, 410. 
Laphamia, 71, 319. 
angustifolia, 319, 
bisetosa, 820. 
cinerea, 319, 
dissecta, 321. 
halimifolia, 319. 
Lemmoni, 819. 
Lindheimeri, 320. 
megacephala, 320. 
Palmeri, 320. 
peninsularis, 319. 
rupestris, 319. 
Stansburii, 320. 
Lappa major, 397. 
minor, 397. 
tomentosa, 397. 
Lapsana, 410. 
Lasianthea, 286. 
Lasthenia, 72, 324. 
ambigqua, 331. 
Californica, 824. 
Coulteri, 452. 
glaberrima, 324. 
glabrata, 324, 452. 
obtusifolia, 824. 
Laurestinus, 9. 
Layia, 70, 314, 451. 
Calliglossa, 316. 
carnosa, 315. 


47] 


chrvysanthemoides, 316. 


Douglasii, 316. 
elegans, 315. 
Fremonti, 316. 
gaillardioides, 315. 
glandulosa, 314. 
graveolens, 451. 


heterotricha, 315, 451. 


Jonesii, 316. 


Neo-Mexicana, 314. 


pentacheta, 315. 
platyglossa, 315. 
Leachia, 291. 
lanceolata, 292. 
trifoliata, 293. 
Lebetina, 356. 
Leighia, 270. 
bicolor, 273. 
lanceolata, 285. 
longifolia, 278. 
uniflora, 284, 285. 
Leontodon, 85, 420. 
alpinus, 440. 
autumnalis, 420. 
boreale, 424. 
Carolinianum, 441. 
ceratophorum, 440. 
hirsutum, 439. 
hirtus, 420. 
hispidus, 420, 
lividus, 440. 
officinalis, 440. 
Larazacum, 440. 
vulgare, 440. 
Lepachys, 66, 268. 
angustifolia, 264. 
columnaris, 264. 
peduncularis, 264. 
pinnata, 263. 
pinnatifida, 264. 
serrata, 264. 
Lepidanthus, 364. 
Lepidaploa, 89. 


472 


Lepidonema, 416. 
Lepidospartum, 80, 378. 
squamatum, 378. 
Lepidostephanus madioides, 313. 
Lepidotheca suaveolens, 364. 
Leptoclinium fruticosum, 112. 
Leptogyne, 225. 
Leptopoda, 350. 
brachypoda, 349. 
brevifolia, 350, 351. 
decurrens, 350. 
denticulata, 350. 
Jimbriata, 350. 
Helenium, 350. 
incisa, 350. 
integrifolia, 350. 
pinnatifida, 351, 
puberula, 850. 
Leptoseris, 422. 
Californica, 423. 
saxatilis, 423. 
sonchoides, 422. 
Leptosyne, 68, 299. 
Arizonica, 301. 
Bigelovii, 300. 
Californica, 299. 
calliopsidea, 300. 
Douglasii, 299. 
gigantea, 3800. 
heterocarpa, 301. 
maritima, 300. 
Newberryi, 299. 
parthenioides, 301. 
Stillmani, 299. 
Leptotheca, 431. 
Leria lyrata, 408. 
nutans, 408. 
Lessingia, 54, 161, 446. 
adenophora, 447. 
Germanorum, 162. 
landulifera, 162. 
eptoclada, 162, 447. 
nana, 163, 447. 
nemaclada, 447. 
Parryi, 447. 
ramulosa, 162, 446. 
virgata, 162 
Lettuce, 441. 
Leucampyx, 78, 362. 
Newberryi, 362. 
Leucanthemum arcticum, 365. 
integrifolium, 365. 
Parthenium, 865. 
vulgare, 365. 
Leucocoma, 172. 


humile, 164. 
Leucopsis, 123. 
Leucoseris, 422, 

tenuifolia, 423. 
Leysera Caroliniana, 352. 
Liatris, 52, 109. 

acidota, 110. 
aspera, 110. 
bellidifolia, 113. 
Boykini, 110. 
brachystachys, 111. 
Chapmanii, 112. 
corymbosa, 118. 
eylindracea, 109. 
cylindrica, 110. 
dubia, 111. 
elegans, 109. 
flexuosa, 110. 
JSruticosa, 112. 


Arkan , 164. 


INDEX. 


Garberi, 112. 
gracilis, 110. 
graminifolia, 111. 
iii te. 110. 
heterophylla, 110. 
intermedia, 109. 
levigata, 112. 
lanceolata, 111. 
macrostachya, 111. 
mucronata, 110. 
odoratissima, 113. 
oppositifolia, 95. 
paniculata, 113. 
pauciflora, 112. 
paucifirsculosa, 112. 
pilosa, 111 
propingua, 111, 
pumila, 111. 
punctata, 110. 
pycnostachya, 110. 
radians, 109. 
resinosa, 110, 111. 
scariosa, 110. 
secunda, 112. 
sessiliflora, 111. 
spheroiden, 110. 
spicata, 111. 
squamosa, 113. 
squarrosa, 109. 
squarrulosa, 110. 
stricta, 110. 
tenuifolia, 112. 
tomentosa, 113. 
umbellata, 90. 
virgata, 111. 
Walteri, 113. 
LIGuLIrLon&, 50, 83. 
Lindheimera, 61, 244. 
Texana, 244. 
Linnea, 7, 18. 
borealis, 13. 
Linosyris, 1386. 
albicaulis, 189. 
arborescens, 141. 
Bigelovii, 138. 
Bolanderi, 136. 
carnosa, 202. 
ceruminosa, 188. 
coronopifolia, 142. 
dentata, 143. 
depressa, 137. 
Drummondii, 142. 
graveolens, 189. 
heterophylla, 142. 
hirtella, 142. 
Howardi, 136. 
humilis, 204. 
lanceolata, 140. 
Mexicana, 143. 
Parryi, 136. 
pluriflora, 142. 
pulchella, 137. 
ramulosa, 223. 
serrulata, 140. 
Sonoriensis, 141. 
squamata, 378. 
teretifulia, 188. 
Texana, 222. 
viscidiflora, 138, 139, 140. 
Wrightii, 142. 
Linsecomia glauca, 274. 
Lion’s-foot, 434. 
Lipocheta Texanu, 286. 
Logfia subulata, 280. 
Lonicera, 8, 14. 


alba, 30. 
albiflora, 18. 
Breweri, 15. 
cerulea, 15. 
Californica, 18. 
Canadensis, 15. 
Caroliniana, 16. 
ciliata, 15. 
ciliosa, 16. 
ciliosa, 18. 
conjugialis, 15, 
Diervilia, 19. 
dioica, 17. 
Douglasii, 17. 
dumosa, 18. 
flava, 17. 
flava, 17. 
hirsuta, 17. 
hispidula, 18. 
glauca, 17. 
grata, 17. 
Goldii, 17. 
intermedia, 16. 
interrupta, 18. 
involucrata, 16. 
Ledebourti, 16. 
microphylla, 18. 
Mociniana, 16. 
oblongifolia, 15. 
occidentalis, 16. 
parriflora, 17. 
pilcsa, 18. 
pubescens, 17. 
sempervirens, 16, 
subspicata, 18. 
Sullivantii, 17. 
Symphoricarpos, 13. 
Tartarica, 16. 
Utahensis, 18. 
velutina, 15. 
villosa, 15, 17. 
Virginiana, 16. 
LONICERES#, 7. 
Louphochena, 264. 
Lorentea, 254, 360. 
Lowellia aurea, 359. 
Luina, 79, 876. 
hypoleuca, 376. 
Luthera Virginica, 412. 
Lygodesmia, 87, 485. 
aphylla, 436. 
exigua, 486. 
grandiflora, 435. 
juncea, 435, 
gunced, 436. 
minor, 413. 
rostrata, 436. 
spinosa, 436. 


Macheranthera, 204. 
canescens, 205, 206. 
ora | 125. 
parviflora, 207. 
setigera, 206. 
Shastensis, 174. 
tanacetifolia, 206. 

Macrocarphus 
qehtca/olbi, 341. 
Douglasii, 341. 

Macrohoustonia, 24. 

Macronema, 135. 
discoidea, 135. 
suffruticosa, 135. 

Macrorhynchus, 438. 
angustifolius, 439. 


aurantiacus, 438. 
Californicus, 439. 
Chilensis, 440. 
cynthioides, 437. 
elatus, 438. 
glaucus, 437. 


grandifiorus, 438, 439. 


Harfordit, 439. 
heterophyllus, 439. 
humile, 439. 
laciniatus, 439. 
Lessingii, 439. 
purpureus, 438. 
retrorsus, 439. 
trozimoides, 438. 

Madaria, 304. 
corymbosa, 305. 
elegans, 305. 
racemosa, 305. 

Madariopsis, 305. 

Madaroglossa, 314. 
angustifolia, 314, 315. 
carnosa, 314. 
elegans, 315. 
heterotricha, 315. 
hieracioides, 315. 
hirsuta, 315. 

Madder, 35. 

Madia, 69, 804, 451. 
anomala, 307, 451. 
Bolanderi, 304. 
capitata, 305. 
citriodora, 307, 451. 
dissitiflora, 305. 
elegans, 305. 
filipes, 306. 
glomerata, 306. 
mellosa, 305. 
Nuttallii, 304. 
radiata, 305. 
Rammii, 451. 
sativa, 305. 
stellata, 305. 
viscosa, 305. 
Yosemitana, 304, 451. 

MADIE, 69. 


Madorella dissitiflora, 305. 


racemosa, 305. 
Malacolepis, 421. 
Malacomeris, 423. 

incana, 423. 
Malacothrix, 86, 421. 

altissima, 455. 

Californica, 422. 

Californica, 422. 

Clevelandi, 423. 

commutata, 423. 

Coulteri, 421, 454. 

crepoides, 430. 

Fendleri, 422. 

foliosa, $55. 

glabrata, 422. 

incana, 423. 

insularis, 454. 

obtusa, 423. 

obtusa, 422. 

parviflora, 423. 

Platyphylla, 410. 

saxatilis, 423, 455. 

sonchoides, 422. 

sonchoides, 422. 

tenuifolia, 423. 

Torreyi, 422. 

Torreyi, 422. 

Xanti, 422. 


INDEX. 


Mallostoma acerosa, 27. 
Margacola parvula, 93. 
Marsh Elder, 247. 
Marshallia, 68, 303. 
angustifolia, 303. 
ewspitosa, 303. 
lanceolata, 303. 
latifolia, 303. 
Schreberi, 303. 
Maruta Cotula, 362. 
Jetida, 362. 
Matricaria, 78, 363. 
asterioides, 166. 
Chamomila, 364. 
coronata, 364. 
Courrantia, 364. 
discoidea, 364. 
glastifolia, 166. 
inodora, 363. 
odorata, 365. 
Parthenium, 365. 
pyrethroides, 364. 
tunacetoides, 364. 
Matthiola, 29. 
scabra, 30. 
Mayweed, 362. 
Megalastrum, 173. 
MELAMPODIES, 60. 
Melampodium, 60, 238, 449. 
australe, 239. 
cinereum, 239. 
cupulatum, 239. 
hispidum, 239. 
leucanthum, 239. 
longicornu, 239. 
perfoliatum, 449. 
ramosissimum, 239. 
Melananthera, 257. 
Melanthera, 65, 257. 
angustifolia, 257. 
deltoidea, 257. 
 hastata, 257. 
lanceolata, 257. 
Linnei, 257. 
microphylla, 257. 
pandureformis, 257. 
triloba, 257. 
urticefolia, 257. 
Micrageratum, 92. 
Micropus, 58, 226. 
amphibolus, 227. 
angustifolius, 227. 
Californicus, 227. 
Grayana, 227. 
minimus, 229. 
Microseris, 85, 416. 
acuminata, 419. 
aphantocarpha, 419. 
attenuata, 419. 
Bigelovii, 419. 
Bolanderi, 418. 
borealis, 424. 
cyclocarpha, 420. 
Douglasii, 420. 
elegans, 419. 
Howellii, 454. 
laciniata, +17. 
leptosepala, 418. 
leptosepala, 418. 
Lindleyi, 419. 
linearifolia, 418. 
macrocheta, 418. 
nutans, 416, 
Parryi, 418. 
platycarpha, 420. 


473 


sylvatica, 417. 

troximoides, 420. 
Mikania, 51, 94. 

artemistoides, 97. 

convolvulucea, 94, 

cordifolia, 94. 

gonoclada, 94, 

menispermoidea, 94. 

pubescens, 94. 

rubrginosa, 94. 

scandens, 94. 

suaveolens, 94, 
Milfoil, 363. 

Milk Thistle, 405. 
Muleria angustifolia, 354, 
MiLuerig£.£, 59. 

Mint Geranium, 365. 
Mist-flower, 102. 
Mitchella, 22, 31. 

repens, 31. 

undulata, 31, 
JMitracarpium, 32. 
AMitracarpum, 32. 
Mitracarpus, 2, 382. 

breviflorus, 32. 

linearis, 32. 

Molina viscosa, 225. 
Monachena, 247. 
Monolopia, 72, 323. 

bahiefolia, 324. 

glabrata, 324. 

gracilens, 823. 

Heermanni, 323. 

lanceolata, 3823. 

major, 323, 452. 

minor, 323. 
Monoptilon, 55, 165. 

bellidiforme, 165. 
Monothrix Stansburii, 320. 
Moquinia hypoleuca, 407. 
Morinda, 21, 29. 

Roioc, 29. 
Muewort, 367, 372. 
Mulgedium, 443. 
acuminatum, 444, 

Flovidanum, 443. 

hastatum, 435. 

heterophyllum, 448. 

leucopheum, 444. 

lyratum, 443. 

multiflorum, 444. 

pulchellum, 443. 
MUTISIAcr.k, 82, 407. 
Myrstiphyllum, 30. 


Nabalus, 433. 
alatus, 435. 
albus, 434. 
altissimus, 435. 
asper, 433. 
Boottti, 435. 
cordatus, 435. 
crepidineus, 433. 
deltoideus, 435. 
Fraseri, 434: 
glaucus, 434. 
Lllinoensis, 433. 
integrifolius, 434, 
nanus, 434. 
racemosns, 433. 
Roanensis, 434. 
serpentarius, 4534, 
trifoliolatus, 434. 
trilvbatus, 434. 


virgalus, 433. 


474 


Nardosmia angulosa, 376. 
corymbosa, 376. 
Srigida, 376. 
palmata, 376. 
sagittata, 376. 

NASSAUVIE, 83. 

Nauenberyia trinervata, 854. 

Neocis, 398. 

Nicolletia, 77, 855, 446. 
Edwardsii, 355. 
occidentalis, 355. 

Nipplewort, 410. 

Nothocalais, 420. 


Obeliscaria columnaris, 264. 
pinnata, 264. 
pulcherrima, 264, 
Tagetes, 264. 

Odontocarpha, 115. 

Oglifa, 230. 

Oldenlandia, 20, 27, 
acerousa, 27. 
angustifolia, 27. 
Boscii, 27. 
cerulea, 24. 
glomerata, 27. 
Greenei, 27. 

Halei, 28. 
humifusa, 26. 
pentandra, 28. 
purpurea, 26. 
retundifolia, 25. 
rubra, 25. 
serpyllifolia, 24, 
subviscosa, 25. 
uniflora, 28. 

Oligogyne Tampicana, 289. 

Oligosporus, 368. ~ 
pycnocephalus, 369. 

Oligotrichium.218. , 

Olocarpha, 808. 

Omalanthus camphoratus, 367. 

Omalotes camphoratus, 367. 

Omalotheca, 231, 236. 
supina, 236. 

Onopordon, 82, 405. 
acanthium, 405. 

Onopordum, 405. 

Oporinia, 420. 
autumnalis, 420. 

Oritrophium, 175. 

Orthomeris, 198. 

Osmadenia tenella, 311. 

Osmia, 94. 

Osteospermum Uvedalia, 238. 

Ox-eye Daisy, 365. 

Oxylepis, 347. 

Oxytenia, 62, 248. 
acerosa, 248. 

Oxytripolium, 203. 


Oxyura chrysanthemoides, 316. 


Oyster-plant, 415. 


Palafoxia, 74, 338. 
callosa, 337. 
fastiviata, 338. 
Feayi, 338. 
Hookeriana, 337, 
integrifolia, 888. 
latifolia, 338. 
leucophylla, 338. 
linearis, 338 
Texana, 337. 

Paleolaria carnea, 338. 

‘astigiata, 338. 
Pallasia, 281. 


INDEX. 


grandiflora, 281 
serratifolia, 289. 
Pappochroma, 206. 
Pappothria, 319. 
Partheniastrum, 244, 
Parthenice, 62, 245. 
mollis, 245. 
Parthenium, 62, 244. 
alpinum, 245. 
argentatum, 245. 
Hysterophorus, 244. 
incanum, 244. 
integrifolium, 243. 
lobatum, 244. 
lyratum, 244. 
ramosissimum, 245. 
Partridge-berry, 31. 
Patrinia ceratophylla, 43. 
longifolia, 43. 
Pectidium, 361. 
punctatum, 362. 
Pectidopsis angustifolia, 361. 
Pectis, 77, 360. 
angustifolia, 360. 
ciliaris, 360. 
Coulteri, 361. 
Sastigiata, 361. 
filipes, 361. 
imberbis, 362. 
Jaliscana, 361. 
linifolia, 360, 362. 
longipes, 361. 
multiseta, 361. 
papposa, 361. 
prostrata, 860. 
unctata, 362. 
usbyi, 361. 
tenella, 360. 
tenella, 861. 
Pectothriz, 361. 
Pentacheta, 53, 119, 446. 
alsinoides, 120. 
aphantocheta, 120. 
aurea, 120, 446. 
exilis, 120. 
gracilis, 120. 
Lyoni, 446. 
Pentodon, 6, 28. 
Halei, 28. 
Pentotis, 28. 
Peramibus hirtus, 259. 
Perdicium, 409. 
semiflusculare, 408. 
Perezia, 83, 408. 
Atizonica, 409. 
Coulteri, 409. 
microcephala, 409. 
nana, 409. 
runcinata, 408. 
Thurberi, 409. 
Wrightii, 409. 
Pericome, 71, 322. 
caudata, 322. 
Perityle, 71, 320. 
Acmella, 322. 
aglossa, 822. 
Californica, 321. 
Californica, 321, 322. 
coronopifolia, 321. 
dissecta, 321. 
Emoryi, 321. 
Fitchii, 321. 
incana, 320. 
leptoglossa, 322. 
microglossa, 322. 


nuda, 821. 
Parryi, 322. 
plumigera, 321. 
PERITYLEA, 71. 
Persoonia angustifolia, 308, 
lanceolata, 303. 
latifolia, 303. 
Petasites, 79, 875. 
frigida, 376. 
palmata, 376. 
sagittata, 376. 
vulgaris, 376. 
Peucephyllum, 79, 877. 
Schottii, 377. 
Phenactis, 207, 208, 209. 
Phethusu Americana, 287. 
borealis, 287. 
Phalacrocline, 225. 
Phalacroloma, 207, 218, 
acutifolium, 219. 
Beyrichii, 219. 
obtusifolium, 219. 
Phalacroseris, 84, 410. 
Bolanderi, 410. 
Phialis, 328, 329. 
Philozera multiflora, 847. 
Phyllacrocephala, 94. 
Phyllactis cbovata, 42. 
Phyllopappus, 124, 416. 
Phyllotheca, 128. 
Picradenia Richardsonii, 347, 
Picris. 85, 420. 
Davurica, 421. 
echioides, 421. 
hieracioides, 420. 
Japonica, 421. 
Kamtschatica, 421. 
Picrothamnus desertorum, 368. 
Picrotus, 246. 
Pilosella, 424. 
arguta, 428. 
spathulata, 426, 455. 
Pinaropappus, 85, 421. 
roseus, 421. 
Pinckneya, 19, 23. 
pubens, 23. 
pubescens, 23. 
Pinknea pubescens, 23. 
Pityopsis, 121. 
argentea, 121. 
falcata, 122. 
graminifolia, 121. 
pinifolia, 122, 
Plagius, 364. 
Plateilema, 344. 
Platycarpea, 296. 
Platylophus, 406. 
Platyschkuhria, 332. 
Plectocephalus Americanus, 407. 
Plectritis, 46. 
brachystemon, 47 
capitata, 47. 
congesta, 47. 
macrocera, 46. 
major, 47. 
samolifolia, 47. 
Pluchea, 57, 225. 
bifrons, 226. 
borealis, 225, 
camphorata, 226. 
fetida, 226. 
glabrata, 226. 
Marylandica, 226. 
petiolata, 226. 
purpurascens, 226. 


PLUCHEINE, 57. 
Plummera, 59, 237. 
floribunda, 237. 
Polyactidium, 207, 219. 
Polyactis, 207, 219. 
Polydymia, 377. 
Polymnia, 60, 238. 
Canadensis, 238. 
Curoliniana, 243. 
perfoliata, 449. 


Tetragonotheca, 255. 


Uvedalia, 238. 
Polymniastrum, 238. 


Polypappus sericeus, 225. 


Polypteris, 74, 337. 
callosa, 337. 
Hookeriana, 337. 
integrifolia, 337. 
integrifolia, 352. 
Texana, 337. 

Porophyllum, 76, 354. 
amplexicaule, 355. 
gracile, 355. 
Greggtt, 355. 


macrocephalum, 354. 


Prenanthes, 87, 432. 
alata, 435. 
alba, 434. 
alba, 434, 435. 
altissima, 434. 
aphylla, 436. 
aspera, 433. 
autumnalis, 433. 
Boottii, 435. 
cordata, 435. 
crepidinea, 433. 
crepidinea, 434. 
deltoidea, 435. 
exigua, 436. 
glauca, 484. 
Lllinoensis, 433. 
juncea, 435. 
Mainensis, 433. 
Miamensis, 474, 
ovata, 434. 
paucifiora, 413. 
polymorpha, 431. 
proteophylla, 434. 
Pygmea, 431. 
racemosa, 433. 
Roanensis, 434. 
rubicunda, 434. 
runcinata, 413. 
serpentaria, 434, 
simplex, 433. 
suavis, 434, 
tenuifolia, 418. 
Prionopsis, 125. 
Chapmanii, 174. 
ciliata, 125. 
Proustia, 408. 
Psacalium, 397. 
Psathyrotes, 80, 377. 
annua, 377. 
incisa, 343. 
pilifera, 377. 
ramosissima, 377. 
scaposa, 378. 
Pseudo-Bahia, 323. 
Pseudo-Monolopia, 331. 
Psilactis, 56, 170. 
asteroides, 171. 
brevilingulata, 171. 
Coulteri, 171. 
Psilocarpea, 296. 


INDEX. 


Psilocarphus, 58, 228, 448. 
brevissimus, 448. 
brevissimus, 228. 
Chilensis, 448. 
elatior, 448. 
globiferus, (228,) 448. 
globiferus, 228. 
Oreganus, 228, 448. 
tenellus, 228, 448. 

Psilochena, 431. 
occidentalis, 432. 

Psilostrophe gnaphatiodes, 318. 

Psychotria, 21, 30. 
chimarroides, 31. 
lanceolata, 31. 
nervosa, 31. 
oligotricha, 31. 
rufescens, 31. 
tenuifolia. 31. 
undata, 30. 


Psychotrophum, 30. 


Ptarmica borealis, 363. 
vulgaris, 363. 
Pterocaulon, 57, 226. 
pycnostachyum, 226. 
virgatum, 226. 
Pteronia Caroliniana, 109. 
Pterophyton, 287. 
Piilomeris, 327. 
affinis, 327. 
anthemoides, 328. 
aristata, 327. 
coronaria. 327. 
mutica, 328. 
tenella, 327. 
Ptilonella scabra, 304. 
Ptilophora, 416. 
major, 417. 
nutans, 417. 
Pugiopappus, 300. 
Bigelovii, 300. 
Breweri, 300. 
calliopsideus, 300. 
Pulicaria annua, 219. 
Pyrethrum, 364. 
bipinnatum, 364. 
inodorum, 363. 
Parthenium, 365. 
Pyrocheta, 170. 
Pyrrhopappus, 87, 440. 
Carolinianus, 441. 
grandiflorus, 441. 
multicaulis, 441. 
multicaulis, 441. 
paucifiorus, 441. 
Rothrockii, 441. 
scaposus, 441. 
Sesseanus, 441. 
Pyrrocoma arguta, 127. 
carthammdes, 126. 
foliosa, 128. 
glomerata, 127. 
grindelioides, 125. 
Menziesti, 143. 
paniculata, 127. 
racemosa, 127. 
radiata, 126. 


Ratinesquia, 85, 415. 
Californica, 415, 446. 
Neo-Mexicana, 415. 

Ragweed, 248. 

Raillardella, 81, 380. 
argentea, 380. 
Liseni, 380. 


475 


Muirii, 380. 
Pringlei, 380. 
scaposa, 380. 
Raillardia, 380. 
Rancagua, 324. 
Randia, 20, 28. 
aculeata, 28. 
clusie folia, 29. 
latifolia, 29. 
mitis, 29. 
Xalapensis, 29. 
Ratibida columnaris, 264. 
sulcata, 264, 
Rattlesnake-root, 483, 434, 
Relbunium, 35, 40, 41. 
microph yllum, 41. 
polyplocum, 41. 
Rhabdocaulis, 290. 
Rhinactina, 200. 
Rhyncholepis, 227. 
Richardia, 22, 32. 
pilosa, 32. 
scabra, 32. 
Richardsonia scabra, 82. 
Riddellia, 71, 317. 
arachnoidea, 318. 
Cooperi, 318. 
tagetina, 317. 
RippELure&, 71. 
Rigiopappus, 74, 338. 
leptocladus, 338. 
Roioc, 29. 
Rosalesia, 104. 
Rosin-weed, 240, 241. 
othia Carolinensts, 335. 
Rubia, 35. 
Brownei, 42. 
peregrina, 42. 
tinctoria, 35. 
Walteri, 42. 
RUBIACE, 19. 
Rudbeckia, 65, 259. 
alata, 348. 
alismefolia, 261. 
amplexicaulis, 263. 
amplexifolia, 263. 
angustifolia, 273. 
apetala, 274. 
aristata, 259. 
aspera, 261. 
atrorubens, 259. 
bicolor, 260. 
bupleuroides, 259. 
Californica, 262. 
chrysomela, 261. 
columnaris, 264. 
digitata, 262, 264. 
discolor, 260, 261. 
fulgida, 260. 
fulgida, 261. 
glabra, 262. 
globosa, 264. 
gracilis, 260. 
randiflora, 261 
eliopsidis, 261. 
Heliopsidis, 261. 
heterophylla, 263. 
hirta, 260. 
hispida, 258. 
laciniata, 262. 
laevigata, 262. 
maxima, 262. 
Mohrii, 259. 
mollis, 261. 
montana, 263. 


476 


nitida, 262. 
occidentalis, 263. 
odorata, 260. 
oppositifolia, 255. 
pallida, 258. 
perfoliata, 253 
pinnata, 264. 
Porteri, 269. 
purpurea, 258. 
quinata, 262. 
radula, 274. 
rupestris, 260. 
serotina, 258, 260. 
spathulata, 261. 
spathulata, 263. 
speciosa, 261. 
speciosa, 258. 
strigosa, 260. 
subtomentosa, 260. 
Tagetes, 264. 
tomentosa, 260, 264. 
triloba, 259. 
Rugelia nudicaulis, 383. 


Sage-brush, 367, 374. 
Sage-bush, 374. 
Salsity, 415. 
SAMBUCEA, 7. 
Sambucus, 7, 8. 
Canadensis, 8. 
slauca, 9. 
umilis, 9. 
melanocarpa, 8. 
Mexicana, 9. 
nigra, 9. 
pubens, 9. 
pubescens, 9. 
racemosa, 8. 
velutina, 9. 
Santolina suaveolens, 364. 
Sanvitalia, 64, 254. 

’ Aberti, 254. 
acinifolia, 254. 
angustifolia, 254. 
ocymoides, 254. 
procumbens, 254. 
tragiefolia, 254. 
viliosa, 254. 

Sartwellia, 76, 353. 
Flaveriz, 353. 
Mexicana, 353. 

Saussurea, 82, 396. 
acuminata, 397. 
alpina, 396. 
Americana, 397. 
angustifolia, 397. 
Ledebvuri, 397. 
monticola, 397. 
nuda, 397. 
subsinuata, 397. 


Scabiosa atropurpurea, 47. 


Scabious, 47 
Scariola, 442. 
Schkubria, 73, 334. 
Bigelovii, 333. 
biternata, 333. 
Hopkirkia, 334. 
integrifolia, 332. 
Neo-Mezicana, 333. 
pedata, 333. 
pusilla, 334 
Wislizeni, 334. 
Woodhousti, 333. 
Wrightii, 334. 
Sclerocarpus, 64, 256. 


Sclerolepis 


INDEX. 


exiguus, 306. 
gracilis, 805. 
uniserialis, 256. 
51, 92. 
verticillata, 92. 


Scorzonella, 416, 417. 


lauca, 418. 
aciniata, 417. 
leptosepala, 418. 
nutans, 417. 
sylvatica, 417. 


Scorzonera pinnatifida, 441. 
Selloa glutinosa, 114. 


nudata, 354. 


Senecio, 81, 383. 


Actinella, 384. 
ammophilus, 454. 
amplectens, 384. 
ampullaceus, 393. 
Andinus, 387. 
Arizonicus, 392. 
aronicoides, 388. 
atriplicifolius, 395. 
aureus, 391. 

aureus, 389, 394. 
Austine, 454. 
Balsamiite, 391. 
Bigelovii, 385. 
Bolanderi, 392. ‘ 
Californicus, 393, 454, 
campestris, 388, 889. 
canus, 390. 

canus, 389. 
Cardamine, 390. 
Carolinianus, 394. 
ceratophyllus, 454. 
cernuus, 385. 
ciliatus, 221, 383. 
Cineraria, 383, 
Clarkianus, 393. 
Clevelandi. 387. 
Coronopus, 393. 
crassulus, 587. 
Cumingii, 381. 
Cymbalaria, 391, 392. 
cymbalarioides, 391. 
debilis, 391. 
densiflorus, 394. 
Douglasii, 393. 
Elliottii, 391. 
elongatus, 391. 
eremophilus, 392. 
eurycephalus, 392. 
eurycephalus, 384. 
exaltatus, 388. 
fastigiatus, 390. 
fastigiatus, 391, 393. 
Fendleri, 392. 
Jilifolius, 393. 
Jfloceiferus, 383, 422. 
Fremonti, 386. 
glabellus, 394. 
Grayanus, 396. 
Greenei, 385. 
Hartwegi. 386. 
hieracifolius, 396. 
Hookeri, 389. 
Howellii, 390. 
Huachucanus, 386. 
hydrophilus, 387. 
imparipinnatys, 3894 
integerrimus, 388. 
integerrimus, 387. - 
integrifolius, 389, 890. 
Jacobea, 383. 


Kalmii, 383,-394. 
lanceolatus, 887. 
Laynee, 390. 
Lemmoni, 385. 
lobatus, 394. 
longidentatus, 886. 
longilubus, 393. 
lugens, 388. 

lugens, 387. 

Lyoni, 454. 
lyratus, 894, 
megacephalus, 385. 
Mendocinensis, 884, 
Millefolium, 392. 
Mississippianus, 394, 
Mohavensis, 454, 
multilobatus, 394, 


Neo-Mexicanus, 392, 454, 


obovatus, 391, 
Palmeri, 3883. 
alustris, 394, 
arryi, 893. 
peuciflorus, 391, 
pauperculus, 391. 
petraus, 389. 
Plattensis, 391. 
Pseudo-Arnica, 384, 
Purshianus, 390. 
rapifolius, 386. 
Regiomontanus, 398, 
renifolius, 389. 
resedifolius, 390, 
Riddellii, 393. 
Rugelia, 383. 
Rusbyi, 385. 
Schweinitzianus, 394, 
Seemanni, 386. 
serra, 3886, 
Soldanella, 384. 
spartioides, 393. 
stechadiformis, 393. 
suaveolens, 395. 
subnudus, 391. 
sylvaticus, 394. 
Tampicanus, 394, 
Thurberi, 389. 
Toluccanus, 888. 
tomentosus, 390. 
triangularis, 386. 
viscosus, 394. 
vulgaris, 894. 
wernerizfolius, 389. 
Whippleanus, 384, 
SENECIONIDEA, 79, 375. 
Sericocarpus, 56, 171. 
conyzoides, 171. 
Oregonensis, 172. 
rigidus, 172 
solidagineus, 171. 
tortifolius, 172. 
Sericophyllum, 121. 
Serinia ceespitosa, 411. 
Seriphidium, 374. 
Serratula arvensis, 398. 
Carolinensis, 91. 
compta, 111. 
glauca, 89. 
Noveboracensis, 89. 
pilosa, 111. 
prealta, 89. 
seariosa, 110. 
speciosa, 109. 
spicata, 111. 
squarrosa, 109. 
Seven-Years’ Apple, 29. 


ae 


Shortia Califurnica, 327. 
Sideranthus spinulusus, 446. 
Silphium, 61, 240, 449. 
albiflorum, 242. 
asperrimum, 240. 
Asteriscus, 241, 449. 
Asteriscus, 243, 
atropurpureum, 241. 
betonicifulium, 242. 
brachiatum, 449. 
compositum, 241. 
conjunctum, 240. 
connatum, 240. 
dentatum, 241. 
elatum, 242. 
erythrocaulon, 240. 
gracile, 241. 
ummiferum, 242, 
ge rieah 240. 
integrifolium, 240. 
levigatum, 240, 241. 
lanceolatum, 241. 
laciniatum, 242. 
laciniatum, 241. 
nudicaule, 243. 
Nuttallianum, 243. 
pumilum, 243. 
perfoliatum, 240. 
pinnatifidum, 242. 
radula, 240. 
reniforme, 242. 
reticulatum, 241, 243. 
scaberrimum, 240. 
scabrum, 240, 241. 
speciosum, 240. 
spicatum, 242. 
subacaule, 243. 
tetragonum, 240. 
trifoliatum, 241. 
ternatum, 241. 
ternifolium, 241. 
terebinthinaceum, 242. 
tomentosum, 243. 
Simsia, 283. 
calva, 283. 
canescens, 282, 
exaristata, 283. 
JSrutescens, 282. 
lagasceformis, 283. 
lanceolata, 285. 
scaposa, 282. 
aristata, 283. 
Sneezewort, 363. 
Snowberry, 13, 30. 
Solidago, 54, 143. 
alba, 146. 
allissima, 151, 153, 157. 
ambigua, 143, 146. 
amplexicaulis, 153. 
amplexicaulis, 160. 
angulata, 152. 
angusta, 145 
anguslifolia, 150. 
argentea, 145. 
arguta, 154. 
arguta, 145, 155. 
aspera, 153. 
asperata, 152, 153. 
asperula, 153. 
axillaris, 145. 
Azorica, 149. 
bicolor, 146. 
Bigelovii, 146. 
Boottii, 154. 
brachyphylla, 154. 


’ 


INDEX. 


Buckleyi, 147. 
ceesia, 145. 
Californica, 158. 
Californica, 147. 
Canadensis, 157. 
carinata, 149. 
carnosa, 140. 
Chapmani, 151. 
ciliaris, 155. 
cinerascens, 158. 
Clelie, 143. 
compacta, 147, 
conferta, 158. 
confertiflora, 148. 
confertiflora, 144. 
continis, 149. 
cordata, 161. 
corymbosa, 159. 
corymbosa, 144, 148. 
Curtisii, 146. 
decemflora, 158, 159. 
diffusa, 141. 
Drummondii, 159. 
dubia, 143. 
elata, 144, 157. 
Elliottii, 153. 
elliptica, 143. 
elliptica, 153. 
elongata, 157. 
elongata, 153, 156. 
eminens, 157. 
erecta, 144, 146, 152. 
Jistulosa, 151. 
flabellata, 145. 
flabelliformis, 145. 
flavovirens, 150. 
flexicaulis, 145. 
Jragrans, 143, 156. 
Frankii, 152. 
fuscata, 144. 
Gattingeri, 156. 
genistuides, 150. 
giganten, 156. 
glaberrima, 155. 
glabra, 156. 
glomerata, 147. 
glutinosa, 148. 
gracilis, 145. 
gracillima, 150. 
graminifolia, 161. 
grandiflora, 144, 159. 
Guiradonis, 151. 
hirsuta, 146. 
hirta, 153. 
hispida, 146, 158. 
Houghtoni, 160. 
humilis, 148. 
humilis, 153. 
incana, 158. 
integerrima, 149. 
integrifolia, 149. 
ee 155. 
vigata, 149. 
lanata, 146, 
lanceolata, 160. 
Jancifolia, 145. 
lateriflora, 143, 153, 187. 
latifolia, 145. 
latifolia, 143. 
latissimifolia, 143. 
Leavenworthii, 156. 
leocarpa, 147. 
lepida, 157. 
leptocephala, 161. 
lenanefouis, 149. 


ATT 


Lindheimeriana, 147. 
linoides, 150, 154. 
lithospermifolia, 144, 149- 
livida, 144, 145, 
longifolia, 157. 
macrophylla, 147. 
macrophylla, 145. 
Marshalli, 156. 
Mexicana, 149. 
Missouriensis, 155. 
Missouricnsis, 156. 
mollis, 157, 158. 
monticola, 146. 
Muhlenber gii, 155. 
multiflora, 153. 
multiradiata, 147, 
nana, 158. 

neglecta, 154. 
nemoralis, 158. 
nitida, 160. 
Noveboracensis, 143, 149. 
nutans, 157. 
obovate, 150. 
occidentalis, 160. 
odora, 150. 
Ohioensis, 159. 
patula, 152. 
pauciflora, 144. 
pauciflosculosa, 161. 
petiolaris, 144. 
eee 146, 147, 149, 152. 


pilosa, 151. 
pilosa, 153. 
Pitchert, 156. 
procera, 157. 
pubens, 146. 
puberula, 150. 
puberula, 158. 
pulverulenta, 150. 
puncticulata, 151. 
pyramidata, 151. 
radula, 158. 
recurvata, 144, 145. 
recurvata, 153. 
reflexa, 157. 
retrorsa, 151. 
Riddellii, 160. 
rigida, 159. 
rigidula, 153. 
rotundifolia, 159. 
rugosa, 153. 
rupestris, 156. 
salicina, 152. 
Sarothre, 115. 
scaberrima, 159. 
scabra, 152, 153, 157. 
seabrida, 157. 
Schradert, 145. 
sempervirens, 149. 
sempervirens, 149, 152. 
serotina, 156. 
serotina, 155. 
Shortii, 156. 
sparsiflora, 159. 
spathulata. 148. 
speciosa, 152. 
speciosa, 147. 
spectabilis, 151. 
sphacelata, 161. 
spiciformis, 149. 
spithamza, 147. 
squarrosa, 144. 
squarrosa, 144. 
stricta, 149. 


478 


stricta, 148, 152, 157. 
tenuifolia, 161. 
Terre-Nove, 154. 
thyrsoidea, 147, 
Tolmieana, 151. 
tortifolia, 151. 
uliginosa, 151. 
uliginosa, 154. 
ulmifolia, 153. 
ulmifolia, 159. 
velutina, 158. 
verna, 152. 
verrucosa, 143, 155. 
villosa, 151, 153. 
viminea, 146, 149. 
Virgaurea, 148. 
Virgaurea, 147, 148. 
virgata, 150. 
Virginiana, 153. 

Soliva, 78, 365. 
daucifolia, 365. 
nasturtiifolia, 366. 
sessilis, 366. 

Soliveea, 365. 

Soncbus, 87, 444. 
acuminatus, 444. 
alpinus, 444. 
arvensis, 444. 
asper, 444. 
biennis, 444, 
Califor nicus, 423. 
Canadensis, 444, 
Carolinianus, 444. 
Floridanus, 448, 444, 
hastatus, 435. 
leucopheus, 444. 
Ludovicianus, 443. 
macrophyllus, 444. 
mutter rus, 444, 
oleraceus, 444, 
pallidus, 449, 444, 
‘pulchellus, 443. 
racemosus, 444, 
Sibiricus, 443, 
spicatus, 444. 
spinulosus, 444, 
tenerrimus, 444. 
tenuifolius, 444, 

Sow-Thistle, 444. 

Spar, ganophorus verticillatus, 92. 

Spermacoce, 22, 33. 
Chapmanii, 84, 
diodina, 35. 

labra, 34. 

irta, 34. 
involucr’ ata, 33. 
parviflora, 34. 
podocephala, 34. 
Portoricensis, 34. 
pygmed, 34. 
subulata, 33. 
tenuior, 34. 
tetracocca, 33. 
Virginiana, 385. 

Spheromeria argentea, 367. 
capitata, 367. 

Spilanthes, 65, 258. 
Nuittallii, 258. 
occidentalis, 258. 


INDEX. 


Star Thistle, 405. 

Starwort, 172. 
Staurospermum, 32. 
Stemmodontia scaberrima, 286. 
STELLATA, 23. 

Stenactis, 207, 219. 

ambigua, 219. 

annua, 219. 

Beyrichii, 219. 

dubia, 219. 

glauca, 208. 

specie, 209. 

strigosa, 219. 

verna, 216. 

Stenotheca, 425. 

Mariana, 426. 

subnuda, 426. 

venosa, 426. 

Stenotus, 131. 

acaulis, 132. 

armerioides, 132. 

ceespitosus, 132. 

Sflorifer, 168. 

linearifolius, 132, 

multicaulis, 129, 

DY jgmeus, 131. 
Stephananthus, 221. 
Stephanomeria, 84, 412. 

cichoriacea, 413, 

coronaria, 454. 

elata, 413. 

exigua, 414. 

heberoph Ua, 413. 

intermedia, 417. 

lactucina, 413. 

minor, 413. 

myrioclada, 414. 

paniculata, 414, 

Parryi, 413. 

pentachzta, 414, 

runcinata, 413. 

Thurberi, 413. = 

Schottii, 415. 

virgata, 414, 

Wrightii, 414, 
Stevia, 51, gt. 

amabilis, 91. 

angustifolia, 92. 

callosa, 3837. 

canescens, 92. 

weefolia, 92. 

Lemmoni, 92. 

macella, 41. 

micrantha, 91. 

Plummere, 92. 

punctata, 92. 

salicifolia, 92. 

sphacelata, 337. 

virgata, 92. 
Stick-tight, 296. 
Stokesia, 50, 88. 

cyanea, 88. 
Strigia, 103. 
Strongy ylosperma, australe, 866. 
Strumpfia, 21, 31. 

maritima, 31. 

Stylesia, 331. 
Stylimnus, 225. 
Stylocline, 58, 227. 


east ie 439, 
cinvatus, 439, 


Succory, 412. 
Sunflower, 271. 
Suprago, 109. 
Sweet Scabious, 47. 


Symphi 
Symphoria conglomerata, ih 


trichium unct 


elongata, 14 
lomerata, 13. 
eter ophyila, 14, 

occidentalis, 13. 

racemosa, 1B. 


Symphori ieaeDas 7, 13. 


ciliatus, 1: 
lngitoras, 14. 


montanus, 14. 
occidentalis, 18. 
oreophilus, 14. 
parviflorus, 13. 
racemosus, 18. 
rotundifolius, 14. 
spicatus, 13. 
vulgaris, 13. 


Synedrella, 67, 289. 


vialis, ‘989. 


Syntrichopappus, 78, 828, 


Fremonti, 328. 
Lemmoni, 328. 


Tagetes, 77, 359. 


Lemmoni, 359. 
lucida, 359. 
micrantha, 360. 
papposa, 356. 


TAGETINES, 76. 
Tanacetum, 78, 366. 


bipinnatum, 364. 
boreale, 366. 
camphoratum, 366. 
canum, 367. 
capitatum, 367. 
diversifolium, 367, 
Douglasii, 366. 
eleyans, 367. 
Huronense, 366. 
Huronense, 367. 
Kotzebuense, 364. 
matricarioides, 364. 
Nuttallii, 367. 
Parthenium, 365. 
pauciflorum, 364, 366, 
+ oteheiliniaes; 367. 
suaveolens, 364. 
vulgare, 366. 


Taraxacum, 87, 440. 


ceratophorum, 440, 
corniculatum, 440. 
Dens-Leonis, 440. 
hirsutum, 439. 
levigatum, 440. 
lanceolatum, 440. 
latilobum, 440. 
montanum, 440. 
officinale, 440. 
palustre, 440. 
phymatocarpum, 440. 


Tarweed, 304, 306 


Pseudo-Acmella, 322. 


repens, 258. 


Spilanthus, 258. 
Spiridanthes, 323. 
Stehelina elegans, 109. 


Starkea pinnata, 130. 


acaulis, 929, 
filaginea, 228. 
gnaphalioides, 227, 
micropoides, 227. 


Stylopappus, 429. 


elatus, 438. 


Teasel, 47. 

Tessaria borealis, 225. 

Tetracarpum, 334. 

Tetradymia, 80, 379, 453. 
canescens, 379. 
comosa, 379. 


glabrata, 379. 
inermis, 379. 
Nuttallii, 379. 
ramosissima, 377. 
spinosa, 3879. 
squamata, 378. 
stenolepis, 453. 

Tetragonosperma 

Tetragonotheca, 64, 255. 
helianthoides, 255. 
Ludoviciana, 256. 
Texana, 256. 

Tetrodus quadridentatus, 348. 

Thelecarpea, 408. 

Thelesperma, 68, 301. 
ambiguum, 301. 
filifolium, 301. 
ae enn 
longipes, 302. 
smpliciolain, 302. 
subnudum, 302. 
subsimplicifolium, 302. 

Therolepta, 303. 

Thistle, 397. 

Thoroughwort, 94, 99. 

Thymelea, 31. 

Thymophylla, 359. 

Greqgii, 359. 
setifolia, 359. 

Thymophyllum, 359. 

Tickseed, 289. 

Tinker’s-weed, 12. 

Tithonia, 66, 271. 
argophylla, 284. 
Thurberi, 271. 
tubeformis, 271. 

Tollatia chrysanthemoides, 316. 

Townsendia. 56, 166. 
Arizonica, 169. 
condensata, 167. 
eximia, 167. 

Fendleri, 167. 
florifer, 167. 
Fremontii, 169. 
glabella, 169. 
grandiflora, 167. 
incana, 169. 
eo 169. 
arryi, 167. 
Rothrock, 168. 
scapigera, 168. 
sericea, 168. 
spathulata, 169. 
strigosa, 169. 

_ strigosa, 168. 
Watsoni, 168. 
Wilcoxiana, 168. 
Wrightit, 173. 

Traganthes, 97. 

Tragopogon, 85, 415. 
Dandelium, 412. 
porrifolius, 415. 

ratensis, 416. 
irginicum, 412. 

Trattemckia angustifolia, 303. 
lanceolata, 303. 
latifolia, 303. 

Trichocoronis, 51. 92. 
rivularis, 93. 

Wrightii, 92. 

Trichophyllum, 329. 
integrifolium, 331. 
lanatum, 330. 
multiflorum, 331. 
oppositifolium, 332. 


lyratifolium, 
if (256. 


INDEX. 


Trichoptilium, 75, 343. 
incisum, 343. 
Tridax gaillardioides, 315. 
Trilisa, 52, 113. 
odoratissima, 1138. 
paniculata, 114. 
Trimorphea, 219. 
vulgaris, 220. 
Triosteospermum, 12. 
Triosteum, 7, 12. 
angustifelium, 12. 
majus, 12. 
minus, 12. 
perfoliatum, 12. 
Tripleurospermum, 363. 
inodorum, 363. 
Triplopappus, 196. 
Tripolium angustum, 204. 
caricifolium, 202. 
conspicuum, 201, 203. 
divaricatum, 203. 
Jrondosum, 204. 
imbricatum, 201. 
occidentale, 192. 
Oreganum, 192. 
paludosum, 174. 
subulatum, 202, 203, 204. 
Trixis, 83, 409. 
angustifolia, 409. 
Californica, 409. 
corymbosa, 410. 
frutescens, 410. 
JSrutescens, 410. 
suffruticosa, 410. 
Trochoseris, 438. 
Troximon, 86, 87, 436. 
alpestre, 437. 
apargioides, 438. 
apargioides, 439. 
aurantiacum, 438. 
aurantiacum, 438. 
barbellulatum, 437. 
Chilense, 439. 
cuspidatum, 487. 
glaucum, 437. 
gracilens, 438. 
grandiflorum, 439. 
grandiflorum, 439. 
heterophyllum, 439. 
humile, 438. 
laciniatum, 439. 
marginatum, 487. 
Nuttallii, 438. 
parviflorum, 437. 
pumilum, 438. 
retrorsum, 439. 
Remerianum, 421. 
taraxacifolium, 438. 
Trumpet Honeysuckle, 16. 
Trumpet Weed, 95. 
TUBULIFLORA, 49. 
Tuckermannia, 300. 
gigantea, 300. 
maritima, 300. 
Tulocarpus, 237. 
Tussilago, 79, 375. 
corymbosa, 376. 
pee 375. 
rigida, 376. 
Pipe hee 408. 
nutans, 408. 
palmata, 376. 
Petasites, 376. 
sagittata, 376. 
Twin-flower, 13. 


Uropappus, 416. 
grandiflorus, 419. 
heterocarpus, 419. 
Lindleyi, 419. 
linearifolius, 419. 

Uvedalia, 288. 


Vaccinium album, 16. 
Valeriana, 42. 
Arizonica, 43. 
capitata, 43. 
ciliata, 43. 
dioica, 43. 
edulis, 43. 
locusta, 44, 45. 
pauciflora, 43. 
scandens, 44. 
Sitchensis, 43. 
sorbifolia, 44. 
sylvatica, 43. 
VALERIANACEA, 42. 
Valerianella, 42, 44. 
amarella, 45. 
anomala, 47. 
aphanoptera, 47. 
cerulea, 44. 
chenopodifolia, 45. 
congesta, 47. 
Fagopyrum, 45. 
longiflora, 46. 
macrocera, 46. 
Nuttallii, 46. 
olitoria, 44, 
patellaria, 46, 
radiata, 45. 
rhombicarpa, 44. 
samolifolia, 47. 
stenocarpa, 45. 
triguetra, 45. 
umbilicata, 45. 
Woodsiana, 45. 
Vanilla-plant, 113. 
Varilla, 65, 257. 
Mexicana, 257. 
Texana, 257. 
Venegasia, 70, 317. 
carpesioides, 317. 
Verbesina, 67, 286. 
alba, 256. 
Coreopsis, 289. 
encelioides, 288. 
helianthoides, 288. 
heterophylla, 288. 
laciniata, 287. 
longifolia, 287. 
microptera, 287. 
nudicaulis, 288. 
occidentalis, 287. 
paniculata, 287. 
Phethusa, 287. 
podocephala, 286. 
polycephala, 287. 
Stegesbeckia, 287. 
Texana, 287. 
villosa, 287. 
Virginica, 287. 
Warci, 288. 
Wrightii, 287. 
Verbesinaria, 286. 
VERBESINE®, 64. 
Vermifuga, 253. 
Vernonia, 50, 89. 
altissima, 90. 
angustifolia, 90. 
Arkansana, 89. 


479 


480 


Baldwinii, 90. 
corymbosa, 90. 
fasciculata, 90. 
Jamesii, 90. 
Lettermani, 90. 
Lindheimeri, 91. 
Noveboracensis, 89. 
oligophylla, 91. 
ovalifolia, 90. 
prealta, 89, 90. 
scaberrima, 91. 
spheroidea, 90. 
tomentosa, 89. 
VERNONIACE, 50, 58. 
Viburnum, 7, 9. 
acerifolium, 10. 
acerifolium, 10. 
alnifolium, 10. 
cassinoides, 11. 
cassinoides, 12. 
densiflorum, 10, 
dentatum, 11. 
dentatum, 10. 
edule, 10. 
ellipticum, 10. 
randiflorum, 10. 
evigatum, 12. 
Lantana, 10. 
lantanoides, 9. 
Lentago, 12. 
molle, 11. 
nudum, 11. 
obovatum, 12. 
opuloides, 10. 
pulus, 10. 
Oxycoccus, 10. 
pauciflorum, 10. 
prunifolium, 12. 
pubescens, 11. 
pyrifolium, 11, 12. 


‘afinesquianum, 11. 


scabrellum, 11. 
squamatum, 11. 
Tinus, 9. 
trilobum, 10. 
villosum, 11. 
Viguiera, 66, 270. 
brevipes, 270. 
canescens, 270. 
cordifolia, 270. 
deltoidea, 271. 
dentata, 270. 
glandulosa, 450. 
helianthoides, 270. 
laciniata, 270. 


INDEX. 


lanata, 271. 

laxa, 270. 
microcline, 270. 
nivea, 271, 450. 
Parishii, 271. 
reticulata, 271. 
tephrodes, 271, 450. 
Texana, 270. 
tomentosa, 271. 
triquetra, 270. 


Villanova bipinnatifida, 244. 
chrysanthemoides, 334. 


Virga-aurea, 144. 

Virgaurea, 144. 

Virgilia, 851. 
helioides, 352. 


Wayfaring Tree, 9. 
Wedelia, 66, 264. 
carnosa, 265, 
hispida, 286, 
perfoliata, 449. 
Weigela, 18. 
White Lettuce, 434. 
Whiteweed, 365. 
Whitneya, 71, 318. 
dealbata, 318. 
Wild Coffee, 12. 
Wirtgenia Texana, 286. 
Wolf-berry, 13. 
Woodbine, 14. 
Woodruff, 35. 
Woodvillea, 207, 208. 
calendulacea, 208. 
Wormwood, 367, 370. 
Wyethia, 66, 267. 
amplexicaulis, 267. 
angustifolia, 268. 
Arizonica, 267. 
coriacea, 268. 
glabra, 267. 
helenioides, 267. 
helianthoides, 267. 
longicaulis, 267. 
mollis, 268. 
ovata, 268. 
reticulata, 268. 
robusta, 268. 
scabra, 268. 
Wythe-rod, 11. 


Xanthidium ambrosioides, 252. 


discolor, 251. 
rhombophyllum, 251. 
tenuifolium, 250. 


Xanthiopsis, 252. 

Xanthisma, 54, 124. 
Texanum, 124. 

Xanthium, 63, 252. 
Americanum, 252. 
Canadense, 252. 
Carolinense, 252. 
echinatum, 252. 
macrocarpum, 252. 
maculatum, 252. 
spinosum, 253. 
strumarium, 252. 

Xantho, 324. 

Sami bocephalam 53, 114. 
Benthamianum, 114. 
gymnospermoides, 114. 
sericocarpum, 114. 
Wrightii, 114. 

Xanthocoma, 114. 

Ximenesia, 288. 
encelioides, 289. 


Xylorrhiza glabriuscula, 200. 


villosa, 200. 
Xylosteon, 14. 
Xylosteum ciliatum, 16. 

involucratum, 16. 

oblongifolium, 15. 

Solonis, 15. 

Tartaricum, 15. 

villosum, 15. 


Yarrow, 363. 
Youngia pygmea, 431. 


Zexmenia, 67, 285. 
brevifolia, 286. 
hispida, 286. 
hispidula, 289. 
podocephala, 286. 
Texana, 286. 

Zinnia, 63, 253. 
acerosa, 254. 
anomala, 253. 
bicuspis, 253. 
grandiflora, 253. 
intermedia, 253. 
juniperifolia, 253. 
leptopoda, 253. 
multiflora, 258. 
pauciflora, 253. 
pumila, 253, 
revoluta, 253. 
tenuiflora, 258. 

ZINNIEH, 63. 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA: 


By ASA GRAY, LL.D. 


F.M. RS. &L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. ; 
Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 
Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France. 


FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


VoL. II.— PART I. 


GAMOPETALA AFTER COMPOSITA. 


SECOND EDITION. 


Publishes by the Smithsonian Enstitution, Washington. 


NEW YORK: 
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 


LONDON: WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND, 
AND TRUBNER & CO. 


LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL. 
JANUARY, 1886. 


PREFACE. 


TuIs volume commences where the Flora of North America by Torrey 
and Gray stopped, thirty-five years ago, namely at the close of the great 
order of Composite; and the present part comprises the remaining 
Gamopetale. It is intended to complete this Synoptical Flora in two 
volumes, of about 1200 pages each; the first to cover the ground which 
was gone over in the work referred to (now wholly out of print as well 
as antiquated), that is, to contain the orders from Ranunculacee to Com- 
posite, newly elaborated. The next ensuing part of the present volume 
will be devoted to the Apetale and Gymnosperme, and the final portion 
to the Monocotyledones and the Vascular Cryptogamia. 

Botanists will need no particular explanation of the plan of this work. 
Geographically it comprises the United States and all the North Amer- 
ican continent and islands northward, Greenland excluded. The series 
of Natural Orders adopted is that of Bentham and Hooker’s Genera 
Plantarum. The generic characters are given synoptically, but with 
essential completeness, at the beginning of each order. The characters- 
of sections of genera, when of comparatively high rank, are designated by 
the sectional mark ($) and printed in the larger type; and those of 
first importance, such as may be termed subgenera, are distinguished by 
having a substantive name. Subsections, and also primary divisions 
when of low rank, are in small type. Such subdivisions are very freely 
made, for convenience of analysis and to save repetition of identical 
phrases under the included species; and they are preferred to artificial 
keys to the species, because enabling these to be grouped more naturally. 
If somewhat less facile for rapid determination, they are more ex- 
haustive and less liable to mislead ; and they permit the ultimate specific 


vi PREFACE. 


characters to be more simply diagnostic. In monotypic genera, it has 
been found more convenient to give the details under the species, in 
the form of a specific character. Throughout the work, from the order 
down to the species or variety, the endeavor is to avoid repetition of 
statement. 

The names of introduced species, sufficiently established to claim a 
place in our flora, are printed in small capitals, as are such adventitious 
or extraneous species as require mention. 

In the accentuation of generic, sectional, and specific names, no 
attempt is made (as in the Manual of Botany of the Northern United 
States and other works) to mark the quality of the accented vowel, but 
only to designate the syllable upon which the principal accent falls. 

Compactness being essential, only the leading synonymy and most 
important references are given, and these briefly. All deficiency in this 
respect will be amply supplied by the Bibliographical Index to North 
American Botany, prepared at the Harvard University Herbarium 
by. Sereno Watson, and now in course of publication by the Smith- 
sonian Institution. The first part of this most important adjunct to the 
present work, which is just issued, gives the full bibliography of the 
Polypetalee (the subject of the first volume of Torrey and Gray’s Flora 
of North America, published in 1838 and 1840), with revision, critical 
corrections, and additions up to the present time. Its continuation may 
be expected to proceed pari passu with this Flora. 


Harvarp University HERBARIUM, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 10, 1878. 


In this edition many corrections have been made upon the electro- 
type plates; but larger ones are given in the Supplement, along with 
additions of new material and the re-elaboration of old. Page 68 and 
pages 389-392 have been reconstructed, and a full Index is added. 


January 1, 1886. 


GoopENIACE . 
LoBELIACEE 
CaMPANULACE-E 
EricacE&® 
LENNOACEE 
DIAPENSIACE-E 
PLUMBAGINACE.E 
PRIMULACEE 
MyrsInacEx 
SAPOTACES . 
EBENACES . 
STYRACACEE 
OLEACEE 
APOCYNACEE 
ASCLEPIADACEE 
LoGANIACEE 
GENTIANACEE . 
POLEMONIACEE 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


HYDROPHYLLACEE ee et SG 
BorRAGINACEE . 

CoONVOLVULACEEZ . ie tag te 
SoLANACEH . . . 
ScROPHULARIACEE. 
OROBANCHACES . 
LENTIBULARIACES . 

BIGNONIACEZ . * 
PEDALIACEEX . 

ACANTHACEZ. . 
SELAGINACEE 

VERBENACEE 

LaABIATa& 

PLANTAGINACEE 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS . 
ENUMERATION OF GAMOPETALE . 
InpDEX .. . een ie tee eat cour %e 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Division I]. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 


CONTINUED AFTER COMPOSITE. 


ORpER LXXIV. GOODENIACES. 


Sarcepy or herbaceous plants, chiefly with alternate leaves and no proper 
stipules, most resembling Lobeliacee, especially in having the corolla cleft down 
between two of the lobes more deeply than between the rest; but without 
milky juice, the anthers separate, and a cup-like indusium around and at first 
enclosing the stigma. Mainly Australian and Oceanic, one or two species of 
the following genus reaching or overpassing the northern tropic. 


1. SCAVOLA, L. (Diminutive of sceva, a left-handed person; application 
obscure.) Calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary; the limb 5-cleft or a mere border 
around the base of the epigynous 5-lobed corolla, the tube of which is cleft down 
one side to the base; its lobes valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens 5, 
epigynous, or lightly connected with the base of the corolla, alternate with its 
lobes, distinct. Ovules solitary or a pair in each cell, erect. Fruit drupe-like, 
or when dry nut-like. Flowers in axillary cymes, or sometimes solitary. — 
L. Mant. 145; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 539. 

S. Plumiéri, Vahl. Lowand shrubby, with fleshy obovate entire leaves, woolly-bearded in 
the axils, otherwise smooth: limb of the calyx a truncate border: corolla white, an 


inch long; the tube as long as the lobes, very woolly inside. — Lobde/ia, Plum. Ic. t- 165; 
Catesb. Car. i. t. 79.— Seashore, S. Florida. (W.Ind., S. Afr., S. Asia.) 


OrpER LXXV. LOBELIACEZ. 


Herbs (out of the tropics), the juice usually milky and acrid, with alternate 
simple leaves, no stipules, racemose inflorescence, and perfect 5-merous flowers ; 
having the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, epigynous irregular corolla and sta- 
mens, the latter as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and 


2 LOBELIACEE. Nemacladus. 


usually both syngenesious and monadelphous. Limb of the calyx divided down to 
the ovary, which is wholly inferior or sometimes a large part free ; its lobes generally 
persistent. Corolla (with the stamens) inserted just where the calyx becomes 
free from the ovary, its lobes mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, commonly 
deeper cleft or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft mostly on 
the upper side (next the axis of inflorescence) in the open blossom, but becoming 
so by a twist; in the early bud the cleft looks toward the bract. The 5 petals 
occasionally disposed to separate from below upward, and the limb to be bilabiately 
irregular. Filaments generally free from the corolla, sometimes more or less ad- 
herent to its tube: anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united around the top 
of the style into a ring or short tube (except in an anomalous tribe). Ovary 
2-celled with placente projecting from the axis, or sometimes 1-celled with 2 
parietal placente. Style entire: stigma commonly 2-lobed, girt with a rim of 
hairs. Ovules and seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Embryo 
small or narrow, straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. (Too near the Cam- 
panulacee, and nearly passing into them, therefore united by recent authors; but 
as there are two dozen genera, agreeing in the indefinite inflorescence, irregular 
corolla, aud mostly in the syngenesious anthers, it seems best to retain the order.) 


Trize I. CYPHIE®. Anthers entirely separate, merely surrounding the stigma. 


1, NEMACLADUS. Calyx partly or wholly free. Corolla bilabiately irregular; lower 
lip 3-, upper 2-lobed or parted. Filaments monadelphous above the middle: anthers oval, 
glabrous. Style incurved at tip: stigma capitate, 2-lobed, obsoletely annulate. Capsule 
2-celled, 2-valved from top, 20-40-sceded. 


Tribe Il. LOBELIE.E. Antherssyngenesious. Corolla truly gamopetalous, at least 
above, in ours distinctly bilabiate, two lobes turned away from the other three. | 


* Corolla open down to the base on one (the apparently upper) side. 


2. LOBELIA. Calyx-tube short. Corolla with tube commonly straight; the lobe each 
side of the cleft erect or turned backwards ; the three others larger and somewhat combined 
to form the spreading or recurved (apparently) lower lip. Stamens free from the tube of the 
corolla, monadelphous except near the base. Capsule thin-walled, 2-celled, many-seeded, 
loculicidally 2-valved at the top or free upper part. 


%* * Corolla with a closed tube: capsule wholly inferior. 


8. PALMERELLA. Calyx-tube turbinate; the lobes slender. Corolla with an elongated 
linear and straight tube, not at all dilated at the throat; the short limb abruptly spreading; 
two lobes small, spatulate-linear and recurving ; the three larger obovate or oblong and 
slightly united at base. Filaments more or less adnate to the corolla up to near the throat, 
then monadelphous and free, or farther adnate on one side only: anthers oblong; the three 
Jarger naked; the two shorter tipped with a tuft of very unequal stout bristles. Stigma, 
ovary, and probably capsule as in Lobelia. 

4,LAURENTIA. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the 
limb, which is like that of Lobelia. So are the stamens, pistil, &¢. Capsule short, 
2-valved at the summit. 

5. DOWNINGIA. Calyx-tube very long, stalk-like. Corolla with a very short tube, and an 
ample bilabiate limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed and broad; the two distinct divi- 
sions of the smaller narrower. Anther-tube incurved: one or both of the shorter an- 
thers tipped with a stout bristle-like point; the others naked. Ovary at first two-celled. 
Capsule very long and linear, crowned with the foliaceous and linear calyx-lobes, terete 
or 2-3-angled, early becoming 1-celled with 2 parietal and many-seeded filiform placenta, 
remaining closed at the narrow apex, dehiscent longitudinally by from one to three long 
fissures or valves. 


1. NEMACLADUS, Wutt. (Njue,a thread, and 21dé5os, branch, from the 
very slender stem and branches.)— Two small annuals a span high, at length 
excessively branched and diffuse: leaves minute; the radical obovate; cauline 
reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels capillary, racemose on zigzag branches: 
corolla flesh-color.— Gray in Jour, Liun. Soe. xiv. 28. 


Lobelia. LOBELIACEZ. 3 


N. ramosissimus, Nutt. Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent tuft of radical 
leaves: calyx 5-cleft ; its tube turbinate, adnate to the lower third of the ovary and round- 
ish capsule, which does not exceed the rather unequal lobes: corolla short (a line long), 
soon separating into 3 or 5 parts or petals: filaments monadelphous above: seeds oblong- 
oval. — Pl. Gamb. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. viii.), 254; Torr. Mex. Bound. 108, t. 35. — 
Gravelly or sandy soil, California to New Mexico. 

N. longifiérus, Gray. Radical leaves more canescent: calyx 5-parted, free from and 
much shorter than the narrow oblong capsule, its lobes equal: corolla narrower, firmly 
gamopetalous, fully 3 lines long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx : filaments long-mona- 
delphous : seeds short-oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60.— S. California, Wallace, Lemmon. 


2. LOBELIA, L. (Commemorates .Watthias de I’ Obel, latinized Lobelius, an 
early Flemish herbalist.) — Ours herbs, flowering in summer, some of them showy ; 
common in the Atlantic, almost absent from the Pacific United States. Tube 
of the corolla more or less disposed to split up in age into three pieces or into 
its five petals; at least the two shorter anthers with a bearded tuft at tip. 


§ 1. Homocnitus, A.DC. Lips of the corolla somewhat equal; one of them 
3-toothed, the other 2-parted: flowers long-peduncled from the axil of leaves 
or large leafy bracts, in ours red and yellow: perennials. 


L. laxiflédra, HBK., var. angustifolia. Tall and branching: leaves lanceolate or 
even linear, 8 or 4 inches long, denticulate: peduncles 2 to 4 inches and corolla an inch 
long: calyx-lobes hardly longer than the tube. — ZL. persicefolia, HBK., not Lam. ZL. 
Cuvanillesii, Mart.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3600.— Damp ground, just below the Mexican 
border of Arizona, north of Arispe, Thurber. (Mcx.) A form intermediate in the breadth 
of the leaves between the var. and the LZ. Cavanillesii, Cav. Ic. t. 518, or the plant culti- 
vated as Siphocumpylus bicolor. Anthers sometimes long-hirsute externally, sometimes 
nearly naked. 


§2. Evioperia. (Lulobelia, Hemipogon, & Holopogon, Benth. & Hook.) 
Larger lip of the corolla 3-parted or 3-cleft and spreading or dependent; the 
other two lobes either erect or turned backward: flowers racemose or spicate. 


* Flowers bright red, large and showy, on erect or ascending pedicels in a virgate raceme: larger 
anthers naked at tip: perennial from slender offshoots, the flowering plants dying throughout in 
autumn. 

L. cardinalis, L. (Carpixat-FLower.) Minutely pubescent or glabrous: stem 2 to 4 feet 
high, commonly simple: leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both 
ends, irregularly serrate or serrulate: lower bracts leafy: tube of calyx and capsule hemi- 
spherical, much shorter than the subulate linear lobes: tube of the corolla about an inch 
long: seeds oblong, rugose-tuberculate: the intense red of the corolla varying rarely to 
rose-color or even white.— Bot. Mag. t. 320; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 48.— Wet ground, New 
Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, Florida, and the borders of Texas. 


L. spléndens, Willd. More slender, glabrous or nearly so: leaves lanceolate or almost 
linear, glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile: seeds less tuberculate : otherwise 
very like the preceding. — Hort. Berol. t. 86, the corolla-lobes larger and longer than in 
wild specimens. ZL. Texensis, Raf. Ann. Nat. (1833) 20.— Wet grounds, Texas and through 
New Mexico and Arizona to southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. 
Also Mexico. Lobes of the corolla in our plant (as in many Mexican) only 5 to 6 lines 
long. Anthers sometimes a little hairy on the back. 

% * Flowers blue or partly white, sometimes varying to white: tips of the three larger anthers 
naked or short-bearded, or rarely with a tuft like the other two. 

+— Flowers rather large (tube of the corolla half or over a third of an inch long), spicate-racemose: 
capsule short and broad: stems leafy: plants perennial, mostly by ofisets. 

a+ Leaves short and small (about half an inch long), thickish, very numerous up to the inflores- 
cence, and passing into foliaceous bracts. 

L. brevifélia, Nutt. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem virgate and simple, a foot 
or two high: leaves rather fleshy, strongly toothed, mostly 2 lines broad; the lowest 


4 LOBELIACES. Lobelia. 


obovate or spatulate; the upper oblong-linear, often crowded and widely spreading or 
reflexed, sometimes even pinnatifid-toothed, the teeth callous: spike-like raceme few - 
many-flowered: short pedicels mainly appressed and equalled by the short foliaceous 
bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly and pectinately toothed, 
auriculate-appendaged at base, fully half the length of the puberulent tube of the corolla: 
anthers all hairy above, but only the two shorter with conspicuous beard at tip: capsule 
very short.—A.DC. Prodr. vii. 877; Bertol. Misc. x. 28. JL. crassiuscula, Hook. Comp. 
Bot. Mag. i. 100.— Open pine barrens, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida; flowering late. 
Tube of the corolla nearly half an inch long. : 
++ ++ Leaves rather large and broad (1 to 5 inches long), from ovate to’ broadly lanceolate, 
numerous ; the upper passing into foliaceous bracts: lip and upper part of the tube of the corolla 
glabrous within. 

L. syphilitica, L. Somewhat pubescent with scattered hairs: stem rather stout, very 
leafy, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or oblong and tapering to both ends, 
irregularly serrate or repand-denticulate (the larger 5 or 6 inches long): spicate raceme 
leafy below, a span to a foot long: calyx-lobes mostly hairy or ciliate, moderately shorter 
than the tube of the corolla, the sinuses conspicuously appendaged by deflexed auricles: 
larger anthers wholly naked at tip. — Dill. Elth. t. 242 ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 597 ; Bot. Reg. t. 537. 
L. glandulosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. fo. — Wet grounds, Canada to Georgia, Louisiana, 
and west to Kansas and Dakotah. Runs into some varieties: var. Ludoviciana, A.DC., isa 
south-western smoother form, with thickish leaves : there ate also garden hybrids. Auricles 
of the calyx sometimes reaching the base of the ovary, sometimes short. Corolla bright 
ligt blue, rarely varying to white or purple; its tube broader than in the following, 
half an inch long. 

L. pubérula, Michx. Soft-pubescent with very short and fine hairiness, 2 feet high: 
leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse and an inch or two long, pale or slightly 
hoary, callous-denticulate or more toothed; the upper passing into ovate foliaceous lower 
bracts of the strict and virgate spike-like raceme: flowers mostly crowded, becoming 
horizontal on the short appressed pedicels: calyx-lobes lanceolate, little shorter than the 
tube of the corolla (about 4 lines long, rarely shorter in proportion); the auricles at the 
sinuses short and rounded, commonly very short, often inconspicuous: larger anthers 
minutely short-bearded at tip: ovary generally hirsute.— Fl. ii. 152. Z. amena, Ell. ? 
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 377, not Michx. JL. glandulosa, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 14.— 
Damp sandy grounds, New Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas. Passes insensibly into 

Var. glabélla, Hook. (Bot. Mag. ts 8292, not of EIl.): a greener form, with slender, 
more glabrous, and usually more naked virgate spike, glabrous calyx, &c., and flowers 
more secund. — L. glandulosa, var. obtusifolia, A.DC. lL. c.; Bertol. Misc. x. 29. —N. Carolina 
to Florida and Texas. 

L. amcéna, Michx. Green and glabrous throughout, or nearly so: stem 1 to 4 feet 
high, in the larger plants leafy to the virgate raceme: leaves thinnish, oblong-lanceolate 
or narrower, mostly tapering to both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, irregularly serrate or den- 
ticulate ; the upper passing into conspicuous lanceolate or linear bracts; these often glan- 
dular-denticulate, and the foliaceous lower ones equalling the flowers: calyx-lobes long 
and very slender, little shorter than the narrow tube of the corolla, from filiform- to 
linear-subulate, commonly quite entire, little widened and not auriculate at base: larger 
anthers wholly naked or merely puberulent at tip: ovary glabrous: lobes of the large 
lip of the corolla broadly ovate. — L. syphilitica, Walt. Car. 218; Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii. 
t.1,f.1. Z. puberula, var. glabella, Ell. Sk. i. 267. ZL. glandulosa, var. glabra, A-DC. 1. ¢. 
ZL. colorata, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 180, and ZL. hortensis, A.DC. 1. ¢., are a hybrid 
form of this. — Deep swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. Raceme a span to a foot long; 
tube of bright blue corolla half an inch long. Calyx-lobes sometimes with a few teeth ; 
the sinuses absolutely naked, or sometimes obscurely bordered. — To this belongs 
Clayton’s plant referred by Gronovius to LZ. Cliffortiana, L. 

Var. obtusata. Cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, and almost entire: spicate raceme 
virgate and naked: calyx-lobes subulate, shorter, only half the length of the tube of the 
corolla: larger anthers densely very short-pubescent at tip. — Z. amana, Chapm. FI, in 
part. — Middle Florida, Chapman. 

Var. glandulifera. <A foot or two high, often slender and sparsely leaved, below 
sometimes hirsute-pubescent; leaves from oval to lanceolate-oblong, an inch or two long, 


Lobelia. LOBELIACEZ. 5 


mainly obtuse and the margins beset with glandular salient teeth: raceme secund, slender 
and loosely or few-flowered: bracts mostly shorter than the calyx; these and the slender 
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth or lobes: sinuses of the calyx sometimes 
decidedly auriculate-appendaged: anthers as in the preceding var. or more hairy. — L£. 
glandulosa, A. DC. in part.— Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama. — These 
three forms clearly run together. 
a+ +++ Leaves long (2 to 5 inches) and narrow ; the upper few and sparse: lip of corolla pubes- 
be a base: usually a pair of glands or small glandular bractlets toward the base of the short 
pedicel. 

L. glandulésa, Walt. Glabrous, or sometimes stem sparsely and often the calyx-tube 
densely hirsute: stem slender, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves thick and smooth, bright green, 
lanceolate or linear (14 to 4 lines wide), callous- or glandular-denticulate: raceme or spike 
loosely few-many-flowered, secund, often as it were long-peduncled: bracts linear and 
subulate, more strongly glandular-toothed: calyx-lobes subulate, half the length of the 
tube of the corolla, bearing few or numerous salient gland-bearing teeth or lobes, or occa- 
sionally quite entire; the sinuses not auriculate-appendaged: tube of the light blue corolla 
5 or 6 lines long: anthers all bearded at the tip. — Ell. Sk. i. 265; A. DC. 1 c. (exel. vars.) ; 
Chapm. Fl. 254. L£. crassiuscula, Michx. Fl. i. 252; Nutt. Gen. ii. 76. — Pine-barren swamps, 
S. Virginia (Bailey) to Florida: fl. autumn. 


++ + Flowers smaller or small: tube of the corolla not exceeding 2 or 3 lines in length. 

++ Stem scape-like and mostly simple, hollow: leaves all or mainly in a rosulate cluster at the 
base, fleshy: bracts of the raceme shorter than the pedicels: lobes of the calyx subulate and 
entire, the sinuses naked or nearly so: fibrous-rooted and mostly aquatic very glabrous peren- 
nials, with pale blue or whitish flowers half an inch long. 

L. paludésa, Nutt. A foot or two or even 4 feet high: stem in the larger plants some- 
times branching above and bearing several few-many-flowered racemes: leaves flat, from 
linear-spatulate to oblong, repand-denticulate or entire (1 to 9 inches long), sometimes 
scattered along the lower part of the stem: corolla pubescent at the base of the lip inside. 
—A. DC. 1. c. 376. — In water (but foliage emerged), Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. 

L. Dortmanna, L. Scape a span to a foot high, naked except a few fleshy bracts: 
leaves in a radical tuft, linear, fleshy, terete, hollow and with a longitudinal partition: 
raceme loosely few-flowered: lower lip of the corolla almost naked. — Fl]. Dan. t.39.— Bor 
ders of ponds, often immersed, New England to Penn., and to subarctic Amer. (Eu.) 
++ ++ Stem leafy, mostly simple, strict, and continued into a more or Jess pedunculate and elongated 


virgate and naked spike-like raceme: leaves from lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or 
repand: lip prominently 2-tuberculate within at base. 


== Flowers or at least the capsules horizontal, secund, scattered in the slender raceme, large for the 
section, the tube of the corolla 34 to 2 lines long. 

L. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high (from a perennial ? root), slender: 
leaves lanceolate, acute, or the lowest spatulate and obtuse, merely denticulate, thickish, 
an inch or two long (not over 4 lines broad), all with tapering base and the lower petioled: 
raceme loosely 5-20-flowered: flowers commonly puberulent: corolla half an inch long: 
calyx with nearly-hemispherical tube; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, or rather cordate-lan- 
ceolate, being rounded auriculate at the sinuses (their margins entire or obscurely few- 
denticulate), only half the length of the tube of the corolla, and hardly longer than 
the capsule: larger anthers densely hirsute at and near the summit, but with no bearded 
tuft.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60.— Wet prairies, W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas near Houston, 
Lindheimer. Tube of the corolla fully a quarter of an inch long: barely a trace of pu- 
bescence on the base of the lip. The five short auricles at the sinuses of the calyx broad 
and entire. Intermediate, as it were, between L. paludosa and the following. 


L. appendiculata, A.DC. Nearly glabrous, or the strong angles of the slender stem 
above scabrous, a foot or two high from an apparently annual or biennial root, not rarely 
branching: leaves thin, mostly denticulate or repand, an inch or two long, obtuse, the 
lowest obovate, the others oval or oblong and mainly sessile by a broad base: spike-like 
raceme very slender, several-many-flowered: corolla a third of an inch long: calyx with 
turbinate tube; its lobes linear-acuminate from a broader base, minutely hispid-ciliate, 
equalling the tube of the corolla, their bases sagittately extended into the deflexed auricles, 
which are sometimes subulate and all 10 distinct, but more commonly united partially or 
wholly into 5 lobes which not rarely cover the tube: base of capsule hemispherical, much 


6 LOBELIACEZE. Lobelia, 


shorter than the calyx-lobes: larger anthers slightly hirsute on the back, but naked at tip. 

—Prodr. vii. 376.— Moist grounds, W. Louisiana, Arkansas, and IE. Texas: flowering 

early. Tube of the bluish corolla 2 to 24 lines long. Calyx-appendages, as in all these 

species, very variable. 

== = Flowers or at least the fruit-bearing pedicels ascending, mostly very numerous and hardly 
secund in the elongated and virgate spike-like raceme: tube of the corolla barely 2 lines long: 
upper leaves passing into bracts in the stronger plants: calyx-lobes loose and spreading in flower. 

L. leptéstachys, A.DC. Calyx-tube short-turbinate and in fruit becoming hemi- 
spherical, the sinuses each with a pair of subulate or linear strictly deflexed appendages, 
which mostly soon equal or even exceed the tube; otherwise as the next. — Prodr. vii. 376, 
— Sandy dry soil, Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, and Virginia to Georgia: fl. early summer. 

L. spicdta, Lam. Puberulent: stem virgate, 1 to 4 feet high (from a biennial? root): 
leaves pale, barely denticulate, obtuse; the radical and lowest obovate, 1 to 4 inches long; 
the upper spatulate, gradually smaller, and at length linear-oblong or lanceolate and bract- 
like: spike-like raceme from 3 to 18 inches long: tube of the calyx turbinate; the lobes 
subulate or linear-subulate and shorter than the tube of the (light blue, pale, or rarely 
white) corolla; the sinuses not appendaged. — Dict. iii. 587. Z. Claytoniana, Michx. Fl. ii. 
158. JL. pallida, Muhl. Cat., Ell., &c. LZ. goodenioides, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 30. L. nivea, 
Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 15, white-flowered form. — Gravelly or sandy and mostly dry soil, N. 
New England to Saskatchewan, Louisiana and Arkansas: fl. through summer. 

Var. parvifi6ra, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla 
only 3 lines long. — L. pallida, Muhl.? —Swamps, Lancaster, Penn., Porter: fl. June. 

Var. hirtélla, a western form, with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely 
hirsutely ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes, the latter subulate-linear and fully as long as the 
tube of the corolla .— Chiefly towards and beyond the Mississippi. 

++ ++ ++ Stem very leafy, simple and strict, continued into a very leafy-bracted spike: leaves 
and bracts laciniate-toothed : lips of the corolla of nearly similar lobes, smooth and naked: seeds 
with a very smooth and even coat. 

L. fenestralis, Cav. Annual or at most biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, or the 
sharp decurrent angles of the stem hairy: leaves oblong or lanceolate, all the upper partly 
clasping and acuminate, passing into the similar bracts of the long spicate inflorescence, 
these mostly exceeding the crowded flowers: calyx-tube obovate; the lobes linear and 
mostly with some slender teeth: tube of the corolla 2 lines long, surpassing the stamens 
and style: larger anthers short-bearded at tip.—Ic. vi. 8, t. 512; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. 
t. 47. JL. pectinata, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 108.—S. W. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 
+b +b ++ ++ Stems leafy, often paniculately branched: flowers loosely racemose: sinuses of the 

calyx not appendaged: mainly biennials or annuals. 
== Cauline leaves chiefly linear, entire or merely denticulate: capsule not inflated. 
a. Tube of the corolla fully 3 lines long: perennial from filiform rootstocks. 

L. gruina, Cav. Puberulent or glabrous: stems nearly simple, slender, a foot or two 
high: leaves all lanceolate or linear, acute, denticulate, an inch or two long: raceme 
mostly slender-peduncled and few-flowered: calyx-lobes slender-subulate, shorter than the 
tube of the corolla. — Arizona, in the Sierra Blanca, at 7000 feet, Rothrock. Flowers smaller 
than in Mexican specimens; the tube of corolla only 3 lines long. (Mex.). 

b. Tube of the bright blue (rarely varying to white) corolla not over 2 lines long; the two superior 
lobes small and narrow: plants mainly glabrous, slender and erect: inflorescence disposed to 
become paniculate. 

L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Perennial: stem a foot or two high from a creeping root- 
stock, fistulous, mostly simple: leaves all small and scattered, filiform or nearly so, an inch 
or less long and above reduced to setaceous bracts: filiform pedicels rather longer than the 
flower, spreading: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, spreading, very much longer than the 
short tube, which in fruit is rounded at base: mature capsule half superior: seeds short- 
oval, rough-rugose.— A. DC. Prodr. vii. 874; Chapm. Fl. 255.— Pine-barren swamps in 
shallow water, 8. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, beginning to flower in May. 

L. Canbyi, Gray. Perennial from offsets? or annual, 2 feet high, the larger plants pani- 
culately branched above, obscurely puberulent, scabrous or nearly smooth: leaves linear, 
remotely denticulate-glandular, an inch or two long, a line or two wide: racemes elongated, 
often leafy at base: pedicels naked, erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts or the 
flower: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, denticulate-glandular, hardly longer than the wholly 


Lobelia. LOBELIACEZ. 7 


inferior oblong-turbinate capsule: seeds oblong-obovate, rugose-reticulated. — Man. ed. 5. 
284.— Wet swamps, New Jersey, Delaware, and S. Carolina: fl. late summer. Corolla 
about 4 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long. 


L. Kalmii, L. Biennial or perhaps perennial from small rosulate offsets, a span to a foot 
or more high, often paniculately branching, glabrous and smooth or below slightly hairy : 
radical and lowest cauline leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, and the upper linear, an inch 
or two long: racemes loosely and mostly few-flowercd, often leafy at base or panicled : 
pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, mostly 2-glandular or minutely bracteolate 
above the middle: calyx-lobes subulate, a little longer than the broadly turbinate tube: 
capsule shorter and blunter at base than in the preceding, or even roundish, wholly inferior : 
seeds oblong, reticulated. — Bot. Mag. t. 2238.— Wet banks, Lower Canada and Hudson’s 
Bay to L. Winnipeg, and to 8S. New York and Venn., but rare southward. 


L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Annual, or at most biennial, very slender, a foot or two 
high, simple or sparingly and loosely branched above: leaves an inch or less in length; the 
radical ones oblong or oval; the others from lanceolate to lincar, denticulate-glandular : 
racemes slender: pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower; the 
minute bractlets, if any, near the base: calyx-lobes subulate, considerably shorter than the 
tube of the pale blue corolla: capsule short and broad, obtuse or rounded at base, half 
superior: seeds ‘obovate-oval, roughish, these as well as the flowers only half the size of 
those of L. Canbyi.— Torr. Fl. N.Y. i. 240. ZL. gracidis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 77. ZL. Kalmii, var. 
gracilis, Bart. Fl. i. t. 34. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey and Penn. to Georgia. Whole 
corolla 3 or at most 4 lines long.— To this belongs the Rapuntium minimum flore pallido 
ceruleo; Clayt., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 134. 
= = Leaves chiefly ovate or oblong and more or less serrate or toothed: root annual: stems 

branching. . . 
«. Capsule not inflated, partly or sometimes mainly superior: pedicels of the pedunculate raceme 
slender: leaves mostly petioled. 

L. Cliffortiana, L. Glabrous or slightly and minutely hairy, a foot or so high: leaves 
ovate or slightly cordate, obtusely toothed or repand, petioled, or the upper lanceolate and 
sessile: pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers: calyx-tube obconical ; the lobes subulate 
and shorter than the tube of the corolla: capsule ovoid, obtuse, nearly the upper half free : 
seeds oval, very smooth and shining. — Hort. Cliff. t. 26, & Sp., excl. syn. Gronov. ; Michx. Fl. 
ii. 152? (Therefore L. Wichawri, Nutt. Gen.?) — Occasionally met with in the S. Atlantic 
States, in waste or cult. grounds: probably introduced from Trop. Amer. 

Var. Xalapénsis differs in the fully two-thirds free and rather more oblong capsule 
(which does not, as in Z. micrantha, much exceed the calyx-lobes), and the stems are weaker 
or diffuse. —Z. Xalapensis, HBK.— Peninsula of Florida (Canby, EB. Pulmer, &c.); perhaps 
introduced from W. Ind. and Mex. 

Var. brachypoda, a remarkable and distinct form, with cauline leaves from obovate- 
spatulate to lanceolate, and pedicels (2 or at most 3 lines long) rather shorter than the 
flower or the capsule, which is that of genuine L. Cliffortiana. — L. Berlaundicri, Torr. Mex. 
Bound. 107, hardly of A.DC.—S. W. Texas, Wright, Parry. Adjacent parts of Mexico, 
Berlandier, &c. (No. 3177 of the latter may be L. Berlandieri, A.DC., but is from Mata- 
moras, not Tampico: it has long filiform pedicels and seems to be a depauperate form of 
the true ZL. Cliffortiuna.) 


L. Feaydna, Gray. Slender, a span high, diffusely branched from the base, glabrous 
throughout: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), repand-denticulate, roundish or 
obovate, or the small uppermost spatulate or lanceolate and sessile: raceme loosely 4—10- 
flowered: pedicels as long as the flower, twice or thrice the length of the subulate bract : 
calyx-tube and capsule broadly obconical ; the latter two-thirds inferior, its free apex about 
the length of the subulate calyx-lobes; these only half the length of the tube of the bright 
blue corolla: anthers glabrous (except the bearded tips of the shorter ones): seeds oblong, 
with a rough cellular coat.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60.—E. & S. Florida, Dr. Feay, Dr. E. 
Palmer, Mrs. Treat. Tube of the corolla under 2 lines long. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. 


b. Capsule inflated, wholly inferior, longer than the pedicels: leaves sessile. 


L. infl4ta, L. (Inpray Toracco.) Pubescent, a foot or two high, branching above, and 


the spike-like but loose racemes paniculate: leaves ovate or oblong (an inch or two long), 
obtusely toothed, veiny; the upper forming foliaceous bracts: uppermost bracts linear- 


8 LOBELIACEZ. Palmerella. 


subulate as long as the pedicels: corolla pale blue or whitish, 2 lines long, hardly sur. 
passing the subulate-linear calyx-lobes: turgid capsule oval, 4 lines long, glabrous, trans- 
versely veiny between the ribs: seeds oblong, roughish and reticulated. — Act. Ups. 1741, 
23, t.1; Schk. Handb. t. 269; Barton, Med. t. 16; Bigelow, Med. t. 19; Torr. Fl. N. Y.t. 63, 
—Open rather dry grounds, Hudson’s Bay to Saskatchewan, and to Georgia and Ar- 
kansas. Herbage very acrid, formerly much employed in empirical medicine; an acrid- 
narcotic poison. 


3. PALMERELLA, Gray. (Named for the discoverer, Dr. Edward 
Palmer.) — A single species. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 81, & Bot. Calif. i. 619. 


P. débilis, Gray, I. v. A glabrous apparently perennial herb: stems simple or branched 
above, 2 feet high, slender and rather weak or spreading, very leafy: cauline leaves lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, about 2 inches long, entire or remotely denticulate, very 
acute; the uppermost passing into foliaceous or at length slender-subulate bracts of the 
few-many-flowered raceme: pedicels rather slender: lobes of the calyx slender or seta- 
ceous-subulate, much longer than the tube, about half the length of the tube of the blue 
corolla.—In the Tantillas Cafion, just below San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Corolla- 
tube whitish, three-fourths of an inch long, tomentose within, in age disposed to split up 
from below as in most Lobelias, and the filaments then separating, the sinus between the 
small lobes completely closed, and the filaments most adnate on that side: three larger 
lobes deep violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long. Mature fruit not seen. 

Var. serrata, Gray; a form with inflorescence and tube of the corolla somewhat 
puberulent; all but the upper leaves acutely serrate; the lowest broader, spatulate and 
obovate. — Bot. Calif. 1. c.; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1877, t. 16. — Valley of Ojai Creek, 
Ventura Co., California, Rothrock. 


4, LAURENTIA, Micheli. (In honor of M. A. Laurenti, Professor at 
Bologna early in the 18th century.) — Low herbs, with the aspect and characters 
of the small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla: flowers 
blue. Mainly S. Europe, Africa, and §. America: some have ovary almost free. 
—A.DC. Prodr. vii. 409; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 549. Porterella, Torr. in 
Hayden Rep. 1872, 488. 

L. carndsula, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high, rather 
succulent : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, a quarter to half inch long: flowers 
axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, 
linear, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube, and also that of the corolla: 
seeds elongated-oblong, smooth. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 444. Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 362. Porterella carnosula (carnulosa), Tory. 1. ¢.; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177.— 
Muddy borders of ponds and streams, from California in the Sierra Nevada to Utah and 
Wyoming. Limb of corolla deep blue with a white or yellowish throat ; three larger lobes 
round-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long; the other two small and lanceolate. 


5. DOWNINGIA, Torr. (In memory of A. J Downing, distinguished in 
landscape gardening, pomology, and horticulture.) — Low and mostly showy- 
flowered annuals (of Oregon, California, and one in Chili); with entire and ses- 
sile slightly succulent small leaves, the upper passing into bracts to the axillary 
sessile flowers, which, on account of the very long and slender calyx-tube and 
ovary, seem to be racemose or corymbose. Corolla blue, with white or yellowish 
throat or broad blotch on the large lip. Capsule sometimes twisted. Seeds oblong, 
very smooth. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & Hook. le. Chintonia, Dougl.; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241. 

D. élegans, Torr. Stems a span toa foot long: leaves from ovate to lanceolate, acute 

(4 to 10 lines long) : larger lip of the corolla moderately 3-lobed, the other lobes lanceolate: 


seeds short-oblong. — Clintonia elegans, Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241. C. corymbosa, A.DC. 
Prodr. vii. 847, a more leafy form. — Wet ground, N. California to Washington Terr., and 


Downingia. CAMPANULACE. 9 


Nevada to Idaho. Large lip of corolla « fourth to half inch long and broad. Capsule 
often 2 inches long. 

D. pulchélla, Torr. Mostly lower or weaker-stemmed: leaves more linear and obtuse: 
large lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; the other two lobes oblong-ovate: seeds elongated- 
oblong. — Clintonia pulchella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1909; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 412. — Wet 
banks, California, nearly through the State, and in the borders of N. Nevada and Oregon. 
Large lip of corolla much broader than long (9 or 10 by 5 or 6 lines); all the lobes intense 
blue ; the large centre mostly white. — Very like the preceding; both cultivated as orna- 
mental annuals. 


OrpvER LXAVI. CAMPANULACEZ. : 


Herbs, with bland milky juice, alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and regular 
5-merous flowers; the tube of the calyx adnate to the 2-5-celled many-ovuled 
ovary; the corolla and 5 stamens (alternate with its lobes) inserted where the 
calyx becomes free, or the latter adnate merely to the base of the corolla; fruit a 
many-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Calyx persistent, usually divided down to 
the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate, or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens 
mostly distinct: anthers with 2 parallel cells, introrse. Style one, almost always 
pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2 to 5 introrse stigmas. 
Ovules anatropous, on placente projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually 
smooth. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Flowers often showy ; 
the corolla commonly blue or in the same species white, and withering rather than 
deciduous. In fertilization proterandrous; the anthers opening in the bud, dis- 
charging their pollen upon the style, where it accumulates upon the collecting 
hairs or pubescence ; the stigmas (then firmly conniving) maturing and diverging 
much later, receiving only pollen conveyed from flower to flower by insects. 


Trine I. SPHENOCLE.E. Corolla imbricated in the bud, bearing the short sta- 
mens. Style destitute of collecting hairs. Flowers simply spicate, centripetal. 


1. SPHENOCLEA. Flowers all alike. Calyx with 5 roundish lobes ; the short tube ad- 
nate almost to the depressed summit of the ovary. Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed, 
deciduous, bearing the stamens on the lower part of its tube. Style very short: stigma 
capitate-2-lobed. Capsule globular and cuneate at base, 2-celled, with stipitate placenta, 
circumscissile just below the calyx-lobes, which fall with the lid. Seeds very numerous, 
oblong. 


Trisge II. CAMPANULEZ. Corolla mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, and 
stamens free or adnate to its very base. Style below the stigmas clothed with pollen- 
collecting hairs. Inflorescence mostly centrifugal, sometimes centripetal. 

* Capsule opening by a perforation at the apex within the calyx. 


2. GITHOPSIS. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped, 
strongly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the very summit of the ovary; limb of 5 long and linear 
foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the 
base: anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-celled: stigma 3-lobed. Capsule club-shaped, cori- 
aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many- 
seeded, opening when the persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its 
place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. — Annual. 


* * Capsule dehiscent by one or more small valvular openings on the sides, usually over 
a partition, rarely disposed also to split septicidally. 


3. SPECULARIA. Flowers in Amer. species dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with 
undeveloped corolla, and close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx-lobes in these flowers com- 
monly 8 or 4, in the ordinary corolliferous flowers 5, narrow: calyx-tube more or less elon- 
gated and narrow, usually prismatic. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded 
or nearly so, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, some- 
times 2 or 4. Capsule prismatic or elongated obconical, or cylindraceous ; the valvular 
openings either near the summit or near the middle. — Annuals. 


10 CAMPANULACEZ. Sphenoelea. 


4. CAMPANULA. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, its tube 
short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments 
dilated at base: anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Cap- 
sule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or 
verforations. i 
* * * Capsule bursting indefinitely on the sides by the giving way of the thin walls. 

5. HETEROCODON. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of Specularia. Calyx with 
large and leaf-like ovate lobes, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers, much longer 
than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens, style, &c., as in 
Campanula, Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and membranaceous. Seeds numerous, 
oblong, obscurely triangular. — Annual. 


1. SPHENOCLEA, Gertn. (29ij», a wedge, and xetw, to shut up, the 
bases of the crowded capsules becoming wedge-shaped by mutual pressure.) — A 
single species, native of tropical Africa or Asia, dispersed over the warmer parts 
of the world. - 

S. ZeyiAnica, Gertn. Glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, a foot or more high: 
leaves entire, from obovate to lanceolate, tapering into a petiole: flowers closely sessile in 

a dense terminal pedunculate spike, small, each subtended by a short bract and pair of 

bractlets: corolla white, a line or so wide, slightly exceeding the calyx.— S. Pongatium, 

A.DC. Prodr. vii. 548. Pongatium Indicum (Juss.), Lam.— Low grounds, nat. in Louisiana. 


2. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. (From the resemblance of the calyx to that of 
Githago, the Corn Cockle.) — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vill. 258; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 559; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. 446. — Single species. 

G. specularioides, Nutt. Small annual, 2 to 10 inches high, hirsute or glabrate : leaves 
small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile: flowers simply terminating the stem or 
branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect: corolla blue; rigid capsule tapering into a 
very short and stout peduncle. — G. calycina, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 321. G. pulchella, Vatké in 
Linn. xxxviii. 714. —Open grounds, California, toward the coast, and Oregon. Calyx- 
lobes from near half to three-fourths inch long, rigidly 1-nerved, sometimes few-toothed. 
The form named G. calycina has short corolla, exceeded by the long calyx-lobes; the G. 
pulchella, longer corolla surpassing the calyx-lobes. 


3. SPECULARIA, Heister, A.DC. (Speculum Veneris, i. e. Venus’s 
Looking-Glass, an early popular appellation of the common European species.)— 
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile or short-peduncled flowers, 1—2- 
bracteolate, terminal or in the axils of the leaves. Corolla blue or purplish. The 
American species, differing from those of the Old World chiefly in the dimorphism 
of the flowers, are not to be generically separated. — Triodanis (not Triodallus), 
Raf., founded on specimens with only the close-fertilized flowers yet appearing. 
Dysmicodon, section of Specularia, Endl., but the true character unnoticed. Dys- 
micodon & Campylocera, Nutt. 1. ¢. 


§ 1. Campyiécera, Gray. Flowers dimorphous. Stigmas 2 to 4. Capsule 
slender, straight or curved, occasionally twisted, in the close-fertilized flowers 
at least disposed to split longitudinally into valves, sometimes by abortion one- 
celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Campylocera, Nutt. 1. ¢. 


S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute and roughish or nearly glabrous: stems (a 
span or two high) virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base: leaves lanceolate: 
flowers closely sessile in their axils: stigmas 2 or 3: cells of the ovary as many, 
or in the lower close-fertilized flowers only one with a parietal placenta: calyx-lobes 
of the lower flowers 3: capsules nearly cylindrical (half to three-fourths inch long, only a 
line thick), inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves 
near the summit; the lowest also often spliting longitudinally from the summit: seeds 
oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1.c. Campylocera leptocarpa, Nutt. Lc. Specularia (Campanula) 


Campanula. CAMPANULACE.E. 11 


Linsecomii, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460.— Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado. 
Leaves an inch long or less. Expanded corolla half to three-fourths inch wide. 


8. Lindheimeri, Vatké. Larger than the last: stems erect or diffuse (1 to 3 feet long), 
paniculately branched above: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong or spatulate : 
flowers subsessile or short-peduncled, commonly terminating branchlets: stigmas 3 or 4: cells 
of the ovary as many: calyx-lobes even in close-fertilized flowers 5, about the length of 
the ovary : capsules angular, narrowed to the base, mostly straight, not twisted, opening 
by 2 or 3 downwardly turned or irregularly bursting small valves below the summit, and 
afterwards somewhat disposed to be septicidal: seeds almost orbicular, flattened. — Linn. 
xxxviii. 713; Gray, ].c. Campanula Coloradoense, Buckley, l.c.— W. Texas, on the Colo- 
rado and Guadaloupe, &c. Larger leaves two inches long. Expanded corolla sometimes 
an inch broad. 


§ 2. Dysuicépon, Endl. Flowers dimorphous. Capsule rather short, straight, 
not disposed to split. — Dysmicodon, Nutt. 1. c. 


S. bifléra, Gray. Stem slender, mostly simple or branched from the base, minutely and 
retrorsely serrulate-hispid on the angles: leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, or the upper re- 
duced to lanceolate bracts, sparingly somewhat crenate: flowers sessile, singly or in pairs 
in the axils: the lower and close-fertilized ones with 3 or 4 short subulate or ovate calyx- 
lobes; the upper with 4 or 5 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes shorter than the 
developed corolla: capsule oblong and cylindraceous or slightly fusiform, obscurely ribbed, 
the 2 or 3 valvular openings close under the calyx: seeds lenticular. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1.c. 
Campanula biflora, Ruiz. & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, £.6.  C. Monteridensis, Spreng.?  C. Lu- 
doviciana, Torr. ined. C. intermedia, Engelm. in Nutt. 1. ec. Dysmicodon Californicum & 
D. ovatum, Nutt. 1. c. Specularia ovata, Vatké, 1. c.— Open grounds, often with the next, 
S. Carolina to Texas and Arkansas; also in California. Leaves half an inch or less in 
length, the uppermost shorter than the flowers. (S. Am.) 

S. perfoliata, A-DC. Stems commonly stouter and simple (8 to 20 inches high), very leafy 
throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles, sometimes smoother: leaves round-cordate 
and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers sessile singly or clustered in the axils: calyx- 
lobes of the close-fertilized flowers 3 or 4 and short, of the later and corolliferous flowers 
as long as the ovary: capsule oblong or somewhat obconical; the 2 or 3 valvular open- 
ings at or below the middle: seeds lenticular.— Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 428, t.65. Campanula 
perfoliata, L.; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. t. 265. 9 C. wmplexicanlis, Michx., &c. Dysmicodon 
perfoliatum, Nutt. 1. c.—Open gravelly ground, Canada to Texas, Utah, and Oregon. 
(Mex., &c.) 


4, CAMPANULA, Tourn. Brti-rrower, Hare-Bety. (Italian Oam- 
pana, a bell.) — Flowers mostly showy or pretty and blue or white, in summer. 
Seeds smooth. A very large genus, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, but 
scanty in North America. Ours all have a 3-celled ovary, and all but one on our 
north-western borders have naked sinuses to the calyx. “Canterbury-bells” of 
the gardens, C. Medium, represents the section with reflexed appendages in the 
sinuses of the calyx, covering the tube, and the cells to the ovary as many as 
lobes to the corolla. 


§ 1. Calyx with deflexed appendages at the sinuses more or less covering the 
tube: our species perennial and the stigmas and cells of the ovary 3. 


C. pilédsa, Pall. Stems an inch to a span high, 1-flowered, when young woolly-pubescent : 
leaves mainly radical, from ovate to spatulate-lanceolate, crenate; the cauline from lan- 
ceolate to linear: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate: corolla an inch or more long, open-cam- 
panulate, internally soft-bearded ; its tube longer than the lobes and surpassing the calyx. 
— Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 148; Ledcb. Ic. t. 209; Herder in Radde, Reis. iv. 6. C. dasyantha, 
Bieb. Cauc.; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. t. 85; A.DC. Camp. t.10,f.4.  C. Pallasiana, Roem. & 
Sch. lic. (C. Altaica, ADC.1.c. 229, t. 10, f.3.— Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and northward. 
(Kamtschatka and Siberia.) 


ED CAMPANULACES. Campanula, 


§ 2. Calyx wholly destitute of appendages at the sinuses: stigmas and cells of 
the ovary 3, rarely varying to 4 or even 3. 


* Style not longer than the corolla, straight: root perennial in all the North American species. 
+ Openings of the capsule near its summit: low and mostly one-flowered, arctic-alpine or subalpine. 
C. lasiocdrpa, Cham. An inch to a span high, rather slender: leaves denticulate or 
laciniate with subulate salient teeth; the radical spatulate or oblong, mostly acute, and 
slender-petioled; cauline few and lanceolate or linear: calyx-tube obconical, villous; its 
lobes lanceolate-linear, laciniate-toothed: corolla between half and an inch long, broadly 
oblong-campanulate, glabrous within ; its tube twice the length of its lobes and surpassing 
the calyx: capsule turbinate.— Linn. iv. 39; Hook. Fl. ii. 28. C. algida, Fischer in A.DC. 
Camp. 338, t. 11, f.4.— Summit of high northern Rocky Mountains (Drummond) ; N. W. 

Coast and Islands. (Kamtschatka.) 


C. unifléra, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1.to 4 inches high: leaves small (an inch or less long), 
entire or nearly so, thickish ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse, uppermost linear: 
flower small (4 to 6 lines long), rather slender-peduncled: calyx-tube often pubescent, nearly 
as long as the lobes, which are from fully to half the length of the bluish corolla: capsule 
cylindraceous or clavate (half inch long).— Fl. Lapp. t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 1512.— Arctic 
regions from Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 
(N.W. Eu., N. E, Asia.) 

+— + Openings of the capsule at or near its base. 
++ Rather coarse and large, pubescent, many-flowered European species, escaped from cultivated 
ground and sparingly naturalized near the Northern Atlantic coast. 

C. naruncutoipes, L. Minutely roughish-pubescent: stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or at 
length branching : leaves more or less crenate and acuminate; the lower and radical ones 
cordate and long-petioled; upper lanceolate and passing into bracts of the loose virgate 
mostly one-sided true raceme: corolla oblong-campanulate deeply 5-lobed (an inch long), 
blue: capsule globular, nodding on a short pedicel. — Fl. Dan. t. 1827. — Roadsides and 
fields, Canada to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 

C. cromerAta, L. Pubescent, a foot high: leaves serrulate; the lowest and radical cor-: 
date-oblong and slender-petioled; the others closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong: 
flowers sessile in a few terminal and upper axillary clusters, exceeding the leafy bracts: 
corolla (an inch long) oblong-campanulate: capsule erect, opening near the base. — Fl. 
Dan. t. 1828. — Roadsides, E. Massachusetts: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
++ ++ Slender or low species, with filiform rootstocks, mostly glabrous, one-several-flowered (in- 

florescence centrifugal): peduncles or pedicels slender, 
== When several racemosely disposed on the simple smooth stem: capsule nodding: radical leaves 
roundish or ovate and often cordate, at least on sterile shoots. (HARE-BELLS.) 

C. Schetichzeri, Vill. Stem a span to a foot high, 1-4-flowered, more commonly 1- 
flowered: cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, not rarely denticulate; 
lowest cauline spatulate: flower-bud nodding: campanulate corolla half to three-fourths 
inch long, little or moderately exceeding the slender linear-subulate calyx-lobes. — Prosp. 22 
(1779), & Dauph. ii. 503, t. 10; Koch, Syn. 538. C. linifolia, Willd.; A.DC. Lc., &., in 
part, not Lam. (1785). C. dubia, ADC. Camp. 286. C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. 
Sci. xxxiv. 254.— Alpine and subalpine or subarctic, Newfoundland and Labrador, and . 
Alaska ; Rocky Mountains down to Colorado, Parry, E. Hall. The latter specimens strictly 
1-flowered, with the base or lower part of the leaves hirsute-ciliate, and calyx-lobes spar- 
ingly denticulate. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. heterodéxa. Stems more diffuse and leafy: cauline leaves from lanceolate to 
ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 to even 5 lines wide), often sharply denticulate, nearly all tapering 
into margined petioles; the radical round-cordate or ovate (sometimes an inch in diameter) : 
corolla two-thirds to a full inch long: slender calyx-lobes more spreading or even refiexed, 
especially in fruit.— Vest in Roem. & Sch. Syst. v.98; Bong. Sitk. 144. C. Langsdorffiana, 
Fischer. C. linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, A.DC. Camp. 279, in part. C. linifolia, var. hetero- 
doxa, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 888. C. pratensis, A.DC. 1. v. 287% excel. var. — Newfoundland, 
Pylaie ; Alaska and islands to the Shumagins. 


C. rotundifélia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, or sometimes dwarfer, 
1-9-flowered: orbicular or cordate slender-petioled leaves only on radical shoots; cauline 


Campanula. CAMPANULACES. 13 


leaves linear: flower-buds erect on the slender pedicel: campanulate corolla from half to 
even an inch long: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate. — Fl. Dan. t. 855 & 1086. — C. petiolata, 
A.DC. 1. c., is apparently this rather than the foregoing. — Rocky banks through the sub- 
arctic regions, and common northward, ranging south to the Alleghany Mountains, New 
Mexico, and the northern borders of California. Calyx-lobes from a third to half the 
length of the bright blue corolla, and erect or spreading ; or sometimes nearly equalling it, 
almost filiform, and widely spreading after the flower opens. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

== = Peduncles when several cymose or paniculate, erect in blossom and fruit: angles of the 

weak stem and midrib or margins of leaves commonly retrorsely scabrous: flowers small. 

C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, almost filiform, equally leafy to the 
top; its sharp angles rough with almost prickly short retrose bristles: so also the midrib 
beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves: flower-buds drooping: 
corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft (the lobes 2 lines-long or less): calyx-lobes tri- 
angular, short, about equalling the tube of the pale blue or whitish corolla. — Fl. i. 159. 
C. erinoides, Muhl., Nutt., &e., not L.— Wet grassy grounds, Canada to Georgia, and from 
the Saskatchewan to the mountains in Colorado. Leaves varying from linear, and 20 
lines long by one wide, to lanceolate-oblong, less than an inch long and 3 lines wide. 


C. Floridana, Watson, in herb. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems filiform, 
simple or sparingly branched, a span high; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, re- 
motely serrulate, almost sessile, about half an inch long: flowers few, terminating the 
stem or branches: corolla 5-parted, blue, somewhat rotate; the divisions ovate-lanceolate, 
equalled by the slender lanceolate-linear smooth and spreading calyx-lobes.— E. and 8. 
Florida: Pease River, Dr. Feay; and Indian River, &c., Dr. E. Palmer. Calyx lobes 2 to 
at length 4 lines long. 

C. linneifdlia, Gray. A span to a foot high, simple or sparingly branched at summit: 
leaves from roundish to ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenately serrate, nearly sessile, half inch or 
less long; the margins and the sharp angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate: flowers 
solitary terminating the branches: corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft (barely half inch 
long), its tube somewhat exceeding the broadly lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are retrorsely 
ciliolate like the leaves: capsule globular.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. i. 448. 
Wallenbergia Californica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158 7? —- Swamps, Mendocino Co., 
California, Bolander, &c. 

* * Style filiform and straight, exceeding the narrow campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical 
or short-turbinate, the openings near the middle or base: leaves sharply or laciniately serrate: 
toot perennial: inflorescence centrifugal, 

+— [Racemiform. Pacific species. 

C. Scotileri, Hook. Glabrous or a little pubescent, stems slender, a span to a foot or so 
long, at length spreading, often branching: leaves from ovate to lanceolate, mostly taper- 
ing at base into a margined petiole: flowers more or less panicled, on long filiform pedicels : 
corolla oblong-in the bud, rather longer than the slender calyx-lobes, somewhat deeply 
5-cleft (4 lines long); its lobes ovate-oblong.— A.DC. Camp. 312; Hook. Fl. ii. 28, t. 125. 
— Open coniferous woods, Puget Sound to the mountains in N. California. 


. prenanthoides, Durand. Glabrous or roughish-puberulent: stems more erect, a 
foot or two high: leaves more numerous and shorter (half to an inch or so long), more 
copiously and sharply serrate, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline mainly sessile : 
flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, short-pedicelled: corolla 
slender-cylindrical in the bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes (5 or 6 lines 
long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes narrowly lanceolate and 2 to 4 times the length of the 
tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad., n. ser. ii. 93; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 448. 
C. filiflora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. Roezli, Regel, Animad. Pl. Hort. Petrop. 
1872, 6. — Coniferous woods and open grounds, California, along the coast from Monterey 
to Mendocino Co., and through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Capsule thin- 
walled, and with broad and retuse base. 
4— + Effusely paniculate. Alleghany. species. 

C. divaricdta, Michx. Glabrous: stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, slender: 
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, strongly or laciniately serrate in 
the middle, slightly petioled (2 or 3 inches long) : panicle very open and compound: filiform 
pedicels as long as the flowers: corolla pale blue, campanulate, barely 3 lines long; its 


Q 


14 CAMPANULACER. 


lobes and the subulate calyx-teeth considerably shorter than its tube. — C. flexuosa, Michx, 
Fl. i. 109, appears to be only a low form of this from the higher mountains. — Rocks and 
banks, along the Alleghanies from Virginia and E. Kentucky to Georgia. 


* * * Long filiform style declined and upwardly curved, much exceeding the rotate corolla: cap- 
sule oblong-clavate, sessile, erect; the openings close to the summit: inflorescence truly spicate 
(centripetal): root annual or at most biennial. 


C. Americana, L. Sparsely hairy or almost glabrous: stem mostly simple, a yard or 
two high : leaves thin and large, ovate and ovate-lanceolate or the lowest cordate, petioled; 
upper passing into bracts of the clongated and loosely many-flowered virgate spike : corolla 
white or blue, almost 5-parted; its lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, half an inch long, 
exceeding the divergent subulate-setaceous calyx-lobes: capsules half an inch long.— 
C. obliqua, Jacq. Scheenb. t. 336. C. acuminata, Michx. FI. i. 108. C. declinata, Moench. 
C. Illinoensis, Fresenius, a branched state with paniculate leafy spikes, which is not uncom- 
mon. — Shaded low ground, W. New York to Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas. 


C. pLanirLora, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.), long ago described from cultivated specimens, 
vaguely attributed to North America, is wholly unknown in the wild state; apparently allied 
to C. persicefolia, L., and not N. American. 


5. HETEROCODON, Nutt. (Erepos, different, and xédar, a bell, from 
the two kinds of campanulate flowers.) — A single species, near Campanula, to 
which Bentham joins it. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 255. 

H. rarifl6rum, Nutt. <A delicate little annual, sparsely hirsute : stems filiform, diffusely 
spreading, leafy, branching: leaves orbicular with cordate partly clasping base (a fourth 
to half inch long), coarsely many-toothed: flowers solitary, terminal and lateral, also axil- 
lary ; the later ones only with well-developed pale blue corolla, which barely exceeds the 
ovate and sparingly toothed foliaceous calyx-lobes; these one to three lines long. — Shady 
and grassy places, Vancouver’s Island to California and Nevada, along the coast ranges 
and the Sierra Nevada. 


OrDER LXXVII. ERICACEZ. 


Trees, shrubs, or some perennial herbs, with simple and undivided leaves des- 
titute of stipules and commonly alternate, symmetrical (4—5-merous) and perfect 
flowers, either regular or occasionally irregular, stamens free or nearly free from 
the corolla and as many or more commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals, 
the anthers 2-celled and in most opening by pores (in many awned or otherwise 
appendaged), the pollen composed of 4 united grains (except in the fourth suborder 
and a part of the third), and the style single. Calyx imbricated or sometimes 
valvate in the*bud, free and the corolla and stamens hypogynous, except in the 
first suborder. Corolla not rarely 5— (or 4-) petalous, in the bud imbricated or in 
some convolute. Anthers introrse, or in the Pyrolinee primarily and normally 
extrorse, but in anthesis introrsely inverted! Ovary 4-10-celled (or the cells 
rarely 3 or 2 and fewer than the petals), with placente in the axis (a tribe of 
Monotropee excepted) ; the ovules numerous. generally very numerous, sometimes 
solitary, anatropous. Stigma not rarely girt with a ring, entire or merely lobed ; 
only in Clethra is the apex of the style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular, baccate, or dru- 
paceous. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen; the cotyledons small and 
short or undeveloped. (Ericacee, Vacciniacee, Pyrolacee, & Monotropee of 
authors, all merging into one large family.) 

Suporper I. VACCINIEZE. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary (or to the 
greater part of it), which in fruit is baccate, either a true berry or drupaceous, 
crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous, and with the disk 


ERICACEE. 15 


epigynous. Anthers erect, introrse; the cells partly separate or prolonged at 
apex into a tip or a tubular appendage, where they open by a pore or chink. 
Pollen-grains compound, of four united grains. Stigma not indusiate. Seeds 
with a close and firm coat. — Shrubby or suttrutescent, with scaly buds: leaves all 
alternate. 

* Ovary wholly inferior: herbage not aromatic. 


1, GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 10-celled, 10-ovuled. Fruit baccate-drupaceous, with 10 
seed-like nutlets. 

2. VACCINIUM. Ovary 45 celled, or by false-partitions from the back of these cells 
8-10 celled: ovules numerous. Fruit a berry; its cells several-many-secded. 
* * Ovary at first one third to one half superior: herbage aromatic as in (aultheriu. 

8. CHIOGENES. Ovary and white berry 4celled, many-seeded. Corolla short-campanu- 
late, +-cleft. Stamens 8: anthers awnless, +-cuspidate at apex. 


Susorper II. ERICINE.E. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamo- 
petalous, rarely polypetalous or nearly so, hypogynous. Disk generally annular 
or 8-10-lobed. Anthers upright, introrse. Pollen-grains compound. Shrubs or 
small trees. 


° 

Tre I. ARBUTE.E. Fruit fleshy, either baccate or drupaceous. Corolla urceo- 
late or globular, 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many 
as the corolla lobes, included. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate. 

4, ARBUTUS. Anthers compressed, bearing a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each 


cell opening at the apex anteriorly by a terminal pore. Ovary. 5- (rarely 4-) celled, ripen- 
ing into a granular-coated and many-seeded berry, with firm endocarp. 


5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Ovary 4-10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, in fruit 
forming a drupe with as many secd-like nutlets or a solid stone. 


Tre II ANDROMEDE.X. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded 
capsule ; the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the per- 
sistent placentiferous axis or columella. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous. Stamens 
twice the number of the corolla-lobes (mostly 10), more or less included. Leaves 
mainly alternate. : 

* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged : stigma 5-lobed; the 
lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup. 


6. EPIGZA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct and strongly imbricated dry and scarious sepals. 
Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fila- 
ments filiform: anthers linear-oblong, blunt. 


* ¥* <Anthers opening only at the top: stigma usually entire. 
+ Calyx becoming fleshy and baccate in fruit, enclosing the small capsule. 

7, GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft; its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate-urctolate to cam- 
panulate. Stamens 10: filaments dilated towards the base: capsule deeply umbilicate ; 
placente ascending. 

+ + Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule. 
++ The lobes or sepals valvate or open in the bud, never overlapping. 


8. ANDROMEDA. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. 
Ovary and capsule 5-celled, umbilicate: placente borne on the summit or middle of the 
columella; the seeds pendulous or spreading in all directions. : 


++ ++ Sepals or calyx-lobes more or less imbricated, at least in the early bud. 


= Corolla cylindraceous or conical-urceolate, 5-toothed : anthers fixed toward their base : 
leaves plane, usually large and broad: capsule not thickened at the dorsal sutures. 


9, OXYDENDRUM. Calyx short, early open, naked at base. Corolla minutely canes- 
cent. Anthers linear, unappendaged, narrower than the broadly subulate filaments; the 
cells opening by a long chink. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal: placente on the short columella 
at the base of the’cells. Seeds all ascending or erect, scobiform, with loose reticulated 
coat extended at each end much beyond the linear nucleus. Bracts and bractlets minute 


and deciduous. 


16 ERICACEA. 


10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx slightly or in one section much imbricated. Filaments sub- 
ulate: anthers oblong, obtuse, blunt; the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink, either 
pointless, or 2-mucronate, or sometimes 1-2-awned from the apex: filaments subulate, 
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed; valves mostly thin, entire; placente borne on the 
summit or upper part of the columella. Seeds pendulous or in all directions; the coat 
various but usually loose. 

11. CASSANDRA. Calyx of rigid and much imbricated ovate sepals, subtended by a 
pair of similar bractlets. Filaments subulate (glabrous): anthers awnless; the cells 
tapering into a tubular beak, which opens by a pore at the apex. Capsule depressed- 
globose: pericarp in dehiscence separating into two layers; the chartaceous epicarp locu- 
licidally 5-valved; endocarp cartilaginous, at length 10-valved; sutures not thickened; 
placenta on the summit of the short columella. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows, compressed 
and obtusely angled; the smooth and shining coat much thickened on the side next the 
placenta. , 
= = Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted: anthers short, fixed nearly by their 

apex: fruticulose and heath-like, with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves. 


12. CASSIOPE. Calyx ebracteolate, of ovate imbricated sepals. Anther-cells each open- 


ing by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Capsule globose or 
ovoid, 4-5-valved; the valves 2-cleft. Seed-coat thin and close. 


Trise III. ERICEZX. Fruit a loculicidal or sometimes septicidal 4—-5-celled capsule. 
Corolla gamopetalous, marcescent-persistent; the lobes convolute in the bud. Sta- 
mens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (8, rarely 10). Heath-like leaves com- 
monly opposite or verticillate. 

13. CALLUNA. Corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter and less conspicuous than the 
4 concave colored sepals, both scarious and persistent. Anthers with a pair of auriculate 


appendages on the back; the cells opening by a long chink. Ovary 8-angled: ovules 
numerous, pendulous: style filiform. -Capsule globose-4-angular, septicidally 4-valved. 


Trine IV. RHODODENDREZ. Fruit a septicidal capsule ; the valves (except in 
Leiophyllum, &c.) in dehiscence separating from the persistent placentiferous colu- 
mella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals chiefly imbricated in the bud. Anthers 
destitute of awns or appendages. Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or 
border. (Rhodoree Don, name changed by Maximowicz, because Rhodora falls 
into Rhododendron.) 

* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell. 


+— Corolla gamopetalous: scaly leaf-buds none: flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foli- 
aceous persistent {seldom scale-like or scarious) bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary 
leaves: filaments and style filiform: capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above. 


14. BRYANTHUS. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4-6-lobed; the lobes simply 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded. 

15. KALMIA. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed, 
10-saccate below the limb. Stamens 10; the short anthers lodged in the sacs of the , 
corolla in the bud, so that the filaments are strongly recurved when this expands. Cap- 
sule tardily septicidal. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat. 


+— + Corolla gamopetalous: buds, at least flower-buds, scaly-strobilaceous; the thin or 
scarious scales caducous or deciduous: capsule 4-5-valved (or sometimes more) from 
apex to base: seeds usually (but not always) scobiform, having the loose coat produced 
or appendaged at both ends: calyx often much reduced or obsolete. 


16. MENZIESIA. Flowers usually 4-merous. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylin- 
draceous, 4-toothed or lobed. Calyx bristly-ciliate. Stamens included, mostly 8: filaments 
subulate: anthers mostly linear-sagittate ; the cells opening by an oblique pore or short 
chink. Style included: stigma truncate. Capsule short. 

17. RHODODENDRON. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Corolla various (but not con- 
tracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens 
sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly of twice the number, usually de- 
clined: filaments filiform or slender-subulate: anthers short; the cells opening by a ter- 
minal orbicular pore. Style filiform: stigma capitate or somewhat lobed. 

+ + + Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so: filaments filiform: seeds scobiform or 
linear: placenta borne on the summit of the persistent columella. 

18, LEDUM. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading. 
Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule oval or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward; the 
columella slender. Flowers umbellate or corymbose from separate strobilaceous buds. 


ERICACER. 17 


19, BEJARIA. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals obovate or spatulate, somewhat erect. Stamens 
12 or 14. Capsule depressed-globose, 6-7-lobed, 6-7-valved from above; the. columella 
short. Flowers (in ours) racemose: no strobilaceous buds. 

* * Anthers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the 
cells: corolla of distinct petals, or in Loiselewria 5-cleft: no thin-scaly strobilaceous 
buds: leaves entire: capsule 3-5- (rarely 2-) valved from above. 

+ Low and small-leaved evergreens : coriaceous persistent leaves mostly opposite : flowers 
small, corymbose or fascicled: pedicels subtended by coriaceous foliaccous persistent 
scales or bracts: calyx 5-parted: style and slender filaments not declined: anthers 
globose-didymous: seeds oval, with a thin close coat. 

20. LEIOPHYLLUM. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, spreading. Stamens 10: filaments and 
style filiform, exserted. Placenta borne on the middle of the culumella, but carried 
away with the 2 or 3 valves in dehiscence. 

21. LOISELEURIA, Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5: filaments 
and style stout-filiform and included. Capsule 2-3-valved, and valves at length 2-cleft ; 
the placente left on the columella. 

+ + Erect shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves: flowers larger, from leafy shoots of 
the season: anthers oblong: filaments flat and subulate or linear: style long, more or 
less declined and incurved, thickened at the apex and annulate around the discoid 
stigma: placente persistent on the short columella: seeds with a loose cellular or 
fungous coat. 

22. ELLIOTTIA. Petals (3 to 5) mostly 4, long and narrow. Stamens as many or twice 
as many: filaments short. Flowers in conspicuous terminal racemes or panicles. 

23. CLADOTHAMNUS. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, equalled by the somewhat folia- 
ceous sepals. Stamens 10: filaments dilated below. Capsule 5-6-celled, depressed-glo- 
bose. Flowers solitary, terminating short leafy branches or sometimes axillary. 


Scporper III. PYROLINEZE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly- 
petalous, hypogynous, deciduous. Anthers erect and extrorse in the bud, with 
apex often pointed, emarginate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a 
pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resupinate on the filament, so that the really 
basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Disk obsolete or obscure. 
Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a loose cellular coat. Sepals and petals 
imbricated in the bud ; the former persistent. (Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61.) 


Trise I]. CLETHRE.E. Shrubs or trees. Pollen-grains simple. Ovary and cap- 
sule of the 5-merous flower 5-celled. Stigmas 5, distinct, over the placentae. Em- 
bryo cylindraceous, as in Ericinee. 

24, CLETHRA. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 10: anthers sagittate and 
pointed, after inversion obsaggitate, the diverging lobes opening by a chink or large pore. 
Style filiform, persistent, commonly 3-cleft at the apex: stigmas thickish and truncate. 
Capsule globose or 3-lobed, 3-valved, and the valves at length 2-cleft; the many-seeded 
porrect placenta remaining attached to the upper part of the columella. 


Trine Il. PYROLEZ. Herbs or nearly so, from perennial slender rootstocks, 
glabrous, with evergreen foliage, one species leafless. Pollen-grains compound. 
Cells of the ovary and capsule as many as the petals or sepals (5, or rarely 4): 
valves of the capsule remaining attached to the columella. Seed-coat very loose 
and cellular, enclosing a small nucleus. Embryo very minute. 

* Stems leafy: flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary : stigma orbicular-peltate, barely 
5-crenate, concealing the very short obconical style, which is immersed in the umbili- 
cate summit of the ovary and capsule: the latter dehiscent from above downwards : 
valves not woolly on the edges. 

25. CHIMAPHILA. Petals 5, widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens 
10: filaments short, dilated and mostly hairy in the middle. 

%* * Scape naked or leafy only at base: style mostly elongated. } 

26. MONESES. Flowers solitary, sometimes 4-merous, regular. Petals widely spreading, 
orbicular. Stamens 10, or sometinies 8: filaments subulate, naked. Style straight: stigma 
large, peltate, and with 5 or sometimes 4 narrow (at first erect, at length radiating) lobes. 
Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges. 

2 


18 ERICACE2. 


27. PYROLA. Flowers ina raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or 
less converging. Stamens 10, often declined: filaments subulate, naked. Style often de- 
clined or turned downward: stigma 5-lobed or toothed and annulate. Capsule depressed- 
globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward; the 
edges of the valves cobwebby when opening. 


Susorpver IV. MONOTROPEZ. Calyx free from the ovary. Pollen- 
grains simple. Capsule loculicidal. — Herbaceous root-parasites or saprophytes, 
scaly, destitute of all green herbage, one closely related to Pyrolee, one to Eri- 
cine@, the others more peculiar. (Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370.) ~ 


Trine I. EUMONOTROPE. Ovary 5-celled, or sometimes 4-celled ; the pla- 
cente projecting from the thick central columella. 


* Anthers extrorse, in flower becoming introrsely pendulous: corolla none. 


28. ALLOTROPA. Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, marcescent under the capsule. Stamens 
10: anthers didymous, on lorg and slender filaments: cells opening by a chink from the 
apparent apex to the middle. Disk none. Style short: stigma large, peltate-capitate. 
Capsule globose. Seeds scobiform, linear. 


* *x Anthers introrse or introrsely pendulous from the first: corolla gamopetalous, and 
with the calyx persistent or marcescent, 


+— Globular-ovate, with 5 short recurved lobes or teeth: anthers 2-awned. 


29. PTEROSPORA. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular-urceolate ; the lobes con- 
volute or mostly so in the bud. Stamens 10, included: filaments subulate-filiform : anthers 
ovate-didymous, introrse, erect, or in bud horizontal-inflexed, fixed near the base, there 
dorsally 2-awned; the slender awns deflexed; the cells opening lengthwise. Disk none. 
Style short: stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds broadly winged 
from the apex. 


+— + Corolla campanulate, with barely spreading lobes, rather fleshy : anthers muticous : 
seed-coat reticulated, but conformed to the nucleus: sepals 5, oblong, erect, nearly equal- 
ling the corolla, persistent: filaments slender. 


1 

30. SARCODES. Stamens 10, shorter than the cylindraceous-campanulate corolla : anthers 
linear-oblong, erect, inserted above the base; the two cells strictly combined throughout, 
the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal pore. Disk none. Ovary 
low-conical and 5-lobed: style columnar, rather Jong: stigma capitate and somewhat 
5-lobed. Capsule depressed—5-lobed. Seeds oval and with a small conical protuberance 
at the apex. 

31. SCHWEINITZIA. Stamens 10, hardly shorter than the oblong-campanulate corolla, 
this 5-gibbous at base: anthers short, somewhat didymous, introrsely pendulous, being 
attached dorsally near the apex; the saccate cells opening by the whole apex as a large 
pore. Disk 10-crenate. Ovary globose-ovate: style short and thick: stigma large, 
5-sided, umbilicate. 

* * * Anthers innate or transverse on the apex of the filament, opening across the top; 
the cells more or less confluent: corolla 4—5-petalous and with the sepals or bractlets 
tardily deciduous. 


32. MONOTROPA. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 to 6 erect 
and oblong or spatulate scale-like fleshy petals, which- are gibbous or saccate at base. 
Stamens twice the number’ of the petals: filaments filiform-subulate: anthers somewhat 
reniform ; the valves moderately or very dissimilar. Disk 8-12-toothed ; the teeth deflexed. 
Style columnar, tubular: stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Capsule 
ovoid; the columella very thick and fleshy. Seeds innumerable, very small, scobiform ; 
nucleus minute in the loose-cellular elongated coat. 


Tribe IT? PLEURICOSPORE.E. Ovary one-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled; the 
4 or 5 placente parietal and 2-lamellate. Disk none or obscure: anthers linear or 
oblong, erect, introrse, fixed by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening 
longitudinally. ; 

33. PLEURICOSPORA. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate scale-like sepals, 
their margins fimbriate-laciniate. Corolla of 4 or 5 oblong and fimbriate-lacerate plane 
petals, resembling but rather shorter than the sepals. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous: fila- 
ments ligulate-filiform: anthers linear, apiculate; the cells opening from base to apex 
into two equal valves. Ovary ovate, strictly‘one-celled : style columnar: stigma depressed- 
capitate or somewhat funnelform. Capsule fleshy? Seeds obovate, with a smooth or 
polished close coat. 


Gaylussacia. ERICACE.E. 19 


34. NEWBERRYA. Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular- 
urceolate, 4-5-lobed, marcescent. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments filiform, long-hairy above the 
middle: anthers oblong; the cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves. 
Ovary ovate, contracted at apex into a long style, tipped with a depressed-capitate um- 
bilicate and pervious stigma: placente 4, with broad divergent lamella, which meet at 
adjacent edges, ovuliferous on both sides, giving the appearance of four exterior cells 
surrounding a central larger one. 


1.GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. Hvcxteserry. (In honor of a distin- 
guished French chemist, Gay-Lussac.) — Shrubs (of Eastern N. and S$. America) ; 
with either evergreen or deciduous leaves, commonly glandular or resinous-atomi- 
ferous, flowers in lateral racemes from separate scaly buds, bracteate and often 
bracteolate pedicels, reddish or greenish or white corolla, and edible fruit. 
Flowering in spring; fruit ripe in summer, blue or black.— Torr. Fl. N.Y. 
i. 448; Gray, Chloris (Mem. Am. Acad. iii.), 51,& Man. Bot. Decachena, Torr. 
& Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 43 (1841). Deeamerium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. n. ser. vill. 260 (1845). 

§ 1. Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, destitute of resinous atoms. 


G. brachycera, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, the young parts barely puberulent, 
a foot high or less: branches angled: leaves oval (half to full inch long): racemes in the 
axils, short, almost sessile, of few crowded flowers: bracts and bractlets scaly, caducous : 
corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, white or flesh-color, 2 lines long: anthers slightly 
pointed, shorter than the ciliate filament. — Man. ed.1, 259. Vaceinium brachycerum, Michx. 
Fl. i. 234. Vo buzifolium, Salisb. Parad. t. 4; Bot. Mag. t. 928 ; Bot. Cab. t. 648. — Wooded 
hills, Alleghanies, from Perry Co., Penn. (Baird), to Virginia. Sussex Co., Delaware, A. 
Commons. Leaves like those of Dwarf Box. 


§ 2. Leaves deciduous, entire, more or less sprinkled with minute resinous or 
waxy atoms: racemes from axils of the former year. 


* Leaves thickish and almost coriaceous, green loth sides, the upper face shining: bracts foli- 
aceous and persistent: anthers with filiform tubular appendages longer than the cells and 
almust equalling the corolla. 

G. dumésa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high from a creeping base, somewhat hairy 
and glandular: leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, veiny, conspicuously mu- 
cronate: racemes loose: bracts oval, as long as the slendcr 2-bracteolate pedicels: ovary 
either glandular-pubescent or hairy: corolla campanulate, white or rose-red: fruit black, 
mostly pubescent, watery and rather insipid. — Gray, Man. 1.¢. G. hirtella, Torr. Fl. N.Y. 
1.448. Vaccinium dumosum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 1106; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 
vii. 566. V. faondosum, Michx. 1. ¢., not L.  Decamerium dumosum, Nutt. 1. ¢.— Sandy 
swamps, Newfoundland, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana; southward espe- 
cially passing freely into 

Var. hirtélla, Gray, 1.c. Branchilcts and especially racemes and ovary, and some- 
times the leaves, glandular-hirsute or hispid. — @. hirtella, Klotzsch in Linn. xiv. 48. Vae- 
cinium hirtellum, Ait. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 357; Dunal, 1. c.— Chiefly Southern States. 

%* %* Leaves thinner, dull or paler: bracts much smaller, deciduous. 

+ Branches slender and widely spreading ; flowers in very loose racemes, on long filiform pedi- 

cels: corolla between globular and campanulate, greenish-purplish, 2 lines or less in length. 


G. frondésa, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or puberulent when young, from 3 to 6 feet 


high, with light gray branches: leaves oblong or oval-obovate, obtuse or retuse, pale, 
whitish and very veiny beneath: bracts tardily deciduous: anthers with rather long 
tubular tips: fruit dark blue and glaucous, sweet and edible (Brug TanGvLe or Biur 
Hucxeverry).— Vaccinium frondosum, L.; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 140. 1" renustum, Ait. Kew. 
ed. 1, ii. 11. V. glaucum, Michx. 1. &. Ve decamerocarpon, Dunal, 1. ¢. excl. syn. Wang. 
Decamerium frondosum, Nutt. 1. ec. — Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and 
mountains of Penn. to Kentucky, Louisiana, and Florida. 

Var. tomentdésa, a form with foliage and shoots tomentose-pubescent. — Vaccinium 
‘tomentosum, Pursh, ined. — Georgia, Fnslin. Vé. Florida, Dr. . Palmer. 


20 ERICACEZ. Vaccinium. 


G. ursina, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves green and 
membranaceous, lanceolate-obovate or oblong, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely 
veiny : bracts rather scaly, caducous: anthers with very short tips: fruit reddish, turning 
black, insipid (Bear Huckieserry).— Gray, Chloris, 49, t. 10; Chapm. Fl. 258. Vae- 
cinium ursinum, M. A. Curtis in Aimer. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82.— Moist woods, confined to the 
mountains of the southern part of North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolina, 
Curtis, Buckley, &e. 


+— + Branches erect: flowers short-pedicelled in short sessile racemes: corolla ovate-conical-and 
5-angular, becoming campanulate or cylindraceous, reddish, as are the scale-like caducous 
ovate bracts. 

G. resindésa, Torr. & Gray. A foot to a yard high, rigid, glabrous or minutely pubes- 
cent, when young very clammy: leaves yellowish-green, from oval to lanceolate-oblong, 
commonly obtuse, mucronulate, of rather firm texture and paler beneath when mature: 
racemes secund, drooping, 5-8-flowered: corolla 2 or 3 lines long: anthers with tubular 
tips: fruit black, rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant (the common Huck1e- 
BERRY or Brack Hucxieperry of the market). — Vaccinium resinosum, Ait. Kew. 1. ¢.; 
Michx. FI. i. 232; Bot. Mag. t. 1288. V. parviflorum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 125. Andromeda 
baccatu, Wang. Amer. 111, t. 30, fig. 69. Decamerium resinosum, Nutt. 1. c.— Rocky wood- 
lands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Upper Georgia. The 
only species in the northern Mississippi States, where it is rare. 


2. VACCINIUM, L. Brveserry, Bireerry, or sometimes Hucke- 
BERRY, and CRANBERRY. (Classical Latin name.) — Shrubs or suffruticose plants 
(chiefly of the northern hemisphere), with either deciduous or evergreén leaves ; 
the flowers white or reddish, either solitary in the axils, or in racemes or fascicles, 
mostly nodding. Corolla small, of thinnish texture, and various in form. Sta- 
mens 8 or more, commonly 10: filaments usually hairy or ciliate: anthers awned 
on the back or awnless, opening by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of 
each cell. Flowers in spring: berries ripe in summer or autumn, sweetish or 
sometimes acid, mostly edible. — Vaccinium & Oxycoccus, Pers. ; Benth. & Hook, 
Gen. ii. 573, 575. The following are excluded, viz. : — 

V. mucronatum, L., which was founded, not on “one of the Mespilus or Pyrus tribe,” as 
Smith opined, but on a fruiting specimen of Nemopanthes Canadensis. 

V. atzum, L., founded on a specimen of Lonicera ciliata, from Kalm, who sent it as a Vac- 
cintum with white berries. 

V. ricustrinum, L., founded on a specimen of Andromeda paniculata, also from Kalm. 

V. cLaBrum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125, d., probably Gaylussacia resinosa. 

V. ostusum, Pursh, from Oregon, collected by Menzies, probably Gaultheria Myrsinites. 

V. numirusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8, probably also Gaultheria Myrsinites. 


§ 1. Baroptnpron, Gray. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed: anthers 
tipped with long and slender tubes, and 2-awned on the back: ovary and (hardly 
edible or mawkish) berry spuriously 10-celled (ripening in autumn) : leaves decidu- 
ous, but of rather firm texture: flowers axillary and solitary or in leafy-bracted 
racemes, slender-pedicelled: bractlets minute or none. — Chloris, 1. c. 52. 

%* Flower articulated with its pedicel: anthers included: berry black, many-seeded. ( Batodendron, 

Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ser. 2, viii. 261.) : 


V. arboreum, Marshall. (Farxus- or Sparkie-nerry.) Shrub 6 to 25 feet high, 
with spreading branches, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves thinnish-coriaccous, very 
smooth and shining above, reticulate-veiny, obscurely glandular-denticulate or entire, from 
obovate or round-oval to oblong: flowers profuse, axillary along the branches and leafy- 
racemose: corolla white, moderately 5-lobed: awns of anthers more than half the length 
of the tubular tips: berry globose, small, with a dry rather astringent pulp. — Arbust. 157; 
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.1885. V. diffusum, Ait.; Bot. Mag. t. 1607. V. mucronatum, Walt., not L. 


Vaccinium. ERICACE.E. 21 


Batodendron arboreum, Nutt. loc. & Sylv. iii. 43.— Sandy soil, Florida and Texas to N. 
Carolina and 8. Illinois. There is an unusually narrow-leaved form in Texas. 
%* & Flower not articulated with the pedicel: anthers much exscrted: berry greenish or yellowish, 
ripening few and proportionately large seeds. (Pécrecoccus, Nutt. |. c.) 7 

V. stamineum, L. (Deerserry.) Shrub 2 or 3 fect high, with divergent branches, 
minutely pubescent, or at length glabrous: leaves pale and dull or glaucous, especially 
beneath, from oval to lanceolate-oblong: ovary glabrous: flowers nearly all axillary: 
corolla dull purplish or yellowish-green, deeply 5-cleft: awns of the anthers very much 
shorter than the elongated tubes: berry large, pear-shaped or globular, mawkish. — Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 268. V. elevatum, Solander; Dunal, in DC. 1. c. 567 (excl. var.) V. album, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 28, not L. Picrococcus stamineus, elecatus, & Floridanus, Nutt. 1. ec. — Dry woods, 
Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louisiana: rare west of the Alleghanies. 
(V. Kunthianum, Wotzsch, the V. staminewn, HBK. t. 353, has much shorter anther-tubes, and 
a hairy ovary.) 


§ 2. Cyanocéccts, Gray. (BLUEBERRY.) Corolla from cylindraceous to 
campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed: filaments hairy: anthers included, awn- 
less: ovary and berry completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious par- 
tition or projection from the back of each carpel: berry blue or black with a 
bloom, juicy, sweet and edible, many-seeded: flowers (white or rose-color) in 
fascicles or very short racemes, developed with or a little before the leaves from 
large and separate scaly buds, short-pedicelled: scaly bractlets as well as bracts 
mostly caducous or deciduous. (Atlantic North-Ameriean with one exception.) 


* Evergreen leaves coriaceous: bracts of firmer texture, reddish, and tardily deciduous. 

V. nitidum, Andr. Diffusely much branched and very leafy, a foot or two high : leaves 
thick-coriaceous, shining, at least above, slightly veined, from obovate to oblanceolate- 
oblong, a fourth to half inch long, obscurely denuculate and glandular: calyx-teeth and 
almost persistent bracts ro. idih and very obtuse: corolla rose-red or turning white, rather 
short and broad (2 lines long): berry “ somewhat pear-shaped, black.” — Bot. Rep. t. 480; 
Dunal in DC. Ll. c.; Chapm. Fl. 259.— Low pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Near to or 
passing into the next. 

V. Myrsinites, Lam. A span to 2 feet high, much branched: branchlets, &c., when 
young puberulent: leaves trom obovate and obtuse to oblong-lanceolate and acute or spat- 
ulate, often cuspidate, from -a third to a full inch long, sometimes denticulate, moderately 
coriaceous, mostly shining above, dull or paict and sometimes glaucous underneath, more 
veiny: bracts from ovate to lanceolate, less persistent; calyx-teeth acute or acutish: 
corolla at length cylindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long, soon white: “berry globose, blue.” — 
Dict. i. 73; Michx. Fl. i. 233; Pursh, FL. i. 290 (with vars. lunceolutum and obtusum) ; Dunal, 
le.; Chapm. Lc. Vi nitidum, var. decumbens, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1550? — Sandy pine - 
barrens, Florida to Louisiana and N. Carolina. 

Var. glaticum. A low form, with small leaves dull or glaucous above and very 
glaucous beneath, at least when young. — New Orleans ? (Drummond) to Alabama, &c. 
* # Leaves thinner, deciduous: scaly bracts more deciduous. 
+ Corolla when developed cylindrical or cylindraceous. Southern species, the leaves far south- 
ward sometimes persisting until flowering the next spring. 

V.formésum, Andr. Two or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (an inch or 
two long), smooth and bright green above, either glabrous or pubescent beneath, of firmer 
texture than in the others of the section: flower-clusters loose: calyx and tardily decidu- 
ous bracts red or reddish: corolla rose-red, 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Rep. t. 97. — Georgia 
or Florida, “ Win. Young,” James Reed: specimens by the latter with flower-clusters in the 
axils of persistent leaves. Related to large-leaved forms of the preceding, and may 
probably pass into the next. . 

+ V. virgdtum, Ait. Low, or a yard or so high, more or less pubescent: leaves from 
ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanccolate, usually acute or pointed and 
minutely serrulate, thinnish, lucid at least above, commonly an inch or so in length: flower- 
clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches: bracts more deciduous : corolla rose-color, 


99 ERICACEX. Vaccinium. 


3 or 4 lines long: berry black, sometimes with a bloom. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 12; Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 181; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3522. V. ligustrinum, Pursh, not L. V. fuscatum, Ker. 
Bot. Reg. t. 302 (not Ait.),a form with deep rose-colored flowers, and red pedicels and 
bracts, approaching V. formosum.— Swamps, Florida to S. Carolina and Louisiana. 

Var. tenéllum, a low form, mostly small-leaved, with nearly white flowers in shorter 
or closer clusters: corolla barely 3 lines long and less cylindrical. — V. tenellum, Ait. Kew. 
l.c.; Chapm. FL 260. V. galezans, Michx. Fl. i. 232. V. galiformis, Smith in Rees. Cycl.— 
“Virginia to Arkansas and southward. 

Var. parvifdlium, a peculiar form, with leaves half to three-fourths inch long, entire 
or nearly so, mostly oblong and obtuse ; stem slender, 3 to 8 feet high: flowers also small. 
—V. myrtilloides, Ell. Sk. i. 500, not Michx., nor Hook. V. one, Chapm. 1. c.—S. Caro- 
lina to Arkansas and Louisiana. An ambiguous form. 


+ + Corolla shorter and broader, from ovate-urceolate to at most oblong-campanulate, white or 
obscurely rose-colored. 


4+ Ovary and berry glabrous, as in the genus generally: scarious bracts and bractlets early de- 
wa ee (Edible BLuEBerRiEs or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES. ) 

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf, a span to a foot or more high, with green and 
warty stems, mostly glabrous, and branches: leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, green 
and somewhat shining both sides, glabrous, or not rarely hairy on the midrib beneath, dis- 
tinetly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth: flowers very short-pedicelled: corolla cam- 
panulate w'th crifice slightly contracted, barely 2} lines long: berries ripening early, large 
and sweet, bluish-black and glaucous. — Dict. i. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 223; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8434; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 261. V. myrtilloides, Michx. 1. c.  V. tenellum, Pursh, F1. i. 288, 
not Ait. V. ramulosum & VW. humile, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 20? V. multiflorum, Wats. Dendr. 
Brit. t. 125 ? — Dry hills and woods, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and southward 
to New Jersey and Illinois; commoner northward. The lowest and earliest-fruited of the 
blueberries. 

Var. angustifdlium, Gray, l.c. (V. angustifoliym, Ait. 1. c.), a more dwarf form, a 
span or less high, with lanceolate leaves. — V. salicinum, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 319, not 
Cham.— Labrador and Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland, and alpine region of the White 
Mountains of New Hampshire. a 


V. Canadénse, Kalm. A foot or two high, with branchlets and both sides of the 
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate entire leaves downy with soft spreading pubescence : flowers 
few in the clusters: corolla shorter (2 lines long), greenish-white, and more open-cam- 
panulate: otherwise as in the preceding. — Richards. in Frankl. ed. 2, 12; Hook. Fl. ii. 32, 
& Bot. Mag. t. 3446. V. ulbum, Lam. 1. c., not L.— Swamps or low woods, Hudson’s Bay to 
Bear Lake and the northern Rocky Mountains, south to N. New England, mountains of 
Penn. and Illinois. Named by Kalm in herb. Leche, now in herb. Banks. 


V. vacillans, Solander. A foot ora yard high, glabrous : branchlets yellowish-green : 
leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, entire or nearly so, pale or dull, commonly glau- 
cous, at least beneath: flowers in rather loose clusters: corolla oblong-campanulate or 
with obscurely narrowed orifice, 2 or 3 lines long, about the length of the pedicel: calyx- 
lobes proportionally large and roundish : berries bluish-black with a bloom, ripening later 
than the common low blueberries. — Gray, Man. 1. c.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 445. V. virgatum, 
Bigelow, not Ait. J. Pennsyleanicum, Torr. Fl. N. U. 8. i. 416, excl. char., not Lam.— 
Dry or sandy woodlands and rocky places, New England to N.Carolina and Missouri. 
Flowers generally on the leafless summits of the twigs, more greenish or yellowish than 
those of the next, and apt to be tinged with red. The commoner species of the Northern 
and Middle States west of the Alleghany Mountains. 


V.corymboésum, L. Tall, 5 to 10 feet high: branchlets yellowish-green turning brown- 
ish: leaves from ovate or oblong to elliptical-lanceolate: flowers more commonly race- 
mosely than corymbosely disposed on the naked twigs: corolla from turgid _ovate- to 
cylindraceous-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, commonly shorter than the pedicels, 3 or 4 
times the length of the lax calyx-lobes: berries blue-black with a copious bloom (except 
in one var.), ripening later than the preceding. — Smith in Rees Cycl. no. 13; Gray, Man. 
le. -V. disomorphum, Michx. 1. c.—Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and 
Canada through the Atlantic U. S. to Louisiana, but rare in the Mississippi region. The 
typical form of this, the common TaLt BiurBerry or Bice HucKkveserry, is minutely 


3 


bo 


Vaccinium. ERICACEZ. 


more or less pubescent when young, sometimes perfectly glabrous (var. glabrum, Gray, 
Man.), and commonly soon becoming so; the leaves with naked entire margins. ‘There 
are numerous gradations between the following forms :— 

Var. amcenum, Gray, a form with ciliate-serrulate or bristly-ciliate leaves, rather 
bright green both sides: pubescence slight or sparse. — Man. ed. 5, 292. 1. amenum, Ait. 
lc; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 138; Bot. Reg. t. 400. V. corymboswm, var. fuscatum, Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 34337 V. Marianum, grandiflorum & elongatum, Wats. Dendr. Brit.? — Mainly in 
the Middle Atlantic States. 

Var. pallidum, Gray, |. c., a pale and very glaucous or glaucescent form, with or 
without some pubescence, generally low; otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — V. pal- 
lidum, Ait. 1. c.; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. VF. albiflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3428. V. Con- 
stablei, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42; Chapm. 1. c.— Common through the Alleghanies 
southward, mostly on the tops of the higher mountains, and 2 to 4 feet high. 

Var. fuscdtum, a tall form, with the mature and entire leaves fuscous-pubescent 
beneath: flowers virgately somewhat spicate on the naked flowering twigs. — V. fuscatum, 
Ait. 1. ¢. — Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana. 

Var. atrocéccum, Gray, |. c., the most distinct form, with the permanently and at 
length rusty pubescent leaves of the foregoing, but with a more diffuse habit, rather 
smaller flowers, and berries purplish-black, without any bloom. — V. fuscatum, Gray, Man. 
ed. 1, 262. VF. disocarpwn, Bigelow, Bost. ed. 2, 151. —Common from N.‘England to Penn. 


++ ++ Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute: bracts less scdrious and more persistent. 

V. hirsutum, Buckley. A foot or two high: branchlets, entire ovate Jeaves, and even 
the ovoid-campanulate corolla pubescent with soft and short’ persistent spreading hairs: 
style hairy: hirsute berries bluish-Llack.— Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapm. |. c.— Moun- 
tains of Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, Buckley. Rare and little known: the local name is 
Besar HtucKLEBERRY. 


§ 38. Euvaccinium, Gray. (Bitserry.) Corolla from ovate to globular and 
more or less urceolate, 4—5-toothed, rose-color or nearly white: filaments glabrous: 
authers 2-awned on the back, included: ovary and berry 4—5-celled, with uo false 
partitions: leaves deciduous: flowers ou drooping pedicels, solitary or two to 
four together, developing with or soon after the leaves. . 


* Flowers 2 to 4 ina fascicle, or sometimes solitary, from a distinct scaly bud, in the manner of 
Cyanococcus, more commonly 4-nerous and 8-androus: leaves quite entire, and usually almost 
sessile: limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted: berries blackish-blue with a bloom. 

V. uligindsum, L. A span to a foot or two high, much branched, glabrous or minutely 
puberulent: leaves thickish, mostly pale or glaucescent, obovate, oval, or oblong-cuneate, 
obtuse or retuse, reticulate-veiny, especially beneath, half inch or more long: corolla ovate- 
or globular-urceolate: berry proportionally large, swectish.— Fl. Dan. t. 6@r; Reichenb. 
Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1168. V. pubescens, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1516. 1” gaultherioides, Bigel. — 
Arctic America to the alpine region of the mountains of New England, New York, and 
shore of Lake Superior, westward to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) In our northern 
regions low, in Oregon sometimes even 4 feet high. 

Var. mucronatum, Herder. Depressed-cespitose: leaves small, bright green 
both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucronate or cuspidate. 

— Alaska and Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. 


V. occidentale, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous: leaves thinner, glaucescent, 
obscurely veiny. from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish (half to 
three-fourths inch long): flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud: corolla oblong-ovate 
(1 or 2 lines long): berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter.— Bot. Calif. i. 451.— Sierra 
Nevada of California at 5-7000 feet, from Mariposa to Mt. Shasta, and Uinta Mts., Utah. 


V. salicinum, Cham. Depressed-cespitose: leaves cuncate-lanceolate and acuminate 
(4 to 8 lines long), tapering into a kind of petiole, bright green, coarsely reticulated beneath, 
entire: flowers solitary: “corolla cylindraceous-urceolate, 3 lines long.” — Spreng. Syst. 
Cur. Post. 147, & Linn. i. 525 (not Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 369),— Unalaschka, in moss, 
Chamisso. Perhaps this is only a remarkably narrow-leaved form of V. uliginosum, var. 
mucronatum. 


24 ERICACE. Vaccinium. 


* * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus: calyx less or very 
slightly lobed. 
+— Dwarf and cespitose: branches not angled. 

V. ceespitésum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves from obo- 
vate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, thickly serrulate, bright green both sides, , 
reticulate-veiny (one to three-quarters inch long): corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong: berry 
proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. — Hook. FL. ii. 33, t. 126; & Bot. Mag. t. 
3429. — Hudson’s Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains to Alaska. 

Var. arbuscula. Erect and a foot high, much branched : leaves obovate, thicker, 
little exceeding half an inch in length: flowers and berries rather smaller. ~~ Sierra 
Nevada, California, in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin. In Oregon passes into the ordinary form 
and into the following. 

Var. cuneifélium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate- 
cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form (var. angustifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 393) to spatulate-lanceolate and acute; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mem. 
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 262. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah to California, British 
Columbia, and east to Lake Superior. 

+ + Low: branches sharply angled and green: leaves small. 

V. Myrtillus, L. (Wnorrtuzerry, Bireerry.) A foot or less high, glabrous: leaves 
ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent 
narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long): limb of calyx almost entire: corolla 
globular-ovate: berries black, nodding. —Schk. Handb. t. 107; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. I. c. 
t. 1169; Hook. Fl. ii. 83. V. myrtilloides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 209, not of others. — 
Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Colorado and N. E. Utah, and north-west to 
Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) 

Var. microphyllum, Hook. 1, c.; aremarkable diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches 
high: leaves 2 to 4 lines long: corolla proportionally small, a line long: berries at first 
“light red.” — Higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah, and in the Sierra 
Nevada, California, down to 7000 feet. 

+— + + Mostly taller or tall, with spreading branches. 

V. myrtilloides, Hook. (Gray). Glabrous or glabrate, 1 to 5 feet high: branchlets 
slightly angled: leaves ovate or oval and oblong, sharply serrulate, membranaceous, green 
both sides, but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, an inch or two long, the larger or later 
mostly acute or acuminate: limb of calyx entire: corolla depressed-globular or semi- 
globose-urceolate (nearly 2 lines long and broad, yellowish or greenish-white with a purple 
tinge): pedicel erect in fruit: berry purplish-black, rather acid.— Gray, Man. ed. 5, 291. 
V. myrtilloides, partly, Hook. Fl. ii. 32,'& Bot. Mag. t. 3447 (excl. syn. Ait., &c. and var. 
rigidum), not Michx.! (which is V. Pennsylvanicum, var. angustifolium). V. membranaceum, 
Dougl. ined.; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 377, the larger-leaved coast form (V. myrtilloides, var. 
membranaceum, Hook. 1. c.).—Damp woods, Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and 
British Columbia. — There is nothing to prevent the retention of this specific name, 
going back only to Hooker, and excluding the original of Michaux. 

V. ovalifélium, Smith. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4 to 12 feet high, straggling: 
branchlets more or less angled: leaves oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely. 
mucronulate, entire or with a few irregular serratures, pale or glaucous, at least beneath 
(one or two inches long): corolla globose-ovoid: pedicel nodding in fruit: berries blue 
with a bloom. — Rees Cycl.L ¢.; Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 127; Gray, Man. lu V. Chamissonis, 
Bong. Sitk. 525. — Woods, Lake Superior (on the south shore, Robbins), and Oregon to 
Unalaschka. (Japan.) 

V. parvifélium, Smith, |. c. Glabrous, glaucescent, 6 to 12 feet high and straggling: 
branches and branchlets slender, sharply and conspicuously angled, green, articulated: 
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull, especially beneath, 
entire, one to three-quarters inch long: calyx 5-lobed: corolla globular: pedicel nodding 
in fruit: berries light red, rather dry, hardly edible. — Hook. 1. c. t. 128. — Shady and low 
woods, northern part of California, near the coast, to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. 


§ 4. Viris-Ipaia, Koch. Corolla, ovary, &c., as in the preceding section: 
filaments hairy: anthers awnless (at least in ours): leaves coriaceous and per- 


Vaccinium. ERICACE.E. WAS) 


sistent: flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds: bracteate and 
2-bracteolate. 
% Flowers 5-merous, 10-androus. 


V. ovatum, Pursh. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, rigid: branchlets pubes- 
cent: leaves thick and firiu, very utumerous, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
minutely and acutely serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, an inch or so 
long; the veins obscure or hidden: flowers in short and close axillary clusters; bracts ‘nd 
bractlets deciduous: corolla campanulate, 2 lines long, rose-color or flesh-color,» barely 
thrice the length of the triangular acute reddish calyx-lobes: berries reddish turning 
black, small, sweetish. — Fl. i. 290; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1354. V. lanceolatum, Dunal in DC. 
l.¢. 570, a narrow-leaved form. Jetagonia (Pyxothamnus) ovata, Nutt. 1.c.— Vancouver's 
Island to Montevey, &c., California, on hills near the coast. 

V. crassifélium, Andr. Procumbent, the trailing slender stems 2 or 3 feet long, 
glabrous or nearly so: leaves small, a quarter to half inch long, from oval to narrowly 
oblong, sparsely mucronate-serrulate or entire, shining: flowers few and almost sessile in 
small axillary clusters: bracts scaly-coriaceous, persistent: corolla globose-campanulate, 
nearly white: antheryt»lls barely pointed at apex: berries black. — Bot. Rep. t. 105; Bot. 
Mag. t. 1152; Chapm. Fl. 259. V”. curnosum, Pers. Syn. i. 479. V. myrtifolium, Michx. FI. i. 
229. Metagonia myrtifolia, Nutt. 1. ec. — Sandy bogs, N. Carolina to Georgia, near the coast. 
Habit of Cranberry. 

* %* Flowers 4-merous, 8-androus. 


V. Vitis-Idé@a, L. (Cowperry, Movstary Cranperry.) Almost glabrous, tufted, 3 
inches to a span or more high from creeping stems: leaves crowded, obovate or oval, 
emarginate (a quarter to over half inch long), shining above, paler and bristly dark-dotted 
beneath; the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate: flowers crowded in a short 
and terminal secund and nodding raceme: bracts reddish, nearly persistent: corolla white 
or rose-color, open-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed: berries dark red, acid and bitterish, 
edible when cooked (a fair substitute for cranberries).— Fl. Dan. t. 40; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 
t. 616. Vi punctatum, Lam. — Round the Arctic circle, south to the coast and mountains of 
N. New-England, and Lake Winipeg; on the western coast south to British Columbia. 
(Greenland to Japan.) 


§ 5. Oxycéccus. (Ozxycoceus, Pers.) Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted; the 
lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexed: anthers exserted, awnless, with 
very long terminal tubes: ovary and berry 4-celled, destitute of false partitions: 
flowers axillary and terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early 
summer ; fruit maturing in autumn. 


% Erect shrubs, with deciduous membranaceous leaves and berries of Huvaccinium, but corolla of 
true Oxycoccus : flowers solitary in the axils: pedicel bractless but minutely 2-bracteolate at base : 
corolla conical-rostrate in the bud, deeply 4-cleft: filaments villous. (V. Japonicum of Miquel is 
a very nearly related Japanese species.) —Vaccinium § Ozxycoccoides, Benth. & Hook. 

V. erythrocaérpon, Michx. Divergently branching shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, slightly 
pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate with bristle- 
tipped teeth, thin, bright green both sides, veiny, acute or merely obtuse at base (14 to 
3 inches long): pedicel about half the length of the leaf: corolla flesh-color (about half 
inch long): berry light red, turning nearly black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. — 
FI. i. 227. Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh, Fl. i. 264. 0. erythrocarpus, Ell. Sk. i. 447. — Damp 
woods in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia. 

*%* (CRANBERRY.) Trailing and creeping lignescent plants, with filiform stems, and small per- 
sistent leaves with entire revolute margins and the lower face whitened: filiform pedicels 1 to 4 
from a terminal scaly bud, erect. and bearing a flesh-colored or pale rose-colored flower nod- 
ding from its apex: corolla conical-cylindraceous in the bud, deeply 4-parted: filaments puberu- 
lent: berry red and acid. — Oxycoccus (Pers.), Benth. & Hook. 


V. Oxycéccus, L. (Smart Cranperry.) Stems very slender, creeping: leaves ovate, 
acute, 2 to 4 lines long; the margins much revolute: pedicels 1 to 4 in a fascicle from a 
terminal and not proliferous thin-scaly bud: filaments commonly fully half the length of 
the anthers: berry globose, a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, often spotted when 


26 ERICACEZ. Vaccinium. 


young. — Fl. Dan. t. 80. Ozxycoceus palustris, Pers. 1.c. O. vulgaris, Pursh,1.c. Schollera 
Oxycoccus, Roth. —Sphagnous swamps, around the subarctic zone, from Newfoundland 
and Labrador south to mountains of Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district, and to 
Alaska. (Greenland to Japan.) 

V.macrocarpon, Ait. (Larce Amer. Cranperry.) Stems stouter, 1 to 4 feet long, 
and with more ascending branches: leaves oblong or narrowly oval, obtuse, a third to half 
inch long; the margins less revolute ; veins evident: pedicels several and somewhat race- 
mose, the firmer scaly bracts separating as the bud develops above into a proliferous leafy 
shoot: filaments one third the length of the anthers: berry ovoid or oblong, half to three- 
fourths inch long (variable in shape and size, much larger than in the preceding). — Ait. 
Kew. ed. 1, ii. 18, t.7; Bot. Mag. t. 2896; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, t. 30. V. Oxycoccus, 
var. oblongifolius, Michx. 1. c. Oxycoceus macrocarpus, Pursh,,]. c.; Bart. Fl. i. t. 17. — Bogs, 
&c., Newfoundland to N. Carolina, through Northern States and Canada to Saskatchewan. 
Said by Hooker to abound at the mouth of Columbia River ? 


3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Crerrive Syowserry. (From yi, snow, 
and 7€voc, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) — Flowers very small 
and inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the small Thyme-like leaves, on short 
nodding peduncles; a pair of large ovate persistent bractlets under ‘the calyx. 
Tube of the latter adnate to the lower half of the ovary, or rather more; the 
limb 4-parted. Corolla little exceeding the calyx, 4-cleft, greenish-white. Sta- 
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk: filaments very short and broad: 
cells of the anther ovate-oblong, separate, neither awned on the back nor pro- 
duced into tubes, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large 
chink down to the middle or lower. Style columnar. Berry globular, crowned 
by the 4 short calyx teeth, largely inferior, the calyx-tube being now almost 
wholly adnate. Seeds rather numerous, obliquely obovate, with a close and firm 
coriaceous minutely reticulated coat. — Genus naturally related rather to Gaultheria 
and Pernettya than to Vaceinium, except in the adnation of the calyx. 

C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. A slender trailing or creeping evergreen, with the habit 
of Cranberry, the aroma and taste of Wintergreen or Sweet Birch: filiform branches 
strigose-hispid: leaves ovate, with rounded or obtuse base and revolute margins, thick- 
coriaceous, 2 to 4 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous, except the scattered rusty bristles of 
the margins and lower surface: bractlets foliaceous and almost equalling the flower: 
white berry also minutely bristly, slightly spicy but otherwise insipid, ripe late in summer. 
—Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 450, t. 68; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Trans. Hort. 
Soc. Lond. ii. 94. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. (excl. syn.); Michx. Fl. i. 228, t. 23, Arbutus 
Jiliformis, Lam. Dict. i. 228. A. thymifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 72. Oxycoccus hispidulus, Pers. ; 
Nutt. Gen. i. 251. Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 283, t.18 (bad). G. hispidula, Muh. 
Cat.; Hook. Fl. ii. 86. Glycyphylla hispidulu, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Phulerocurpus 
serpyllifolus, G. Don, Syst. iii. 841; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 577; Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 67 (char. 
bad). — Sphagnous swamps and damp woods, Newfoundland to the northern Rocky Moun- 


tains, and in the Atlantic States south to the cooler parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 
thence along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. 


C. Japonica, a second species (C. hispidula, Miquel), the representative in Japan, has 
obovate or oval leaves, all acute or tapering at base. 


4, ARBUTUS, Tourn. (Classical Latin name.) — Low trees or shrubs (of 
5. Europe and W. America from Oregon to Mexico) ; with evergreen and cori- 
aceous alternate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a 
terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, 
5-parted. Corolla from globular to ovate. Ovary ona hypogynous disk : ovules 
crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style 
rather long: stigma obtuse. Berry more or less eatable. 


Arctostaphylos. ERICACEE. 27 


A, LAuriFotia, L.f. Suppl. 238, may be Prunus Caroliniana, but is indeterminable. 
A. LANCEOLATA, Lam. Dict. i. 227, is possibly the same, but has no valid foundation, having 
been described solely from a sterile branch of some cultivated shrub of uncertain origin. 
A. Acaviensis, L., founded on u phrase cited from Tournefort, which cannot be found, is 
wholly obscure. 

A. Menziésii, Pursh. (MaproXa.) Tree 80 to 100 feet high, with trunk a foot or two 
in diameter in northern habitats, a shrub in its southern: bark close and smooth by exfoli- 
ation, turning brownish-red: leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, paler beneath, 3 to 
5 inches long: spicate racemes minutely pubescent: corolla globular, white: berries dry, 
somewhat drupaceous, hardly eatable, orange-color. — Hook. Fl. ii. 836; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 42, 
t.95; Newberry in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 23, fig.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 452. A. procera, Dougl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 67 (small-leaved Mexican form), 
not L.f. .1. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 
U.S. 17, the small-leaved form of Texas and Mexico, possibly distinct, but apparently a 
mere form of the Pacific species. — Puget Sound and southward through the coast-region 
of California to Arizona? and W. Texas. (Mex.) 


5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearserry, Manzanita. (Com- 


posed of @oxrog, a bear, and otagvi;, grape or berry.) —Shrubs or small trees ; 
with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers, chiefly in 
racemes, spikes, or panicles, both bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers nearly as in 
the preceding genus, but less rarely 4-merous, and ovules solitary in the cells, 
which become bony nutlets or combine into « few-several-celled stone ; the drupes 
somewhat bitter or astringent, or in Californian species subacid and more or 
less edible. Leaves in the erect species almost always more or less vertical by a 
twisting of the petiole. ‘ Fl. spring. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 581. 
§1. Arcréus. Flowers preceding the thin and deciduous leaves: fruit juicy. 


A. alpina, Spreng. Depressed or prostrate and tufted, rising little above the ground, 
glabrate: leaves obovate with a tapering base, conspicuously rugose-reticulated, ciliate - 
when young: flowers few in a fascicle from a terminal lax-scaly bud: drupe rather large, 
black, containing 4 or 5 stones. — Syst. ii. 287; DC. Prodr. vii. 584. Arbutus alpina, L. ; 
Fi. Dan. t. 73; Engl. Bot. t. 2030. — Arctic America, south to Newfoundland and alpine 
summits in New England ; also northern Rocky Mountains and Aleutian Islands. (Arctic- 
alpine round the Old World.) 


§ 2. Uva-Grsr. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, in erect species inclined to be 
vertical, and the bark mahogany-color: drupe smooth, mealy ; its nutlets separate 
or separable, or irregularly coalescent: bracts persistent and usually becoming 
rigid. — Xerobotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 267. Daphnido- 
staphylis, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 80. 

* Depressed-trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristly hairs: flowers 


rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long: ovary and reddish fruit glabrous: nutlets 1- 
nerved on the back. 


A. Uva-trsi, Spreng. (Brargerry.) Leaves oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less 
long, tapering into a petiole: fruit insipid. — A. officinalis, Wimmer, Koch. Arbutus Uva- 
ursi, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 6; Bigel. Med. Bot. t.6. Daphnidostaphylis Fendleriana, Klotzsch in 
Linn. xxiv. 81. — Rocky or sandy ground, Penn. to New Mexico, N. California, and north 
to the arctic circle. (Arctic-montane Eu. & Asia.) 

A. Nevadénsis. Leaves obovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate, 
thicker, abruptly petioled: berries subacid.— A. pungens, var. (small Manzanita), Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 453. — Sierra Nevada, California, common at 8-10,000 feet. Rising only a 
few inches, or at most a foot above the surface of the ground, from rigid procumbent main 
stems: apparently there are no transitions into A. pungens, which is sometimes found at 
the same altitudes. 


28 ERICACEAE. Arctostaphylos. 


%* %* Erect low shrubs, with mostly clustered short racemes or spikes: flowers only a line or two 
long: leaves half inch or at most an inch long. 

A. ptmila, Nutt. <A foot or less high, tomentulose: leaves pale, oblong-obovate, obtuse 
or retuse, sometimes obscurely mucronulate, entire, short-petioled: fruit unknown. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 266; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c.  Daphnidostaphylis pumila, 
Klotzsch, 1. c.— Monterey, California, Nuttall, Rich. Not yet met with by recent col- 
lectors. 

A. Hoodkeri, Don. A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate: leaves green, 
ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinulose-denticulate, slen- 
der-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish. — Syst. iii. 836. Arbutus pungens, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech, 144. Andromeda? venulosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys 
venulosus & Arctostaphylos acuta? Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Lc. A. pungens, partly, 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 453, into which it may pass. But the smaller forms seem quite distinct, 
and the drupes are very small. — Monterey, &c., California. 

A. nummularia, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, excepting scattered setose 
bristles on the branches and short petioles, very leafy: leaves mostly broadly oval with 
both ends rounded or the base slightly cordate, usually entire, bright green: fruit unknown. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1.¢. — Mendocino plains, California, Bolander. 

* * %* Erect shrubs or low trees, with short clusteréd racemes: flowers 3 or 4lines long and drupes 
4 or 5 lines in diameter, yellowish turning reddish: leaves 1 to 3 inches long. 

A. Anders6nii, Gray. Long and spreading bristles copious on the branchlets, &c. (along 
with fine pubescence) : leaves thin, bright green, glabrous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan- 
ceolate, with a sagittate or cordate base, sessile or very short-petioled, conspicuously 
spinulose-serrulate or rarely entire: drupes depressed, densely clothed with exceedingly 
viscid-tipped bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Santa Cruz, California, 
under Redwoods, Anderson. 

A. tomentdésa, Dougl. Tomentose or pubescent when young, and the branchlets, &c., 
usually bristly: leaves pale, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, entire or sparingly 
spinulose-serrulate, petioled ; the base acutish, rounded or subcordate : ovary hirsute : drupes 
minutely puberulent or becoming glabrous. (Runs into endless forms, of which one has 
narrow-oblong and rather small leaves, acutish at base, apparently connecting with the 
next species.) — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1791. A. cordifolia, Lindl. 1.c. Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh. 
Fl. i. 282; Hook. FI. ii. 36, t. 130, & Bot. Mag. t. 3320. Andromeda? bracteosa, DC. Prodr. 
vii. 607. Xerobotrys tomentosus, cordifolius, & argutus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. 
viii. 268. — Dry hills, from Puget Sound to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. The 
berries are used in California in infusion for a subacid drink. Nutlets 8 to 10, either all 
separate or some united in pairs. 

A. pingens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to20 fect high: leaves 
thick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate, commonly mucro- 
nate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled: pedicels glabrous: 
drupes smooth and glabrous: nutlets thick-walled, carinate or thickened on the back, 
sometimes firmly coalescent. —Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 278, t. 259; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2987; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 17; Torr. in Emory Rep. t.7; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 453, in part. 
Daphnidostaphylis pungens, Klotzsch, 1. c. — Arizona and S. Utah to California. (Mex.) 

Var. platyphylla, the commoner Manzanita in California, especially northward, 
reaching Oregon, Nevada, and Utah: leaves pale or glaucescent, oblong to orbicular, 1 to 2 
inches long, commonly muticous. — Arctostuphylos glauca, Watson, Bot. King, 210, &c., not 
Lindl. A. pungens, Gray, 1. c., partly. 


§ 3. XyLocéccus. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire : drupe not warty, 
ovoid-globose, with a thin pulp and a thick completely solid woody or bony 1-6- 
celled putamen. — Xylococeus, Nutt. 1. c. vii. 258. 


A. glatica, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 24 feet high, wholly glabrous except the glandular-pubes- 
cent slender pedicels: leaves, &c.,as of A. pungens, var. platyphylla, or paler: drupes half an 
inch or more in diameter, minutely glandular, sometimes viscid, with a thin flesh around 
the solid mucronate-apiculate stone: seeds and cells 4 to 6, or by abortion fewer, very 
small in proportion to the size of the putamen. — Bot. Reg., under 1791; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 454 — California, commoner from Monterey southward. Except by the larger and solid 
drupe hardly distinguishable from the common glaucous variety of A. pungens. 


Epigea. ERICACE.E. 29 


A. bicolor, Gray. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high: leaves petioled, not vertical, oblong-oval, 
thin-coriaceous, pinnately-veined, 1 or 2 inches long, white-tomentose beneath, as are the 
ovate obtuse bracts and much imbricated sepals: pedicels very short: corolla rose-color, 
3 or 4 lines long: filaments filiform: drupe 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. Le. Xylucuccus bicolor, Nutt. 1.c.— San Diego Co., California, Nuttall, 
Cooper, Cleveland, &c. Fl. February. 


A. Clevelandi. More pubescent: leaves sessile, narrower, acuminate, margins more 
revolute: inflorescence leafy : bracts and sepals acute: corolla 4 lines long, equalled by 
the pedicels: fruit unknown. (When the fruit becomes known, it may refer this recently 
discovered species to the following section.) — Potrero, San Diego Co., California, Cleve- 
land. Fl. Sept. 

§ 4. Comarostipnyiis. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen: drupe with granulate 
or warty surface and a solid few-celled putamen. — C'omarostaphylis, Zucc. 

A. polifélia, HBK. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous: leaves linear-lanceolate, pale 
beneath: flowers in a loose terminal raceme or panicle: calyx-lobes triangular and acute: 
corolla reddish, ovoid: drupe dark purple, small. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 277, t. 258; Torr. 
Mex. Bound. 108. — California, on the southern boundary, and Mexico. 


6. EPIG4cA, L. Mayrrower. (Formed of ‘emt, upon, 7), the earth, from 
the mode of growth.) — Prostrate or somewhat creeping; the short slender stems 
barely shrubby, rusty-bristly, leafy only toward the summit of the flowering 
shoots ; the leaves petioled, alternate, thin-coriaceous, veiny, pale green, persistent, 
round-oval or elliptical, mostly cordate, entire. Flowers in earliest spring, almost 
sessile in a short and close terminal cluster, bracteate and 2-bracteolate ; the 
somewhat scale-like persistent bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate 
and acuminate, nearly scarious and often purplish. Lobes of the corolla oval, 
either quincuncially imbricated in the bud or imbricate-convolute. Capsule 
depressed-globose and somewhat 5-angled, bristly, thin-walled. Seeds numerous 
on the much-projecting placentz, round-oval, with a close and thin reticulated 
coat. The flowers are heteromorphous and inclined to be dicecious or dicecio-dimor- 
phous. Those with fully polliniferous anthers seldom set fruit: their stigmas short, 
erect, slightly projecting beyond the margin of the 5-toothed ring (to the teeth of 
which they severally are adnate); the style sometimes longer than the stamens 
and projecting, sometimes shorter and included. Fully fertile flowers on other 
plants; their style (as in the former sort sometimes long and exserted, sometimes 
shorter and included) with stigmas elongated and much surpassing the ring, short- 
linear, glutinous, radiately divergent; their stamens either slightly polliniferous, 
or reduced to abortive filaments, or even wanting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 293, & 
Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xii. 74. 

E. répens, L. (Mayriower, Traine Arnutus, Grounp Lauret.) Flowers mostly 
numerous or several in the cluster, spicy-fragrant: corolla rose-color to almost white, 
bearded inside; its tube more or less exceeding the calyx. — Lam. Ill. t. 867; Andr. Bot. 
Rep. t. 102; Bot. Reg. 3, t. 201; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 884.— Gravelly or sandy wood- 
lands in- the shade of evergreens, Newfoundland westward to Saskatchewan, and south to 
Kentucky and Florida. (The other and very nearly related species is £. Asiatica, Maxim., 
of Japan.) 


7. GAULTHERIA, Kalm, L. Aromatic Winter@reEn. (Dedicated by 
Kalm to “ Dr. Gaulthier ” of Quebec, whose name, as appears from the records, 
was written Gaultier. The genus therefore should not be written Gualtheria, 
(Scop., &e.), nor Gualteria, Gautiera, &c.,as by others. If changed at all, the right 


+ 


80 ERICACE®. Gaultheria. 


orthography would be Gaultiera.) — Shrubs or almost herbaceous plants (Asiatic 
and American); with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy- 
aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer, 
succeeded by red or blackish “ berries,” consisting of the at length baccate calyx 
enclosing the capsule. Cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore, and 
commonly tipped with two points or awns. Stigma truncate or obtuse, entire. 
Disk 10-toothed or of 10 scales. Ovary and capsule depressed, umbilicate, com- 
monly 5-lobed: placenta ascending, although often borne toward the summit of 
the short columella. Seeds very many, with a close shining coat. Pedicels or 
calyx bracteolate. 
* Corolla short-campauulate, 5-lobed: filaments glabrous: apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed. 
G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few inches high: leaves 
orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped teeth (half inch to inch and a 
half long): pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5-bracteolate: fruit scarlet, with 
pineapple flavor.— Fl. ii. 385, t. 129. Vuccinium humifusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 
1831, 8.— Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward and in Utah, and northern borders 
of California, to Brit. Columbia. One form glabrous or nearly so, with small round leaves; 
another with rusty hirsute hairs on the stem and calyx, and larger ovate leaves. 
%* %* Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed: filaments hairy: anthers 4-awned at the summit. 


G. proctimbens, L. (WrnTerGreen, CHECKERBERRY, Boxperry.) Nearly glabrous 
and as if herbaceous: slender but ligneous stems extensively creeping, generally under- 
ground, sending up flowering shoots a span high: leaves crowded towards the top, obovate 
and oval, mucronate, more or less serrulate with bristly-tipped teeth: pedicels mostly soli- 
tary in the axils, 2-bracteolate close under the calyx: fruit red, this and the foliage 
aromatic-tasted, with flavor as of Sweet Birch, but warmer. — Lam. II. t. 367; Andr. Bot. 
Rep. t. 316; Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii. 27, t.12; Bot. Mag. t. 1966. Gautiera procumbens, Torr. 
Fl. N. Y. i. 483. — Low woods under evergreens, Newfoundland to L. Superior and sub- 
arctic Amer., and through the Atlantic States southward to upper Georgia. 

G. Shallon, Pursh. (Savat.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rather stout spreading 
stems: branches, pedicels, and even the corollas-glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves 
ovate or obscurely cordate, acuminate, strongly serrulate (2 to 4 inches long): racemes 
from large both terminal and axillary chartaceous-scaly buds, elongated, many-flowered, 
secund: scaly bracts persistent: pedicels 2-bracteolate below the middle: corolla large for 
the genus (3 or 4 lines long), viscid: fruit purple becoming black, eaten by Indians under 
the name of “shallon” (Lewis & Clark) or salal.— Fl. i. 284, t. 12; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 2843, & FL ii. 85; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1411. — Shady woods, Brit. Columbia along and 
near the coast to the mountains behind Santa Barbara, California. 


8. ANDROMEDA, L. (Fancifully named in allusion to the fable of An- 
dromeda. See the poetical account by Linneus, under the original species, in 
Fl. Lapp. 126.) — Shrubs; with evergreen or deciduous and broad or rather nar- 
row mostly petioled leaves, and umbellate-fascicled or paniculate racemose flowers, 
in spring or early summer; all of the northern hemisphere. Calyx naked at 
base, usually very early open in the bud, 5-parted or of nearly separate sepals, 
the edges of which do not overlap even at the base. Corolla white or rose-color. 
— Gray, Man. ed. 2, 253, & ed. 5, 295. Andromeda, Zenobia (Don), Pieris 
(Don), & Lyonia (Nutt.), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587. 


§ 1. Evanprémepa. Corolla globose-urceolate : calyx small, deeply 5-parted, 
early open: filaments bearded and not appendaged: anthers short; each cell 
surmounted by a slender ascending awn: placentae attached next the summit of 
the columella: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a smooth and shining 
crustaceous coat. — Andromeda, Don, DC., Benth. & Hook. 


Andromeda. ERICACE.®. 31 


A. polifolia, L. Shrub a foot or so high, glabrous and glaucous: the firm-coriaceous 
and evergreen Rosemary-like leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, with strongly revo- 
lute margins, white beneath: flowers (early spring) in a small terminal umbel: pedicels 
from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked.— Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f.3; Fl. Dan. t. 54. 
A, rosmarinifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. glaucophylla, Link, Enum. i. 394.— Wet bogs, &e., 
from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the Pacific side from Norfolk Sound to the 
arctic coast. Capsule in the American specimens more or less depressed, in the European 
higher than broad. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


§ 2. Zexévia. Corolla open-campanulate, obtusely 5-lobed: calyx barely 5- 
parted, thickish, with the thin margins valvate in the early bud: filaments naked, 
abruptly dilated at base: anthers lanceolate; each cell surmounted by a pair of 
slender ascending awns: capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, and some- 
what carinate at the dorsal sutures: placenta on the middle of the very short 
columella: seeds oval, angled, with a rather soft minutely reticulated coat. — 
Zenobia, Dou, &e. 

A. speciésa, Michx. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous: leaves cori- 
aceous, but deciduous, oval or oblong (an inch or two long), commonly crenulate or 
sparsely serrulate, reticulate-veiny: flowers in umbel-like fascicles from axillary buds, 
mostly racemose on naked branches of the preceding year: pedivels naked, drooping: 
calyx-lobes triangular, short: corolla white (a third of an inch high and wide). Varies 
from bright green to chalky-white with a dense glaucous bloom. — FI. i. 256; Pursh, FI. i. 
294; Lodd. Cab. t. 551. A. nitida, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 970. A. cussinefolia nuda, Vent. Cels., 
1.60. Zenobia speciosa, Don, 1. c. The following relate to the var. pulverulenta, Michx., i.e. 
the white glaucous form: Andromeda pulveruenta, Bartr. Trav. 476, with plate; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 667. A. cassinefolia pulverulenta, Vent. Malm. t. 79. A. dealbuta, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1010, a state with corolla 5-parted. — Low pine-barrens, Florida to N. Carolina. 


§ 3. PortGna. Corolla ovate-urceolate, 5-toothed: calyx deeply 5-parted ; 
the lobes firm-coriaceous and thick-edged, ovate-lanceolate, strictly valvate in the 
bud: filaments not appendaged: anthers oblong; the cells each with a slender 
deflexed awn on the back at the junction with the filament: capsule globose, not 
thickened at the sutures: placenta borne on the summit of the columella: seeds 
mostly scobiform: flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, formed during the 
preceding summer, remaining naked until early the following spring, when the 
(white) blossoms unfold: pedicels minutely bracteate and 2-3-bracteolate : leaves 
coriaceous, evergreen. — Portuna, Nutt.l.c. Pieris § Portuna & § Phillyreoides, 
Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Here also belong A. Cubensis, Griseb., A. Japonica, 'Thunb., 
and A. formosa, Wall.) 


A. floribinda, Pursh. Shrub 2 to 6 fect high, very leafy: young branchlets, &c., 
strigose with rusty or dark hairs: leaves thinnish-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, acute or 
acuminate, minutely serrulate and bristly-ciliate, rounded at base, somewhat glandular- 
dotted beneath (2 inches long): racemes crowded in a terminal short panicle, densely 
flowered: corolla (3 lines long) strongly 5-angled and at base 5-saccate, twice the length of 
the calyx: seeds linear-oblong with a very loose cellular coat, large, all pendulous from 
the summit of the cell.—Fl. i. 293; Bot. Mag. t. 1566; Bot. Reg. t. 807. A. (Leucothoe) 
montana, Buckley in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. Leucothoe floribunda, Don, 1. c. Zenobia 
floribunda, DC. 1. ¢. Portuna floribunda, Nutt. 1. c.— Moist shaded hills, in the Allegha- 
nies, Virginia to Georgia. 

A. phillyreifélia, Hook. Shrub a foot or two high, nearly glabrous: branches slender, 
alternately leafy and scaly-bracteate: leaves firm-coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 
obtuse, more or less serrulate or few-toothed near the apex (an inch or two long) : racemes 
solitary and axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered: bracts deciduous: corolla ovoid, not angled, 
twice the length of the calyx: seeds small and short, borne on all sides of the placente, 
which occupy the middle of the cells of the depressed-globular umbilicate capsule; the 


32 ERICACE. Andromeda. 


minutely reticulated coat conformed to the nucleus. —Ic. Pl. t. 122; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. 
t. 36; Chapm. Fl. 262. Pieris phillyreifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 699.— Wet pine barrens, W. 
Florida, especially Apalachicola. 


§ 4. Pitris. Corolla from ovate-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed : calyx 
of 5 nearly distinct and early open sometimes herbaceous sepals: filaments nar- 
row, usually pubescent or ciliate, 2-setose or 2-toothed at or below the apex (these 
teeth or awn-like appendages spreading or recurved, rarely obsolete): anthers 
oblong, awnless: dorsal sutures of the 5-angular capsule with more or less of 
a thickened ridge (sometimes separating iu dehiscence) : placente usually borne 
about the middle of the columella and of the cells: seeds scobiform or oblong 
and with a loose thin coat. — Pieris § 1 & § 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. ¢. — Original 
Pieris, Don, is Asiatic, with racemes chiefly terminating leafy branches ; and the 
seeds pendulous. The two American, of subsection Maria (Pieris § Maria, Benth. 
& Hook.), bear the flowers in axillary umbels or fascicles, the pedicels scarious- 
bracteate and bracteolate at base; and the placentz as low as the middle of the 
columella; the seeds therefore in all directions. All combine into one subgenus 
in structure of flower, capsule, and bisetose filaments. 

%* Leaves thick-coriaceous and evergreen: sepals thickish and rigid, purplish: flowers honey- 

scented, in early spring. 

A. nitida, Bartr. (Frrrer-susu.) Very glabrous, 2 to 6 feet high, and with acutely 
triangular branches: leaves Myrtle-like, rigid, bright green, very shining above, punc- 
ticulate beneath, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, the minutely revolute edge 
‘bordered by an intramarginal nerve: flower-clusters in the axils of the persistent leaves of 
the preceding year: corolla ovoid-cylindraceous with contracted orifice (3 or 4 lines long, 
from white to rose-red) : filaments nearly glabrous, bearing the sctiform small appendages 
close to the summit: style abruptly fusiform-thickened above the middle: capsule ovoid- 
globose, little exceeding the calyx. — Bartram, Cat. & in Marsh. Arbust. (1785) 8; Walt. 
Car. 187; Michx. Fl. i. 252. A. lucida, Lam. Dict. i. 157 (1783), not Jacq. A. corsacea, Ait. 
Kew. ed. 1 (1789), ii. 70; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1095. A. Mariana, Jacq, Ic. Rar. iii. t. 465, 
not L. A. marginata, Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 188, t. 40. A. myrtifolia, Salisb. A. odovata, 
Raf., a form with smaller and rhombic-obovate obtuse leaves. Lyonia marginata, Don. 
Leucothoe coriacea, DC., exel. syn. A. rhomboidalis ? L. marginata, Spach. — Low pine barrens, 
N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba: A. lacustris, C. Wright.) 


%* % Leaves almost membranaceous, deciduous: flowers (late spring or summer) consequently on 
leafless branches of the previous year, in the manner of Zenobia: sepals thinner, larger, and 
nearly foliaceous, deciduous with the leaves! (Leucothoe § Maria, DC.) 

A. Mariana, L. (Sracerr-susu.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high: 
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, loosely veiny (1 to 3 inches 
long): fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots: corolla cylindraceous-cam- 
panulate with slightly narrowed orifice, white or pale rose-color (almost half inch long): 
filaments hairy outside; their very small setose appendages below the summit, occasionally 
obsolete or wanting: capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex; the pla- 
cente low down.—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1579; Duham. 1. c. t. 87; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 296. 
A. pulchella, Salisb. Lyonia Mariana, Don,1.c. Leucothoe Mariana; DC. 1. e. — Low grounds, : 
Rhode Island to Florida along the low country; also Arkansas and Tennessee. Foliage 
said to be poisongus to lambs and calves. 


§ 5. Lyénia. Corolla from globular to urceolate, pubescent or glandular : 
calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft; the valvate lobes early open, short: filaments flat, 
pubescent; these and the short anthers both destitute of appendages or awns: 
capsule as in the preceding section, i. e. with ribs at the dorsal sutures which are 
more or less separable in dehiscence: placenta on the apex of the columella 
and at the top of the cells: seeds all pendulous, narrow, scobiform, having a loose 


Leucothoe. ERICACE. 33 


and thin cellular-reticulated testa: flowers (small and white) racemose or fascicled : 

bracts minute and deciduous. — Lyonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 266; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 

ii, 587. 

‘% Lepidote-scurfy, not pubescent: flowers fascicled in the axils of persistent coriaceous leaves. 

A. ferruginea, Walt. Low shrub, or taller and arborescent : leaves rigid, cuneatc-obo- 
vate, rhombic-obovate, or cuneate-oblong, entire, with revolute margins (1 or 2 inches long), 
smooth and shining above, or obscurcly lepidote when young, grayish or ferrugineous- 
lepidote beneath, much exceeding the flower-clusters: capsule oval-pentagonal, barely 
2 lines long. — Car. 138; Michx. Fl. i. 252; Vent. Malin. t. 80. A. ferruginea & uA. rigida, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 295; Lodd. Cab. t. 430. Lyonia ferruginea & L. rigida, Nutt. 1. ¢.— Michaux’s 
two forms are pretty well marked, viz. var. urborescens, with narrower less reticulated 
leaves, usually crowded ; and var. fruticosa, with sparser leaves conspicuously reticulated, 
mostly cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal. To this belongs A. rhomboidalis, “ Veill.” in Duham. 
Arb. ed. nov. i. 192, therefore Leucothoe rhomboidalis, Don, 1. c.— Sandy pine barrens, 
S. Carolina to Florida. (W. Ind. & Mex. ?) 

* * Somewhat pubescent, but not scurfy: leaves deciduous: flowers racemose-panicled. 

A. ligistrina, Muhl. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, much branched: pubescence minute: 
leaves from obovate or broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong (1 or 2 inches long), thinnish, 
obscurely serrulate or entire: racemes few-leaved at base, or mainly from separate buds 
(in summer), crowded in naked or leafy panicles: pedicels cither scattered or fascicled: 
corolla globose, barely 2 lines long: capsule globular: seeds oblong, obtuse at each end. — 
Ell. Sk. i. 490; Torr. Fl 421; Gray, Man. loc. A. paniculata, Nit.; Michx. Fl. i. 254, 
partly, not L. (except as tosyn. Pluk.). A. racemosa, Lam., not L.  Vaceinium ligustrinum, L. 
Spec. i. 351. Lyonia paniculata, Nutt. 1c. LE. liqustrina, DC. 1c. L. paniculata, caprew folia, 
salicifolia, & multiflora, Wats. Dendr. t. 37, 127, 128.— Wet grounds, Canada to Florida and 
Arkansas. 

Var. pubéscens. A form cinereous with dense and soft fine pubescence. — .1. fron- 
dosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 295 (anthers not awned in specimen of herb. Enslin); Ell. loc. A. 
paniculata, var. foliosiflora, Michx. 1. ¢., in part. Lyonia frondosa, Nutt. 1. c.— Virginia? to 
Georgia. 


9. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sornret-tree, Sovr-woop. (Composed of 
okve, sour, and d¢vdoor, tree, from the acid foliage. O:xydendron, Benth. & Hook., 
but DeCandolle’s form follows the analogy of Hpidendrum.) — A single species, 
with Peach-like foliage: fl. summer. 

O. arb6éreum, DC. Tree 15 to 40 feet high: leaves membranaceous and deciduous, 
oblong or lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long), acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, or at first glaucous, 
veiny, slender-petioled: inflorescence a panicle of many-flowered racemes terminating the 
leafy shoots of the season, appearing in early summer: flowers tardily opening: corolla 
from cylindraceous- to ovate-conical (3 lines long), whitc, minutely pubescent. — Prodr. 
vii. 601. Andromeda arborea, TL. (Catesb. Car. t.71); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 905; Michx. 
f. Sylv. iii. t. 7; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. 1, t. 30. Lyonia arborea, Don, 1. ¢. — Rich woods, 
Penn., Ohio, and along the Alleghany region to Florida. 


10. LEUCOTHOE, Don. (Mythological; the name of one of the fifty 
daughters of Nereus.) North and South American and Japanese shrubs, of 
various habit ; with entire or serrulate leaves, and racemose chiefly white flowers. 
—Don in Edinb. Jour. xvii. 159; Gray, Man. 1. c. Leucothoe & Agarista (at 
least mainly), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 584, 586. (Agarista of Don is evidently 
founded on the Mauritius and Bourbon species, the section Agaur/a, DC., genus 
Agauria, Benth. & Hook., to which are added S. American species, all or chiefly 
belonging to Leucothoe.) 


§1. Evtevcotuor. Calyx not bracteolate, 5-parted; the divisions usually 
only early or slightly overlapping, herbaceous or membranaceous: anthers awn- 
3 


54 ERICACE. Leucothoe. 


less: leaves coriaceous and evergreen: bractlets at or near the base of the pedi- 
cels ; these articulated with the flower. 


* (Nearest Gaultheria.) Racemes dense and spike-like, sessile in the axils of persistent leaves of 
the former season, developing in spring, at first resembling catkins; the ovate concave scaly 
persistent bracts being imbricated, little shorter than the pedicels : filaments minutely scabrous 
nearly straight: anther-cells obscurely or manifestly bimucronate : stigma large, depressed-capi- 
tate and 5-rayed. Glabrous shrubs with green erect and recurving branches, and serrulate leayes 
bright green and shining above and loosely pinnately veined. 

L. axillaris, Don. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; often minutely pubescent when young: 
leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly with an abrupt acumi- 
nation, serrulate mainly toward the apex with cartilaginous or somewhat spinulose teeth: 
petioles very short: sepals broadly ovate and obviously imbricated.— Gray, Man. l.c.; 
Chapm. FI. 261; also DC. Prodr. vii. 601, excl. var. & habitat. Andromeda axillaris, Lam. 
Dict. i. 157; Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 69; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. t. 39.—Low grounds, Vir- 
ginia to Florida and Alabama toward the coast; not in the mountains. 

L. Catesbei, Gray. Shoots longer (3 to 6 feet) and more recurving, glabrous: leaves 
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate and tapering into a long and slender acumination, serrulate 
throughout with appressed strongly ciliate-spinulose teeth (4 to 7 inches long), conspicu- 
ously petioled: sepals ovate-oblong, not overlapping in the flower: capsule chartaceous, 
depressed, strongly lobed: seeds oval, flat, with a loose cellular-reticulated coat much 
larger than the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2, 252, & ed. 5, 294. Andromeda Catesbei, Walt. Car. 
137; Willd. Spee. ii. 613 (exel. syn. Catesb.); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1955; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 
1320. A. Walter’, Willd. Enum, 453. A. lanceolata, Desf.? A. avilluris, Michx. Fl. i. 253, 
chiefly. A. avillaris, var. longifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 293; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2357, hardly Lam. 
A. spinulosa, Pursh, 1. ¢., excl. habitat. Leucothoe spinulosa, Dong 1. c.5 DC. 1. ¢., excl. syn, 
Duham, &c. — Moist banks of streanis, Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains. 
(Pursh characterized the two species, but transposed the habitats.) Flowers later than the 
other, and with the unpleasant odor of chestnut-blossoms. 

%* * Racemes loose and few-flowered in the axils of the persistent reticulated leaves: bracts and 
bractlets minute: pedicels slender: filaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved toward the apex (in the 
manner of Brazilian species): anthers nearly pointless: stigma small. 

L. acuminata, Don. (Pire-woop.) Shrub 3 to 12 feet high, with spreading hollow 
branches, glabrous, or puberulent when young: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu- 
minate, with callous entire or obscurely serrulate margin, rounded at base, short-petioled ; 
the midrib only prominent; the veins and veinlets all minute and finely reticulated: 
racemes shorter than the leaves: calyx very short and small at base of the cylindraceous 
(4 or 5 lines long) corolla: capsule coriaceous: seeds oblong, pendulous. — Andromeda 
acuminata, Ait. 1. e.; Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. A. lueida, Jacq. Ie. Rar. i. t. 79. A. populi- 
folia, Lam. Dict. i. 159. A. retiewata, Walt. Car. 137. A. laurina, Michx. Fl. i. 258.— 
Sandy swamps, coast of S. Carolina to E. Florida. 

* * % Racemes clustered in a terminal naked panicle: bracts and bractlets small and scarious or 
whitish: pedicels short: tilaments glabrous, slender, straight: anther-cells 2-mucronate: stigma 
rather small, 5-rayed. 

L. Davisize, Torr. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy, nearly glabrous: leaves oblong, 
obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, bright green (1 to 3 inches long): racemes nearly 
sessile, slender, many-flowered: flowers recurved-pendulous (38 lines long): divisions of the 
deeply parted whitish calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse, not overlapping in the flower: seeds 
pendulous, oblong, flat, scobiform, the thin reticulated coat being much larger than the 
oval nucleus, and its margin densely fimbriate with clavate-oblong hair-like cells. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & Bot. Calif. i. 455; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6247. — California, in 
the Sierra Nevada, Plumas and Nevada Counties, Lobb, Miss N. J. Davis, &c. 


§ 2. Evzérrys. Calyx bibracteolate; the persistent bractlets and distinct 
sepals firm-chartaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much imbricated, 
(whitish or reddish) : corolla cylindraceous: filaments glabrous, straight: anther- 
cells 1-2-awned from the apex : stigma merely truncate: placenta short and por- 
rect: leaves membranaceous and deciduous: flowers in secund spike-like racemes, 
which mostly terminate the branchlets, formed early in summer, remaining naked: 


Cassiope. ERICACE.E. 


ws 


and undeveloped until late in the ensuing spring, when the flower-buds complete 
their growth and the blossoms expand: bracts foliaceous-subulate, deciduous at 
flowering: the short pedicels articulated with the rhachis. — Gray, Man. 1. e. 
Eubotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser, viii. 269. (Between Euleucothoe 
and the genus Cassandra. The two Japanese species agree with this subgenus 
only in foliage.) 


L. racemdsa, Gray. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high: branches erect: leaves oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acute, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young and on the midrib beneath: 
racemes or spikes mostly solitary, erect or ascending: sepals lanceolate-ovate, very acute: 
anther-cells each 2-awned: capsule coriaceous, not lobed: seeds angled and wingless, the 
shining smooth coat conformed to the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2. 252, ed. 5, 204. Andromeda 
racemosa & A. puniculuta (chiefly), L. Spec. 394. A. spicatu, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. Lyonia 
racemosa & Leucothoe spicata, Don, 1. c. Zenobia racemosa, DC. lc. Cassandra racemosa, 
Spach, Hist. Veg. ix. 478. Lubotrys racemosa, Nutt. l.c.— Varies with awns of anthers 
very short. — Moist thickets (Canada, Pursh, but most doubtful), Massachusetts near the 
coast to Florida and Louisiana. 

L. rectrva, Gray, |.c. Lower than the foregoing, and with divaricate branches: leaves 
more acuminate: racemes spreading or recurved: sepals ovate: anther-cells l-awned: 
capsule chartaceous, strongly depressed and 6-lobed: seeds flat, with a broadly winged 
loose cellular coat. — Andromeda (Zenobia) recurvca, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. — 
Dry hills in the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama. 


11. CASSANDRA, Don. Lratuer-Lear. (Mythological: Cassandra 
was the daughtet of Priam and Hecuba.) — A single good species. 


C. calyculdta, Don. A low and much branched shrub, a foot or two high, with re- 
curving branches: leaves coriaceous and persistent, very short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, 
obsoletely serrulate, dull green and lepidote-scurfy, an inch or so in length: flowers on 
short recurved pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, these becoming gradually smaller 
and bract-like: calyx and bractlets rusty-lepidote: flowers formed in summer and expand- 
ing early the next spring: corolla cylindraceous-oblong, 5-lobed, white, 2 or 3 lines long: 
capsules small. — Andromeda calyculata, L.; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 71; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1286; 
Lodd. Cab. t. 530 & 862. Chamedaphne culyculata, Mench. Lyonia calyculata, Reichenb. — 
Bogs, through the cooler parts of the Northern Atlantic States, and in the Alleghanies to 
Georgia; N. Illinois to Newfoundland; Kotzebue’s Sound. (N. Eu. & N. Asia.) 

Var. angustifolia is a remarkable form, unknown inan indigenous condition: leaves 
linear-lanceolate, and the somewhat revolute margins undulate or crisped: bractlets acute : 
sepals more pointed. — Andromeda culyenlata, var. anqustijolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 70. A. an- 
qustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. erispa, Desf. Cat.; Guimp., Otto, & Hayne, Holz. t. 51.— 
“North America and Siberia,” Hort. Kew. ‘Carolina to Georgia,” Pursh; but that is a 
random guess. 


12. CASS{OPE, Don. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) — Are- 
tic-alpine fruticulose evergreens, resembling Heaths or Lycopodium ; with small 
or minute and imbricated or crowded entire and veinless leaves, often opposite or 
whorled, and solitary flowers nodding on the apex of an erect naked peduncle. 
Sepals ovate, thickened at base. Corolla white or rose-color. Style thickened at 
base or conical. Placenta many-seeded. pendulous from the summit of the short 
columella: seeds with a thin close coat. — DC. Prodr. vii. 610. 

* Leaves loose or spreading, narrow, flattish: peduncle terminal: corolla deeply cleft: style conical. 


C. Stelleridna, DC. Diffusely spreading, with the habit of Lmpetrum: leaves oblong- 
linear, obtuse, widely spreading, obscurely serrulate (less than 3 lines long): peduncle very 
short: corolla 4-5-parted.— Andromeda Stelleriana, Pall. Fl. Ross. 58, t. 74; Hook. Fl. it. 
37, t.181. Erica Stelleriana, Willd. Jenziesia empetriformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 265, not Smith. 
Bryanthus Stelleri, Don, Syst. iii. 833. — N. W. Coast, Sitka to Behring Straits. 


36 ERICACES. Cassiope. 


C. hypnoides, Don. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high, with the habit of a moss or small 
Lycopodium: leaves somewhat erect, loosely imbricated, linear-acerose, a line long: pe- 
duncle slender: corolla deeply 5-cleft. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. xvii. 157. Andromeda hypnoides, 
L. Spec. 393, & Fl. Lapp. t.1; Fl. Dan. t. 10; Pall. lc. t. 73; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2936, — 
Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, Labrador, &c. (Green- 
land, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.) 

* * Leaves appressed-erect, closely imbricated in four ranks, thick, boat-shaped ot triangular, ovate 
or oblong in outline: peduncles lateral: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, but slightly thickened 
downward. 

» ©. lycopodioides, Don. Very low or creeping stems filiform : leaves barely a line long, 
roundish on the back, not ciliate: peduncles filiform.— Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii. 912. Andro- 
meda lycopodioides, Pall. 1. c. t. 72; Hook. 1. c.—Aleutian Islands to Oregon, Cusick. 

C. Mertensiadna, Don. Stouter, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a 
foot or less in height, resembling the next: leaves 1$ or 2 lines long, glabrous, carinate 
and not furrowed on the back: pedicels rather short. — DC. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 456. 
Andromeda Mertensiuna, Bong. Sitk. 152, t.5. A. cupressina, Hook. FI. ii. 38.— Sitka, &c., 
northern Rocky Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Cali- 
fornia, as far south as Mount Dana. ~ 

C. tetragona, Don. Stems ascending, a span or two high, with fastigiate branches: 
leaves 1} to 2 lines long, thick, and with a deep furrow on the back, often pubescent when 
young: parts of the flower sometimes in fours. — Andromeda tetragona, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 1030; 
Pall. lc. t. 75, f£.4; Hook. lc. & Bot. Mag. t. 3181. — Northern Rocky Mountains, and 
Cascade Mountains in Oregon, to the arctic regions. (Greenland round to Kamtschatka.) 


13. CALLUNA, Salish. Heatner, Linc. (From xaddgrw, to brush or 
sweep, brooms being made of it.) — Grayish-evergreen undershrub, with no scaly 
buds, minute opposite leaves imbricated in four ranks on the branches, and very 
numerous small flowers in the upper axils, subtended by two or three pairs of 
bractlets, the inner scarious. — Single species. 

C. vulgaris, Salisb. A foot or less high, in broad tufts, more or less whitish-tomentose 
or glabrate: branches 4-sided by the imbricated leaves: these minute, 3-sided, grooved on 
the back: flowers appearing in summer, crowded on the branchlets, as if spicate or 
racemose, commonly secund, rose-colored or sometimes white.— Linn. Trans. vi. 817; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1162; Gray, Man. ed. 5,297. C. Atlantica, Seem. Jour. Bot. iv. 
305, t. 53. Erica vulgaris, L.; Lam. Ill. t. 287; Engl. Bot. t. 1015.— Low grounds, Massa- 
chusetts, at Tewksbury (7. Dawson) and W. Andover (James Mitchell); Cape Elizabeth, 
Maine (Pickard) ; and less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, &c. (Iceland, 
the Azores, N. Eu. to W. Asia.) 


Erica cintérea and E, Térrarrx, European Heaths, have been found wild on Nantucket, 
Mass., in one or two small patches: singular waifs. 


14, BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. (Bovor, moss, and érBog, flower, 
because growing among mosses.) — Heath-like fruticulose evergreens (all arctic- 
alpine) ; with alternate much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (half an inch or less 
in length), articulated with the stem, grooved beneath or margins revolute-thick- 
ened. Flowers umbellate or racemose-crowded at the summit of the branches: 
the pedicels glandular and bibracteolate at base. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 6, 
imbricated, persistent. Anthers-oblong, opening at top by oblique chinks. Seeds 
oval or oblong; the coat close and rather firm. Flowers in summer, from purple 
to ochroleucous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 877, & Bot. Calif. i. 456. Bry- 
anthus & Phyllodoce, Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 4, 5; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598. 

B. Gein, Don, the typical species, and the only one not yet found in America, may be 


expected on the American, as it belongs to the opposite, side of Behring Straits. It has the 
cluster of few flowers raised on a naked peduncle, and an open 4-parted corolla. 


Kalmia. ERICACE. 37 


§ 1. ParaBryantuus. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed: calyx 
glabrous : flowers racemose-clustered : pedicels subtended by foliaceous and rigid 
bracts: leaves almost smooth, with strongly revolute thickened margins. — Gray, 
Bot. Calif. l.c. Bryanthus, in part, Hook. & Benth. Gen. 1. . Phyllodoce, in part, 
Maxim. I. ¢. 

B. Bréweri, Gray. A span to a foot high, rigid: leaves 8 to 7 lines long: pedicels 
numerous, at first shorter than the flowers: corolla rose-purple, almost saucer-shaped 
5-cleft fully to the middle, large for the genus, the spreading lobes 2 lines long: stamens 
(7 to 10) and style soon much exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377.— Sierra Nevada at 
about 10,000 fect. Flowers comparatively large and showy. 

B. empetriférmis, Gray, ].c. A span or so high: leaves similar to those of the pre- 
ceding, or rough at the margin: pedicels fewer and more umbellate: corolla rose-color, 
much smaller (between 2 and 3 lines long), campanulate, barely 5-lobed; the lobes much 
shorter than the tube: stamens included: style either included or exserted. — Menvziesia 
empetriformis, Smith in Linn. Trans. x. 280; Pursh, Fl. i. 264; Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 
& Bot. Mag. t. 3176; Hook. Fl. ii. 40. Jf Grahami, Hook. lc. Phyllodoce empetriformis, 
Don, Syst. iti. 783.— Rocky Mountains from lat. 50° to 42°, and Mount Shasta, California 
to Vancouver’s Island. 

Var. intermédius (Menziesia intermedia, Hook. |. c.), apparently a form with corolla 
approaching cylindraceous and sepals rather acute. — Northern Rocky Mountains, Drwn- 
mond, Lyall. 


§ 2. Puytiépoce. Corolla ovate, contracted at the orifice, 5-toothed : calyx 
glandular-pubescent : stamens and style included: pedicels umbellate ; the bract- 
lets scarious and bracts thinnish: leaves more scabrous-ciliolate or roughish. — 
Phyllodoce, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 36; DC. 1.c., in part; Benth. & Hook. l. c. 

%* Flowers purple, rarely rose-color, 2 to 6 in the umbel, or sometimes solitary. 

B. taxifélius, Gray, |. c. Barely a span high: leaves with acute scabrous-ciliolate 
edges: pedicels minutely glandular: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla from 
urceolate-oblong to ovoid, glabrous, as are the filaments. — Andromeda tazifolia, Pall. Fl. 
Ross. ii. 54, t.72; Fl. Dan. t. 57. A. cerulea, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 5, but corolla not blue. 
Menziesia cerulea, Swartz in Linn. Trans. x. 377, t. 30. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salish. 1. c.; DC. 
I. c.— Alpine mountain summits of New Hampshire and Maine; also Labrador. (Green- 
land, N. Eu. to Japan and Kamtschatka.) 

% %* Flowers from white or whitish to sulphur-color. 

B. Aletiticus, Gray, l.c. A span or more high: leaves of the preceding: pedicels (7 to 
15) and base of the acutish sepals very glandular: corolla almost globose, glabrous, 
whitish: filaments glabrous. — Jenzicsia Aleutica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 202; Cham. in Linn. 
i, 515; Hook. l.c.; not Bong. Phyllodoce Pallusiana, Don, & DC. 1. ec. (as to pl. Cham., 
Andromeda ceerulea, var. viridiflora, Pall. herb.?); Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 6.— Unalaschka 
and Alaska. (Kamtschatka to Japan.) 

B. glandulifiérus, Gray, l].c. A span or two high: leaves similar or thicker-edged: 
pedicels (3 to 8) and acuminate sepals glandular-hirsute: corolla turgid-ovate, glandular, 
sulphur-color: filaments puberulent. — Jenziesia glanduliflora, Hook. F1. ii. 40, t. 132. aL 
Aleutica, Bong. Sitk. 154, t. 3 (poor), not of Spreng.— Rocky Mountains, ‘lat. 49° to 56°, 
and west to Sitka. 


15. KALMIA, L. Awmertcan Laurer. (Peter Kalm,a pupil of Linneus, 
who travelled in Canada and N. States, and became professor at Abo.) — N. 
American shrubs and one W. Indian; with evergreen entire leaves, and umbellate 
clustered or rarely scattered showy flowers, either rose-colored, purple, or white: 
no scaly leaf-buds nor thin scaly-bracted flower buds ; the bracts ovate to subulate, 
coriaceous or firm and persistent. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals, imbricated in 
the bud. Limb of the corolla in the bud strongly 10-carinate from the pouches 


38 ERICACEA. Kalmia. 


upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses, the 
limb imbricated in the bud. Anthers free and on erect filaments in the early 
bud, in the full-grown bud received in the pouches of the corolla, and the fila- 
ments bent over as the corolla enlarges, and still more when it expands, straight- 
ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throwing out the pollen: 
anther-cells opening by a large pore, sometimes extending into a chink. Stigma 
depressed. Capsule globular, 5-celled: placentze pendulous or porrect from the 
upper part of a small columella. Seeds with a thin and mostly close coat. 


§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbels, fascicles, or corymbs: calyx per- 

sistent under the capsule: leaves and branches glabrous or nearly so. 

* Inflorescence compound: branchlets terete: capsule depressed, tardily septicidal: seeds oblong. 

K. latifdlia, L. (Laure., Carico-susu, &¢.) Widely branching shrub 8 to 10, or in 
8. Alleghanies even 30 feet high, with very hard wood: leaves alternate or occasionally 
somewhat in pairs or threes, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or acutish at both ends, 
petioled, bright green: inflorescence very viscid-pubescent: flowers produced in early sum- 
mer; the corymbose fascicles numerous and crowded in compound terminal corymbs: 
corolla rose-color to white, viscid, three-fourths inch in diameter: capsules viscid-glandular; 
the almost closed valves or pieces generally carrying with' them the placenta. — Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 175; Schk. Handb. t. 116; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. t. 68; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 188, 
t. 13. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 98; Trew, Ehret. t. 38.) — Rocky hills or northward in damp 
grounds, commonly where wooded, Canada, Maine to Ohio and Tennessee, and chiefly 
along the mountains to W. Florida. 

K. angustifolia, L. (Sseer Laurer, Lampxiry, Wicky.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, 
simple: leaves mostly in pairs or threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled, an inch or two long, light 
green above, dull or pale beneath: inflorescence lateral from the early growth of the ter- 
‘minal shoot, puberulent, slightly glandular: flowers in early summer, not half as large as 
in the foregoing, purple or crimson: capsules not glandular, on recurved pedicels. — Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 831. (Catesb. Car. iii. t.17; Trew, Ehret. t. 18.) — Hillsides, Newfoundland 
and Hudson’s Bay to the upper part of Georgia. 

K. cuneata, Michx. Low shrub, somewhat pubescent: leaves oblong with cuneate 
base, almost sessile and chiefly alternate, mucronate (an inch long): inflorescence lateral, 
few-flowered, nearly glabrous: sepals ovate, obtuse: corolla white or whitish, one-third 
inch in diamcter.— Fl. i. 257; Nutt. Gen. i. 268; Loud. Arb. fig. 1143.— Swamps, eastern 
part of N. & S. Carolina (not in the mountains, as said Pursh) : little known. 

* * Inflorescence a simple terminal umbel or corymb: branchlets 2-edged: capsule ovoid-globose, 
freely dehiscent from.the summit; the valves 2-cleft at apex; placenta left on the summit of the 
columella: seeds linear, with a loose cellular coat. 

K. glatica, Ait. Shrub a foot or two high, wholly glabrous, mostly glaucous: leaves all 
opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower 
by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath (an inch or less long): 
flowers in spring, lilac-purple, half to two-thirds inch in diameter: bracts large: sepals 
ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 64, t.8; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t.177; Lodd. Cab..t. 1508. . polifolia, Wang. Act. Nat. Ber. v. t.5. Var. rosmarini- 
folia, Pursh, is. merely a state with very revolute leaves: var. microphylla, Hook. Fl. a small 
alpine form, a span high, with leaves barely half inch long.— Bogs, Newfoundland and 
IIudson’s Bay to Pennsylvania, and on the western coast at Sitka, &c., extending down 
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and down the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Dana, California, 
in the depauperate alpine form or variety. 


§ 2. Flowers mostly scattered and solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; 
these small and, with the branches and foliaceous sepals, hirsute: capsule shorter 
than the calyx: placentae remaining upon the columella: seeds oval or roundish, 
and with a close and firmer coat. (The Cuban K. ertcoides, with rigid Heath-like 
leaves, has inflorescence approaching the first section, and sepals apparently per- 
sistent. ) 


ae 


Rhododendron. ERICACE.E. 39 


K. hirsuta, Walt. About a foot high, branching freely: leaves nearly sessile, plane, 
oblong or lanceolate, a quarter to half inch long: flowers scattered and axillary, produced 
through the summer, on pedicels longer than the leaves: sepals ovate-lanceolate and leaf- 
like, as long as the rose-purple corolla (this barely half inch in diameter), at length decidu- 
ous, leaving the old capsules bare.— Bot. Mag. t.188. A. ciliuta, Bartram, Tray. — Low 
pine barrens, S. E. Virginia to Florida. 


16. MENZIESIA, Smith. (Archibald Alenzies, assistant surgeon in Van- 
couver’s voyage, 1791-95, brought the original species from the N. W. coast.) — 
Deciduous-leaved shrubs, of N. Am and Japan; with the foliage of the Azaleas, 
but with small and mostly dull-colored 4-merous flowers (the corolla barely lobed, 
in ours a quarter inch long, lurid-purplish), developed at the same time as the 
leaves, from separate strobilaceous buds, which terminate the branches of the 
preceding year; the pedicels nodding in flower, erect in fruit. Leaves alternate, 
membranaceous, glandular-mucronate. Capsule short: placente attached to the 
whole length of the co'umella. Flowers in early summer. — Smith, Ic. Pl. 59; 
Salisb. Parad. Lond. 44; Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 7. 


* Seeds with tail or appendage at each end as long as the nucleus: capsule smooth and naked or 
nearly so, inclined to obovate: filaments more or less ciliate below. 

M. glabélla. Strigose-chaffy scales wanting, or very few on young petioles and midrib 
beneath: leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glaucescent and glabrous 
or nearly so beneath (an inch or two long), sprinkled with some small appressed hairs 
above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely ciliolate: pedicels naked or somewhat 
glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. — WZ. globularis, Hook. Fl. ii. 41; Maxim. Rhod. As. 
Or. 1. ¢., not Salisb. JW. ferruyinea, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 393.— Rocky Mountains, 
lat. 49°-56° (Drummond, Bouryeau), thence to Washington Territory and Oregon, Lyull, 
Tolmie, £. Hall, 

% * Seeds merely apiculate or very short-tailed: capsule ovate: filaments glabrous. 

M. globularis, Salisb. Straggling or loosely branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high (like the 
others), more or less chaffy : leaves obovate-oblong, usually obtuse, prominently glandular- 
mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above, glaucescent beneath: pedicels glandular: 
corolla globular-ovate becoming ovate-campanulate: capsule beset with short gland-tipped 
bristles. — Pursh, le. JL. Smithii, Michx. FL i. 235. Jf. ferruginea, var. (globularis), Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 1571; Gray, Man. ed. 2 & 3. J/. pilosa, Juss. in Ann. Mus. i. 56. Acaled pilosa, 
Michx. in Lam. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 410.— Woods, through the Alleghany Mountains, from 
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Most like the preceding, but the seeds very different ; the small 
calyx commonly more distinctly 4-lobed. Leaves an inch or two long. 

M. ferruginea, Smith. Strigose-chaff not rare on young parts: leaves oblong or lan- 
ceolate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandular-mucronate, more 
ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above, merely paler beneath (somewhat 
blackening in drying): pedicels bristly-glandular: corolla oblong-ovate and becoming 
cylindraceous. — Pursh, Fl. i. 264; Hook. 1. v.; Maxim. 1. c.— Woods, coast of Oregon 
tou Alaska and Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka 7) 


17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azatea, &c. (The ancient 
Greek name, meaning rose-tree.) —Shrubs or small trees, of «diverse habit 
and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves: the principal divisions have 
been received as genera, but they all run together. Ouly five are N, American 
out of the eight subgenera of Maximowicz, Rhod. As. Or. 13. (Jthododendron & 
Azalea, LL.) — The first two subgenera are very anomalous. 

§ 1. Tueroruépion, Maxim. Flowers one or two terminating leafy shoots 


of the season; the thin bud-scales of the shoot deciduous only with the annual 
leaves: corolla rotate, divided to the base on the lower side: stamens 10. 


40 ERICACEA. Lthododendron. 


R. Kamtschaticum, Pall. A span high: leaves thin and chartaceo-membranaceous, 
sessile, obovate, or the upper oval, very obtuse, nervose-veined and reticulated, bristly 
ciliate, shining: sepals large and foliaceous, deciduous: corolla rose-purple, deeply 5-cleft, 
nearly an inch long: capsule thin. — Fl. Ross. i. 48, t. 33; Hook. Fl. ii. 48. Rhodothamnus 
Kamtschaticus, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. t. 22.— Alaska and Aleutian Islands to North 
Japan, &e. : 


§ 2. AzaLeastTRuM, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence lateral; the flowers 
‘from the same bud as the leafy shoot or from separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds 
below: scales caducous: leaves deciduous: corolla rotate or approaching cam- 
panulate: stamens 5 to 10. 


R. albifidrum, Hook. Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with slender branches, pubescent with 
slender strigose or silky and some short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous 
in age: leaves membranaceous, oblong, pale green: flowers from separate small buds of 
the axils of the previous year, nodding on short pedicels: sepals membranaceo-foliaceous, 
oval or oblong, half the length of the white 5-cleft corolla, as long as the ovoid capsule: 
stamens 10, included: filaments bearded at the base: stigma peltate-5-lobed. — Fl. ii. 43, 
t. 133, & Bot. Mag. t. 3670.— Woods of the northern Rocky Mountains and Oregon to 
British Columbia. Corolla less than an inch long. 


_ § 38. Az4uera, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence terminal; with the umbellate 
flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud, terminating the growth of the previous 
year, surrounded at the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds, developing in 
spring or early summer; the thin-scaly bud-scales and bracts caducous or early 
deciduous : leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate : calyx small, sometimes minute: 
corolla chiefly funnelform, glandular-viscid outside: stamens (5 to 10) and style 
more or less exserted and declined. — Azalea, L. chiefly, DC. &c. (with Rhodora, 
Duhamel). 


%* Strobilaceous flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales: corolla with conspicuous funnel- 
form tube. slightly irregular limb, and acute oblong lobes: stamens (chiefly 5) and style long- 
exserted. TRuE AZALEAS. 


*— Pacific States species: flowers more or less later than the leaves. 

R. occidentale, Gray. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high: branches not bristly: leaves obovate 
oblong, nearly glabrous at maturity, but ciliate, thickish, bright green and shining above 
(1 to 3 inches long): lobes of the 5-parted calyx oblong or oval: corolla white or barely 
with a rosy tinge and a pale yellow band on the upper lobe, often 24 inches long: capsule 
oblong, three-fourths inch long. — Bot. Calif. 1.458. R. calendulaceun, Hook. & Arn. Beech. 
862. Azalea occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116.— California, western foot- 
hills of the Sierra Nevada through the length of the State, and in the coast ranges, along 
streams. Fragrance of blossoms sweet, but slightly unpleasant. 
+— + Atlantic States species (commonly called Swamp Hoxrysvck es), all from 3 to 10 feet 

high and the leaves from obovate to oblong-oblanceolate. — Species of 2hodvdendron, Torr. Fl. 
N. & M. States (1824), 424. 
s+ Flowers appearing later than the glabrous leaves, deliciously fragrant. 

R. arboréscens, Torr. Few strigose or chaffy bristles: leaves (fragrant in drying) 
merely ciliolate, slightly coriaceous when mature, bright green and shining above, glau- 
cescent beneath: corolla white or tinged with rose, fully 2 inches long; the tube and the 
conspicuous narrow-oblong calyx-lobes sparsely glandular-bristly : stamens and style red. — 
Fl. N. & M. States, 425. Azalea arborescens, Pursh, Fl. i. 152; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 268. 
A. fragrans, Raf. Ann. Nat. 12.— Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to North Carolina. 
Foliage exhales the odor of Anthoxanthyn in drying. 

R. viscésum, Torr. Branchlets and midrib of the leaves beneath more or less chaffy- 
bristly : leaves more ciliate, an inch or two long, dull or hardly shining above, pale be- 
neath: calyx very small: corolla white, or with a rosy tinge, sometimes varying to reddish, 
the outside very glandular-viscid.— Fl. N. & M. States, Le, & FL N. Y. i. 489, t. 66. 
Azalea viscosa, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 57) Michx. Fl. i. 150; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, 


Rhododendron. ERICACEZ. 4] 


t. 24.— Swamps, Canada and Maine to Florida and Arkansas. Runs into manifold vari- 
eties; the following being those most marked :— 

Var. glaiicum. Leaves glaucous-whitened beneath, dull and sometimes glaucous 
above also. —Asalea viscosa, var. glauca, Michx.1.¢. A. glauca, Lam. Ill. t.110. RP. glau- 
cum, Don, l.c. Form more strigose-hispid is 4. hispida, Pursh, l.c. (R. hispidum, Torr. 1. c.) 
A. scubra, Loddiges, &c. — New England to Virginia. 

Var. nitidum. Leaves oblanceolate, brighter green both sides: stems a foot to a 
yard high. —R. nitidum, Torr. lc. Azalea nitida, Pursh, 1. c.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 414.~— 
Mountains, New York to Virginia. 
++ ++ Flowers earlier and less fragrant, preceding or accompanying the leaves; these soft-pubes- 

cent beneath and more membranaceous, 1 to 3 inches long; the midrib and the branchlets either 
slightly or not at all chaffy-strigose or hispid: calyx usually very small. 

R. nudifidrum, Torr. l.¢. Corolla from light rose-color or flesh-color to rose-purple ; 
the viscid tube as long as or rather longer than the limb.— Azalea nudiflora, L. Spec. 
ed. 2,214; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 180; Emerson, l. c. t. 24. A. lutea, L. Spec. ed. 1. A. peri- 
clymenoides & A. canescens, Michx. l.c. A. bicolor, Pursh, 1.c. Rhododendron canescens, bicolor, 
&e., Don, 1. c. — Swamps, low grounds, or shaded hillsides, Canada to Florida and Texas. 
Varying much in color, &c., at the south sometimes passing into yellow. Many hybrid 
forms are in cultivation. ; 

R. calendulaceum, Torr. ].c. Corolla from orange-yellow to flame-red; the tube 
mostly hirsute-glandular, shorter than the ample limb: mature leaves more tomentose 
beneath. — Azalea calendulacea, Michx. Fl. i. 151; Pursh, 1. c.; Bot. Mag. t. 1721, 2143.— 
Woods in the Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, extending southward 
into the middle country. 

% % Strobilaceous flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales: corolla irregular, with a short 
or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style. 
— Rhodora, Duhamel, in Litn. Gen. i 

R. Rhod6éra, Don. A foot or two high, the young parts sparingly strigose-hairy : 
flowers somewhat preceding the leaves, short-pedicelled: calyx very small: corolla less 
than an inch long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiately parted or divided; the posterior lip 
3lobed; the anterior of two oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals: 
leaves oblong, pale, glaucescent, more or less pubescent. — Syst. iii. 848; Maxim. lL. c. 
Rhodora Canadensis, L.; L’Her. Stirp. i. 161, t.68; Lam. Ill. t. 364;. Bot. Mag. t. 474; 
Duham. Arb. ed. nov. iii. 53; Emerson, l.c. t. 25. Rhodora congesta, Mench. Rhodo- 
dendron pulchellum, Salisb. — Cool bogs, New England to mountains of Pennsylvania and 
northward to Newfoundland: fl. May. Mature leaves 1 to 24 inches long, glandular- 
mucronulate. Flowers rarely white, sometimes variably or variously cleft or divided, or 
the lower petals more united to the upper lip. 


§ 4. EurHopop£EnpRoN. Inflorescence terminal; the umbellate or somewhat 
corymbose flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud (of mostly numerous and 
well-imbricated caducous scales), terminating the growth of the previous year ; 
the leaf-buds lateral and below: leaves coriaceous and persistent: calyx various, 
usually small or minute: corolla mostly 5-lobed and little irregular: stamens 
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally 
spreading: flowers mostly large and showy, in early summer. — Hurhododendron 
& Osmothamnus (DC.), Maxim. 1. ¢. 


* Not lepidote, glabrous or soon becoming so; the pubescence of young parts (if any) seurfy- 
tomentose and deciduous: leaves ample and thick-coriaceous: stems and branches stout and 
erect: flowers many in the cluster, mostly developing earlier than the leaf-buds: seeds scobiform 
or scarious-appendaged at one or both ends. 


+ Pacific species: pedicels wholly glabrous: calyx lobes very short and rounded. 

R. Califérnicum, Hook. Shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous: leaves broadly oblong, 
3 to 6 inches long, obtuse with a mucronate or short-acuminate point, acute or acutish at 
base: corolla rose-purple, broadly campanulate (over an inch long); the broad lobes un- 
dulate: ovary rusty-hirsute.— Bot. Mag. t.4863; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 458. — Woods, 
California from Mendocino Co. extending into Oregon (£. Hall). Corolla much resem- 
bling that of R. Catawbiense. 


42 ERICACE. Rhododendron. 


R. macrophyllum, Don. Shrub 10 to 15 feet high: leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 
5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish: corolia white, less than an inch long; its lobes oblong: 
ovary bristly hirsute. — Syst. iii. 843; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 382. 2. maximum, Hook. 
FI. ii. 48, excl. syn. &«. — Woods, Puget Sound to Washington Territory. A little known 
species. 

+ + Atlantic States species: pedicels glandular or pubescent. 

R. maximum, L. (Great Laurer or Rosz Bay.) Shrub or small tree 6 to 35 feet 
high: leaves elongated- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or short-pointed, narrowed toward the 
mostly acute base, 4 to 10 inches long, commonly whitish beneath: pedicels viscid: calyx- 
lobes oval, equalling the glandular ovary: corolla pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish 
in the throat on upper side and with some yellowish or reddish spots, campanulate, an inch 
long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval lobes: capsule short. — Catesb. Car. iii. t.17; Lam. 
Ill. t. 364; Bot. Mag. t. 951; Michx. f. Sylv. i. t. 67; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. t. 51. R. pur- 
pureum & R. Purshii, Don, |. c. (varying in color of flower, &c.).— Damp woods, rare in 
Nova Scotia, New England and bordering part of Canada, common through the Alle- 
ghanies on steep banks of streams, &c., New York to Georgia. Flowering toward mid- 
summer, simultaneously with the growth of the leafy shoots. 

R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Shrub 3 to 6 (rarely 20) feet high: leaves oval or broadly 
oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, 3 to 5 inches long: pedicels rusty-pubescent 
when young, glabrous in age: calyx and its lobes very short: ovary oblong, rusty-pubes- 
cent: corolla lilac-purple, broadly campanulate, an inch and a half high, with broad 
roundish lobes: capsule narrowly oblong. — Fl. i. 258; Bot. Mag. t. 1671. Higher moun- 
tains, Virginia to Georgia: fl. at beginning of summer. Largely hybridized with other 
species, and varied in cultivation. 

* * Lepidote-dotted or scurfy with scattered peltate scales: stems mostly spreading or diffuse: 


flowers fewer or few in the umbel: seeds (in ours and in most species) with a close coat, barely 
apiculate at either end! 


+— Southern species: stems 3 to 6 feet high, with slender and often recurving branches: even the 
outside of the short-funnelform corolla sprinkled with the resinous globules or dots: stamens 
10: flower-buds ovate or oblong and well imbricated. 

R. punctatum, Andr. Diffuse, the slender branches recurved or spreading: leaves 
lighter green and thinner-coriaceous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acu- 
minate at both ends, 2 to 5 inches long: flowers developed later than or with the leaves of 
the season (in early summer), copious: corolla rose-color, an inch long, short-funnelform 
with an ample widely expanded limb and rounded-obovate slightly undulate lobes, ex- 
ceeding the stamens and style: capsule resinous-dotted: seeds oval. — Bot. Rep. t. 36; 
Vent. Cels. t. 15; Bot. Reg. t. 37. R. minus, Michx. Fl. i. 258.— Eastern portion of the 
Alleghany Mountains from N. Carolina to Georgia, and extending to the eastern frontier 
of the latter State on the Savannah River at Augusta. Corolla often darker-spotted and 
greenish in the throat. 

R. Chapmanii. More erect and rigid: leaves firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse, 
seldom an inch and a half long, duller, more crowded, short-petioled: flowers developed 
earlier than the leafy shoots of the season: corolla rose-color, spotted within, more nar- 
rowly funnelform ; the tube longer than the limb; lobes somewhat ovate, shorter than the 
stamens and style: seeds narrowly oblong. — R. punctatum, var., Chapm. Fl. 266. — Sandy 
pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. 


+ + Arctic-alpine species, small and depressed: corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, not 
lepidote or resinous-dotted: stamens 5 to 10: flower-buds globular and less imbricated. 


R. Lappénicum, Wahl. Divergently branched from the base, prostrate or a span 
or two high: leaves a quarter to half an inch long, firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse: 
umbels 3-6-flowered: corolla purple, with darker spots within, half inch long: stamens 
5 to 8, rarely 10.— Fl. Suec. 249; DC. Prodr. vii. 724; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3106. Azalea 
Lapponica, L.; Fl. Dan. t. 906.— Alpine region of the mountains of N. New York and 
New England, Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and arctic coast, west to Norton 
Sound and Unalaschka (Eschscholtz). (Greenland to Arct. Asia.) &. parvifolium, Adams 
(Azalea Lapponica, Pall.), or at least the N. W. American form referred to it by Maximo- 
wicz, seems hardly different; and all the American and Greenland specimens have the 
filaments bearded or pubescent at base. 


' 


Leiophyllum. ERICACE.E. 43 


18. LEDUM, L. Lasravor Tra. (1/80, ancient name of the Cistus.) 
— Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves entire and more or less resinous 
dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, developed in early sum- 
mer from separate and mostly terminal buds, their scales and bracts well imbri- 
cated, thin and caducous. Stamens and the (persistent) style fully as long as the 
petals. Stigma obscurely annulate. Pedicels slender, recurved in fruit. — We have 
all the species. : 

* Leaves denscly tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferrugineous, and the margins strongly revo- 

lute: inflorescence all terminal. 

L. palustre, L. A span (in the arctic form) to 2 feet high : leaves linear (half to inch and 
a half long): stamens 10: capsule short oval. — Fl. Dan. t. 1031; Lodd. Cab. t. 560.— 
Bogs, Newfoundland, Labrador, and through the arctic regions to Alaska and Aleutian 
Islands. (N. Eu. & Asia.) 

Var. dilatatum, Wahl. : approaching the next, having broader leaves and some- 

times long-oval capsules. — N. W. Coast, Sitka, &e. 

L. latifélium, Ait. A foot to a yard high, erect: leaves oblong or linear-oblong (an 
inch or two long), commonly half inch wide, very obtuse: stamens 5 to 7: capsule oblong, 
acutish. — Lam. Ill. t. 363; Jacq. Ie. Rar. t. 464. ZL. Grenlandicum, Retz. Scand. L. palustre, 
var. /atifolium, Michx., &e. L. Canadense, Lodd. Cab. t. 1049. — Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador (Greenland), through the wooded regions to Puget Sound, and south in the Atlantic 
States to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. 

* * Leaves glabrous both sides: inflorescence sometimes also lateral. — Ledodendrun, Nutt. 

L. glandulésum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout: leaves oblong or oval, or ap- 
proaching lanceolate (one or two inches long), pale or whitish and minutely resinous- 
atomiferous beneath : inflorescence often compound and crowded: calyx 5-parted : capsules 
oval, retuse.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.ser. viii. 270; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 459. — Woods 
and swamps, coast of California from Mendocino Co. northward, and through the Sierra 
Nevada; thence north and east to Br. Columbia and northern Rocky Mountains. 


19. BEJARIA, Mutis. (Written Befaria by the younger Linneus, &c., 
but originally “Bejaria, Mutis, ex Zea, Annal.” iii. 151. Zea was a pupil of 
Mutis, and he declares that the name was given in honor of Sejar, professor of 
Botany at Cadiz, and an intimate friend of Mutis.) — All but the following species 
tropical American. 

B. racemosa, Vent. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high, evergreen: branches sparsely hispid: leaves 
alternate, sessile, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, pale: flowers in pedunculate and sometimes 
paniculate naked racemes terminating leafy branches: bracts and bractlets subulate, de- 
ciduous: calyx obtusely 7-lobed: petals spatulate, white tinged with red, an inch long. — 
Hort. Cels, t.51; Ell. Sk. i538. Befaria paniculata, Michx. FI. i. 280, t. 26. Pine barrens, 
Florida and Georgia near the coast: fl. summer. 


20. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sanp Myrtie. (4eiog, smooth, gudror, 
leaf, from the smooth and shining foliage.) — A single species, varying consider- 
ably: flowering late in spring; the coriaceous scales or bracts resembling reduced 
leaves. 


L. buxifdélium, Ell. Shrub resembling Dwarf Box in miniature, a span or two high, 
very glabrous, much branched, thickly leafy: leaves alternate or opposite, oblong or oval, 
veinless, a fourth to half inch long, slightly petioled : flowers profuse, in terminal umbelli- 
form corymbs: corolla white or rose-color (3 or 4 lines broad): anthers brown or purple. 
—L. buzifolium & L. serpyllifolium, DC. Prodr. vii. 730. L. thymifolium, Don, Syst. iii. 851. 
Ledum buzifolium, Berg. in Act. Ups. 1777, t. 8, f.1; Michx. Fl. i. 260; Lodd. Cab. t. 52. 
L. thymifolium, Lam. Il. t. 863. Dendrium buzifolium, Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 36. Amnyrsine 
buxifolia, Pursh ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 531. Fischeru burifolia, Swartz in Act. Mose. v. 16. — 
Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida, and the mountains of Carolina. The state 


44. ERICACE. Loiseleuria. 


(ZL. serpyllifolium, DC.) with “capsules.sparsely puberulent” or often granulate-roughish 
is chiefly southern, and on the mountains passes into ; 

Var. prostratum. Depressed-tufted, with the habit of Loiseleuria: leaves mostly 
oval and deeper green: capsules from smooth and nearly even to sparsely muricate with 
soft projecting points or processes. — (Gray, in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 36.) LZ. prostratum, 
Loud. Arb. 1155; DC. 1. c.— Summit of Roan Mountain, and of other high mountains of 
Carolina. 


21. LOISELEURIA, Desv. (Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.) 
— A single, arctic-alpine species, which was included by Linneus in Azalea, but 
is most unlike. 


L. proctimbens, Desv. Fruticulose and cespitose, depressed, glabrous, evergreen: 
leaves nearly all opposite, rather crowded on the branches, distinctly petioled, oval or 
oblong, thick-coriaceous, veinless, 2 to 4 lines long, with thick midrib beneath and revolute 
margins: umbel 2-5-flowered from a terminal coriaceo-foliaceous bud; the scales or bracts 
persistent: pedicels short : corolla rose-color or white (2 lines high), barely twice the length 
of the purplish sepals. — Jour. Bot. i. 35; DC. Prodr.1.c. Azalea procumbens, L. Spec. & 
FI. Lapp. t. 6, f. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 9; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 70, f. 2; Pursh, Fl. i. 154 (excl. pl. 
Grandfather Mt., which is Letophyllum) ; Lodd. Cab. t. 762. Chameledon procumbens, Link, 
Enum. i. 211. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hampshire ; also Labrador, Arctic 
America to high N. W. coast and islands. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.) 


22. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. (Dedicated to Stephen Elliott, author of Sketch 
of the Botany of S. Carolina and Georgia.) — Identified with a Japanese genus, 
Tripetaleia, Sieb. & Zuce., forming a rather polymorphous but marked genus of 
three species and as many sections, as arranged in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598. 
E. racemésa, Muhl. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, glabrous, with slender branches: leaves 

short-petioled, oblong, mostly acute at both ends, about 2 inches long, mucronate with a gland, 

thinnish, pale beneath, lightly veiny : raceme or racemose panicle loosely many-flowered, a 

span to a foot long: bracts and bractlets minute, scarious, very caducous: calyx very 

short, 4-lobed: corolla white, half inch long; the petals 4, spatulate-linear, valvate or 
nearly so at base and imbricated at summit in the bud, in blossom recurved-spreading: 
stamens 8: anthers somewhat sagittate, erect; the cells callous-mucronate: style little 
declined, incurved at apex: ovary not stipitate. (Parts of the flower rarely in fives?) — 

Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 448; Chapm. Fl. 273; Baill. Adans. i. 205. — Wet sandy woods, on or 

near the Savannah River, at Waynesboro’ (Filioft), and near Augusta (Wray, and recently 

Berckmans) in Georgia ; and on the 8. Carolina side of the river near Hamburg, on David 

L. Adams’ place (O/ney, 1853): rare and local: fl. carly summer. Fruit still unknown. 


23. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bong. (Kiddog, branch, and Gapurog, bush.) — 
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 37, t. 1; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598. Tolmiea, Hook. F'. ii. 
44.— A single species. 

C. pyroleficdrus, Bong. Tall shrub with many virgate branches, glabrous, leafy: 
leaves obovate-lanceolate, glandular-mucronulate, almost sessile, thin, an inch or so long, 
pale: flower nodding on a short pedicel: petals reddish, hardly half inch long. — DC. 
Prodr. vii. 722. Tolmiea occidentalis, Hook. 1.c. — Low woods, Washington Territory to 
Alaska. 


24, CLETHRA, Gronov. Wuire Atper. (Kii/Aoa, ancient Greek name 
of the Alder, which the original species somewhat resembles in foliage.) — Shrubs 
or small trees; with alternate leaves, in ours serrate and deciduous, and white 
flowers in simple or panicled chiefly terminal racemes; these usually canescent 
with a stellate pubescence. Bracts subulate, deciduous: bractlets none or ca- 
ducous. Leaf-buds of few scales or naked. Capsule in ours nearly enclosed in 


Chimaphila. ERICACE. 45 


the calyx. Petals imbricated (or sometimes nearly convolute) in the bud. Fila- 
ments usually subulate: anthers fixed near the middle, in the bud extrorse, after 
expansion becoming introrse. Stigmas over the cells according to Baillon, Adans. 
1.201. Fl. summer. 


C. alnifélia, L. (Sweet Perrernusu.) Shrub 3 to 10 feet high: leaves cuneate-obovate 
or oblong, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, short-petioled : 
racemes erect, mostly panicled: filaments glabrous: flowers spicy-fragrant. — Lam. II. 
t.3869; Schk. Handb. t.118; Michx. Fl. i. 260. (Alnifolia Americana, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 115, 
f.1; Catesb. Car. 1, t. 66.) C. dentata, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 75, with strongly serrate leaves. 
C. paniculata, Ait. 1. c., with less toothed cuneate-lanceolate leaves green and glabrous both 
sides. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. i. 482, with leaves somewhat scabrous above and more or less 
pubescent beneath, as is common. — Wet woods and swamps, Maine to Florida, at the 
north only along the coast. 

Var. tomentdésa, Michx., l.c. More or less hoary: leaves tomentose-canescent 
beneath. — C’ tomentosa, Lam. Dict. ii. 46; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3745. C. incana, Pers. 1. ¢. 
C. pubescens, Willd. Enum, 455. — 8. Atlantic States, passing into the other forms. 

C. acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ample (3 to 7 inches long), 
oval or oblong, acuminate, closely and sharply serrate almost to the base, with somewhat 
curved veins and rather long petioles, almost glabrous : racemes mostly solitary, nodding: 
caducous bracts longer than the flowers: filaments hirsute, usually also the base of the 
petals within the capsule hirsute.— Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 71; Lodd. Cab. t. 1427. 
C. montana, Bartram ; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. v. 180.— Woods of the Alleghanies, Virginia 
to Georgia. 


25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prestssewa, &c. (Composed of zeiua, winter, 
and grdéw, to love, being a sort of “ Wintergreen.”) — Low, with running lignes- 
cent stolons, thick and shining toothed leaves either scattered or often imperfectly 
opposite or verticillate on the short ascending stems, narrowish: a few flesh- 
colored or white fragrant waxy-looking flowers on a terminal naked peduncle, 
produced in early summer. Petioles short. Calyx 5-parted. Cells of the anther 
oblong, with a short narrow neck under the orifice, imperfectly 2-locellate, at 
least when young. Stigma very broad, obscurely 5-radiate. Bracts scaly. — We 
have all the species, except one in Japan, near C. Menziesi?. 


C. umbellata, Nutt. (Pipsissew., Prince’s Pine.) A span or two high, very leafy 
in irregular clusters or whorls, often branched: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with tapering 
base, sharply serrate, not spotted, shining: peduncle 4-7-flowered: bracts narrow, de- 
ciduous: filaments hairy on the margins only. — Bart. Mat. Med. i. t. 1; Hook. Fl. i. 49. 
C. corymbosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 300. Pyrola umbellata, L.; Lam. Ill. t. 367; Fl. Dan. t. 1836; 
Bot. Mag. t. 778; Bigel. Med. Bot. t.21. P. corymbosa, Bertol. Mise. iii. 12, t. 8. — Dry and 
especially coniferous woods, Canada to Georgia, west to the Pacific from Br. Columbia to 
California. (Mex., Eu., Japan.) 

C. Menziésii, Spreng. A span high, sparingly branched from the base: leaves from 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small (6 to 18 lines long), sharply serrulate, 
the upper surface often mottled with white: peduncle 1-3-flowered: bracts ovate or 
roundish: filaments slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous: flowers 
smaller, about half inch in diameter. — Syst. ii. 317; Hook. 1. c. t. 138; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
4.459. Pyrola Menziesii, R. Br.; Don in Wern. Trans. v. 245. Coniferous woods, British 
Columbia to California. 

C. maculata, Pursh, l.c. (Srortep Winrercreey.) A span or more in height, more 
simple: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base (an inch or two long), sparsely 
and very sharply serrate; the upper surface variegated with white: peduncle 2-5-flowered : 
bracts linear-subulate: filaments villous in the middle: flower comparatively large, three- 
fourths inch in diameter. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 40, t. 11; Radius, Diss. Pyr. t. 5, f. 2; 
Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1, t. 70. Pyrola maculata, L.; Bot. Mag. t. 897.—Dry woods, Canada to 
Georgia and Mississippi. 


46 ERICACEE. Money. 


26. MONESES, Salisb. (Formed of povoe, single, and jot, delight, from 
the solitary handsome flower.) — Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted 
under the orifice into a conspicuous short-tubular neck, in the bud completely 
bilocellate, so that the anther appears equally 4-lobed. Capsule not depressed, 
opening from above downward. — A single species. 

M. unifiéra, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of roundish 
and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform 
rootstock : corolla white or tinged rose-color, about two thirds inch in diameter (in early 
summer). — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 273; Alefeld in Linn. xxviii. 72. MM. grandiflora, Salisb., Don, 
lc. Pyrola uniflora, L.; Fl. Dan. t. 8; Engl. Bot. t.146; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1156. 
M. reticulata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 271. — Deep moist woods, Labrador 
to Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, &c., and along the mountains to Colorado, Utah, &c., 
north to the arctic regions. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.) 


27. PYROLA, Tourn. WiINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAF. (Name said to bea 
diminutive of Pyrus, Pear-tree.) — Acaulescent herbaceous evergreens; with a 
cluster of round or roundish leaves, and some scarious scales on the ascending 
summit of slender subterranean rootstocks (one species leafless) : scape more or 
less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding 
flowers, in summer. (Almost all N. American). — Pyrola ( Actinocyclus, Klotzsch), 
Amelia, & Thelaia, Alefeld in Linn. xxviii. 8. 


§ 1. Améria, Benth. & Hook. Style straight and short: stigma peltate, large, 
obscurely 5-lobed: stamens equally connivent around the pistil: anthers not nar- 
rowed below the openings: hypogynous disk none: petals orbicular, naked at 
the base, globose-connivent. — Amelia, Alefeld, l.c. (P. media, of the Old World, 
connects with § Thelaza.) 

P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thinnish, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, an inch or less 
long: scape a span high, 7-15-flowered : pedicels short, rather crowded : style much shorter 
than the ovary, included in the globose white or flesh-colored corolla. — Fl. Dan. t. 55; 
Radius, Diss. Pyrol. 15, t.1; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t.1155. P. rosea, Smith, Engl. Bot. 
t. 2543; Radius, lc. t.2. Amelia minor, Alefeld, 1. c. — Cold woods, Labrador, White Moun- 
tains of New Hampshire, Lake Superior, Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Oregon, 
and northward to the arctic regions. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.) 


§ 2. EupYroxa. Style straight and long: stigma peltate—d-lobed, large; the 
lobes at length radiately much projecting beyond the ring or border: stamens and 
oblong petals equally connivent around the pistil: a pair of tubercles on the base 
of each petal: anthers as in the preceding: hypogynous disk 10-lobed. — Pyrola, 
Alefeld. Actinocyclus, Klotzsch. 

P. sectinda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base: leaves thin, ovate, 
serrulate or crenate, an inch or two long: scape a span long: flowers numerous in a secund 
spike-like raceme: pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved: petals greenish- 
white,campanulate-connivent. — Fl. Dan. t. 402; Engl. Bot. t. 517.— Rich woods, North- 
ern Atlantic States to Labrador, and the mountains of Colorado and California, thence far 
northward. (Mex., N. Eu. to Japan.) 

Var. pumila, a smaller form, with rounded leaves half inch or little more in diameter, 
and 3-8-flowered scape. —J. A. Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida Co., N. Y.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302.— 
Peat bogs of elevated regions in Central New York; also Labrador, Alaska, &c. (Green- 
land.) 


§ 3. THeLdra, Benth. & Hook. Style strongly declined or decurved, and 
toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer (or becoming longer) than 
the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly spreading petals: stigma 


Pyrola. ERICACEX. 47 


much narrower than the truncate and usually excavated apex of the style, which 
forms a ring or collar; its 5 lobes at first very short and even included, in age 
commonly protruding, connivent or more or less concrete: stamens declined- 
ascending: anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices, so as usu- 
ally to form a neck or short prolongation, the other extremity with either a promi- 
nent or often an obsolete mucro: hypogynous disk none. — Thelaia, Alefeld, |. c. 


% Anomalous, perhaps monstrous: petals and leaves acute: flowers ascending. 


P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, an inch or less in length and 
shorter than the petiole: scape 7 or 8 inches high, naked, 7-9-flowered: calyx-lobes tri- 
angular-ovate, acute, short: petals greenish, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (nearly 3 lines 
long), campanulate-connivent: stamens slightly declined: anthers remaining extrorse, 
obscurely produced at the openings, the other end conspicuously 1-mucronate: style 
slightly curved ; lobes of the stigma not projecting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302. — Delaware 
Co., New York, on a wooded hill near Deposit, C. F’. Austin, 1860. Not since found. 


* * Leaves orbicular, oval, or oblong: petals from orbicular to oblong, very obtuse. 
+— Calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla. 


P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (half to an inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly 
80, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole : scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3-10-flowered : 
anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. — Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t.5; Nutt. Gen. i. 273; 
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1542; Hook. Fl. ii. 46, t. 134. P. asarifolia, Radius, Diss. 23, t.4; Torr. 
Fl. N. & M. St. i. 433, not Michx. — Rather dry woods, Labrador to Pennsylvania, Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado, California? to Br. Columbia, and north to subarctic regions. 
(Eu., N. Asia?) The E. Asian species allied to this is P. ren/folia, Maxim. 

Var. occidentalis. Leaves thinner and inclined to ovate. — P. occidentalis, R. Br. in 
herb. Banks; Don in Wern. Trans. v. 232. Thelaia occidentalis, Alefeld, 1. c. 36, t.1, f. 6 
(excl. stamens, which apparently belong to P. secunda, var. minor ?). — Alaska to Kotzebue’s 
Sound, .Ve/son, &. Rocky Mountains, Bourgeau. 

+ + Calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short: leaves membranaceous, longer than their petioles. 


P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 1} to 24 inches long, acute or merely 
roundish at base, plicately serrulate: scape a span or more high, loosely several-many- 
flowered: corolla greenish white: anther-tips hardly at all beaked. — Gen. i. 273 ; Radius, 
le. t. 5, f. 1; Hook. 1. c. 47, t. 155. P. rotundifolia, Michx. in part. Thelata elliptica, Ale- 
feld, 1.c. 47, t.1, f. 5. — Rich woods, Canada to Br. Columbia, and through the N. Atlantic 
States to the mountains of New Mexico. (Japan.) 


+ + + Calyx-lobes from ovate and acute to lanceolate: leaves coriaceous. 


P. rotundifélia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, 14 to 2 inches long, 
obscurely crenulate or entire, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles : 
scape a span to a foot high, several-many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: bracts lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips, 
usually half or one third the length of the white or sometimes flesh-colored petals : anthers 
with oblong cells contracted into a very short neck under the orifice: the mucro at base 
either short and distinct or obsolete. — Lam. II. t. 367, f.1; Engl. Bot. t. 213; Schk. Handb. 
t. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 259, ed. 5, 801. Thelaia rotundifolia, asarifolia, bracteosa, inter- 
media, & grandiflora, Alefeld, 1. c. — Sandy or dry woods, from ‘upper Georgia, New Mexico, 
and California to the arctic regions. (Eu. to Kamtschatka.) With the following varieties 
or forms, all but the last of which pass into each other freely. 

Var. incarnata, DC. A rather small form: flowers from flesh-color to rose-purple : 
calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Coldwoods and bogs, Northern New England to the 
Aleutian Islands. ; 

Var. asarifélia, Hook. Leaves round-reniform, orbicular-subcordate, or inclined to 
oblate-orbicular: scape slender: calyx-lobes from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, one third to 
one fourth the length of the flesh-colored or rose-colored or rarely white petals. — Fl. ii. 
46. P. asarifolia, Michx. FI. i. 251, in part; DC. Prodr. vii. 778 (excl. syn. Bigel., Torr., 
Nutt., & Muhl.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 272. — Not uncommon northward and westward to the 
Rocky Mountains. 


48 ERICACES. Pyrola. 


Var. uliginésa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, sometimes ob- 
tuse: leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull: flowers rose-colored or purple. 
— Man. ed. 2, 259. P. uliginosa, Torr. Fl: N. Y. i. 452, t. 69. P. obovata, Bertol. Misc. iii. 11, t.2. 
— Cold bogs, northward nearly across the continent: distinguished from the preceding with 
reddish flowers only by shorter and broader calyx, and leaves seldom with a sinus at basc. 

Var. bracteata, Gray. Like the preceding forms, but larger: leaves commonly 
2 or 8 inches long and thinnish, sometimes variegated with whitish bands: scape often a, 
foot or more high; the scaly bracts large and conspicuous: anthers (as in all these forms, 
but especially in this) distinctly mucronate at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, commonly half the length of the rose-colored or purplish petals. — 
Bot. Calif. i. 460. P. bracteata, Hook. l.c. P. elata & bracteata, Nutt. 1. c. 270. — Conifer- 
ous woods of California to Br. Columbia; the prevailing or exclusive form. 

Var. pumila, Hook. 1.c. A remarkable low variety: leaves firm-coriaceous, an 
inch or much less in diameter: scape 3 or 4 inches high, 5-10-flowered : flowers propor- 
tionally large, white: calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong.— P. Grenlandica, 
Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1817. P. grandiflora, Radius, 1.c. 27, t.3; Alefeld, Le. t. 2, f. 12. 
P. rotundifolia, var. grandiflora, DC. 1. c.— Labrador to Mackenzie River along the arctic 
coast. (Greenland.) : 

P. picta, Smith. Leaves firm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched with white 
above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath (1 to 24 inches long), from broadly ovate to 
spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole; the margins quite entire, or 
rarely remotely denticulate: rootstocks rigid and often branched or clustered: scapes a 
span or more high, 7-15-flowered: bracts few and short: calyx-lobes ovate, not half the 
length of the greenish-white petals: cells of the anther with a distinct neck or beak below 
the orifice. — Rees Cycl.; Don, l. c.; Hook. Fl. ii. 47; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 460. P. dentata, 
Smith, l. c.; Hook. 1. c. t. 1386; a common form with narrow and erect leaves, remotely but 
seldom strongly denticulate. Thelata spathulata, Alefeld, 1. c. — Nootka Sound to California, 
and east to Wyoming and S. Utah. In the drier regions often very small-leaved. 

%* * * Leafless, from deep scaly-toothed branching rootstocks, doubtless parasitic. 

P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high, subulate-bracteate, reddish or lurid: 
raceme several-many-flowered: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very much shorter than the ob- 
ovate white petals: anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice of the cells: deflexed style 
almost straight.— Hook. Fl. ii. 48, t. 137; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 461. — Thelaia aphylla, Ale- 
feld, 1. c.— Coniferous woods, California to Puget Sound. According to Nuttall, there are 
sometimes, “on infertile shoots, a few small, ovate or lanceolate, greenish leaves.” These 
not since seen; but there is such a form of the preceding species. 


28. ALLOTROPA, Torr. & Gray. (A2Aérgomos, in another manner, the 
flowers not turned to one side as in JMonotropa.) — A single species, connecting 
the Pyrolee with the Monotropee. 

A. virgata, Torr. & Gray. Herb reddish or whitish, rather fleshy, a span or two high: 
simple erect stem thicker at base, there densely and above more sparsely scaly : lower scales 
ovate; upper lanceolate, passing into linear bracts of the virgate many-flowered spike: 
flowers 2-bracteolate. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 368, & Bot. Calif. 


i. 461; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 385.— Under oaks, &c., Cascade Mountains, Washington 
Terr., to the Sierra Nevada, California. 


29. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Prve-prors. (From azegdr, wing, and 
smog, seed, alluding to the remarkable wing of the seed.) — Capsule becoming 
nearly naked in age; the thin valves persistent after dehiscence, being fixed by 
the partitions to the columella, in the manner of Pyrola, &c. Seeds innumerable 
(as in the tribe), on the pendulous placente ; the nucleus ovoid, with a nearly 
close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation bearing a broad and 
hyaline rounded or reniform and reticulated wing, which is many times larger 
than the body of the seed. — A single species. 


Monotropa. ERICACEZ. 49 


P. andromedéa, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandular and clammy- 
pubescent: simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and scattered lanceolate scales: 
raceme long and many-flowered : pedicels slender, spreading, soon recurved: corolla white, 
a quarter inch long, somewhat viscid. — Gen. i. 386; Lindl. Coll. t. 5.— Under pines and 
oaks, N. W. New England, Canada, and Pennsylvania to Br. Columbia and California: 
fl. summer. 


30. SARCODES, Torr. Snow-Prant. (Sugxoediy, flesh-like or fleshy, 
from the appearance of this singular plant.) — Torr. Pl. Frem. in Smithson. Con- 
trib. iii. 17, t. 10. — A single species. 

S. sanguinea, Torr. Stout fleshy herb, a span to a foot high, of flesh-red color, 
somewhat glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed and when young imbricated with the firm 
fleshy scales: lower scales ovate; upper narrower, more scattered, and above passing into 
linear bracts of the thick spike or raceme which subtend and mostly exceed the reddish 
flowers: pedicels erect, the upper ones very short: corolla glabrous, half inch long. — PL. 
Frem. l. c.; Chatin, Anat. t. 55; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 462.— 
California, in coniferous woods of the Sierra Nevada, 4-9,000 feet, shooting up and flower- 
ing soon after the snow melts away. 


31. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweer Pine-sar. (Named in honor of the 
late Louis David von Schweinitz.) — Flowers exhaling the odor of violets, produced 
in spring. Anthers in the young flower-bud turned at right angles to the fila- 
ment, so that apex and base are directed right and left; in anthesis becoming 
vertical. — A single species. 

S. odorata, Ell. Plant light brown, in tufts, 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous, beset with 
thinnish ovate or oblong scales, and similar bracts, spicately several-flowered: spike nod- 
ding in flower, erect in fruit: corolla flesh-color, « quarter inch long. — Ell. in Nutt. Gen. 
addend. & Sk. i. 478; Gray, Chloris, 15, t.2. S. Caroliniana, Don, Syst. iii. 867. Mono- 
tropsis odorata, Schweinitz in Ell. 1. c.— Moist woods, Maryland (near Baltimore) to 
North Carolina in and near the mountains, parasitic on the roots of herbs or on decaying 
vegetable matter. 


32. MONOTROPA, L. Inpian Pipr, Pine-sap. (Moros, one, and rodzog, 
turn, the summit of the stem in flower turned to one side or drooping.) — White, 
tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, a span or two high; the clustered stems 
rising (in summer) from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one-several- 
flowered; the summit of the stem straightening in fruit.— Comprises two very 
distinct subgenera, in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607 restored as genera. 


§ 1. Eumonétrorea. (Inprtan Pipe.). Plant inodorous, 1-flowered : scales 
passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps 
bracts; the lower ones rather distant from the flower: anthers opening at first by 
2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved; the valves almost equal and equally 
spreading: style short and thick: edge of the stigma naked. 

M. unifléra, L. Smooth plant a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely 
flesh-color: nodding flower two-thirds inch long: petals 5, rarely 6.— Lam. Ill. t. 352; 
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 86, f. 1; Hook. Exot. Fl. t.85; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t.71; Chatin, Anat. 
t.50. M. uniflora & M. Morisoniana, Michx. Fl. i. 266. A/. Morisoni, Pers. (Moris. Hist. 
iii. 502 (12), t. 16, f.5; Pluk. Alm. t. 209, f. 2.) —Damp woods, nearly throughout the 
U.S., Brit. Amer., &c. (Mex., Japan to India.) 


§ 2. Hypépitys. (Pine-sap.) Plant often violet-scented, commonly pubes. 
cent, at least above, racemosely 3—-several-flowered : terminal flower earliest and 


usually 5-merous and the lateral 3-—4-merous: sepals less bract-like, as many as 
4 


50 LENNOACEX. Monotropa. 


the petals : the latter saccate at base: anthers more reniform; the cells completely 

confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and 

spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted: style longer: stigma glan- 

dular or hairy on the margin. — Aypopitys, Dill., Scop., &c. 

M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh-colored: scales and 
bracts entire or slightly erose: flowers less than half inch long; the lateral 4-petalous and 
8-androus. — Lam. Ill. t. 362; Fl. Dan. t. 232; Schk. Handb. t. 316; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 
t. 1152. AZ. lanuginosa, Miechx.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 457, t. 72. ypopitys lutea, Dill. H. mul- 
tiflora, Scop. H. Euopwa & H. lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 271. — Under amentaceous and 
coniferous trees, Canada to Florida and Louisiana, west to Oregon and Br. Columbia. 
(Mex., Japan to Eu.) 

M. fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot in height: obovate-cuneate upper scales and bracts 
and spatulate sepals laciniately or erosely fimbriate: lateral flowers commonly 3-petalous 
and 6-androus. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 629, & Bot. Calif. i. 463.— Cascade Mountains in 
Oregon, £. Hall. (Mistaken for Pleuricospora jsimbriolata in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394.) 


33. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. (ITevezég, at the side, and ozogd, seed, 
alluding to the parietal placentation.) — A single known species. 

P. fimbriolata, Gray. Light brown or whitish plant, with the aspect of Monotropa Hy- 
popitys, but stouter, a span high, glabrous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales : 
lowest scales ovate, firm, entire; upper passing into the narrower and lanceolate scarious- 
margined and lacerate-fringed bracts of the dense and erect cylindraceous spike: corolla 
white or whitish, not exceeding the bracts, barely half inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
369, & Bot. Calif. i. 463 (not of Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 894, which is ALonotropa jfimbriata).— 
California, in the Mariposa grove of Sequoia yiyantea, Bolander. 


34. NEWBERRYA, Torr. (Dedicated to the discoverer, Professor J. S. 
Newberry, a geologist and naturalist, much devoted to fossil botany.) — Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 606. A single species. 

N. congésta, Torr. Plant brownish, glabrous, a span high: scales crowded or loosely 
imbricated, oval or oblong, thinnish, with obscurely erose margins; the upper forming 
similar bracts of the somewhat depressed head of numerous flowers: corolla hardly half 
inch long ; its lobes within and the style hairy. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. 55; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 464. Hemitomes congestum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, t. 12; char. and figure incorrect as 
to the anthers, and the name inapplicable. — Cascade Mountains, in Des Chutes Valley, 
S. Oregon, Newberry. Washington Territory, station unknown, George Gibbs. 


ORDER LXXVIII. LENNOACEA, 


Root-parasitic leafless herbs, scaly and fleshy, with much the aspect of Mono- 
tropee, but with stamens inserted in or near the throat of the tubular corolla, 
and the polymerous ovary peculiar, the cells being at least double the number 
of the other parts of the 5-10-merous regular and perfect flower, and uniovulate ; 
the fruit drupaceo-polycoccous. Sepals 5 to 10, linear or filiform. Corolla hypo- 
gynous, tubular or slightly funnelform, marcescent, 5-8-lobed, the lobes plicate- 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with 
them: filaments very short: anthers 2-celled, introrse; the cells opening longi- 
tudinally : pollen simple, 3-sulcate. Disk none. Ovary depressed-globose, 12- 
28-celled (doubtless of half as many 2-locellate carpels, surrounding a thick axis) : 
style slender: stigma crenulate or somewhat lobed. Ovule horizontal, anatropous 
or somewhat amphitropous; the orifice superior. Fruit depressed-globular, with 


Ammobroma. DIAPENSIACELE. 51 


a thin fleshy at length dry epicarp which ruptures transversely, as if circumscissile, 
liberating the ring of numerous seed-like nutlets: these are crustaceous, lenticular, 
and separable. Seed with a very thin proper coat: albumen farinaceous and 
oily: embryo (according to Solms) minute, globular and undivided, i.e. as in 
Monotropee. —Torr. in Ann, Lye. N.Y. viii. 56; Solms-Laubach, Abhand. Nat. 
Halle, xi. 1-60; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 621. 


Lennoa ( Corallophyllum, HBK.), the remaining genus of this small and very singular natural 
order, is Mexican, with coralloid branching stems, and the stamens in two sets; the cells of 
the anther divergent. 

1. PHOLISMA. Flowers sessile and densely spicate. Sepals 6, rarely 5, linear, naked, 
shorter than the corolla; the short lobes of the latter mostly 6, undulate-plicate, spread- 
ing. Stamens 6 or sometimes 5, in a single row: anthers oblong, the cells parallel. 
Fruit 18-24-celled. 


2. AMMOBROMA. Flowers short-pedicelled, thickly covering the expanded and _hol- 
lowed receptacle. Sepals mostly 10, filiform, plumose-hairy, pappus-like, equalling the 
corolla ; the mostly 6 lobes of which are erect, retuse, hardly plicate. Stamens 6 to 10 
ina single row. Anthers, pistils, &c., as in Pholisma. 


1. PHOLISMA, Nutt. (From gods, a scale, referring to the scaly stem.) 

— Single species. 

P. arenérium, Nutt. Herb brownish or reddish, with simple stems, in clumps, a span 
or more high, somewhat glandular-puberulent, stout, beset with short and narrow scattered 
scales: spike dense, oblong or cylindraceous (an inch or two long): flowers purplish 
(4 lines long), rather longer than the linear bracts. — Hook. Ic. t. 626; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 464. — Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego, California, Nuttall, &c. Parasitic on the roots 
of Eriodictyon tomentosum, according to D. Clereland, also apparently upon those of some 
Clematis. Flowers produced in spring. Nutlets half a line long, oval. Albumen of the 
seed oily. Embryo not seen. 


2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. (Formed of éupog, sand, and Boapa, food.) — 

Single species. 

A. Sonére, Torr. Root of tortuous fibres: stems simple, 2 to 4 feet long (but mainly 
buried in sand), three fourths to an inch and a half in diameter, fleshy, gradually tapering 
upward, but at summit dilated into an obconical dilated receptacle of 2 inches in diameter, 
funnelform inside and lined with the flowers: scales lanceolate, acutc, appressed, or on 
the receptacle reflexed: corolla purple, 4 lines long: ovary about 20-celled.— Mem. Am. 
Acad. vy. 827, & Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii. 51, t.1; Gray, Bot. Calif. i.464 ; Solms-Lau- 
bach, l. c. t. 1. — Desert sand-hills, Adair Bay, near the head of the Gulf of California, 
beyond the limits of the United States, Col. A. B. Gray. Arizona, between Pilot Knob 
and Cook’s Wells, Schuchard. The plant upon the roots of which it is parasitic is un- 
known. The roasted stems are edible and even luscious; they are said to be an important 
article of food of the Papigos Indians. 


OrpDER LXXIX. DIAPENSIACEX. 


Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, wholly glabrous or nearly so, 
with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, regular and symmetrical 5-merous flowers, 
except the pistil which is 3-merous and the ovary 3-celled, stamens adnate to the 
corolla or connate with each other, those opposite its lobes when present reduced 
to sterile appendages (staminodia), anthers mostly transversely or obliquely de- 
hiscent, pollen simple, and capsule and seeds of Ericacee. Flowers perfect, soli- 
tary or racemose. Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, hypogynous. or with 
slight adnation to base of ovary; the former persistent, the latter deciduous. 


52 DIAPENSIACEZ. Pyzidanthera, 


Filaments commonly dilated. Style one: stigma 3-lobed, not indusiate. Ovules 
indefinite, on projecting axile placentz, anatropous or nearly amphitropous. Cap- 
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, with or without a persistent columella. 
Embryo small and terete in fleshy albumen; the cotyledons very short. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Mél. Biol. ix. 18; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 618. Déapensiacee, Lindl. as to our Tribe I., with Galacinee, Don, as to 
Galax. 


Trisz I. DIAPENSIE. Suffruticulose depressed evergreens, crowded with small 
entire and nerveless coriaceous leaves. Sterile filaments or staminodia none : fertile 
filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses: anthers 2-celled. 
Capsule with persistent columella bearing the placents. Calyx conspicuously brac- 
teolate, strongly imbricated. Flowers solitary. 

1, PYXIDANTHERA. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Sepals thin-char- 


taceous. Anther-cells transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate-pointed. Seeds 
globular, amphitropous, with a close pitted coat. 


2. DIAPENSIA. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Sepals broad and 
coriaceous. Anther-cells muticous, divergent, obliquely 2-valved. Seeds oval or by 
pressure cubical, anatropous, with a nearly close and reticulated coat. 


Tripe Il. GALACINEA. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long- 
petioled round-cordate or oblong evergreen leaves, and a scape bearing racemose or 
clustered or rarely solitary flowers. Staminodia opposite the lobes of the corolla. 
(Besides the following genera are Schizocodon of Japan, near to Shortia, and Ber- 
neuxia of Thibet, between the latter and Diapensia.) 


8. SHORTIA. Calyx strongly imbricated and scaly-bracteolate; the sepals many-striate. 
Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed; the lobes undulate-crenate. Stamens distinct: anthers 
2-celled; the cells obliquely dehiscent : staminodia small and scale-like, adnate to base of 
corolla, incurved over the ovary. Style filiform: stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule 
globular: partitions borne on the valves and separating from the persistent columella, 
which bears the placente. Seeds globular or ovoid with a close granulate coat. 

4, GALAX. Calyx rather strongly imbricated, minutely 2-bracteolate, 5-parted ; the oblong 
divisions nerveless. Corolla of 5 entire oblong petals, distinct, except that their bases 
are adnate to the base of the monadelphous stamen-tube, which is ovate-cylindraceous, 
10-lobed above; the lobes alternate with the petals very short and antheriferous; those 
opposite the petals (i. e. the staminodia) longer, linear-spatulate, petaloid: anthers sub- 
sessile, thickened, rounded and granulate’on the back; the polliniferous part introrse and 
small, somewhat beak-like, one-celled, transversely 2-valved. Style very short: stigma 
obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule ovate; the placentiferous columella at length more or less 
3-parted. Seeds angular, with a loose coat tapering upward. 


' 


1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Frowerte Moss. (IIvc, a small box. 
and drOyjoa, anther, the latter opening as by a lid.) — FI. i. 152, t. 17; Gray, Bot. 
Text Book, ed. 2, 436, fig. 785-790; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 606, fig. 410; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4592. — Single species. 

P. barbulata, Michx. A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, leafy throughout, 
loosely branching: leaves lanceolate or somewhat narrowed below, subulate-acuminate, 
when young pubescent at base, much crowded, a quarter inch long: flowers abundant (in 
early spring), closely sessile: corolla white or tinged with rose, open-campanulate; its 
lobes (2 lines long) cuneate-obovate, retuse and obscurely erose: filaments ligulate.— 
Diapensia cuneifolia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 148. D. barbulata, Ell. Sk. 
i, 229. Pine barrens, mostly in sand, New Jersey and N. Carolina. 


2. DIAPENSIA, L. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of Sanicle, some- 
what altered, applied in a wholly meaningless way to the present genus.) — Arctic- . 
alpine, containing a Himalayan species (Hook. f. Kew. Jour. Bot. ix. t. 12), and 
the following. 


Galaz. PLUMBAGINACE. 53 


D. Lapponica, L. Plant forming very dense cushion-like tufts, glabrous: leaves im- 
bricated on the short shoots, cartilaginous, spatulate (3 to 5 lines long), with mostly revo- 
lute margins: peduncle at length an inch or two long: sepals and 2 or 3 bractlets oval, 
rigid: corolla white, open campanulate; the tube (2 lines long) not longer than the calyx, 
nearly equalled by the rounded lobes: filaments linear.— Fl. Lapp. t.1; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 
t.9; Fl. Dan. t. 47; Bot. Mag. t. 1108.— Labrador, Alpine summits of White Mountains, 
New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, Vermont, and N. W. arctic coast. (Greenland eastward 
to Japan.) 


3. SHORTIA, Torr. & Gray. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Charles W. Short, 
of Kentucky.) — Gray in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 48, ser. 2, xlv. 402, & Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Meél. Biol. ix. 19; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 620.— 
Two species, one Japanese, from which the character of the corolla, stamens, &c., 
were drawn by Maximowicz. 


S. galacifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Rootstocks slender and apparently stoloniferous : leaves 
(2 inches wide) orbicular, moderately cordate and retuse, repand-serrate and the teeth 
mucronate: peduncles in fruit a span high, not surpassing the long petioled leaves, scaly 
bracteate towards the summit: style elongated, persistent. — High mountains of N. Caro- 
lina, Michaux. In fruit only. . 


4, GALAX, L., Sims. (If from ;ci«, milk, an anmeaning name.) — Linn. 
Gen. ed. 5, 93, excluding all the character and the synonymy; these wholly of 
Viticella, Mitchell, which is Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Anonymos s. Bel- 
vedere, Clayt. Virg. ed. 1, 25, with good character, which is wholly omitted by 
Gronovius himself, in Fl. Virg. ed. 2, because quite incongruous with the generic 
character of Galax by Liunzus. — Single species. 

G. aphylla, L. Glabrous herb, with reddish creeping and matted rootstocks, sending up 
leaves and scape: leaves round-cordate, thickly crenate-dentate, veiny, thin but. persistent 
over winter, rather shining, 14 to 3 inches broad, long-petioled: scape a foot or two high, 
slender and very naked, almost bractless: raceme virgate and spike-like: bractlets minute, 
deciduous: flowers numcrous, small: corolla 2 lines long, white. — Spec. i. 200 (excl. syn. 
Mitch.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 754 (where the true char. gen. first appears with the name) ; DC. 
Prodr. vii. 776. Erythrorhiza rotundifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 36. Blanfordia cordata, Andy. Bot. 
Rep. t. 843. Solenandria cordifolia, P. de Beauv. ex Vent. Malm. t. 69.— Wooded hillsides 
and in mountains, Virginia to Georgia; fl. early summer. 


OrpER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACE. 


Herbs, occasionally somewhat woody, agreeing with Primulacee in having the 
stamens isomerous with the petals or divisions of the corolla and opposite them; 
the filaments adnate only to their base or completely hypogynous ; the free ovary 
one-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funiculus 
which rises from the base of the cell; styles 5 and distinct or united; the single 
seed with a large and straight embryo surrounded by (or sometimes destitute 
of) a sparing mealy albumen. Chiefly affecting saline soil. Leaves alternate, 
mostly rosulate. Flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx 
gamosepalous, costate, plaited at the sinuses, persistent. Corolla with claws to 
the nearly distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely im- 
bricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk none. 
Fruit dry, utricular or akene-like, sometimes dehiscent by a lid or by valves. — 
Innocent, with astringent roots or rootstocks. 


54 PLUMBAGINACEZ. Statice. 


Trize I. STATICEH. Calyx with open limb scarious, colored, strongly plicate. 
Petals (long-unguiculate) and filiform styles distinct or united only below. 


1. STATICE. Flowers cymose-spicate, secund. Styles wholly separate. Leaves flat. 

2, ARMERIA. Flowers capitate-glomerate. Styles mostly united at the very base, stig- 
matose down the inner side. Leaves usually slender, with no distinction of blade and 
petiole. 


Trine II. PLUMBAGINEZ. Calyx with erect teeth or lobes, and merely scarious 
sinuses. Claws of the petals completely united into a tube. Style filiform, 5-cleft 
at the apex; the slender lobes stigmatic within. 


3. PLUMBAGO. Calyx tubular, beset with glands. Corolla salver-form with a long tube. 
Stamens free from the corolla. Leafy-stemmed. 


1. STATICE, Tourn. Sra-Lavenper, Marsu-Rosemary. (The ancient 
Greek name, referring to the use as an astringent.) — Large genus in the Old 
World, very sparingly represented in the New, in N. America only by the section 
Limonium, in which the styles are stigmatose down the inside ; the 1—3-flowered 
spikelets about 3-bracteate, i.e. 1-bracteate and 2—3-bracteolate ; leaves all radical 
and 1-ribbed. Fl. late summer. 


S. Liménium, L. Root thick and woody, reddish: leaves thickish and rather fleshy, 
oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, tapering into a long or rather long petiole, obtuse 
or retuse, and usually mucronate-tipped: scapes a foot or two high, loosely paniculate: 
the branches spreading or rather erect: spikelets either crowded or soon rather scattered : 
exterior or true brict ovate, herbaceous with scarious margin, much shorter and smaller 
than the obtuse or retuse broadly scarious innermost bractlet: flowers lavender-color: 
calyx hirsute on the angles below; the lobes ovate-triangular and acute, and usually a 
tooth in each sinus,—In various forms widely distributed over the world, mainly in salt 
marshes of the coast. Ours are 

Var. Califérnica. Leaves thinnish, retuse or obtuse and muticous: scape 2 feet or 
more high: branches of the ample panicle denscly floriferous at the summit, the spikelets 
almost imbricated in short cymose spikes: innermost bract only twice the length of the 
outermost. — Bot. Calif. i. 466. S. Californica, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 463.— 8. W. Texas 
(C. Wright) to California. Resembles dense-flowered European S. Limonium. 

Var. Caroliniadna, Gray (Man. 313), Inflorescence more paniculate than corym- 
bose; the 1-3-flowered spikelets soon separate or rather distant on the branching slender 
spikes: bracts more unequal: calyx-lobes usually very acute or acuminate. — S. Caro- 
lintana, Walt. Car. 118; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 51, t. 25; Boiss. 1. c. S. Limonium, Torr. Fl. 
i. 829, & FL N. Y. ii. 17.— Labrador to Texas. The Southern plant thinner-leaved, with 
mucro often obsolete, branches of the spike filiform, and scattered spikelets small, 
slender, and only 1-2-flowered: the northern forms with more fleshy veinless leaves, the 
mucro conspicuous, flowers and 2-3-flowered spikelets larger, in closer less spreading 
spikes; the smaller state nearly approaching the European var. Bahusiensis (S. Bahusiensis, 
Fries). 

S. Brasiliénsis, Boiss. Leaves oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex, thinnish: scape 
(a foot or two high) and spreading branches of the panicle slender: spikelets 1-3-flowered, 
slender, more or less remote in the spreading spikes: bractlets very unequal: flowers white 
or whitish: calyx perfectly glabrous; the lobes ovate and acutish. — DC. 1. c. — Coast of 
N. Carolina to Florida. (Mex.? Brazil to Patagonia.) 

Var. angustata. Leaves linear or nearly so, tipped with an awn-like mucro, fleshy : 
spikelets sparse. — Pine Key, Florida, in a salt marsh, Blodgett. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long 
besides the petiole, 2 or 3 lines wide. 


2. ARMERIA, Willd. Turirt, Sea Pinx. (The monkish Latin Flos 
Armerie, applied to a Pink, and transferred to Thrift). — Low and stemless 
herbs, of the Old World, with one variable species widely dispersed in the New 
and familiar in cultivation; the narrow leaves much crowded on the crown or 


es 


Plumbago. PLUMBAGINACES. 55 


short tufted stems, 1—5-nerved, persistent ; scapes simple and naked, terminated 
by a compact glomerule of rose-colored or white short-pedicelled flowers, sur- 
rounded and subtended by scarious bractlets and bracts; the lower of the latter 
empty and forming an involucre, the two lowest extended downward at base into 
appendages forming a reverse sheath to the apex of the scape. Calyx more dry 
and scarious than in Séalice, at base oblique or decurrent on the pedicel. Dilated 
bases of the filaments adnate to the slightly united bases of the petals. Styles 
hairy below. FI. early summer. 


A. vulgaris, Willd. (Commoy Turtrt.) Leaves narrowly linear, flat or flattish, more 
or less 1-nerved: scapes a span to a foot high: bracts very obtuse: calyx at base simply 
decurrent on the pedicel; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the stronger nerves or 
angles; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. — Statice Armeria, L. Armeria vulgaris, maritima & 
alpina, Willd. Enum. 133. A. Labradorica, arctica & sunguinolenta, Wallr. Armer.; Boiss. 
in DC. A. andina, Pepp., & var. Californica, Boiss. 1.c. — Through Arctic America to 
Labrador on the Atlantic and to California on the Pacific coast; in various forms, the 
Californian tall form recurring in Chili and Patagonia. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leapwort. (Latin name, from the lead-colored 
flowers of some species.) — Herbs, or rather woody plants, some of them sarmen- 
tose, and cult. in conservatories for the handsome Phlox-like blossoms, leafy ; 
leaves with the sessile base or that of petiole commonly auriculate-clasping ; the 
flowers in a terminal spike. Calyx valvate and corolla convolute in the bud. 
Glands of the calyx stipitate. — Species mainly tropical. 

P. scandens, L. Suffrutescent, decumbent or climbing, much branched: branches 
sulcate-striate: leaves ovate-lanceolate, not auricled at base: calyx with 5 hooked teeth: 
corolla white. — Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 692. P. F/oridana, Nutt.in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290. 
—S. Florida: perhaps introduced from W. Ind. (Trop. Amer.) 


OrvER LXXXI. PRIMULACE. 


Herbs, with simple leaves, regular and symmetrical perfect flowers, remarkable 
for having the stamens of the same number as the lobes of the corolla and opposite 
them (inserted on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary surmounted by an un- 
divided style and stigma, and containing few or numerous (mostly amphitropous) 
ovules, sessile on a free central placenta. Calyx and corolla hypogynous, except 
in Samolus, in which they cohere below with the base of the ovary. But Glauz, 
with a partly colored calyx, is apetalous and the stamens perigynous ; Curis (which 
belongs to the Old World) has irregular calyx and corolla; and rudiments of a 


_ second series of stamens (staminodia) appear in Samolus and Steironema. Sub- 


mersed leaves pinnately divided, and the ovules anatropous in Hottonia. Flowers 
4-8-merous, commonly 5-merous. Calyx usually persistent, and the lobes im- 
bricated in the bud. Anthers introrse. Fruit capsular. Seeds with copious 
fleshy albumen and a small straight embryo. 


Tree I. HOTTONIER. Ovary wholly free : ovules fixed by the base, anatropous. 
Aquatic : immersed leaves pectinate. 


1, HOTTONIA. Corolla short-salverform; limb 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the 
bud. Capsule globular, more or less 5-valved, many-seeded. Flowers verticillate and 
racemose. 

Trize II. PRIMULEZX. (Primulee & Lysimachiee, Benth. & Hook.) Ovary wholly 
free : ovules fixed by the middle, amphitropous or half-anatropous. 


56 PRIMULACEZ. 


% Scapigerous or tufted: flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary: capsule dehis- 
cent (at least at the apex) by valves: lobes of the corolla imbricated (or sometimes 
partly convolute) in the bud. 


++ Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous. 


2. DODECATHEON. Corolla 5-parted with very short tube, and dilated thickened 
throat; the long and narrow divisions (with the calyx-lobes in flower) reflexed. Stamens 
inserted on the throat of the corolla: filaments short and flat, monadelphous (but sepa- 
rable above in age): anthers lanceolate or linear. Style filiform, exserted: stigma small. 
Placenta columnar, many-seeded. 


+ + Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short and blunt anthers: corolla 
salverform or funnelform. 


8. PRIMULA. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading 
ane obcordate or emarginate lobes. Style filiform. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all 
radical. 


4, DOUGLASIA. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated 
above; the throat more or less contracted and 5-fornicate beneath the sinuses; lobes 
entire. Style filiform. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule turbinate, 1-2-seeded. Leaves im- 
bricated or crowded on tufted stems. 


5. ANDROSACE. Corolla short; its tube shorter than the calyx; the throat constricted. 
Style mostly short. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers sinall. 


%*%* Leafy-stemmed: corolla rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or some- 
times involute in the bud, in Glaux none: leaves entire. 


+— Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose. 


6. TRIENTALIS, Flowers 7-merous (rarely 5-6- or 8-merous. Corolla completely rotate, 
without a tube, deeply parted ; the divisions convolute in the bud, ovate to lanceolate and 
pointed. Filaments long and filiform, united at their insertion into a very short ring: 
anthers linear, recurving when old. Style filiform. Leaves clustered at the summit of the 
simple stem. 


7. STEIRONEMA. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted, 
and the sinuses rounded ; the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each 
separately involute or convolute around its stamen! Filaments distinct or nearly so on the 
ring at the base of the corolla: anthers linear and arcuate in age, nearly as in Trientalis: 
sterile filaments (staminodia) 5, interposed between the fertile ones, subulate. Capsule 
10-20-seeded. Flowers nodding on the slender peduncles. Leaves opposite, destitute of 
dots. Calyx valvate in the bud. 


8. LYSIMACHIA. Flowers 5-merous (or casually 6-7-merous). Corolla rotate (or short 
funnelform in some foreign species) ; the divisions entire, convolute in the bud. Filaments 
more commonly monadelphous at base: anthers oblong or oval. No staminodia or ves- 
tige of sterile stamens. Capsule few-several-seeded. Herbage commonly glandular-dotted. 
Stems leafy throughout. Calyx lightly imbricated or valvate in the bud. 


9. GLAUX. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes, which are 
imbricated in the bud and equal the campanulate tube. Stamens on the base of calyx, 
alternate with its lobes: filaments slender: anthers cordate-ovate. Style filiform: stigma 
capitate. Capsule 5-valved at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout: leaves mainly oppo- 
site: nearly sessile flowers solitary in the axils. 

+ + Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid: seeds numerous. 

10. ANAGALLIS. Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted; the rounded lobes convolute in 
the bud, exceeding the 5-parted calyx. Stamens on the base of the corolla: filaments 
bearded or pubescent: anthers broadly oblong. 

11. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4-5-lobed limb, shorter than 


the calyx; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla: filaments short and subulate, 
beardless : anthers ovate or cordate. 


Tring III. SAMOLEZ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx : ovules 
as in the preceding tribe. 


12. SAMOLUS. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short 
filaments and cordate anthers. Staminodia or sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the 
corolla, or in one species wanting. Style short or slender: stigma obtuse or capitate. 
Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate 
leaved, with racemose flowers. 


Dodecatheon. PRIMULACE.E. 57 


1. HOTTONIA, L. Featuerrom. (In memory of Prof. Peter Hotton of 
Leyden.) — Rooting, often floating, glabrous, branching, with air-bearing fistulous 
stems and peduncles. Sepals linear. Corolla white. Filaments short. Stigma 
capitate. Capsule membranaceous. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of 
Primula in the European species, the earlier cleistogamous in the following. 


H. infléta, Ell. Leafy stems and especially the internodes of the emersed flowering ones 
or peduncles much inflated (the latter often as thick as fingers) : proper leaves dissected 
into long and numerous filiform divisions ; whorled bracts linear or spatulate, entire, a 
quarter inch long, mostly exceeding the pedicels: corolla only a line or two long, with 
short lobes as well as tube, not equalling the calyx; the throat open: style short. — Sk. 
i, 231; Nutt. Gen. i. 120. ZH. palustris, Pursh, &c., not L.— Shallow water, Massachusetts 
to Louisiana: fl. summer. 


2. DODECATHEON, L. Suoortye Srar, Auer. Cowsirr. (Fan- 
ciful name, from dwdexe and Geol, twelve gods; the specific name of the original 
and, as we suppose, the only species commemorates Dr. Richard Mead, and was 
given as generic by Catesby.) — Flowers few or numerous in an umbel, termi- 
nating a naked scape, in late spring or summer, handsome, resembling the solitary 
flower of Cyclamen: corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit, 
enclosing the lower part of the ovoid or fusiform crustaceous capsule. 


D. Meadia, I. Perennial herb, with fibrous roots: leaves crowded on a thickish crown, 
generally spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand, 
obtuse, below tapéring into more or less of a margined petiole, in the typical or Atlantic 
form 3 to 9 inches long; while the scape is from a span to 2 feet high; and the flowers 
from few to many in the umbel: bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small: pedicels 
slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. (Flower rarely 4-merous.) — Meadia, 
Catesb. Car. iii. t.1; Ehret, Pl. Sel. t. 12. D. Meadia & D. integrifolium, Michx. Fl. i. 123. 
D. integrifolium, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3622. Dianthus Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 140. — The 
Atlantic plant, in moist and shaded grounds, Michigan and Pcnn., and through the upper 
country to Georgia, thence to Arkansas and Texas. Westward the species extends to 
California and Behring Straits, under very various forms and varieties, which may be 
generally classified as follows (after Bot. Calif. i. 467) ; the Pacific forms generally having 
shorter or blunter anthers than the Atlantic or typical D. Meadia, L. 

Var. brevifélium. Leaves from obovate or ovate to broadly spatulate, half inch to 
aninch and a half long, abruptly contracted into a petiole; scape 3 to 12 inches high, few— 
many-flowered: capsule seldom exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. — D. ellipticum, 
Nutt. ex Durand, Pl. Pratt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. u. ser. ii. 95. D. integrifolium, Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 322. Common in W. California. Forms nearly answering to this, or larger-leaved, 
occur in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. 

Var. lancifélium. Leaves oblanceolate or elongated-spatulate, 3 to 10 inches long, 
the short margined petiole included, quite entire, mucronate: pedicels and calyx commonly 
minutely glandular; lobes of the latter lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, nearly equalling 
the short-ovoid capsule. — D. Jaffray’ of the English gardens. — Wet mountain meadows 
of California, especially in the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. alpinum. Like diminutive forms of the preceding, with shorter as well as 
smaller leaves (half inch to an inch and a half long): scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1-4- 
flowered: pedicels and calyx glabrous. — High Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains. 

Var. macrocaérpum. A large and stout form, emulating the common Atlantic 
plant: leaves thickish (rarely laciniate-toothed), tapering gradually into a rather short 
petiole: capsule oblong or even fusiform, 6 to 9 lines long, about double the length of the 
narrow calyx-lobes. — W. California to Alaska. 

Var. frigidum. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, an inch 
or two in length, with short or long and slender petiole: scape a span or two high, few- 
several-flowered: lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to 
almost ovate, shorter than the oblong capsule.— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5871; Wats. Bot. 


. 


58 PRIMULACE. Primula, 


King, 214. D. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 217; Seem. Bot. Herald, 88, t. 9.— 
Behring Straits (both sides and islands) to the Rocky Mountains and high Sierras. 

Var. latilobum. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate-toothed, long- 
petioled: scape a span to a foot high, 1-several-flowered: calyx-lobes ovate or triangular- 
ovate, not longer than the tube, about half the length of the oblong capsule. — Var. frigi- 
dum, Watson, l.c.,in part. D. dentatum, Hook. Fl. ii. 119? — Cascade Mountains, British 
Columbia or Washington Terr. to Wahsatch Mountains, Utah. 


3. PRIMULA, L. Privrosr. (Late ‘Latin, from primula veris, the first 
in spring, i. e. to blossom.) — Flowers in some species, but not in others, dimor- 
phous, i.e. in different individuals either with elongated style and low-inserted 
stamens, or with short included style and stamens inserted high in the throat, 
so that the tips of the anthers show in the orifice of the corolla. Few N. Amer- 
ican species of this large Old World genus, and none of’ the True Primrose or 
Cowslip set, with thin rugose-veiny leaves. All perennials, chiefly with fibrous 
roots from a short crown: ours glabrous or nearly so. 


* Flowers small; the tube of the salverform corolla not over 2 or 3 lines long and little surpassing 
the calyx; lobes obcordate; throat with more or Jess of a callous ring or processes. Species 
passing into each other, probably reducible to two. 

P. farindsa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, &c., at least when young: 
leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less 
long, tapering into a short margined petiole: scape 3 to 9 inches high: umbel few-several- 
flowered, close: pedicels seldom equalling the flower, sometimes very short: corolla from 
flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base, 
2 or 3 lines long. Varies with mealiness sparing or deciduous. — Fl. Dan. t.125; Curt. 
Lond. ii. 21; Engl. Bot. t.6. P. Scotica, Hook. in Curt. Lond. iv. t. 183; Engl. Bot. t. 2608, 
form with almost capitate umbel. — Labrador, Nova Scotia and Maine, Lake Superior, 
Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward, through Arctic America. (Antarctic Amer., 
Eu., N. Asia.) 

P. Mistassinica, Michx. Green, without mealiness or with mere traces of it, small 
and slender: leaves half inch long, with or without « short petiole, spatulate or obovate, 
repand or toothed: scape 2 to 5 inches high, 1-8-flowered : lobes of the flesh-colored corolla 
from broadly to narrowly obcordate, 1} or 2 lines long.—FI..i. 124; Pursh, Fl. i. 187; 
Lehm. Prim. 63, t.7; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2973; Gray, Man. 814. P. stricta, Hornem. Fl. 
Dan. t.1385. P. Hornemanniana, Lehm. 1.c. 55. P. pusilla, Hook. in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 
322, t. 11, Exot. Fl. t. 68, & Bot. Mag. t. 30J0; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 5.— Wet 
banks and shores, N. New England and New York to Lake Superior and N. Rocky Moun- 
tains to the Arctic Sea. (Greenland, N. Eu.) 

P. borealis, Duby. Between the preceding and the next: very slender: leaves nearly 
of the latter, but only 3 to 5 lines long: scape 1-5-flowered: lobes of the purple corolla 
oblong, barely 2 lines long, deeply notched. — DC. Prodr. viii. 43; Herder in Radde, iv. 
114.— Alaska and Islands to Kotzebue’s Sound, &c. (Greenland, being apparently P. 
Egalikcensis, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1511.) 

P. Sibirica, Jacq. Green, not at all mealy: leaves round-ovate, oval, or obovate, entire 
or nearly so, a quarter to a full inch long, slender-petioled: scape a span high, few- 
flowered: bracts of the involucre almost spur-like at base: lobes of the lilac-colored 
corolla broadly and usually deeply obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long; the throat broadened. — 
Mise. i. 161; Lehm. Prim. t. 5; Hook. Fl. ii. 121, & Bot. Mag. t. 3167, 3445; Trautv. Imag. 
Fl. Ross. t. 30, mainly. P. integrifolia, Gunner, ex Oecd. Fl. Dan. t. 188, not L.—P. Fin- 
markica, Jacq. 1.c.; Fries, Sum. Scand. 198.—Arctic Amer. (Richardson) to the high N.W. 
coast and islands. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.) 

%*& Flowers larger: tube of the corolla from 8 to 6 lines long, the throat open and unappendaged. 

+ Leaves entire or merely denticulate, clustered on the short erect subterranean crown. 

P. angustifélia, Torr. Small: scape 1 flowered, one or two inches high, equalling the 
lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves: involucre of one or two minute 
bracts: lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long); the tube 


Dougiasia. PRIMULACEX. 59 


hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 34, t. 3, & ii. 
235. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, James, &e. 

P. Parryi, Gray. Large, sometimes obscurely puberulent: leaves rather succulent, 
spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate: scape a span to a 
foot high, 5-12-flowered: bracts of the involucre subulate, much shorter than most of the 
pedicels: calyx ovoid-campanulate, glandular, commonly reddish; the lanceolate-subulate 
lobes as long as the tube, rather longer than the ovoid capsule: corolla crimson-purple 
with yellow eye; the round-obovate lobes (about 5 lines long) emarginate or obcordate ; 
the tube not exceeding the calyx. — Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 257; Watson, Bot. King, 
2138; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6185.— Margins of alpine brooks, through the higher Rocky 
Mountains of Colorado (Parry, &c.), to those of Nevada and Arizona. The most showy 
species. 

P nivalis, Pall. Resembles the preceding, but runs into much smaller forms: leaves 
from one to 6 inches long, thickish, either entire or closely denticulate: umbel 2-10- 
flowered: bracts of the involucre ovate-subulate: pedicels usually short: calyx-lobes 
oblong or broadly lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule: corolla lilac-purple; the 
lobes oblong or oval, entire (3 or 4 lines long); the tube funnelform and surpassing the 
calyx. — “It. appx. t. G, f. 2,” ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 10; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. 
i.215; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 129.— Unalaschka to Behring Straits and St. Paul’s 
Island ; chiefly the small form, var. pumila, Ledeb.1.c. (N. Asia.) 

+ + Leaves more or less cuneate. coarsely toothed around the apex or sometimes laciniate, of firm 
and thickish texture: bracts of the involucre subulate: pedicels and deeply cleft calyx obscurely 
glandular. 

P. cuneifdlia, Ledeb. Leaves all rosulate-clustered on the thick short crown, obovate- 
cuneate, coarsely laciniate-toothed (3 to 12 lines long), mostly narrowed at base into a long 
and slender petiole: scape 2 to 4 inches high, 1-several-flowered : corolla purple; the lobes 
deeply 2-cleft (3 to 5 or even 6 lines long), as long as the funnelform tube. — Mem. Acad. 
Petersb. (1814) v. 522, & Fl. Ross. l.c. P. sazifragafolia, Lehm. Prim. 89, t.9; Cham. & 
Schlecht. l.c.— Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.) 

P. suffrutéscens, Gray. Leaves thickly crowded on ligneous-fleshy and tufted creep- 
ing stems or rootstocks (of a span or so in length), thick, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at 
summit, long-attenuate below into a margined petiole: scape 2 to 4 inches long, several- 
flowered : corolla red-purple ; the lobes (three lines long) obovate and emarginate or slightly 
obcordate, about equalling the tubc.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370, & Bot. Calif. i. 468.— 
Crevices of rocks, alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California. 


4, DOUGLASIA, Lindl. (Named for David Douglas, of Scotland, an inde- 
fatigable explorer of N. W. Amer. Botany.) — Depressed and tufted little herbs ; 
the stems branching or proliferous, suffrutescent, or at least persistent ; the leaves 
small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scattered 
and alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat umbellate, small.— Lindl. in 
Brande Jour. Sci. 1827 (not 1828 as generally cited), 383, & Bot. Reg. t. 1886 ; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 871; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 632. Aretia, Gaud., 
Koch, &e., not L. Gregoria, Duby, Bot. Gall. 1828, 583, & DC. Prodr. viii. 45, 
as to No. 1, namely the D. Vituliana, of Europe, which has yellow flowers: in 
ours they are rose-purple. 


* Flowers umbellate-clustered from the uppermost rosulate tuft of leaves: tube of the corolla 

_ longer than the calyx. 

D. nivalis, Lindl. Canescent with fine close pubescence, 3 or 4 inches high, repeatedly 
3-4-chotomous : leaves nearly all in proliferous rosulate tufts, not ciliate, rather obtuse, 
3 to 6 lines long: lobes of the corolla oval, shorter than the tube, 2 lines long. — Bot. Reg. 
t. 1886. Androsace linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. July, 1829.— Rocky Mountains, 

_ in lat. 52°, &e., at 12,000 feet, Douglas. 

D. arctica, Hook. Glabrous: leaves ciliate with short and simple hairs. — Fl. ii. 120. D. 
nivalis, var. glabra, Duby, in DC. 1. c. 47. — Arctic seashore between the Mackenzie and the 
Coppermine, Richardson. 


60 PRIMULACER. Douglasia. 


* %* Flowers solitary terminating the leafy shoots: tube of the corolla barely equalling the calyx: 
leaves more or less imbricated in the manner of D. Vitaliana. 

D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, an inch or two high, nearly glabrous: leaves 
subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clus- 
tered: pedicel not longer than the flower, 1-2-bracteolate near the calyx: corolla-lobes 
cuneate-obovate, 2 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371.— Rocky Mountains around 
Helena City, Montana, MZ. A. Brown. Owl Creek Mts., Wyoming, J. D. Putnam. 


5. ANDROSACEH, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name of some sea-plant or 
zodphyte, curiously transferred to these little plants of the mountains.) — Sniall 
annuals or perennials, of various habit, numerous in species in the Old World, 
few in the colder regions of the New: fl. summer. 


%* Perennials, proliferously branched at base and cespitose: leaves rosulate-imbricated at the base 
of the many-flowered scapes: capsule usually few-seeded : umbel several-flowered. 

A. Chamejasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts, from lanceolate 
to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinate—l-nerved (3 to 6 lines long), at least their margins 
with the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and somewhat capitate umbel villous with many-jointed 
hairs: corolla white with yellowish eye (8 or 4 lines in diameter). — Koch, Syn. ed. 2,671; 
Hook. Fl. ii. 119. A. carinata, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 80, t.1; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 
ser. 2, t. 106. A. villosa, var. latifolia, Ledeb. Fl. Alt.; Herder, Bot. Radde, iii. 118. Indeed 
it may pass into A. villosa, L.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado 
northward to the arctic coast, Behring Straits and islands. (N. E. Asia to Eu.) 

* * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves, and naked scapes, 
bearing an involucrate few-many-flowered umbel: capsule many-seeded: corolla white, small. 
+ Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, whitish with conspicuous green teeth, which mostly surpass 

the capsule. 

A. occidentalis, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high: radical leaves 
and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile: scapes 
diffuse: bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong: lobes of the calyx triangular-lanceolate: 
oblong or deltoid, as long as the tube, still longer in fruit, foliaceous: lobes of the corolla 
oblong, shorter than the calyx. — FL i. 187; Nutt. Gen. i. 118.— Banks of the Missouri 
from the mountains down to St. Louis, and extending down the Mississippi, and into Illi- 
nois: also Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. ; 

A. septentriondlis, L. Almost glabrous: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar- 
rowed at base (often into a sort of winged petiole), from irregularly denticulate to laciniate- 
toothed: scapes erect, usually numerous, 2 to 10 inches high: bracts of the small involucre 
subulate: umbel several-many-flowered: pedicels filiform, mostly long: lobes of the calyx 
mostly shorter than the tube, rather shorter than the obovate lobes of the corolla, from 
triangular to subulate-lanceolate, acute. —Lam. Ill. t. 98, f.2; Fl. Dan. t.7; Bot. Mag. 
t. 2021. A. elongata, Richards., not L. A. linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 18294 — 
Rocky Mountains, both high alpine (and small), and at much lower elevations, New Mexico 
and Nevada to the arctic sea coast: also N. W. coast. (Kamtschatka to Eu. ) 

Var. subulifera. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpass- 
ing the corolla.— Rocky Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, H. G. French. San 
Bernardino, California, Parry & Lemmon. 
+— + Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than 

the globular capsule. 

A. filiférmis, Retz. Glabrous: leaves, scapes (1 to 4 inches high), and pedicels nearly 
as in the preceding or more capillary: flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a 
line long: calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small corolla. — Obs. ii. 
10; DC. Prodr. viii. 53; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 69; Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 
70. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming. (N. Asia.) | 


6. TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER, CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 
(Latin, for the third of a foot high.) — Low and glabrous perennials; the simple 
stem, from filiform rootstock somewhat tuberous-thickened at apex, bearing scat- 


Steironema. PRIMULACE.Z. 61 


. 


tered small scales or small leaves below, and a cluster or apparent whorl of larger 
leaves at summit; these veiny, entire or obscurely serrulate, nearly sessile. 
Peduncles filiform in some of the upper axils, one-flowered, in spring. Sepals 
slender, linear-lanceolate, united only at base. Corolla white or pinkish. Capsule 
with about 5 revolute valves. Seeds few, rather large, covered with a white cel- 
lular-reticulated pellicle, remaining for some time fast on the placenta in a globular 
mass. — The following are all the known species. 


T. Americana, Pursh. Stem very naked below, unequally 5-9-leaved at summit, a 
span high: leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends: divisions of the white corolla finely 
acuminate. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t.47. 7. Europea, Michx. T. Europea, var. Ameri- 
cana, Pers., & var. angustifolia, Torr. Fl. 1. 863. — Damp woods, from Labrador to the Sas- 
katchewan and the mountains of Virginia. 

T, Huropéa, L. Stem either naked or with a few scattered leaves below the cluster of 
obovate or lanceolate-oblong obtuse or abruptly somewhat pointed leaves: divisions of the 
white or pink corolla abruptly acuminate or mucronate. — Alaska, &c. (Ku. to N. E. Asia.) 

Var. arctica, Ledeb. Very like small specimens of the Old World plant, 2 to 4 
inches high, with obtuse or retuse leaves, the larger barely an inch long, and gradually 
decreasing ones down the upper part of the stem: corolla white. — T. arctica, Fischer in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 121. 7. Europea, Cham. & Schlecht.— Mountains of Oregon to Aleutian 
Islands and Behring Straits. 

Var. latif6lia, Torr. Stem naked below in the manner of T. Americana ; the whorl 
or cluster of + to 7 oblong-obovate or oval mostly acute leaves (14 to 4 inches.long), rarely 
proliferous: corolla from white to rose-red.—Pacif. R. Exp. iv. 118; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 469. T. latifolia, Hook. 1. vc. — Woods, W. California to Vancouver’s Island. 


7. STEIRONEMA, Raf. (From oteivog, sterile, and rjuc, thread, refer- 
ring to the presence of staminodia alternating with the fertile stamens.) — 
Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, destitute of glands 
or dots; the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls (in the manner of 
Trientalis) on the flowering branches; the slender peduncles as in Trientalis ; so 
also the corolla except that it is yellow. Filaments and bottom of the corolla 
granulose-glandular. F. summer. — Raf. in Ann. Gen. Phys. Bruxelles, vii. (1820) 
192; Baudo in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 346; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
62. Lysimachia § Seleucia, Bigel. Bost. ed. 2,74. Lysimachia § Steironema, Gray, 
Man. ed. 1, 283. 

* Leaves membranaceous, pinnately veined even when linear, at least the lower ones petioled: 

corolla sulphur-yellow. 

S. cilidtum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate 
or oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate (5 to 2 inches long), and mostly with rounded or 
subcordate base, minutely ciliate; the long petioles hirsutely ciliate: corolla exceeding the 
calyx, about three quarters inch in diameter.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. Lysimachia 
ciliata, L.; Engl. Bot. t. 2922, & ed. Syme, t. 1543; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1086. L. quad- 
rifolia, var., L. Syst. & Mant.— Low grounds and thickets, Nova Scotia to Georgia, and 
west to Br. Columbia and New Mexico. (Sparingly nat. in Eu.) 

S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender and branching, soon reclined, the weak long branches 
often rooting in the mud: leaves smaller than in the foregoing, especially on the branches, 
not at all cordate, not ciliate, the margined petioles slightly so : calyx-lobes broader ( ovate- 
lanceolate) and equalling the corolla, which is only a third of an inch in diameter. — Lyst- 
machia radicans, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 177.—Swamps, W. Virginia to Arkansas and 
Louisiana. 

S.lanceolatum, Gray. Stems erect, a foot or two high, simple or paniculately branched, 
somewhat angled: leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or two long, tapering into a short 
and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base; the radical and sometimes lowest cauline 
from oblong to orbicular, small: corolla about two thirds inch in diameter; its divisions 


62 PRIMULACE. Steironema. 


conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate, slightly exceeding the lanceolate calyx- 
lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. lc. S. heterophylla, Raf. lc. S. florida, Baudo, 1. c., chiefly. Ana- 
gallis lutea, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 333, f.1. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 92. L. hybrida & 
heterophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 126. LZ. ciliata, var., Chapm. Fl. 280. L. decipiens, Bertoloni, 
Amen. — Low grounds and thickets, western parts of Canada to Florida, and Nebraska 
to Louisiana. Polymorphous; the extremes in the following varieties, the first of which 
verges to the two preceding species. 

Var. hybridum. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear. — 
Lysimachia lanceolata, var. hybrida, Gray, l.c. L. hybrida, Michx. Le. L. heterophylla, Ell., 
Nutt., &c. — Commoner northward and westward. : 

Var. angustifélium. Stems more branched, a span to 2 feet high: cauline leaves 
linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, a line or two broad. — LZ. angustifolia, Lam. Ill. 
i. 440, not Michx. JL. heterophylla, Michx. l.c. L. quadriflora, Ell., hardly of Bot. Mag. — 
The more marked form mainly southward. 

* * Leaves of firmer texture and nearly veinless, mainly sessile: corolla deeper yellow. 

8S. longifélium, Gray, l. c. Glabrous: stems simple or very sparingly branched, slender, 
quadrangular, a foot or more high: cauline leaves all narrowly linear and sessile, mostly 
obtuse (2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 24 lines wide), lucid, the midrib prominent beneath, the 
margins narrowly revolute: corolla three fourths inch wide; the divisions somewhat ob- 
ovate, longer than the calyx. — S. longifolia? & S. revoluta, Raf. 1.c. Lysimachia quadriflora, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t.660, inappropriate name. LZ. longifolia, Pursh, FI. i. 135 (at least chiefly) ; 
Duby in DC. l.c. (excl. habitat Carol.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 273; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 10. Z. 
revoluta, Nutt. Gen. lc. ZL. angustifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Lam.— Banks of streams, 
Lake Winnipeg to Niagara, and Wisconsin to W. Virginia; apparently not farther south. 


8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosssrrire. (In honor of King Lysimachus, 
or from dvor, release from, wayn, strife.) — A genus of wide distribution, but 
very few species in America, and these rather polymorphous. Ours are perennials ; 
fl. summer. 


§ 1. Lystmacuia proper. Corolla yellow, strictly rotate, and deeply parted, 
with hardly any tube, and no teeth between the lobes: stamens more or less mon- 
adelphous at base, often unequal in length: leaves opposite or verticillate, or 
some abnormally alternate. 

%* Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal and naked thyrsoid panicle: corolla destitute of dots and 

colored streaks: ovules rather numerous. 

L. Fraseri, Duby. Almost glabrous: stem 3 to 5 feet high, sulcate-angled: leaves in 
whorls of 3 or 4, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate (3 to 5 inches long), more 
or less reddish-dotted, mostly acute at base, very short-petioled ; the upper smaller and 
commonly only opposite: panicle many-flowered, minutely glandular: bracts small and 
subulate: divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate, valvate in the bud, margined by a nar- 
row reddish line, moderately shorter than the obovate obtuse divisions of the corolla: 
glandular filaments somewhat unequal, united into a cup at base: anthers narrowly | 
oblong, arcuate in age.— DC. Prodr. vii. 65. Z. lanceolata, Pursh, FI. ii. 729, ex herb., not 
Walt.—S8. Carolina (Catesby in herb. Sherard, and Fraser in herb. DC.); Columbus, 
Georgia, Boykin ; Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Dr. Allen. <A striking and rare species, 
of the LZ. vulgaris section, most related to L. Duhurica of N. BE. Asia. 

* % Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils: stem erect: leaves punc- 
tate with pellucid and at length dark-colored dots: corolla dark-dotted or streaked; the divisions 
longer than the narrow lanceolate sepals: filaments conspicuously monadelphous at base and 
glandular, unequal: anthers barely oblong: capsule 1-5-seeded, sometimes 10-15-ovuled. — 
Tridynia, Raf.l.c. L. § Cassandra, Bigel. 1. v. 

L. quadrifélia, L. Stem a foot or two high, simple, leafy throughout, somewhat pubes- 
cent : leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes of 3, 5, or 6, rarely only in pairs or partly scattered, 
oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate, more or less acuminate (1 to 8 inches long), equal, 
and with flowers on filiform pedicels from most of the upper axils, or sometimes the upper 
reduced to foliaceous bracts and the flowers loosely racemose: divisions of the corolla 


Anagallis. PRIMULACE.E. 63 


ovate-oblong (2 lines long): ovules 10 to 18.—.. Spec. i. 147 (not of Syst. Veg., where it is 

confounded with ZL. ciliata, L.); Lam. Ill. t.101, f.2. Z. lutea, &c., Pluk. Amalth. t. 48, 

£.3. L. punctata, Walt. L. hirsuta, Michx.— Sandy or gravelly soil, New Brunswick and 

Canada to Wisconsin and Georgia. 

L. asperulefoélia, Poir. A foot or more high, mostly glabrous: leaves in whorls of 3 
or 4, or some opposite, ovate-lanceolate from a broad closvly sessile base, 3-5-ribbed, glau- 
cous beneath, an inch or so in length; the upper reduced to bracts of a small leafy-bracted 
raceme: pedicels not longer than the flowers: divisions of the corolla lanceolate, 3 or 4 
lines long. — Dict. Suppl. iii. 477 (wrongly said to come from Egypt); Duby in DC. Le. 
LL. Herbemonti, Ell. Sk. i. 252; Chapm. 1. c.— Pine woods, N. Carolina to Georgia. 

L. stricta, Ait. A foot or two high, glabrous, soon branched, very leafy; the axils 
bearing fascicles of small leaves or sometimes torose bulblets: leaves opposite and occa- 
sionally alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly veinless; the upper mostly 
abruptly reduced to linear or subulate bracts of a long and closely many-flowered virgate 
raceme: pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers: divisions of the corolla lanceolate or 
oblong, 3 lines long. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, i.199. £. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 92. ZL. racemosa, 
Lam.; Michx. Fl. i. 128. LZ. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 104. Viscum terrestre, 1. Spec. 
ii. 1023, bulbiferous and flowerless.— Wet ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and 
Upper Georgia. 

Var. prodtcta, Gray, with a long and loose foliaceous-bracted raceme, gradually 
passing into ordinary leaves subtending filiform pedicels: flowers rather larger. — L. race- 
mosa, Michx. 1. c. (herb.), in part. — New York and Michigan. 

Var. angustifélia, Chapm. Leaves all narrowly lanceolate and linear, a line or 
two broad: raceme rather few flowered. — ZL. angustifolia, Michx. l.c. ZL. Loomisii, Torr. in 
Croom, Cat. Pl. Newbern, 46. — Low country, N. Carolina to Georgia. 

* * * Flowers (rather large), solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla not dark-dotted nor 

streaked: filaments slightly monadelphous at base. 

L. xuwucrAris, L. (Moxrywort.) Glabrous: stems prostrate and creeping: leaves 
orbicular, short-petioled: sepals cordate-ovate, valvate and reduplicate in the bud, nearly 
equalling the corolla. Sparingly naturalized, escaped from gardens into moist grounds 
in N. Atlantic States. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Naumptrera. Corolla with hardly any tube deeply 5- (or even 6-7-) 
parted into linear divisions (light yellow and somewhat purplish-dotted), and with 
a small tooth interposed in each sinus: filaments distinct, slender, equal: leaves 
opposite, those at the base of the stem reduced to scales. — Mawmburgia, Meench. 
Thyrsanthus, Schrank. 

L. thyrsifiéra, L. Glabrous or becoming so: stem a foot or two high from a slender 
rootstock, naked below: leaves lanceolate, sessile: peduncles only from 2 or 3 pairs of 
lower axils, much shorter than the leaf, bearing several or numerous small flowers in a 
dense head or oblong spike: capsule glandular-dotted, few-seeded. — Engl. Bot. t. 176; 
Fl. Dan. t. 517. JZ. capitata, Pursh, Fl. i. 135.— Wet bogs, Pennsylvania to Canada and 
northward, thence west to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu. to Japan.) 


9. GLAUX, Tourn. Sea-Mitkworr. (From y/.uvzog, sea-green.) — Single 
species. Flowers dimorphous as to reciprocal length of filaments and style. 

G. maritima, L. A somewhat succulent little herb, glabrous and glaucous or pale, 
perennial by slender running rootstocks: stems a span or less high, erect or spreading, 
very leafy: leaves from oval to oblong-linear, a quarter to half inch long, entire, sessile : 
calyx-lobes oval, purplish or white. — Salt marshes along both sea-coasts, from New Eng- 
land and from California northward; also in the interior west of the Mississippi, in sub- 
saline soil: fl. summer. (Eu., Asia.) 


10. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. Piupernev. (Ancient Greek name, prob- 
ably from dve, again, and dydéddo, to delight in.) — Low herbs, mainly annuals 
and of the Old World, one indigenous to Chili, one widely naturalized round the 


64 , PRIMULACEZ. Anagallis. 


world: flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of the entire leaves, middle- 
sized or small, in summer. 


A. arveinsis, L. Annual, glabrous: stems spreading: leaves ovate, sessile (half to a full 
inch long, mostly shorter than the pedicels), opposite, in threes, or sometimes the uppermost 
alternate: calyx-lobes narrow, nearly equalling the red, purple, or blue (rarely white) 
corolla; the divisions of which are minutely denticulate or glandular-ciliate.— Waste 
grounds, especially in sandy soil, naturalized both on the Atlaatic and Pacific coast. (Eu., 
Asia, Afr.) 


11. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. Cuarrweep. (The meaning obscure.) — 
Very small glabrous annuals, with’ mainly alternate leaves, and solitary incon- 
spicuous flowers in their axils, in summer. 


C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long, slender: leaves ovate, obovate, or 
in ours often spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base (2 or 3 lines long), all but 
the lowest sessile: flowers nearly or quite sessile in the axils, 4-merous, sometimes 5- 
merous: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, fully equalling the capsule.—Fl. Dan. t.177; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1082 ; Fl. Bras. Prim. t.23. C. lanceoldtus, Michx. FI. i. 98. — Low 
grounds, Illinois to Florida and Texas (wanting in N. E. States), and west to Oregon. 
(Eu., S. Amer.) 


12. SAMOLUS, Tourn. Brooxweep, Water-PIMPERNEL. (Celtic name, 
according to Pliny, the meaning unexplained.) — Low and glabrous herbs; with 
alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes ; 
in summer. One species cosmopolite; most of the others in the southern hemi- 
sphere. Ours either annual or perennial, with fibrous roots. 


S. Valeradndi, 1. Stems erect or ascending, branching from the base, leafy up to the 
raceme: leaves obovate, thinnish; the lower tapering into a petiole: pedicels ascending, 
bractless, 1-bracteolate near the middle: calyx adherent to the middle of the ovary and 
capsule; the lobes ovate, half the length of the short-campanulate corolla; this only a 
line long, the sinuses bearing inflexed sterile filaments. — Engl. Bot. t. 703.— Near Philadel- 
phia, &c.; introduced in ballast. (Eu., Afr., Asia.) 

Var. Americanus, Gray. More branched with age, becoming slender and diffuse, 
with elongating and loose paniculate racemes of mostly smaller flowers on more filiform 
and spreading pedicels: capsules sometimes one-half smaller. — Man. ed. 2, 274, &e. 8S. flo- 
ribundus, HBK.; Gray, Man. ed. 1, &.— Wet places, especially along brooks, N. Canada 
to Florida, Texas, Oregon, and California. (Mex., S. Amer.) 

S. ebracteatus, HBK. Leafy stems short: leaves fleshy, obovate, spatulate, or oblong- 
oblanceolate, the lower tapering into a winged petiole and decurrent: racemes long- 
peduncled ‘or as if on a scape (a span or two high): pedicels without bract or bractlet: 
calyx almost 5-parted, adherent only to the base of the ovary and capsule: corolla oblong- 
campanulate (about 2 lines long), with tube longer than the lobes: sterile filaments none. 
—Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 223, t. 129; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 236; Chapm. Fl. 282. 8. 
longipes, Hook. ex Shuttleworth in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 222. Samodia ebracteata, Baudo in Ann. 
Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 850. — Saline and brackish soil, Florida to Texas and Upper Arkansas. 
(Mex., W. Ind.) 


OrpER LXXXII. MYRSINEACEA. 


Shrubs or trees, with the floral characters of Primulacee, i.e. stamens of the 
number of the petals or corolla-lobes and opposite them, undivided style and 
stigma, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing few or 
numerous peltate amphitropous ovules. These are generally immersed in the 
placenta, and only one usually matures into a seed. This is globose, with a thin 


Ardisia. MYRSINEACES, 65 


coat, and a copious cartilaginous albumen. The fruit is pea-shaped, usually dry- 
drupaceous, never capsular. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, without stipules, 
commonly marked with some immersed dots or short lines, containing at first 
pellucid but at length dark resinous matter ; these also appearing in the flower, 
especially in the corolla. (There are similar dots or lines in Lysimachia, of the 
preceding order.) No milky juice. Flowers small and the corolla short, rotate 
or campanulate. — A tropical order, sparingly reaching the southern borders of 
the United States. 


Tribe I. MYRSINE.E. Calyx perfectly free. No staminodia. Ovules usually im- 
mersed in the fleshy placenta, only one maturing into uw seed which fills the cavity 
of the fruit. 


1. MYRSINE. Flowers mostly polygamo-diecious, in axillary or lateral fascicles. Corolla 
4-5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Anthers short and usually blunt. 


2. ARDISIA. Flowers in panicles, either terminal or from the upper axils. Corolla rotate, 
5- (rarely 4-S-) parted ; the lobes convolute in the bud, or sometimes one wholly exterior. 
Anthers lanceolate-sagittate, pointed; the cells dehiscent from the apex downward. 


Trize II. THEOPHRASTE.E. Calyx perfectly free. Staminodia or sterile sta- 
mens in the throat at the sinuses of the corolla. Ovules numerous, not immersed 
in the placenta, maturing few or numerous seeds. 

3. JACQUINIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with lobes rounded and much imbricated. Corolla short- 
salverform or campanulate ; lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud: a rounded petaloid 
appendage (representing a sterile stamen of the outer series) in each sinus. Stamens 5, 
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla: filaments subulate: anthers oblong or 
ovate, extrorsely dehiscent. Fruit ovoid or globose, leathery, pointed with the base of 
the style. Seeds few, imbedded in the mucilage of the placenta. Embryo with ovate 
cotyledons and slender radicle. 


1. MYRSINE, L. (An ancient Greek name of Myrtle.) — Shrubs or 
trees ; with glabrous coriaceous leaves, small whitish flowers, and small dry berry- 
like fruits. 


M. Rapdnea, Roem. & Schult. Shrub or small tree: leaves thickish (2 inches or 
more long), oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole: 
flowers sessile or nearly so in numerous sinall sessile clusters; the cluster in age raised 
on a short scaly-imbricated axis or spur: flowers 5-merous: drupe 2 lines in diameter, 
obscurely pedicelled. — Syst. iv. 509 (following indication of R. Br. Prodr.); A.DC. Prodr. 
viii. 97 ; Mig. in Fl. Bras. ix. 307, t. 50-52. JL. floribunda, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 393. Mf. Flo- 
ridana, A.DC. l.c.; Chapm. FL. 277. Rapanea Guyanensis, Aubl. Guian. i. 121, t. 46; the 
large and tropical form. Samara floribunda, Willd. Sp. i. 665.— Florida Keys, Blodgett, 
Hassler. (W. Ind. to 8. Brazil.) 


2. ARDISIA, Swartz. (From dodrs, the point of a thing, referring to the 
pointed anthers, which are often connivent around the acute style, forming a 
prominent cusp in the centre of the flower.) — A large and wide-spread tropical 
genus, with white or rose-colored corolla, and white, red, or blue berry-like fruits. 
Our only species differs from the most of the genus in having the corolla-lobes 
sinistrorsely overlapping, instead of the contrary direction, or occasionally with 
one lobe wholly outside and one inside, as often happens in this wstivation. 

A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous: leaves from ob- 
ovate to lanceolate-oblong, glaucescent, entire (2 to 4 inches long), contracted at base into 

a petiole: panicle broad, many-flowered: lobes of the corolla oval, soon reflexed, com- 

monly dark-lined, 2 lines long: style filiform: fruit as large as peas. — A.DC. 1. c. 124; 

Chapm. FI. 277. Cyrilla paniculata, Nutt. in Amer. Jour. Sci. v. 290. Pickeringia panicu- 

lata, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 1.— E. Florida. (Mex. & W. Ind.) 

6 


66 MYRSINEACEZ. Jacquinia. . 


3. JACQUINIA, L. (In honor of Nicolas Joseph Jacquin.) — Tropical 
American trees or shrubs; with thick coriaceous entire leaves, and white or yellow 
flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs or fascicles. 

J. armillaris, L. Glabrous: leaves cuneate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, 
sometimes mucronulate, nearly veinless, the margins somewhat revolute: flowers racemose 
or rather corymbose, white. — Jacq. Amer. 58, t.39; Mig. in Fl. Bras. ix. t. 27. ~ E. Florida 
and Key West on the coast: perhaps introduced. (W. Ind., 8. Amer.) 


J. pingens, Gray. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, glabrous, or the branchlets puberulent : 
leaves crowded, very rigid, some imperfectly verticillate, linear-lanceolate, veinless, 
minutely punctate beneath, with revolute margins, and tipped with a long pungent cusp: , 
flowers few or solitary at the end of the branchlets, short-pedicelled: corolla orange: fruit 
globose, half to three fourths inch in diameter.— Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325. 
—Mountains near Ures (Thurber), and elsewhere in Sonora, N. W. Mexico (Palmer); 
probably reaching the borders of Arizona, but not received from within our limits. Related 
to J. ruscifolia. 


OrnDER LXXXIITI. SAPOTACESA. 


Shrubs or trees, with perfect flowers, agreeing with the foregoing order in 
having fertile stamens of the same number as the (proper) lobes of the corolla 
and opposite them, and inserted on its tube, in the short corolla, undivided style 
and stigma; differing in the few-several-celled ovary with solitary anatropous 
or amphitropous ovules, and a comparatively large seed with a crustaceous or 
bony testa (containing a large straight: embryo with or without albumen), with 
broad and flat or sometimes fleshy-thickened cotyledons; and the juice in most is 
milky. Flowers regular and small, in axillary clusters. Calyx free, of 4 to 7 
distinct sepals, which are strongly imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, 4—7-cleft, 
and the lobes imbricated in the bud, often with as many or twice as many acces- 
sory internal lobes or appendages borne on the throat. Staminodia (answering 
to series of stamens) commonly present, alternate with the true corolla-lobes and 
sometimes in the form of sterile filaments, or squamiform, or petaloid. Filaments 
of fertile stamens subulate or filiform, generally short: anthers oftener extrorse ; 
the cells opening longitudinally. Fruit baccate, commonly by abortion 1-celled 
and 1-seeded; when several-seeded, the bony seeds are laterally flattened and dis- 
posed in a ring around a thickened axis. Leaves alternate, simple and entire, 
pinnately veined, mostly coriaceous: stipules small and caducous or none. Pubes- 
cence when present silky or tomentose, composed of malpighiaceous or stellate 
hairs. — Tropical or subtropical, except our species of Bumelia. Fleshy fruit 
of some edible. Juice of certain trees of the order yields gutta-percha. Seed 
albuminous in all ours excepting Bumelia. 

* Calyx simple, i.e. of mostly 5 sepals in a single series, but strongly imbricated. 
+ No internal appendages to the corolla and no staminodia. 


1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Corolla bearing 5 stamens, otherwise naked within. Ovary 
5-10-celled. Seeds 1 to 10, attached by an elongated hilum. 


+— + Staminodia one in each sinus of the corolla, but no other internal appendages or 
divisions. 
2. SIDEROXYLON. Staminodia more or less unlike and smaller than the lobes of the 
corolla. Ovary 2-5-celled. Berry drupelike, usually 1-seeded. 
+ + + Both staminodia and appendages or accessory lobes of the corolla present and 


petaloid ; the latter one to each side of the proper corolla-lobes (or these 3-parted), 
therefore geminate in the sinuses outside of the staminodia: flowers white: anthers 


Bumelia. SAPOTACEX. 67 


extrorse, versatile: fruit cherry-like, with thin pulp, containing a mostly solitary erect 
seed (from a 5-ovuled ovary) ; the scar small and basilar or nearly so. 
3. DIPHOLIS. Petaloid staminodia mostly erosely or fimbriately toothed. Seed with 
copious albumen; the embryo in its axis with flat cotyledons. 
4, BUMELIA. Petaloid staminodia entire or denticulate. Seed destitute of albumen ; 
the cotyledons very thick and fleshy, commonly consolidated. 


* * Calyx double, of 6 or 8 sepals in two series; the outer almost valvate and enclosing 
the inner and thinner. 


5..MIMUSOPS. Corolla of 6 or more exterior proper lobes, and twice as many similar 
appendages, a pair in each sinus outside of a thin scale-like or petaloid staminodium. 
Anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary 6-8-celled. Fruit baccate, maturing one or few seeds. 


1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, L. Srar-appie. (Formed of yovodg, gold, 
and guviior, leaf, from the golden sheen of the lower face of the leaves.) — Hand- 
some trees of tropical regions; with the leaves in the commoner species green 
and glabrous above, and beneath resplendent with a golden or copper-colored 
silky pubescence, traversed by fine and close parallel transverse veins: flowers 
small in axillary fascicles: fruit fleshy and commonly edible. 


C. Caixito, L., the common Star-apple of the W. Indies, if spontaneous in Florida, is 
doubtless an introduced tree. It has an 8-10-crenate stigma and an 8-10-celled large and 
globose edible fruit, as large as an apple; the foliage undistinguishable from the following. 


C. oliviférme, Lam. Small tree: leaves oval; the lower face (also young shoots, 
pedicels, and calyx) silky-tomentose and shining with the copper-colored or golden pubes- 
cence: corolla white; its tube seldom exceeding the calyx; stigma 5-crenate: fruit ovoid- 
oblong, 1-seeded, blackish when ripe, insipid. — Dict. i. 552; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 71; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 398. C. monopyrenum, Swartz; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3303; Mig. in Fl. 
Bras. vii. 94. — S. Florida and Key West, Blodgett, Chapman. (W. Ind.) 


2. SIDEROXYLON, L. (Composed of oidyoog, iron, and sddor, wood, 
from the hardness of the latter.) — A wide-spread tropical genus, of which a 
single W. indian species has reached Florida. 


S. mastichodéndron, Jacq. (Mastic-rrex.) Rather large tree, glabrous: leaves 
thinnish, oval, with undulate margins, rounded or bluntish at apex, acutish at base, shining 
above (2 to 4 inches long), on slender {inch long) petioles: flowers crowded in lateral or 
axillary fascicles much shorter than the petioles: calyx barely puberulent, half the length 
of the 5-parted yellow corolla: staminodia lanceolate, with a subulate tip, nearly entire : 
ovary glabrous, 5-celled: fruit plum-like, 1-seeded, “ yellow.” — Coll. ii. t. 17, f. 5 (Catesb. 
Car. ii. t. 75); Gertn. f. Carp. Suppl. 125, t. 202; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 181. S. pallidum, 
Spreng.; A.DC. L.c.; Chapm. Fl. 274. Bumelia pallida, Swartz. B. fetidissima, Nutt. Sylv. 
iii. 39, t. 94. —Key West (Blodgett) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Ind.) 


3. DIPHOLIS, A.DC. (Formed of dé, double, and godis, scale, from the 
pair of appendages in the sinuses of the corolla.) —Three W. Indian species, 
with the aspect and seeds of Stderoxylon, one of them extending to Southern 
Florida. 

D. salicifélia, A. DC. Tree 60 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gla- 
brous, tapering into a petiole: flowers in axillary fascicles: short pedicels and calyx rusty 
silky-pubescent : staminodia oval, erose-toothed, as long as the linear or subulate exterior 
appendages: anthers oblong: fruit the size of a pea. — Prodr. 1. c. 188, & Deless. Ic. v. 40 
(corolla-lobes and appendages too much fringe-toothed) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401; Mig. in 
FL Bras. vii. t. 18. Achras salicifolia, L. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz. — Keys of 8. Florida, 
Blodgett. (W. Ind.) 


4. BUMELIA, Swartz. (Ancient Greek name of a kind of Ash, unmean- 
ingly transferred to this genus.) —Shrubs or small trees (of Atlantic U. S. and 


68 SAPOTACES. Bumelia. 


tropical America) ; with very hard wood, small white flowers fascicled in the axils 
of the leaves, in summer, and a black cherry-like fruit. Avxils often spiny: 
therefore in S. States popularly called BuckrHorn. Leaves in ours mostly 
deciduous, and staminodia nearly as large as the proper corolla-lobes. 


% Pedicels, calyx, and lower face of the leaves clothed with silky or somewhat tomentose pubes- 
cence; the upper face of the leaves finely venulose-reticulated: pedicels longer than the short 
petioles: fruit 4 or 5 lines long, oval. 

B. ténax, Willd. Shrub or small tree, 12 to 30 feet high, with divergent branches: 
pubescence silky and close-pressed, yellowish or at first whitish, shining: leaves from 
oblanceolate or spatulate to cuneate-obovate, obtuse (14 to 24 inches long) : fascicles very 
many-flowered: staminodia ovate.— Willd. Spec. i. 1085; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 39, t. 92. 
B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. i. 155. B. reclinata, Chapm. Fl. 275%  Sideroxylon tenaz, 
L. Mant. 48. |S. sericeum, Walt. Car. 100. S. chrysophylloides, Michx. Fl. i. 123. Chryso- 
phyllum Carolinense, Jacq. Obs. iii. t. 54. — Sandy soil, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia. 

B. lanuginoésa, Pers. Shrub or tree, sometimes even 40 feet high, less spiny; the 
pubescence looser, more tomentose, and not shining: leaves from oblong-obovate to 
cuneate-obovate: fascicles 6-18-flowered: staminodia obscurely denticulate: otherwise in 
the most eastern forms very like the foregoing; in the western with paler or sparser down 
to the leaves, or this partially deciduous in age so as to approach the next. — Syn. i. 237; 
Pursh, l.c. B. tomentosa, lanuginosa, & oblongifolia (Nutt. Gen.), A.DC. 1.c. B. oblongifolia 
& B. ferruginea, Nutt. Sylv. 1. ¢. 33. B macrocarpa, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 37, must be this or the 
preceding. JB. arborea (not Texana, as in ed. 1), Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 461, 
a glabrate and thin-leaved form. Sideroxylon tenax, Walt. 1.c. SS. lanuginosum, Michx. 
Fl. i. 122.— Woods, Georgia and Florida to S. Illincis and W. Texas.— The Western 
forms (B. oblongifolia, Nutt., B. arborea, Buckley) are less pubescent, and in the drier dis- 
tricts pass into : 

Var. rigida. More spiny, the coriaceous leaves little over inch long, from obovate to 
cuneate-oblanceolate; seeds sometimes narrower at base and mottled. — B. spinosa, Watson, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 112, not DC.? JB. pauciflora, Engelm. in distrib. Pringle. — 8. Texas 
(Wright, Palmer) to 8. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.) 

* * Pedicels and calyx glabrous: leaves nearly glabrous or soon becoming so, finely venulose- 
reticulated, thinnish. 

B. lycioides, Pers. Shrub or low tree: leaves from oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, 
lucid, 1 to 5 inches long, lower face sometimes whitish-pubescent when young: fascicles 
very many-flowered, about the length of the petioles: -staminodia ovate, obscurely denticu- 
late: fruit short-ovoid, 3 to 5 lines long. — Syn. i. 287; Geertn. f. Carp. iii. 127, t. 202, f. 5; 
Loud. Arb. t. 1016; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 91. Siderorylon lycioides, L. (excl. hab.) ; Michx. 
Fl. ii. 122. S. decandrum, L. Mant. 48% SS. leve, Walt. 1. c.— Low grounds, E. Virginia 
and §. Illinois to Florida and Texas. 


B. reclinata, Vent. Low shrub, decumbent or spreading, spiny: leaves an inch or less 
long, cuneate-spatulate or obovate, obtuse or retuse: flowers commonly fewer. — Choix, 
t. 22. B. lycioides, var. reclinuta, ed. 1. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michx. F1. i. 122. — Coast 
of Georgia and E. Florida. : 

* # # Glabrous throughout: leaves thicker, small, with only obscure veins. 

B. angustifolia, Nutt. Shrub or small tree: leaves from spatulate or linear-oblanceolate 
to broadly obovate-cuneate, very obtuse, fleshy-coriaceous : fascicles few-many-flowered : lan- 
ceolate appendages to the corolla and ovate-lanceolate staminodia acute, denticulate: fruit 
oblong-oval, 6 to 9 lines long, edible: seed oblong. — Sylv. ini. 38, t. 93; Radlk. in Sitz. 
Acad. Bavar. xix. 481. B. parvifolia, Chapm. Fl. 275, not A.DC. B. reclinata, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 109, not Vent. JB. cuneata, ed. 1, not Swartz. — Shores of Florida and 8. E. 
Texas. (Adj. Mex.) bed : 


5. MIMUSOPS, L. (Formed of juss, an ape, and dys, appearance, but 
the likeness is not apparent.) — Trees of the tropics; with coriaceous leaves, 
having slender and inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated yein- 


Diospyros. '  EBENACES. 69 


lets, pedicels in axillary fascicles, corolla immersed or nearly so in the double 

calyx, and a plum-like edible fruit. 

M. Sieberi, A.DC. Tree 30 feet high: leaves elliptical-oblong or inclining to obovate, 
retuse, glabrous and green both sides (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled; midrib stout : 
fascicles several-flowered : corolla whitish, 6-parted; its slender appendages 12: staminodia 
short, triangular, nearly entire: fruit the size of a pigeon’s egg, brownish or yellowish 
when ripe, pleasant. — Prodr. viii. 204; Chapm. Fl. 275. A. dissecta, Griseb. 1. c., as to 
W. Ind. pl. Achras mammosa, Sieber, Coll., not L. A. Zapotilla, var. parviflora, Nutt. Sylv. 
iii. 28, t. 90. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Said to be common; probably indi- 
genous. (W. Ind.) 

Acuras Sapota, L., the SappapitLta or NasEBerry of the West Indies and Central 

America (for a variety of which Nuttall mistook the above tree), appears not to have 


reached Florida. 


ORDER LNXXIV. EBENACE. 


Trees or shrubs, with limpid juice, alternate entire leaves, and diccious or 
polygamous (rarely completely hermaphrodite) regular flowers; the staminate 
with at least twice or thrice as many stamens as there are lobes to the short gamo- 
petalous hypogynous corolla (usually convolute in the bud), and inserted on its 
tube or base, their anthers introrse; the pistillate flowers mostly with some im- 
perfect stamens; the several-celled ovary with one or two anatropous ovules 
suspended from the summit of each cell; the fruit a berry, maturing one or more 
large and bony-coated seeds. These have a cartilaginous albumen, and a rather 
small straight embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons and a mostly slender radicle. 
Calyx persistent, often foliaceous and accrescent. Filaments short. Hypogynous 
disk wanting. Styles as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary, 2 to 8, 
distinct or partly united: stigmas sometimes 2-parted. Stipules none. Flowers 
axillary, articulated with the pedicels. Wood very hard; that of several species 
of Diospyros furnishes ebony. — Hiern, Mon. Eben. in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 
xii. part ii— A small order, of warm regions, nearly two thirds of the species 
belonging to the following genus. 


1. DIOSPYROS, L. Darte-Preu, Perstumon. (tis, mtvodg, Jove’s 
grain.) — Calyx 4-5-lobed, enlarging under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, short- 
salverform or urceolate. Ovary 4-12-celled; a pair of ovules in each cell. Berry 
maturing only 4 to 8 oblong bony flattened seeds. Flowers essentially dicecious ; 
but the fertile flowers (commonly solitary in the axils) may have sterile stamens 
more or léss_polliniferous; the sterile flowers much smaller, usually racemose or 


‘ clustered, and with more numerous stamens. — A large genus, widely dispersed, 


but the greater portion Asiatic: fruit edible. 

D. Virginiana, L. (Coumon Perstumoyn.) Tree 20 to 70 fect high, with a rough bark: 
leaves thickish-membranaceous, more or less pubescent when young, commonly soon 
glabrate, oval (2 to 5 inches long): sterile flowers in threes: calyx 4-parted: corolla 
4lobed, greenish-yellow, thickish, glabrous: stamens 16, in pairs, somewhat pubescent ; 
the sterile ones of the fertile flowers 8: styles 4, 2-lobed at apex: ovary 8-celled, nearly 
glabrous: fruit plum-like, an inch in diameter, excessively astringent when green, yellow 
when ripe, and when frosted sweet and luscious. —Gertn. f. Carp. Suppl. t. 207; Michx. 
f. Sylv. ii. t. 93 (Catesh. Car. ii. t. 76). D. concolor, Mench. D. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. 
i. 265 (var. microcarpa, Raf. Med. Fl.).— Woods and fields, Rhode Island? and New York 
near the coast, also from Ohio to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana: fl. early 
summer: fr. Oct. (Too near the N. Asiatic D. Lotus, L.) 


"0 EBENACE. Diospyros. 


D. Texana, Scheele. (Mexican Persimmon.) Shrub or tree 10 to 29 feet high, widely 
much branched, with smooth bark and heavy white wood: leaves cuneate-oblong or ob- 
ovate, rounded at apex, often retuse (an inch or two long), almost sessile, tomentose, as 
also the branchlets: flowers silky-tomentose outside; sterile few in a fascicle : calyx 5-6- 
parted: stamens 16 to 20 in two ranks, glabrous ; none in the fertile flowers : ovary and 
young fruit pubescent, 8-celled: stigmas 4, each 2-lobed: fruit globose, black, luscious 
(ripe in August), with 3 to 8 triangular seeds. — Linnea, xxii. 145; Torr, Mex. Bound. 109: 
Hiern, Mon. Eben. 1. c. 239. — Woods along streams, Southern and Western Texas. (Ad. 
jacent parts of Mex.) 


OrpER LXXXV. STYRACACE. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, and mostly perfect regular flowers, 
having at least twice as many stamens as the petals or lobes to the corolla, borne 
on its tube or base, or sometimes inserted with it; the filaments monadelphous or 
4—5-adelphous at base; style and stigma one; calyx more or less adnate to the 
2-5-celled ovary ; the fruit or its cells one-seeded ; seed anatropous, with a mostly 
straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen. Calyx either imbricated or open in 
bud. Anthers introrse or innate. Disk none. Ovules solitary, in pairs, or few 
in each cell, most of them aborting in the fruit. Style filiform. — A small order, 
in warm regions; but nearly half the genera are represented in the United States. 
— Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 334; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 667. 


Trizz I. SYMPLOCINEZ. Stamens in several series: anthers short, innate. 
Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Pubescence simple. Embryo terete. 


1. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx 5-lobed; the tube adnate to the 2-d-celled ovary. Corolla 
5-parted, or nearly 5-petalous. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments, usually a 
cluster adnate to the base of each petal. Ovules mostly a pair suspended from the sum- 
mit of each cell. Fruit a small dry drupe or nut-like, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded. 


Tripe I]. STYRACEZE. ‘Stamens definite in a single series: anthers linear or 
oblong, adnate, introrse. Pubescence more or less stellate or scurfy. Calyx-lobes 
or teeth mostly very short or obsolete, open in the bud. Cotyledons flat or foliaceous. 


2. HALESIA. Calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, adnate to the 2-4-celled 
ovary ; the short truncate limb 4toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes 
nearly 4-petalous, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 16: filaments flat- 
tened, more or less monadelphous in # ring at base and somewhat adnate to the base of 
the corolla. QOvules 4 in each cell, the upper pair ascending, the lower pendulous. Fruit 
dry-drupaceous or at maturity nut-like, 2-4-winged, within bony, 14-celled, pointed with 
the persistent base of the style. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical, with a thin coat. 

3. STYRAX. Calyx-tube campanulate; its base adnate only to the lower part of the 
primarily 3-celled ovary ; the truncate limb of very small or obsolete teeth. Corolla 5- 
petalous or 5-parted, or rarely 4-8-parted; the lobes or petals imbricate, or nearly con- 
volute, or valvate in the bud. Stamens double the number of the lobes of the corolla or 
rarely fewer: filaments flat, in ours borne on the base of the corolla, either monadelphous 
or nearly distinct: anthers linear. Ovules several in each cell, ascending. Fruit usually 
globular, becoming one-celled and dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes 3-valved from 
the top. Seed mostly solitary, filling the cell, erect, with a bony smooth coat. 


1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. SWEET-LEAF. (Dvumdozog, connected, referring 
to the stamens, which in some are highly monadelphous.) — Shrubs or small trees 
(American and Asiatic) ; with pinnately veined leaves, which commonly turn yel- 
lowish in drying and yield a yellow dye; the flowers axillary and yellow. — Jacq. 
Stirp. Amer. 166; L. Gen. 677. Hopea, Garden; L. Mant. 15. . 


S. tinctéria, L’Her. Shrub 4 to 18 feet high: leaves rather coriaceous, oblong, acute 
or acuminate, obscurely more or less serrate (4 or 5 inches long), soon glabrate and shining 


Styraz. STYRACACE. val 


above, pale and pubescent beneath, tardily deciduous, or far south more persistent: flowers 
in sessile fascicles from the axils of the preceding year, 6 to 16 ina cluster, scaly-bracteate, 
the scales deciduous: calyx-tube turbinate: petals oblong, obtuse, barely connected at 
base and bearing the stamen-clusters: ovary +}-celled: fruit nut-like, oblong, half inch or 
less long. —Linn. Trans. i. 176; Willd. Spec. iii. 1486. Hopea tinctoria, L. Mant. 105; 
Michx. f. Sylv. iii. 9. — In rich soil, Delaware (Commons) to Florida and Louisiana ; #1. spring. 
Flowers fragrant. Leaves sweet to the taste and in autunn greedily devoured by cattle 
and horses (hence called HorsE-SuG.iRr); also used for yellow dye. 


2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowprop or SILVER-BELL Trex. (Commem- 
orates Stephen Hales of England, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) — Small trees 
of the Atlantic United States; with partly stellate soft pubescence: leaves 
rather large, ovate-obloug, acuminate, more or less denticulate, slender-petioled, 
deciduous ; flowers showy, drooping on slender pedicels, in fascicles (or rarely 
very short racemes) from the axils of fallen leaves of the preceding year, pro- 
duced in spring at leating-time; corolla white. Thin testa of the seed adherent 
to the pericarp ; the delicate inner coat adherent to the albumen. — (Ptervstyraz, 
Sieb. & Zuec, of Japan, referred to this genus by Bentham and Hooker, although 
nearly related, is better kept distinct, on account of the terminal paniculate inflo- 
rescence, quinary flowers, und thinner small fruit.)- Ellis in Phil. Trans. li. t. 22; 
L. Gen. no. 596. 

H. diptera, L. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ovate or inclined to obovate, when full- 
grown thinnish and venulose-reticulated (4 to 6 inches long): corolla three-fourths inch 
long: stamens 8 to 16, mostly 8, sometimes free: ovary rarely 4-celled: fruit oblong (2 
inches long), 2-winged; its strongly angled body tapering into a long stipe within the 
wing. — Spec. ed. 2, 636; Cay. Diss. vi. t. 187; Lodd. Cab. t.1172. H. reticulata, Buckley 
in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860.— Rich woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Flowers 
larger and more numerous and showy than in the next. 

H. tetraptera, L. Small tree (or in the mountains even a large tree): leaves oval or 
ovate-oblong: corolla half inch long: stamens 10 to 16: ovary 4celled: fruit ellipsoidal, 
equally 4-wing-angled, over an inch long. —(Catesb. Car. i. t. 64.) Lam. Ill. t. 204; Cav. 
Le. t. 186; Bot. Mag. t. 910; Lodd. Cab. t. 1173. — Woods and along streams, W. Virginia 
and Illinois to Florida, mostly along and near the mountains. 

H. parvifiéra, Michx. Foliage of H. tetraptera, but smaller: corolla 4 or 5 lines long: 
fruit an inch or less in length, narrowly 2-winged, the oblong-clavate body with stipe 
included in the acute base of the wing. —FI. ii. 40, not Lindl. Bot. Reg., which is Styraxr 
Americana. — Georgia and Florida. 


3. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. (Greek Xziocs, ancient name of the tree 
which yields 76 otigu, storax.) — Shrubs or small trees, the pubescence when 
present scurfy or stellular. Leaves deciduous, at least in our species; the flowers 
(in spring) racemose, subcorymbose or somewhat cymulose, or sometimes solitary, 
from the axils or summit of the branchlets. Corolla white, in ours campanulate 
or more open, of petals distinct to the base or nearly so, soft and tomentulose or 
puberulent, at least outside. Ovary 3-celled at base, with a thick placenta, which 
divides and becomes obsolete at the summit. A widely dispersed genus, chiefly of 
warm regions. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1. ¢., Proce. vi. 326, & Man. ed. 5, 309 ; 
Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 

* Petals nearly valvate in the bud, a third to barely half inch long. 


S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous or nearly so throughout : leaves 
small (1 to 3 inches long), bright green, commonly entire, oblong or oval, mostly acute at 
both ends, often acuminate: flowers single or in very few-flowered racemes, nodding : 
peduncles or branchlets minutely glandular, not hoary: 5-toothed calyx and sometimes 


72 STYRACACEX. Styraz. 


the pedicel glandular-dotted : petals lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous. — Dict. i.82; Gray, 

Man. Le. S. deve, Walt. Car. 140. S. glabrum, Cav. Diss. vi. 500, t. 188; Michx. Fl. ii. 41. 

S. levigatum, Ait. Kew. ii. 75; Bot. Mag. t. 921. Hulesia parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 9522 

— Along streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas. 

* * Petals lightly but decidedly imbricated or convolute in the bud, minutely soft-puberulent out- 
side, barely half inch long: calyx and inflorescence with the lower face of the leaves more or less 
canescent. 

S. pulverulénta, Michx. Low shrub: leaves as in the preceding, but more or less 
pubescent or scurfy and hoary beneath, rarely 2 inches long on flowering stems: flowers 
geminate in the axils on short branchlets and in short terminal racemes, fragrant : pedicels 
not longer than the calyx: petals oblong-lanceolate.—Fl. ii. 41; Ell. Sk. i. 505.— Pine 
barren swamps, 8. Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

S. grandifdlia, Ait. Shrub from 4 to 12 feet high: leaves membranaceous, oval or ob- 
ovate, usually denticulate, green and glabrous above, canescently pubescent or tomentose 
beneath, the larger 3 to 6 inches long: flowers mainly in loose naked racemes of 3 to 6 
inches in length, or some in leafy-bracted clusters, larger than in the preceding: petals 
more overlapping in bud, oblong, fully half inch in length. — Lodd. Cab. t. 1016 (poor); 
Michx. Fl. ii. 41, as S. grandiflorum. S. officinale, Walt., not L.— Rich woods, S. Virginia 
to Florida. 


* % + Petals conspicuously overlapping in the bud, obovate or broadly oblong, two thirds to three 
fourths inch long: short peduncle terminating the branches or short lateral branchlets, corym- 
bosely 1-4-flowered: bracts minute: style long and filiform. 


S. platanifdélia, Hngelm. Shrub 12 feet high, green and glabrous or nearly so: leaves 
roundish, with subcordate or truncate broad base and slerider petiole, undulate or angulate- 
toothed, or even sinuate-lobed, sometimes abruptly acuminate, reticulate-veiny (2 to 4 
inches in diameter): even the pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. — Torr. in Smiths. 
Contrib. vi. 4, note. — Wooded bottoms, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. 

S. Californica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with scurfy stellular pubescence, at first 
hoary, sometimes soon green and glabrate: leaves oval, entire or sparingly undulate (an 
inch or two long), short-petioled: pedicels with the calyx and corolla minutely canescent: 
style becoming an inch long.— Smiths. Contrib. l.c. & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 470. — W. side of the Sierra Nevada, California, Fremont, &c. Bony seed as large 
as a small cherry. 


ORDER LXXXVI. OLEACE. 


Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite 
(rarely alternate) leaves destitute of stipules, perfect or dicecious and regular 
flowers (gamopetalous, 2—4-petalous, apetalous, or even achlamydeous) ; with 
stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2 and fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct ; the free 
ovary 2-celled; style one or none; anatropous ovules mostly one or two pairs in 
each cell; seeds with a rather large straight embryo (its cotyledons flat or plano- 
convex) in firm fleshy albumen, or sometimes exalbuminous. 

ForsyTHIA VIRIDIssIMA and F. suspensa, of Japan and China, cultivated ornamental 
shrubs, noted for their very early yellow blossoms, are peculiar in having numerous ovules. 

Syrinea, the Lilac, of the Old World, becomes spontaneous in a few places. 

LigusTRUM VULGARE, the Privet, used for ornamental hedges, is also occasionally found 


wild in the vicinity of towns in the Eastern Atlantic States, and may claim to be a really natu- 
ralized plant. 


Ores Europa, the Olive, has long been planted in the southern part of California. 


Trize I. FRAXINES. Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Seed 
suspended. 


1, FRAXINUS. Flowers diccious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 
4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and cither separate 


Frazinus. OLEACE.E. rik 


or united in pairs at the very base. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Fruit by abortion 
mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. - 


Trise Il. OLETNE-E. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe or rarely a berry, not 
lobed. Seed suspended or pendulous. Leaves simple. 
* Flowers apetalous, diecious or polygamous. 


2. FORESTIERA, Calyx minute, 4parted or toothed, sometimes wanting or deciduous. 
Corolla none, or rarely one or two small deciduous petals. Stamens 2 to 4: anthers ovate 
or oblong. Ovary ovate, with 2 ovules in each cell: style slender: stigma somewhat 
2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. 

* * Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous: parts of the calyx and corolla 4. 

38. CHIONANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, 
which are plane in the bud with slightly induplicate margins, and united only and often 
slightly at the base. Stamens 2, rarely 3, short. Style short. Ovules a pair in each 
cell. Drupe mostly 1-seeded. Embryo in copious fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat. 

4, HESPERELA®A, Calyx of 4 somewhat colored sepals, imbricated in the bud, decid- 
uous. Corolla of 4 spatulate unguiculate petals, imbricated at summit in the bud, accres- 
cent, deciduous. Stamens +, hypogynous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, mucronu- 
late. Style stout: stigma thick, 2-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell. 

5. OSMANTHUS. Calyx 4cleft, short, persistent. Corolla short, 4cleft; the lobes 
broad and obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely +), on the short tube of the 
corolla, included: anthers ovate. Style short: stigma small, entire. Ovules a pair in 
each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, mostly 1-seeded. 


Tribe TT. JASMINE. Fruit didymous or septicidally 2-partible. Seeds ascend- 
ing or erect. Parts of calyx and corolla 5 or more. 


6. MENODORA. Calyx 5-l5cleft, persistent; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from 
rotate to salverform; limb 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2, 
rarely 3: anthers oblong or nearly linear. Ovary emarginate: style slender: stigma 
usually capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules 4 (or in a S. Amer. species only 2) in each cell. 
Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or near 
the middle. Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer 
coat: no albumen. Leaves often alternate! 


1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asx. (Classical Latin name.) — Trees ; with rather 
light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-pinnate leaves, and small flowers, in 
panicles, developed in spring. Petals when present narrow, induplicate-valvate 
in the bud, white: anthers yellow, large in proportion. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
a pair from the summit of each cell, only one usually fertile; the oblong seed fill- 
ing the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Bark of shoots ash-color. Winter-buds 
of few and usually dark-colored thickish scales. (Shape of the wing of samara 
variable, not rarely some are 3-winged and 3-celled.) 

Orxvus Americana, Pursh, &c., is probably only Frazinus Ornus, L., and wrongly thought 
to be American. <A host of nominal species of Ash which were named by Bosc, character- 
ized mainly by the foliage, and upon which his herbarium throws little or no light, must 
pass unnoticed. 

§1. Orxvs, Pers. Flowers 2-4-petalous, polygamous (many perfect), in 
loose panicles, which mostly terminate leaf-bearing branches or spring from the 


axils of new leaves. 

% Petals 2: style manifest: Californian. 

F. dipétala, Hook. & Arn. Small tree, glabrous: leaflets 5 to 9, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, serrate, mostly petiolulate, an inch or two long: panicles usually clustered on short 
lateral spurs, naked or subtended by one or two leaves: calyx truncate and somewhat 
toothed: petals oblong-obovate, equalling the linear anthers: fruit from linear-oblong to 
spatulate-oblong (usually an inch long), the flat body several-nerved on each side and 
with sharp edges. —Bot. Beech. 862, t.87; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 472. Ornus dipetala, Nutt. 
Sylyv. iii. 66, t. 101. Chionanthus frazinifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 18. — Western 
part of California. 


74 OLEACEZ. Frazinus. 


Var. brachyptera, a form with short obovate fruit, only half to three-fourths inch 
long, and the terminal part of the wing only half the length of the body. — Borax Lake, 
California, Torrey. 

Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves (only the uppermost known) 1-3-foliolate : leaflets 
small, an inch or less long, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate: fruit rather small. — Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 167.— Mountains south of the boundary between Upper and Lower California, 
Parry. 

* %& Petals (always?) 4: style none or hardly any: North Mexican and Texan species, with small 
and minutely punctate leaflets, and small panicles chiefly terminating short 1-2-leaved lateral 
branchlets: flowers of the second species unknown. 

F. cuspidata, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slender branches, glabrous: leaflets 
5 to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate into a cuspidate tip, or 
some of them ovate or oval and obtuse or even emarginate, acutely and sparsely few- 
toothed or entire, petiolulate (half to a full inch or more in length): petiole slightly mar- 
gined between the leaflets: calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-toothed: corolla 4-parted, half inch 
long; the lobes long-linear, several times exceeding the oblong anthers: stigma sessile: 
fruit spatulate-oblong or obovate-oblong (half inch long), its wing rather shorter than the 
flattened nerveless body.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. — South-western Texas, on the Rio 
Grande from the great cafion upwards, Parry, Wright, &c., in fruit. New Mexico, Palmer, 
in flower. 

F. Gréggii, Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous, with slender mostly terete branches : 
leaflets 3 to 7, from narrowly spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, obtusely few-toothed or 
entire, plane, firm-coriaceous, veinless or nearly so (a half to nearly an inch long), sessile : 
petiole wing-margined between the leaflets: fruit 6 to 8 lines long, oblong-linear, the retuse 
apex tipped with a very short distinct style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. F’. Schiedeana; 
var. parvifolia, Torr. 1.c.—QOn limestone, S. W. Texas, Schott, &c. Adjacent parts of 
Mexico, Gregg, Bigelow, Parry. 

§ 2. FraxrnAster, DC. Flowers apetalous, in mostly denser panicles (espe- 
cially the staminate), which are developed from separate buds from upper axils of 
the preceding year, or on the leafless base of shoots of the season. 

* Flowers polygamous: leaves mostly simple! 

F. anémala, Torr. Shrub or low tree, more or less soft-pubescent when young: leaves 
thin-coriaceous, ovate, rotund, or cordate, rarely obcordate, entire or partly serrate, many- 
veined (an inch or two long), sometimes 2-3-foliolate with similar sessile leaflets: panicles 
short: calyx campanulate, erose-toothed, longer than the ovary: anthers linear-oblong: 
fruit oblong (7 to 10 lines long), winged from. the base, the flattened striate-nerved body as 
long as the terminal part of the wing.— Watson, Bot. King, 283.—S8. Utah, Newberry, 
Palmer, Bishop, &c. 

* * Flowers dicecious ; the pistillate rarely with abortive stamens ; the staminate reduced to 2 or 4 

stamens with a minute or obsolete calyx or none: leaves 3-11-(mostly 5-9-) foliolate. 

+— Leaflets petiolulate: anthers linear-oblong, mucronate or apiculate: small calyx to fertile 

flowers present and persistent, sometimes deciduous in F’. quadrangulata. 

++ Fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete or nearly terete body, 
= Which is marginless ; the wing wholly terminal. ; 

F. pistacizefdélia, Torr. Small tree, either velvety-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaf- 
lets 5 to 9, short-petiolulate, sometimes subsessile, small (one or two inches long), from 
lanceolate to oval, entire or somewhat serrate: fruits small and crowded, spatulate (either 
broadly or narrowly), the terete body (8 to 5 lines long) somewhat clavate, about equal- 
ling and sometimes exceeding the wing. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. 
—S.W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. coriacea. A rigid form of arid districts: leaflets 8 to 5, firm-coriaceous, usually 
more serrate. — J’. velutina, Torr. in Emory, Rep. 1848, 149, a velvety-tomentose form. 
F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii. 302, excl. pl. coll. Bigelow. — Arizona, Emory, Wheeler. 

F. Americana, L. (Wuire Asn.) Large timber-tree: branchlets and petioles glabrous: 
leaflets 7. to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate 
or denticulate (3 to 5 inches long), pale or whitish and often pubescent beneath: fruit 
usually about an inch and a half long; the body oblong and cylindraccous, completely 


Frazinus. OLEACEX. 75 


terete, barely acute at base, merely 1-nerved at what would be the margins, half or thrice 
shorter than the lanceolate or oblanceolate wing. — Spec. ed. 2, 1510, excl. syn. Catesb. ; 
Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. (1801) ; Michx. f. Sylv. t.118 (excl. fruit, which is apparently 
that of F. viridis); Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii, 125, t. 89 (on plate F’, acuminata); Emerson, Rep. 
Trees, ed. 2, t.12. F. acuminata, Lam. Dict. ii. 542. FY. Nove-Anglie & F. Carolinianu? 
Wangenheim. F. alba, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. juglandiyiliv, Lam. 1. c.? & Bose in Mem. 
Inst. 1808, 209. F’. epiptera, Michx. Fl. ii. 256. 4. Canadensis, Gertn. Fruct. i. 122, t. 49. 
F. discolor, Muhl. Cat. 111.— Rich or moist woods, Canada to Florida and Louisiana. Very 
valuable timber-tree : fruit variable in size and shape of wing, but that of the terete cylin- 
draceous body quite constant. Monecious flowers have been met with. 

Var. microcarpa. Fruit (seemingly full grown but seedless) remarkably small, 
half to two thirds inch long.— F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, partly. FP. 
Curtissit, Vasey, Cat. Trees U. 8. 20. — Eufaula, Alabama (Curtiss), &e. 

Var. Texénsis. Low tree, glabrous throughout: leaflets mostly 5, slender-petiolu- 
late, from ovate to broadly oval, 14 to 2 inches long, either rounded at apex or slightly 
acuminate: fruit small, two-thirds to barely an inch long, the wing hardly double the 
length of the body.— F. albicans, Buckley, l.c.,in part. F. pistaciw/olia, E. Hall, List. Pl. 
Tex. no. 527. F. coriacea, Watson, |. ¢., as to pl. Bigelow, “ Devil’s Run Canon,” Texas 
(not “ Arizona ”’), a form with remarkably long-petiolulate leaves of firmer texture, with- 
out flowers or fruit. — Texas, on rocky hills, from Austin to Devil’s River, near the Rio 
Grande. Perhaps a distinct species. 
== = Body of the fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less mar- 

gined upward by the decurrent wing. 

F. pubéscens, Lam. (Rep Asu.) Tree of middle or large size: inner face of the 
outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh: young parts velvety- 
pubescent, commonly permanently so: leaflets as of the preceding, or else longer and 
narrower, the lower face and the petioles more tomentose: fruit commonly 14 to 2 inches 
long ; its body more than half (or even little less than) the length of the linear or spatulate 
wing. — Dict. ii. 548; Walt. Car. 254; Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. 1. c.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 
402. F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. nigra, DuRoi. FF’. tomentosa, Michx. f. Sylv. 
t. 119. F. oblongocarpa, Buckley, 1. c. —Low grounds, Canada to Dakotah, and south to 
Florida; rare west of Ohio. 

F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green Ass.) Small or middle-sized tree, glabrous: leaflets 
5 to 9, bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath, from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 
mostly acuminate and sparsely and sharply serrate or denticulate (2 to 4 inches long): 
fruit nearly as in the preceding or with a rather more decurrent wing (from 9 to 18 lines long). 
—Syly. t. 120, excl. fruit (which must belong to F. Americana); Bosc, l.c.; Gray, Man. 
ed. 2, 358. F concolor, Muhl. Cat.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. (on plate, F’. pubescens in letter-press) 
t.90. F. juglandifolia, Willd. Spec. iv. 1104. F°. Caroliniana (Willd. 4), Pursh, Fl. i. 9. 
F. expansa, Willd. Baum. 150.— Along streams, Canada and Dakotah to Florida, Texas, 
and Arizona? Pale-leaved forms, with some pubescence on the veins of the leaflets be- 
neath, pass into the preceding. 

Var. Berlandieriana. Leaflets 3 to 5, with a more cuneate base: wing of the fruit 
rather wider and more decurrent on the body.—F. Berlandieriana, DC. Prodr. viii. 278. 
F. trialata, Buckley, |. c., a state with 8-winged samara.— Texas. (Cuba?) 

++ ++ Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body. 

F. platycarpa, Michx. (Warser Asn.) Tree of middle size, glabrous or pubescent : 
branchlets terete: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate or entire, 
conspicuously petiolulate: fruit elliptical, obovate, or spatulate (one or two inches long), 
contracted below into a stalk-like base, each face with an impressed midnerve, not rarely 
3-winged. — Fl. ii. 256; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 124; Chapm. Fl. 870. F. Carolinensis, &c., 
Catesb. Car.i. t. 80. EF. Caroliniana, Lam. l.c.? FF’. excelsior ? Walt. Car. 254. F. Ameri- 
cana, Marsh. Arbust. 50. F. pallida, Bosc, l.c. F. pauciflora, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 61, t. 100. 
F. triptera, Nutt. 1. c., with 8-winged samara. F’. Nuitallii & F’. nigrescens, Buckley, in Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1860 & 1862. — Deep river-swamps, Virginia to Louisiana. (Cuba.) 

F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Brive Asn.) Large timber-tree, the inner bark yielding a 
blue color to water, glabrous : branchlets square: leaflets 7 to 11, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 
acuminate, sharply serrate (3 or 4 inches long), short-petiolulate, when young often pubes- 


6 OLEACEX. Fraxinus. 


cent beneath: fruit linear-oblong or cuneate-oblong (one or two inches long, 4 to 7 lines 
wide), not stipitate and oftener not narrowed at base, lightly several-nerved on both faces, 
somewhat twisted when mature; the minute calyx at length deciduous or obsolete. — 
Fl. ii. 225; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 123.— Dry rich woods, Michigan to Tennessee. 


+— + Lateral leaflets sessile: common petiole angled: anthers short-oblong. 
== Calyx small, persistent. 


F. Oregana, Nutt. Tree of middle or ample size, with wood like that of White Ash, 
the foliage and shoots villous-pubescent, at least when young: leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate- 
oblong to oval, entire or nearly so (2 to 4 inches long), veiny, the upper surface soon 
glabrous: fruit with nearly clavate and slightly compressed body, the margined edges gradu- 
ally widened upwards into the longer oblanceolate wing (of an inch or less in length), — 
Sylv. iii. 59, t.99; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.472. F. pubescens, var., Hook. F1.ii. 51. F. latifolia, 
Benth. Sulph. 83. — Along streams, Washington Terr., near the coast, to California, 
= = Calyx wanting: the flowers wholly naked. 


F. sambucifélia, Lam. (Buack Ass.) Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough 
and fissile wood; glabrous, except bearded hairs along the midribs beneath: leaflets 7 to 
11, green and of similar hue both sides, oblong-lanceolate from a roundish base, gradually 
acuminate, finely and acutely serrate (3 to 5 inches long), the pinnate primary veins of 
numerous pairs: fruit lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, flat throughout, finely nervose, 
the acutely margined body of the same breadth as the wing. — Dict. ii. 549; Muhl. lc; 
Michx. f. Sylv. t. 122; Emerson, Rep. Trees, ed. 2, ii. 881, t. 13. F. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 
51.— Swamps and wet banks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, the mountains of Virginia and 
Kentucky. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. Remarkable for the total absence 
of calyx. 


2. FORESTIERA, Poir. (MM. Forestier, a French physician.) — Shrubs 
(North American and W. Indian) ; with opposite simple leaves, inconspicuous 
flowers, in early spring, from imbricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored 
drupes; the putamen thin. Fascicles or panicles very short, few-flowered; the 
staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glomerule: the bracts or bud-scales 
deciduous. Branches minutely warty. — Tulasne in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 265. 
Adelia, Michx. Borya, Willd. Bigelovia, Smith. Piptolepis, Benth. 


* Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, not porulose, mostly minutely serrate: flowers from axils 
of the preceding year. 

F. acuminata, Poir. Shrub somewhat spinescent, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous through- 
out: leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate-oblong, conspicuously acuminate, slender-petioled, 
14 to 4 inches long: fertile flowers several in a panicle: calyx obsolete or caducous: drupe 
(when forming fusiform acuminate, and somewhat arcuate) elongated-oblong. — Dict. 
Suppl. ii. 664; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 363, excl. var. Adelia acuminata, Michx. Fl. ii. 
225, t.48. Borya acuminata, Willd. Spec. iv. 711. Forestiera ligustrina, Willd. ex char. & 
hab.; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 358, not Poir.— Wet and shady river-banks, W. Illinois and Mis- 
souri to W. Georgia and Texas. The habitat of this and of F. ligustrina must have been 
transposed in Michaux’s Flora. 


F.. Neo-Mexicadna, Gray. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous: leaves spatulate-oblong, 
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch 
long : fertile flowers in sessile fascicles: calyx minute and rather persistent: drupe obtuse, 
short-oblong or ovoid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. F. acuminata, var. parvifolia, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. iv. 364.—New Mexico, and adjacent borders of Texas and Colorado, Fendler, 
Wright, Palmer, Brandegee. 

Var. Arizoénica. Young shoots and foliage soft-pubescent; only earliest leaves 
seen, those entire. — Near Prescott, Arizona, Palmer. 


F. ligistrina, Poir. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: leaves obovate 
or oblong with narrowed base, short-petioled, appressed-serrulate, rounded at apex, usually 
an inch long: fertile flowers in simple fascicles: calyx almost obsolete: drupe short-ovoid, 
sessile: putamen smooth and even. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 364, partly. Adelia ligus- 


Hesperelea. OLEACE.LE. TT 


trina, Michx. l.c., excl. hab. Borya ligustrina, Willd. 1.c., but character wrongly altered, as 

also by Poiret, 1. c. — Tennessee to Florida, &c., but not Illinois. 

¥. pubéscens, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: fertile flowers and oblong drupes pedicellate : 
putamen striate: otherwise like the preceding.—- Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 177. 
F, ligustrina, var. pubescens, Gray, 1. c. — Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 

* * Leaves coriaceous (very small), not porulose. 

F. spherocarpa, Torr. Low shrub; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, obscurely crenu- 
late, minutely soft-pubescent, half inch long, short-petioled, mainly crowded at the tip of 
the branchlets: drupe globular, very short-pedicelled.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 168.—S. W. 
Texas, in dry ravines of the Rio Limpio, Bigelow. 

* * * Leaves coriaceous, porulose-punctate beneath, often persistent until flowers develop in their 

axils, or even to the maturity of the fruit, 
+ Their margins plane, often serrulate. 

F. reticulata, Torr., 1.c. Glabrous throughout: leaves ovate or almost oblong, with 
rounded base and obtuse or acute mucronulate apex, short-petioled, firm-coriaceous, lucid 
above, conspicuously venulose-reticulated, an inch or more long: fascicles few-flowered 
and very short in the axils of persistent leaves: drupe short-ovoid. — Western borders of 
Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Schott. 

++ Margin of the leaves narrowly revolute, entire. 

F. porulésa, Poir. Much branched shrub, glabrous: leaves thin-coriaceous, obovate- 
oblong to lanceolate, tapering at base into a short distinct petiole, obtuse or rounded at 
apex (one or two inches long), the scattered and spreading veins manifest: drupes short- 
oblong, short-pedicelled. — Gray, I. u., excl. vars. Myrica segreguta, Jacq. Obs. ii. 273, & Ic. 
Rar. t. 625. Adelia porulosa, Michx. 1. ¢. Borya porulosa, Willd. l. ce. Forestiera Jacquiniana, 
Didrichson, Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1838, & Linn. xxvii. 737. —S. Florida: rare. (W. Ind.) 

F. angustifolia, Torr. Densely branched and rather large shrub, glabrous: leaves 
firm-coriaceous, linear or spatulate-linear (6 to 12 lines long and 1 to 3 wide), sometimes 
linear-oblong (short and 4 lines wide), very obtuse, veinless or nearly so: flowers not rarely 
hermaphrodite, few in the close cluster: drupe ovate, acute, very short-pedicelled. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 168. F. porulosa, var.? angustifolia, Gray, 1. c.— Texas, from Matagorda Bay 
and New Braunfels southward to Mexico. 

F.. puitiyreio{pes, Torr. l.c. (Piptolepis phillyretoides, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 29), of Mexico 
(Hartweg, Gregg, &c.), appears to have leaves destitute of the pore-like punctuations, smaller 
than those of F’. porulosa, but similar in form and venation, the lower face more or less pubes- 
cent, and the drupes oblong. 


3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Frinxce-rrer. (From yor, snow, and év6oc, 
blossom, alluding to the snow-white and light clusters of flowers.) — Shrubs or 
low trees (the genuine species E. North American and Chinese); with simple 
and entire opposite deciduous leaves, and loose compound panicles of white 
flowers, in early summer, from the uppermost axils of the leaves of the preceding 
year. Petals sometimes nearly separate or separable, oftener united (but irregu- 
larly) to about twice the length of the small calyx, in cultivation occasionally 
5 or 6. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 231; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 677. 


C. Virginica, L. Somewhat pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, short- 
petioled: panicles drooping, with very slender branches and pedicels and usually some 
foliaceous bracts: petals an inch long, acute: fruit black or bluish, with thin pulp, glob- 
ular, half inch or more long.—(Catesb. Car. t. 68.) Lam. Ill. t.9; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 
t. 1264.— Along streams, S. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. 


4. HESPERELASA, Gray. (‘Eoméoa, evening or occidental, éhuim, the 
olive-tree.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. — Single species. 


H. Pélmeri, Gray. Small tree, glabrous: leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, oblong, 
veiny : flowers sulphur-colored, crowded in a terminal compound panicle : pedicels short, 


78 OLEACE. Osmanthus. 


articulated: petals twice the length of the sepals: fruit not seen, but evidently drupa- 
ceous. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond the limits of this Flora), Dr. Z. 
Palmer. 


5. OSMANTHUS, Lour. (From 667, odor, and dog, blossom, the 
flowers fragrant.) — Shrubs and small trees (of E. United States, Pacific Islands, 
and N. E. Asia); with evergreen chiefly opposite leaves, and small flowers in 
axillary clusters. Genus founded on the Chinese O. fragrans, cultivated as a 
house-plant for its deliciously fragrant small blossoms; now distinguished from 
Olea by the imbricated instead of valvate zxstivation of the corolla. — Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 677. 


O. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. (Drvit-woop.) Tall shrub or small tree, gla- 
brous: bark whitish: leaves firm-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a short 
petiole, entire, bright green, shining above (8 to 6 inches long), much longer than the 
panicles of dull white (polygamous or even dicecious) flowers: drupe small, dark purple. 
— Ligustrum laurifolio, &c., Catesb. Car. i. 61, t. 61. Olea Americana, Lu. Mant. 24; Michx. 
FL. ii. 222; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. t. 6. —N. Carolina to Florida near the coast: fl. spring. 


6. MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl. (Meévoe, force, and dagor, gift.) Low 
shrubby, suffruticose, or nearly herbaceous plants (American and one S. African) ; 
with simple entire or pinnately lobed leaves, many of them alternate, and con- 
spicuous flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral, or sometimes loosely 
corymbosely cymose: fl. in spring or summer: corolla in ours yellow. — Pl. 
Aquin. ii, 98, t. 110; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 43; Benth. & Hook. 
lic. Bolivaria, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 207. Calyptrospermum, Dietr. 
Spec. i. 226. 


§ 1. BotrvArta. Corolla with short or very short tube; its lobes blunt or 
hardly acute; the throat commonly bearded within: filaments filiform: anthers 
pointless. (§ Bolivaria & § Menodora, Gray, 1. c.) 

* Calyx-lobes rather short, 5 or 6, rarely some intermediate ones: leaves entire. 

M. spinéscens, Gray. Thorny shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, divergently branched, 
obscurely puberulent: leaves alternate, spatulate-linear and very small, commonly reduced 
to minute scales or scars on the main branchlets: flowers small, almost sessile, terminating 
short shoots: calyx-lobes a little shorter than the light yellow corolla, the oblong lobes of 
which (a line and a half long) are rather shorter than the funnelform tube: capsule of 2 
almost separate and diverging obovoid divisions. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 471. — Nevada and adjacent borders of California, Anderson, Cooper. — 

M. scoparia, Engelm. Shrubby at base, the slender branches herbaceous, glabrous or 
nearly so: leaves linear or lanceolate, entire ; or the lower oblong or obovate, the upper 
mainly alternate: flowers sparsely corymbose, short-peduncled : calyx-lobes at first little 
longer than the tube of the almost rotate corolla (lobes of the latter ovate and 3 or 4 lines 
long): divisions of the capsule globular. — Bot. Calif. 1.c.—S. E. California, Arizona, and 
adjacent parts of Mexico. Related to M. integrifolia of Buenos Ayres, and to the next. 

* %* Calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate: corolla nearly rotate, its obovate lobes much 

longer than the tube. 

M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high, 
Flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent-scabrous: leaves mostly 
alternate, linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers rather 
numerous: peduncles remaining erect: lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, 3 or 4 
lines long. — Am. Jour. Sci. l.c.; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t.7.— W. Texas to N. New 
Mexico and §, Arizona. 

M. heterophylla, Moricand. Nearly herbaceous, diffusely spreading, a span high, 
almost glabrous but roughish: leaves mostly opposite and pinnately 3-7-cleft or parted; 


Menodora. APOCYNACEA. ’ 79 


‘the lobes and uppermost leaves linear: flowers sparse: lobes of the corolla obovate, 3 to 5 
lines long, light yellow, sometimes purplish outside: short peduncles recurved in fruit. — 
DC. Prodr. viii. 816; Gray, lc. Bolivaria Grisebachit, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 254. — Dry or 
rich soil, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 

§ 2. Menoporopsis, Gray, l.c. Corolla salverform with a long tube, glabrous 
within; the oval or ovate lobes mucronate-acuminate : anthers almost sessile in 
the throat, apiculate: flowers vespertine, odorous, bright yellow: calyx with 
about 10 setaceous lobes, exceeding the fruit: habit of LIZ scabra. 

M. longifiéra, Gray. Glabrous, numerous almost simple herbaceous stems a foot or 
more high from a woody and branching base : leaves linear or lanceolate (an inch or less 
long), smooth, entire (or some of the lowest rarely 3-cleft), the upper commonly alternate: 
flowers several and cymose: tube of corolla 1} to 2 inches long, slightly widening to the 
summit; the lobes half an inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 45.—S. & W. Texas, Lind- 
heimer, Wright. 

M. ptibens, Gray, |.c. Pubescent throughout with soft and spreading hairs: leaves 
rather broader: otherwise nearly resembling the preceding. — Valley of the Pecos, western 
part of Texas, Wright. 


OrpDER LXXNVII. APOCYNACE. 


Herbaceous or woody plants, with milky and mostly acrid juice, simple and 
entire pinnately-veined leaves, either alternate, opposite, or verticillute, no stipules, 
and perfect regular 5-merous flowers ; the calyx free from the ovary or nearly so, 
imbricated in the bud and persistent; the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla con- 
volute and often twisted in the bud; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and 
alternate with them; anthers introrsely dehiscent ; pollen of ordinary loose but 
often glutinous grains; two carpels either distinct or united into a 2-placentifer- 
ous ovary; a single common style, surmounted by a single stigma; the proper 
stigmatic surface a ring underneath a thickened or lengthened sterile terminal 
portion. Ovules few or numerous, amphitropous or sometimes anatropous. Seeds 
with or without a coma. Embryo straight and rather large, in sparing albumen. 
Anthers distinct, but connivent around the stigma, and not rarely adhering to it 
(by a process from the base of the connective). Inflorescence various : peduncles 
either terminal or axillary. 

Nerium OveaNDER, L., escaping from gardens and yards, inclines to be spontaneous in 


Florida and Louisiana. 
THEVETIA NERIIFOLIA, Juss., of Tropical America, grows on Key West, doubtless in- 


troduced. 


Tripe I. PLUMERIEZ. Anthers free (unconnected with the stigma); the cells 
polliniferous to the pointless and usually rounded base. Ovaries 2, connected only 
by the common (filiform) style. Corolla sinistrorsely convolute in the bud, in our 
genera unappendaged and salverform, with tube more or less dilated at summit. 
(Calyx in ours small, and anthers from ovate to oblong-lanceolate. ) 

* Anthers blunt, on very short filaments, inserted and included in the throat or enlarged 
summit of the tube of the corolla, which is villous or hispidulous: seeds not comose. 
+ Disk none: leaves alternate. 

1. VALLESIA. Corolla conspicuously constricted at the orifice. Stigma clavate or 
cylindrical. Carpels drupaceous in fruit, oblong or clavate and curved, 24-ovuled, 
l-seeded. Seed erect: radicle inferior. Shrubs. ; 

2. AMSONIA. Corolla slightly or decidedly constricted at the villous throat. Stigma girt 


underneath by a reflexed cup-like membrane; the apex truncate-capitate or didymous. 
Carpels many-ovuled, becoming slender terete and often torose follicles, erect, several- 


80 APOCYNACEE. 


seeded. Seeds cylindraceous or oblong, obliquely truncate at both ends, in a single row : 
the coat corky. Herbs. 


+- + Disk of 2 oblong or linear glands alternate with the carpels: leaves opposite. 


3. VINCA. Corolla callous-constricted at the orifice; the lobes broad. Stigma a viscid 
ring between a rotately dilated upper and a lower hairy or bearded sterile portion, the 
upper truncate and often 2-apiculate, the lower subtended by a reflexed membranous ring 
or cup. Carpels few-many-ovuled, in fruit narrow terete follicles. Seeds oblong, trun- 
cate, with rough-granulate coat. Radicle superior. 


* * Anthers acute, inserted at or below the middle of the tube: disk none: seeds comose. 


4, HAPLOPHYTON. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform 
with open throat; its tube about the length of the obovate lobes. Anthers short-sagittate 
with the short bases rounded. Style rather short: stigma cylindraccous, 2-lobed at apex, 
unappendaged. Follicles filiform, striate, several-seeded. Seeds linear-fusiform, fixed by 
the middle, sessile, furnished with a deciduous coma at both ends. 


Trier I]. ECHITIDEZ. Anthers with the cells produced into a sterile appendage 
at base, connivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at the base of 
the polliniferous portion. Ovaries 2, united only by the common style or stigma, in 
fruit follicles containing (at least in ours) comose seeds. Lobes of the corolla 
almost always dextrorsely convolute, and the leaves opposite. (Stamens in all 
ours included.) 


* Calyx-tube by means of, a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below: 
corolla appendaged witltin: style hardly any. 


5 APOCYNUM. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the 
base bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens and 
inserted rather higher. Stamens on the base of the corolla: filaments very short, broad: 
anthers sagittate, acute. Disk fleshy at base, the free summit 5-lobed. Stigma ovoid, ~ 
obscurely 2lobed. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with along coma at apex: 
albumen little. 


* * Calyx wholly free: style filiform, girt below by a ring which is commonly extended 
into a reflexed entire or 5-lobed membranous cup or appendage, less conspicuous in 
no. 9: seeds numerous and comose at the apex. 


+ Stems erect, not twining. 


6. CYCLADENIA. Calyx 5-parted, naked within; the lobes slender. Corolla funnelform 
with dilated throat, in the base of which are 5 minute callous appendages, one behind 
each stamen; lobes ovate or obovate, not twisted in the bud. Stamens borne on the base 
of the dilated portion of the tube: anthers sagittate, on short filaments, the tips and the 
basal lobes slender-cuspidate. Disk an entire shallow cup encircling the base of the 
ovaries. Stigma capitate-5-angled and truncate, girt by a conspicuous 5-lobed reflexed 
membrane. Follicles lanceolate, turgid, smooth. Seeds ovate, narrowed at the apex under 
the copious coma. 

7. MACROSIPHONIA. Calyx 5-parted, multiglandular at base within; the lobes 
slender. Corolla salverform, with a long tube and enlarged cylindraceous or funnelform 
throat; the lobes broad, dextrorsely convolute but sometimes sinistrorscly twisted in the 
bud, often crisped. Stamens borne in the throat: filaments short: anthers oblong or 
sagittate-lanceolate, mostly obtusely tipped, and the basal appendages obtuse. Disk of 
5 fleshy and distinct or partly united scales. Stigma thickened and firm, 5-costate, with 
entire or 2-cleft small apex, the base appendaged with 5 reflexed lobes or a 5-cleft mem- 
brane. Follicles long and slender, terete. Seeds oblong. 


+ + Stems twining, or at least sarmentose: calyx gland-bearing at base within : corolla 
wholly destitute of internal scales or appendages; the lobes usually more or less 
twisted (to the left, i.e. contrary to the overlapping) in the bud: filaments very short : 
disk mostly 5-lobed or of 5 glands: follicles long and slender. 


8. ECHITES. Flowers comparatively large. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or with 
abruptly dilated campanulate throat. Appendage of the stigma conspicuous and reflexed, 
in the form of a reversed membranous cup or of 5 strong lobes. Inflorescence simple or 
nearly so. ; 

9. TRACHELOSPERMUM. Flowers comparatively small. Corolla salverform or 
somewhat funnelform. Tips of the sagittate and gradually acuminate anthers sometimes 
exserted; the basal lobes acute. Apex of style more or less thickened or obconical under . 
the narrow or inconspicuous ring of the stigma. Seeds linear, beakless. Inflorescence 
open-cymose. . 


Amsonia. APOCYNACE. 81 


1. VALLESIA, Ruiz & Pav. (Francis Vallesio, a Spanish physician.) — 
Glabrous shrubs ; with alternate leaves, and small terminal or soon lateral cymes 
of small flowers. Calyx not glanduliferous within. — Prodr. Fl. Per. 28, t. 5.— 
The principal species is — 

V. glabra, Cav. Leaves coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, shining, almost  veinless, 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, about 2 inches long : corolla white, 3 lines 
long: drupes half inch long, dry, slender, often single. — Ic. iii. t. 297. V. dichotoma, Ruiz & 
Pay. (Fl. Per. ii. 26, t.151) & V. chiococcoides (HBK.) ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 349. — Key West, 
Florida. (W. Ind. to Lower Calif. and Chili.) 


2. AMSONIA, Walt. (Dedicated to Charles Amson.) — Perennial herbs (E. 
North America and Japan) ; with very numerous membranaceous and alternate 
leaves, varying from ovate to linear, and rather compact small cymes of blue or 
bluish flowers in a terminal thyrsus: fl. spring and early summer. Inside of the 
tube of the corolla below the stamens beset with reflexed hairs. Liber of tough 
fibres, as in Apocynum, &c. 

§ 1. Stigma with depressed-capitate or truncate entire apex: corolla not con- 
stricted under the limb: eastern species. 


A. Tabernemontana, Walt. About 3 feet high, glabrate: leaves from ovate to 
lanceolate, acuminate (2 to 5 inches long), distinctly petioled, pale beneath: calyx very 
small: corolla in the bud slender-beaked by the convolute limb; its lobes lanceolate, 
becoming linear and as long as the tube; the latter at first mostly villous at the enlarging 
summit: follicles slender, 2 or 3 inches long. — Car. 98; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 885. ( Taberne- 
montana Amsonia, L.) A. latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 121; Bot. Reg. t. 151. A. tristis, Smith in 
Rees Cycl. A. salicifolia, Pursh, Fl. i.184; Bot. Mag. t.1873; A.DC. l.c., with var. ciliolata. 
—Low grounds, N. Carolina and Illinois to Florida and Texas. 

A. angustifélia, Michx. Stems (1 to 3 feet high) and commonly inflorescence and 
leaves (or at least their margins) when young villous with loose hairs, these deciduous : 
leaves much crowded, linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear (an inch or two long, half line 
to 4 lines wide), indistinctly petioled, the margins at length somewhat revolute: calyx 
small and short: corolla glabrous outside; its funnelform tube (3 or 4 lines long) little 
longer than the ovate-oblong or at length linear-oblong lobes: follicles slender and even, 
2 to 5 inches long. — Fl. i. 121; Pursh, Le. Tabernemontana angustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, 
i. 300 (1789). Amsonia ciliuta, Walt. Car. (1788), 98; A.DC. l.c.; Chapm. FI. 360; a decep- 
tive specific name, and barely the older. — Dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. Texdna. A foot or two high from creeping woody subterranean shoots, com- 
pletely glabrous: leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate-oblong to linear.— Texas, in rocky 
prairies and at the base of limestone hills, Pope, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c. 


§ 2. Stigma apiculate with two distinct obtuse lobes above the truncate body : 
tube of the corolla clavate, being constricted (at least in bud) under the conspicu- 
ously shorter limb; calyx deeply 5-parted into slender-subulate lobes (2 or 3 
lines long): stems lower, more branching, and bearing smaller or simpler cymes : 
western species. 

%* Follicles torose, inclined to break into thickish articulations: corolla rather short. 

A. brevifélia, Gray. About a foot high, glabrous: leaves thickish, ovate, varying 
above to lanceolate, nearly sessile by a narrowed base (8 to 18 lines long): lobes of the 
corolla ovate or becoming oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube; 
the throat bearded only within the constricted orifice: mass of the stigma between the 
ring and the apical lobes longer than wide: follicles 2 or 3 inches long, thickish, irregu- 
larly moniliform, chartaceous, and disposed to break into one-seeded joints. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 64. — Southern Utah and W. Arizona to the border of California, J/rs. Thompson, 
Parry, Palmer. : . 

A. tomentésa, Torr. A foot or more high, cinereous-tomentose or puberulent, varying 


to glabrous: leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear, sessile: lobes of the corolla oblong, 
6 


82 APOCYNACE. Amsonia. 


2 or 3 lines long, fully half the length of the tube; orifice bearded: mass of the stigma 
between the ring and the lobes broader than high: follicles as in the preceding ? — Frem. 
Rep. ed. 2, 316, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 168. — Sandy plains and ravines, W. border of Texas 
to 8. Utah, Fremont, Wright, Mrs. Thompson, &c. 

* * Follicles slender and continuous: tube of the corolla much longer than the lobes. 

A. Paélmeri, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high: leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late or linear, sessile (1} to 3 inches long): clusters simple and few-flowered: lobes of the 
white corolla ovate, 1} to 2 lines long, about « quarter the length of the tube, which is 
reflexed-bearded within almost to the base: mass of the stigma didymous, puberulent, di- 
vided almost down to the ring. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.— Arizona, Palmer. 


A. longifiéra, Torr. Minutely scabrous or even scabrous-pubescent, or above glabrous: 
leaves linear, sessile ($ to 2 lines wide, 1 to 2 inches long) : lobes of the corolla narrowly 
oblong, white, a quarter the length of the greenish-purple clavate tube; this over an inch 
long and glabrous within except toward the summit: body of the stigma trochleate, much 
longer than wide, surmounted by the small and short lobes. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 159, — 
Rocky ravines, W. Texas and New Mexico on the Rio Grande, and adjacent Mexico. 


38. VINCA, L. Pertwiyxie. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 
— Flowers handsome, usually axillary. Juice hardly milky. — Two distinct sub- 
genera: § 1. Pervinca; herbaceous and procumbent or creeping Old World 
species, blue-flowered, anthers with wide connective, and carpels only 6-8-ovuled ; 
includes V. minor, L.,the common Periwinkle of the gardens and the related 
species. § 2. Locunrera, A.DC.; low and erect shrubby plants, with white or 
rose-colored corolla, anthers with narrow connective and carpels several-seeded ; 
represented by the following species. 

V.rdsea, LL. Low erect shrub, puberulent: leaves oblong, short-petioled: flowers almost 
sessile : tube of corolla an inch long, the narrowly dilated upper portion with a necta- 
riferous pit (externally salient) behind each anther; the throat with a hairy ring over the 
tips of the stamens and a slighter one at the narrow orifice; lobes obovate, shorter than 
the tube, white with a pink eye, sometimes all rose-color or white, showy. — Bot. Mag. 


t. 248. — Lochnera vincoides, Reichenb. —8. Florida: possibly native. Widely distributed 
as a weed in the tropics; cult. as a house-plant. (Trop. Amer.) 


4. HAPLOPHYTON, A.DC. (Composed of ‘dzd0g, simple, and qutér, 
plant, alluding to the want of calycine glands and disk.) — DeCandolle was not 
aware of the double coma, and Benth. & Hook. (Gen. ii. 722) wrongly assign to 
it adnate arithers with empty tails, referring it to the Hehitidee. Single species. 
H. cimicidum, A.DC. Herbaceous or nearly so from a suffrutescent base, slender, a 

foot or two high, branching, somewhat cinereous-puberulent: leaves hispidulous-scabrous, 

opposite and alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, an inch or two long: 
flowers terminating the branches, short-peduncled: corolla sulphur-color, half inch or more 

long; the lobes as long as the tube. — Prodr. viii. 412; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — 8. 

Arizona, in crevices of rocks, Wright, Schott, Thurber. (Mex., Guatemala, Cuba.) 


5. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Docnane, Inptan Hemp. (Ancient Greek 
name for Dogbane; dé, far from, xvwr, dog.) — Perennial herbs (of northern 
temperate zone), pale or glaucescent; the liber very tough-fibrous; and the leaves 
opposite, oval or oblong, mucronate-tipped. Flowers (in summer) small, in ter- 
minal minutely subulate-bracteate cymes, white or rose-color. Follicles 2 to7 
inches long, slender-pointed, often deflexed. 


A. androsemif6élium, L. A foot to a yard high, glabrous, or rarely soft-tomentose, 
branched above: branches widely spreading: leaves ovate or roundish, distinctly petioled : 


Macrosiphonia. APOCYNACE A. 83 


cymes loose, spreading, naked and mostly surpassing the leaves: corolla flesh-color, open- 
campanulate (3 or + lines long) with revolute lobes; the tube excceding the ovate acute 
calyx-lobes. — Spec. i. 213; Lam. IIL t. 176; Bot. Mag. t. 280; Bigel. Med. t. 36. — Borders 
of thickets, Canada to Georgia, New Mexico, California, and Brit. Columbia. Var. ‘ucanum, 
A.DC., is the downy-leaved form, not uncommon northward. 

Var. pumilum, a very low and peculiar round-leaved form, common from California 
to Brit. Columbia. 


A.cannaébinum, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous vr sometimes soft-pubescent : branches 
ascending, leafy to the top: leaves from oval to oblony and even lanceolate, from short- 
petioled to sessile, with a rounded or obscurely curdate base : cymes erect, densely flowered : 
corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the preceding, with almost 
erect lobes, and tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Spec. 1. c.; Hook. Fl. 
t. 139; Gray. Man. ed. 5, 394. A. Aypericifolium, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 304; Hook. Lc. t. 140; 
form with mostly sessile and sometimes subcordate leaves. A. Sibiricum, Jacq. Vind. iii. 
t.66. A. pubescens, R. Br. in Wern. Soe. i.67; the downy form. — Moist grounds and banks 
of streams, same range as the preceding, and more southern; occurring in a much greater 
number of forms, hardly to be distinguished as named varieties. 


6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. (Avzios, a ring, and 6/1, gland, from the 
circular glandular disk around the pistil.) — Low perennial herbs (Californian) ; 
with a creeping rhizoma sending up a simple stem, hardly a span high, and bear- 
ing 2 or 3 pairs of opposite petiolate leaves, of a thickish texture, and one or two 
slender terminal or apparently axillary peduncles, with a few rose-purple flowers 
on slender pedicels, developed in spring. — Pl. Hartw. 322. 

C. humilis, Benth. Glabrous and green, or pruinose when young: leaves ovate or 
obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long: calyx-lobes from lanceolate to nearly linear: corolla 
three-fourths inch long.— Yuba to Shasta Co., California, in the mountains, Hartweg, 
Brewer, &c. 


C. tomentésa, Gray. Densely tomentose-pubescent throughout: leaves ovate and 
oblong, 2 or 3 inches in length: calyx hirsute. — Bot. Calif. i. 474.-—Plumas Co., Cali- 
fornia, with the preceding, Lemmon. 


vhs MACROSIPHONIA, Muell. (Arg.) (Waxzode. long, and ofpor, tube, 
in reference to the corolla.) — Erect suffrutescent or more woody plants (of Mexico, 

Texas, and Brazil) ; with rather simple stems or branches, numerous opposite or 

sometimes verticillate leaves, and proportionally large showy flowers, either ter- 

minal or becoming lateral, on short peduncles or pedicels; the corolla commonly 

soft-puberulent or tomentose outside. Follicles erect. — Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 137, 

t. 42, 43; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 727. — Flowers in ours white or externally 

tinged with rose-color, vespertine, fragrant, in spring or summer; the leaves 

very short-petioled. 

M. Berlandiéri. A foot or two high, shrubby, white-tomentose: leaves from oval or 
cordate-ovate to orbicular (an inch and more long), becoming greenish and merely pubes- 
cent above, the diverging veins at length conspicuous: corolla merely puberulent outside, 
its slender tube (with the cylindraceous-dilated throat) 3 to 5 inches long, many times 
exceeding the calyx and the round-obovate (nearly inch long) lobes. — Echites macrosiphon, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, t. 43.— Rocky soil, W. Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico, 
Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer. 

M. Wrightii. Slender, branching, a foot high, soft-puberulent: leaves narrowly lan- 
ceolate, acute, white-tomentulose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above: tube of the corolla 
and its cylindraceous throat each half inch or more in length, tomentulose, the lobes 
half inch long. — W. Texas, in mountains beyond the Limpio, Wright. 


M. brachysiphon. A span to a foot high, branching, minutely puberulent, green or 
barely cinercous : leaves oblong or ovate, acute or mucronate-pointed, or some rounded at 


84 APOCYNACEE. Echites. 


the apex (half to barely an inch long): corolla minutely puberulent outside ; its somewhat 
funnelform throat and the obovate lobes as well as the narrow tube each about half an 
inch in length.—Echites brachysiphon, Torr. 1.c.— Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
Wright, Schott, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock. 


8. ECHITES, P. Browne, L. (Eyizyg is the serpent-stone; application to 
this genus obscure.) — Twining woody plants; with opposite leaves, and ter- 
minal or lateral peduncles, bearing racemosely or sometimes simply cymosely dis- 
posed flowers, of ample size; the corolla white, rose-color, or more commonly 
yellow. Nearly all tropical American, barely reaching the south-eastern shores 
of the United States, in three species belonging to as many genera of Mueller, 
hesitatingly adopted by Bentham; perhaps better as two, viz., the following, here 
arranged as subgenera. 


§ 1. Manprvittea. Corolla with cylindrical or cylindraceous tube abruptly 
dilated above into an inflated- or oblong-campanulate wide throat. — Mandevillea, 
Lindl. (Amblyanthera, Muell.), with Rhabdadenia & Urechites, Muell. 


E. Andréwsii, Chapm. Glabrous or occasionally pubescent, low, usually twining; 
leaves oval or oblong, oftgn mucronate (about 2 inches long): peduncles corymbosely 
3-5-flowered: lobes of the calyx as long as the proper corolla-tube, linear-subulate : corolla 
yellow (2 inches long and the limb as broad); the much enlarged throat oblong-campanu- 
late, hardly thrice the length of the narrow tube, little longer than the ovate spreading 
lobes: anthers abruptly produced at apex into a long linear-filiform appendage: seeds 
with a long filiform beak, the lower half of which is naked, the upper plumosely comose. 
— Fi. 359 (1860). Z£chites suberecta, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 187; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1064, not 
Jacq. £. neriandra, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415 (1864). &. Catesbei, Don? Neriandra sub- 
erecta, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 422. Urechites suberecta, Muell. in Linn. xxx. 444, in part? — 
S. Florida and Keys, Blodgett, Palmer. — E. suberecta, Jacq. & Griseb., is hardly distinguish- 
able except by the longer throat and shorter lobes of the corolla, and the unappendaged 
anthers! (W. Ind.) 

EB. Sagreéi, A.DC. Much smaller than the preceding: leaves half to barely an inch 
long, the margins more revolute: peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat racemosely 
flowered: calyx-lobes ovate-subulate and much shorter than the tube of the yellow (barely 
inch long) corolla, the lobes of which are half the length of the throat: anthers bluntish, ° 
unappendaged : beak of the seed plumosely-comose to the base. — Prodr. viii. 450; Griseb. 
lic. Rhabdadenia Sagrei, Muell. 1. c. 435. — Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett. (W. Ind.) 


§ 2. Evecuires, A.DC. Corolla truly salverform, i.e. cylindrical up to the 
limb, but the upper half (above the insertion of the stamens) abruptly somewhat 
larger. — Echites & Stipecoma, Muell. 

BE. umbellata, Jacq. Glabrous, twining: leaves ovate or oval (2 inches long), mucro- 
nate or short-pointed, slightly cordate: peduncles exceeding the leaves, somewhat umbel- 
lately 3-7-flowered : calyx short: corolla greenish-white, 2 inches long, narrow-tubular: 
the tube abruptly swollen a little below the middle, thence tapering upwards, 4 times the 
length of the roundish lobes: anthers rigid, slender-hastate, bluntish and unappendaged 


at tip: coma sessile on the top of the seed. — Amer. Pict. t. 29 (Catesb. Car. i. t. 58) ; 
Chapm. 1. v.; Griseb. ].c. —S. Florida. (W. Ind.) 


9, TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire. (Todyyhos, omtouc, i.e. seed 
with a neck: unhappily it has none or hardly any: the proposer, ignorant of 
this, gave the name in reference to Rhynchospermum.) — Twining shrubby plants ; 
with oval or oblong opposite short-petioled leaves, and small or smallish flowers 
in terminal or lateral loose cymes: corolla white or greenish-white. — “ Lemaire, 
Jard. Fleur. i. t. 61; Moore & Henfr. Mag. Bot. ii. 113;” Benth. & Hook. Gen. 


Trachelospermum. APOCYNACEAE. 85 


ii. 720; name changed from Rhynchospermum, Lindl. (not Reinw., nor A.DC., nor 

is there a beak to the seed). Parechites, Miq., Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403. 

To this (Japanese, Himalayan, and Malayan) genus is here referred, somewhat 

dubiously, the following. 

T. difforme. Climbing 10 or 15 feet high, somewhat pubescent when young or glabrous : 
stems slender: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous (14 to 
3 inches long): peduncles shorter than the leaves: flowers rather numerous in open cymes, 
short-pedicelled : corolla cream colo, 4 lines long ; the ovate lobes much shorter than the 
cylindraceous tube with its considerably dilated throat: style obscurely dilated under the 
narrow membranous ring of the stigma: follicles long (6 to 9 inches) and slender. — 
Echites difformis, Walt. Car. 98; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 10. E. puberula, Michx. Fl. i. 120. 
Forsteronia difformis, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 437.  Secondatia, Benth. & Hook. 1. v. — River- 
banks, Virginia to Florida and Texas: fl. spring and summer. 


OrpER LXNXVIII. ASCLEPIADACE. 


Characters of Apocynacee as to herbage and general structure of flowers and 
fruit; distinguished by the peculiar aggregation and cohesion of the pollen into 
granulose or waxy masses (pollinia), one or sometimes two in each anther-cell, 
and connected with the stigma or rather stigmatic disk in pairs or fours by means 
of 5 glands or corpuscles, which alternate with the anthers. Austivation of the 
corolla often valvate or nearly so. A corona (crown) of five parts or lobes 
usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and 
adnate either to the one or the other. Hypogynous disk within the stamens 
none. Styles distinct up to the common stigmatic mass, or none. Fruit always of 
2 follicles, or by abortion of one ovary solitary, several-many-seeded ; the seeds 
almost always bearing a long and soft coma at the apex. Radicle superior. 
Stems herbaceous or merely shrubby, not rarely twining. Leaves almost always 
opposite or whorled, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence terminal, pseudo-axillary, 
or sometimes axillary, cymose, often umbelliform. Bracts small or minute. The 
tube of monadelphous filaments, commonly named gynostegium (a term which has 
been applied also to the anther-portion), we call the column. 

Perfrtoca Graces, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental culti- 
vation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents the tribe or suborder 
Periplocece, with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. All 


the American genera have a single firm-waxy pollen-mass to each anther-cell, i.e. they 
belong to the suborder AscLEPIADE. 


Trise I. CYNANCHE®. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect 
scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma : pol- 
linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different anthers) to 
the corpuscle or gland. 

%* Crown (corona) or appendages to the corolla or andreecium none. 


1. ASTEPHANUS. Calyx destitute of glands. Corolla urceolate or short-campanulate, 
5-cleft ; the lobes slightly and dextrorsely convolute : stamens inserted on the base of its 
tube. Top of the stigma obtusely conical or more elevated. Follicles smooth. 


* * Crown double; the exterior annular, interior of 5 flat fleshy or hood-like scales or 
processes. 


2. PHILIBERTIA. Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or 
(in all ours) rotate; the lobes dextrorsely convolute, narrowly overlapping. Exterior 
crown a membranaceous ring adnate to the base of the corolla; interior of 5 scales adnate 
to the base of the usually very short stamen-tube or column. Top of stigma flat or um- 
bonate, or with a short 2-cleft beak. Yollicles rather thick, smooth, acuminate. 


86 ASCLEPIADACEZ. 


* * * Crown single, sometimes with accessory processes or denticulations alternate with 
the anthers: calyx 5-parted, mostly small, commonly bearing some minute glandular 
processes at base within. 


+ Stems erect or merely decumbent, never twining : corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely 
valvate-convolute in the bud (the lobes obscurely or more manifestly overlapping by 
their edges, or at least by their tips): body of the stigma 5-angular or 5-lobed, flat- 
topped: crown consisting of distinct cucullate or hollowed nectarifcrous appendages 
(cuculli or hoods), onc opposite each anther: anthers margined with mostly corneous and 
salient wings. 


++ Hoods remote from the anthers, at the base of the long column. 


3. PODOSTIGMA. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 5-parted nearly to the 5-angular base; 
the lobes erect, oblong, obtuse. Hoods of the crown short, somewhat incurved, and the 
margins involute, forming pitcher-shaped nectariferous bodies. Column (and ‘enclosed 
styles) slender, almost as long as the corolla: five small processes under and alternating 
with the short anthers. Wings of the latter widening downward to the truncate acute- 
angled base. Follicles linear-fusiform, unarmed. 


++ ++ Hoods approximate to the anthers: corolla in anthesis patent or reflexed. 
== Hoods cristate- or corniculate- appendaged within. 


4, ANANTHERIX. Corolla reflexed in anthesis. Column under the hoods very short 
but distinct. Hoods as long as the corolla and far longer than the anthers, ascending, 
oblong-clavate with incurved summit, mainly solid, with narrow bilamellate ventral mar- 
gin widening to and rounded at the summit, there enclosing a narrower and pointless 
lamelliform crest. Anthers of membranous texture throughout ; their papery (instead 
of corneous) wings much broadened downward and horizontally truncate at base. Cau- 
dicles almost capillary, more than double the length of the oblong pollinia! Leaves 
opposite. 

5. ASCLEPIODORA. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over 
the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the an- 
thers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy 
back, traversed (at least the upper part) by a salient crest which near the apex divides 
the cavity. Anther-wings (corneous) narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at 
all. Caudicles shorter than the pyriform pollinia. Leaves commonly alternate. 

6. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or com- 
plicate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like (pointed or rarely pointless) process 
from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a 
column which is shorter than the anthers. Corneous anther-wings widening down to the 
base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semihastate, or not rarely 
broadly rounded. Leaves opposite, sometimes varying to alternate or verticillate. 
= = Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within: corolla reflexed in anthesis. 

7. ACERATES. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings 
widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base. 
Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves prevailingly alternate or scattered. 

8. SCHIZONOTUS. Hoods saccate, dorsally bivalvular, cleft posteriorly from apex to 
base, the ventral side adnate to the whole length of the column. Leaves opposite. An- 
thers, &c., of Acerates. 

9. pee ig cacieecela Hoods various, open ventrally or at the top. Anthers, &c., of 

sclepias. 


+— + Stems twining (at least in ours): corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft: crown of dis- 
tinct or united plane or concave processes, or rarely cup-shaped. 
++ The 5 divisions abruptly pointed, 2-3-lobed or appendaged at the apex. 

10. ENSLENIA. Corolla erect-campanulate; lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly dextrorse- 
overlapping in the bud. Crown nearly sessile at base of the anthers; its divisions dis- 
tinct, thin, oblong, the abrupt or truncate apex bearing a long-ligulate or awnlike (single 
or) double appendage. Pollinia elliptical. Stigma with an elevated 2-lobed tip. Anther- 
wings, follicles (smooth, ovate), seeds, &c./ nearly of Asclepias. 

11. ROULINIA. Corolla rotate-spreading. Crown 5-parted; its divisions simply and 
abruptly acuminate or ligulate-tipped. Anther-wings tuberculiform and short. Stigma 
flat-topped. Otherwise nearly as the preceding. ; 
++ ++ Divisions or lobes of the crown not tipped with any appendage or prolonged mid- 

dle lobe x follicles smooth. 


12. METASTELMA. Calyx short and the lobes obtuse. Corolla usually campanulate, 
5-cleft or 5-parted; the lobes strictly valvate in the bud, commonly papillose-puberulent 


ew 


Philibertia. ASCLEPIADACE. 87 


or bearded within. Crown of 5 flat or slender and distinct scales or processes, borne 
ae on the corolla or the column. Stigma with flat top or with a mere apiculation at 
the centre. 


13. MELIN IA. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute. Corolla with thin-edged lobes slightly 
overlapping in the bud. Crown of 5 distinct fleshy scales at the base of the column. 
Stigma abruptly long-rostrate, the beak entire. 


14, VINCETOXICUM. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-parted; the lobes 
dextrorsely overlapping or nearly valvate in the bud. Crown on the short column or at 
its junction with the corolla, cup-shaped or annular and usually 5-10-lobed or parted, or 
of 5 distinct plane scales, not appendaged. Stigma with flat or obtusely conical top. 


Tre WT. GONOLOBEZX. Anthers usually with short if any scarious tip, and 
borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma ; the cells opening 
more or less transversely. Pollinia horizontal or nearly so, otherwise as in the pre- 
ceding tribe, but usually smaller. 

15. GONOLOBUS. Corolla rotate or rarely campanulate, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes 


dextrorsely convolute in the bud: crown annular or cupulate, entire or lobed, rarely di- 
vided. Stigma flat-topped. 


ASTEPHANUS, R. Br. (lorégavos, crownless.) — Slender and small- 
ered herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, chiefly of the southern hemisphere. 
th. & Hook. Gen. ii. 747. 


. Utahénsis, Engelm. Perennial from a thick root, low, nearly glabrous: stems 
filiform, twining: leaves filiform-linear, acute: short peduncles umbellately 3-5-flowered : 
corolla dull yellow, little longer than the calyx, campanulate (a line high and wide); the 
lobes ovate, somewhat cucullate with points infiexed, papillose-puberulent internally : fol- 
licles long-acuminate: surface of the seed rough-granulate. —Am. Naturalist, ix. 349.— 
Dry sandhills, St. George, 8. Utah, Parry. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. 


2. PHILIBERTIA, HBK., Benth. & Hook. (J. C. Philibert, author of 
some French elementary botanical works.) — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby 
twining plants (of warmer N. and §. America) ; with petiolate leaves, and usually 
dull-colored or parti-colored fragrant flowers: peduncles umbellately several 
many-flowered: fl. summer.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 750. Sarcostemma, as 
to spec. Amer., HBKs., Decaisne in DC., &c. Corolla in our species deeply 5- 
cleft or parted (= Sarcostemmu, HBK.), the lobes commonly ciliate. 

* Column manifest, rather longer than the tumid scales of the inner crown on its summit. 

P. undulata, Gray. Low-twining, glabrous or cinereous-puberulent, pale: leaves 
thickish, from lanceolate and gradually acuminate to linear from a hastately cordate base 
(2 or 3inches long), the margins undulate-crisped : peduncle 6-10-flowered, longer than the 
petiole and pedicels: corolla dull purple, glabrous above, half inch in diameter; the lobes 
ovate; outer crown saucer-shaped: follicles 4 or 5 inches long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 95. 
Surcostemma undulata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 161.— W. Texas and New Mexico, Parry, 
Bigelow, Wright, &c. 

* * Column none or very short and inconspicuous: peduncles about equalling or surpassing the 
plane leaves: follicles tomentulose or glabrate. 

P. Torreyi, Gray. Freely twining, densely pubescent with soft spreading hairs: leaves 
cordate-lanceolate and acuminate or sagittate, an inch or more long: peduncle 10-15- 
flowered: corolla apparently white, two-thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter ; the lobes 
little shorter than the pedicel, broadly ovate, obtuse, externally puberulent, strongly vil- 
lose-ciliate, outer and inner crowns contiguous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. Sarcostemma 
elegans, Torr. 1. c., not Decaisne. — Rocky hills, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande -and its 
tributary the Cibolo, Parry, Bigelow. — P. elegans is less pubescent, with smoother corolla 
purple in part within, the lobes narrower, and a short column developed between the thick 
and prominent outer crown and the inner. 

P. cynanchoides, Gray, 1.c. Tall-climbing (8 to 40 feet), glabrous or glabrate : leaves 
from deeply cordate to sagittate or almost hastatc, abruptly cuspidate or short-acuminate, 


88 ASCLEPIADACEE. Philibertia. 


1 to 2} inches long: peduncle 15-25-flowered : pedicels filiform and much longer than the 
flowers: corolla white or whitish, scarcely ‘half inch in diameter, smoothish; the lobes 
oblong-ovate, acutish, somewhat ciliate: crowns separated by a very short eulatin. — Sar- 
costemma cynanchoides, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 540, JS. bilobum, Torr. 1. c., not Hook. & 
Arn.?  Gonolobus viridiflorus, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 219, not Nutt. and probably not 
from “St. Louis.” — Along rivers, Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


P. linearis, Gray, l.c. Slender, low twining or when young erect, pubcrulent or gla- 
brate: leaves narrowly linear, acute or nearly so at both ends, short-petioled (an inch long): 
peduncle exceeding the leaves, 8-10-flowered : corolla yellowish, purplish, or whitish, barely 
puberulent, a third inch in diameter; the lobes ovate: crowns contiguous. — Sarcostemma 
lineare, Decaisne, ].c., & in Pl. Hartw. 25.—S. Arizona. (Mex.) 

Var. hirtélla. Cinereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, little 
climbing: leaves as in the original species in form and size: sepals more slender. — Sar- 
costemma heterophyllum, var. hirtellum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 478. — Fort Mohave, California, on 
sandy river-banks, Cooper, &c. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. 

Var. heterophylla. More twining, glabrous, merely puberulent or above pubescent : 
leaves 1 or 2 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, some tapering into the petiole, some with 
rounded and more with somewhat dilated or auriculate-cordate or truncate base: corolla. 
smoother, half inch in diameter. — Sarcostemma heterophyllum, Engelm. in Torr. Pacif. R. 
Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c. (with var.t); Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, 
from San Luis Rey, San Diego, &c. to Arizona. 

P. vimindalis, Gray, l.c. Glabrous or nearly so, freely twining: leaves thickish, from 
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, short-petioled 
(an inch or two long), shorter than the many-flowered peduncle: corolla half an inch or 
more in diameter, white; the lobes ovate, puberulent outside. — Asclepias viminalis, Swartz, 
Prodr. 53; Willd. Spec. i. 1270 (Sloane, Jam. t. 131, f. 1). Sarcostemma Browniti, G. F. 
Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 139; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 419. S. clausum, Decaisne, l.c. S. crassifolium, 
Chapm. FI. 368.— Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.) 


3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. (Ilo, modée, foot, and otiyuo, i.e. stalked 
stigma.) —Sk. i. 326. Stylandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 170. — Single species. 


P. pubéscens, Hll.1.c. Perennial herb, a span to a foot high from a thickened root: 
stem erect, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile: 
peduncles terminal and axillary, short, umbellately several-flowered: flowers greenish- 
yellow, fragrant, 4 lines long: follicles tomentulose. — Deless. Ic. v. t. 65; Chapm. Fl. 
366. Asclepias pedicellata, Walt. Car.106. Stylandra pumila, Nutt. 1. c. — Low pine barrens, 
N. Carolina to Florida: fi. summer. 


4, ANANTHERIKX, Nutt. (Composed of «, privative, and drOgok, awn, « 
i.e. destitute of the horn of Asclepras.)— Single species, being Anantheriz, 
Nutt. Gen. i. 169, not of Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201, except as to the 
first species. 

A. connivens, Gray. Stem erect, 2 feet high from a perennial root, minutely pubes- 
cent above: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong (14 to 24 inches long), or the uppermost small 
and lanceolate, transversely veined, rather fleshy : umbels 2 to 6 along the naked summit 
of the stem, several-flowered: lobes of the greenish corolla ovate, 5 lines long: hoods 
whitish, incurved-conniving over the stigma; a pair of small and narrow internal appen- 
dages before the base of each: hyaline anther-tips elongated : follicles not seen. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xii. 66. Asclepias connivens, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 820 (1817). Anantherix viridis, 
Nutt. Gen. 1. c. (1818), but not Asclepias viridis, Walt. Acerates connivens, Decaisne in DC. 
Prodr. viii. 521. — Wet pine barrens of Georgia and Florida: fl. summer. 


5. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. (Acxdymég and dadgor or daoed, the gift 
of Aselepios.) — Perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America), rather low and stout, 
often decumbent; distinguished from Asclepias by the anther-wings and hood, the 
latter with a crest answering to the horn of that genus, from the original Anan- 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE. 89 


therix by the same characters. Leaves mainly alternate or scattered. Flowers 
proportionally large: corolla-lobes ovate, greenish. Follicles ovate or oblong and 
acuminate, usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose projections, arrect on 
recurved or sigmoid pedicels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Anantherix in part, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lec. Acerates in part, Decaisne, 1. c. 


A. viridis, Gray, ].c. About a foot high, almost glabrous, very leafy to the top: leaves 
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, 3 or 4 inches long: 
umbels few and corymbose or clustered, sometimes solitary : corolla globular-ovate in bud; 
the lobes a third to half inch long: hoods purplish or violet, about half the length of the 
corolla-lobes, lower than the anther-column: wings of the anthers narrow, hardly angulate 
above, and below less prominent than the connectives: pollinia narrow, little longer than 
their caudicles. — Asclepias viridis, Walt. Car. 107. Podostigma? viridis, Ell. Sk. i. 327. 
Anantherix paniculatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. A. Torreyanus, Don, Syst. iv. 146. 
Asclepias longipetala, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 757. <Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. ec. 621. — 
Prairies and dry barrens, S. Carolina to Texas, New Mexico, and westward of the Alle- 
ghanies north to Illinois. 

Var. angustior, a lower form, with smaller and oblong-linear leaves, and rather more 
assurgent hoods. — Anantherix paniculatus, var. angustior, Engelm. ined. — Texas, Lindheimer, 
E.. Hall. 

A. dectimbens, Gray, I.c. Scabrous-puberulent: leaves firmer in texture, from lan- 
ceolate to linear, tapering to the apex: umbel solitary: corolla depressed-globular in bud, 
4 or 5 lines long, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which 
overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column: anther-wings salient, especially at the 
broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pyriform, short-caudicled. — Anan. 
therizt decumbens, Nutt. l.c. (& in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, without name).—A. Nut- 
tallianus, Don, Syst. iv. 147. Acerates decumbens, Necaisne, l.c. Aselepias brevicornu, Scheele, 
1. c. 756.— Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Utah. Follicles always 
smooth? (Adjacent Mex.) 


6. ASCLEPIAS, L. Miurxweep, Sirkweep. (AckdAnmids, latinized 
isculapius, applied by the ancient herbalists to various plants of the present and 
the preceding order.) — Herbs, rarely woody at base (American, mainly North 
American with one or two African): upright or merely spreading stems from 
deep and thickish perennial roots: leaves opposite varying to verticillate, or 
sometimes alternate or irregularly scattered. Flowers (in summer) umbellate ; 
the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles. Stem often 
marked with decurrent lines of pubescence. Follicles soft-echinate or warty in 
two or three species, otherwise naked. Coma of the seeds often wanting in A. 
perennis. Corolla not reflexed in A. Feay’. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. 


§ 1. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate at base; the horn or crest 
various, but conspicuous: anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate 
and salient at base. 

* Corolla and hoods. orange-color: follicles arrect on a deflexed fruiting pedicel, naked : leaves 

mostly irregularly alternate, seldom truly opposite: juice of stem not milky !~ 
_A. tuberésa, L. (Burrerriy-wsep, Pievrisy-root.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, a 
foot or two high, very leafy to the top: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile or slightly petioled: umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the 
stem, short-peduncled: column short: hoods narrowly oblong, erect (2 or 3 lines long), 
deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or 
slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla-lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate 
horn: follicles cinereous-pubescent. — (Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 34.) Bot. Reg. t. 76; Bart. Med. 

t. 22; Bigel. Med. t. 26. Dry and especially sandy soil, Canada to Florida, Texas, 

and Arizona. 


90 ASCLEPIADACES. Asclepias. 


Var. decimbens, Pursh, a form with reclining stems, broader and more commonly 
opposite leaves, and umbels from most of the upper axils, racemosely disposed. — A. 
decumbens, L. Spec. 216; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 24, but flowers too red. — Ohio to 
Georgia, &e. (A hybrid between A. tuberosa and A. incarnata was found in South Carolina 
by Dr. Mellichamp.) 

%* * Corolla bright red or purple: follicles naked, fusiform, arrect on the deflexed fruit-bearing 


pedicel, except in the first and last species: leaves opposite, mostly broad. (A. quadrifolia might 
be sought here.) 


+— Hoods bright orange, raised on a distinct column: plants glabrous. 


A. Curassavica, L. A foot or two high, becoming somewhat woody at base: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, thin, short-petioled, 2 to 4 inches long: peduncles not longer than the 
leaves: lobes of the scarlet corolla ovate: hoods ovate, equalling the anthers, shorter than 
their subulate incurved horn: follicles and fruiting pedicels erect. — (Herm. Par. t. 86; 
Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 33.) Bot. Reg. t.81.—S. Florida and Louisiana: perhaps introduced 
from Tropical America. 


A. paupércula, Michx. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, remotely leafy above or naked at the 
peduncle-like summit, which bears solitary or few pedunculate naked umbels: leaves elon- 
gated-lanceolate or linear and tapering to both ends, 4 to 10 inches long, nearly sessile, 
thickish, very smooth except the roughish margins: flowers rather few (5 to 12) in the 
umbels, large (fully half inch long when the narrowly oblong lobes of the deep red corolla 
are reflexed): bright orange hoods obovate or broadly oblong, not twice the length of the 
anthers, much exceeding the incurved horn.— A. lanceolata, Walt. Car. 105.— Marshes 
near the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. 


+— +— Hoods purple or purplish: umbel mostly many-flowered. 


++ Flowers rather large; the hoods about a quarter inch long and double the length of the anthers: 
lobes of the corolla dull-colored outside, deep-colored within: leaves transversely veined, 3 to 8 
inches long. 

A.rtbra, L. Glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat remotely leafy: leaves from ovate to 
lanceolate, sessile or almost so, tapering from near the rounded or obscurely cordate base 
to an acuminate apex, bright green: umbels solitary (terminal and from the uppermost 
axils) or 2 to 4 raised on a naked common peduncle: corolla-lobes and hoods lanceolate- 
oblong, purplish-red, or the hoods obscurely orange-tinged; the horn. of the latter long, 
very slender, straightish: column short but manifest. — Spec. 217 (founded on pl. Clayt. 
no. 263, Gronov. Fl. Virg., with upper leaves accidentally alternate); Gray, in DC. Prodr. 
& Man. ed. 1,368. A. polystachia, Walt.? A. cordata, Walt.? A. laurifolia, Michx. Fi. 117. 
A. acuminata, Pursh, Fl. i. 182. A. periplocifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 167. — Moist grounds, New 
Jersey and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana. i 

A. purpurascens, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to top : leaves ovate-oval or oblong, 
short-petioled, tomentulose beneath, soon glabrous above: peduncles shorter than the 
leaves: corolla dark and deep (sometimes dull) purple within; the lobes oblong: hoods 
pale red or purple, oblong or somewhat ovate; the horn short-subulate from a broad base, 
falcate-incurved: column extremely short. — Spec. 214 (Dill. Elth. 32, t. 28, f. 81); Willd. 
Spec. i. 1265; Decaisne in DC. viii. 464; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 120, t. 85. A. amena, L. Spec. 
217 (pl. Dill. 1. c. 31, t. 27, £.30); Michx. l.c.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 82.— 
Dry ground, New England to Wisconsin and Tennessee. Habit of A. Cornutt. 
++ ++ Flowers small; the hoods a line long and equalling the anthers: veins of the leaves ascend- 

ing: milky juice scanty. 

A. incarnata, L. Nearly glabrous or a little pubescent: stem 2 or 3 feet high, very 
leafy to the top, sometimes branching: leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled (3 to 5 
inches long), obtuse or acutish at base: peduncles somewhat corymbose at or near the, 
sumniit of the stem, shorter than the leaves: corolla from deep rose-purple to flesh-color ; 
the lobes oblong (2 lines long) : column narrow, more than half the lengtlr of the broadly 
oblong obtuse pale hoods; these a little exceeded by their slender uncinate-iricurved horn: 
follicles only 2 or 3 inches long, erect on erect pedicels. — (Cornuti, Canad. t. 93.) Jacq. 
Vind. t. 107; Bot. Reg. t. 250; Decaisne, 1. c. excl. syn. in part. A. amena, Brongn. in 
Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv. t. 18, anal. — Swamps, Canada to Saskatchewan and Louisiana. 

Var. ptilchra, Pers., the form with copious and somewhat hirsute pubescence, and 
usually broader leaves (lanceolate to oblong) often subcordate at base. — A. incarnata, L. 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACEZ. 9] 


as to Hort. Cliff.; Michx.1.c. A: pulchra, Ehrhart ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 18.— 

With the smooth form. 

Var. longifdlia. Leaves elongated- or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches long, a third 
to half inch wide, glabrous or with minute pubescence: stems 4 to 6 feet high: flowers 
paler. — A. tuberosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 18.— ‘Texas to New Mexico. 

* * * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged: leaves opposite 
or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. 

+ Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long) 
and ventricose, ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short- 
petioled, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high. 

A. speciésa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age: leaves from 
subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish : peduncles shorter than the leaves: pedicels of the 
many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose: flowers purplish, large : 
corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long: hoods 5 or 6 lines long, spreading, the dilated 
body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate 
summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination: column 
hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. — Ann. Lyc. 
N.Y. ii. 218. A. Douglasii, Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 142, & Bot. Mag. t. 4418.— Along streams, 
Nebraska to Arkansas, and west to S. Utah, California, and Washington Territory. 

A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Comwon Mitxweep.) Finely soft-pubescent or tomentulose : 
leaves green and early glabrate above, oval or oblong, obtuse or roundish at base: pe- 
duncles little longer than the very numerous pubescent pedicels: corolla dull purple or 
greenish-purple, rarely almost white; the lobes ovate, three or four lines long: hoods 
whitish, ovate, rather longer than the anthers, with a tooth on each side below the middle; 
the subulate horn short and incurved: column short. —Prodr. 1. c. 564; Torr. Fl. N.Y. 
ii.119. A. Syriaca, L. (Cornuti, Canad. t.90) ; Spenner in Nees Gen. Germ. fase. 21, t. 1-8. 
— Canada to Saskatchewan and N. Carolina, chiefly in fields. 

+ + Follicles minutely warty-echinate along the tapering apex, otherwise as in the succeeding: 
wings of the anthers emarginately bicorniculate at base. 

A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Glabrous throughout, a yard high, leafy to the top: leaves 
opposite, thickish, oblong, with subcordate or rounded base, nearly sessile (4 or 5 inches 
long): umbels terminal and from the uppermost axils, short-peduncled, rather. many- 
flowered: flowers flesh-colored: corolla-lobes oval, 5 lines long: column short: hoods 
oval, with a gibbosity on each side near the base, almost truncate at summit, a third 
longer than the anthers ; the falcate-subulate horn rising from near the base, horizontally 
and slightly exserted from the middle. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 366, ed. 5, 895. — Low grounds, 
Ohio (Sullivant) to Kansas (Fremont). Follicle 38 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, nearly 
glabrous, smooth, except small and soft conical warty processes scattered along the beak. 
+ + + Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubes- 


cent. 
++ Arrect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fructiferous pedicels. 


= Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: 
leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined: plant glabrous and pale or glaucous: follicles 
fusiform: anthers either bicorniculate or salient-angled at base of the wing. 

A. obtusifélia, Michx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 
3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base: peduncle 2 to 
12 inches long: umbel loosely many-flowered: corolla dull greenish-purple; the lobes 
oblong, 4 lines long: column as high as broad: hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and 
somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the 
feleate-subulate incurved horn: anther-wings bicorniculate at base in the manner of A. 
Sullivantii. —Fl. i.113; Decaisne, 1. c. 565. A. purpurascens, Walt. Car. 108.— Dry or 
sandy soil, New England to Florida, Texas, and Nebraska. 

A. Meadii, Torr. A foot or two high: leaves plane and even, ovate-lanceolate, or 
rarely lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rounded at the sessile base, rough-margined, 14 to 3 
inches long: peduncle 2 to 4 inches long: umbel 6-20-flowered : corolla greenish-yellow ; 
the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods purplish, with rounded-trun- 
cate entire summit and a tooth at the inner margins, exceeding the anthers and the subu- 
late inflexed horn: anther-wings with entire but descending salient angle at base. — Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, addend. 704, ed. 5, 397.— Dry ground, Illinois, S. B. Mead, Iowa, Vasey, &e. 


92 ASCLEPIADACE. Asclepias. 


= = Umbels usually more than one and on peduncles overtopping or equalling the leaves: stem 
tall and simple: leaves broad, resembling those of the three preceding species. 


A. glaucéscens, HBK. Glabrous up to the peduncles, and inclined to be glaucous: 
leaves as of A. obtusifolia, but only slightly undulate, 24 to 4 inches long: umbels 2 to 4 or 
rarely solitary, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent or villous, rather short : corolla greenish- 
white; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods obovate-truncate, 
about equalling the anthers, with fleshy gibbous-incurved back and (white ?) petaloid sides, 
the whole length within occupied by a broad and thin crest, which is 2-lobed at the sum- 
mit, the outer lobe broad and rounded, the inner a short and triangular-subulate nearly 
included horn. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 190, t. 227; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 565. A. Sullivantii, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, wholly? —S. W. Texas and New Mexico (but the only 
specimen in herb. Torr. from “ Plains near the Rio Limpio”), Bigelow. (Mex.) 
= = = Umbels more than one, on peduncles longer than the orbicular leaves or than the much 

abbreviated stem. 

A. nummularia, Torr. Clustered stems an inch or two high: leaves in 2 or 3 approxi- 
mated pairs, orbicular, mucronate, thickish, canescently tomentose, glabrate with age: 
peduncles 14 to 2 inches long, many-flowered: corolla greenish-white; the lobes ovate, 

-2 lines long: column hardly any: hoods ovate, a little longer than the anthers: the horn 
short and stout: follicles ovate-lanceolate, tomentulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 163, t. 45. — 
New Mexico, Bigelow, Thurber, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 
= = = = Umbels mostly more than one: peduncle not overtopping the leaves (except per- 
haps in A. cinerea), sometimes none. 


a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), proportionally large: hoods broad. little if 
at all overtopping the anthers: stems from a foot to a yard or more in height, except the first 
species. 


1. Glabrous or some minute pubescence or tomentum on young parts, no floccose wool. 


A. cryptéceras, Watson. A span or two high, almost completely glabrous: stems 
decumbent: leaves 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-orbicular with mucronate apiculation, glaucescent, 
1 or 2 inches long, very short-petioled : flowers large, all at the summit, few in each of the 
2 or 8 umbels: the lateral of these sessile, the terminal short-peduncled: lobes of the 
greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 5 lines long: column none: hoods flesh-colored, saccate- 
ovate, abruptly and minutely bi-acuminate, equalling the anthers, enclosing the falcate- 
subulate horn: follicles ovate. — King Exped. 288, t.28. Acerates latifolia, Torr. in Frem. 
Rep. ed. 2, 317.— Utah, W. Nevada, and Idaho, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson, &c. 

A. amplexicatilis, Michx. Glaucous and glabrous: stems decumbent, a foot or two 
long: leaves in numerous rather crowded pairs, cordate-ovate and clasping, obtuse, suc- 
culent, whitish-veiny, 3 to 5 inches long: peduncles about half the length of the leaves, 
longer than the numerous slender pedicels: lobes of the greenish-purplish corolla oblong, 
3 lines long: column very short: hoods white, obovate-truncate, nearly enclosing the tri- 
angular-arcuate crest-like horn: follicles ovate-lanceolate. — Fl. i. 113; Ell. Sk. i. 822. A. 
humistrata, Walt. Car. 105, except “ floribus rubris.””— Dry sandy barrens, North Carolina 
to Florida. : 

A. Jamésii, Torr. Farinose-puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous: stem 
stout, erect or ascending, a foot or more high: leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, re- 
markably thick and large (when dry coriaceous, the larger 4 to 6 inches long), orbicular 
or broadly oval, often emarginate and with a mucronation, subcordate at base, nearly 
sessile, copiously transversely veined: umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many- 
flowered, on peduncles shorter than the pedicels: flowers greenish: lobes of the corolla 
ovate, 4 or 5 lines long: column very short but distinct: hoods barely equalling the an- 
thers, broad, with truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the 
falciform-triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short.subulate horn partly 
over the top of the stigmatic disk: follicles turgid-ovate, barely acute, 24 or 3 inches long. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. A. obtusifolia, var. latifolia, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 117.— Plains 
of Colorado to W. Texas and E. Arizona. 

A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Bright green and glabrous: stem 4 or 5 feet high: leaves 
membranaceous, from oval to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, 
4 to 8 inches long: peduncles (1 or 2 inches long) seldom longer than the numerous fili- 
form lax pedicels: corolla greenish ; the lobes ovate or oblong, 4 lines long: column short: 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE. 93 


hoods white or pale, flesh-colored, broad and erect, rather shorter than the anthers, trun- 

cate horizontally, the truncate margin somewhat erose or toothed and with a slender tooth 

at the inner angles, much surpassed by the erect or slightly incurved slender-subulate horn : 
follicles fusiform and slender-acuminate, at length glabrous. — Fl. i. 180; Decaisne in DC. 

le. A. Syriaca, var. exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 313. ul. nivea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1181, not L. 

A. exaltata (acuminata), Muhl. Cat. 28.— Shaded and moist ground, New England to Wis- 

consin and south to Georgia in the mountains. 

A. variegata, L. A foot or two high: leaves 3 to 7 pairs, thinnish (the middle ones 
sometimes 4nate), oval or ovate, or the upper oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronate- 
apiculate or short-acuminate, not rarely somewhat undulate, bright green and glabrous 
above, pale and sometimes tomentulose beneath (at least when young), 3 to 6 inches long, 
conspicuously petioled: peduncles 1 to 3, terminal and subterminal, short, cqualling or 
exceeding the very numerous pedicels of the compact umbel, both usually tomentulose : 
flowers white with some pink or purple at the centre, i.e. on the distinct column and base 
of the corolla: lobes of the latter ovate or oval, 3 lines long: hoods globular-ventricose 
from a narrow base, spreading, overtopping the short anthers and stigmatic disk; the 
semilunate subulate horn horizontally short-exserted : follicles fusiform and long-acuminate. 
—Spec. 215, & ed. 2, 312 (founded on syn. Dill. & Pluk.) ; Walt. Car. 104; Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1182; Ell. lL. c.; Decaisne, 1. ¢. (excl. syn. Hook.) ; Gray, Man. ].c.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 86. 
A. nivea, L.as to syn. Gronov. & herb. A. citrifolia, Jacq. Coll. & Ic. Rar. t. 348. A. hybrida, 
Michx. 1. e. — Dry shaded grounds, 8. New York and Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and W. 
Louisiana. 

2. Tomentose or pubescent, South Atlantic States or New Mexican species: umbels all Jateral, 
short-peduncled : flowers greenish: follicles tomentose or canescent. 

A. tomentésa, Ell. Tomentulose or merely soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so: stems 
a foot or sometimes a yard high, very leafy above: leaves from oval-obovate to oblong-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, rather conspicuously 
petioled: umbels 3 to 10 in alternate axils, very short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered : 
lobes of the corolla ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods oval-obovate, 
obliquely truncate, decidedly shorter than the broadly-winged anthers; the broadly subu- 
late horn ascending and moderately exserted at the upper interior angle: “ follicles lan- 
ceolate.” — Sk. i. 520; Chapm. Fl. 363. .A. aceratotdes, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 
vii. 407. — Dry sandy barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate: stems about a foot high, 
stout, ascending, thickly leaved: leaves coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse 
or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, distinctly petioled, 
2 to 4 inches long: umbels rather densely many-flowered, shorter than the leaves: lobes 
of the greenish-white corolla oval, 5 lines long: column nearly half the length of the 
anthers: hoods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and sum- 
mit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an 
obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as 
the hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender 
termination ascending: follicles oblong-ovate and long-acuminate, tomentulose. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 12.— Colorado, on sand-banks of the Upper Canadian and Red Rivers 
(Bigelow, Marcy) to New Mexico, Wislizenus, &c. — Allied to A. Jamesii. 

3. Floccose-lanuginous or tomentose-canescent, Western species; the dense wool not rarely decidu- 
ous with age: stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves occasionally alternate, large (2 to 6 inches 
long): umbels terminal and lateral, many-fowered: follicles (where known) ovate. 

A. Fremonti, Torr. Canescently tomentose with short and fine wool, or the stem (a 
foot or less high) puberulent: leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, retuse, or apiculate-acute, 
often subcordate, smooth-edged, distinctly petioled : umbels 1 or 2, on peduncles not longer 
than the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the whitish corolla oblong-ovate, 3 lines long: 
column very short: hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat evenly truncate 
and the inner angles produced into an acute or obtusish tooth, with no notch behind it ; 
the subulate apex of the broad horn inflexed and a little exserted. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 87, 
name only. — California, on the Upper Sacramento, Mremont, Newberry, &c. Follicles when 
young densely canescent-tomentose, in age glabrate. Herbage with the pubescence of the 
preceding rather than of the following species. 


94 ASCLEPIADACEZ. Asclepias. 


A. erésa, Torr. Canescent with fine and appressed white wool when young, or the stem 
only puberulent: leaves glabrate and green with age, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, coriaceous, the base rounded or slightly cordate, the margin scarious-cartilagi- 
nous and rough with minute irregular denticulation or erosion: umbels numerous, on pe- 
duncles equalling (or the lower exceeding) the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the greenish- 
white corolla oval, fully 3 lines long, merely hoary and soon glabrate outside: column 
distinct: hoods yellowish, with a duplication on each side at the edge below, erect and 
nearly horizontally truncate, rather surpassing the anthers; the falcate or claw-shaped 
horn attached below the middle and longer than the hood, incurving over the disk of the 
stigma: ovaries glabrous: follicles canescent when young, often glabrate at maturity, — 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, glabrate state. A. leucophylla, Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, ix. 849; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 476, in the canescent-lanuginous state. — Arizona on the Gila (Schott, 
Thurber) to 8. Utah (Parry) and San Diego Co., California, Cooper, Palmer. 

Var. obtisa, a form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty woolliness. — 
A. leucophylla, var. obtusa, Gray, 1.c.— Bartlett’s Canon, interior of Santa Barbara Co., 
California. 

A. eriocarpa, Benth. Densely floccose-woolly, even to the calyx, the loose wool hardly 
deciduous except from the angled stem below: leaves not rarely ternate and the upper- 
most alternate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate at base, 
short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long: umbels few or several, all on stout peduncles mostly 
longer than the pedicels: flowers dull white: corolla at first woolly outside; the lobes 
ovate, 3 lines long: column short but distinct: hoods shorter than the anthers, rather 

* spreading, ventricose, oblately semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle 
of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, barely enclosing 
the falciform acute horn: ovaries glabrous or merely the summit or the styles villous: 
“follicles densely woolly,” according to Benth. Pl. Hartw. 823.— California, in dry ground, 
from near Monterey (Hartweg) to San Diego Co. 


A. vestita, Hook. & Arn. Densely floccose-woolly, usually even to the outside of 
the corolla, the white wool deciduous in age: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very 
acute or acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 inches 
long: umbels 1 to 4, the terminal usually peduncled, the lateral all sessile: corolla green- 
ish-white or purplish; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long: column very short: hoods nearly 
erect, ventricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, entire at the back of the somewhat trun- 
cate summit, auriculate-extended at the inner angle, the auricles or angles involute; the 
vomer-shaped crest rather than horn attached up to the summit of the hood, blunt, not 
exserted: an interior crown of 10 tooth-like processes in pairs between the hoods: ovaries 
glabrous: follicles at first canescent. — Bot. Beech. 363 (not Bot. Mag. t. 4106) ; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. 1.476. A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, not Benth. — Dry ground, Cali- 
fornia, from the Sacramento to San Diego Co. and the Mohave. 

4, Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3 inches long), green and nearly glabrous; the veins 
oblique: stems branching, ascending, a span or two high: hoods obtuse, shorter or little longer 
than the anthers: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, about 2 lines long: column hardly any : follicles 
ovate, acute or acuminate, when young tomentose-canescent. 

A. brachystéphana, Engelm. Stenis 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puber- 
ulent of tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-tomentose: leaves from 
lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled (sometimes 3 inches long), 
when young often cinereous-tomentulose beneath, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few- 
flowered umbels: peduncles as long as the pedicels or much shorter : flowers lurid-purplish : 
hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-toothed at the front; 
the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. —Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163.— Dry sandy 
soil, from Wyoming Terr. and Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

A. involucrata, Hugelm, Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate, a span or less 
in height: clustered stems spreading: leaves from lanceolate with roundish or subcordate 
base to linear. with acute base, short-petioled (occasionally alternate), tomentose on the 
margins ; the uppermost involucrating the mostly solitary sessile or short-peduncled 10-20- 
flowered umbel and commonly overtopping it: flowers greenish-white or purplish-tinged: 
hoods ovate, moderate-longer than the anthers; the short incurved horn slightly exserted 
from about their middle. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163.— Sandy soil, New Mexico and 
Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 95 


c. Leaves extremely narrow, sessile: hoods thrice the length of the anthers, slender, acute, open. 


A. macrotis, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so: stems barely a span high, numerous and 
much branched from a suffrutescent thickened base: leaves narrowly linear with revolute 
margins, almost filiform, an inch or more long: umbels 3-5-Alowered, terminal and lateral, 
short-peduncled or sessile: pedicels little longer than the purplish or greenish flowers : 
corolla-lobes ovate, 2 lines long: column hardly any : hoods with ovate erect base as long 
as the anthers, above contracted into a gradually attenuate twice longer subulate spreading 
portion, the apex incurving; the broad horn short and blunt, with barely exserted apex: 
follicles ovate-lanceolate, an inch long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, t. 45. — Rocky hills along 
the Rio Grande, borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, especially near El Paso, 
Bigelow, Parry, Wright. 

d. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent: stems erect, a foot or more high : 
hoods obtuse, twice cr thrice the length of the anthers, not tapering to base, entire at summit, 

1. Involute-concave or more open; the falcate or subulate horn free at or below the middle of the 
hood, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic disk: follicles tomentose or soft-pubescent. 

A. ovalifdélia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent: stem rather slender: leaves thin- 
nish, from ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly 
petioled (14 to 5 inches long), glabrate with age, at least the upper face, the midrib as 
well as primary veins slender, and veinlets reticulated: umbels few, loosely 10-18-flowered, 
on peduncles which seldom equal the pedicels, or sometimes sessile : corolla greenish-white 
with purplish outside; the lobes oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long: hoods oval or broadly 
oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into 
a large acute tooth or lobe; the horn broad and rather short: anther-wings rounded and 
entire or minutely and obscurely notched at the prominent base. — DC. Prodr. viii. 567 
(excl. habitat) ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396. A. variegata, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 252, t. 141. A. Nut- 
talliana, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 352, 704. — Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg, and Dakotah to N. 
Tllinois and Wisconsin, in oak-openings and prairies. 

A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent, glabrate: stem stout: leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex (3 to 5 inches long), short- 
petioled, the stout midrib and the slightly ascending straight veins prominent underneath : 
umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the 
pedicels: corolla greenish-white and purplish; the lobes oblong, 3 lines long: hoods elon- 
gated-oblong in outline (3 lines long), entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base, 
a little surpassing the sickle-shaped horn: anther-wings even and unappendaged at base. 
—Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69. A. ovalifolia, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863, 75, 
coll. E. Hall. n. 480.— Colorado, near Denver? E. Hall. Head-waters of the Arkansas, 
Brandegee, &c. Follicles tomentulose, glabrate. In aspect resembles A. Sullivantii, but with 
some pubescence, and base of the anther-wings destitute of the corniculation. 


A. obovata, Ell. Cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum on the lower face of the 
leaves: stem a foot or two high: leaves oval or oblong, only the lower-obovate, somewhat 
undulate, mucronate-apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, very short-petioled (14 to 3 
inches long), the midrib stout, the veins transverse and slender: umbels (3 or 4 at the 
upper axils) almost sessile, densely 10-14-flowered: lobes of the yellowish-green corolla 
oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the pedicels: hoods purplish, oblong, strictly 
erect (3 or 4 lines long), involute so that the thin inner edges meet for almost their whole 
length, dorsally hastately bigibbous above a short contracted base, thence narrowly wing- 
appendaged upward and inward for some length, a pair of broad and short fleshy internal 
auricles at very base within; horn narrowly falcate, fleshy; the exserted upper part of 
the free portion strongly inflexed, subulate; upper or dorsal face canaliculate-concave: 
anther-wings bicorniculate at the basal angle (in the manner of A. obtusifolia and A. Sul- 
livanti’).—Sk i. 321; Decaisne, 1. c. 570 (excl. syn. Torr.) ; Chapm. Fl. 363.— Dry ground, 
S. Carolina, near the coast, to Florida and Louisiana. 

2. Hoods laterally much compressed, mainly solid, with a narrow dorsal keel and a broader ventral 
wing; the latter bearing two semi-obovate lamellze, its broad upper part enclosing a lamelliform 
crest of equal width, which bears a short subulate exserted horn at the inner angle. 

A. nyctaginifélia, Gray. Roughish-puberulent, apparently a foot high and ascending: 
leaves rhombic-ovate, with ascending and branching veins, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long- 
petioled: umbels all lateral, very short-peduncled, 4-20-flowered: pedicels equalling the 


96 ASCLEPIADACES. Asclepias. 


petiole: lobes of the greenish corolla oblong (half inch long}: column hardly any below 

the greenish white hoods, which are little shorter than the petals, almost thrice the length 

of the anthers, barely retuse at apex; the truncate upper edge of the crest erosc; the 
exserted horn from its inner angle thin-subulate, a line long: auricles at base of the hood 
very small, roundish: anther-wings broadly rounded at base: follicles not seen. — Proc. 

Am. Acad. xii. 70. — Rock Spring, Providence Mountains, 8S. E. California, Palmer. 

++ ++ Follicles pendulous on recurving pedicels, at least not erect: leaves subulate-filiform or 

wanting on the junciform naked stems: hoods elongated, broader upward. 

A. subuldta, Decaisne. Cinereous-puberulent or soon glabrous and glaucous: stem 
3 or 4 feet high, naked and rush-like or bearing a few nearly filiform leaves, usually few- 
branched above: umbels terminal and lateral, 5-20-flowered, on peduncles mostly shorter 
than the pedicels: flowers yellowish-white : lobes of the corolla oblong, 4 or 5 lines long: 
column distinct: hoods purplish, narrowly oblong-panduriform, erect, twice the length 
of the column, entire, a narrow crest adnate up to the apex, above dilated and inwardly 
pointed by a very short and blunt subulate horn; 10 short internal appendages forming 
a pair of fleshy auricles within the base of each hood: follicles fusiform and long-acu- 
minate, 4 inches long, smooth. — DC. Prodr. viii. 571; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 862, t. 7. 
— Desert region of 8. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower Calif., W. Mex.?) 
+r ++ ++ Follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, fusiform: leaves not rarely verticillate, in one 

species commonly alternate: hoods moderately if at all exceeding the anthers. 

== Leaves from ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, rather slender-petioled : 

corolla white or pinkish. 

A. quadrifolia, L. A foot or two high, simple, usually leafless below: leaves 3 or 4 
pairs, or commonly a whorl of four in place of each middle pair, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels 2 to 4, loosely many-flowered: peduncle seldom 
longer than the slender pedicels: corolla from light pink to almost white; the lobes 24 
lines long, oblong: column short: hoods white, twice the length of the anthers, ovate- 
oblong, a salient tooth or lobe on each margin toward the base; horn short, very broadly 
falcate-subulate, incurved over the anther-tips. — Jacq. Obs. t. 33; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. 
ii. t. 48; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1258. A. vanilla, Raf. in Am. Month, Mag. iv. 39 (1818), ex 
Neob. 62. — Dry soil, Canada and Wisconsin to N. Carolina and Arkansas. 

A. perénnis, Walt. Stem a foot or two high, commonly branching, leafy throughout, 
sometimes rather woody at base: leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels several and rather small, on 
peduncles of about twice the length of the pedicels: flowers white throughout: lobes of 
the corolla 1 or 2 lines long, oblong: column narrow, half to three-fourths of a line long: 
hoods oval, entire, erect, not twice the length of the column, hardly surpassing the an- 
thers, one third shorter than their straightish or falcate almost filiform horn: seeds not 
rarely destitute of coma.— Car. 107; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396; Chapm. FI. 365. A. debilis, 
Michx. Fl. i. 116, in part; the Obs. relates to A. quadrifolia. A. parviflora, Ait. Kew. i. 807; 
Pursh, Fl. i. 180; Decaisne, lc. Matalea? levis, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 291. — Muddy 
shores, &c., from §. Indiana and Illinois, and from Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. parvula, barely afoot high, and leaves an inch or two long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. 

Bound. 164. — Head of Rock Creek, W. Texas, Bigelow, Wright. 

A. xfvua, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 29, & Plum. Ic. t. 30), is a W. Indian species (Griseb. Fl. W. 
Ind., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.), very near A. perennis, but corolla greenish-white, hoods longer 
than the anthers, the wings of which become auriculate-undulate next the base, and are 
not overtopped by the horn. “ Louisiana,” Grisebach, l.c.; but this is probably a mistake. 

A. viredra, Lag. Gen. & Spec. 14, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 85 (A. angustifolia, Hort. 
Berol., Roem. & Sch., & A. linearis of gardens, A. linifolia, HBK.?) is a nearly related species, 
with white or rose-tinged corolla, anther-wings plane, and narrow leaves as of the succeeding 
section, probably only Mexican. See Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70. 

= = Leaves from elongated-lanceolate to filiform, sessile or nearly so, glabrous. 
a. Corolla reflexed (as in the genus generally): horn of the hoods subulate and exserted. 
1. Column conspicuous, at length about half as long as the anthers. 

A. Mexicana, Cav. Stem 3 to 5 feet high: leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or uppermost and 

lower opposite, sometimes -also in axillary fascicles, linear or narrowly lanceolate (3 to 6 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACELE. 97 


inches: long, 2 to 6 lines broad): umbels corymbose, denscly many-flowered, on peduncles 
longer than the pedicels: flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple: corolla- 
lobes oblong, 2 lines long: hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded 

by the stout-subulate incurved horn. — Cav. Ic. i. 42, t.58; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. 

A, fascicularis, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 569; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 475. A. macrophylla, 

Nutt., Pl. Gamb. 180.— Dry or moist ground, Oregon and California, to Nevada and 

Arizona. (Mex.) 

A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy: leaves mostly in 
whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear and with revolute margins (2 to 4 inches 
long): umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels : 
corolla greenish-white ; the lobes oblong, 2 lines long: hoods white, broadly ovate and 
entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter 
than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — (Pluk. Alm. t. 330.) Hook. FL. t. 144; 
Lodd. Cab. t. 1067; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 144; Decaisne, l. c. (excl. var. Wnifolia) ; Torr. 
FL N.Y. t. 87. A. galioides, BK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii, 188.— Dry soil, Canada to 
Nebraska and south to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mex.) 

Var. pumila, Gray, l.c. A span or more high, many-stemmed from a fascicled root : 
leaves much crowded, filiform ; peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. — Dry plains, 
Nebraska to Kansas and New Mexico. 

Var. subverticillata, Gray, l.c. Stems single, 1 to 24 feet high: leaves all oppo- 
site or barely in threes, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, flatter, the margins less or 
little revolute: horns sometimes rather less exserted. — A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly, hardly of Decaisne. -1. linearis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 758. 
A. verticillata, var. linifolia, Engelm. ined., but not d. /inifolia, HBK. (which may rather 
be A. virgata, Balb.), nor of Decaishe, 1. c., which seems to be a mixture of two or three 
species. — W. Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

A. LivAria, Cav., with the aspect of the foregoing, has the horn short and nearly in- 
cluded in the hood, a very short column, and turgid-ovate follicle arrect on the deflexed 
pedicel: enumerated in Torr. Mex. Bound. 1. c., from Northern Mexico, but not yet found 
very near the U.S. boundary. 

2. Column manifest, but not higher than broad. 

A. quinquedentata, Gray. A span or two high: leaves all opposite, narrowly linear 
and elongated, resembling those of A. verticillata, var. subverticillata : umbels 4-10-flowered : 
peduncle longer than the pedicels: lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 24 or 3 lines 
long: hoods white, about the length of the anthers, conduplicate, somewhat quadrate in 
outline, the keeled back ending below in a truncate salient base, the truncate summit 
prominently and acutcly 5-toothed; horn adnate up to the summit, falcate, ending in a 
small acute dorsal tooth and in an inflexed and moderately exserted subulate proper apex. 
—Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. verticillata, var. galivides, Torr. 1. c. in part.— Prairies or 
rocky hills on the San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright (1689). Fruit unknown; but, 
according to Engelmann, it may be arrect on a decurved pedicel, as in A. Linaria. 

A. angustifélia, HU. Minutely puberulent, or the foliage glabrous: stems a span to a 
foot long, decumbent or ascending, very leafy : leaves irregularly alternate or the lower 
opposite, narrowly linear (14 to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the margins little if at all 
revolute: umbels 1 to 3, terminal, many-flowered: peduncle usually much longer than the 
pedicels: lobes of the greenish corolla oval, barely 2 lines long: hoods (purplish, “ nearly 
orange-colored,” Ell.) ovate, entire, considerably surpassing the anthers, longer than the 
broad subulate horn, which is inflexed-exserted from the middle. — Sk. i. 325. A. tuberosa? 
Walt. fide Ell. A. longifolia, Michx. herb., in part. A. Michaucii, Decaisne, 1. v. 569; Chapm. 
Fl. 365. (Elliott’s name was published in 1817, earlier than the homonyms.) — Low pine 
barrens and sand-hills, S. Carolina to Florida. 

A. viridula, Chapm. Nearly glabrous: stem slendcr. erect, a foot or two high: leaves 
all opposite, narrowly linear or (when with revolute margins) filiform, ercct or ascending 
(1 to 3 inches long), surpassing the short-peduncled 5-12-flowered umbels: lobes of the 
yellowish-green corolla oblong, 2 lines long: hoods oblong, one third longer than the an- 
thers, the margins with an auriculate incurved tooth below the middle, otherwise entire, 
longer than the subulate incurved horn. — FI. 362. — Wet pine barrens near Apalachicola, 
Florida, Chapman. 

7 


98 ASCLEPIADACE. Asclepias. 


8. Column none. 


A. cinérea, Walt. Glabrous or nearly so: stem very slender, a foot or two high; leaves 
all opposite, spreading, very narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, half to a line wide); 
umbels terminal and subterminal at the naked summit of the stem, loosely 5-7-flowered: 
filiform drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle: corolla dull purplish outside, ash-color 
within; the lobes tardily reflexed, oval, 3 lines long: hoods considerably shorter than the 
anthers, broader than high, truncate at the back, the involute inner angles extended in a 
triangular acute ascending lobe, which exceeds the broad triangular horn. —Car. 105; 
Ell. Sk. i. 825 ; Chapm. 1. c.— Low pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida. 


b. Corolla and calyx merely rotately spreading, not reflexed. 

A. Feayi, Chapm. Stem filiform, erect, a foot or two high: leaves all opposite, in 4 to 
6 pairs, spreading, linear-filiform (2 to 4 inches long, barely half a line wide), glabrous, often 
wanting above at the 2 or 8 approximate short-peduncled 3-5-flowered umbels: corolla 
white ; the lobes oblong or at length narrower, 3 or 4 lines long: column none: hoods white 
and petaloid except a thickish midrib, barely as long as the sagittate-based anthers, spread- 
ing, concave, entire; in place of horn a semioval entire crest or plate adnate to the middle 
of the back within : follicles not seen.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72.— Tampa, Florida, 
Leavenworth (in herb. Torr.), Dr. Feay, Dr. Garber. 


§ 2. Popostrimma, Gray. Hoods long-stipitate, their stalks adnate to nearly 
the whole length of the antheriferous column, surpassing the anthers ; the crest- 
like process adnate to the nearly open lamina: anther-wings broader and some- 
what angulate about the middle: umbels all lateral. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. 


A.longicérnu, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, minutely and somewhat hir- 
sutely pubescent: leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2 to 4 inches 
long, petioled: umbels short-peduncled or nearly sessile, several-many-flowered : flowers 
yellowish-green: corollalobes a fourth to half inch long, oblong: hoods with stalk-like 
portion twice the length of the gradually dilated whitish somewhat 2-3-lobed or toothed 
lamina; the process infra-apical and divided into 2 short subulate and fleshy horns; the 
exterior horn barely equalling the apex of the hood; the inner twice longer, incurved and 
somewhat exserted : follicles arrect on the deflexed pedicel, ovate-oblong, acuminate, at 
first canescent or pubescent or roughish. — Pl. Hartw. 24; Decaisne, l.c. 570. A. Lindheimeri, 
Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 42. — Texas and New Mexico. (Mex., Nicaragua.) 


§ 8. Notuacerstes, Gray. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded 
base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it: hoods sessile, with a 
narrow wholly adnate internal crest terminating in a minute horn: habit of 
Acerates : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate. : 


A. stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous: stems slender, a foot or two 
high, simple: leaves long and narrowly linear (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 24 lines wide), with 
scabrous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib; the upper alternate and 
the lower opposite: umbels several, short-peduncled or subsessile, 10-15-flowered: pedicels 
about twice the length of the greenish flowers: corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long: column 
very short: hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, oblong, conduplicate-concave, the 
base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex 
2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate 
tooth: interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers : 
follicles slender-fusiform and long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 72. Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201. Acerates 
angustifolia, Decaisne, 1. c. 522. — Dry prairies, W. Arkansas and N. Texas to Nebraska and 
Colorado. Connecting link between Aselepias and Acerates. 


7. ACERATES, Ell. (Formed of a, privative, and gga, a horn.) — At- 
lantic U. S. perennial herbs, resembling <Asclepias ; with comparatively small 
flowers greenish or barely tinged with purple, in summer. Umbels many-flowered, 
sessile or short-peduncled. Distinguished only by the total absence of horn or 


Acerates. ASCLEPIADACES. 99 


crest to the hoods, and by the wings of the anthers not angulate nor dilated (but 
rather tapering) at base.— Ell. Sk. i. 316 (1817); Engelm. mss.; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1.c. Polyotus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. loc. Gomphocarpus 
in part, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754. 


* Mass of anthers and stigma globular. not equalled by the hoods: columu below the hoods evi- 
dent: leaves mainly alternate-scattered, very numerous. 

A. auriculdta, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem 2 or 3 feet high, 
slender: leaves linear-filiform (4 to 6 inches long, a third to a line and a half wide), their 
scabrous margins not revolute: umbels several, lateral: pedicels short : column below the 
hoods very short: hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate, 
the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad 
auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom: pollinia elongated- 
oblong, not tapering upward.— Engelm. in Bot. Mcx. Bound. 160.— Prairies and rocky 
ground, from 8. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado. Unless the characters are noted, 
very likely to be confounded with Aselepias (Nothacerates) stenophylla. 

A. longifélia, Ell. Minutely hirsutely scabrous-pubescent, or smoothish: stems 1 to 3 
feet high, erect or ascending: leaves from linear to elongated-lanceolate (3 to 8 inches long, 
1 to 6 lines wide) : umbels few or numerous, terminal and lateral : pedicels slender : column 
rather conspicuous below the hoods: these purple or purplish, oval, obtuse, entire, unap- 
pendaged, adnate by the ventral margins to the whole upper half of the column, therefore 
pitcher-like, rising barely to the middle of the:anthers: anther-wings semi-rhombic, more 
attenuate to base: pollinia (as generally in the genus) with tapering apex. — Sk. i. 317; 
Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 522. 1seclepias longifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 116, mainly. A. Flori- 
dana, Lam. Dict. i. 284. A. incarnata, Walt. Car. 106, not L. Polyotus longifolius, Nutt. in 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 522.— Moist prairies and pine-barreus, Florida to Texas, and 
north to Ohio and Wisconsin. Varies greatly in height, length of peduncles, foliage, &c. : 
a Florida form has few or single slender-peduncled umbels, and smaller flowers. 

%* * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short inser- 
tion of which covers the very short column: leaves not rarely opposite, mostly broader. 

A. viridifléra, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent, becoming glabrate, or the foliage somewhat 
scabrous: stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse (one or two 
inches long), or sometimes narrower and longer and also acute, commonly mucronate, occa- 
sionally undulate: umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, mostly lateral and subsessile, dense : 
pedicels little over double the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish 
corolla: hoods somewhat fleshy, lanceolate-oblong, with small auricles at base much in- 
volute and concealed, otherwise entire, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland- 
like small internal teeth: anther-wings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering 
base. — Asclepias viridiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. xi. 360, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 181; Torr. Fl. 284 (excl. var. obovata); Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 143. Polyotus heterophyllus, 
Nutt. l.c.— Dry sterile soil, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to 
Florida and Texas. Runs into , 

Var. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves 24 to 4 inches long. — Aselepias lanceolata, 
Ives in Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 252, with plate. A. riridiflora, var. lanceolata, Torr. 1. ¢. ; Hook. 
Le.,dextral figure. With the broader-leaved form. 

Var. linearis, with elongated linear leaves and low stems: umbels often solitary. — 
Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico. 

A. lanuginésa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly: stems a span or two high, 
terminated by a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alternate or scattered, from 
oblong-ovate to lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long), with roundish base: pedicels 3 or + times 
the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla: hoods purplish, broadly oblong, 
obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any ; the alternating internal teeth 
or lobes small and emarginate: anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the 
middle (approaching those of Asclepias): fruit not seen.— Gray, Man. ed. 3, & ed. 5. 
A, monocephala, Lapham in Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. Aselepiius lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 168. 
A. Nuttalliana, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 218. Polyotus lanuginosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soe. Lc. — Prairies, Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Lapham, Vasey, &¢., to the Missouri at 
White River, Nuttall, and the Yellowstone, Afr. Allen. 


100 ASCLEPIADACEX. Schizonotus, 


8. SCHIZON OTUS, Gray. (Syisw, I cleave, varoy, the back, the hoods 
of the crown open posteriorly as if split down the back; in which it differs from 
Acerates.) — Single species. 


S. purpurascens, Gray. Herb a span to a foot high, canescently puberulent: leaves 
opposite, cordate (an inch or, more long), thickish: umbels 2, terminal, densely many- 
flowered on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla reddish purple outside, flesh-color 
within; the oblong lobes a line and a half long; the pale hoods about the same length: 
anther-wings lunate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Gomphocarpus purpurascens, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif. i. 477 (§ Schizonotus). — California, on an open mountain sum- 
mit in Lake Co., Greene (Mr. Towle): fl. June. 


9. GOMPHOCARPUS, R.Br. (Igoe, a peg or club, and zagnég, fruit.) 
—Old World and chiefly African genus, to which these two Californian species 
are technically referred; distinguished from Asclepias merely by the absence of 
horn or crest to the hoods. — Benth. & Hook. l.c., excl. Acerates & Anantherizx. 


G. cordifélius, Benth. Glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate with cordate clasping base, acute, opposite or rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long: 
umbels 1 to 4, loosely many-flowered ; slender filiform pedicels equalling or shorter than 
the peduncles : calyx villous-pubescent : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval or oblong, 
38 or 4 lines long: hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose, 
with dorsally truncate summit produced at the ventral margins into subulate slender ascend- 
ing cusp, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side: follicles ovate- 
lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, arrect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i477. Acerates cordifolia, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 323. A. atropurpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. 
Acad. i. 65. Asclepias “ ecornutum,” Kellogg, 1.c. 55. — California, common in dry ground 
through the great valley and foot-hills. 

G. tomentésus, Gray, l.c. Tomentose up to the calyx or outside of the corolla with 
soft floccose matted wool, resembling Asclepias vestita: stem 2 or 8 feet high, angled : leaves 
opposite (rarely somewhat scattered), ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate (2 to 4 inches 
long), mostly rounded at base, short-petioled: umbels terminal and lateral, sessile or nearly 
so, loosely several-flowered : corolla greenish or dull purplish; the lobes 4 lines long: hood 
attached to the summit of the short distinct column, ventricose and rounded, spreading, 
reaching to near the middle of the anthers, pointless, open, and as if 2-valved across the 
top and to the middle of the back. — Acerates tomentosa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, t. 44. 
—Dry hills, California, from Monte Diablo to San Diego Co. 

Var. X4nti, Gray, |. c., distinguished only by the hoods ; these somewhat oval, and 
depending, so that the fissure becomes as if dorsal, and extends two-thirds down. — Fort 
Tejon, Xantus. Ojai, Santa Barbara Co., Dr. Peckham. 


10. ENSLENIA, Nutt. (Aloysius Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who col- 
lected in the Atlantic U.S. early in the century.) — Perennial twining herbs 
(N. and 8. American); with membranaceous and cordate opposite leaves, and 
whitish flowers in small axillary pedunculate cymes. 


E. albida, Nutt. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with some slight pubescence: leaves some- 
what hastately cordate, slender-petioled, acuminate-tipped : cymes 15-80-flowered: appen- 
dages of the crown 2-awned: anther-tips erect, longer than the body of the anther: 
ligulate awn-like appendages of the crown geminate.—Gen. i. 164; Decaisne in DC. 
Le. 518; Deless. Ic. v. t.63.— River banks, S. Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois, Mis- 
souri and Texas: fl. summer. 


11. ROULINIA, Decaisne. (Dr. Roulin,a French naturalist.) — Twining 
plants (Texas to Buenos Ayres), with the habit of Enslenia. — DC. Prodr. viii. 
516; Deless. Ic. v. t. 62. 


R. unifaria, Engelm. Aspect and growth of Enslenia albida: leaves deeply cordate, 
with rounded basal lobes of the larger ones incurved, abruptly slender-acuminate : cymes 


Melinia. ASCLEPIADACEZ. 101 


10-20-flowered, somewhat paniculate or racemiform : flowers greenish-white, hardly 3 lines 
in diameter: corolla-lobes oblong, thickish-edged: divisions of the crown short (hardly at 
all exceeding the anthers), merely and obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; the middle lobe at 
most twice the length of the lateral ones, obtuse or emarginate : follicles oblong, thick, 3 
or 4 inches long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. Gonolobus wufurius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 
760, the insignificant specific name from the pubescence in a line down the stem, in a 
manner most common in the order. — Along streams, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. 


12. METASTELMA, R. Br. (Formed of perc, change of, and oréduc, 
girdle or crown, having 5 processes or scales in place of the ordinary crown.) — 
Twining perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants (American and mainly 
tropical), usually slender, and with small opposite leaves. Flowers small in 
axillary umbelliform clusters, white or sometimes greenish. 


§ 1. Eumetastetma, Benth. & Hook. Crown borne on the base of the 
corolla or of the short or else obsolete column. 


M. FrAseri, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 513, “Carolina? Fraser,” was probably West 

Indian, perhaps same as J. albiflorum, Griseb., doubtless not Carolinian. 

M. barbigerum, Scheele. Glabrous: stems slender: leaves from ovate-oblong to nar- 
rowly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at base, glandular at base of midrib: 
peduncles shorter than the petiole and the 3 to 5 pedicels, often very short: corolla (nearly 
2 lines long, greenish outside), 5-parted; the lobes linear and strongly white-villous inside : 
scales of the crown slender-subulate, on the base of the corolla, a little surpassing the 
anthers: column extremely short. — Linn. xxi. 760; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159.— Open 
woods and rocky banks, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 

M. Blodgéttii, Gray. Nearly glabrous: stems filiform: leaves narrowly lanceolate, very 
acute (half inch or more long, a line or so wide), rounded at base, short-petioled: peduncle 
very short or obsolete, 3-U-flowered: pedicels about the length of the flower (one line) ; 
corolla cleft almost to base ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, within densely penicillate-bearded 
just below the apex, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs below: scales of the crown 
slender-subulate, inserted on the base of the corolla, half the length of its lobes, hardly 
surpassing the anthers: column distinct but shorter than the anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 73. M. parviflorum, Chapm. FI. 367, not R. Br. — Pine Key, S. Florida, Blodgett. (Prob- 
ably also W. Indian.) 

M. Carirérnictm, Benth. Sulph. 33, t- 18, is from Bay of Magdalena, Lower California, 
nearly under the tropic. 


§ 2. Epicion, Griseb. Crown borne on the summit of the elongated column 
close to the anthers. 


M. Bahaménse, Griseb. Nearly glabrous: leaves round-oval to oblong (an inch or 
less long), mucronate-cuspidate, slender-petioled: peduncles equaling orslightly surpassing 
the petiole, 3-6-flowered : corolla 2 lines long, campanulate ; the lobes ovate-oblong, densely 
puberulent along the broad thickened margins: column 3 or 4 times the length of the 
anthers, 5-wing-angled at base: scales of the crown oblong-falcate, laterally compressed 
and internally carinate, equalling the anthers. —Cat. Cubens. 174. I. Cubense, Griseb. 
Fl. W. Ind. 417, not Decaisne. M. Schlechtendalii, Chapm. FI. 366, not Decaisne. — Keys of 
Florida, Blodgett. (Bahamas.) 


13. MELINIA, Decaisne. (From pijdwog, yellowish, the color of the small 
flowers.) — Two or three extra-tropical S. American species, which have cordate 
leaves and slender peduncles; to which is appended the following, doubtfully, for 
its habit is that of Aetastelma. 


M. angustifdlia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, branching from a ligneous base, 
a foot or two long, spreading, more or less twining: leaves opposite, narrowly linear (9 to 
20 lines long, a line or less wide), acute, distinctly petioled : peduncles 1-2-flowered, hardly 
longer than the flowers: calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equalling the cam- 
panulate 5-parted corolla: scales of the crown spatulate-oblong, nearly plane, half the 


102 ASCLEPIADACEA. Vincetoxicum. 


length of the corolla-lobes, surpassing the column under the anthers: terminal membrane 
of the latter oblong, longer than their cells, slightly surpassed by the slender coluinnar 
entire beak to the stigma: young follicle tapering from the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
73.  Metastelma? angustifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159.— Ravine at Santa Cruz, 
Sonora, near the southern boundary of Arizona, Wright. Corolla a line long, smooth 
within, except a minute and apparently glandular tuft at the base of the midrib, and the 
obscurely puberulent recurved tips; the sides below narrowly but distinctly convolute- 
overlapping in estivation. Scales of the crown wholly separate, inserted at the junction 
of the corolla with the column. 


14. VINCETOXICUM, Meench. (Old herbalist name of the typical 
species, from vinceus, that which serves for binding, and toxtcum, a poison, i.e. 
poisonous bindweed.) — Herbaceous perennial or under-shrubby plants (of the 
Old and New Worlds); with twining or erect stems, mostly opposite leaves, and 
small or minute flowers, usually dull-colored.— A polymorphous and rather loosely 
defined genus, as extended in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 7615; the indigenous North 
American (and most other American) species forming a distinct subgenus. 


§ 1. Setters. Crown of 5 thin or thinnish scales or processes, either dis- 
tinct or barely united at base: corolla-lobes narrowly or sometimes obscurely 
overlapping. — Lyonia, Ell., not Nutt., but rather earlier. Seutera, Reichenb. 
Consp. 131. Amphistelma, Griseb. 


V. palistre. Stems filiform, herbaceous, freely twining upon rushes and saline grasses: 
leaves linear, acute, fleshy (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : peduncles longer than 
the leaves, umbellately several-many-flowered: corolla greenish, with ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate lobes nearly 2 lines long: scales of the crown oblong-obovate, retuse or emar- 
ginate, nearly half the length of the corolla, slightly surpassing the deeply sagittate-based 
anthers, distinct or very nearly so: stigma with obtusely conical apex. — Ceropegia palustris, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Lyonia maritima, Ell. Sk. i. 316. Cynanchum angustifolium, Nutt. Gen. 
i. 164. Seutera maritima, Decaisne in DC. l.v. 590. Amphistelma salinarum, C. Wright in 
Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 175. — Salt marshes along the coast from North Carolina to Texas: 
fl. summer. (W. Ind.) 

V. scoparium. Stems filiform, much branched, ligneous below, the branches diffuse and 
more or less twining, becoming leafless and rush-like: leaves slender-linear, thin, very 
acute: umbels sessile and few-flowered: flowers very small (only a line long), greenish: 
corolla-lobes lanceolate, almost valvate in the bud: scales of the crown much shorter than 
the anthers, ovate, hardly united at base. — Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. 
v. (1822) 291. Cynoctonum ? scoparium, Chapm. Fl. 867. Amphistelma filiforme, Griseb. Fl. 
W. Ind. 418. A. ephedroides & graminifolium (probably), Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 174. Meta- 
stelma filiforme, C. Wright, in Sauvalle, Fl. Cubana, 120.— Dry soil, E. Florida. (W. Ind, 
Mex. 7) 


§ 2. VINCETOXICUM proper. Crown more fleshy and cup-like, almost entire, 
lobed, or sometimes 5-parted: stems erect or feebly twining. 
V. vicrum, Mench, of Europe, with feebly twining stems, ovate acute leaves, and peduncled 
cymes of blackish-purple flowers (3 or 4 lines in diameter), the saucer-shaped crown cre- 


nately 5-lobed and with obscure interposed denticulations — sparingly occurs as a weed in 
and near gardens, New England to Penn., but does not deserve a place in our flora. 


15. GONOLOBUS, Michx. (Formed of yovia, angle, and AoBos, pod, one 
of the original species having costate-angled follicles.) — Perennial herbs, or in 
warmer regions shrubby (all-American) ; with twining or trailing stems, usually 
cordate opposite leaves, and mostly umbellate cymes or small fascicles of dull or 
dark-colored flowers, produced in summer, succeeded by follicles which generally 
resemble those of Asclepias. — Fl. i. 119; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 78, 74. 


Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACER. 103 


§ 1. DicryéLoscs, Gray, lc. Corolla reticulated and sometimes rugulose 
with a fine network of colored veins; the lobes commonly broad or roundish: 
crown single. (The species mainly tropical and rather large-tlowered.) 


G. reticulatus, Engelm. High-climbing, hirsute (especially the stems) with spreading 
and reddish bristly hairs, minutely somewhat glandular : leaves (14 to 4 inches long) deeply 
cordate with incurved auricles, acute or acuminate: peduncles equalling or exceeding the 
slender petiole and sometimes longer than the leaf, 5-9-flowered, thrice the length of the 
flower: corolla lurid green, with purplish venation, half inch in diameter, glabrous within, 
somewhat hairy without ; the lobes broadly ovate or obovate: crown a narrow entire ring 
around the base of the distinct column: stigma circular: follicles fusiform and long-acu- 
minate, 3 to 5 inches long, strongly muricate.— Gray, l.c. G. granulatus, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 165, not Scheele. — Thickets and rocky banks, Texas to E. Arizona. (Monterey, 
Mex.) 


§ 2. Eveoxérosus, Gray, l.c. Corolla not venulose-reticulated (at least not 
conspicuously) ; the lobes trom ovate-acuminate to linear: crown simple, un- 
appendaged within, inserted at the junction of corolla and column or higher on 
the latter: angles of the stigma little or not at all salient: stems herbaceous, 
usually freely twining. (Pubescence variable, especially the hirsute and spread- 
ing or reflexed hairs, which often occur on the stems, petioles, and sometimes on 
the leaves.) 


* Peduncles umbellately or sometimes more cymosely few-many-flowered: corolla rotate, 5- 
parted ; the lobes stellately spreading or recurving, 


+— Thickish in texture, dull or dusky yellowish-green, sometimes turning lurid-purplish within, at 
least toward the base; the bud conical-acuminate, at least the outside (as well as calyx, pedicels, 
and short peduncle) glabrous: crown a low and undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk at base of short 
column under the stigma: anthers narrowly bordered at summit with a scarious membrane which 
overlies the edge of the stigma: follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-costate or angled, fleshy and 
when mature and dry of spongy texture. 

G. suberésus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open and shallow or sometimes deeper 
and narrow sinus, acuminate, minutely pubescent, glabrate, or sometimes hairy (3 to 5 
inches long): umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole: corolla broadly conical 
and with abrupt acumination, twisted in the bud; its lobes ovate or becoming triangular- 
lanceolate, acute, of thickish and firm texture, dusky, minutely whitish-pubescent inside, 
but sometimes glabrate, hardly double the length of the calyx-lobes. — Mem. Wern. Soc. 
(name only) & Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 82 (1811) ; Gray, Proce. 1. ¢., not Decaisne. Cynanchum 
suberosum, L. Spec., as to Dill. Elth. i. 308, t. 229, f. 296.  Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 
104, at least in part. Gonolobus mucrophyllus, Chapm. FI. i. 868, not Michx. — Virginia to 
Florida, along and near the coast. 

G. levis, Michx. Usually less pubescent or hairy: leaves (in the typical form) oblong- 
cordate with a deep and narrow but open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3 to 6 inches 
long): umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole: corolla rather elongated-conical 
in the bud, not twisted; its lobes (3 to 5 lines long) narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
glabrous inside, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. — Fl. ii. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399. 
— Mississippi to Arkansas and E. Texas. Passes freely into 

Var. macrophyllus. Leaves broadly cordate, and with the rounded basal lobes 
approximate or even overlapping, abruptly acuminate, the larger often 9 or 10 inches long 
and 7 or8 broad, the under side commonly soft with a fine and short or sometimes granular- 
glandular pubescence: calyx-lobes often ciliolate toward the apex.— G. macrophyllus, 

Michx. 1c. G. viridiflorus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ; therefore (*. Nuttallii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. 

viii. 598. G.. tilicefolius, Decaisne, 1. c. 596. G. granulatus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 759. Vince- 

toxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, in part. — Virginia and Carolina to Texas, Kentucky and 

Missouri. 

‘+ + Corolla thinner in texture, mostly purple or whitish; the lobes obtuse: crown cupulate, as 
high as the anthers: membrane of the Jatter inconspicuous or obsolete. or not inflected over the 
edge of the stigma: peduncle with the umbel or cymose cluster equalling or surpassing the 
petiole: follicles ovate-lanceolate, terete, muricate: stems in all variably hirsute: calyx and out- 
side of the corolla more or less pubescent or puberulent. 


104 ASCLEPIADACES. Gonolobus. 


++ Crown fleshy, the border merely crenate. 


G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, 
abruptly acuminate (3 to 8 inches long): umbel many-flowered, sometimes cymosely com- 
pound or geminate: corolla in the bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5 or 6 lines 
long, barely a line wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent 
outside: margin of the crown 10-crenulate, with the intermediate crenatures sometimes 
2-dentate.— Rem. & Schult. Syst. vi. 64; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t.99; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 
899. G. hirsutus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163, not Michx. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne, 1. c., chiefly, not 
Michx. Gonolobium hirsutum, Pursh, Fl. i. 179. Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq. Coll. i. 148, & 
Ie. Rar. t. 841. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1273; therefore Gonolobus discolor, Roem. & 
Schult. lc. ©. hirtum, L. 4, as to Apocynum scandens Virginianum, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 611, 
t. 3, fig. 61. — Mountains of Virginia (and Carolina ?) to Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky. 
Anthers with a distinct dorsal membrane which barely reaches the edge of ‘the stigma. 

Var. Shortii, apparently a form with dull purplish and larger flowers (corolla-lobes 
a line and a half wide), said to have the scent of Calycanthus-blossoms. — Dry woods, near 
Lexington, Kentucky, Short, Peter. 

G. hirstitus, Michx. Commonly more hairy: leaves nearly as the preceding, the basal 
lobes sometimes overlapping: peduncles fewer-flowered: corolla in the bud ovate; its 
lobes elliptical-oblong, 8 or 4 lines long, barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple: 
margin of the crown obtusely 10-crenate. — Fl. i. 119 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Gray, Man. l.c., 
excl. syn. in part. Apocynum hirsutum, ete., Pluk. Alm. 37, t. 76.— Maryland and Virginia 
to Tennessee and Florida. Corolla in dried specimens showing some reticulate venation. 
44+ Crown of thinner texture, 5-lobed and with intermediate geminate or 2-cleft longer teeth: 

peduncle commonly longer and inflorescence more cymose or umbellate-clustered: leaves, &c., as 
in the preceding species: flower-bud oblong, barely puberulent outside. 

G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Corolla brownish-purple; the lobes oblong or linear-oblong, 
4 or 5 lines long: crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid 
subulate process in each sinus which equals or somewhat surpasses the stigma. — Rem. & 
Schult. l. c. 62; Ell. Sk. i. 328 (excl. fruit); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. G. hirsutus, Sweet, 
Br. Fl. Gard. t.1. Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq. Coll. ii. 228, & Ic. Rar. t. 842. Vincetoxicum 
acanthocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, ex char.— 8. Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas. 

G. Baldwinidnus, Sweet. Corolla whitish, thin in texture; the lobes less spreading, 
oblong or becoming spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long: crown almost membranaceous, deeply 
cleft ; the 5 broader lobes quadrate, with the summit commonly emarginate; in their si- 
nuses a pair of slender linear-subulate processes of about double the length, which promi- 
nently surpass the stigma. — G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 827 (“corolla obscure yellow ”), not 
Michx. G. Curolinensis, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 (“flowers yellowish”), not R.Br. G. hirsutus, 
Lodd. Cab. t. 865? — Georgia and Alabama (Buckley, “flowers white”) to N. W. Arkansas, 
Engelmann ; “ flowers whitish with offensive odor.” Transition to Polymeria of Decaisne. 
%* % Flowers solitary and subsessile in the axils: corolla deply 5-cleft: anthers prominent and more 

separate from the stigma. 

G. sagittifélius, Gray. Barely puberulent, small and low, but twining: leaves rather 
fleshy (a quarter to half inch long, and with petiole of half the length), sagittate, with 
auricles obtuse or rounded: corolla “yellow,” glabrous, 24 lines long; the lobes lanceolate- 
linear: crown at the base of corolla, entire and saucer-shaped: follicles lanceolate, smooth 
and nearly glabrous. —Proc.. Am. Acad. xii. 77.— Mountain sides along the Rio Limpio, 
Western Texas, Wright. A peculiar species, in Bot. Mex. Bound. confounded with G. 
parvifolius. 

§ 8. Curmaméiia, Gray, ].c. Corolla not conspicuously venulose-reticulated, 
campanulate or rotate: crown appendaged or crested within, or else double (the 
internal appendages being free), inserted at the junction of the column with the 
corolla, or more adnate to one or the other: anthers more prominent and distinct 
from the stigma (not rarely with short cornéous wings in the manner of Ascleptas) : 
flowers small: stems mostly low and little or not at all twining. — Ohthamalia (at 
least in part) & Lachnostoma, in part, Decaisne in DC. lc. Lachnostoma, Benth. 
& Hook. in part,not HBK. (The first species nearly wants the technical character.) 


Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE®. 105 


* Peduncles none, or merely a terminal one by the reduction of uppermost leaves to bracts: pedicels 
2 or 3 in a fascicle, as long as the flower: ‘stems a foot or two long, procumbent or diffuse, not 
twining. 

G. pubifiérus, Engelm. Soft-pubescent and somewhat hirsute: leaves (about an inch 
long) broadly cordate or reniform, on petioles hardly longer than the basal lobes, the upper 
acute or sometimes acuminate: pedicels rather shorter than the flower: corolla campanu- 
late, 5-cleft barely to the middle (3 lines long) ; its lobes oblong-ovate, very villous inside: 
crown globular cup-shaped, higher than the anthers and acutely 5-angled stigma, thinnish, 
obscurely 5-lobed at the involate somewhat plaited summit ; the lobes undulate-truncate and 
with a prominent callous tip, obscurely glandular within, and the tube within traversed with 
5 light salient (or almost obsolete) ribs or crests ; also 5 small adnate auricles at very base 
within : follicles “oval, smooth.” — Pl. Lindh. i. 44; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. G. pros- 
tratus, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 329, not R. Br. Chthamalia pubiflora, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 605. — 
Georgia, on sandhills of the Altamaha River, &c., Lyon, Baldwin, LeConte: rare. 


G. bifiédrus, Nutt. Hirsute-villous: leaves cordate (an inch or so in length), on slender 
petioles much longer than basal lobes, the upper triangular-cordate, uppermost occasionally 
reduced and bract-like : pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary, nearly equalling the petiole : 
corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, dark dull-purple (24 lines long); the lobes oblong, sparsely 
pubescent both sides: crown saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, and the sinuses occasionally 2-3-den- 
ticulate; the lobes traversed within by a salient canaliculate crest, which at base is adnate 
to the base of the column and at summit extends into a conspicuous callous acumination 
which incurves over the edge of the stigma: follicles muricate.— Torr. 1.c.165. Chthamalia 
biflora, Decaisne, 1. c. — Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. 

Var. Wrightii, a form with corolla almost 5-parted into oblong-linear lobes: the 
callous acumination of the crown shorter, and the large and stout follicles hirsute as well 
as muricate. — E. Texas, Wright. 

G. cynanchoides, Hngelm. Pubescent and somewhat hirsute: leaves cordate (an 
inch or two long) on short petioles mostly longer than the basal lobes, the upper often 
ovate-lanceolate and subcordate, uppermost not rarely reduced to bracts; the inflorescence 
thus becoming somewhat racemose-clustered at naked summit: pedicels also in pairs from 
a few of the axils below, rather longer than the petiole: corolla rotate-campanulate, dark 
greenish-purple (2 lines long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes ovate or oblong, somewhat pubes- 
cent outside, glabrous within: crown saucer-shaped, thick, 5-lobed; the lobes broad and 
rounded, with a callous obscurely 3-crenulate margin, appendaged inside by a prominent 
crest or ligule ; which is free and obtuse at apex, channelled below, and at base decurrent 
on the column: anther-tips (as in preceding) partly inflexed over the stigma: follicles 
ovate, sparsely short-muricate, pubescent.— Pl. Lindh. i. 48; Torr. 1. c.— Dry prairies, 
Arkansas and Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. 

%* * Peduncles none: flowers solitary (or rarely geminate) and nearly sessile in the axils of the 
very small and somewhat hastate leaves: stems low but twining. 

G. parvifélius, Torr. Puberulent, much branched, sparingly climbing: leaves thickish, 
deltoid or hastate, 2 to 5 lines long, and rather long-petioled: corolla globose in the bud, 
barely a line and a half long, dull yellow, glabrous throughout, nearly rotate, deeply 5-lobed ; 

.the lobes ovate, obtuse: crown at the base of the very short column, fleshy, deeply 5-lobed ; 

the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, spreading, almost equalling the undivided 
portion of the corolla, concave, appendaged by a broad and wholly adnate thin crest which 
is connected with the base of the very short column, and at tip within is extended into 
a minute projecting tooth.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 166 (excl. fruit); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 78. —S. W. Texas, in a cafion of the Rio Grande below Mount Carmel, Parry. Fruit 
unknown, that described belonging to G. sagittifolius. 

G. hastulatus, Gray, 1.c. Canescently pubescent: filiform stems freely twining: 
leaves mostly hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, slender-petioled: corolla narrowly oblong in the 
bud, 2 lines long, whitish, glabrous, 5-parted; the lobes ligulate-linear : crown borne on the 
summit of the distinct column close to the anthers, of 5 white and thinnish Asclepias-like 
hoods, which are complicate-concave, acutely 3-toothed at summit, its internal crest free 
at the apex, falcate, and extended into a subulate process which is inflexed over the stigma: 
follicles fusiform, sparsely muricate. — Lachnostoma hastulatum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 620. — 
Tantillas Cafion, below the southern boundary line of California, Palmer. 


106 LOGANIACE. Gonolobus. 


* %* %* Peduncles at the axils shorter than the leaf and umbellately 3-5-flowered: corolla 4 lines 
long: crown cup-shaped, crenately lobed: stem twining or trailing, 2 to 4 feet long. 

G. productus, Torr. Minutely pubescent: leaves sagittate-cordate, or the broadest 
with somewhat reniform base, and above gradually tapering-acuminate (an inch or two 
long), the rounded and mostly incurved auricles much shorter than the slender petiole: 
peduncles about the length of the petiole: corolla oblong-campanulate, as long as the 
pedicel, dull greenish-purple, puberulent outside, nearly glabrous within, 5-cleft to rather 
below the middle; the lobes linear-oblong, somewhat erect: crown nearly equalling the 
anthers and stigma, thinnish, inserted at base of the short column, and connected with it 
by 5 membranaceous lamelle or crests (2-toothed at the upper edge, which only is free) 
opposite the short lobes, the cavity of the crown thus as it were 6-celled: follicles ovate, 
smooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

* * * * Peduncles atthe axils and terminal, filiform, surpassing the leaves, somewhat racemosely 
several-flowered : corolla a line long: crown laciniate and double: stems not twining. 

G. parviflorus, Gray, l.c. Hirsute-pubescent: stems much branched from the tuber- 
ous base, a span or more high: leaves thinnish, ovate or the lower almost orbicular, not 
cordate, often undulate, an inch or less long, short-petioled, the upper acute or acuminate: 
slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled: corolla rotate, purplish, 
glabrous, 5-parted; the lobes ovate, becoming lanceolate: crown free from the column, 
membranaceous, 5-parted; the lobes each deeply cleft into a pair of slender subulate pro- 
cesses and before their base each augmented with a similar and rather longer free one, all 
of them surpassing the stigma and more or less connivent over it: follicles large, ovate, 
pubescent, tuberculate-muricate. — Lachnostoma? parviflorum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. 
—S.W. Texas, Wright, Schott. 


ORpER LXXXIX. LOGANIACE. 


Herbs, shrubs, or within the tropics trees, a few climbing, destitute of milky 
juice; distinguished by having, along with a free 2-celled ovary and axile pla- 
cente, opposite (occasionally verticillate) simple leaves, and stipules between their 
bases, or a stipular line or narrow membrane in their place; the flowers regular 
and 4—5-merous, with stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with 
its lobes; pollen of ordinary loose grains; style one; stigma terminal ; amphi- 
tropous or anatropous seeds, and embryo rather small in copious albumen. There- 
fore mainly like Rudiacee, but with a superior ovary, while they also variously 
approach Apocynacee, Gentianacee, and even Scrophulariacee. The greater part 
tropical. 


Trine I. GELSEMIEZ. Stigmas 4, the apex of the style being twice 2-cleft. 


1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated. Corolla open-funnelform, 5-lobed; the 
lobes broad and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, on the tube of corolla: anthers linear 
or oblong and sagittate. Style filiform; the 4 lobes stigmatose inside. Ovules numerous 
in each cell, on linear placente. Capsule elliptical, compressed contrary to the narrow 
partition, septicidal; the conduplicate valves at length 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds several 
or numerous in each cell, winged. Embryo straight or slightly curved in fleshy albumen ; 
the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. 


Trise II. LOGANIEZ. Stigma single, entire or barely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. 


* Corolla valvate in the bud, 5-lobed: capsule didymous or 2-lobed: herbs. 


2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes narrow, usually very slender. Corolla tubular- 
funnelform or salverform, 15-nerved. Stamens 5: anthers linear or oblong, 2-lobed at 
base. Style filiform, articulated near or below the middle, the upper part often hollow, 
above puberulent or pubescent. Ovules numerous in each cell, on a peltate stipitate pla- 
centa. Capsule didymous, somewhat compressed contrary to the partition, circumscissile 
above the cupule-like persistent base, and 2-coccous, the carpels soon loculicidally 2- 
valved. Seeds few, peltate, angled by mutual pressure, closely packed on the placenta 
into a globular mass. Embryo short and straight in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 


Spigelia. LOGANIACE. 107 


38. MITREOLA. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla small, urceolate, bearded 
in the throat. Stamens 5, short: anthers cordate. Ovary 2-celled and with a broad tip: 
style short, early dividing into two from the base, united by a common stigma, soon 
wholly separate and divergent. Capsule divaricately 2-lobed or 2-horned at summit, de- 
hiscent by the ventral suture of each lobe. Seeds numerous, small, on stipitate placentz. 
Embryo linear, nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. 


* * Corolla imbricated in the bud, 4lobed, sometimes 5-lobed: embryo small and straight 
in fleshy albumen. Pentamerous flowers occasionally occur. 


+ Calyx deeply 4--parted: capsule loculicidal: annual herb. 


4, POLYPREMUM. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the subu- 
late foliaceous sepals. Stamens 4, inserted low on the tube of the corolla, included: 
anthers ovate. Style short: stigma capitate, entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule glo- 
bular-ovoid but slightly compressed contrary to the partition and didymous, loculicidally 
2-valved and at length somewhat septicidal. Seeds numerous on oblong placente ascend- 
ing from near the base of the partition, minute, smooth. 


+ + Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft: capsule septicidal, globose or oblong; valves mostly 2- 
cleft at apex and separating from the united placentz : shrubs,with leaves often dentate! 


5. BUDDLEIA. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate (or sometimes salver- 
form) ; the lobes ovate or orbicular. Anthers 4, sessile or almost so in the throat or tube 
of the corolla, ovate or oblong-cordate. 

6. EMORYA. Calyx oblong, 4cleft ; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform, with 
tube somewhat enlarged above ; the short lobes ovate. Stamens exserted: filaments fili- 
form and elongated, inserted on the middle of the tube: anthers cordate-oblong. Style 
very long and filiform. 


1, GELSEMIUM, Juss. “ Yertow Jessamine ” of S. States. ( Gelsemino, 
an Italian name of the Jessamine.) — Twining and glabrous shrubby plants, with 
a mere line marking the place of the minute glandular caducous stipules, con- 
necting the bases of the opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves ; the flowers 
showy, in ours heterogone-dimorphous, fragrant, produced in spring. — Two E. 
Asian species and the following. 

G.sempérvirens, Ait. Stems slender, climbing high: leaves evergreen, thin-coriaceous, 
shining, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (14 to 24 inches long): peduncles very short, axillary, 
scaly-bracteolate, cymosely 1-3-flowered: corolla deep yellow, over an inch long: stigmas 
of one form and anthers of the other protruding: capsule deeply sulcate down the flat 
sides, cuspidate-pointed. — Gelseminum seu Jasminum luteum odoratum, ete., Catesb. Car. 
i. 58, t. 53. Bignonia sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 623. Anonymos sempervirens, Walt. Car. 99. 
Gelsemium nitidum, Michx. Fl. i. 120. G. lucidum, Poir. “ Herb. Amat. 3, t. 169.” — Woods 
and low grounds, E. Virginia to Florida and Texas. (Mex.) 


2. SPIGELIA, L. Pryn-roor. (Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, a 
Dutch botanist of the 17th century.) — Herbs, rarely suffruticose (all American), 
usually low ; with membranaceous and more or less pinnately veined entire leaves, 
and small interpetiolar stipules or a transverse membranous line. Upper portion 
of the style usually, but not always, furnished with pollen-collecting hairs: the 
stigma terminal, usually emarginate or 2-lobed: lower part or base of the style 
persistent. — Our species glabrous, or merely scabrous-puberulent on the veins, 
&c.: stems 4-angled: flowering in early summer. 


§ 1. Flowers showy, unilateral-spicate on the single or sometimes geminate or 
umbellate and naked terminal peduncles of a scorpioid inflorescence: bracts 
minute and subulate or wanting : corolla red or pink, elongated-tubular, not plicate 
and the edges of the lobes slightly or not at all turned outward in the bud: anthers 
and especially the summit of the style exserted ; the articulation of the latter low 
down : root perennial, fibrose. 


108 LOGANIACEZ. Spigelia. 


S. Marilandica, L. Inp1an Pix, &c. Stem a foot or two high: leaves from ovate- 
lanceolate to ovate and acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, closely sessile by a rounded base, 
one or two pairs of veins basal : inflorescence 1-2-spicate, short-pedunculate : corolla scarlet 
outside, yellow within, an inch and a half long; the tube somewhat clavate, four times 
the length of ovate-lanceolate lobes. — Mant. 338; Bot. Mag. t. 80; Lodd. Cab. t. 930; 
Bigel. Med. ii. t. 14. (Catesb. Car. ii. t.78.) Lonicera Marilandica, L. Spec. — Woodlands, 
New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas. 


§ 2. Flowers smaller, naked spicate as in the preceding : corolla white or pur- 
plish, funnelform ; the limb more or less plicate in the bud with the edges of the 
lobes turned outward: anthers and style included. 


S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem a span to a foot high from a perennial root, rough- 
ish: leaves ovate and the lower roundish, an inch or more long: spike few-flowered : corolla 
aninch long; the ovate-lanceolate lobes rather erect. — A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5; Chapm. Fl. 
182. — Light soil, W. Florida, Chapman. 


§ 3. Flowers small, terminal and in the forks of leafy branches, mostly short- 
peduncled : corolla nearly salverform, white or nearly so; the limb plicate in the 
bud and the edges turned outward: anthers and style included; the latter articu- 
lated in the middle, its tubular upper portion beset with collecting hairs fully half 
way down: root annual? — Celostylis, Torr. & Gray. 


S. loganioides, A.DC. A span or more high, ascending: leaves oval, sessile (half to 
three-fourths inch long): sepals narrowly linear and with the scarious margins denticulate: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, somewhat funnelform: capsule with minutely granulate surface 
(not lineolate): seeds smoothish. — Prodr. ix. 4. Calostylis loganioides, Torr. & Gray in 
Endl. Iconogr. t. 101 (beard on the style represented too short), & Fl. N. Am. ii. 44,— 
E. Florida, near Fort King, &c., Dr. Burrows, Rugel, Buckley. 

S. Lindheimeri. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, puberulent- 
scabrous: leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (an inch or less long), acutish at base, 
the lower somewhat petioled: sepals linear and the scarious margins conspicuously den- 
ticulate : corolla salverform, 4 lines long: capsule minutely lineolate: seeds at maturity 
tuberculate-rugose as well as minutely pitted. — Prairies of W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. 

S. Texana, A.DC.1.c. About a foot high, nearly smooth and glabrous: leaves ovate- to 
lanceolate-oblong, thinner and larger (one or two inches long), mostly acute at both ends, 
the lower somewhat petioled: sepals setaceous-subulate, only one-nerved; the margins 
very obscurely serrulate-scabrous: corolla salverform, half inch long: capsule smooth, 
not lineolate: seeds minutely rugulose and punctate. — Calostylis Texana, Torr. & Gray, |. c. 
—E. Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. 


3. MITREOLA, L. (Diminutive of mitra, a turban or mitre, from the 
shape of the capsule.) — Glabrous low herbs (E. American, Asiatic and Austra- 
lian), ours annuals; with entire leaves, small entire stipules between them, and 
very small white flowers unilaterally spicate on the naked branches of the ter- 
minal cyme: fl. summer. — Cynoctonum, Gmelin. 


M. petioldta, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high: leaves membranaceous, from ob- 
long-lanceolate to ovate (1 to 8 inches long), acute, narrowed at base into more or less of 
a petiole. — FI. N. Am. ii. 45; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 8; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. t. 82, fig. 1 
Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L. Spec. i. 150; Swartz, Obs. t.8. O. lanceolata, Ell. Sk. 1.238. Anony- 
mos petiolata, Walt. Car. 108. Clynoctonum petisleannen, Gmel. Syst. 4. Mitreola ophiorhizoides, 
A. Rich. Mém. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 63, t. 3, includes both our species. — Wet grounds, 
E. Virginia to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., &e.) 

M. sessilifélia, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. Stems more simple and virgate: leaves thicker 
and firmer in texture (half inch or more long, and veins more prominent), roughish-mar- 
gined, from round-oval to oblong, sessile: flowers and fruit smaller and more crowded. — 
Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt. 1. c. Cynoctonum sessilifolium, Gmelin, 1. v. Ophiorhiza Mitreola, 


Buddleia. LOGANIACES. 109 


Michx. Fl. i. 148. 0. ovalifolia, Muhl. Cat. O. Croomii, Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 
128. Var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray, l.c., is a depauperate state of the narrower-leaved 
form. —Moist ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


4, POLYPREMUM, L. (Name altered from mohvrosuvog, with many 
trunks, from the diffuse branching next the ground.) — Single species, an insig- 
nificant weed: fl. late summer. 


P. procimbens, L. A span or more high, much branched from an annual (sometimes 
almost ligneous) root, glabrous; the rigid stems erect or ascending rather than procum- 
bent, angled, repeatedly branching: leaves narrowly linear or almost acerose, half inch 
or more long, the uppermost gradually reduced to bracts, their margins obscurely scabrous, 
their bases united by a membranous stipular line: flowers sessile in the forks or somewhat 
cymose at the summit of the branches: inconspicuous corolla barely a line long, white. — 
Act. Ups. 1741, p. 78; Lam. Ul. t. 71. P. Linnei, Michx. Fl. i. 83. — Sandy soil, Penn. 
(adventive), Maryland to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind.) 


5. BUDDLEIA, Houston. (Adam Buddle, an early English botanist, who 
corresponded with Ray.) — Shrubs, or some arborescent, a few herbaceous (mainly 
tropical), usually canescent or tomentose with floccose or furfuraceous stellate 
down ; the leaves sometimes dentate, the petioles connected by a transverse 
stipular line, or by more evident stipules. Flowers commonly small, and crowded 
into capitate clusters or cymules, which are variously disposed ; rarely some are 
‘-merous ; the corolla in our few (chiefly Mexican) species very short. 


* Flowers in comparatively loose and very numerous clusters, disposed in an ample and naked 
terminal panicle. 

B. Humboldtiana, Reem. & Schult. Minutely ferrugineous-tomentose: leaves 
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 3 inches long, rounded at base, rather 
long-petioled, copiously pinnately-veined, in age glabrate above: flowers a line and a half 
long. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 438. B. acuminata, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 349, t. 187, 
not Poir.— Mexican borders of S. W. Texas and New Mexico, Thurber, &c. (Mex.) 


B. ranceorAta, Benth., with smaller and narrower leaves tapering to base, and simpler 
contracted inflorescence, also inhabits Northern Mexico, and may reach the boundary. B. 
CROTONOIDES, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, is from Lower California, under the tropic. 

* * Flowers in numerous and small dense pedunculate heads, disposed in a virgate raceme. 

B. racemosa, Torr. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branching, nearly glabrous: leaves 
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a truncate or obscurely hastate base, irregu- 
larly crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long, short-petioled, green and 
glabrous above, puberulent-canescent beneath: raceme of heads a span to a foot long: 
heads about a quarter inch in diameter, on shorter or longer peduncles: corolla little 
exceeding the tomentulose calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121.— Rocky banks, W. Texas. 
Lindheimer, Riddell, Wright, &c. 

Var. incana, Torr. l.c. Leaves barely an inch long, fulvous-canescent-tomentose 
beneath. — San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright. 

* * * Flowers in solitary or geminate heads or capitate clusters: leaves, branches, and heads 

densely soft-tomentose throughout. 

B. marrubiifélia, Benth. 1.c. Much branched, canescent or ferrugineous: leaves obo- 
vate or oval with cuneate base, arcuate, about half inch long, short-petioled, the dense 
tomentum somewhat velvety : flowers in a globose terminal head (half inch in diameter) 
on a short peduncle, “ odorous: corolla golden yellow turning orange red.” — Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 121.— 8S. Texas on the Rio Grande. (Mex.) 

B. scordioides, HBK. Much branched, ferrugineous-tomentose: leaves narrowly 
oblong or cuneate-linear, nearly sessile, obtuse, coarsely crenate, rugose, an inch or less 
long: dense clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of all the upper leaves, the pair com- 
bined around the stem into a globular head. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. Lc. t. 183; Torr. 1. c.— 
S. E. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


110 GENTIANACES. Emorya. 


6. EMORYA, Torr. (In honor of Major, now General, W. H. Emory, the 
U. S. Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey in which the plant was 
discovered.) — Single known species. 

E. suavéolens, Torr. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, somewhat pulverulent or 
puberulent: the leaves canescent beneath, somewhat deltoid or hastate, sinuate-dentate 
with u few coarse teeth, obtuse, petioled, half inch or more long: inflorescence a nar- 
row and pedunculate thyrsus or panicle: flowers pedicellate, loose and rather few, sweet- 
scented: corolla over an inch long, “ greenish-white or yellowish;” the roundish lobes 


only a line or two long.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 121, t. 86; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 794.— 
Cafions of the Rio Grande, Texas, below Presidio, Parry. 


OrpDER XC. GENTIANACEZ. 


Herbs, with bitter colorless juice, and (the Menyanthee excepted) with opposite 
or rarely verticillate simple and entire sessile leaves, no stipules, perfect and reg- 
ular flowers, persistent calyx and often marcescent corolla, the latter (with one or 
two exceptions) dextrorsely convolute in the bud, a one-celled free ovary with 
two parietal many-ovuled placentz, or the whole parietes ovuliferous, a single style 
with usually 2-lobed or 2-lamellate stigma, and the capsule dehiscent through the 
placente. Seeds indefinitely numerous, or rarely few, anatropous, commonly 
small, and with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Stamens, as in all the 
related orders, borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes and 
alternate with them: anthers in our genera 2-celled and opening longitudinally. 
Style rarely cleft, at least the divisions stigmatose down the inner face of the 
lobes. Plants almost all glabrous and smooth throughout, and the flowers cymose 
or simply terminal. Ovary in all our genera one-celled, or half two-celled by 
introflexion of the placentz (in some exotic genera 2-celled). The Menyanthee 
differ almost ordinally in the foliage and estivation. Obolaria and Bartonia are 
remarkable for the imbricated zstivation of the corolla: the sepals of the latter 
are reduced to two: their lower leaves or scales are often alternate. 


Svporper I. GENTIANEZ. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile 


(except some radical ones), never alternate, except in one Swertia. Aistivation 
of the corolla never valvate. 


% Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. 


+ Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule: stigma bilamellar or bicrural, but 
the divisions at first often connivent as if united, the flowers being proterandrous: 
seeds numerous, with a close and reticulated or foveolate coat. 


++ Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled: anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in age. 


1. MICROCALA. Corolla short-salverform, bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat. 
Stigma as if compressed-capitate, but of 2 flabelliform lobes which at length separate. 


w+ ++ Calyx 5-12- (or in Erythrea sometimes 4-) cleft or parted : anthers oblong to linear, 
mostly twisting or curving in age: placente more or less intruded. 


2. ERYTHRAA, Parts of the flower 5 or sometimes 4. Calyx-lobes narrow and 
carinate. Corolla salverform with either a short or rather long tube. Filaments slender: 
anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally in one or two turns after 
anthesis. Style filiform: stigmas from oblong to flabelliform. Capsule from oblong-ovate 
to fusiform. 

8. SABBATIA. Parts of the flower 5 to 12. Corolla rotate. Filaments filiform, rather 
short: anthers linear or elongated-oblong, soon arcuate, recurved, or revolute. Style 2- 
cleft or 2-parted; the lobes filiform, compressed-clavate or spatulate, introrsely stigmatose 
for most of their length. Capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy. 


GENTIANACE. 111 


4, EUSTOMA. Parts of the flower 5, rarely 6. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, the midrib 
earinate. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. Filaments filiform-subulate : anthers oblong, 
versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent: stigma of 2 broad 
oblong or oval lamella. Capsule oval or oblong. 


+ + Style short or subulate and persistent, or none: anthers remaining straight. 
++ Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands : flowers usually 4-5-merous. 


5. GENTIANA. Calyx commonly with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla 
funnelform, campanulate, or salverform (or some rotate); the sinuses with or without 
plaits or appendages. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or 
none: stigma of 2 spreading (rarely united) lamella, persistent. Seeds very numerous, 
not rarely covering the whole parietes of the thin capsule. 

6. PLEUROGYNE. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted; the divisions 
acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla: 
anthers introrse, versatile. Style none: stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Capsule 
lanceolate or oblong, not stipitate. Seeds extremely numerous, near the two sutures. 


++ + Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to 
each lobe: calyx 4-5-parted: seeds comparatively large. 


7 SWERTIA. Corolla rotate, 5 (rarely +-) parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the 
bud. Style none, or very short: stigma 2-lamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate; the pla- 
cente not intruded. Leaves sometimes alternate. 

8. FRASERA. Corolla rotate, 4-parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud, 
bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Sta- 
mens on the very base of the corolla: filaments subulate, often monadelphous at base, occa- 
sionally with some interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into a dis- 
tinct and often slender (but sometimes very short) persistent style: stigma small, 2-lobed 
or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened; the placentae or edges of the 
valves not intruded. Sceds comparatively few, compressed, commonly smooth and mar- 
gined. Leaves verticillate or opposite. 

9. HALENIA. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft; the lobes sinistrorsely convolute, mostly 
erect; underneath each a hollow nectariferous spur or gibbous projection, which is gland- 
ular at bottom (sometimes obsolete): no fringes norcrown. Filaments slender, inserted on 
the tube of the corolla. Ovary and capsule ovate-oblong ; the placente more or less intro- 
flexed: style very short or none: stigmas 2. Ovules and close-coated seeds oval or glob- 
ular, in a single series on the margin of the valves. 

* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud, ie. 4, two exterior and two interior: 
no appendages: ovules and extremely numerous minute close-coated seeds covering 
the whole parietes of the ovary and capsule: stamens inserted in or little below the 
sinuses of the corolla: anthers ovate-sagittate: foliage hardly any or discolored. 

10. BARTONIA. Calyx deeply 4-parted; the sepals lanceolate-subulate, carinate. Cor- 
olla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. Filaments slender, much longer than the 
anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 erect or closed short lobes. Capsule oblong, acute, 
2-valved. 

11. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals! Corolla oblong-campanulate, 
4cleft; the lobes oval-oblong or in age spatulate. Filaments not longer than the anthers. 
Ovary rather thick-walled, and with four thicker equidistant projections, making the 
cavity cruciform: style distinct : stigma bilamellar. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved or 
rupturing irregularly. 


Svsorper Il. MENYANTHEZ. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, 
sometimes trifoliolate, or crenate. A®stivation of the corolla induplicate-valvate. 
Seed-coat crustaceous. Marsh or aquatic perennials: flowers heterogonous. 


12. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate, 
5-cleft; the lobes widely spreading, fimbriate-bearded or crested on the face. Stamens on 
the tube of the corolla: anthers sagittate, versatile. Hypogynous glands 5. Ovary 
surmounted by a long style: stigma bilamellate, 2-lobed. Capsule globular, tardily 2- 
valved or irregularly bursting across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and 
compressed ; the close crustaceous coat smooth and shining. Flowers on a scape. 

13. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx &-parted. Corolla almost rotate and deeply 5-cleft; 
the lobes naked on the face (but sometimes fimbriate on the broadly induplicate mar- 
gins). Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style short or none. Capsule ovoid 
or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Flowers ‘(in ours) as if borne on a filiform 


petiole. 


112 GENTIANACEZ. Microcala. 


1. MICROCALA, Link. Compounded of prxeds, small, and zndy or xaos, 
beautiful: should have been Afecrocalia, but that proper form of the name was 
preoccupied. — One European species and the following: fi. in spring. 


M. quadrangularis, Griseb. A little annual, with simple or branching filiform stem, 
2 or 3 inches high: branches or peduncles 1-flowered: leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval or oblong, 
2 or 3 lines long: calyx at first oblong-campanulate ; in fruit broader, truncate at top and 
bottom, strongly 4-angled; the teeth short and subulate: corolla saffron-yellow, 3 lines 
long. — DC. Prodr. ix. 63; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t. 58, fig. 3; Gray, Bot. Calif, 
i, 480. Exacum quadrangulare, Willd. Spec. i. 636. £. inflatum, Hook. & Arn. in Jour. Bot. 
i. 288. Cicendia quadrangularis, Griseb. Gent. 157. — Open moist ground, coast of California, 
from Mendocino Co., southward. (S. Amer.) 


2. ERYTHRAGA, Renealm. Cenraury, Cancuatacua. (From égv6pde, 
red, the flowers being mostly red or rose-color.) — Low herbs (of various parts of 
the world), mainly annuals and biennials; the flowers small or middle-sized, but 
commonly numerous, in summer. Corolla-lobes becoming narrower with age. 


KE. curroyrores and E. speciosa, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 479, are Mexican species, not yet 
found near our borders, forming a section (the genus Gyrandra of Grisebach) with tube of the 
corolla rather shorter than the ample lobes, and an oval capsule. All our species have a 
longer and narrower capsule (elongated-oblong or cylindraceous), and a longer tube to the 
corolla. Our £. venusta, as to the corolla, is the connecting form. 

* Flowers spicately disposed along the rather simple branches and sessile in the few forks. 

EH. sricAta, Pers. Strictly erect, a foot or less high: leaves oblong: tube of the rose-col- 
ored corolla hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, twice the length of the rather narrow 
lobes. — E. Pickeringii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. Chironia spicata, Smith, Fl. Grae. t. 238.— 
Coast at Nantucket, Mass. (Oakes), and Portsmouth, Virginia (Rugel). (Nat. from Eu.) 

* %* Flowers cymose or paniculately scattered; ours all rose-red, and with broad stigmas. 

+— European species sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic United States: stigmas broadly oval 

or obovate: lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse. 

BE. Centatrivum, Pers. Strictly erect, a span to a foot high: leaves oblong, the lowest form- 
ing a rosulate tuft at the root: flowers cymose-clustered, at least the middle ones sessile: 
lobes of the corolla 23 or 8 lines long. — Waste grounds, shores of Lake Ontario (Oswego, 
New York) and Lake Michigan, Babcock: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

E. namosfssima, Pers. Lower, more slender, diffusely branched: leaves from oval to lanceo- 
late, the lowest not rosulate: flowers effusely cymose, pedicelled: lobes of the corolla only 
2 lines long. — E. pulchella, Fries, Novit. ii. 31 (Grisebach’s var. pulchella, merely a small 
form). EE. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 60, as to pl. N.Y. and Penn, Exacum pul- 
chellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 100% Chironia pulchella, Muhl. Cat. 23.— E. Pennsylvania, New Jer- 
sey, &c.: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
+— + Species indigenous from Texas to California: stigmas cuneate or flabelliform and truncate: 

no rosulate tuft of radical leaves. 

++ Flowers small: lobes of the corolla only 1} to 2} lines long, much shorter than the tube: an- 

thers oblong. 

E. Texénsis, Griseb. Slender, diffusely much branched above into a loose paniculate- 
corymbose cyme: leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate and the uppermost reduced to 
subulate bracts: flowers all slender-pedicelled: corolla (apparently light rose-color) with 
very slender tube (4 or 5 lines long), and lanceolate-oblong lobes (2 lines long), which be- 
come lanceolate-linear, longer, and acute: seeds globose-ovoid.— DC. 1. c. 98.— Texas, 
common on rocks and hills. 

BE. floribtiinda, Benth. Almost a foot high, corymbose-cymose at summit, rather strict 
and closely flowered: leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate: flowers short-pedicelled or in 
the forks nearly sessile: lobes of the light rose-colored corolla oblong and becoming lan- 
ceolate, at most 2 lines long and 3 or 4 times shorter than the tube: anthers short-oblong 
(shorter than in any other of this section and the stigmas smaller) : seeds globular-ovoid. 
— Pl. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 480.— California, on the Sacramento and its tribu- 
taries, Hartweg, &c. 

EH. Muhlenbérgii, Griseb. A span or less high, at length fastigiately branched from 
the base, cymosely flowered at summit: leaves oblong, obtuse; the floral lanceolate: ped- 


- 


Erythrea. GENTIANACES, 113 


icels short or hardly any in the forks; the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteo- 
late at summit: lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in age merely 
oblong, 2 or almost 3 lines long: seeds short-oval.— DC. 1. c. 60, as to California plant 
only; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 3822; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 480.—Western part of California, and 
south-east to the Mohave. 

E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched, 
usually sparsely flowered: leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute: flowers all on strict 
and slender peduncles or pedicels: lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines 
long, nearly half the length of the tube: seeds globular. — Bot. Calif. i. 480. 2. Nuttallii, 
Watson, Bot. King, 276, partly ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. Cicendiu exaltata, Griseb. in 
Hook. FL. ii. 69, t. 157, wrongly described. — Oregon and California to Utah and Wyoming. 

BE. Nuttallii, Watson. Like the preceding: lobes of the rather larger corolla more 
ovate, acutish, sometimes nearly 3 lines long: seeds fewer, and much larger (a third of a 
line long), oblong. — Bot. King, 276, t. 29, mainly. — Nevada, Idaho, and Utah, Nuttall, H. 
Engelmann, \Watson. 


++ ++ Flowers larger: corolla-lobes sy to 6 lines long, but more or less shorter than the tube : 
anthers linear. 


== Corolla-lobes narrow, in age by involution becoming acuminate: branching and inflorescence 
fastigiate-cymose : filaments and style very slender. 

E. trichantha, Griseb. A span or less high: leaves from oblong-oval to lanceolate : 
flowers in dense cymes, those in the forks all sessile or nearly so: corolla-lobes oblong- 
lanceolate becoming linear-lanceolate, 34 or + lines long: stigmas small: seeds oval-oblong. 
— DC. 1. c. 60 (exel. var.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 479.— Dry ground, W. California. 

E. Beyrichii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, slender, at length fastigiately 
much branched: leaves linear (an inch or more long, a line or much less in width), the 
uppermost nearly filiform: flowers very numerous and all pedicellate: corolla-lobes linear- 
oblong and becoming linear, 5 lines long: seeds globular. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. 291, t. 13. 
E. trichantha, var. angustifolia, Griseb. in DC. 1. c.— Arkansas, Beyrich, Marcy. Texas, 
Wright, Lindheimer. 
== = Corolla-lobes broader and obtuse, little shorter than the tube: inflorescence loose: flowers 

all pedicellate : seeds globular. 

BE. calycdésa, Buckley. Paniculately or somewhat cymosely branched, a span to 2 feet 
high: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear: pedicels mostly as long as the 
calyx or the whole flower: lobes of the corolla oval or oblong, 34 to 5 lines long ; the tube 
usually equalled by the calyx. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7.—W. Texas and New Mexico, 
Wright, Buckley, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. nana. A span high, with leaves all linear and inflorescence corymbose-cymose : 
approaching EL. Beyrichii, but corolla-lobes only 3 or4 lines long and broadly oblong. — 
Stony hills, W. Texas, Wright (no. 1662), Woodhouse. 

Var. Arizénica. Stems or branches a foot or so long, lax: inflorescence racemosely 
paniculate or as if racemose: calyx-lobes mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla. — 
S. Utah and Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer, &c. 

E. ventista, Gray. A span or so high: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate : flowers 
somewhat cymose or paniculate, on short or sometimes long pedicels: lobes of the corolla 
oval or obovate, becoming oblong, deep pink, 4 to 6 lines long, about the length of the yel- 
lowish tube, which is equalled by the calyx. — Bot. Calif. i. 479. E. trichantha, Durand in 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. t.9, not Griseb. £. chironioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 186, t. 42, mainly, 
excl. syn. — Dry hills, California, common from Plumas Co. southward. 


3. SABBATIA, Adans. (Liberatus Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) — 
Atlantic North American biennials or annuals; with mostly showy rose-colored or 
white flowers (in summer and autumn), terminating the branches or in cymes. 
Calyx in most species deeply parted. Corolla usually with a yellowish or dis- 
colored eye. Style closed in early anthesis, and commonly turned to one side 
of the flower (and sometimes spirally twisted), later erect and its branches or 
stigmas diverging. Seeds very numerous and small, globular, pitted. 


114 GENTIANACEZ. Sabbatia. 


§ 1. Flowers 5-merous (or only occasionally some of them 6-7-merous) : an- 
thers from apically recurved to helicoid. 


x Branches all opposite : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled. 
+ Calyx very small, merely 5-toothed. 


S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous: stem simple, terete, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves rather 
distant, thickish, nearly erect, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with cordate-clasping 3-5-nerved 
base, acute or mucronate-acuminate (1 to 3 inches long); the uppermost reduced to small 
subulate bracts : cymes flat-topped, naked and in a naked terminal corymb or compound 
cyme: pedicels short and filiform: teeth of the small calyx subulate and shorter than the 
tube: corolla white; the lobes oblong, 3 or 4 lines long: style not cleft to the middle.— 
Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 171; Gtiseb. in DC. 1. c. 50; Chapm. Fl. 353.— Wet pine bar- 
rens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 

+— + Calyx with long and slender or linear lobes: stem more or less 4-angled. 
++ Corolla white, fading yellowish: style 2-parted, its divisions spatulate-linear. 


S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing a terminal and 
naked corymbose cyme: leaves much shorter than the internodes (an inch or so long), from 
ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels mostly short 
but slender: calyx-lobes almost filiform, more than half the length of the corolla: lobes 
of the latter obovate-oblong, a third to half inch long.— Gray, Man. ed. 1, 356; Chapm. 
Fl. 853. Chironia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 95. C. cymosa, Lam. Ill. i. 479, therefore Sabbatia 
cymosa, Don, Syst. C. paniculata, Michx. FI. i. 146, partly. Sabbatia paniculata, var. latifolia, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 188. S, corymbosa, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 288.— Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey 
to Florida. 

S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, freely branching; the branches cy- 
mosely few-many-flowered and uppermost cymes corymbose: leaves from linear to lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse ; the floral mostly linear and acute: pedicels very short to the central 
flowers: calyx-lobes not more than half the length of the corolla: lobes of the latter 
spatulate-oblong, 3 lines long. — Fl. 1. c. (var. angustifolia, & excl. syn. Swertia difformis, L.) ; 
Gray, l.c., not Ell. Chironia paniculata, Michx. 1. c. partly, and as to char. — Moist or dry 
ground, Virginia to Florida. 


++ +++ Corolla rose-color, varying to white: style cleft to the middle, its lobes slightly clavate. 


S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, a foot or two high: leaves from lanceolate- 
oblong to linear, mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at base: inflorescence thyrsiform-pan- 
iculate ; the lateral cymes naked-pedunculate and about 3-flowered: calyx-lobes narrowly 
linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the light rose-color or nearly white corolla: lobes of 
the latter obovate-oblong, half inch long. — Sk. i. 284; Chapm. Lc. 3S. concinna, Wood, 
Class-Book, 451. Chironia angularis, var. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c.— Dry or low grounds, 
Indiana and N: Carolina to Louisiana and Florida. 

S. anguldris, Pursh. Stem quadrangular with sharp angles, 2 feet high, paniculately 
branched above ; the branches leafy : leaves cordate-ovate apd clasping, 8-5-nerved : numer- 
ous and crowded branches few-flowered, pyramidally or somewhat corymbosely cymose: 
calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla: lobes of the latter deep rose-color, obo- 
vate, fully half-inch long. — Ell. l. c.; Bigel. Med. t. 57; Bart. Med. t. 24; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 
ii. t. 88. Chironia angularis, L.; Michx. 1. c., var. latifolia. — Rich soil, W. Canada to Florida 
and Louisiana. 

%* % Branches alternate or the lower opposite: foliaceous calyx-lobes longer and hardly narrower 
than the lobes of the corotla: flowers not rarely 6-7-merous: style 2-parted. 

S. calycésa, Pursh. Stem a span to a foot long, loosely branching: leaves from oblong 
to broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base: peduncles scattered, 1-flowered, mostly elongated, 
occasionally short: calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate, resembling upper leaves, half 
inch or more long, not rarely double the length of the obovate-spatulate lobes of the rose- 
colored or almost white corolla.— Bot. Mag. t. 1600. Chironia dichotoma, Walt. Car. 98. 
C. calycosa, Michx. 1. c. Gentiana calycina, Lam. Dict. ii. 638. Sabbatia gracilis, var. Cubensis, 
Griseb. Pl. Wright. Cub. ii. 521.— Sea-coast and near it, Virginia to Texas. (Cuba.) 


* * * Branches alternate: calyx-lobes slender, seldom exceeding the obovate lobes of the corolla: 
peduncles more or less elongated and scattered, naked, 1-flowered. 


Sabbatia. GENTIANACES. 115 


+ Calyx-tube prominently 5-costate, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule: corolla 1} to 
2 inches in diameter. 

S. campéstris, Nutt. A span or two high, divergently branched above: leaves ovate 
with subcordate clasping base, somewhat 3-5-nerved, one-half to an inch long, those of the 
branches lanceolate: peduncles about 2 inches long: calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, half to three-fourths inch long, equalling the broad lobes of the lilac- 
colored corolla; angles of its campanulate tube below the sinuses acute and wing-like in 
flower, thickened in fruit: style very deeply 2-cleft.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. v. 197; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5015. S. formosa, Buckley in Proce. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7.— Prairies of 
Arkansas and Texas. Very showy. 

+ + Calyx-tube very short, girding the base of the capsule, not conspicuously costate : plants 
heed paniculate-branching: corolla bright rose-colgy or pink, with white varieties, or the last 
white. 

S. stelldris, Pursh. Leaves rather fleshy, from oblong to lanceolate and the uppermost 
narrowly linear: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, from half to nearly the full length of the 
corolla-lobes: eye or star of the corolla conspicuous: style nearly 2-parted. — Fl. i. 137. 
S. gracilis, Ell. 1. c., not Salisb. Chironia stellata, Muhl. Cat. — Brackish marshes, coast of 
Massachusetts to Florida. Appears to pass into the next. 

S. gracilis, Salisb. Stems more slender: branches and peduncles filiform: leaves linear 
and the uppermost filiform or setaceous: calyx-lobes very slender and as long as those of 
the corolla (6 to 9 lines long): style 2-cleft to the middle.— Parad. Lond. t. 32; Pursh, 
Le; Griseb. in DC. Lv. 49; Chapm. FL. 354. Chironia gracilis, Michx. 1c.  C. campanu- 
lata, L. Spec. 1902, but not from “Canada.” — Brackish marshes and river banks, Nan- 
tucket (an ambiguous form), and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, extending inland to 
the mountains of Georgia. (Cuba.) 

Var. grandifiéra. Stem more rigid and erect: lower leaves fleshy: flower much 
larger; the corolla-lobes from three-fourths to nearly a full inch long. — Coast of E. Flor- 
ida, Leavenworth, Buckley, Palmer, &c. 

S. Hllidttii, Steud. Effusely and paniculately much branched, a foot or two high: 
leaves small; the lower cauline (half inch or less long) thickish, from obovate to lanceo- 
late; upper narrowly linear and rather longer; those of the filiform flowering branches 
setaceous-subulate: flowers numerous: lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, about twice 
‘the length of the tube, very much shorter than the spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate lobes 
of the (apparently always white) corolla; the corolla-lobes only 5 or 6 lines long: style 
2-parted. —Chapm. Fl. 534. S. paniculata, Ell. Sk. i. 282 (ex char.), not Pursh. ‘Swertia 
difformis, L. Spec. i. 226 ? — Pine barrens on the coast (S. Virginia ¢) S. Carolina to Florida. 
(Bahamas.) 


§ 2. Flowers 8-12-merous, most commonly 9-11-merous, large and showy, 
* Solitary on naked somewhat paniculate peduncles: anthers at length coiled into a helix. 

S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, loosely and sparingly branched above: 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and the uppermost linear: calyx- 
lobes subulate-linear, about half the length the spatulatc-obovate lobes of the (rose-purple 
or sometimes white) corolla: divisions of the deeply-cleft style linear-clavate. — Torr. Fl. 
N. Y. ii. t. 84. Chironia dodecandra, L. Spec. i. 190; Walt. 1. v. Chlora dodecandra, LL. 
Syst. Chironia chloroides, Michx. Fl. i. 147. Margin of pine-barren ponds along the coast, 
Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Corolla about 2 inches in diameter. 

Var. stricta. Stem more rigid, 1-few-flowered: leaves all linear. —Chironia decandra, 
Walt. Ll. c.?—S. Carolina? Alabama, and Florida. 
* Capitate-clustered or sometimes solitary flowers sessile and leafy-bracted: calyx-tube turbinate: 
anthers of firm texture, slightly curved. — Lapithea,Griseb. 

S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem strict, a foot or two high: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, 
obovate or oblong: cauline very narrowly linear, 1} to 3 inches long, a line or two wide ; 
the uppermost involucrating the terminal cluster of 3 to 5 or sometimes one or two nearly 
sessile flowers; occasionally one or two in lower axils: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, very 
much shorter than the spatulate corolla-lobes, these 6 to 10 lines long: style 2-cleft at the 
apex, the lobes spatulate. — Sk. i. 286; Chapm. F1. 354. S. oligophylla, Featherman in Univ. 
Mississip. Rep. 1871. Lapithea gentianoides, Griseb. in DC. 1.c. 48. — Margin of pine-barren 
ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. 


116 GENTIANACES. Sabbatia. 


S. Boykini, Gray. A foot high, nearly simple: cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong or the 
lower clliptical, 3-nerved (an inch or two long); the uppermost lanceolate: flowers 1 to 7 
in the cluster; the bracts oval or oblong: calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the 
corolla; lobes of the latter oblong-obovate, half inch long.—Chapm. Fl. 354. — Middle or 
Upper Georgia, Boykin (in herb. Torr.) ; also in herb. Muhl. Little known. 

S. sfupiex, Bertol. Mise. x. t. 3, is Rhexia stricta. 


4, EUSTOMA, Salisb. (From 9, oréua, good mouth, i.e. mouth of good 
size, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.) — Glaucous and large-flowered an- 
nuals; with more or less clasping and connate thickish leaves, slender terminal 
and more or less paniculate one-flowered peduncles, and bluish purple corolla vary- 
ing to white; the lobes commonly erose-denticulate. — Only the following species. 


E. exaltatum, Griseb. Lower than the next species: leaves oblong: lobes of the 
corolla nearly oblong (barely an inch in length), twice the length of the tube: style little 
longer than the stigmas: capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — DC. Prodr. ix. 51; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 13; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 621. Geptiana exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 831; 
Descourt, Ant. t. 15. Lisianthus exaltatus, Lam. Ill. i. 478. L. glaucifolius, Jacg. Ic. Rar. 
t. 83. Lustoma silenifolium, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 34; Don, Syst. iv. 211, excl. syn. Nutt. 
Urananthus glaucifolius, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 46. — Southern borders of the United States, from 
Florida and Texas to California. (Mex., W. Ind.) 

H. Russellianum, Griseb. l.c. A foot or two high: leaves from ovate- to lanceolate- 
oblong: lobes of the ample lavender-purple corolla obovate (inch and a half long), 4 times 
longer than the tube: style elongated: capsule oblong, usually pointed: anthers hardly 
curving in age. — Lisianthus glaucifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197, not 
Jacq. L. Russellianus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3626. — Nebraska to Texas. Very showy. 

Var. gracile. Smaller: leaves lanceolate: capsule not pointed. — Z. gracile, Engelm. 
in FI. Calif. lL. c.—S. Texas, Berlandier, &e. (Mex.) 


5. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. (Gentius, king of Illyria.) — Erect 
herbs (of the cooler parts of the world); with chiefly sessile leaves, and con- 
spicuous flowers of various colors, produced in summer or autumn; commonly 
expanding only in sunshine or at mid-day. Seeds in most of our species exceed- 
ingly numerous and borne over the whole inner surface of the capsule (as first 
remarked by the late Prof. H. J. Clark, in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 1856, 345). Herb- 
age and especially the roots very bitter. 


§ 1. GenTranéLLa. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes 
or teeth at the sinuses: anthers usually versatile (introrse, at length retrorsely 
reversed) : stigmas distinct or only casually united : root annual in all ours except 
in G. barbellata. — Gentianella, &c., Borkhausen. 

* (FRINGED GenTIANS.) Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous: corolla cam- 


panulate-funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned: a row of glands between 
the bases of the filaments. —§ Crossopetalum, Froelich, Grisebach. 


+— Flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate 
at base: filaments naked: root annual: calyx (except in G. simplex) ovate-acuminate in the bud 
and with acutely carinate lobes, the two exterior longer as well as narrower and more acuminate, 
the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels. 


++ Corolla enclosed in the ventricose wing-angled calyx? 

G. ventricésa, Griseb. A foot high: leaves ovate-oblong: calyx ovoid and 4-wing- 
angled; the two external lobes much acuminate; the two internal barely acute, rather 
longer than the campanulate deeply 4-cleft corolla: ovate-oblong lobes of the latter regu- 
larly “crenate-fimbriate” (or in the figures sharply serrate): ovary not stipitate. — Gent. 
259, in Hook. Fi. ii. 65, t. 152, & DC. Prodr. ix. 102. — Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, 
between Cumberland House and Hudson’s Bay, Drummond. Little known and not since 
collected: apparently described and figured from undeveloped specimens, perhaps nearly 
related to G. crinita. 


Gentiana. GENTIANACEX. 117 


++ ++ Corolla (sky-blue, occasionally white) conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx: 
autumn-flowering. 

G. crinita, Freel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base: salient narrow 
keels of the calyx-lobes conspicuously decurrent on the tube: corolla 2 inches long; its 
lobes cuneate-obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less or hardly so down the 
narrowing sides: capsule fusiform, conspicuously stipitate: seeds squamulose-roughened. 
—Gent. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 2031; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 80. G. ciliata Americana, L. 
G. fimbriata, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 509. Gentianella crinita, Don, Syst. iv. 179. — Low grounds, 
Canada to Dakotah and southward to the mountains of Georgia. 

_G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate-linear: 
¢+ corolla an inch to an inch and a half long; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, erosely 
fimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare: 
™  gapsule short-stipitate: seeds and calyx nearly as in G. crinita.—FJ. Norveg. 10 (also 
vrodnder G. ciliata, 88, t. 2), & Fl. Dan. t. 817; Fries, Summ. Scand. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 
--481. G,detonsa, Rottb. Act. Hafn. x. 254, t.1; Griseb.l.c.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 82. G. 
ciliata, Pall. FI. Ross. ii. t. 92, not L. GQ. barbata, Frel. Gent. 114.  G. brachypetala, Bunge, 
® Consp. Gent. in Mem. Mosq. 1829, 225, t. 1. — Wet grounds, Newfoundland, Canada, and 
hee _N. W. New York to Saskatchewan and northward, and west to Colorado and W. Nevada, 
mainly the larger and most fimbriate form, G. detonsa, var. barbata, Griseb., &c. (Siberia to 
Norway and Greenland.) 

Var. grandis, a form with stem 2 feet high or more, and corolla 2 inches long, a por- 
tion only of the sides of the lobes coarsely fimbriate. — G. detonsa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
157.— S. E. Arizona, between Barbacomori and Santa Cruz, Thurber, Wright. (Perhaps G. 
crinita, var. Cervantesit, Griseb. in DC. l.c. Mexico.) 

Var. holopétala, Gray, a small or slender form, 2 to 16 inches high, with compara- 
tively long peduncles: corolla an inch or more long, its lobes entire or merely erose-den- 
ticulate round the summit. — Bot. Calif. i. 481.— Sierra Nevada, California, at 5,000 to 
10,000 feet, and Oregon. 

G. simplex, Gray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high, simple, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of lanceolate 
or linear-oblong leaves (3 to 9 lines long) and a single slender-pedunculate flower : calyx- 
‘ube and lobes hardly at all angled or carinate; the latter nearly equal and similar : corolla 
an inch long; its oblong-spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate and sometimes a fringe of 
a few bristly teeth low down on the sides: capsule stipitate: seeds smooth but longitudi- 
nally striate, narrow, wingless when mature, except a cellular appendage at both ends. — 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 87, t. 16, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, Califor- 
nia, to adjacent portion of Oregon. 
+— + Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx: filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle: 

calyx hardly at all angled or carinate: root perennial. 

G. barbelld4ta, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or 
caudex, 2 to 5 inches high: leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous 
margins; the radical spatulate (an inch or two long) or slender-petioled; the 2 or 3 cau- 
line pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base: flowers 
one to three, sessile or nearly so between the involucrate foliaceous bracts: calyx-lobes 
subulate-triangular: corolla bright blue, an inch to an inch and a half long, about twice the 
length of the calyx, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicu- 
ously fimbriate along the middle: capsule short and not stipitate: seeds squamulose- 
roughened. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 216, t. 2.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains 
in Colorado, Parry, &e. Related to G. ciliata of Europe. 

% %& Flowers smaller, 4-5-merous: corolla somewhat. funnelform or salverform when expanded ; 
the lobes entire (rarely with a few denticulations), their base sometimes crowned with setaceous 


filaments: capsule seldom stipitate: seeds with a very close thin and smooth coat. — Endotricha, 
ete., Freel. § Amarella, Arctophila, &c., Griseb. 


+ Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, 1-flowered: throat of corolla crowned ; 
no glands at its base: edges of leaves and sepals smovth. 

G. tenélla, Rottb. An inch to a span high: leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the 
lowest spatulate: calyx deeply 5- (sometimes 4-) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to 
ovate, usually unequal: corolla 2} to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx (more 
lengthened in fruit), blue; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the 


118 GENTIANACES. Gentiana. 


tube: fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. — Act. Hafn. x. 46, t. 2, fig. 6; Freel. 1. c. 
96; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1045. G. glacialis, A. Thomas in Vill. Delph. ii. 582, G. 
Koenigii, Gunner, Fl. Norv. 102. G. dichotoma, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 116. G. borealis, Bunge, 
Gent. 1. c. 251, t. 10, fig. 2.— High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado 
(Parry), Utah (ZL. Ward), and Idaho, Nuttall. Unalaschka and Kotzebue Sound, &c. 
(Kamtschatka to Greenland.) P 

+-— + Peduncles sliort or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated stem, the angles 

of which are acute or wing-margined. 


++ Setaceous-fimbriate crown on the base of the corolla-lobes usually conspicuous and rather 
copious, sometimes reduced ta a few sete, or rarely evanescent: glands at the base of corolla 
obscure or wanting: margins of the leaves and of the conspicuous foliaceous calyx-lobes minutely 
scabrous. 

G. auriculata, Pall. A span or two high: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate: 
calyx-tube turbinate, longer than the 5 (or rarely 4) lobes; these nearly equal and similar, 
cordate-ovate, or the inner merely ovate: corolla violet-blue, 9 or 10 lines long; its lobes 
ovate. — F]. Ross. ii. 102, t. 92, fig. 1; Griseb. 1. c.— Islands between N. E. Asia and Amer- 
ica, and even on the N. W. American coast, according to Pallas; but not since found. 
(Kamtschatka, E. Siberia, &c.) 


G. heterosépala, Hngelm. A span or two high, rather simple and racemosely few- 
flowered: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong: calyx very unequally 5-parted; two of the 
lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6 
lines long); the other 3 linear-subulate and shorter: sete of the crown copious, united 
below into a membrane on the base of each corolla-lobe: capsule sessile. — Trans. Acad. 
St. Louis, ii. 215, t.8; Watson, Bot. King, 278. — Utah, in Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains, 
HT. Engelmann, Watson. New Mexico in the Sandia Mountains, Bigelow. 

G. Wrightii. Nearly 2 feet bigh: stem virgate, simple, with strict racemiform inflores- 
cence: leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptical (less than an inch long), erect, most of 
the (about 12) pairs below the flowering portion nearly equalling the internodes, connate 
at base: flowers rather numerous, 10 lines lorig: calyx very deeply 5-cleft; its short tube 
10-costate (the ribs answering to the sinuses stronger); the lobes somewhat unequal and . 
with strongly scabrous margins, all lanceolate, rather shorter than the tube of the campan- 
ulate-funnelform white corolla: the latter not glandular at base; its lobes ovate, one-third 
the length of the tube, each with a crown of about 15 long and distinct sete: capsule 
short-stipitate. — Accidentally named G. quinqueflora in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157.— 
8. E. Arizona, in springy ground near Santa Cruz, Wright. 

G. Amarélla, L. From 2 to 20 inches high: leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 
or the lowest obovate-spatulate: inflorescence disposed to be racemiform: calyx 5-cleft (or 
rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them 
longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla: the latter half inch or more long; its 
lobes oblong, obtuse, or becoming acute: capsule sessile.— Fl. Dan. t.828; Reichenb. Ic. 
Germ. t. 1046; Griseb.1.c. ; Herder in Radde, iv. 145. G. pratensis, Freel. lc. (Eu., Asia.) 

+ Var. acttta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted: crown usually of fewer and some- 
times very few seta.—Engelm’ 1. cv.; Herder, Lc. G. acuta, Michx. Fl. i. 177; Griseb. 
l.c.; Engelm. 1. c. 214, t. 9, fig. 6 (var. nana, a depauperate high alpine form). G. Amarella, 
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ.; Watson, Bot. King, J]. c. G. plebeja, Cham. in Bunge, 
Gent. 1. c. 250, t. 9, fig. 5. —Labrador and Lower Canada to Alaska, and south along the 
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, in the Sierra Nevada of California, and thence far north- 
ward. (N. Asia, &c. Mex.) 

Var. stricta, Watson, l.c. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict, 
remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers numerous, commonly 
4-merous, smaller: calyx rather less deeply cleft: corolla 8 to barely 5 lines long, whitish, 
little longer than the unequal calyx; sete of the crown sometimes very few or even want- 
ing; glands at base of the tube not rarely evident: seeds smaller. — G. acuta, var. stricta, 
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. & DC. 1. c. G. arctophila, var. densiflora, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94, not 
Griseb. — Mountains of Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. (Mex.) 

Var. ténuis. Same as var. stricta, but calyx very deeply parted, according to figure 
and description of G. tenuis, Griseb. Gent. & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. 68, t. 151.— Mackenzie 
River and Bear Lake, Richardson. Not since found. Sete of the crown 8 to each lobe and 
conspicuous, or wanting. 


Gentiana. GENTIANACES. 119 


a+ ++ Setaceous-fimbriate crown, Kc., as in the preceding subdivision; but glands on the base of 
oe corolla more or less manifest: calyx-lobes very small and short on the truncate spathaceous 
ube. 

G. Wislizéni, Engelm. A foot or less high, with the habit and many-flowered thyrsoid- 
paniculate inflorescence of G. quinqueflora, but smaller in all its parts: leaves from lanceo- 
late to ovate (an inch or less long), with obtuse or subcordate base : calyx barely half the 
length of the tube of the corolla; its scarious tube (14 lines long) split down one side, in 
age sometimes dejected, much longer than the 5 unequal linear herbaceous teeth: corolla 
nearly salverform, pale purplish, 4 or 5 lines long; its lobes oblong-ovate, copiously fringed 
above the base: capsule sessile: seeds globose. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 7.— 
Sierra Blanca, S. Arizona, Rothrock, a broad leaved form, the glands less evident. (Ad- 
jacent Mex., |Wislizenus.) 


++ ++ ++ No crown to the corolla; but its lobes tipped with a setiform point or sharp acumination 
and the glands at bottom of the tube manifest. —§ Arctophila, Griseb. 


== Dwarf species of high northern or alpine regions: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 rather distant pairs : 
calyx 4-5-parted. 

G. atrea,-L. Leaves ovate, 5-7-nerved ; the margins and those of the spatulate-lanceolate 
calyx-lobes smooth: corolla yellow, violet, or commonly white, 4 lines long, little surpass- 
ing the calyx; its lobes almost as long as the campanulate tube. — Fl. Dan. t. 344; Herder, 
le. 155. G. involucrata, Rottb. in Act. Hafn. x. 344, t.1, fig.2. G. Aleutica, Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 175, fide Herder. G. Unalaschkensis, Cham. in Bunge, 1. e. 240, t. 9, 
fig. 2.— Unalaschka, &c. Also Sitka, according to Herder. (High northern Siberia to 
Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland.) 

G. propingua, Richards. Stem slender, 2 to 7 inches high, mostly branched from the 
base: leaves from oblong to lanceolate and the lowest spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the 
edges and those of the calyx smooth: flowers chicfly 4-merous and rather slender-pedi- 
celled: lobes of the calyx unequal; two of them ovate or oblong, the others linear-lanceo- 
late, the larger rather shorter than the tube of the corolla: the latter bluish, narrow,-4 to 
9 lines long, its lobes ovate or in age lanceolate, sometimes erose-denticulate. — App. 
Frankl. Journ. 734; Griseb. l. v.; Hook. Fl. t. 150; Herder, l.c. G. Rurikiana, Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 176. G. setiflora, Bunge, 1. v. t. 9, fig. 4. — Labrador to Bear Lake, the 
northern Rocky Mountains, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent Asia.) 

Var. densifiéra, Griseb, |. c., in alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains (Drum- 
mond), a more condensed and leafy plant, occurring with the ordinary form, is said to differ 
from the preceding species only in the inequality of the calyx-lobes. 

G. arctéphila, Griseb. Stem an inch to a span high: leaves ovate-oblong or the low- 
est obovate; the edges and especially those of the calyx-lobes scabrous: corolla 7 to 10 
lines long; the round-ovate lobes more acuminate-cuspidate: otherwise very like large- 
flowered G. propinqua (to which Herder refers it). — Gent. 251, & in Hook. FI. ii. 61, t. 149, 
with a var. densiflora, having cordate-ovate leaves, and two of the calyx-lobes unusually 
large. — Arctic sea-coast, [ichardson. The variety in the alpine region of the northern 
Rocky Mountains, Drummond. i 

= = Taller and leafy: calyx 5-cleft: capsule slender-stipitate. 


G. quinquefiédra, Lam. A foot or two high; the larger plants branching : leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, with subcordate partly clasping base, 3-7-nerved, the upper acute or cuspi- 
date-acuminate: inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate; the clusters_3-5-flowered: calyx one 
fifth or fourth the length of the narrow funnelform bright blue corolla; its lobes linear- 
subulate: corolla half to three fourths inch long; its lobes ovate-triangular, short. — Dict. 
ii, 643; Freel. Gent. 51; Griseb. 1. c. G. quinquejolia, L., doubtless meant for quingueflora. 
G. amarelloides, Pursh, FI. i. 186. — Moist hills, Canada, Maine to Michigan, and along the 
Alleghanies to Florida. 

Var. occidentalis, Gray. Sometimes 2 or 3 feet high and paniculately much 
byanched:: inflorescence more open: calyx-lobes more foliaceous, linear or lanceolate, un- 
equal, reaching to the middle of the broader funnelform corolla. — Man. ed. 1, 359, ed. 5, 387. 
G. quinqueflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3496, mainly.— Ohio to Minnesota and south to Ten- 
nessee and Louisiana. ee 

Var. parviflora, Raf., collected in Virginia, Kentucky, &c. (Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 100), 
is a depauperate and small-flowered state of the preceding variety, and is G. amarelloides, 
Michx. Fl. i. 175. 


120 GENTIANACEZ. Gentiana. 


§ 2, Preumondntue. Corolla (funnelform or salverform) plicate at the si- 
nuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-membranaceous teeth or lobes: 
no crown nor glands: stigmas distinct: flowers almost always 5-merous : capsule 
more or less stipitate. — Pneumonanthe, Necker. § Pneumonanthe, Chondrophylla, 
Celanthe, Tretrorhiza, &c., Griseb. 

* Root annual, and habit of the preceding section: leaves marginless: flowers cymose: calyx 

short, 5-cleft: anthers oblong-linear, introrse, remaining erect. ; 

G. Douglasiana, Bong. A span high, slender, cymosely branched: leaves ovate; the 
lowest rosulate ; the cauline of few remote pairs and somewhat cordate (2 to 4 lines long): 
corolla white, a third to half inch long; its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnélform tube, | 
not double the length of the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft accessory lobes in the 
sinuses: capsule stipitate, obovate, ancipital above: seeds proportionally large (a line 
long), elongated-oblong, with a close coat, apiculate at both ends. — Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6; 
Griseb. in Hook. FI. ii. 60, t. 148. — Alaska to Oregon. 


* * Root annual or biennial in our species: dwarf and small plants: leaves small and with white 
cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers solitary and terminal: calyx narrow, 4-5-toothed: 


couple Aiiy enon when expanded; the lobes or plaits in fhe sinuses broad and emarginate: 

anthers cordate, versatile: seeds oblong, with a close coat. — § Chondrophylla, Bunge, Griseb. 

G. hamilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous from the slender root, 1 to 5 inches long, 

erect or ascending: leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined; the radical orbicular 
or ovate and rosulate (a quarter to half inch long) ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate- 
‘sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the 
calyx; the limb half inch in diameter: capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted on a 
long and stout stipe much beyond the flower. — Act. Mosq. iii. 258; Griseb. l.c.; Engelm. 
in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 217, t. 9, fig. 1-5. G. aquatica, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 97, fig. 2, 
not L. G. Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94.— Grassy banks of streams in the Rocky 
Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado. (Asia.) 

G. prostrata, Heenke. Stems weaker than in the preceding and when elongated the 
lateral ones often procumbent: leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined : 
flower (in the American plant always? and in the European sometimes) 4-merous: corolla 
azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. — Jacq. Coll. 
ii. 66, t. 17, fig. 2; Griseb. 1. ¢.; Engelm. 1. ¢. 9, fig. 9-14. (var. Americana); Herder, 1. ¢. 
G. nutans, Bunge, l.c. t. 11, fig. 2. — Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado 
northward, and to Kotzebue Sound, Aleutian Islands, &. (N. E. Asia to Tyrolese Alps. 
Antarc. Amer.) 


%* * * Root perennial: flowers comparatively large, mostly..short-peduncled or sessile: anthers 
linear or oblong, more or less extrorse, remaining erect: usually a pair of bracts under the flower. 
— § Pneumonanthe, Griseb. 


+ Rocky-Mountain and Pacific species: anthers unconnected, seldom connivent. 
++ Dwarf, 1-5-flowered: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs. 

G. glatica, Pall. Stem 2 to 4 inches high: leaves oval, glaucous, 3 to 5 lines long: calyx 
campanulate; its teeth shorter than the tube: corolla blue, half inch or more long; its 
tube cylindraceous, and ovate obtuse lobes short; the short lobes of the plaits ovate and 
entire: seeds oval, irregularly 3-4-wing-crested. — Fl. Ross. ii. 104, t. 98, fig. 2; Griseb. in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 58, t. 147.— Higher and northern Rocky Mountains to Kotzebue Sound. 
(Kamts. to Siberia.) ° 

G. frigida, Henke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high, 1-3-flowered: leaves linear, varying to 
lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long, the, pairs connate-sheathing at base : 
calyx-tube obconical, longer than the oblong-linear lobes: corolla funnelform, an inch and 
a half long, yellowish-white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted; the lobes short and 
broad; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit: seeds with a loose 
cellular coat extended into crested longitudinal ridges. —Jacq. Coll. ii. 13; Freel. Gent. 
39, t.1; Griseb. in DC. 1. ¢., with var. algida. Gualgida, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 107, t. 95, a 
large form. G. Romanzovii, Ledeb. in Bunge, 1. c. t. 11, fig. 1.— Alpine region of the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado and Utah, Parry, &c. St. Paul and Shumagin Islands, Harrington, 
Elliott, &e. (Kamts. to Carpathian Mts.) 

G. Newbérryi, Gray. Stems 1-flowered, 2 to 4 inches long, and ascending from the 
axils of the rosulate-radical leaves: these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long; 


Gentiana. GENTIANACES. 121 


cauline leaves much smaller, connate-sheathing ; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceo- 
late: calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong-campanulate tube: 
corolla broadly funnelform, inch and a half long, pale blue, white within, greenish dotted; 
its lobes ovate, mucronate ; the interposed appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped : 
seeds round-oval, smooth, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. Calif. i. 482. 
G. calycosa ? Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 86.— Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the 
alpine region, from Mariposa Co. north to 8. Oregon, Newberry, Brewer, &c. 
++ ++ Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6 to 16 pairs, more or less con- 
nate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate around the sessile terminal flower or 
3-5-flowered cluster: corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, 1} to 1} inches long; the lobes 
broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft or laverate. 

G. setigera, Gray. Stems stout, about a foot long, decumbent: leaves thick and pale, 
oval or the upper oblong, very obtuse, an inch or less long; the pairs all with a connate- 
sheathing base, the two uppermost involucrate around and covering the base of the soli- 
tary flower: calyx-lobes oval, about the length of the tube: corolla almost campanulate ; 
the appendages of the plaits small and short, produced into 2 or 3 capillary bristles which 
nearly equal the lobes: forming seeds orbicular, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. 
Calif. 1. c. — California, on Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bolander. 

G. calycésa, Griseb. Stems erect, a span to a foot high: leaves ovate (6 to 15 lines 
long), commonly equalling or exceeding the internodes ; the lowest pairs usually smaller 
and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly so; the involucrate uppermost leaves 
somewhat exceeding the calyx of the commonly solitary flower: calyx-lobes ovate or 
oblong, or even subcordate, about the length of the turbinate tube: corolla oblong-funnel- 
form, its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip, 
shorter than the broadly ovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, acuminate, wingless. — Gent. Ll. c. & 
Hook. Fl. t. 146; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Varies with stems only 2 to 4 inches high, and 
small leaves crowded (var. stricta, Griseb. |. c.); also with taller and more slender stem 
2-3-flowered, occasionally with one or two axilliary conspicuously pedunculate flowers 
subtended by a pair of smaller bracts. — California (Sicrra Nevada, Bridges, Brewer, Lem- 
mon), Oregon (Zolmie), and Rocky Mountains, lat. 42°-49°, Porter, Lyall. 

G. Parryi, Engelm. A span or more high: leaves glaucescent, thickish, ovate, varying 
to oblong-lanceolate, three-fourths to inch and a half long, most of the pairs with some 
what sheathing base; the upper 2 or 3 involucrating the 1 to 5 flowers, concealing the 
calyx and sometimes almost equalling the (bright purple-blue) corolla: lobes of the calyx 
short-linear, small, moderately or much shorter than the campanulate (sometimes spa- 
thaceous-cleft) tube: appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, little 
shorter than the obovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, wingless, obtuse or less acute than in 
G. calycosa, which the broad-leaved forms of this much resemble. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 
ii. 218, t. 10; Watson, Bot. King, 279. G. calycosa, var. Parry’, Herder, |. c. 178. — Alpine 
and subalpine regions in the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and N. E. 
Nevada, Parry, &c. 

++ ++ ++ Stems either tall or low, many-leaved: flowers not involucrate: style manifest. 
= Corolla (blue or bluish) oblong-campanulate, with broadly ovate lobes more or less narrowed at 
base, and the intervening plaits or Jobes entire: calyx-lobes usually from ovate to lanceolate, 
equalling or longer than the tube: seeds wingless. 

G. platypétala, Griseb. Stems a span high, ascending, densely leafy above, bearing 
a single sessile flower: leaves ovate-roundish, recurved-spreading: lobes of the 5-parted 
calyx ovate, acute: campanulate tube of the blue corolla twice the length of the calyx; 
its short lobes somewhat reniform, mucronate (2 lines long and 3 wide), double the length 
of the triangular acute and entire plaits. — Gent. 191, & in Hook. l. c.; DC. 1. c.—“ Sitka, 
Kotzebue.” The char. from Grisebach. Referred to G. calycusa by Herder, and it must 
resemble its smaller form; but the sinus-plaits are said to be entire. 

G. Menziésii, Griseb. ].c. Stems foot or less high, slender: leaves from narrowly 
oblong to lanceolate (inch and a half or less long), somewhat 3-nerved: flowers one or two, 
short peduncled or sessile: calyx according to Grisebach spathaceous and the lobes obso- 
lete, in our specimens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the 
turbinate-oblong tube: corolla an inch long; its lobes 3 lines long and wide; its plaits 
truncate and obscurely 2-3-crenate: seeds ovate-lanceolate or oblong, barely acute or both 


122 GENTIANACEZ. Gentiana. 


ends obtuse.— G. sceptrum, var. humilis, Engelm.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 483.— Bogs, W. 

Oregon (Menzies, E. Hall) to Mendocino Co., California, Bolander. 

G. scéptrum, Griseb. 1. ©. Stem erect, 2 to-4 feet high, simple or short-branched above, 
few-several-flowered: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (14 to 3 inches long), indis- 
tinctly 3-7-nerved: calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to ovate-oblong: corolla 1} to 2 inches 
long, sometimes greenish-dotted; its lobes nearly 4 lines long and wide; its plaits truncate 
or with barely rounded entire summit: seeds narrowly lanceolate and with scarious acu- 
mination. — Hook. Fl. t. 145; Gray, Bot. Calif., excl. var.— W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia. 
== = Corolla (blue or bluish) funnelform, with ovate lobes not narrowed at base; the plaits 

extended into conspicuous laciniate-toothed or cleft appendages, which sometimes almost equal 
the lobes: margins of the leaves scabrous: seeds surrounded by a distinct and rather broad wing, 
ovate or oblong. —2 

G. Oregana, Engelm. Stems erect and rather stout, a foot or two high, sometimes 
more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong (1 to 14 inches long): 
flowers few at the summit, or occasionally several and racemose-scattered : bracts oblong or 
ovate: calyx-lobes from oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube: corolla broadly 
funnelform, over an inch long; its short lobes roundish. — Engelm. in herb. G. affinis, var. 
ovata, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 483. — Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho (Lyall, Spalding) to Oregon 
(Nevius, &c.) and W. California. Foliage and corolla somewhat as in G. calycosa, but the 
smaller forms nearly approaching G. affinis. 

G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending: leaves 
from oblong or lanceolate to linear: fiowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few 
or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear: calyx-lobes linear or subulate, une- 
qual and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute: 
corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnelform; its lobes ovate, acutish or mu- 
cronulate-pointed, spreading. — Gent. 1. c. & DC. 1. ¢. 114; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, 
l.c., excl. var. — Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Colorado, and from the Sierra 
Nevada, California, to British Columbia, thence east to the Saskatchewan. 

+ + Upper Mississippi-valley species: flowers almost sessile, 2-bracteate under the calyx: 
corolla open-funnelform with conspicuously spreading lobes: anthers merely conniyent, soon 
separate: seeds conspicuously winged, oblong, all attached at or near tlie stttres. 

G. pubérula, Michx. About a foot high, mostly single-stemmed from the root, very 
leafy, at least the upper part of the stem, with the margins and midrib of leaves and 
sepals minutely puberulent-scabrous: leaves rigid, from oblong-lanceolate (or the lower 
oblong) to lanceolate-linear, an inch or two long: flowers solitary or several and clustered: 
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate-linear, about the length of the tube: corolla bright 
blue, 14 to 2 inches long; the ovate lobes (a fourth to even half inch long) widely spread- 
ing in anthesis, twice the length of the 2-cleft and sometimes laciniate-toothed appendages. 
— Fl. i. 176 (descr. not good as to corolla); Gray, Man. ed. 2, 347, ed. 5,389. (G, Saponaria, 
var. puberula, ed. 1.) —Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio, Kentucky, and Kansas to Wisconsin 
and Minnesota. 

+ + + Atlantic U. 8. species (one or two crossing the Mississippi): seeds covering the whole 
parieties of the capsule: style manifest, in most conspicuous. 


++ Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with the short lobes little if at_all spreading in anthesis: an- 
thers cohering in a ring or short tube: stem usually several-flowered : flowers sessile or very 
short-peduncled and 2-bracteate under the calyx, clustered at summit and often in upper axils. 


== Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous: seeds winged or appendaged. 

G. Ellidttii, Chapm. Puberulent-roughish in the manner of the preceding, a span to a 
foot or more high, slender: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolaté, or the lower ovate, 
an inch or less long, the broadest subcordate: flowers 1 to 3 terminal, and sometimes also 
in the axils, sessile, leafy-bracted: calyx-lobes lanceolate or broader, foliaceous, twice or 
thrice the length of the tube, ciliolate-scabrous: corolla bright blue, 1 to 14 inches long; 
the broadly ovate obtuse lobes (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the broad and 2- 
cleft erose-dentate or somewhat fimbriate appendages: seeds conspicuously winged, ovate- 
or oblong-lanceolate in outline. — Fl. 356, specially the var. parvifolia, “ G. Catesbei, Ell. not 
Walt.” according to Chapman. Perhaps an extreme form of the next; but the Florida 
plant appears to be quite distinct. — S. Carolina? to Florida. : 

G. Saponaria, L. Stem a foot or two high, smooth, or somewhat scabrous above: leaves 
from ovate-lanceolate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, more or less nar- 


a 


rod 


bak 
Gentiana. "°"\" GENTIANACES. 123 


rowed at base: calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate or oblong, mostly equalling and some- 
times exceeding the tube: corolla light blue, an inch or more long, its broad and roundish 
short lobes erect, little and often not at all longer than the cleft and many-toothed inter- 
vening appendages: seeds nearly as in the preceding. —Spec. i. 228 (Moris. Ilist. iii. 484, 
sect. 12, t. 5, fig. 4; Catesb. Car. i. t. 70); Griseb. 1. c. (excl. var.) G. Catesbuer, Walt. 
Car. 109; Bot. Mag. t. 1089. G. Eiliottii, var.? latifolia, Chapm. 1. c.— Moist woods, 
W. Canada and New York to Florida and Louisiana. A somewhat polymorphous species. 

G. Andréwsii, Griseb. Stems stout, a foot or two high, smooth: leaves from ovate- to 
broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, contracted at base, 2 to 4 inches long: calyx- 
lobes lanceclate to ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube: corolla as 
the preceding but more oblong and the lubes obliterated or obsolete, the truncate and 
usually almost closed border mainly consisting of the prominent fimbriate-dentate inter- 
vening appendages: seeds with a conspicuous wing, oblong in outline. —Gent. 287, & in 
Hook. FI. ii. 55 (with var. /inearis, which is merely a narrower-leaved state); Gray, Man. 
lic. G. Saponariu, Freel. Gent. 32; Ell. 1. ¢.; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 79. G. Catesbei, 
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 418.— Moist ground, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and 
south to the upper parts of Georgia. Corolla from bright to pale blue, with white plaits, 

“sometimes all white. : 
== = Calyx-lobes and bracts (also leaves) smooth and naked on the margins (or sometimes very 
minutely ciliolate-scabrous under a lens, especially the lower part of the bracts): seeds distinctly 
maga: flowers in a leafy-involucrate capicate cluster, and often svliary or clustered in upper 
axils. 

G. alba, Muhl. Smooth throughout: stem stout, 2 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate and gradually acuminate from a cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 inches 
long: flowers usually rather numerous in the compact terminal cluster: calyx-lobes ovate 
or subcordate, acute, reflexed-spreading, shorter than the tube: corolla dull white and 
commonly tinged with yellowish or greenish, often an inch and a half long, like that of 
G. Saponaria, but more campanulate and open; its ovate lobes twice the length of the 
broad and erose-toothed appendages. — Cat. ed. 2, 29, & Fl. Lancast. ined.; Nutt. Gen. 
i. 172; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360, ed. 5, 388. G. ochroleuca, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1551; Griseb. 
in DC. l.c.,in part; Torr. Fl. N.Y. lc. not Frel. G. flavida, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 
2, i. 80.— Low grounds and mountain meadows, W. Canada and Lake Superior, south to 
Illinois, Kentucky, and the mountains of Virginia, east to Penn. and New York? Begins 
to flower early in August. 

G. linearis, Froel. Smooth throughout: stem slender and strict, a foot or two high: 
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 14 to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, and with some- 
what narrowed base: flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in 
one or two axils below: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla blue, 
an inch or more long, narrow-funnelform ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines 
long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1-2-toothed appendages. 
— Gent. 57; Pursh, Fl. i. 186, excl. syn. Michx. G. Pneumonanthe, Michx. F). i. 176; Bigel. 
Bost. ed. 2,105, not L. G. Pseudo-pneumonanthe, Rem. & Sch. Syst. vi. 146. G. Saponaria, 
var. linearis, Griseb. 1. c. (excl. syn. G. Catesbei, Ell., & G puberula, Michx., & char. foliis 
margine scabris); Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 106, t. 81; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. G. Saponaria, var. 
Frelichii, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360. — Bogs, along the Alleghanies of Maryland and Penn. to 
northern New York and New England, New Brunswick (Fowler), and towards Hudson’s 
Bay (Michaux). Distinctly different from G. Pneumonanthe of the Old World in inflores- 
cence, corolla, and distinctly winged seeds. ‘ 

Var. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost 
ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide): appendages of the sinuses 
of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. — G. rubricauwis, Schwein. in Keating, Narr. 
Long Exped. Mississip. — Minnesota and along Lake Superior. Also Herkimer Co., New 
York, Paine. Approaches narrow-leaved forms of G. alba. 
= = = Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth or nearly smooth margins: seeds oval and com- 

pletely wingless, even marginless. 

G. ochroletica, Freel. Smooth, rather stout, a span to a foot high, often branching : 
leaves obovate or the upper oblong, all conspicuously narrowed at base, 1 to 3 inches long, 
pale: flowers sessile or nearly so in terminal and sometimes lateral leafy clusters: calyx- 
lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; the longer little exceeded by the somewhat 


he 


124 GENTIANACEA. Gentiana. 


open-funnelform greenish-white corolla, which is greenish-veiny and often purplish-striped 
(and 1} inches long) ; its lobes triangular-ovate and acute, much exceeding the triangular 
oblique and entire or sparingly toothed appendages. — Gent. 35; Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. Sk: i. 
340; Griseb. 1. c. partly; Gray, Man. Lc. G. Virginiana etc., Pluk. Alm. t. 186 (poor). 
G. villosa, L. Spec., i. e. pl. Gronov., but it is glabrous. G. Saponaria, Walt. Car. 109, not L. 
G. incarnata, Sims, Bot. Mag. t.1856. G. intermedia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2803. G. serpentaria, 
Raf. Ann. Nat. 18% — Dry or damp grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. 
++ ++ Corolla more funnelform and with longer spreading lobes: anthers connivent but not con- 
nected: flowers solitary on the stem or occasional branches, commonly peduncled and naked. 
Spree = pe 

G. angustifdlia, Michx. Smooth: stems scattered, a span or two long, slender, ascend- 
ing, commonly simple: leaves narrowly linear, thickish, an inch or two long, a line or two 
wide; the lower narrowed downward ; the uppermost smaller and sometimes forming bracts 
to the flower: calyx-lobes resembling the uppermost narrow leaves, longer than the tube: 


6. PLEUROGYNE, Eschsch. (Formed of mevgor, rib or side, and yuvf, 
female; from the remarkable stigmas, which, instead of terminating the ovary, 
occupy the greater part of the length of the two sutures below its apex.) — Small 
annuals of cold regions in the northern hemisphere, of three or four nearly related 
species. Genus more related to Swertia than to Gentiana, the appendages to 
the corolla, as in the former, adnate and apparently glandular at base. Linnea, 
i. 188 (1826). Lomatogonium, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221. 


P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simpler and 1-flowered; the 
larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fastigiately much branched : leaves 
linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate: sepals similar to the upper 
leaves, in ours mostly narrowly linear; the longer equalling the blue or whitish corolla: 
lobes of the latter ovate becoming oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, bearing at base a 
pair of glandular and scale-like processes: ovary and capsule linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
nearly marginless. — Griseb. Gent. 309, & Hook. FI. ii. 65; DC. Prodr. ix. 122; Herder, 
loc. 181. Swertia rotuta, L.; Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 89, fig. 1, 2. Gentiana sulcata, Willd. Spec. 
i. 1351. G. rotata, Frel., Bunge, &c.— Labrador and Hudson’s Bay to the high north-west 
coast, Kotzebue Sound, &c., and Rocky Mountains south to lat. 39°: in the latter always 
the slender-leaved form, var. tenuifolia, Griseb. (Kamts. to Greenland.) 

P. Carinthiaca, Griseb. Low, few-flowered: leaves shorter and usually ovate: sepals 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla: ovary and capsule oblong- 
ovate, distinctly margined. (Alps of Eu., east to N. E. Asia.) 

Var. pusilla. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate: sepals oblong-lanceolate, after anthe- 
sis becoming as long as the ovate corolla-lobes and the oblong-ovate capsule. — (Near var. 
Stelleriana, Griseb., G. Stelleriana, Cham., Swertia rotata, Pall. 1. c. as to fig..3; but leaves 
not ovate, &ec.) Swertia pusilla, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. Pleaurogyne Purshii, Steud. Nom.— Lab- 
rador and alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, according to Pursh, 
the latter station very doubtful. Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Thomas. - (Himalayas, 
Lapland.) 


7. SWERTIA, L. (Emanuel Sweert, a German herbalist.) — The genuine 
species are simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the 
lower tapering at base into a margined petiole; the inflorescence thyrsoid; the 
flowers blue, varying to white, in summer. Seeds flat, commonly margined. 


S. perénnis, L. A span to foot or more high: lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatu- 
late (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole; upper cauline few and narrower, 


Frasera. GENTIANACER. 125 


sessile ; some commonly alternate: inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few- 
many-flowered : flowers 5-merous: sepals narrowly lanceolate: lobes of the corolla (4 to 6 
lines long) oblong-ovate becoming lanceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectariferous pits 
which are crested with a fringe.— Engl. Bot. t. 1041; Fl. Dan. t. 2047; Jacq. Fl. Austr. 
iii. t. 248. — Ours the var. obtusa, Griseb. (.S. obtusa, Ledeb.), with obtuser lower leaves and 
corolla-lobes, but passing into the other and European form. — Rocky Mountains in Colo- 
rado, Utah, &e., and Alaska. (N. E. Asia to Eu.) 


8. FRASERA, Walt. (John Fraser, of Great Britain, made collections 
in this country 1785-96, published Walter’s Flora Caroliniana.) — Large and 
stout herbs, or some smaller and more slender; with single erect stem trom a 
mostly biennial and thick bitter root, verticillate or opposite leaves, the broader 
ones commonly somewhat nervose, thyrsoid or paniculate-cymose inflorescence, 
and copious flowers, produced in summer. Calyx-lobes from linear to ovate. 
Corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted, mostly of firm 
texture, not “deciduous” but marcescent. Flowers seldum, if ever, 5-merous. 
Species all N. American, and all but one western; the genus mostly well marked 
in aspect, but in floral character distinguished from Swertia only by the distinct 
style; and this is very short in F. Parryt and /. thyrsiflora. 


* Leaves marginless: a single round gland upon each corolla-lobe; no crown at base: capsule (as 
far as known) strongly flattened parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular, wing-margined: stem 
large and stout: sepals narrow, almost the leugth of the corolla. 

F. thyrsifl6ra, Hook. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or 
spatulate-obovate, the cauline 3 or 4 inches long: flowers in a dense interrupted thyrsus: 
sepals subulate-linear (4 lines long): lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong, thin, bear- 
ing the gland near the base: style short and conical, in some flowers hardly any !— Kew 
Jour. Bot: iii. 288, where the flowers are said to be 5-merous! F’. Carolinensis, Hook. FI. ii. 
66. Swertia fastigiata, Pursh, FI. i. 101.— Idaho and interior of Oregon, on the tributaries 
of the Columbia, Lewis, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding. Rare and little known. Pursh’s plant 
seen in herb. Lambert, where the true station is recorded: “in moist and wet places on the 
Quamash flats, June 4, 1806,” at which date Lewis and Clarke were on the Kooskooskie 
(now Salmon) River, near which the species was collected by Spalding: the flowers in 
both 4merous. Douglas’s and Geyer’s specimens not seen. 

F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Stem 3 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly in fours, 12 to 4 inches 
long; the radical and lowest spatulate-oblong; uppermost lanceolate; those of the ample 
and open thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence often only opposite and small or reduced to 
bracts: flowers mostly slender-pedicelled: sepals narrowly lanceolate: corolla ochroleucous 
and with brownish-purple dots; its broadly oblong lobes bearing the large and long- 
fringed gland below the middle: style slender-subulate: stigma of 2 oval lobes. — Car. 87 ; 
Torr. Fl. 187, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 89. F. Walteri, Michx. Fl. i. 97; Bart. Med. ii. t. 35. Swertia 
difformis, L. herb., not Spec. — Rich dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Georgia. 
Thick bitter root has been used as a tonic, under the name of American Columbo. 

* % Leaves marginless: a pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown below 
them: capsule compressed contrary to the deep-boatshaped or almost conduplicate valves: seeds 
oblong, flat, margined: sepals narrow-linear, equalling the corolla. ; 

F, speciésa, Dougl. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy: leaves in fours and sixes, 
nervose; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long; the upper 
lanceolate and at length linear: flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus: the slender 
pedicels and peduncles at length strict: lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and 
dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, acutish, half inch long, bearing the pair of contiguous and 
densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and seta- 
ceously multifid scalelike crown near the base: usually some minute sete between the 
bases of the filaments: style subulate, shorter than the ovary.—Griscb. Gent. 329, in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 66, t. 153, & DC. 1. c. 131; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 484. 
Tessaranthium radiatum, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. ii. 142. —In the mountains, Wyoming 
to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California. 


126 : GENTIANACE. Frasera, 


* * * Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate or linear: glands on the 
corolla-lobes solitary, but sometimes 2-lobed. 


“+ Capsule turgid; its valves strongly convex: seeds elongated-oblong, thickish, scabrous, mar- 
ginless: coyolla-lobes with a double longitudinally adnate crown confluent with the gland: in- 
florescence loosely paniculate. 


F. paniculata, Torr. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: cauline leaves linear, opposite (about 3 
pairs): flowers in a loose and ample panicle, slender-pedicelled: sepals ovate, barely half 
the length of the whitish corolla: lobes of the latter oblong, obtuse, 2 or 8 lines long, 
bearing a plane and roundish discolored gland about the middle, which is lightly fringed 
round the border, its base confluent with a pair of coronal crests, which are adnate down 
the lobe, bilamellate and strongly ciliate fimbriate above, tapering and tubular below: 
filaments distinct to the base: style slender-subulate: stigma very small. — Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 126.—N. Arizona, sand bluffs at Inscription Rock in the Zuiii country, Bigelow. Habit 
of the two following species. What was described asa pair of glands rather belongs to the 
crown. 
+- + Capsule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves: seeds as far as known flat, 

smooth, and acute-margined. 


++ Inflorescence ample and effusely paniculate; the pedicels longer than the flowers: corolla white 
or yellowish with scattered dark dots, of rather firm texture and enduring ; the lobes acuminate 
or mucronate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. 

F. Parryi, Torr. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, including the large and very compound 
pyramidal or corymbose panicle: leaves in pairs or occasionally in threes, lanceolate, or 
the radical oblong, 3-nerved, 3 or 4 inches long; the ypper becoming much shorter, often 
ovate-lanceolate, and soon reduced to small bracts: lobes of the white corolla ovate, be- 
coming oblong, half inch long, bearing a large and lunate-obcordate conspicuously 
fringed gland about on the middle, the base naked and destitute of a crown: some very 
minute sete at the base of the filaments: style distinct, but only one fourth the length of 
the ovary: stigma small.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 484. Southern and eastern part of San Diego Co., California, to the borders of 
Arizona, Coulter, Parry, Palmer. 

FP. albomarginata, Watson. Stem more slender, 1 to 8 feet high, including the 
ample and very compound broad cymose panicle: leaves in fours and sometimes opposite, 
linear, or the lower and radical oblanceolate, and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts 
subtending the long branches of the panicle: lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 
becoming oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the sepals, 
bearing the obcordate moderately villous-fringed gland about on its middle, this decurrent 
into a longitudinally adnate crown with fringed free margins and a somewhat hooded base: 
style slender: stigma small. — Bot. King, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.—S. Utah and 5S. Ne- 
vada, Palmer, Miss Searls, Parry. Leaves with conspicuous silvery-white and commonly 
undulate border. 
++ ++ Inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3 to 5 pairs of sessile (or the lower short- 

peduncled) dense cymes, forming a series of glomerate clusters: pedicels very short: leaves nar- 
row and gramineous, merely opposite; the cauline only 8 to 5 pairs: corolla lavender-blue, of 
thin texture: the lobes ovate or oblong becoming narrower, 3 or 4 lines long, rather longer than 
the subulate-lanceolate sepals; the fringed gland elongated, extending from the base to near the 
middle, saccate and with a longer and coarser fringe at base: crown stamineal, consisting of a 
conspicuously laciniately parted or nearly entire scale between the filaments: style slender, 
twice the length of the ovary: stigma entire: capsule flat, few-seeded. 

F. nitida, Benth. Completely glabrous, a foot or more high, slender: leaves linear- 
lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, the upper 2, and the radical 6 or 8, inches long), those 
subtending the upper flower-clusters reduced to small bracts: corolla sometimes greenish- 
spotted; the lobes barely acute, bearing an elongated oblong obtuse gland: thin scales 
between the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, longer than the 
ovary. — Pl. Hartw. 322; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Foothills of 
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the Dalles in Oregon. 

F. albicatilis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent: sepals rather longer and 
narrower: corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate; the gland oblong-linear: scales 
between the filaments more or less dissected into setiform processes: otherwise as the pre- 
ceding. — Griseb. 1. v., & Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t. 154.—Interior of Oregon and Idaho, on the 
eastern waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding. : 


Obolaria. GENTIANACES. 127 


9. HALENIA, Borkh. (John Halen, who wrote of Kamtschatka plants.) — 
Low herbs (of N. Asia and America); with opposite leaves, and smull terminal 
and axillary often panicled cymes of usually 4-merous flowers ; the corolla whitish, 
bluish, or yellowish. Occasionally or in some flowers the spurs or nectariferous 
gibbosities are wanting or nearly so. : 


H. defléxa, Griseb. Annual, 6 to 18 inches high: radical leaves obovate or spatulate 
and petioled ; cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved (an inch or so long): 
sepals lanceolate or spatulate and acuminate: corolla dull whitish or purplish, 3 or 4 lines 
long; the lobes triangular-ovate and acute; spurs deflexed or obliquely descending, thick- 
ish, considerably shorter than the corolla.— Gent. 324; Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t.155. Swertia 
corniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 97, not L. S. deflera, Smith in Rees. Cyel. S. Michauxiana, Reem. 
& Sch. Syst. vi. 180. — Damp and cool woods, N. Maine and New York to Lake Superior 
and northern Rocky Mountains, Labrador, &c. 

Var. Brentoniana, a depressed form, with rather shorter and thicker spurs. — H. 
Brentoniana, Griscb. 1. c.; Hook. l.c. t. 156.— Newfoundland and Labrador. H. heterantha, 
Griseb. 1. c., & Hook. 1. c. t. 156, also Newfoundland, appears to be nearly the same, with 
some corollas spurless. 

H. Rothréckii, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, loosely flowered: leaves linear: 
pedicels slender: sepals linear-lanceolate: corolla bright yellow, 4 or 5 lines long; the 
lobes ovate; spurs divaricate and slightly ascending, shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 84; Rothrock in Whecler Rep. t. 21.— Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock. 


10. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia, 
one of the earliest teachers of botany in the U. S.) — Small and-filiform annuals 
or biennials, of Atlantic U. S.; with fibrous root, simple or paniculately branch- 
ing stems, leaves reduced to subulate appressed scales or bracts, and small pedun- 
culate scattered flowers with white corolla. — Willd. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. 144 
(1801); Torr. Fl. 185; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 818. Centaurella, Michx. FI. 
i. 97, 1803. Andrewsia, Spreng. Syst. i. 428. 


B. tenélla, Muhl. A span to a foot high, rather rigid: flowers racemose or racemose- 
panicled, barely 2 lines long: lobes of the yellowish-white corolla oblong, little longer 
than the calyx (sometimes twice as long): ovary 4-angled and the cell somewhat cruci- 
form. — Willd. l.c.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. Sayina Virginica, L. Centaurella paniculata, 
Michx. 1. c. t. 12, fig. 1. C. autumnalis, Pursh, Fl. i.100; Griseb. l.c. Centaurium autumnale, 
Pers. Syn. i. 137. Andrewsia autumnalis, Spreng. l.c. Centaurella Moser’, Steud. Nom. ; 
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 121, an occasional form, with leaves or scales and branches mostly 
alternate. —Open woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin and Louisiana; flowering late. 

B. vérna, Muhl. A span high or less, corymbosely or racemosely 1-9-flowered, the stem 
weaker or less rigid: lobes of the white corolla obovate-spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long, very 
obtuse, thrice the length of the calyx: ovary compressed. — Centaurella verna, Michx. 1. ¢. 
fig.2; Griseb.l.c. C\ vernalis & C. estivalis, Pursh, l.c. Centaurium vernum, Pers. 1. ¢. An- 
drewsia verna, Spreng. 1. c.— Bogs, S. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; flowering in early 
spring. 


11. OBOLARIA, L. (Ofoi0s, a small Greek coin, from the rounded 
leaves.) — Gray, Chloris, 21, t. 3. — Single species. 


O. Virginica, L. Herb a span or less in height from a tufted fibrous perennial root, of 
dull purplish-green hue and rather fleshy texture, simple or sparingly branched above : lower 
leaves reduced to obtuse loose scales; upper ones cuneate-obovate, about half inch long 
and wide: flowers usually in threes and nearly sessile in the axils and terminating the stem 
and branches, white or purplish, 4 lines long, produced in spring. — Spec. ii. 632 (Gronov. 
Virg.); Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 21, t.2; Bart. FJ. Am. Sept. iii. t. 90; Reuter in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 45; Gray, lL. c., & Man. ed. 5, 390. Orobanche Virginiana, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 504, sect. 
12, t. 16, fig. 23 ; Pluk. Alm. t. 209, fig. 6. — Moist woods, New Jersey to Illinois and south 
to Georgia and Texas. 


128 GENTIANACEZ. Menyanthes. 


12. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Bucxsean. (Ancient name, from 7», 
month, and «og, flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) — Bog- 
perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere); with long and 
thickish creeping rootstocks, bearing either trifoliolate or reniform leaves on long 
petioles, with scarious sheathing base, and a naked erect several-many-flowered 
scape; fl. in spring or early summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 819. 

M. trifoliata, Lu. Petioles and scape a span or two high, stout: leaf divided into 3 oval 
or oblong-obovate pinnately veined entire or repand leaflets: flowers racemose: corolla 
white or tinged with rose; the tube longer than the calyx; the upper surface of the lobes 
copiously fimbriate-bearded. — Lam. ILL. t. 100; Fl. Dan. t. 541 ; Bigel. Med. t. 46 ; Reichenb. 
Ic. Germ. t. 1043.— Bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Penn., Ohio, and northward: 
also Rocky Mountains to California and Aleutian Islands. (Japan to Eu. and Greenland.) 

M. Crista-galli, Menzies. Petioles and scape at length slender and a foot or two high: 
leaf reniform and sometimes emarginate, crenate! (2 to 4 inches wide): flowers in a simple 
or 1-2-forked cyme: corolla white; its tube not longer than the calyx; the lobes naked 
but with a medial crest. — Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 45, t. 24. Villarsia Crista-galli, Griseb. 1. ec. — 
Marshy ground, coast of Br. Columbia to Alaska, Menzies, Mertens, &c. 


13. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Froatinc Huarr. (From iiwy, 
marsh or pool, and éGeyor, blossom.) — Perennial fibrous-rooted water-plants (of 
temperate and tropical regions) ; with proliferous or stoloniferous growth; the 
leaves orbicular or ovate and deeply cordate, entire or repand, floating ; the flowers 
in our species as if umbellate-fascicled on the petiole, produced all summer, some- 
times polygamous. Stolons sometimes tuberiferous. 

L. lacunésum, Griseb. Petioles and stolons filiform, much elongated: leaves orbic- 
ular-cordate, an inch or two long, mostly quite entire: umbel of flowers borne near to the 
base of the leaf, often aécompanied by a fascicle of thickened and short spur-like rootlets : 
corolla white, a third to half inch in diameter; its broadly oval lobes naked (except a 
crest-like yellowish gland at base), twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes: style 
none: seeds numerous, smooth and even.—Gent. 347, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141, in part; 
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 363, ed. 5, 390. Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. Choix, 9; Pursh, Fl. i. 189, excl. 
syn. V. cordata, Ell. Sk. i. 230, a fitter name. — Shallow- ponds, &c., Canada to Florida 
and Louisiana. 


L. trachyspérmum, Gray, 1.c. Larger: petioles, &c., stouter: leaves cordate-orbicu- 
lar, 2 to 6 inches in diameter, with margins sometimes repand, of thick texture, the dis- 
colored lower surface reticulate-veined, spongy and pitted: umbel usually destitute of 
thickened rootlets : expanded corolla three-fourths inch wide: style none: seeds roughened. 
— L. lacunosum, var. australe, Griseb. Gent. 1. c. Anonymos aquatica, Walt. Car. 109. Villarsia 
aquatica, Gmel. Syst. i. 447. V. trachysperma, Ell. 1. c. Menyanthes trachysperma, Michx. Fl. 
i. 126.— Ponds and streams, Maryland (Canby) and Virginia to Florida and Texas. 


ORDER XCI. POLEMONIACE. 


Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with bland colorless juice, simple or di- 
vided leaves and no stipules, perfect and regular 5-merous flowers except that 
the free ovary is trimerous (8-celled with placente in the axis); the persistent 
calyx imbricated, and the corolla dextrorsely convolute (and not plicate) in the 
bud; the fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick placental axis; 
the few or many seeds small, amphitropous or nearly anatropous, with a thin or 
soft coat, commonly developing mucilage when wetted; the embryo straight and 
rather large in the axis of a fleshy or harder albumen, the cotyledons flat or 
flattish and rather broad. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct. 


Phlox. POLEMONIACES. 129 


Style one, 3-lobed or cleft; the introrse stigmas (or lobes of the style stigmatic 
down the inner face) slender. Hypogynous disk generally maniiest. Almost 
exclusively American, and remarkable among the hypogynous gamopetalous 
orders for the 3-merous pistil, but in 2 or 3 species of Gilia 2-merous. The corolla 
is not always perfectly regular, and the 5 stamens are very commonly unequal in 
length or insertion. Cobga, common in cultivation, is very exceptional in the 
order, climbing by tendrils belonging to pinnate leaves, and its capsule septicidal. 
— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vili. 247; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 820. 


* Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, not declined. 


1, PHLOX. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Filaments 
very short and unequally inserted: anthers mostly included. Ovules solitary or few in 
each cell. Seed unaltered when wetted. Leaves opposite and entire. 

2, COLLOMIA. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice, from 
which the unequally inserted filaments commonly protrude. Ovules solitary or numerous. 
Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting uncoiling spiral threads (spiricles) when 
wetted, except in one species. Leaves mostly alternate, and pinnately incised or divided. 

* * Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat or sinuses of the corolla. 

3. LGQESELIA. Corolla tubular or funnelform, somewhat irregular, the limb being more 
or less unequally cleft; the naked filaments declined. Otherwise as Gilia. 

4, GILIA, Corolla from campanulate to funnelform and salverform, regular. Filaments 
not declined, naked (rarely pubescent) at base. Ovules and seeds from solitary to numer- 
ous. Leaves various. 

5. POLEMONIUM. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate, regular. Filaments more 
or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base, slender. Ovules and seeds few or 
several in eacn cell. Calyx herbaceous, not scarious below the sinuses nor the lobes cos- 
tate, accrescent. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. 


1. PHLOX, L. (Ancient Greek name of Lychn/s, from gio§, flame.) —N. 
American herbs, or a tew suffrutescent, chiefly perennials, many cultivated for 
their ornamental blossoms. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the 
upper varying to alternate. Flowers cymose, showy, from blue-purple or lilac to 
crimson and white; the calyx narrow, and the corolla strongly convolute in the 
bud. Most species with long filiform style about equalling or surpassing the 
corolla-tube, but some with short included style, perhaps by dimorphism ; but 
only in P. subulata have both forms been found in the same species. 


§ 1. Perennial herbs of the Atlantic States, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves, 
and solitary ovules. 


* Stem strictly erect (smooth or sometimes rough): cymules compact, numerous, in a pyramidal 
or corymbose panicle or elongated thyrsus : pedicels very short: corolla with entire rounded lobes: 
fl. summer. 

P. paniculata, L. Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, tapering at base, or the uppermost more or less cordate: panicle ample, 
pyramidal-corymbose: calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous: corolla pink-purple varying to 
white. — Spec. i. 151; Lam. Ill. t. 108; Gray, 1. c¢. 249. P. undulata, Ait. Kew. i. 205. P. 
cordata, Ell.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.13. P. acuminata, Pursh; Bot. Mag. t. 1880. 

'P. corymbosa, Sweet, l.c. t. 114. P. scabra, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 248. P. Sickmanni, 
Lehm. in Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. t. 46. P. decussata, Hortul. (Some of the above smooth, 
others rough or hairy forms.) — Open woods, Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida. 

P. maculata, L. Stem more slender, 14 to 2 feet high, commonly purple-spotted: 
leaves very smooth, thickish; the lower lanceolate and the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate 
from a rounded or cordate base: panicle narrow and usually long: calyx-teeth triangular- 
lanceolate, short: corolla pink-purple. — Spee. i. 152; Lam. Ill. t. 108; Jacq. Vind. t. 127. 
P. pyramidalis, Smith, Exot. ii. t.87; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 233, with P. reflera, Sweet, 1. c. 
t. 232, & P. penduliflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 46, robust cultivated forms. — Rich 
woodlands and along streams, N. Penn. to Iowa and Florida. 

9 


130 POLEMONIACE. Phioz. 


Var. candida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. — 
P. suaveolens, Ait. 1. ¢., fide Benth. P. tardiflora, Penny, fide Benth. P. longiflora, Sweet, 
lc. ser. 2, t. 381. With the ordinary form. : 

x + Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect: cymules corymbed or sometimes sim- 
ple: flowers chiefly pedicelled: lobes of the corolla broad, obovate or obcordate. 

+— Calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-subulate: whole plant glabrous or nearly so, never viscid: 
stems ascending or erect: pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx: lobes of the pink or rose- 

red corolla rounded and entire: fl. early summer. , 

P. ovata, L. Stems rather low, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base: leaves 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost often subcordate and the lowest tapering into a 
margined petiole: calyx-teeth short and broad, ovate or triangular-lanceolaje, acute. ~ 


Bot. Mag. t. 528; Gray, le. P. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 216; Bot. Mag. ta¥344) a taller 
form, with narrower more tapering leaves and pointed calyx-teeth, approaghing the next 
species. P. latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 143. P. triflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 29.— Open 


woods, from Alabama northward in the mountain region to Pennsylvania. 

P. glabérrima, L. Stems taller and erect: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or the 
uppermost narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to an acute point, firm in texture, 
almost veinless, bright green and glossy above, often with revolute margins: calyx-teeth 
triangular- or lanceolate-subulate, very sharp-pointed. — Spec. 1. v. 152; Sweet, Brit. Fl. 
Gard. ser. 2, t. 86; Benth. in DC. l.c. WP. revoluta, Aikin in Eaton, Man.— Prairies and 
open woodlands, N. Virginia and Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Florida. 

Var. suffruticésa, a form with more rigid stems, either smooth or scabrous, or the 
inflorescence strongly rough-puberulent, and the upper leaves broadly lancéolate, verging 
to narrow-leaved forms of the preceding species. —P. suffruticosa, Willd, Enum. 200; 
Bot. Reg. t. 68. P. nitida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. P. Carolina, Sims, Bot. Mag. t.1844} Sweet, 
‘Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 190, not L. P. triflora, Michx. Fl. i. 143% P. carnea, Sims; Bot. Mag. 
t. 2155, smooth form. P. Carolina, var. nitida & var. puberula, Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Georgia 
and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. 
+-— + Calyx-teeth long and slender: flowering stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, at 

least the summit and the calyx more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent: fl. in spring. 

++ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots. 

P. Florida4na, Benth. Stems erect and strict, a foot or two high, slightly hairy or nearly 
glabrous below, as are the lanceolate-linear or broadly linear rather rigid leaves, the 
summit and the corymb glandular: teeth of the glandular-pubescent calyx lanceolate- 
setaceous: lobes of the light purple corolla roundish-obovate, entire. — Prodr. 1. cv. 304; 
Chapm. Fl. 309. — Dry open woods, Florida, Chapman, Rugel. Foliage, &c., nearly as in 
the preceding, the calyx approaching the following. 

P. pilésa, L. Villous-hairy, pubescent, or sometimes glabrate: stems erect, slender (a 
foot or two high): leaves linear or lanceolate, usually tapering gradually from near the 
sessile base to the acute point: corymb at length loose: teeth of the hairy more or less 
viscous calyx subulate-setaceous or awn-like: lobes of the (pink, purple, rose, or sometimes 
white) corolla obovate and_entire. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1307; Lodd. Cab. t. 1251. P. aris- 
tata, Michx.; Lodd. Cab. t. 1781; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 80. P. cuspidata, Scheele in Linn. 
xxiii. 189. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, &<., from New Jersey to Iowa and Saskatche- 
wan, and south to Florida and Texas. Very variable as to foliage and pubescence. 
Slender southern forms pass into 

Var. deténsa, Gray. Smoother or almost glabrous, but corymb and calyx more or 
less pubescent : except in the calyx nearly approaches narrow-leaved forms of P. glaberrima. 
—-Proe. Am. Acad. l.c. P. aristata, Benth., partly. — Alabama and Florida to Texas. 

P. amcena, Sims. Softly villous-pubescent, or sometimes hirsute: stems ascending, 
simple (a span or two high): leaves erectish, short, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear, 
seldom acute, the uppermost subtending or involucrating the compact cymose cluster: 
calyx-teeth narrow-subulate, very acute, but not awn-tipped: lobes of the (purple or 
pink, seldom white) corolla (half inch long) almost equalling the tube, obovate, entire, or 
rarely emaginate.— Bot. Mag. t. 1808; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 251. P. pilosa, Walt., 
Michx., &c., not L. P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Gray, Man. ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapm. Fl. lc. 
P. procumbens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 372, not Lehm. P. involucrata, Wood, Classbook, 1861, 568. 
— Hills and dry barrens, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida. 


Phloz. POLEMONIACEZ. 131 


++ ++ Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent: leaves comparatively broad, and with 
the stems and calyx softly more or less viscid-pubescent: pedicels rather slender. 

P. divaricata, L. Stems diffuse or ascending, the sterile shoots decumbent or somewhat 
creeping and bearing ovate sessile leaves: cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather 
acute: cyme open: calyx-teeth slenderly linear-subulate: lobes of the bluish or lavender- 
colored (1 to 14 inches wide) corolla cuneate-obcordate or barely emarginate (Bot. Mag. 
t. 163, & P. Canadensis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 221), or not rarely quite entire (var. 
Laphamii, Wood. P. glutinosa, Buckley in Am, Jour. Sci. xlv. 177, as to specimens, but 
flowers not “red or scarlet.”) — Damp woods, W. Canada and New York to Iowa, Florida 
and Arkansas. Corolla with the sinuses open. Style (always?) very short. 

P. réptans, Michx. Stems weak and slender ; the sterile long and prostate or creeping, 
runner-like, bearing obovate or roundish leaves with narrowed base; the flowering erect, a 
span or more high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of oval or oblong mostly obtuse leaves: cyme sim- 
ple, few-flowered : calyx-teeth linear-subulate: lobes of the purple or violet corolla round- 
ish, mostly entire, about half the length of the tube.— Vent. Malm. t. 107. P. stolonifera, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 563; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 293.— Damp woods of the Alle- 
ghany region and near it, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Corolla-tube an inch 
long; style long, the stigmas and some of the stamens often more or less projecting. 

%* * * Stems diffuse and branching, slender, low (a span high): flowers scattered or barely 
eymulose, peduncled; the peduncles often elongated: lobes of the corolla narrowly cuneate and 
bifid: calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate : fl. spring. 

P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent: leaves linear (an inch or two long, a line or two 
wide), glabrate: lobes of the pale violet-purple corolla 2- (rarely 3-) cleft to or below the 
middle into oblong or nearly linear diverging segments. — Am. Jour. Sci. xi. 167; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 373. — Prairies of Illinois and Missouri. 

P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous: leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (an 
inch or two long, a line or more wide), acute, rather rigid: flowers scattered, mostly long- 
peduneled: lobes of the “pale blue or almost white ” corolla bifid at the apex into barely 
oblong lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. I. c. 252. — Cliffs of Kentucky River (above Lexington ?), 
in fissures of the most precipitous rocks, Short. S. Illinois, G. H. French, &c. Bases of the 
filiform and tufted or creeping stems rigid and persistent. 


§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, east of the Mississippi, 
with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves: lobes of the corolla 


at most obcordate: fl. early spring. 

P. subuldta, L. (Grounp or Moss Pink.) Depressed, forming broad mats, pubescent, 
when old glabrate; leaves squarrose-spreading, ciliate, varying from lanceolate- or subu- 
late-linear to almost acerose, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers mostly slender-pedicelled: calyx- 
lobes subulate: lobes of the (pink, purple, or white) corolla obcordate or rarely entire: 
ovules solitary or in pairs (or rarely 3) in each cell. (Style generally long and ovules 
solitary.) —Jacq. Fragm. t.44; Bot. Mag. t.411, & t. 415 (as setacea). P. setacea, 1., form 
with slender leaves. P. nivalis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 780; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 185: style 
short; and ovules commonly (but not always) 2 or rarely 3 in each cell, and corolla white, 
P. Henizii, Nutt., a state of the last with lobes of the corolla entire or nearly so. P. aris- 
tata, Lodd. lc. t.1731, a white-flowered variety.— Rocky bare hills and sandy banks, 
S. New York to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Very variable species. 

P. proctusens, Lehm. (Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.7; Lodd. 

Cab. t. 1722; P. subulata, var. latifolia, Benth. in DC. 1.¢.), is unknown as a wild plant, and 

is apparently a hybrid between P. sululata and P. amena. 


§ 3. Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground, natives of 
the Rocky Mountain region and westward, chiefly with narrow or minute and 
thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one-flowered, in 
spring and summer. (Species most difficult, passing into one another.) 


* Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or tufts ; the short, 
leaves (14 to 5 lines long) crowded up to the solitary and sessile (or in the last species short-pe- 
duncled) flowers, and also fascicled. scarious-connate at base, the old ones marcescent: ovules 
solitary in each cell. The earlier species of the series most depressed. pulvinate, and imbricate- 
leaved ; the last looser, longer-leaved and approaching the next subsection. 


132 POLEMONIACES. Phos. 


+— Leaves mote or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs, 


++ Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated: plants very 
depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of the corolla entire. 


P. Richardsénii, Hook. Rather loosely tufted: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long, 
sparsely lanate above, and with thickened reflexed margins ; the marcescent older ones lax 
and spreading: tube of the “ brilliant lilac” corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx, 
the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes 3 lines long. — Hook. FI. ii. 73, t.160.— Arctic sea- 
coast, Richardson, Pullen. 

P. bryoides, Nutt. Habit somewhat of Selaginella rupestris, copiously lanate: leaves 
(even the marcescent ones) very densely appressed-imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely 
tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (only 1} lines long), with 
rather inflexed margins: tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx, its cune- 
ate lobes barely a line and a half long. —Pl. Gamb. 153.— High Rocky Mountains in 
Wyoming, lat. 42°-45°, Nuttall, Parry. 

P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canescent moss; the 
branches much tufted, very short; leaves less strictly quadrifarious and less lanate, ovate- 
lanceolate, mucronulate: tube of the corolla not’ surpassing the calyx.—Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 42, t. 6, fig. 2.— Rocky Mountains, at the sources of the Missouri, Wyeth. 


++ ++ Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed: plants forming broad mats, 2 to 
4 inches high. 


P. Hoddii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate; leaves subulate, 
rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated: tube of the (white?) corolla not exceed- 
ing the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 2 to 24 lines long. — Frankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28.— 
Sandy plains and hills of the Saskatchewan, &c., from lat. 54°, and along the Rocky 
Mountains down to the south-west part of Wyoming. 

P. canéscens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent: leaves subulate, imbri- 
cated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base (3 to 5 lines long); tube of the 
white corolla at length exceeding (often about twice the length of) the calyx; the obovate 
lobes entire or emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8, t. 6; Watson, Bot. 
King, 259.— Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in Califor- 
nia and New Mexico. Apparently passes into the preceding. 

+ + Leaves rigid (one third to half inch long), destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the mar- 
gins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densely or loosely tufted; the 
leaves mostly less crowded. 

P. ceespitésa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded, 
hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-tipped rigid hairs: corolla 
with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 3 lines long.— Jour. 
Acad. Philad. vii. 41, t. 6, fig. 1.— Var. rigida, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 254, is a de- 
pressed form, with acerose-subulate at length recurved-spreading rigid leaves. P. rigida, 
Benth. in DC.— Var. condensata, Gray, 1. c., is a very dwarf, pulvinate-tufted form, with 
short and erect closely imbricated leaves, only 2 or 3 lines long; and is P. Hoodii, Gray, 
Enum. Pl. Parry (298) in Am. Jour. Sci.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Montana, &c., to 
Oregon and the high Sierra in California. Laxer narrow-leaved forms pass into the next. 

P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves 
acerose or narrowly linear-subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, often spreading, 
their margins hirsutely-ciliate next the base or naked: flowers subsessile or short-pedun- 
cled: corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube more or less exceeding the calyx, and 
obovate entire lobes about 3 lines long. — Hook. FI. ii. 73, t. 158; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
l. c. — Eastern and western sides of the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Utah, west to 
Oregon and the borders of California. Passes into the subjoined forms. 

Var. diffisa, Gray, 1.c., with more loosely spreading or cespitose-decumbent stems, 
and lax spreading leaves, growing in moister places. — P. diffusa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 325. 
— Western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, California to British 
Columbia. 

Var. longifolia, Gray, 1. c., a rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow 
less fascicled leaves (linear-filiform or acerose, 5 to 8 lines long, either ascending or spread- 
ing), approaching P. longifolia. — W. Nebraska to Oregon and N. E. California. 


Phlox. POLEMONIACEZA. 183 


* * Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, or wholly herba- 
ceous, with linear or lanceolate (or rarely ovate) spreading (approximate or sometimes distant) 
leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the axils: flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or 
somewhat cymulose. 

+ Style long and slender, often equalling or almost equalling the tube of the corolla. 
++ Arctic, with rather flaccid leaves and stems. 


P, Sibirica, L. Mostly villous-pubescent, especially on the margins of the narrow linear 
leaves, depressed and loosely cespitose, less than a span high: tube of the corolla little 
longer than its obcordate or emarginate lobes, seldom surpassing the calyx: ovules 2 in 
each cell. — (Gmel. Fl. Sib. iv. t. 46, fig.2.) Trautv. Imag. t. 24.— Kotzebue Sound. (N. 
E. Asia.) . ' 
++ ++ Temperate, inhabiting the plains and mountains from the borders of British Columbia south- 

ward: leaves and commonly erect or ascending stems more firm or rigid : calyx-tube between the 
strong ribs scarious, inclined to be membranaceous and more or less replicate, forming intervening 
angles: the narrowly subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the tube of the rose-colored 
or sometimes white corolla. 

P, linearifélia, Gray. Glabrous, above sometimes minutely hirsute-pubescent, corym- 
bosely much branched from a ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves very narrowly 
linear (an inch or two long, about a line wide): calyx-tube mostly saliently 5-angled from 
the broader base by the strong replication of the white-membranaceous sinuses ; the lobes 
nearly acerose: tube of the corolla little exceeding the calyx; the obovate-cuneate lobes 
entire or barely retuse: ovules 2 in each cell. — P. speciosa, var. linearifolia, Hook. Kew. 
Jour. Bot. iii. 289, mostly. P. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1351; Benth. in DC. 1. c.— From 
the Dalles to the upper waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Spalding, Geyer, &c. 

P. longifélia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed 
from a ligneous base, 3 to 8 inches high: calyx more or less angled by’ the white-mem- 
branaceous replicate sinuses: leaves mostly narrowly linear (1 to 24 inches long): lobes of 
the corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse: ovules almost always solitary in 
each cell.— Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. P. speciosa, var., Hook. FI. ii. 72. P. humilis, 
Dougl.; Benth. 1.c.. a small and short-peduncled form, sometimes apparently passing into 
P. Douglasii, var. longifolia. —From the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, Montana to 
Colorado, west to Nevada and Oregon, and north to British Columbia or nearly: south- 
westward passing into 

Var. Stansbtryi, Gray, |. c. Conspicuously pubescent throughout, or sometimes 
glabrate, generally stouter and more open in growth: leaves from linear to linear-lanceo- 
late: pubescence of the branches and calyx viscid or glandular: corolla mostly pink or 
rose-color, and its tube commonly twice the length of the calyx; the lobes emarginate or 
erose at the apex: ovules sometimes a pair in one or two of the cells. — P. speciosa, var. ? 
Stansbury, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145.— Utah and Nevada to New Mexico and Arizona. 
Passes into 

Var. brevifdlia, Gray, |. c., a depressed or dwarf form; with leaves 9 to 4 lines long, 
rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late: peduncles either short or none, or elongated. —From Dakotah (Black Hills) to N. 
California and Arizona. 

P. adstirgens, Torr. Glabrous, except the slender peduncles and scarcely replicate- 
angled calyx, which are glandular-pubescent: stems diffuse and ascending, slender (a span 
or two long): leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, 5 to 10 lines long, all but the lower 
much shorter than the internodes: tube of the corolla nearly twice the length of the’ 
calyx ; its lobes obovate, entire (about 5 lines long): ovules solitary in each cell. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 256.— Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Prof. A. Wood, C. W. Cusick. 
+— + Style very short, mostly shorter than the ovary and the linear stigmas: calyx-tube cylin- 

draceous, the thin-membranous portion between the ribs not. projecting into salient angles. 

P. speciésa, Pursh. Above somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular, below often gla- 
brous, a foot to even a yard high; the branches ascending from a shrubby base: leaves 
lanceolate or linear (an inch or two long) ; the upper especially broadest at base: flowers 
corymbose : corolla rose-pink or nearly white; its tube little exceeding the calyx; its 
lobes obcordate: ovules solitary. — Gray, Proc. l. c. & Bot. Calif. i486. P. speciosa, var. 
latifolia, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. l.c. -P. divaricata, Durand. Pl. Pratten., not Michx. 
P. occidentalis, Durand. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125: a broad-leaved form. — Interior plains of 


134 POLEMONIACES. Philox. 


the upper Columbia to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. In the larger Cali- 
fornian specimens, the corolla is an inch or more in diameter. 

Var. Sabini, Gray, 1. c. Differs only in the lobes of the corolla being entire or 
barely retuse (obovate with a narrowed cuneate base). — P. Sabini, Dougl. in Hook. 1.c. ‘ 
Benth. l. c. P. speciosa, var. elatior, Hook. Fl. ii, 72.— Spokan River, Douglas, Lyall. 

Var. Woodhotsei, Gray, |.c. Small form, a span high, with linear leaves not 
broadened at base, and a much smaller corolla; its cuneate-obcordate lobes only 4 lines 
long. — P. nana, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep., not Nutt. — Arizona, near Williams Mountain, 
Dr. Woodhouse. ‘ 

P: nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copiously branching 
from a somewhat ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves linear (an inch or two long), 
those of the branches often alternate: flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose: corolla 
rose, “red” or “ white,” with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its ample and. broadly 
cuneate-obovate or roundish lobes entire or nearly so (about half inch long): ovules 2 or 
often 3 in each cell. — Pl. Gamb. 153; Gray, Proc. ]. c. 256. P. triovulata, Thurber in Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 145. — Var. glabella, Gray, 1. ¢., is merely a less pubescent or glabrate form, 
less branched and more erect, the leaves narrower and all opposite. — New Mexico, es- 
pecially on the Rio Grande, and adjacent borders of Colorado and Texas. 


§ 4. Annuals, all Texan, more or less pubescent with viscous or glandular 
many-jointed hairs: leaves linear or oblong, most of the upper ones alternate: 
calyx at length splitting almost to the base, the linear or subulate-lanceolate lobes 
setaceous-tipped: style shorter or not longer than the stigmas: ovules in each 
cell 1 to 5: seeds with somewhat wing-like angles. 


P. Drumméndii, Hook. Woosely branching, villous and: glandular: leaves: mostly 
oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed ; the upper:commonly half-clasping by a broader 
somewhat cordate base : flowers.mostly in crowded. cymose clusters : calyx-lobes lanceolate- 
subulate, soon recurved : corolla red, varying to rose, purple, or white; the lobes broadly 
obovate, entire or nearly so (about half inch long); the tube usually pubescent: ovules 
solitary in the cells. — Bot. Mag. t. 3441; Bot. Reg. t. 1949; Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 816. — 
Texas, especially in the eastern districts, and everywhere familiar in gardens. 

Var. villosissima, Gray. A very villous and viscous form,,with more scattered 
flowers of. large size, and barely spreading calyx-lobes: lobes of the pale corolla half.inch 
long and broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1: c. 257. — 8. Texas on the Nueces, Wright: 

Var. ténuis, Gray, 1.c. A small and slender form, much less pubescent; with 
mostly linear or almost glabrous leaves (about an inch long), rather narrower instead, of 
dilated at the base, and an open cyme of small flowers: lobes of the pink or purple corolla 
only 2 to 4 lines long. — Common in Eastern Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright. Seem- 
ingly very distinct. 

P. Remeriana, Scheele. Loosely branched from the base, a span or more high, 
sparsely hirsute or glabrate (except the calyx-tube): leaves lanceolate, or the oblong: or 
spatulate lower ones often glabrous except the margins: flowers solitary or sparse : calyx- 
lobes linear, merely spreading: corolla pink or rose-colored; the glabrous tube not exceed- 
ing the calyx, about half inch long, shorter than the ample roundish-obovate entire 
lobes: ovules in each cell 4 or 5! — Linnea, xxi. 752. P. maerantha, Buckley, in Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 5. — Texas, near San Antonio, &e., on high prairies. Commonly with most of 
the leaves alternate! 


2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. (KoiA0; glue or gluten, the seeds when. wetted mu- 
cilaginous.) — Annuals or biennials of the western region, some with showy 
flowers worthy of cultivation. Lower leaves usually opposite. — Nutt. Gen. i. 
126; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 258. 


§ 1. Evcotiémia, Gray. Ovules solitary or in the last species 2 or 8 in each 
cell: corolla salverform or almost so: annuals,.more or Jess viscid-pubescent or 
glandular. — Collomia, Benth. in DC. Prodr., with one Navarretia,. (Ci. gracilis 


Collomia. POLEMONIACEX. 135 


alone wants the spirivles, which are so conspicuous on the seed-coat of the gen- 


uine species, in which they were first detected.) 

* Calyx obconical’: leaves sessile, entire or sometimes sparingly incised. 
+— Flowers capitate-crowded and leafy-bracted, or a few of them scattered. 

C. grandiflora, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high: leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, 
or uppermost lance-ovate : calyx-lobes broad and obtuse: corolla buff or salmon-color, nar- 
row-funnelform, an inch long, showy. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1174; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894. 
— Plains, &c., from the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48°, to Nevada and California. Var. tenuifolia, 
Benth., is a form with more slender corolla. 

C. linearis, Nutt. More branching and in age spreading, a span or two high: calyx- 
lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute: corolla half inch long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, 
very slender, little enlarged at the throat; the limb small. — Gen. i. 126; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1166; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2893.— Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River (and even New 
Brunswick, on the coast, Fowler, perhaps a chance introduction), west to the Pacific, and 
south to California and Colorado. Passes into ; 

Var. subuladta, Gray, l.c. A low and slender form, diffusely branching from the 
base: leaves narrow and acute: flowers few in the lower forks: calyx-lobes attenuate- 
subulate; the tips almost awnlike from a broad basé, rather longer than the tube. —C. tinc- 
toria, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. iii. 17, t.2.— Nevada and adjacent parts of California 
and Oregon. 

+ + Flowers scattered, all solitary in the forks. 

C. tenélla, Gray. Slender, 3 or 4 inches high, loosely branclied, viscid: leaves liriear 
with a long tapering base, obtusish: flowers solitary in all the forks, remote, almost ses- 
sile: calyx-lobes rather broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the broadly turbinate tube, 
about half the length of the narrow purplish corolla, this 3 or 4 lines long. — Proce. |. ¢.; 
Watson, Bot. King, 262, & Bot. Calif. i. 488.— Dry hills, Utah and Nevada to eastern and 
northern parts of California. 

# * Calyx rounded at base: leaves sessile, entire, the lower oftener opposite: flowers rather loosely 
cymose or scattered. The mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiral fibres! 

C. gracilis, Dougl. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches 
high: leaves lanceolate, or linear or the lowest oval or obovate: corolla 5 lines long, pur- 
ple or violet; the narrow tube yellowish and seldom longer than the subulate-linear 
lobes of the deeply-cleft calyx.— Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. Prodr. ix. 308. 
Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.2924. Collomia micrantha, Kellogg, 1.c. fig. 8. — Colorado 
and New Mexico and from Brit. Columbia south to Arizona. (W.S. Amer.) 

* * * ‘Calyx obtuse or acute at base: leaves all alternate and mostly incised or pinnately divided, 
all the lower petioled: corolla pinkish-purple, slender, half inch or less long, twice or thrice the 
length of the calyx. 

C. gilioides, Benth. Stems loosely branching, erect or diffuse, a span to 2 feet long: 
leaves nearly simply cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divisions: flowers 
loose or scattered: calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply cleft; the lobes linear-subu- 
late: stamens moderately unequal in insertion: ovules solitary or rarely in pairs: capsule 
globular.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. (with var. glutinosa) & Bot. Calif. l.e. C. gilioides 
& C. glutinosa, Benth. 1. c., the latter a more viscid state of this variable species. ilia 
divaricata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 155, a slender form. 

C. heterophylla, Hook. Low, diffuse: leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes 
again incised, or bipinnatifid, some of the uppermost less cut or even entire and bract- 
like, subtending the more or less capitate or looser clusters of flowers: calyx acute at 
base, cleft barely to the middle; the lobes ovate-lanceolate : stamens very unequally in- 
serted: ovules ‘2 or 3 in each cell: capsule ellipsoidal. — Bot. Mag. t. 2895; Bot. Reg. t. 
1347. Courtoisia bipinnatifida, Reichb. Ic. Exot. t. 208. Gilia Sessei, G. Don. Navarretia 
heterophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢.— Brit. Columbia to California: common. 


§ 2. PutocdntHeEa, Gray, 1. c. Ovules numerous, i. e. 6 to 12 in each cell: 
filaments unequal as well as unequally inserted, sometimes a little declined: 
biennials (sometimes perhaps perennials), or annuals, slightly if at all viscid. 
(Species of Gilia, sect: Ipomopsis, Benth.) 


136 POLEMONIACEA. Collomia. 


% Cauline leaves simply pinnately parted into few (8 to 7) narrow-linear or often almost filiform 
divisions, very numerous, all alternate: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled: corolla salv erform, 
with tube little if at all dilated upward. 

C. Cavanillesia4na, Don. Biennial (or perhaps perennial southward) with a somewhat 
woody base, more or less pubescent, virgately branched: flowers in small clusters in a 
narrow or raceme-like leafy thyrsus: pedicels very short or none: corolla white, ochroleu- 
cous, or tinged with purple, only half inch long; the tube 2 or 3 times the length of the 
calyx; the sinuses somewhat unequal; lobes oblong: filaments moderately unequally 
inserted high in the considerably funnelform-expanded throat: anthers roundish: ovulcs 
5 to 7 in the cells. — Syst. iv. 247; Gray, 1. c. 260. Phlox pinnata, Cav. Ic. t. 528. Cantua 
glomeriflora, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iii.119. Gilia glomer{flora, Benth. l.c. G. multiflora, Nutt. 
Pl. Gampb. 1. c.— New Mexico and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 

C. Thurberi, Gray. Resembles the preceding in foliage and growth, but only minutely 
pubescent : inflorescence more spicate : flowers much larger: corolla blue or lilac, showy, 
salverform; the tube an inch or rather more in length, very slightly and gradually dilated 
upwards, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx and of its orbicular lobes: filaments in the 
throat: anthers short-oblong: ovules 8 or 9 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 261.— 
New Mexico, near the Santa Rita coppermines, and in Arizona, Thurber. 

C. longifiéra, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : éivibiona of 
the leaves long and slender: flowers loosely somewhat corymbose on slender peduncles: 
corolla white, strictly salverform and Phlox-like, showy; the tube often an inch and a 
half long, with narrow orifice; lobes orbicular or ovate (sometimes abruptly pointed): 
filaments very unequally inserted into the upper part of the tube, or 2 or 3 of them in the 
throat: anthers elongated-oblong: ovules 10 or 12 in each cell. — Cantua longiflora, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 221. Gilia longiflora, Don, Benth., &e.— W. Nebraska and Colorado to 
borders of Texas, and Arizona; common in pine forests. 

* * Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear, scattered: corolla truly funnelform. 

C. leptdlea, Gray. Slender annual, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular, otherwise 
glabrous, branching into an effuse panicle: leaves 6 to 20 lines long, or the uppermost 
reduced to small subulate bracts, the lower sometimes with 2 or 8 small lobes: peduncles 
filiform or capillary: calyx small; its lobes subulate: corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long; 
its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide funnel- 
form throat of about the length of the oval spreading lobes.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 
& Bot. Calif. i. 488. Gulia capillaris, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. — California; com- 
mon on moist or wet banks in the Sierra Nevada, &c. A delicate species; the corolla in 
shape like that of Gilia tenuiflora. . 


3. LGOZSELIA, L. (John Lesel, of the 16th century, author of a Flora 
Prussica, &c.) — Somewhat shrubby or suffruticulose plants (of Mexico and ad- 
jacent districts) ; with more or less rigid and commonly spinulose-toothed or 
spinulose-ciliate leaves, and the uppermost forming conspicuous bracts to the 
clustered flowers. But the following species form a section, GiL1opsis, connect- 
ing with Giiia, having more scattered flowers, hardly any bracts, and very nar- 
row leaves (all alternate), merely with rigidly mucronate tips. Limb of the 
corolla irregular by one of the lobes being separated by deeper sinuses from the 
others ; the cuneate lobes erosely truncate or 8-denticulate: filaments incurved 
below the apex. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86. 

L. tenuifdlia, Gray. Much branched from a somewhat woody perennial base, a span to 

a foot high, nearly glabrous: leaves linear-acerose, entire, or the lower and larger with 2 or 

8 spreading subulate lobes: flowers rather crowded at the summit, the branches short-pedi- 

celled: calyx-lobes subulate: corolla bright red, narrowly tubular-funnelform, an inch long’; 

the tube 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes: capillary filaments and style conspicuously 


exserted: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Bot. Calif. i. 500, & Proc. 1. c.— Cantillas Moun- 
tains, on the lower border of San Diego Co., Califotnia, Mfr. Dunn, Palmer. 


L. effasa, Gray. Diffusely much branched and rigid from an apparently annual root, 
a foot high, nearly glabrous: leaves all entire and filiform or very narrowly linear, short 


Gilia. POLEMONIACES. 137 


(a quarter inch or less long): flowers effusely paniculate: calyx-teeth short and broadly 
triangular: corolla pink purple, short-funnelform, 5 lines long; its lobes fully as long as 
the tube, unequal, about equalling the incurved filaments and style.—Proc. Am. Acad. 
l.c., & Bot. Calif. i. 621.— With or near the preceding species, Palmer. 


4, G{LIA, Ruiz. & Pav. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, who helped Xuarez to 
write a treatise on exotic plants cultivated at Rome.) — North American, chiefly 
Western, with a few §. American species ; several cult. for ornament. Flowers 
in some species, especially in § 3 and § 9, tending to dimorphism, mainly in the 
length of the style. A polymorphous genus: most of the sections have been 
taken for genera, but they lack definiteness. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261. 


Series I. Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base, 
usually both; their divisions from narrowly linear to filiform: seed-coat in many 
species mucilaginous when wetted, but destitute of spiricles. 

§ 1. DactyLopHyLium, Gray, l.c. Corolla campanulate, rotate, or short-fun- 
nelform; the lobes obovate: filaments slender: ovules numerous or sometimes 
few in each cell: seed-coat when wetted developing more or less mucilage-cells 
from beneath the epidermis: low or slender annuals, loosely and mostly rather 
small-flowered : leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 


* Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the forks of the stem, at length crowded: calyx deeply 
cleft or parted, the lobes unequal: corolla campanulate with hardly any proper tube (the filaments 
Beet on its base); lobes entire or nearly so: plants barely 2 inches high, with 3-7-parted 

eaves. 

G. Parryz, Gray. Pubescent, much branched from the base, forming a tuft: leaves 
short, 5-7-parted ; the divisions linear-acerose (barely quarter inch long): calyx deeply 5 
cleft; lobes acerose with broad thin-scarious margins: corolla (white, yellowish or purple, 
half an inch long) with broadly ovate somewhat pointed lobes as long as the undivided 
portion ; the throat below each crowned as it were by a broad adnate and emarginate or 
obcordate scale: anthers oblong: capsule oval-oblong, many-seeded: seeds angular, not 
mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi.76. G. Kennedyi, Porter in Bot. Gazette, 
ii. 77.— Desert Plains, S. E. California: near the head of the Mohave,. Lemmon, Parry, Pal- 
mer. KernCo., W.L. Kennedy. Dedicated to Mfrs. Parry, one of the botanical party which 
discovered it. A handsome pygmy annual; remarkable for having appendages to the 
corolla not unlike those of many Hydrophyllacee. 

G. demissa, Gray. Less pubescent, diffusely branching, forming a depressed tuft: 
leaves 3-parted, or some of them simple (half inch long); the divisions acerose: calyx 5- 
parted: corolla (white, sometimes purplish, 3 lines long) with obovate obtuse lobes and a 
naked throat: anthers oval: ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263, & Bot. 
Calif. i.489; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t.19.— Desert plains, S. E. California and W. 
Arizona to S. Utah, first collected by Fremont, next by Cooper. 

* %* Flowers loose or scattered on slender or capillary pedicels: calyx barely 5-cleft: corolla short- 
funnelform or approaching rotate, and with entire lobes: the filaments inserted in the throat: 
anthers oval: leaves 3-7-parted, more or less hispidulous, or rarely glabrous. — Gilia § Dactylo- 
phyllum, Benth. in DC. 

LG, linifléra, Benth. Erect, at length diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high, nearly glabrous: 
leaves Spurrey-like ; the divisions nearly filiform: flowers paniculate: pedicels 5 to 15 lines 
long: corolla white or barely flesh-colored, somewhat rotate ; its throat pubescent at base 
of the filaments; the obovate lobes thrice the length of the narrow tube, 3 to 5 lines long 
in the larger forms: ovules in the cells 6 to 8.— Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. l.c. 
315; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5895. — California; rather common; passing freely into 

Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, 1. c., a smaller form, with capillary diffuse branches 
and flowers of only half the size. — G. pharnaceoides, Benth. |. c.; Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161. 
—California to Brit. Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains; the smallest states 
strikingly different from the original G. liniflora. 

G. pusilla, Benth. 1.c. Small, diffuse, 2 to 6 inches high, very slender: divisions of the 
leaves filiform-subulate or acerose (8 to 5 lines long) : capillary pedicels 5 to 10 lines long: 


138 POLEMONIACE. Gilia. 


corolla purplish with yellow throat or nearly white, broadly short-funnelform, 2 lines or 
more long; the obovate lobes equalling or longer than the campanulate throat and short 
proper tube : filaments nearly glabrous at base, inserted below the sinuses: ovules 3 to 5 
in each cell.—Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.—The proper species, with corolla barely 
exceeding the calyx, Guadalupe Island and Lower California, Palmer, Orcutt, &c. (Chili.) 

Var. Califérnica, Gray, 1. c. Corolla with larger lobes, 2 or 3 lines long, and 
twice the length of the calyx. — Bot. Calif. i 490. G. _ Silipes, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 325. — 
California to Oregon. 

G. Bolanderi, Gray, l.c. Like the variety of the foregoing; but the tube of the 
(blue- or purple-tinged) corolla long and narrow, almost equalling the narrow cylindra- 
ceous calyx-tube, rather longer than the oblong lobes along with the very short and slightly 
dilated throat: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous: ovules 2 to 5 in each 
cell. — California, on dry hills, Sonoma Co., to the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, A. Wood, Mrs. 
Austin, Mrs, Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, but the comparatively small lobes only. a line 
and a half long. Longer pedicels an inch or so in length. 

G. aurea, Nutt. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high: divisions of the hispidulous 
leaves narrowly linear, barely 3 lines long: pedicels seldom longer than the flower, some- 
what cymose: corolla mostly yellow, open and short-funnelform; the rounded obovate 
widely spreading lobes about as long as the obconical throat and the very short proper 
tube: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base: ovules about 10 in each 
cell. — Pl. Gamb. 155, t. 22; Gray, 1. c.— From Sta. Barbara, California, to Arizona and 
New Mexico. Corolla with the limb a third to half inch in diameter when fully expanded, 
bright or light yellow, sometimes purplish in the throat; or, in 

Var. decoéra, Gray, 1. c., white or pale violet, with or without brown-purple in the 
throat. — California (Fremont, Brewer, &c.) and through Arizona to New Mexico. 


* * * Flowers terminating the branches, rather short-pedicelled: corolla short-funnelform, its 
ample lobes fringe-toothed or denticulate: leaves all undivided and opposite. — Fenzlia, Benth. 
Gilia § Dianthoides, Endl. 


G. dianthoides, Endl. Branching from the base, 2 to 5 inches high, more or less 
pubescent: leaves narrow-linear: corolla an inch or more long, lilac or purplish usually 
with darker or yellowish throat; the slender nearly included glabrous filaments inserted 
towards its base: ovules 12 to 20 in each cell.— Atakt. t. 29; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4876. 
Fenzlia dianthiflora, Benth. in Bot. Reg. l.c. FF’. speciosa (a large-flowered form), & F. 
concinna (a depauperate state), Nutt. Gamb. 157.— California, from Santa Barbara and the 
islands southward. A showy little plant, varying greatly in the size and hue of the flowers; 
the corolla-lobes in one form (coll. Coulter) only minutely erose-denticulate. 

§ 2. Lin4nuruus, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform; the narrow tube about 
equalling the cylindrical tube of the calyx (which is white-scarious, except the 
ribs, prolonged into acerose-linear teeth) ; the broadly cuneate-ohovate lobes com- 
monly minutely or obsoletely erose or crenulate, strongly conyolute in the bud: 
stamens included in the tube of the corolla: filaments inserted below its middle, 
slender: ovules 20 to 40 in each cell: capsule cylindraceous or oblong: erect and 
slender glabrous annuals, about a span high or taller, with leaves all opposite, 
filiform or nearly so, 8-5-divided, or the lower simple, sometimes nearly all 
simple, especially in depauperate specimens: flowers mostly showy, white or 
nearly so, terminal or in the forks and subsessile. — Linanthus, Benth., formerly. 
G. dichétoma, Benth. Flowers showy; the lobes of the corolla from half to ‘nearly 

an inch long: anthers linear: seeds roundish, with a very loose arilliform external coat, 

not developing mucilage when wetted.— DC. 1. c. 314; Gray, l.c. Linanthus dichotomus, 

Benth. in Bot. Reg. l.c. Gilia Linanthus, Steud. Nom. — California and Arizona; common 

westward. Leaves all entire only in some depanperate specimens. 

G. Bigelévii, Gray. ‘Flowers inconspicuous; the lobes of the corolla not over 2 lines 
long, hardly surpassing those of the calyx and only half or one-third the length of its tube: 
anthers oval: seeds oval or oblong, with a close coat, freely developing mucilage when 
wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 265; Watson, Bot. King, t. 25. G. dichotoma, yar. paryi 
flora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. — W. borders of Texas to E. California. 


Gilia. POLEMONIACES. 139 


§ 3. Lepréstrnon, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform, with the tube mostly 
filiform and elongated; the very short throat commonly abruptly more or less 
cyathiform-dilated: stamens inserted in the throat or orifice: anthers short: 
ovules numerous: annuals, mostly low or slender, with opposite narrow leaves, 
and handsome but commonly small flowers crowded into a capitate leafy-bracted 
cluster. (Style either very long and more or less exserted, or rather rarely short 
and included, in different individuals of the same species.) — Leptosiphon, Benth. 


* Palmately-leaved genuine species, hairy, leafy-stemmed; commonly with leaves fascicled in the 
axils and all 5-7-parted; their divisions linear-tiliform: filaments slender, exserted more or less 
from the throat of the corolla, shorter than its entire lobes: ovules 6 to 10 in cach cell. 


+ Large-flowered, and the tube of the corolla only equalling or little exceeding the obovate lobes. 
G. densifiédra, Benth. Rather stout and large, often strict: numerous divisions of the 
leaves filiform, somewhat rigid: tube of the lilac or nearly white corolla (half inch long) 
little if at all exserted beyond the calyx, and villous-hirsute bracts. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. 
Leptosiphon densiflorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans. viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1725; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 3578. Gulia Leptosiphon, Steud. Nom. Varies with corolla-tube a little more 
exserted, when it is G. grandiflora, Steud. & Benth. 1. c. and Leptosiphon grandiflorus, Benth. 
in Bot. Reg. — California; common towards the coast. 
+ + Slender-flowered; the filiform tube of the corolla 2 to 6 times the length of the lobes; these 
from 4 to less than 2 lines long, oval or ovate. Species difficult to detine. 

G. brevicula, Gray. A span high, corymbosely branched, minutely pubescent and 
above glandular: leaves few and short (quarter of an inch long): tube of the corolla only 
5 to 9 lines long, but much exceeding the calyx and bracts, hardly twice the length of 
the (purple or violet) lobes: otherwise much like the next. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. — 
Southeastern California, on the Mohave River, Palmer. 

V @. androsécea, Steud. A span to a foot high: corolla much exserted beyond the 
hirsute or villous-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, lilac, pink, or nearly white with yel- 
low or dark throat; its tube an inch or less long, thrice the length of the lobes (limb 8 to 
10 lines in diameter). — Gray, l. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 491. Leptosiphon androsaceus, Benth. in 
Hort. Trans. viii. t. 18; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3491; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1710. — California ; 
common west of the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. rosdcea, Gray. A dwarf and tufted form, with rose-red corolla, varying 
however into other hues.— Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosiphon parviflorus, var. rosaceus, Hook. 
f, Bot. Mag. t. 5863. — Near San Francisco, Kellogg. 

Var. deténsa, Gray, 1.c. Slender and almost glabrous form, the bracts and leaves 
merely hispidulous-ciliate. — Western part of California, Bridges, Brewer. A less marked 
form occurs on the borders of Nevada, Anderson. 

G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, a span or so high: tube of the corolla extremely 
slender, three-fourths to inch and a half long, 4 to 6 times longer than the lobes; these 2 or 
3 lines long: pubescence of the bracts, &c., short and soft, rarely hirsute-ciliate. — Gray, 
Proc. 1. ¢. excl. syn. var. rosaceus, Bot. Mag. Leptosiphon parviflorus & L. luteus, Benth. in 
Bot. Reg. Gilia micrantha & G. lutea, Benth. in DC. 1. c.— California ; common through 
the western part of the State. Flower from purplish or lilac to cream-color, sulphur-yel- 
low, and even golden yellow (var. aurea, Benth. Pl. Hartw.). 

Var. longituba (G. longituba, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 324) is one of the larger-flowered 
forms, apparently passing into G. androsacea. — Monterey, Hartweg, &c. 

G. tenélla, Benth. Mostly depressed, small: tube of the corolla less slender in propor- 
tion to the size of the limb (6 to 9 lines long, the lobes only 14): bracts and leaves hispidu- 
lous-ciliate. — Pl. Hartw. 325. Leptosiphon bicolor, Nutt. Pl. Gamb., chiefly. — Puget Sound 
to Santa Barbara, California. Has been confounded with the two foregoing. Corolla dull 
purple, or pink, with yellow throat. 

G. cilidta, Benth. Rigid, rough, 4 to 12 inches high, the taller stems virgate: tube of 
the corolla slightly or not at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts 
and subtending leaves (6 to 9 lines, and the lobes only 14 lines long): calyx-lobes acerose. 
— PI. Hartw. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c.— California, reaching into Nevada, &c. Greyish with short 
pubescence on the stems, and longer both rigid and softer spreading hairs fringing the 
leaves and bracts. Corolla rose or violet, fading to white. 


140 POLEMONIACES. Glia. 


* ¥* Entire-leaved, wholly glabrous, very dwarf: anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla, the 
cuneate lobes of which are somewhat undulate-toothed or 1-3-dentate at the broad apex: ovules 
10 to 16 in each cell. 

G. nudicaulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from 
the base: stem (a long internode) leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence, 
which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several ovate-lanceolate 
or lanceolate foliaceous bracts: corolla white, pink, or yellow; the tube 3 or 4 lines long 
and thrice the length of the calyx, rather longer than the lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
266; & Bot. Calif. i. 492. Collomia nudicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 869.— Sandy 
plains, in spring, interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado. 


§ 4. SrpHonséLuA, Gray. Like Leptosiphon, but tube of corolla not surpassing 
the calyx, and its throat more funnelform, ovules only 2 or 4 in each cell, and 
flowers less glomerate: perennials, more or less woody or suffrutescent at base, 
cinereous-puberulent or the 3—-7-parted leaves glabrate : calyx cylindraceous, firm- 
herbaceous, soon 5-parted; the abrupt margins of the lanceolate-subulate lobes 
and the sinuses not at all scarious: corolla white, with yellow throat, obovate 
lobes (3 or 4 lines long), and tube externally puberulent: filaments short, slightly 
exserted: anthers short. — Stphonella, Nutt. herb. 

G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stems or branches a span to a foot high, rather simple, terminated 
by a dense leafy cluster of flowers: divisions of the leaves narrowly linear (6 to 9 lines 
long), mucronate: ovules a pair in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267 ;.Watson, Bot. 
King, 265, t. 26. — Western side of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona, 

. &. California, and Washington Terr. 


G. floribinda, Gray. Taller and more slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched : 
the copious flowers in rather loose cymose clusters, often pedicelled . divisions of the leaves 
very slender,. almost acicular or filiform: ovules 4 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1.¢., & 
Bot. Calif. i. 492. — San Diego Co., California, on the southern borders, and east to Arizona, 
Coulter, Palmer, &c. Upper leaves rarely alternate. 


§ 5. Lepropctyton, Benth. Corolla salverform, with tube more or less ex- 
ceeding the calyx; the throat somewhat funnelform-dilated: filaments short, 
inserted in or below the throat: anthers short, included: ovules numerous in each 
cell: seeds with a close coat, developing neither spiricles nor mucilage when 
wetted : perennials or undershrubs, commonly tufted, very leafy: leaves all alter- 
nate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted, 
acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent: flowers showy (rose, lilac, or white), soli- 
tary and sessile or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or branchlets. 
— Leptodactylon, Hook. & Arn. 

x % Leaves all opposite: stems or branches almost herbaceous from a woody base. 

G. Wats6ni, Gray. Roughish-puberulent and glandular, or at length smoothish : slender 
branches a span high from the woody caudex: leaves not much fascicled, widely spread- 
ing; the slender acerose divisions (6 to 8 lines long) often shorter than the internodes; 
calyx-lobes barely half the length of the tube: corolla nearly white (with purplish throat) ; 
its tube and lobes each half inch long: anthers at the orifice: ovules 10 or more in each 
cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. v.; Watson, Bot. King, 265, t. 26.— Rocky hills, Utah, Watson. 

* * Leaves all alternate, or sometimes the lower opposite: stems decidedly woody. 

G. Califérnica, Benth. Branches. and very crowded soon widely spreading leaves 
tomentose-pubescent, or rather villous when young: corolla (rose or lilac, its ample limb 
an inch and a half in diameter) with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margin often 
minutely erose: anthers linear-oblong, included in the upper part of the tube: ovules 20 or 
more in each cell. —DC. Prodr. 1. ce. Leptodactylon Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
349, t. 89; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4872. — Dry hills, W. California, south to San Bernardino Co. 

G. pingens, Benth. Branches and mostly erectish or little-spreading leaves viscid- 
pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate: corolla rose, white, or “yellow” (Dougl.), the lobes 


Gilia. POLEMONIACEZ. 141 


narrower and only half as large as in the preceding: anthers in the throat, oblong: ovules 
8 or 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. lc. G. pungens & G. Hookeri, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 
— Plains of the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and E. California. Widely varia- 
ble. The original Cantua pungens, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 26 (2 gochloa Torreyi, Don), of 
the Platte, is a low glabrate form. 

Var. ceespitosa, Gray, 1.c. (Leptodactylon ceespitosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb.), is a low and 
dense form, imitating Phlor Douglasii in growth. — Scott’s Bluffs, Wyoming, Nuttall. 

Var. Hodkeri, Gray, 1. ¢. (Phlox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 159, & G. 
Hookeri, Benth.), is taller, with sparser more rigid leaves, and viscid-pubescent flowering 
shoots. — Interior of Oregon, California, &c. Flowers not found to be “ yellow.” 

Var. squarrésa, Gray, |. c. A foot or two high, with virgate branches, beset with 
stouter and more rigid recurved-spreading pungent leaves. — Dry interior region, Nevada 
to Idaho and Washington Terr. 


Serres II. Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided, or rarely 
entire, occasionally some of the lowermost opposite: filaments slender: seed-coat 
(as in Collomia) when wetted mucilaginous and sending out threads containing 
each a spiral coil (spiricle), except in a few species. 


§ 6. Navarretia, Gray,l.c. Flowers capitate-crowded and densely foliaceous- 
bracted (in the last species less so): lobes of the calyx and of the mostly (some- 
times nearly palmately) multifid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent or spinulose, 
often laciniate or unequal: corolla slender, tubular-funuelform or almost salver- 
form, and with rather small oval or oblong lobes: filaments inserted in or below 
the throat: anthers short: stigmas and cells of the ovary sometimes reduced to 2: 
low and much-branching annuals, sometimes glandular-viscid, never white-woolly ; 
with chiefly 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft leaves, their lobes commonly subulate 
and pungent. — Navarretia, Ruiz & Pav., Benth. 

* Leaves and bracts, or some of them, more than once pinnately parted, i. e. their primary divisions 

incised or parted. ri 

+ Ovules and seeds numerous (8 to 12) in each cell: stamens included in the throat of the corolla, 
commonly unequal in length and slightly so in insertion: herbage very glandular-viscid and 
unpleasantly aromatic-scented. 

G. squarrésa, Hook. & Arn. Rather stout and rigid, often a foot high: upper leaves 
and bracts spinescent: tube of the small blue (or sometimes whitish) corolla rather shorter 
than the mostly entire calyx-lobes.— Bot. Beech. 151; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 269. 
G. pungens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2977. Hoitzia squarrosa, Esch. -d@gochloa pungens, Benth. in 
Bot. Reg. 1. ec. MNavarretia squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 368. N. pungens, Hook. FI. ii. 75. 
Plains of California and Oregon ; a common fetid weed. 

+ + Ovules varying from 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 in each cell: stamens exserted out of the throat of 
the corolla, at length mostly equalling the lobes: herbage less viscid or glandular, in some not 
at all so. 

G. cotulefélia, Steud. Rigid, a span to a foot high, pubescent or below glabrate, above 
mostly minutely glandular: leaves chiefly 2-pinnately parted; the subulate divisions of the 
upper and of the bracts spinescent: tube of the violet-blue or white corolla hardly longer 
than the lobes of the sparsely villous calyx; the throat funnelform: ovules solitary 
or rarely a pair in each of the (frequently only 2) cells of the ovary. — dqochloa pubescens 
& cotulefolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Navarretia pubescens & cotulafolia, Hook. & Arn. 1. ¢.; 
Benth. in DC. 1. c. — California ; common westward, on dry hills: exhales the odor of Anthe- 
mis Cotula. 

G. intertéxta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid 
nor glandular: stem retrorsely pubescent: leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose- 
spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple: flowers densely glomerate: tube of the 
calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling 
the white corolla: ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — Navarretia intertexta, Hook. 1. c. — 
Plains of Columbia River to California and the Rocky Mountains. Corolla 3 or 4 lines 
long, the stamens equalling its lobes. 


142 POLEMONIACEE. Gila, 


G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts (half inch to 2 inches high), 
glabrate: leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding : tube of 
the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or 
exceed the white corolla: ovules 1 to 3 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. 
King, 266. Navarretia minima, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 160.— Interior of Oregon and Nevada to 
Colorado and Dakota, in very arid districts. Corolla a line and a half long; the stamens 
mostly shorter than its lobes. 

G. Bréweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch 
to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over: flowers less glomerate: 
leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions: calyx-lobes similar to these, narrowly 
subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla, 3 or 4 times the length of the tube (which is 
even shorter than the capsule): ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. 
Calif. i. 494; Watson, 1. c.—Sierra Nevada, California (Grewer, &c.), and through the in- 
terior to Utah and Wyoming. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 

G. leucocéphala, Gray, 1.c. Slender, a span or less high, seldom rigid, not glandular, 
glabrous, except some woolly pubescence at the summit of the stem and of the thin calyx- 
tube: leaves soft ; their often simple divisions slender ; those of the bracts barely pungent: 
corolla white, longer than the calyx (4 lines long) : stamens considerably exserted: ovules 
2 in each cell. — Navarretia leucocephala, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 324.— California, on the Sacra- 
mento and its tributaries, and Mendocino Co., in low grounds. 


%* %* Leaves simply pinnatifid or ineised, or many of them entire. 
+— All slender and filiform, except the bracts of the small heads, which are more or less palmately 
3-5-cleft: corolla rather slender, 3 or 4 lines long: stems slender, not over a span high, diffusely 
branched: often with proliferous filiform branches. 

G. divaricadta, Torr. Not glandular-viscid, glabrate; the bracts and especially the 
calyx woolly-pubescent: divisions of the uppermost leaves and the similar bracts acerose: 
corolla purple or apparently yellowish: ovules 5 to 7 in each cell.— Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 270, & Bot. Calif. i. 494. — California, from Lake Co. to Mariposa Co., up to 8000 
feet in the Sierra Nevada. 

G. filicatillis, Torr. More paniculate, glandular-viscid but not pubescent: upper leaves 
filiform or setaceous and entire: bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes pungent; the inner 
shorter than the violet corolla: ovules solitary or at most a pair in each cell. — Gray, 1. ¢. 
— California, Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. 
+— + Leaves broader and rigid, linear or lanceolate, with spinulose lobes ; the floral ones dilated 

at base and often cartilaginous : stems stout, 2 to 8 inches high: flowers densely glomerate: 
corolla violet or purple, a third to half inch long. , about twice the length of the subulate spinescent 
calyx-lobes. 

G. viscidula, Gray, l.c. Viscid-pubescent, at length much branched: cauline leaves slen- 
der and laciniate-pinnatifid or parted into setaceous-subulate ascending lobes ; the floral and 
bracts only moderately dilated: ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. — Navarretia viscidula, Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 3825, a small form.— Dry hills, California, from Santa Barbara to the Sacramento 
and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. 

G. atractyloides, Steud. Pubescent and very viscid, also very rigid, especially the 
leaves and bracts; these lanceolate or the uppermost even ovate, all pinnatifid, and with 
divaricate subulate-spinescent lobes: flowers less glomerate: ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — 
Asgochloa atractyloides, Benth. in Bot. Reg. lc. Navarretia atractyloides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 368 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr, ix. 310.— California, from Santa Cruz to San Diego Co., 
in open antl dry ground. 
+— + + Depressed, an inch or two high, at length prostrate, hardly if at all viscid : leaves up- 

wardly dilated: flowers comparatively loose and scattered: corolla half to two thirds inch long, 
tubular-funnelform, much exceeding the calyx. : 

G. setosissima, Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, strikingly setose; the very long white 
bristles terminating the lobes of the calyx and the 3 to 7 lobes or teeth of the narrowly 
cuneate or linear leaves, and scattered or sometimes clustered down their sides: corolla 
white, purple, or mottled: the limb slightly irregular: ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1. c, 271, & Bot. Calif. 494. Mavarretia setosissina, Torr. & Gray, Bot. Ives 
Colorad. 22. N. Schottii, Torr. Mex. Bound. 145 (G. Schottii, Watson, Bot. King); an early 
and depauperate form. — Deserts of 8. E. California, to W. Arizona and S. Utah, first col- 
lected by Coulter. 


Gilia. POLEMONIACES. 143 


§ 7. Hugérra, Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliaceous-bracted: the 
3-5-cleft bracts and calyx densely implexed-woolly ; lobes of the latter acerose 
or subulate and cuspidate or pungent: corolla salverform; the lobes ovate or 
oblong: filaments filiform, exserted: anthers deeply sagittate: herbage floccose- 
lerneiee. at least when young, neither glandular nor viscid: leaves or their simple 
divisions very narrow and mostly rigid. — Hugelia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. lc. Gilia 
§ Collomioides & § Pseudocollomia, Endl., Benth. in DC. 


* Woody-based and rigid perennial: corolla violet-blue: ovules few or several in each cell. 

G. densifélia, Benth. Canescent-lanate when young, glabrate with age: tufted stems 
a span to a foot or more high from a ligneous base, leafy to the top, simple or sparingly 
branched: leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short-subulate spinu- 
lose lobes : flowers densely capitate-glomerate: tube of the corolla (half inch long) twice 
or thrice the length of the calyx: anthers sagittate-linear. — DC. Prodr. ix. 311; Gray, 1. ¢. 
(Hugelia densifolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg.), a short and stout form, with crowded leaves. G. 
elongata, Steud.; Benth. 1. c., a taller and looser form, with cells of the ovary usually only 
2-3-ovulate. — Califoruin tear the coast, from Santa Clara Co. southward, and thence to 
W. Arizona and S. Nevada. 

* * Herbaceous, and the root annual or biennial: ieaves or divisions nearly or quite filiform. 
ae violet, blue, or purple, or fading to white: ovules few (but seldom if ever solitary) i in 

e cells 

G. virgata, Steud. White-floccose becoming glabrate: stem slender, either simple and 
virgate (a span to a foot high) or with virgate branches from the base and paniculately 
branched above: leaves slender-filiform ; the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely 
more than 3-parted: flowers usually in rather small capitate clusters: corolla blue or lay- 
ender ; the tube 4 to 6 lines long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes: anthers linear-sagit- 
tate, a line long. — Hugelia virgata, Benth. 1. c.; Hook. Ic. t. 200. — California, on dry hills 
from Monterey southward, and east to Arizona. 

Var. floribinda, Gray. A remarkable form, with corymbose branches terminated 
by much larger and very many-flowered capitate clusters: most of the leaves (even the 
lower) pinnately 3-7-parted: corolla-lobes 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 495. — Santa Clara Co. to San Diego Co., Wallace, Brewer, Palmer. 

G. floccésa, Gray. More branched and generally lower than the foregoing, 2 to 12 
inches high, similarly floccose-woolly, at length diffuse or spreading: corolla from violet- 
blue to whitish; 1ts tube 3 or 4 lines long, surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes: anthers 
narrowly oblong, fully half a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. & Bot. Calif. i. 495, excl. 
syn. “ Hugelia lutea, Benth.” — Dry plains and desert, southern and eastern portions of Cali- 
fornia and S. E. Oregon to Utah and Arizona. 

G. filifélia; Nutt. Flowers smaller; the lobes of the corolla seldom over a line in length, 
and its tube hardly if at all exceeding the calyx and bracts: anthers cordate-oval, a quar- 
ter or third of a line long: otherwise like small forms of the preceding. — PJ. Gamb. 156; 
Gray, l. c.— Santa Barbara and San Isabel, California, to the Rio Colorado. 

Var. diffisa, Gray, 1.c. A diffuse form, barely a span high; the leaves commonly 
rather shorter and less slender. — Interior of Nevada and Arizona to the western frontier 
of Texas. 

+— + Corolla yellow: ovules solitary in the cells. 

G. lutéscens, Steud. A span high, closely resembles G. floccosa except in the above 
particulars, and the bright sulphur-yellow corolla only 3 lines long ; its tube not exserted 
and lobes hardly exceeding a line in length: anthers elongated-oblong: capsule oval, 3- 
seeded. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. 811. Hugelia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. — W. California ; 

back of Monterey? Douglas. Back of San Simeon, Palmer, confirming the yellow color of 


the corolla. 


§ 8. Exarydécera, Nutt. Flowers capitate-congested or sometimes more 
loosely cymose, more or less foliaceous-bracted: bracts and calyx-lobes commonly 
cuspidate or aristulate (but not pungent), and pubescent or ciliate with long and 
mazny-jointed somewhat viscid hairs: corolla (white or barely purplish): salver- 


144 POLEMONIACER. Gillie, 


form; the tube little exceeding the calyx; its lobes oval or oblong: stamens 
shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses: biennials, short- 
lived perennials, or annuals, low or dwarf, more or less woolly-pubescent when 
young: leaves simply pinnatifid or entire. 

¥ Leaves all entire, acerose-subulate or filiform: filaments slender. (Approaches § Hugelia.) 


G. Wrightii, Gray. Stems rigid, virgate, a foot high from an indurated or woody base 
or perennial? root, very leafy to the top: leaves rigid, cuspidate-tipped: flowers capi- 
tate-crowded: bracts ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly laciniate, tipped with an 
awn-like cusp, as are the subulate calyx-lobes ; these slightly shorter than the tube of the 
corolla: ovules 3 or 4 in each cell (4 lines long). — Proc. Am. Acad. viij, 278. — W. Texas, 
on the Rio Grande 40 to 60 miles below El Paso, Wright. 


G. Gunnis6ni, Torr. & Gray. Annual, a span high, slender, at length almost glabrous, 
loosely paniculate-branched: leaves scattered, linear-filiform: bracts short, lanceolate, 
entire, tipped (like the triangular calyx-lobes) with a short cusp: flowers capitellate; the 
heads terminating slender peduncle-like branches: tube of the corolla slightly longer than 
the calyx and longer than its lobes: ovules 2 or sometimes 3 in each cell. — Pacif. R. Rep. 
ii. 129, t. 9. —S. E. Utah, Kreusfeldt, Newberry, Brandcgee. 

% %* Leaves all or most of them pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or sometimes all 
entire: filaments short: tube of the corolla not at all or at length slightly exceeding the calyx: 
flowers densely capitate-clustered: perennials of short duration or biennials; the base of the 
simple or clustered stems or root hard and ligneous. : 

G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a 
span or two high: capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like 
thyrsus: leaves thickish, almost filiform, some about 3-cleft, occasionally all entire, barely 
mucronate: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, shorter than the tube: anthers subsessile in the 
throat: ovules 4 to 6 in the cells. — Benth in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290; Gray, l.c. G. spicata 
& G. trifida, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 156.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 

Var. capitata, Gray, l.c. A dwarf form: leaves nearly all entire: thyrsus short 
and capituliform: filaments as long as the anther: approaches the next species. — Alpine 
region, from Black Hills in Dakota to Colorado. 

G. congésta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading (3 to 12 inches high) from a tufted base, 
bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform cymes: leaves with 3 to 7 mu- 
cronate divisions, or some of them entire: lobes of the corolla oval, nearly as long as the 
tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at 
length as long as the anthers: ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Hook. Fl. ii. 75, & Ic. t. 235.— 
Wyoming and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the Sierra Nevada, 
California. Tube of the white corolla not over 2 lines long. 

Var. crebrifdlia, Gray, 1. c. Depressed; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long, 
crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. — G. crebri- 
folia, Nutt. 1. c. —Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Connected with G. congesta by some 
intermediate forms. 

G. iberidifélia, Benth. Leaves more rigid than in the preceding and the lobes cuspi- 
date-tipped, as also the bracts: capitate cymes corymbose: filaments shorter: ovules soli- 
tary in each cell. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290. — Scott’s Bluffs and Blackwater, North 
Platte, Nebraska and Wyoming, Geyer, H. Engelmann. Perhaps only a form of G. congesta. 
* * * Leaves pinnatifid, trifid, or some of them entire: flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy 

bracted, or at length loose: low annuals, branching from the base, only a span high: calyx-lobes 

aristulate-cuspidate. 

G. pumila, Nutt. Stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy: leaves narrowly 
linear, entire or most of them 2-4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate: tube of 
the corolla slender, about thrice the length of its lobes and twice the length of the aristu- 
late-tipped calyx-lobes: filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the 
lobes of the corolla: ovules about*6 in each cell.— Pl. Gamb. 156; Gray, lc.  G. trifida, 
Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291.— W. Texas, and New Mexico to W. Nebraska, and west 
to the Sierra Nevada. Tube of the corolla 3 or nearly 4 lines long; the limb small. 

G. polycladon, Torr. Stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved: 
leaves pinnatifid or incised; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those 


Gilia. POLEMONIACES. 145 


subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding 
the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes: anthers in the throat, on very short filaments: 
ovules 2 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147; Watson, Bot. King, 268. — Western Texas 
to Utah and W. Nevada. Corolla u line or two long, white with a tinge of rose-color. 


§ 9. Ipomépsis, Benth., partly. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously 
bracted or ebracteate : corolla scarlet or red, with white varieties, narrowly tubular- 
funnelform, gradually and regularly enlarging upward, very much surpassing the 
subulate calyx-lobes and its own ovate or lanceolate spreading or recurving lobes: 
stamens inserted in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than 
its lobes: anthers oval or short-oblong: ovules numerous: biennials, not woolly, 
and usually showy-flowered. — Zpomopsis, Michx. pomeria, Nutt. 


* Stem virgate, leafy: leaves pinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear divisions: inflores- 
cence contracted. 

G. coronopifélia, Pers. (Stanpinc Cypress.) Glabrous or barely pubescent: stem 
2 to 6 feet high, very leafy throughout : divisions of the leaves and rhachis nearly filiform, 
acute and mucronate: flowers very numerous in a long and narrow compact thyrsus or 
panicle, inodorous: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube: corolla an inch or an 
inch and a half long, scarlet (within yellowish and dotted with red) ; the lobes ovate, mode- 
rately spreading,’ barely exceeding the slender filaments: seeds not developing mucilage 
nor spiral threads when wet, but with a lax reticulate-cellular outer coat!— Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t.1691. Polemonium rubrum & Ipomea rubra, L. Cantua thyrsoidea, Juss. C’. pinnatifida, 
Lam. C. coronopifolia, Willd. C. elegans, Poir. Ipomopsis elegans, Michx.; Smith, Exot. 
t.13. Ipomeria coronopifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 124. Glia Floridana, Don (Cantua, Nutt.), & G. 
Beyrichiana, Bouché, are mere forms.— Dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Florida to 
Arkansas and Texas. Common in gardens. 

G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent: stems 2 to 4 feet high, less leafy, some- 
times loosely branching: leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions: 
thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted; the (fragrant) flowers sessile in small mostly 
short-pedunculate clusters: calyx commonly glandular; its lobes subulate: corolla from 
scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved: filaments slender: seeds when wetted devel- 
oping mucilage and spiricles. — Syst. i. 626; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218; Gray, 1. c. 
Cantua aggregata,Pursh. (Ipomeria aggregata, Nutt.) C. coronopifolia? & C. agqregata, Torr. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 220. Ipomopsis elegans, Lind]. Bot. Reg. t. 1281. Gilia pulchella, Doug]. 
in Hook. Fl. ii. 74; Benth. 1. c.— W. Nebraska to W. Texas, New Mexico to Oregon, E. 
California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) More or less heterogone-dimorphous: both 
stamens and style included (and the style shorter) in some individuals, both exserted (and 
the style longer) in most. Varies greatly : the extremes being 

Var. attenuata. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base 
into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. — Colorado, in Middle Park, Parry. 
A white-flowered form, with stamens and style included. 

Var. Bridgésii, Gray, l.c. Stems low (6 to 18 inches) and diffuse or spreading, 
as if from a perennial root: corolla bright red ; its lobes oblong-ovate and merely acute : 
calyx-lobes shorter and broader, from subulate-lanceolate to deltoid: lobes of the leaves 
thicker and obtuse. — California, through the Sierra Nevada. 

* * Stem low, loosely paniculate-branched: upper leaves reduced to bracts. 

G. subntda, Torr. Glandular-puberulent, a span or two high: leaves all undivided, 
mainly crowded at the indurated base, spatulate or oblong and tapering into a margined 
petiole, sparsely and irregularly dentate; the few upper linear and entire; the uppermost 
subulate and minute: flowers rather crowded in a few small clusters: calyx-lobes subulate, 
about the length of the campanulate tube: corolla orange or scarlet; the tube (half inch 
long) thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes: anthers included in the throat on very 
short filaments: seeds developing mucilage and spiricles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. 
— Arizona and 8. Nevada to New Mexico, Newberry, Stretch, Paliner. 

G. Héydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, above slightly glandular, a span or more high, 
effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose: radical leaves pinnatifid; those of the 

10 


146 POLEMONIACEZ. Gilia. 


branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire: flowers mainly pedicellate: calyx-lobes 
subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla rose-red, slender; the tube (half inch long) several 
times longer than the obovate lobes: anthers subsessile in the throat: ovules only 6 in 
each cell: seeds fewer, neither spirilliferous nor mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 79. — 8. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, on the San Juan, Brandegee. 


$10. Gitrknpra, Gray. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and hardly bracted, 
rather small: corolla bluish or white, salverform; the tube hardly double the 
length of the calyx and little longer than its own obovate lobes: these surpassed 
by the slender and much exserted filaments: anthers short: ovules about 6 in 
each cell: seeds destitute both of mucilage and spiricles: glandular-puberulent 
and rather low biennials, with simply pinnatifid leaves, the radical in a dense 
rosulate tuft: calyx-lobes triangular. 


. stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow 
thyrsus: leaves pinnately cleft itito short oblong lobes: bracts small and entire: starhens 
moderately exserted: corolla somewhat funnelform, apparently white,. nearly’ half inch 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. — Uinta Moatitains, Utah, Fremont. 

G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high: inflores- 
cence open-paniculate, ofteri compound: leaves pinrately parted into linear or narrowly 
oblong ‘lobes; these sometinies again 1-2-lobed; stameris conspicuously exserted (3 liries 
long, inserted just under the sinuses): corolla strictly salverforin, pale blue or violet, or 
the narrow tube white (this and the lobes 2 or 8 lines long). — Gray, 1. c. — Rotky Moun- 
tains, common from S. Wyoniing through Colorado (and Utah 7) to New Mexico. 


§ 11. Microgivia, Benth. Flowers scattered, very small: corolla white, sal- 
verform: stamens inserted on and included in the tube: ovules solitary in the 
cells: much-branched annuals, with filiform or slender-subulate and: entire (or ° 
sometimes 3-parted) small leaves: calyx short-campatiulate, 5-toothed. 


G. miuutifiéra, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely glandular-puberulent above : stem ercct, 
a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches: upper leaves all‘reduced 
to minute subulate appressed bracts; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers 
terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long: tube of 
the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own lobes: filaments slender: 
capsule oval: seed oblong. —DC. Prodr. ix. 315. Collomia (Picrocolla) linoides, Nutt. Pl. 
Gamb. 159. — Interior of Oregon (or now Idaho, not “ California”), Douglas. Wyoming 
on the Upper Platte, Nuttall, Fremont. 

G. tenérrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched : 
branches filiform: leaves entire: flowers loosely panicled, on slender divergent’ pedicels, 
minute: capsule globular (barely a line long): seed turgid-oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
277; Watson, Bot. King, 270. — Utah, Bear River Valley, near Evanston (in fruit), Watson. 


§ 12. Eveixia, Benth., Gray. Flowers scattered, crowded, or rarely capitate- 
glomerate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate: corolla from funnelform to 
nearly rotate: stamens usually inserted in or just below the sinuses of the corolla, 
not exceeding its lobes (or rarely moderately so): filaments slender: leaves 
various, all or chiefly alternate. 

* Ovules solitary in the cells: corolla funnelform with slender elongated tube and rather abruptly 
dilated throat (in the manner of § Navarretia, but no pungent or even mucronate tips to calyx- 
lobes or leaves): sinuses of calyx somewhat replicate : very depressed small perennials, with fili- 
form rootstocks and crowded leaves, among which the violet or purplish flowers are solitary and 
subsessile in the forks or axils. 

G. Larseni, Gray. Filiform creeping rootstocks elongated: stems rising only an inch or 
two above ground: leaves pedately 5-7-parted or the upper 3-cleft, rather surpassing the 
flowers, soft-pubescent: corolla half inch long, with tube slightly exceeding the calyx ; its 
rounded lobes somewhat surpassing the stamens and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot.- 
Calif. i.497. — California, on Larsen’s Peak, in loose volcanic ashes, Lemmon, John Larsen. 


4 


Gilia. 3 POLEMONIACEX. 147 


G. débilis, Watson. An inch or two high, minutely pubescent: leaves oblong, 2-3- 
lobed or entire, tapering into a short petiole, shorter than the flowers: corulla two thirds 
inch long; the tube exceeding the calyx: lobes of the latter conspicuously 3-nerved: 
stamens more or less and the style prominently exserted: “seed without mucilage or spi- 
ricles.” — Am. Naturalist, viii. 802 ; Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. t. 19.—S. Utah, Wheeler. 


% ¥ Ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells. 
+— Root annual. 
++ Corolla more or less funnelform, having a distinct tube: corolla from blue to purplish or some- 
times white: flowers in the first species much crowded and short-pedicelled, in the last scattered. 


= Seeds developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted, mostly numerous: leaves once to thrice 
pinnately divided or cleft: herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrate. 

G. capitata, Dougl. Stem slender, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves 2-3-pin- 
nately divided into slender or even filiform-linear lobes : flowers numerous in dense capitate 
clusters terminating long naked peduncles: calyx glabrous or nearly so: corolla light blue 
(4 or 5 lines long) ; its tube about the length of the narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear 
lobes and the nearly glabrous calyx, only slightly dilated at the throat: stamens inserted 
in the very sinuses of the corolla.— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2698; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1170; 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 287.— W. California and Oregon. Common in gardens. 


G. achillezefdlia, Benth. Generally more pubescent and rather stouter than the pre- 
ceding, and the head-like flower-clusters larger and less compact: flowers larger: calyx 
more or less woolly ; its lobes with short recurved tips: lobes of the violet-blue or lavender. 
purple corolla obovate or broadly oblong; its throat abruptly and amply dilated. — Bot. 
Reg. no. 1622, & Prodr. 1. c. 311; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 447.— 
Common throughout W. California. 


G. multicaulis, Benth. 1.c. A span to a foot high, at length diffuse: leaves mostly 
twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes: flowers fewer and in a less dense shorter- 
peduncled cluster than the preceding, some of the pedicels in fruit equalling the calyx: 
corolla (4 lines long) violet; its proper tube shorter than the calyx, and its obovate or 
ovate lobes not longer than the funnelform throat: capsule ovoid. —Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.498. G. achilleefolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440; Brit. Fl. Gard. 
n, ser. t. 280, not Benth. G. millefoliata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 35, a dif- 
fuse and small-flowered form. G. stricta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755. Polemonium capitatum, 
Eschsch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826 ? — California, very common throughout the western 
part of the State. . 

Var. ténera, Gray, l.c.,a depauperate and attenuated form, in dry and poor soil, 
with peduncle more loosely 3-5-flowered, or even 1-flowered. — G. stricta, Liebm. Ind, Sem. 
Hafn. 1853 ? — With the ordinary form. : 


- »  G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, mostly slender, paniculately branched, 
at length diffuse : leaves (as of the preceding or more slender) and calyx, &c., usually more 
viscid-pubescent: flowers few or several and short-pedicelled or subsessile in cymulose 
rather short-peduncled clusters : corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the length of the 
calyx, with very short and yellowish proper tube, ample campanulate-funnelform throat 

»marked with deep brown-purple, and lilac or violet foundish lobes which surpass the 
stamens. — Hort. Trans. viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1704; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 264; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3463. — California, throughout the western part of the State: common 
in cultivation. 

G. latifléra. A span or two high, effusely paniculate, glabrous, and the inflorescence and 
calyx sparsely glandular: radical leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (an inch or 
two long), with ‘short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes ; the cauline few and 
small or minute, all but the lowest entire and subulate : paniculate cyme very loose : pedicels 
equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 11 lines long) purple with yellowish or 
brownish throat, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which 
slightly exceeds the calyx; its lobes rounded-obovate: capsule ovoid. — G. tenuiflora, var. 
latiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, San Diego and 
Los Angeles Co., Fremont, Wallace, Palmer (402). 

G. tenuifiéra, Benth. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculate above: radical 
and lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided, or simply divided and the narrow divisions 


148 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


incised, the lobes short; the upper becoming simple, small and entire: branches loosely 
few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flower: corolla (7to 9 lines long) rose-color with 
violet throat, narrowly funnelform or even trumpet-shaped ; its slender tube fully thrice 
the length of the calyx: capsule ovoid-oblong. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1888; Gray, l.c., excl. 
var. — California, from Monterey southward. 

G. inconspicua, Doug]. Mostly low, a span to a foot or more high, usually with slight 
woolly pubescence when young, and viscid-glandular, branching from the base: leaves 
mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mucronate-cus- 
pidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate, and entire : flowers either somewhat 
crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicelled : 
corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter 
or slightly longer than the calyx.— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (corolla too salverform) ; ° 
Benth. in DC. 1.c.; Gray,l.c. G. parviflora, Spreng. Syst. i. 626. Cantua parviflora, Pursh, 
FI. ii. 730. Zpomopsis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. t. 14. — Wyoming to the western border of 
Texas, and west to California and British Columbia. Very variable in size and form of 
corolla, passing into 

Var. sinudta, Gray, |.c. Corolla larger, at least in proportion to the calyx, becom- 
ing thrice its length, with tube more exserted and throat and lobes more ample. — G. sinuata, 
Dougl.; Benth. in DC. lc. G. arenaria, Benth. 1.c.— Oregon and California to New 
Mexico. Some forms approaching the two preceding. 
= = Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiricles when wetted, numerous: leaves nearly all radical, 

barely pinnatifid or toothed; the cauline mainly reduced to small subulate bracts of the open 
compound panicle, which is about a span high: some flowers with very short, others with slender 

pedicels, in the manner of G. inconspicua and related species. . 

G. leptoméria, Gray. Minutely somewhat glandular-viscid: radical leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate (an inch or more long), incisely toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid; the ob- 
tuse teeth or lobes minutely mucronate-cuspidate: cymose panicle effuse: flowers incon- 
spicuous: corolla whitish, 2 or 3 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx, slender- 
funnelform, and with very small acute lobes: capsule ovoid, equalling or surpassing the 
triangular acute calyx-teeth.— Proc. l.c. & Bot. Calif. i. 498; Watson, Bot. King, 270, 
t. 26, fig. 6-11. — Interior desert region, Nevada and Utah, Watson, Parry, Lemmon. 

G. latifélia, Watson. Viscid-pubescent and above glandular: radical leaves oval or 
roundish (an inch or two long), distinctly petioled, repand-dentate and the broad short 
teeth slender-spinescent: panicle loosely many-flowered: corolla pinkish, 2} lines long, 
cylindraceous, little longer than the calyx; its lobes acute: capsule oblong, comparatively 
large (3 lines long), somewhat exceeded by the spinescent-subulate caly x-lobes. — Am. Nat- 
uralist, ix. 347. —S8. Utah, Parry. 

++ ++ Corolla campanulate or rotate: pedicels slender or filiform, scattered. 
== Western species, diffuse and slender, barely a span high: pedicels becoming horizontal or 
at length refracted. 

G. microméria, Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much branched: 
branches filiform: radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, and the lobes obtuse; the upper 
linear and entire: pedicels capillary, half inch long, axillary or opposite the leaves: flower 
barely a line long: corolla campanulate, white, a little longer than the 5-cleft calyx: cap- 
sule globular: sceds few, not mucilaginous. — Watson, 1. c. fig. 12-14.—N. W. Nevada, 
Watson, Lemmon. 

G. filiférmis, Parry. Completely glabrous and smooth: stem erect; the branches fili- 
form and spreading: leaves all filiform or nearly so and entire: scattered capillary pedi- 
cels (from 1 to 11 lines long) at length refracted: corolla cream-color, very open-campanu- 
late, 2 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, exceeding the 5-parted calyx; its lobes truncate and 
obscurely erose-denticulate: capsule globular: seeds rather few, mucilaginous but not 
spirilliferous when wet.—Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75.—St. George, S. Utah, Parry. 
Perhaps this species bélongs to the § Dactylophyllum; but all except the lowest leaves are 
alternate. 

G. campanulata, Gray. Minutely pubescent when young, obscurely viscid, diffusely 
branched from the base, depressed: leaves lanceolate; the lower sparingly pinnatifid- 
toothed; the upper small and entire: pedicels not longer than the flower: corolla white, 
oblong-campanulate, 8 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the 5-parted calyx, moderately 


Polemonium. POLEMONIACEZ. 149 


5-lobed : stamens inserted next the base: anthers oblong: ovules about 7 in each cell.— 

Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279; Watson, l. c. fig. 16-18.— W. Nevada, on the banks of the 

Truckee River, Watson. 

== = Texan and Mexican: pedicels erect or ascending, loosely and effusely paniculate: seeds 
mucilaginous and spirilliferous when wetted, rather numerous. 

G. incisa, Benth. Merely puberulent: stems slender and weak, diffusely branched from 
the base, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves thin; the radical and lower cauline slender- 
petioled, roundish-ovate or obovate, acutely and incisely toothed or lyrately cleft; the 
upper lanceolate, sparsely laciniate; uppermost linear, more entire, sessile, and gradually 
reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels an inch or two long, rigid: corolla rotate, deeply 5- 
cleft (white or blue, half inch or less in diameter), deeply 5-lobed; the lobes ovate: fila- 
ments filiform : anthers oblong-oval.— DC. Prodr. ix. 312. G. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in 
Linn. xxi. 763. — Shady banks and thickets, Texas. (Mex.) 

+— + Root perennial or base of stems lignescent. 
++ Corolla (as far as known) rotate and blue: leaves rigid. 


G. rigidula, Benth. Glabrous or viscid-glandular: stems a span or so high, slender and 
diffusely branched from a stout lignescent base: leaves mostly pinnately (or the upper- 
most nearly palmately) parted or cleft into few or several lanceolate-linear or subulate 
lobes: pedicels scattered, an inch or less long: corolla completely rotate (? to 14 inches in 
diameter), 5-parted; its lobes obovate: filaments filiform: anthers elongated-oblong : 
ovules and seeds several in each cell.— DC. 1. c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. G. 
glandulosa, Scheele, |. c., one of the viscid-glandular forms. (Corolla opening wide in after- 
noon sunshine, closing at sunset, Lindheimer.)— Rocky plains and hills, Texas and New 
Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. acerdésa, Gray, l.c. More dwarf, rigid, and suffruticose : branches very leafy : 
the leaves all with slender-subulate or acerose and somewhat pungent divisions: pedicels 
short: flower rather smaller: anthers barely oblong. — Northern New Mexico and borders 
of Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

G. czespitosa, Gray. Depressed-cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex : leaves nearly 
all densely crowded on the very short tufted) shoots, viscid-puberulent, spatulate or some- 
what lanceolate, entire, thickish, half inch long or less: flowering shoots scape-like, 1 to 3 
inches high, 1-5-flowered: flowers short-pedicelled: calyx narrow, 2 lines long, 5-cleft; the 
lobes slender-subulate: corolla and stamens not seen: ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 80.— Rabbit Valley, Utah, on barren sandstone cliffs, at 7000 feet, ZL. F. Ward. 
— Its proper place in the genus quite uncertain, perhaps next G. subnuda. © 
++ ++ Corolla tubular-funnelform: habit and foliage wholly of Polemonium confertum, var. melli- 

tum, but stamens straight. 

G. Brandegéi, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleasantly odoriferous, 
cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple: leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in 
circumscription ; the radical crowded and with short dilated and scarious sheathing petiole ; 
the cauline scattered and similar: leaflets very small and numerous, 2 lines long, from oval 
to oblong-linear, sessile, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers 
several in a short,and racemiform leafy thyrsus : corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an 
inch or less long, more than twice the length of the oblong or cylindraceous obtusely 5- 
lobed calyx; its lobes oval and short: the stamens included in its throat (not declined or 
curved): anthers roundish: ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. — San Juan 
Gap, and Waggon-wheel Gap, on the Rio Grande, S. W. Colorado, on the face of high per- 
pendicular cliffs, T. S. Brandegee. 

Var. Lambéornii. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. — Alpine region of Sierra 
Blanca, S. Colorado, R. H. Lamborn, A. Gray. 


5. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Grasx Varertan, Jacop’s Lapper. 
(Ancient name, from 761eu0s, war, or more probably from the philosopher ITode- 
por.) — Herbs, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, and one in the 
southern; the leaflets or divisions of the pinnate leaves sessile and not serrate. 

_Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate ; the upper pedicels 
ebracteate. Flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy, produced in 


150 POLEMONIACE. Polemonium, 


summer. Anthers commonly oblong in the bud, oval in the blossom. Hypogy- 
nous disk fleshy and saucer-shaped, somewhat crenate. Seed-coat developing 
mucilage and spiricles when wetted. Genus marked rather by habit than char- 
acter, the first and last sections too near Gilia. 


§ 1. Corolla strictly or even narrowly funnelform ; its tube more or less ex- 
ceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer than the lobes: fila- 
ments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base, usually inserted on the middle 
of the tube, or occasionally adnate higher: leaflets very small and crowded, so as 
seemingly to be verticillate: inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform: cespi- 
tose perennial. (Transition to Gilia.) 


P. confértum, Gray. A span or more high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubes- 
cent and viscid, musky-fragrant: radical petioles conspicuously scarious-dilated and sheath- 
ing at base: leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided, and so appearing as if in fascicles 
or whorls ; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear: flowers densely crowded, honey- 
scented: corolla deep blue, from half to a full inch long; its roundish lobes 24 or 8 lines 
long: ovules about 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 280, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 500; Watson, Bot. King, 271; Robinson, Garden, 1876, with a colored 
plate. P. viscosum, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 154, in small part. — Alpine region of the Rocky Moun- 
tains from lat. 49° southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and in the high Sierra Nevada, 
California. : 

Var. mellitum, Gray, l.c. Usually a taller form: inflorescence more lax and leafy, 
becoming spiciform or racemose: corolla pale or sometimes white, fully an inch long, more 
narrowly funnelform ; the lobes only one third or fourth the length of the tube. — With the 
ordinary form in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. 


§ 2. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with tube not surpassing the open cam- 
panulate calyx and shorter than the ample spreading limb: filaments usually 
dilated and pilose-appendaged at base: inflorescence open and with very few 
bracts: leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: root perennial. 


* Low, about a span hich from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened rootstocks: flowering 
stems only 1-3-leaved: flowers cymulose: leaflets seldom half an inch long. 

P. viscésum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberulent : 
leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, thickish, ovate or roundish, at most 
a line and a half long: flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster: corolla blue or whitish, 
barely twice the length of the calyx, its rounded lobes (2 lines long) about the length of the 
included tube: filaments not appendaged at base.—Pl. Gamb. 154 (mainly, excluding 
what relates to the “elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx”); Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. 1. ec. — High Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall. 


P, htimile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootstocks, more or less 
viscid-pubescent : leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long: flowers 
rather few in the clusters: corolla blue or purplish; its ampler rounded lobes much longer 
than the short included tube: filaments pilose at the dilated base: ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 
1 or 2 in each cell. — Rem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 792; Cham. in Linn. vi. 562. A polymor- 
phous or complex species, of which the large-flowered high northern form, with rather long 
viscid pubescence about the calyx, &c., may be taken as type, after Chamisso, viz. his P. 
humile and his var. macranthum. P. Richardsonii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. lanatum, 
Fischer. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 817, mainly (excl. syn. Lindl. Bot. Reg., 
which belongs rather to P. ceruleum ; also excluding the original of Eschscholtz, from Cali- 
fornia, which must be Gilia multicaulis or G. achilleefolia). P. pulchellum, var. macranthum, 
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 85.— Arctic coast to St. Paul’s and Shumagin Islands. (Kamts. 
to Spitzbergen.) Lobes of the corolla often 5 lines long. 

Var. pulchéllum. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly 
glabrous and naked: flowers smaller: the lobes of the corolla only 3 or 2 lines long, violet 
or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. (Varies in small-flowered forms with style 
and even stamens exserted.) —P. pulchellum, Bunge, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 238, & Ic. Ross. 


Polemonium. POLEMONIACES. 151 


t.20. P. moschatum, Wormskiold. P. humile, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1804. P. pulcherrimum, Hook. 

Bot. Mag. t 2979, 2 more viscid, lax or diffuse, and small-flowered form ; the corolla violet, 

varying to white, its lobes narrower. —N. W. and Arctic coast, and southward along the 

Rocky Mountains to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada. (Kamts. & Siberia.) 

* * Taller, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and Icaflets larger. 

++ Ovules 6 to 12 in each cell: stem erect, 1 to 3 fect high: leaflets numerous and mostly approxi- 

mate, not rarely confluent or the rhachis winged: seeds in the same species either wing-angled 

or marginless: corolla blue, varying to white. 

P. certleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent: stem mostly strict and virgate, 
1 to 3 feet high, 5-10-leaved : leaflets from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate (9 to 20 lines 
long): flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle: calyx cleft to or be- 
yond the middle: corolla an inch or considerably less in diameter: elongated style usually 
considerably and stamens often somewhat longer than the corolla.—Fl. Dan. t. 255; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1334; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 371.— Wet or moist ground; very rare in 
the N. Atlantic States (in swamps in New York, viz. Schoharie Co., Dr. Howe, Delaware 
Co., B. D. Gilbert, Herkimer Co., Clinton, also Warren Co., New Jersey, Porter; a form with 
rather open-panicled inflorescence and broadish leaflets); but common in western wooded 
mountain districts, viz. from Colorado Rocky Mountains to California, Oregon, and far 
northward. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

Var. acutifldrum, Ledeb., is a high northern and reduced form, a foot to a span 
high, with few and large flowers, and ovate more or less acute corolla-lobes, which exceed 
the stamens and sometimes even the style. — P. acutiflorum, Willd. in Rem. & Sch. 1. c.; 
DC. Prodr. 1.c.— High N. W. coast and Aleutian Islands, &c. (Siber., N. Eu.) 

P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented: stem a foot 
or more high, very leafy throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom 
an inch long): flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding: corolla 
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is 
5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens not protruding. — P. ceruleum, var.? 
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317; but the seeds, as in P. ceruleum, are either mar- 
ginless or wing-margined. P.ceruleum, var. foliosissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281.— 
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho. 
Some forms approaching the preceding species; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv., 
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of 
the latter barely half the length of the tube. 

+ + Ovules only 3 or 4.in each cell: stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or 
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (3 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ulti- 
mate at all confluent: herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style 
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla. 

P, cArneum. A foot or two high, rather stout: leaflets from ovate to oblong-lanceolate 
(often an inch and a half long): branches somewhat umbellately 3-5-flowered: calyx 
deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-oblong: corolla salmon-color or flesh-color (fading to pur- 
plish), 8 to 12 lines long (the ample limb sometimes 14 inches in diameter when fully 
expanded); its lobes rounded-obovate.—In mountain woods, Siskiyou Co., California, 
Greene. Also near San Francisco, Kellogg, G. R. Vasey. 

P. réptans, L. A foot or less high, slender, weak and at length diffuse or spreading (but 
never creeping) : leaflets ovate- or lanceolate-oblong: flowers several and loosely panicu- 
late-cymulose on the branches: calyx with ovate lobes shorter than its tube: corolla light 
blue, half inch or less in length. — Lam. Ill. t.106; Bot. Mag. t.1887.— Open woods, New 
York to Alabama and west to Minnesota and Missouri. 

§ 8. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply 5-cleft 
calyx: filaments almost naked at base: flowers scattered: root annual. (Another 
transition to Glia.) : 
P, micrdnthum, Benth. Much branched from the base, slender, diffuse, more or less 

viscid-pubescent:: stems or branches 3 to 8 inches long: leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceo- 

late (2 to 4 lines long): peduncles mostly solitary opposite the leaves: corolla whitish, a 

line or two long: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell.— DC. Prodr. ix. 318; Gray, l. c. — Springy 

ground, British Columbia to California and Nevada: fl.in spring. (S. Chili, P. antarcticum, 

Griseb. ex Benth.) 


152 HYDROPHYLLACES. 


OrpER XCITJ. HYDROPHYLLACEZ. 


Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with watery insipid juice, alternate or sometimes oppo- 
site leaves, no stipules, mostly a scorpioid inflorescence in the manner of Borra- 
ginacee, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers, with the stamens borne on the base 
or lower part of the corolla alternate with its lobes, a 2-merous ovary, and the 
two styles distinct or partly united (in Romanzoffia completely united into one) : 
stigmas terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very many, 
pendulous, or when numerous almost horizontal. Hypogynous annular disk at 
the base of the ovary often conspicuous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled with 
two parietal placenta, or incompletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting 
of the placente (borne on semisepta), or even completely 2-celled by their union 
in the axis. Seeds with a close and usually reticulated or pitted testa, and a 
small or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy aloumen. Scorpioid cymes 
sometimes complete, more commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes 
or racemes (which in description may be termed spikes or racemes) the pedi- 
cels bractless. Calyx 5-parted, or of nearly distinct sepals. — Benth. in Linn. 
Trans. xvii. 267; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 287; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 312, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 501. 


Trize I. HYDROPHYLLEZ®. Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a 
pair of expanded, at first fleshy, at maturity thin and membranaceous placente, 
which form a lining to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous 
ovules and seeds. Calyx sometimes appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly 
convolute in the bud. Style more or less 2-cleft. Ovary hispid, at least at the 
apex. Capsule globose, loculicidal, i. e. dehiscent by the- dorsal sutures. Seeds 
by abortion commonly fewer than the ovules, globular, or angled by mutual pres- 
sure : albumen cartilaginous. 


* Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted: calyx nearly unchanged in fruit: 
root perennial or biennial: leaves alternate. 

1, HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx early open, with or without a small appendage at each 
sinus. Corolla campanulate; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage 
opposite each lobe, with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove. Filaments and 
style long and filiform, the former bearded at the middle: anthers linear or oblong, in- 
flexed in the bud. Seeds 1 to 4; the ovules only 4. 

* %* Stamens shorter than the corolla: calyx accrescent in fruit: root annual: lower and 
sometimes all the leaves opposite. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus. Corolla rotate or 
approaching campanulate, usually longer than the calyx; the base within mostly with 10 
appendages. Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds commonly with 
a deciduous or more persistent caruncle. 

8. ELLISIA. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged 
under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx; the 
internal appendages minute or obsolete; lobes in estivation either all convolute, or 
one exterior, or rarely quincuncial. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds 
not carunculate. 


Trisze I]. PHACELIEZ. Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the meeting 
of the linear or lanceolate placente in the axis ; these separating in the loculicidal 
dehiscence, and borne on the middle of the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes 
falling away. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in 
the bud. Style from 2-parted to (rarely) entire; the branches at the apex or the 
stigmas obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least 
its apex. Albumen cartilaginous or firm-fleshy. 


HYDROPHYLLACES. 153 


* Leaves all opposite, entire: flowers cymose: style 2-cleft at the apex. 

4, DRAPERIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals narrow-linear, equal. Corolla tubular-funnelform, 
with 5 short lobes, not appendaged within. Stamens unequal and somewhat unequally 
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of 
collateral ovules pendulous from near the apex of each cell. Style long and filiform. 
Capsule globose-didymous, membranaceous ; the thin semi-septa commonly adnate to each 
valve, and the membranaceous central or placental portion falling with the four seeds. 

* * Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate: flowers cymose, scorpioid-racemose or 
spicate, or rarely in the forks. 
+ Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex. 

y 5, PHACELIA, Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so. Corolla deciduous, not yellow. 
Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. (Ovules and 
seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell.) 

v 6 EMMENANTHE. Corolla (yellow or yellowish and campanulate) persistent! Other- 
wise as Phacelia. Seeds several. 

7. CONANTHUS. Calyx-lobes all similar, narrow. Corolla deciduous, funnelform, not 
appendaged ; the slender filaments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube. 
Stigmas capitellate. Seeds with a thin smoothish testa, 10 to 20. Flowers solitary and 
subsessile in the leafy forks of the stem. Habit of Nama. 

8. TRICARDIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar; 3 outer large and cordate, 
2 inner linear. Corolla broad-campanulate, deciduous. Stamens equally inserted on the 
base of the corolla. Ovary glabrous: ovules and seeds about 8. Flowers racemose. 

+ + Style and even the stigma entire: ovary glabrous. : 

9. ROMANZOFFIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals similar. Corolla funnelform or almost cam- 
panulate ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style filiform: stigma 
small. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose. Leaves round-reniform and crenate- 
lobed. 

* * * Leaves (alternate) and 1-flowered peduncles all radical: style 2-cleft at apex. 

10. HESPEROCHIRON. Calyx &(rarely 6-7-)parted; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occa- 
sionally unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deciduous; the stamens inserted on the 
base of its tube. Ovary pubescent. Leaves spatulate or oblong, entire. 


Trise III. NAMELE. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or stigmas commonly 
clavate-thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap- 
sule loculicidal ; the valves bearing the (usually placentiferous) half-dissepiments 
on their middle. Seeds with firm fleshy albumen. Corolla imbricated in the bud, 
not appendaged within. Leaves simple, alternate, or sometimes imperfectly oppo- 
site. (Closely connected with the foregoing tribe through Draperia and Conanthus 
on the one hand, and Lemmonia on the other. ) 


* Ovules and seeds only 2 in each cell, one above the other: placente not transversely 
dilated or bilameliar. 

11. LEMMONIA. Corolla short-campanulate. Filaments and styles short and included, 
subulate: the former equally inserted, abruptly dilated or as it were appendiculate at the 
very base: anthers cordate-didymous. Stigmas small. Capsule membranaceous, 2- 
valved. Seeds proportionally large, globular-obovate. Depressed annual. 


* * Ovules and seeds numerous or several, on transverse lamelliform placente, which 
approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehis- 
cence and are borne on the half-dissepiments or half-valves of the capsule. 

12,NAMA. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles filiform, 
more or less included; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted, 
slightly and gradually if at all dilated at base. Capsule membranaceous ; the valves and 
placente undivided. Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. Mainly low herbs or 
suffrutescent. 

13. ERIODICTYON. Corolla funnelform or approaching campanulate. Filaments and 
style more or Jess included. Capsule crustaceous, 4-valved, i.e. first loculicidal, then sep- 
ticidal, thus splitting into 4 half-carpels, which are closed on one side, owing to the widely 
dilated placente, and partly open on the other. Seeds rather few, pendulous. Shrubby, 
with leaves mostly dentate. 


Trise IV. HYDROLEEZX. Ovary and capsule completely 2-celled, and with large 
and fleshy inseparable placente; the dehiscence septicidally septifragal, or often 


154 HYDROPHYLLACE. Hydrophyllum. 


irregular, leaving the thin dissepiment with the central placenta. Styles 2. Corolla 
nearly rotate, imbricated in the bud. Seeds very numerous, with fleshy albumen. 
Leaves all alternate, simple and entire. 

14. HYDROLEA. The only genus. 


1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Town. Warertear. (Formed of sdwg, 
water, and gvddor, leaf, a name of no obvious application.) — North-American 
herbs; with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose 
clusters of violet-blue or white flowers, in early summer. 


§ 1. Hypropuyiieum proper. Perennial, with fleshy horizontal rootstocks : 
calyx naked at the sinuses, except occasionally in the last species. 


* Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate: at least the calyx and inflorescence hispid. 
+ Peduncles shorter than the petioles, generally shorter than the mostly dense inflorescence: 
anthers short-oblong. 

H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hispid or rough-hirsute, stout, 2 or 3 feet high: lower 
leaves commonly a foot long; the divisions oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, in- 
cisely toothed; the upper ones confluent: stout peduncles commonly forked: cymes very 
dense: calyx white-hispid, not deeply parted; its divisions triangular-subulate, tapering 
gradually from the broad base, loosely spreading: corolla dull white, half an inch long. — 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111.— Rich woods, Ohio to Virginia and Alabama, and west to 
the Mississippi. 

H. capitatum, Dougl. Only a span or so in height, tufted: copious fascicled roots 
fleshy and almost as large as the short rootstocks: leaves longer than the stem, and with 
blade mostly shorter than the petiole, ovate or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches 
long, softly hirsute or pubescent, pinnately 5-7-parted or at base divided; the divisions 
2-3-lobed or cleft; the lobes oblong, obtuse and mucronate: flowers capitate-cymose: 
calyx very hispid. — Benth. in Linn. Trans. xvii. 273 (excl. Calif. pl. &e.); A.DC. Prodr. 
ix. 289; Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 292 (var. pumilum) ; Watson, Bot. King, 249. — Hillsides, 
&c., Washington Terr. to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Utah. 

Var. alpinum, Watson, l.c. Nearly acaulescent in dense tufts : flowers distinctly 
pedicellate in a somewhat open cyme close to the ground: calyx densely white-hairy, but 
less hispid. — Eastern California and Nevada, in the higher Sierra Nevada and Humboldt 
Mountains. 


+— + Peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole and often surpassing the subtending leaf: anthers 
oblong-linear. 


as Cauline leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7 to 15 

ivisions. 

H. occidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high: 
divisions of the leaves oblong, an inch or two long, mostly incised or few-cleft, obtuse : 
peduncles rather slender: cymes mostly dense or capitate: calyx deeply parted, its divi- 
sions lanceolate and rather obtuse, more erect: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, a 
third inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314, & Bot. Calif. 1.c. H. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. R. 
Rep. iv. 125, not Doug]. — Oregon (Nuttall) and N. & W. California. 

Var. Watsoni, Gray, l.c. Commonly low, sometimes almost stemless, soft-pubes- 
cent, especially the lower side of the leaves (which is sometimes canescent), as also the 
sparsely hispid calyx: cyme sometimes open. — H. macrophyllum, var. occidentale, Watson, 
Bot. King, 248, mainly. — Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah, Anderson, Bolander, Watson, &. 

Var. Féndleri, Gray, l.c. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not at all canescent 
or cinereous: divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, in- 
cisely serrate: peduncle shorter: cyme rather open: corolla white or nearly so. — Shady 
ravines, Santa Fé, New Mexico, to Colorado, Fendler, Greene, T. M. Coulter, &c. 

++ ++ Cauline leaves ovate in general outline, 3-5- -parted or divided. 

H. Virginicum, L. Stem (a foot or two high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous, 
or with some scattered hairs: divisions of the leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate 
or rhomboid-ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly 
2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed: peduncle usually once or twice forked: cyme 


Nemophila. HYDROPHYLLACEX. 155 


at length open: calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading hispid- 
ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about a fourth of an inch 
long. — Lam. Ill. t. 97; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 35; Bot. Reg. t. 331.— Rich woods, Canada 
to the mountains of Carolina and through the western States northward to Washington 
Terr. and Alaska (violet-flowered form).— Fleshy rootstock strongly toothed by the per- 
sistent bases of former radical petioles. 

¥ * Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed: calyx often bearing minute tecth in the sinuses. 

H. Canadénse, L. A foot or less high from thickish and scaly-toothed rootstocks, nearly 
glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hirsute even on the calyx: stems simple and naked 
below, 1-2-leaved at the summit: leaves bright green, rounded and with a cordate base, 
5-7-cleft to near the middle; the larger ones 5 to 7 inches wide; the radical ones on stout 
petioles as long as the stem, not rarely furnished with several small and distant pinnately 
arranged lateral divisions: peduncles mostly shorter than the cauline petioles, commonly 
forked: small cymes rather open: divisions of the deeply 5-parted calyx narrowly lan- 
ceolate-linear : corolla open-campanulate, mostly greenish-white: filaments very villous. — 
Lam. Ill. t. 97; Bot. Reg. t. 242.—Damp woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina, 
and west to the Mississippi. 


§ 2. Decémrum, Raf. Biennial: calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at 
each sinus, and somewhat accrescent under the fruit (in the manner of Nemophila, 
to which genus this approaches) : stamens little longer than the open-campanulate 
corolla. — Viticella, Mitch. Nov. Gen. 62. 


H. appendiculatum, Michx. A foot or so high, loosely branching, hirsute with long 
spreading hairs, and above minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent: radical leaves pinnately 
5-7-parted or divided; cauline rounded, with truncate or cordate base, palmately 5-7- 
angulate-lobed or the lower deeper cleft, somewhat dentate ; the lobes very acuminate : 
peduncles exceeding the upper leaves: cymes loosely paniculate: pedicels filiform, equal- 
ling or longer than the calyx; the divisions of the latter lanceolate-subulate, spreading, 
broadening at base under the one-seeded fruit. — Fl. i134. H. (Decemium) trilobum, Raf. FI. 
Ludov. 33. Decemium hirtum, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 215. MNemophila paniculata, Spreng. Syst. 
i. 569; Beck, Bot. 256.— Damp woodlands, Upper Canada to mountains of Carolina, and 
west to Missouri and Wisconsin. 


2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. (NMéuos, a grove, and gidéw, I love.) —N. Amer- 
ican annuals, in California chiefly winter-annuals, diffuse, more or Jess hirsute, of 
tender texture; with opposite or alternate and usually pinnatifid leaves, one- 
flowered terminal or lateral peduncles, in one or two species inclined to be race- 
mose, and white, blue, or violet corolla, which in one species only is shorter than 
the calyx. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 11.179; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61; 
Gray, l.c. 314, & Bot. Calif. 1.503. (The larger-flowered species are common 
ornamental annuals in gardens.) 

* Ovules 8 to 24, maturing 5 to 15 seeds: leaves all or almost all opposite, surpassed by the slender 

peduncle. (All Californian. ) 

+— Seeds globular, smooth or minutely pruinose, with a very prominent papillwform caruncle. 

N. maculdta, Benth. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the upper- 
most somewhat cuneate and 3-lobed: corolla white, with a deep violet blotch at the apex 
of each of the broad lobes; its very broad scales partly free, hirsute-ciliate with long 
sparse bristles. — Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig.; Pl. Hartw. 326; Paxt. Mag. 
xvi. t. 6; FL. Serres, v. t. 431. — California, valley of the Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada. 
Corolla varying from 9 to 20 lines in diameter. 
+~ + Seeds oblong-oval, at maturity usually more or less tuberculate-corrugated or rugose: 

caruncle more deciduous. 

N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and often 2-3lobed 
divisions: corolla bright clear blue ; the scales within its base short and roundish, partly 
free, hirsute with short hairs. —Benth. l.c. 275, & Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 479; Bot. Reg. 


156 ITYDROPHYLLACES. Nemophila. 


t. 1718; Bot. Mag. t. 3485. WN. Menziesii, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 872.— Common 
nearly throughout California, flowering, like the other species, from early spring onward, 
Corolla from an inch or more down to little over half an inch in diameter. 

N. Menziésii, Hook. & Arn. Mostly smaller than the preceding: leaves pinnatifid 
into 8 to 9 lobes: rotate corolla from light blue to white, and commonly with dark dots or 
spots, especially towards the centre, or sometimes with a dark eye; the scales at its base 
narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate: appendages to the calyx 
usually small. — Bot. Beech. 152, & 372, first form; Gray, 1.c. NV. liniflora, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 8, a large blue-flowered form, the corolla an inch wide. N. pedun- 
culuta, Benth. 1.c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 142 (as to char. & pl. coll. Coulter), a small- 
flowered form. . atomaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Petrop. 1835, & Sert. Petrop. l.c.; Bot. 
Reg. t. 1940; Bot. Mag. t. 8774. N. discoidalis, Hortul.; Fl. Serres, ii. t. 75, a cult. form, 
with the dark spots confluent into a uniform dark brown-purple eye, or almost covering the 
corolla (Regel, Gartenfl. 1864, t. 442). Common in California, extending to Oregon. Co- 
rolla from half an inch to at most an inch in diameter ; the larger forms many-ovulate and 
much resembling JN. insignis ; the smaller passing towards N. parviflora, and sometimes only 
7-9-ovulate. 

%* %* Ovules only 4, i.e a pair to each placenta: leaves all or mainly alternate: flowers mostly 
large: internal scales of the corolla very broad and partly free, conniving or united in pairs at 
the base of the filaments: seeds globose, with inconspicuous caruncle or none: peduncles rarely 
exceeding the leaves, or the later ones forming as it were a naked few-flowered corymb or 
raceme. 

N. phacelioides, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute, a foot or two high: leaves all but the 
earliest alternate, with naked petioles, 5-9-parted ; the divisions oblong or oval, the larger 
ones 2-5-lobed: appendages of the calyx oblong or ovate, almost half the length of the 
lobes: corolla ample, blue; the appendages in throat hairy outside: seeds obscurely im- 
pressed-punctate. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 
v. 192; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61; Bot. Mag. t. 2373; Bot. Reg. t. 740; Brit. Fl. Gard. 
t. 82. MN. Nuttallii, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. i. t. 5. NV. hirsuta & N. pilosa, Buckley in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. — Low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla an inch or more in diameter, 
with white or pale centre. 

N. aurita, Lindl. Hirsute, and the weak stems usually retrorsely hispid, a foot or two 
long: leaves all with dilated clasping base or winged petiole; the lowest opposite, deeply 
pinnatifid; the 5 to 9 oblong or lanceolate divisions more or less retrorse: appendages of 
the calyx small: corolla violet, from two-thirds to nearly an inch in diameter ; its internal 
scales with erose and somewhat ciliate margins: seeds favose-reticulated. — Bot. Reg. t. 
1601; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 338. — California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego. 
Upper peduncles almost always bractless and at length racemose. 

N. racemésa, Nutt. More slender and weak than the preceding: leaves shorter and 
with fewer divisions and a naked petiole destitute of auricled base: flowers only half the 
size, the upper ones racemose. — Gray, Proc. ].c. & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— San Diego, Nuttall ; 
Island of Catalina, Dall and Baker. Leaves of ovate rather than linear outline. Corolla 
little longer than the calyx, only 4 or 5 lines wide. 
¥ * * Ovules only 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: lower leaves opposite, and the upper commonly 

alternate: flowers small or minute: corolla more campanulate; its internal scales delicate and 


nearly glabrous, or obsolete: seeds oval or globose, the earuncle at length evanescent: peduncles 
shorter than the leaves: plants small or slender, diffuse or prostrate, hirsute-pubescent. 


+— Corolla, as in all preceding species, longer than the calyx. 

N. parvifléra, Dougl. Leaves pinnately 3-9-parted or cleft, or below divided; the 
divisions obovate or oblong; the distinct lower ones either sessile or petiolulate, the upper 
confluent / appendages of the calyx rather conspicuous: corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to 
5 lines in diameter; its lobes considerably longer than the tube; its oblong append- 
ages manifest, wholly adherent by one edge: anthers oblong-sagittate: filaments filiform, 
inserted on the very base of the corolla. — Benth. l. c. 275; Gray, lc. M. parviflora & N. 
pedunculata, Hook. Fl. ii. 79. WN. heterophylla, Fisch. & Meyer, l.c.; a larger-flowered form. 
— Shady places, British Columbia to California ; common, and exceedingly variable in the 
foliage, size of corolla, &c. Seeds from one to four, smooth and even, with obscure im- 
pressed punctures or pits, or becoming rather deeply, pitted or scrobiculate. All but the 
upper leaves mostly opposite. i 


Eliisia. HY DROPHYLLACE. 157 


N. micrécalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, or the 
upper only 3-cleft; divisions obovate or cuneate, 2-3-lobed or incised, all approximate, 
commonly the whole leaf with a triangulate-reniform or cordate general outline; appen- 
dages of the calyx small and inconspicuous, in flower less evident than in fruit: corolla 
whitish or bluish, 1 to 2 lines long; its lobes shorter than the campanulate tube; the append- 
ages (always?) obsolete: filaments short, inserted rather high on the tube of the corolla: 
anthers oval.—Sert. Petrop. 1. c.; Gray, Man. 368. N. evanescens, Darby, 8S. Bot. N. 
parviflora, A. DC. 1. ¢.,as to Louisiana plant. Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
1. c.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i.172. FE. ranunculacea, Nutt. 1. ¢., ex char. — Moist woods, 
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Leaves prevailingly and often all but the lowest 
opposite. Seeds either globular or oval, when young minutely and sparsely pruinose with 
little papille, when old with impressed punctures. 

+— + Corolla decidedly shorter than the calyx. 

N. brevifléra, Gray. A span or more high, at length diffuse: leaves sometimes all 
alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted ; the divisions approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, 
(3 to 9 lines long): peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles; appendages of the calyx 
nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliate with long hirsute bristles: corolla 
whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-campanulate ; the lobes considerably shorter 
than the tube; internal appendages cuneate, the broad free summit fimbriate-incised: 
style minutely 2-cleft at apex: seed solitary, almost filling the cell, globose, nearly smooth 
and even; the caruncle evanescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 315. . parviflora, Watson, Bot. 
King, 249, excl. char. — Utah, in Parley’s Park, Watson. Interior of Oregon, Tolmie, 
W. C. Cusick. When full grown, the habit is somewhat that of Flerkea. Seed nearly 
2 lines in diameter. 


3. ELLISIA, L. (In honor of John Ellis, an English correspondent of John 
Bartram and of Linnzus, and who published the first account of Dionea, &e.) — 
North American annuals, with tender herbage, somewhat hirsute; the once to 
thrice pinnatifid leaves either all opposite or the upper alternate; peduncles soli- 
tary or racemose; corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the at length 
stellate calyx. 

§ 1. Everrisia, Gray. Ovules in the manner of the tribe all on the inner 
face of the placenta, a pair to each: seeds globose, uniform, alveolate-reticulated : 
leaves once pinnately parted. 


E. Nyctélea, L. <A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse: leaves on naked or 
barely margined petioles, the upper mostly alternate; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate, 
acute, mostly 1-3-toothed or lobed: peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 
or some of the later ones racemose and secund: calyx-lobes lanceolate or at length ovate- 
lanceolate, gradually acuminate, longer than the capsule: corolla cylindraceous-campanu- 
late, rather shorter than the calyx: seeds very minutely reticulated. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 
451, sect. 2, t. 28; Ehret in Act. Ups. i. 97, t. 5; Trew. Pl. Sel. t. 99.) Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 
1662. E. ambigua, Nutt. Gen. i. 118, merely a slender form. Polemonium Nyctelea, L. Spec. 
ed. 1, &.— Damp and shady places, New Jersey to Virginia and west to Saskatchewan 
and Missouri; flowering through spring and summer. 

E. membranacea, Benth. Weak, a foot or two long, sparsely beset with short hirsute 
or hispid hairs or bristles, otherwise glabrous: leaves mostly opposite, on narrowly winged 
or margined petioles; the divisions 3 to 9, linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes with a lobe: 
flowers chiefly bractless and becoming racemose on a terminal peduncle: calyx-lobes oblong 
or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, not 
exceeding the capsule: seeds rather coarsely reticulated. — Benth. 1. c. 274; A. DC. l.c.; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 505. — California, from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Flow- 
ers very much smaller than in the preceding: corolla 4 lines in diameter, one lobe outside 
in estivation. Ovary beset with a few subulate bristles. 


§ 2. Eucrypra, Gray, ].c. Ovules a pair on the back as well as on the face 
of each placenta; the seeds of the two dissimilar, oval; the outer ones (usually 


‘ 


158 HYDROPHYLLACEA. Ellisia, 


solitary) flattened and hidden betwe2n its placenta and the valve: leaves twice or 
even thrice pinnately parted. — Huerypta, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 159. 


BH. chrysanthemifdlia, Benth. |. c. A foot or two high, erect, paniculately branched, 
more or less hirsute and scabrous: leayes opposite or the uppermost alternate, on short 
petioles auriculate-dilated at base, finely twice or thrice (or the uppermost once) parted or 
cleft into small and short lobes: flowers loosely racemose, the short filiform pedicels bract- 
less: calyx-lobes ovate or broadly oval, about equalling the small striate-nerved capsule, 
shorter than the open-campanulate corolla: seeds oval; the ordinary ones (2 to 4 maturing) 
rugose-tuberculate, tercte, discharged upon dehiscence ; a posterior one (or sometimes a pair) 
enclosed between each valve and the placenta which lines it, meniscoid, smooth, usually 
rather larger than the others. — Eucrypta paniculata & E. foliosa, Nutt. 1.c. Phacelia micran- 
tha, var. bipinnatifidu, Torr. in Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21.— California, from Contra 
Costa Co. to San Diego and to the borders of Arizona. Corolla and fruiting calyx about 
8 lines in diameter, sometimes smaller. (Islands of Lower Calif.) 


4, DRAPERIA, Torr. (Dedicated to Professor John William Draper of 
New York, chemist and historian.) — A single species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 401, x. 816, & Bot. Calif. i. 505. 

D. systyla, Torr. l.c. Low and diffuse or decumbent perennial herb, branching from 
slightly lignescent base, silky-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy : leaves all opposite, ovate, 
cntire, pinnately veined, slender-petioled: flowers crowded in a pedunculate terminal once 
or twice 2-3-fid cyme; the unilateral spikes or racemes of which slightly elongate in 
age: sepals narrow-linear: corolla light purplish, 4 or 5 lines long: capsule thin; the oval 
placental portion usually separating from the dissepiment in dehiscence: seeds oval and 
angled; the coat very minutely or obscurely reticulated. — Nama systyla, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 37.— California, ravines and shaded hillsides, along the Sierra Nevada ; first col- 
lected by Lobb. 


5. PHACELIA, Juss. (From qgézedog, a cluster or fascicle, alluding to the 
crowded flowers of the original species.) — Annual or some few perennial herbs 
(all American, chiefly N. American) ; with alternate simple or compound leaves, 
and more or less scorpioid cymes or so-called racemes or spikes. Corolla deciduous 
(as generally in the order), at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule (ex- 
cept in P. sertcea /), blue, purple or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain 
species; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within; these when 
present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections (borne 
on a lateral vein), in pairs, either adnate to or free from and alternate with the 
base of the slender filaments. Calyx-lobes commonly narrow, often wider up- 
wards, more or less enlarging in fruit. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. — Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, p. 369, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 316. Phacelia, Cosmanthus (Nolte), 
Eutoca (R. Br.), & Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292, 297, 


§ 1. Eupnactria, Gray. Ovules 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: seeds as 
many or by abortion fewer, vertical ; the testa areolate-reticulate or favose : lobes 
of the campanulate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 lami- 
nate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. — Phacelia, Juss., A.DC. 

% Lower leaves and all the branches opposite: no hispid or hirsute pubescence: spikes or branches 
of the cyme hardly at all scorpioid: pedicels much shorter than the calyx. (An anomalous 
species. ) 

P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, a span high, brachiately branched, glabrous and glau- 
cous below, above glandular-pubescent: leaves narrowly-lanceolate, entire, tapering at 
base, obscurely petioled ; only the uppermost alternate, equalling or surpassing the rather 
loose spikes or branches of the cyme: sepals spatulate-linear, a little shorter than the 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEA. 159 


narrow-campanulate blue corolla, exceeding the globular sparsely hirsute-pubescent cap- 
sule: stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included: appendages at base of fila- 
ment short: seeds alveolate-reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 317, & Bot. Calif. i. 506. 
Nama racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. v. 51.— California, in the Sierra Nevada from 
Calaveras to Nevada Co., at Cisco, Summit Station, &c., Bolander, Kellogg. Corolla and 
capsule a line long. 
% = Leaves (as in the rest of the genus) all alternate: pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute: 
spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense: pedicels short or hardly any (except in P. 


pedicellata) : appendages of the corolla broad and salient, usually more or less united at the base 
of the filament. 


+— Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-parted or divided; the segments 
or leaflets entire: capsule ovate, acute: seeds densely alveolate-punctate, upper end acutish. 

P. circindta, Jacq. f. Hispid and the foliage strigose, and cither green or canescent, a 
span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial root: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, 
acute, pinnately and obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and com- 
monly some of them with one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets: inflorescence hispid ; 
the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer 
than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes: filaments much exserted, sparingly 
bearded. — Eclog. 135, t. 91; Benth. 1. c.; A. DC. Prodr. 1. c., where see the older synonymy. 
(Aldea circinata, Willd. Enum.) P. heterophylla, Pursh, Fl. i.140. P. Californica, Cham. in 
Linn. iv. 495. P. hastata, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. leucophylla, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 93. 
P. canescens, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 159, a dwarf very canescent state. — Dry ground, Dakota to 
British Columbia, New Mexico, and California. (S. to the Straits of Magellan.) Very 
variable: dwarf forms sometimes with a naked scape-like stem. 

Var. calycésa, Gray, l.c. Divisions of the calyx more foliaceous and ample, and 
in fruit with narrowed base, oblong to obovate-spatulate, reticulated. — California ; not rare 
in the western part of the State, under otherwise varying forms. 

P. Bréweri, Gray, l.c. Resembling the preceding but smaller and slender, from an 
annual root: corolla blue or violet, more broadly campanulate, nearly twice the length of 
the linear ealyx-lobes : filaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. — Monte Diablo, 
California, on dry and soft sandstone, Brewer. Leaves seldom an inch long, exclusive of 
the petiole of the lowermost; many of them 3-5-parted; the lanceolate lobes ascending. 
Corolla barely 3 lines long. 

P, humilis, Torr. & Gray. Annual, diffusely branched from the base, a span high, 
pubescent, or the inflorescence often hirsute: leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 
rather obtuse ; the lower rarely with one or two lateral ascending lobes, the veins branch- 
ing: spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender: pedicels either all very 
short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as the calyx: corolla indigo-blue, rather 
deeply lobed, surpassing the usually linear calyx-lobes: filaments moderately exserted, 
glabrous or sparingly bearded above. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 7; Watson, Bot. King, 250. 
— Sierra Nevada, California, from Siskiyou to Mariposa Co., and E. Nevada. Leaves an 
inch or two in length. Corolla 2 or 3 lines long. 

Var. calycésa, Gray. A strict and slender form: corolla apparently pale: calyx- 
lobes larger and spatulate, as in the similar variety of P. circinata.— Proc. Am. Acad. & 
Bot. Calif. i. 507.—E. side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake, Bolander. 

- sie simple, all petioled, rounded-cordate, somewhat palmately lobed or incised, the lobes 
serrate, 

P. malvefélia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, from an annual ? root, hispid with spread- 
ing or reflexed stinging bristles, and the foliage more or less pubescent: leaves (1 to 38 
inches in diameter) green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5—9-lobed, acutely 
toothed: somewhat palmately ribbed at base: spikes solitary or geminate: corolla (3 or 4 
lines long) white, longer than the unequal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes: stamens ex- 
serted: seeds alveolate-scabrous. — Linn. iv. 494; Gray, 1. c.— California, Bay of San 
Francisco, Chamisso, Kellogg, G. R. Vasey. 


+— +. + Leaves oblong or narrower in outline, pinnately toothed, lobed, or compound, and the 
lobes or divisions toothed or incised: capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse: seeds with excavated 
ventral face divided by a salient ridge: annuals, or rarely biennials (or one perennial ?), mostly 
with cymosely or umbellately or thyrsoid congested spikes. 


++ Calyx, &., not setose-hispid: stamens and style more or less exserted. 


160 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia, 


== Pedicels short, when any, and erect in the fruiting spike: divisions of the calyx entire, little 
exceeding the capsule: seeds minutely reticulated. 

P. integrifélia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very 
leafy: leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a com- 
monly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly crenate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes 
crowded, at first thyrsoid: corolla narrow-campanulate, whitish or bluish: stamens and 
style long-exserted ; the latter cleft to the middle: capsule short-ovoid.— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
ii. 222, t. 3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Watson, 1. c.—Gypseous soil, Colorado and N. W. 
Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. Palmeri, Gray, 1.c. A strict form, apparently from a biennial root, more hir- 
sute and viscid: leaves more acutely sinuate-toothed: inflorescence thyrsoid-contracted. — 
S. Utah, Palmer, Siler, and intermediate forms by Parry and Ward. 


P. crenuldta, Torr. A span or two high, often branched from the base and somewhat 
spreading, viscid-pubescent or hirsute: leaves mainly petioled, spatulate-obong, crenately 
toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes lyrate and the lowest divisions distinct or nearly so; the 
lobes crenulate-toothed: spikes soon open and spreading: corolla rotate-campanulate, 
bright violet or paler; the internal appendages very broad: stamens moderately exserted: 
style cleft far beyond the middle: capsule globular. Watson, Bot. King, 251; Gray, l.c. 
—Rocky slopes, New Mexico to Arizona and N. W. Nevada. Flowers commonly deep- 
colored, half-inch in diameter, and showy, sometimes considerably smaller and paler. 

P. glandulésa, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to 
a foot or more high: leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice pinnatifid, or below divided; 
the numerous lobes small, oblong, somewhat incised, obtuse: calyx-lobes oblong or spatu- 
late: corolla (2 lines long) bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube: 
stamens and 2-cleft style moderately or conspicuously exserted: seeds with the minute 
reticulations even. — Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 160 (very pubescent and viscid form); Gray, l.c. 
P. Popei, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10 (less pubescent form, with corolla lobes 
quite entire). Lutoca glandulosa, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 293.— Gravelly soil, N. W. 
Texas and Colorado to Arizona. (Mex.) 

Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicu- 
ously erose-denticulate. — P. Neo-Mezxicana, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143.— Colorado 
and New Mexico. 

P. congésta, Hook. Pubescent and commonly cinereous, hardly in the least viscid or 
glandular, a foot or more high: leaves pinnately 3-7-divided or parted, and with a few 
interposed small lobes; the main divisions oblong or oval, incisely pinnatifid or irregularly 
lobed; the lower ones mostly petiolulate and the upper confluent: calyx-lobes linear or 
somewhat spatulate: corolla blue (3 lines long); the lobes as long as the tube: stamens 
more or less exserted: seeds reticulate-scabrous, the fine sharp meshes being as it were 
toothed at the junctions. — Bot. Mag. t. 3452; A: DC. Lc. 249. P. conferta, Don. P. tana- 
cetifolia, A. DC. 1. c., as to pl. Tex. Berland.— Margin of thickets, &c., throughout Texas. 
Not rarely cultivated. 
== = Pedicels slender and horizontal, or divisions of calyx 3-5-lobed, much longer than the cap- 

sule, villous. Extra-limital species, of Lower California. 

P. pedicellata. A foot or less high, villous or soft-hirsute and glandular: root annual: 
leaves pinnately 38-5-divided ; the divisions oval or oblong, incised and numerously toothed ; 
the lower nearly sessile, the uppermost. confluent or larger and 3-cleft: flowers much 
crowded in short panicled or cymose-clustered racemes, small: pedicels filiform, about the 
length of the flower, somewhat deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes linear or in age oblanceolate, 
entire, villous (as also the pedicel), hardly twice the length of the globular capsule: corolla 
apparently white (little over 2 lines long), moderately surpassed by the stamens and 
2-cleft style; the internal appendages short and rounded: seeds rugose-reticulated and 
somewhat tuberculate at maturity. — Lower California, Dr. Thomas H. Streets. 

P. phyllomanica, Gray. A foot or two high from a rigid (and possibly perennial) 
base, very leafy, canescent with soft-tomentose and some longer villous pubescence, not 
glandular: leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or below divided; the 
divisions 9 to 18 pairs, linear-oblong, pinnatifid; the short lobes 1-2-toothed or entire: con- 
densed spikes thyrsoid-crowded : flowers nearly sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, all or 2 or 3 
of them pinnately 3-5-parted: corolla violet, a little longer than the calyx; the expanded 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE. 161 


limb 3 lines in diameter: stamens and style slightly exserted: fruit not seen. — Proc. Am. 

Acad. xi. 87. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond our limits), Palmer. 

Var. interrupta, Gray, 1. ¢. Lower, and with pubescence more villous or hirsute : 
leaves with fewer and sparser divisions (the larger crenately pinnatifid) and some very 
small interposed lobes. —With the other form. 

++ ++ Calyx more or less -hispid, i i ; 

divisions ae but often rica woke tne ge Se ed eee 

(Species ee together or difficult to discriminate: leaves mostly tad-piumately divided and 

incised: corolla light violet or bluish, varying to white.) 

P. tanacetifélia, Benth. Erect annual, roughish-hirsute or hispid, not glandular, or 
above slightly so, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves pinnately 9-17-divided into linear or oblong- 
linear once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so; the lobes 
mostly linear-oblong: spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated: very short fruiting 
pedicels ascending or erect: calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of 
the ellipsoidal capsule: stamens and style conspicuously exserted : seeds with very narrow 
pits bounded by thick walls. — Bot. Reg. t. 1696; Bot. Mag. t. 3703; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. 
t. 8360. — California, very common, at least near the coast. Variable in foliage: the var. 
tenuifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound., is a common form, with fine Tansy-like foliage. 
Common garden annual. 

P. ramosissima, Dougl. About 2 feet high, decumbent or ascending from a perennial 
root (according to E. L. Greene); the branches divergent, pubescent and more or less 
viscid or glandular, or above hispid: leaves 5-9-divided or parted into oblong or narrower 
pinnatifid-incised divisions: spikes glomerate, short and dense, little elongated in age: 
flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending on the rhachis: stamens and style usually mode- 
rately exserted: appendages to the corolla with a merely acute free apex: calyx-lobes 
from linear-spatulate to obovate, twice or thrice the length of the ovate or short-ovoid 
capsule: seeds oblong. — Benth. in Linn. Trans. ].c. 280; Hook. FI. ii. 80 (but ovary not 
glabrous in original specimens) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 319, & Bot. Calif. i. 508, excl. 
var. P. tanacetifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. —Washington Territory and Oregon 
(through the dry interior) to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. In some forms very 
near the foregoing. 

P. hispida. A foot or less high from an annual root, diffusely branching, hardly viscid, 
setose-hispid with long and slender white bristles: leaves with fewer and coarser divisions 
than the preceding, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised: spikes soon loose 
and loosely paniculate, 2 or 3 inches long in fruit: flowers nearly all on short but manifest 
and slender horizontal pedicels: stamens and style equalling or barely surpassing the 
corolla: calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuated base, nearly equalling the corolla, in 
fruit 4 to 6 lines long and about 4 times the length of the globose capsule: seeds short- 
oval. —P. ramosissima, var. hispida, Gray, 1.c.— Western part of California, from Santa 
Barbara to San Diego, Nuttall, Wallace, Torrey, Cleveland. Bristles resembling those of 
Borage. 

P. ciliata, Benth. Erect or ascending, a span to a foot or more high from an annual 
root, more or less pubescent or sparingly hirsute above: stems scabrous: leaves pinnately 
parted, or the lower divided and the upper merely cleft; the divisions or lobes oblong, 
pinnatifid-incised: spikes rather short and in fruit rather loose: pedicels short or hardly 
any, ascending: stamens and the 2-parted style shorter than or not surpassing the 
corolla: appendages of the latter with pointed tips: calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate, 
more or less shorter than the white or bluish corolla, accrescent and becoming venose- 
reticulated in age, then sparsely ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4 or 5 lines long, only 
twice the length of the ovate mucronate capsule: seeds oval, favose.— Linn. Trans. ]. c. ; 
Gray, 1. c. — California, from the Sacramento and the vicinity of San Francisco to Monte- 
rey, apparently in shaded moist soil. 

* * * Flowers in loose and only slightly scorpioid racemes; the pedicels equalling or surpassing 
the flowers: appendages of the very open corolla long and rather narrow, villous on the edge, 
approximate between the stamens, from which they are remote: seeds with a rather fleshy 
obscurely areolate testa. 

P. bipinnatifida, Michx. A foot or more high from a slender biennial root, erect, 
paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent and above mostly viscid and glandular: leaves 
slender-petioled, green and thin, pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate, 

11 


162 HY DROPHYLLACE. Phacelia. 


acute, coarsely and irregularly incised or pinnatifid; the lower short-petiolulate and the 
uppermost confluent: racemes loose, 7-20-flowered : pedicels spreading or in fruit recurved: 
calyx-lobes linear, loose, longer than the globular capsule: corolla rotate-campanulate, 
violet-blue, over half an inch in diameter, with rather short rounded lobes and very con- 
spicuous internal appendages: stamens (bearded) and style usually more or less exserted. 
— FI. i184, t. 16; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 869. — Shaded banks of streams, Ohio and Llinois to 
Alabama: flowering in June. 

Var. brevistylis, Gray. A remarkable form, with corolla about one half smaller: 
style and especially the stamens not exserted. — P. brevistylis, Buckley, in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xlv. (1843) 172. — Alabama, Buckley, Nevius, &c. 


§ 2. Cosm4ntuus, Gray. Ovules and seeds of Huphacelia: corolla destitute 
of internal appendages, almost rotate; its lobes fimbriate: filaments (villous- 
bearded) rarely longer than the corolla: ovary villous-hispid at the summit, 
otherwise glabrous: low annuals, with loosely racemose flowers in the manner of 
the last preceding species and of earliest of the next section. — Man. Bot. ed. 2, 
328, & 5,369. Cosmanthus, Nolte. Cosmanthus § Hucosmanthus, A.DC. in part. 


P. Purshii, Buckley. A span to a foot high, diffusely branched from the base, sparsely 
hirsute: cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-parted, the upper closely sessile; lobes oblong or 
lanceolate, acute: racemes rather many-flowered, sometimes forking: calyx-lobes linear: 
corolla light blue varying to white (half inch in diameter). — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xlv. 172; Gray, Man. le. P. fimbriata, Pursh, &e. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, A.DC. 
Prodr. ix. 297. — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, North 
Carolina and Alabama. — Pedicels filiform, 6 to 10 lines long. Perhaps only a variety of 
the next. Seeds as in the preceding. 

P. fimbridta, Michx. Weak and diffuse, a span high, less hirsute: cauline 3-7-cleft or 
lobed or the lower lyrately divided; the lobes obtuse or roundish: racemes few-flowered : 
pedicels filiform: calyx-lobes linear-oblong or spatulate: corolla white (only 3 or 4 lines 
broad), rather shorter than the stamens. — Fl. i. 134; Gray, Man. 1.c. In woods of the 
higher Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama; flowering early. 

Var.? Boykini, Gray. More robust, evidently growing in more exposed soil: 
racemes rather many-flowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer 
than the calyx: corolla far less fimbriate, bluish. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 820. — Upper part 
of Georgia, Boykin. Perhaps a distinct species, more likely a state of P. fimbriata, growing 
in a lower and warmer region. 


§ 8. CosmantHoiprs, Gray. Ovules and seeds 3 to 8 (rarely only a pair) on 
each placenta, the latter with reticulated testa: appendages of the rotately or 
open-campanulate corolla wanting, or very inconspicuous and remote from the 
stamens: capsule globular and pointless: low annuals of the Atlantic United 
States, early-flowering, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, with mostly piunatifid leaves, 
the upper closely sessile, simply racemose flowers, and somewhat villous-bearded 
filaments about the length of the blue or white corolla. 

* Ovules 2 to 4 on each (at length deciduous) placenta: globose capsule thin-walled: slender and 
smoothish little annuals, with the aspect of Cosmunthus, but lobes of the corolla entire, its base 
with no appendages or only obscure vestiges. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. 

P. glabra, Nutt. Slender, 3 to 8 inches’ high, glabrous except a few hirsute short hairs 
chiefly on the margins of the leaves and calyx: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter: calyx- 
lobes in fruit little longer than the capsule, mostly oblong or oval: otherwise as in P. par- 
viflora. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. u. ser. v. 192; Gray, 1. c.— Low prairies, Arkansas and 
Eastern Texas. Very like slender and smoother forms of the next, into which it probably 
passes. Ovules 4 in some flowers, 5 to 7 or 8 in others. 

P. parvifi6ra, Pursh. A span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate, branched 
from the base: radical and lowest cauline leaves lyrately pinnate, with 3 to 5 roundish 
leaflets or divisions, or sometimes simple and entire; the upper mostly sessile and 3-9- 
parted or cleft into oblong or linear-lanceolate lobes : racemes loose, several-many-flowered ; 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE. 163 


the spreading filiform pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx: corolla light blue or nearly 
white, 4 to 6 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, in fruit nearly twice the 
length of the capsule (this only a line and a half long). —Fl. i. 140; Gray, Man. Lc. 
(Pluk. t. 245, fig. 5.) Polemonium dubium, L. Eutoca parciflora, R. Br. in Richards. App. 
Frankl, Journ. 36; Benth. l.c. Cosmanthus parviflorus, ADC. 1.c. Phacelia pusilla, Buck- 
ley, l.c., ex char. — Shaded places, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Carolina, Missouri, and Texas: 
the south-western and also Virginian forms passing into 

Var. hirstita, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing 
in more open or dry soil: corolla larger, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. L c. 
P. hirsuta, Nutt. 1. c. 191. — Prairies and barrens, south-western part of Missouri to castern 
Texas. Also similar forms from Giles Co., Virginia, and Stone Mountain, Georgia, 
Canby. Well developed capsule 2 lines long. Ovules only 4 in some flowers, 8 in others. 
* * Ovules (and commonly the seeds) about 8 on each placenta: plants stouter, with less divided 

leaves: vestiges of appendages to the corolla sometimes manifest, in the form of very narrow 

lamelle approximate in pairs between the stamens. 

P. patulifiédra, Gray. Rather softly cinereous-hirsute or pubescent, and the inflorescence 
somewhat glandular, branched from the base, a span to a foot high, erect or diffuse : leaves 
obovate or oblong (an inch or two long); the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly 
only pinnatifid-incised, sessile: racemes lax, at length elongated: pedicels spreading or 
nodding, especially in fruit, 4 to 7 lines or more long: corolla deep blue with yellow base, 
from half to three quarters inch in diameter ; the lobes somewhat erose-denticulate : caly x- 
lobes lax or spreading, linear or somewhat lanceolate, occasionally becoming spatulate or 
obovate, sometimes twice the length of the rather thin-walled capsule.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 821. Lutoca patuliflora, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 45. Phacelia hispida, Buckley in 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 463.— Low prairies and thickets, Texas along and near the 
coast, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, Buckley, &c. Capsule 24 lines long: placente at 
length deciduous: seeds apparently as in the next. 

P, strictifl6ra, Gray, l.c. Shorter and stouter than the preceding, more cinereous-hir- 
sute: leaves rather more pinnatifid (an inch or so long): racemes in fruit strict and mostly 
dense, with pedicels erect and not longer than the capsule: corolla similar or rather larger: 
calyx-lobes usually becoming spatulate: capsule firm-coriaceous (3 lines long): seeds 
round-oval, minutely alveolate-reticulated and coarsely more or less tuberculate-rugose ! — 
Eutoca strictiflora, Engelm. & Gray, l. c.—Sand-hills, San Felipe and Austin, Texas, Drum- 
mond, Lindheimer, E. Hall. Also Mississippi, Spillman. Perhaps a variety of the last, 
growing in more exposed soil. Capsule of firmer texture; the placente inclined to be 
adnate. In the seeds alone there is some approach to the character of the Microgenetes 
section. 


§ 4. Gymnosytuus, Gray. Ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated 
placente, descending or nearly horizontal; the testa favose-pitted: appendages of 
the rotate-campanulate corolla wholly absent: capsule ovate and pointed: style 
2-parted: very glandular and viscid Californian annuals, with ovate dentate leaves, 
simple or sometimes geminate loose racemes, and very slender filaments (usually 
a little bearded at base) about the length of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 821. Cosmanthus § Gymnobythus, A.DC. 


P. viscida, Torr. A foot or two high, branching, hirsute at base, very glandular above : 
leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate (an inch or 
two long): corolla deep blue with purple or whitish centre, from half to nearly an inch in 
diameter. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, l.c. & Bot. Calif. i513. Eutoca viscida, Benth. 
in Bot. Reg. t. 1808; Bot. Mag. t.3572. Cosmanthus viscidus, A.DC. 1. v. 296. — Open soil, 
along the coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward. Calyx-lobes linear or be- 
coming obscurely spatulate, about the length of the abruptly cuspidate-pointed capsule ; 
the firm placente of which persist on the valves. 

Var. albifiéra, Gray, 1. ¢., differs only in its white corolla. — Hutoca albiflora, Nutt. 
Pl. Gamb. 158. — Same range. 

P. grandifiéra, Gray, 1c. Very like the preceding, or disposed to be more hispid and 

robust: corolla purplish or white, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. — Eutoca 


164 HYDROPHYLLACE. Phacelia. 


grandiflora, Benth. in Linn. Trans. l.c. 278. E. speciosa, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 1. c. Cosmanthus 
grandiflorus, A.DC. 1.c.— California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward, Douglas, Nuttall, 
Peckham, &c. Capsule 4 lines long, the cuspidate persistent and indurated base of the 
style a line in length. 


§ 5. WuitLAvia, Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous or rather few; the testa 
favose-pitted: appendages of the corolla reduced to 5 small truncate or emar- 
ginate scales, one adnate to the inner base of each capillary somewhat exserted 
filament: style 2-cleft above the middle: Californian annuals, with inflorescence 
and habit of the preceding section, but less glandular, and with longer petioles and 
pedicels, and looser racemes, the flowers showy. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 821. 


* Corolla large (purple or blue, varying to white in cultivation), with tube longer than the rounded 
lobes and much longer than the linear calyx-lobes: placentee and seeds of preceding section. — 
Whitlavia, Harvey. 

P. Whitlavia, Gray, l.c. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular: 
leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed: corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube usually 
an inch long, thrice the length of the lobes: appendages to the filaments hairy. — Whitlavia 
grandiflora (and W. minor), Harvey in Lond. Jour Bot. v. 312, t.11,12; Bot. Mag. t. 4813. 
—S. California, Coulter, &c. Cultivated as an ornamental annual. 

P. campanularia. Lower: leaves subcordate, less deeply dentate: tube of the truly 
campanulate corolla half inch long, expanded at throat, barely twice the length of the 
lobes: appendages to the filaments glabrous and smaller; otherwise much resembles the 
preceding, and almost as showy. —S. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry and Lemmon. 
San Diego Co., Cleveland. 


* Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply-lobed, hardly twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes: 
racemes very loose: pedicels filiform, widely spreading: herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and 
glandular. 


P. Parryi, Torr. A span or two high, rather slender: leaves ovate, irregularly and in- 
cisely doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest sometimes pinnately parted; the upper 
cauline longer than their petioles : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet, two-thirds 
inch in diameter: filaments bearded: ovules on each placenta 20 or 30 and seeds 15 to 20. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, 1. c.— California, near Los Angeles and San Diego, Parry, 
Cooper, Davidson, &c. 

P. léngipes, Torr. Slender, loosely branched: cauline leaves roundish-oval or subcor- 
date, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about half inch long, all shorter than the petioles: 
corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft barely to the middle; ovules on 
each placenta 8 or 10, and the seeds fewer — Gray, 1. v.— Santa Barbara Co., California, 
Torrey. 


§ 6. Ettoca, Gray. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous 
on each placenta; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but not trans- 
versely rugose: appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of 
10 vertical salient lamella: capsule ovate or oblong. (Chiefly occidental, one or 
two boreal ; habit very various, several distinguished from analogous Luphacelia, 
&c., only by the ovules and seeds.) — Man. ed. 2, 829, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322. 
Eutoca, R. Br., excl. spec. Hutoca § Ortheutoca, A.DC. 

* Perennials, or annuals, with conspicuously (in P. Bolanderi and P. Mohavensis more slightly) 

exserted stamens and dense scorpioid inflorescence: appendages of the open-campanulate corolla 


conspicuous and usually broad, more or less oblique, at base united in pairs with or across the 
base of the filament, forming a kind of sac behind it. 


-+— Root annual: spikes solitary terminating the branches, or geminate: ovules only 4 to 9 on each 
placenta: anthers oval. 


++ Low, a span or more high, diffusely branched, merely hirsute and with finer somewhat viscid 
pubescence: leaves from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely 1-2-toothed or incised, 
tapering at base into a short petiole: appendages to the corolla elongated-oblong and adnate up 

to the truncate summit: capsule ovate, acute. 
P. Mohavénsis. Barely a span high: leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-oblong 
(about aninch long): racemes at length an inch or two long and strict : short pedicels erect : 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE. 165 


calyx-lobes spatulate-linear: glabrous filaments and 2-parted style (3 or 4 lines long) 

slightly surpassing the purple corolla: ovules only 4 or 5 to each placenta. — South-eastern 

California, on the Mohave River, May, 1876, Palmer. Habit somewhat of P. Menziesii, 

but lower, more diffuse, less hispid, and with different appendages to the corolla, this fully 

4 lines long. 

Var. exilis, a slender form, more erect: leaves and calyx-lobes all linear and slightly 
broader upward: corolla only 3 lines long: seeds as in the next species. — Bear Valley on 
the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parry & Lemmon. 

P. grisea, Gray. A span or two high, more cinereous with a sparse hirsute and a close 
finer pubescence, rather stout: leaves ovate or oblong: spikes more densely hirsute or 
even hispid, at length 4 to 6 inches long, densely flowered: calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate, 
little exceeding the capsule: corolla nearly white: filaments and 2-clett style conspicuously 
exserted; the former minutely and sparsely retrorsely papillose or hirsute: ovules 5 or 6 
to each placenta: seeds coarsely alveolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. — W. California, on 
Pine Mountain, back of San Simeon Bay, Palmer, 1876. 
++ ++ Taller, setose-hispid: leaves pinnatifid and incised, petioled: appendages to the corolla 

large, free and pointed at apex. 

P. loaszefolia, Torr. A foot high, somewhat viscid-pubescent as well as hispid with long 
and stiff spreading bristles: leaves ovate or oblong, rarely subcordate, more or less pin- 
natifid, and the lobes acutely toothed or incised: spikes geminate: corolla short-campanu- 
late (3 lines long), little exceeding the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes ; its internal appendages 
transverse and auriculate-incurved, with the free apex acuminate or cuspidate: naked fila- 
ments and 2-parted style conspicuously exserted: ovules 6 to 9 on each placenta: seeds 
angled, alveolate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 509. Eutoca loasefoliu, Benth. 1. c. — California, near Monterey, Douglas, Parry. Little 
known, in aspect between P. malvefolia and P. ramosissima. 

+ + Root probably perennial: scorpioid inflorescence at length open and geminate-racemose: 
ovules and seeds about 50 on each dilated placenta: stamens hardly surpassing the very open 
corolla: leaves conspicuously petioled, incised. 

P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especially 
above: stem stout, erect, a foot or two high, freely branching: radical and lower cauline 
leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divi- 
sions ; the terminal division and the short petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches 
long), coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base: corolla nearly rotate when 
expanded and almost an inch in diameter, white; its appendages semi-obovate, almost as 
broad as long, distinctly connected at base in front of the adnate and sparingly bearded 
filaments: anthers oblong: style cleft nearly to the middle: capsule broadly ovate, acute, 
shorter than the lanceolate or at length spatulate lobes of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 22, & Bot. Calif. 1.509. — Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Mendocino Co., Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. Lowest leaves 4 inches long, exclusive of the petiole. Cymes once to 
thrice forked; the short racemes at length open: pedicels 1 or 2 or sometimes the lower 
3 lines long. Calyx 8 or at length 4 lines long, decidedly shorter than the ample corolla. 
+ + + Root perennial: spikes of the congested cyme once to thrice geminate or crowded at 

the summit of a terminal peduncle, short and densely-flowered: ovules and seeds rather few: 

appendages of the corolla very broad and obtuse: stamens and style conspicuously exserted : 
anthers linear or oblong: leaves all petioled, incisely lobed. 

P. hydrophylloides, Torr. A span or two high from slender subterranean shoots 
proceeding from a thickened stock or root, canescently pubescent, and above hirsute or 
hispid as well as glandular: leaves silky-pubescent both sides, slender-petioled, ovate or 
rhomboidal, an inch or two long, obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or sometimes the 
lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly detached small basal lobes or divisions: short 
spikes or racemes of the glomerate cyme not elongating: corolla violet-blue or whitish ; 
its appendages semi-oval, united at base with that of the naked filament: anthers short- 
linear: style almost 2-parted: capsule about the length of the calyx, abruptly mucronate- 
pointed: seeds 6 to 8, angled. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, x. 325, & Bot. Calif. Le.— 
Dry sandy or gravelly soil in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-9,000 feet, from Mariposa 
to Sierra Co., Brewer, Bolander, Lemmon, &c.. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long: the appendages as 
in the following species, but hardly connected in front of the base of the filament. 


166 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia. 


P. précera, Gray. Erect, 3 to 7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent ; the summit of the 
simple stem glandular, but even the calyx not hispid: leaves green and membranaceous, 
2 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-pinnatifid or cleft ; 
the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute: spikes of the glomerate or bifid cyme somewhat length- 
ened with age: corolla white or bluish; the semi-obcordate oblique appendages united over 
the base of the sparsely bearded filament : anthers oblong: style 2-cleft above the middle: 
capsule globular-ovate, hardly mucronate: seeds 10-18, wing-angled. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 323, & Bot. Calif. i. 509.—In mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, California, 
Nevada to Siskiyou Co., Bolunder, Lemmon, Greene. Flowers at length very short pedicelled: 
corolla cleft to the middle. 

% %* Perennial, with long exserted stamens and spiciform-thyrsoid inflorescence: appendages of 
the campanulate marcescent-persistent corolla conspicuous, oblong, vertical, wholly free from the 
filament: ovules moderately numerous. 

P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or 
canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the 
top: leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few- 
cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-canescent or sometimes greenish ; the lower petioled; 
the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile: short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like 
thyrsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the middle: anthers 
short-oval: style 2-cleft at the apex: capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than 
the calyx and marcescent-persistent corolla, 12-18-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, terete, acutish, 
longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate, reticulated. — Am. Jour. Sci: ser. 2, 
(1862) xxxiv. 254, & Proc. l.c.; Watson, Bot. King, 252. Eutoca sericea, Graham ; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 3003; & FI. ii. 79. E. pusilla, Lehm. Pugill. — Higher mountains of Colorado 
and Nevada, and north to British Columbia and the arctic region. Corolla 3,and stamens 
and style 7 to 10 lines long. Shallow alveolations of the seed in vertical rows. 

Var. Lyallii, Gray. Low, less silky: leaves green and sparsely hirsute-pubescent, 
more simply pinnatifid; the lobes short and broad : inflorescence thyrsoid-capitate. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 823.— Rocky Mountains in lat. 49°, at 6-7,000 feet, Lyall, &. 

* * * Annuals, with stamens about the length of the rotate-campanulate corolla, and the densely- 
flowered spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-cymose or paniculate: appendages of the corolla 
long and narrow, free at apex, and at base free from the (glabrous or slightly hairy) filaments: 
anthers short: calyx-lobes linear: style 2-cleft at apex: capsule, ovate, acuminate or acute. 

P. Franklinii, Gray. A span toa foot or more high, soft-hirsute or pubescent: stem 
erect, simple or corymbose at summit: lower leaves petioled and pinnately or somewhat 
bipinnately divided or parted into numerous and short linear-oblong divisions or lobes, the 
upper sessile and less divided : spikes cymose-glomerate or crowded, little elongated in age: 
corolla pale blue or almost white: ovules 40 or more: capsule about the length of the 
calyx: seeds oval, minutely alveolate in vertical lines (nearly as in P. sericea, but the lines 
less conspicuous). — Man. ed. 2, 329, & ed. 3,370. Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br. 1. c. t.27; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 2985. — Shores of Lake Superior to Bear Lake, and on Snake River, south- 
western Idaho. 

P. Menziésii, Torr. A span to w foot high, at length paniculate-branched, hispid or 
roughish-hirsute, usually also minutely cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly sessile, linear 
or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft; the lobes few or single, linear or 
lanceolate, entire: spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate, at length elongated 
and erect: corolla bright violet or sometimes white: ovules 12 to 16: capsule shorter than 
the calyx: seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. — Watson, Bot. King, 252. Hydrophyl- 
Jum lineare, Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Eutoca Menziesii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27, fig. 1-5; Hook. Fl. Le. & 
Bot. Mag. t. 3762 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 334. HE. multiflora, Dougl. in Lehm. Pugill. & 
Bot. Reg. t. 1180. E. heterophylla, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. — Open soil, Montana to Utah, and 
west to British Columbia, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Very floriferous 
and handsome: corolla half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter. 

* * * * Annuals, with stamens shorter than (in P. divaricata sometimes equalling) the corolla, 
and spiciform or racemiform inflorescence. 

+— Leaves pinnately compound, and seeds excavated and ridged on the ventral face, in the manner 
of P. congesta, tanacetifolia, &c. 

P. infundibuliférmis, Torr. A foot or so high, villous-hirsute or somewhat hispid, 

. viscid-glandular: leaves all petioled and pinnately divided ; the divisions 5 to 11, oval or 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEZ. 167 


oblong, incisely pinnatifid ; the short lobes very obtuse or retuse, sometimes 1-2-lobed: 
spikes mostly cymose or geminate, elongated in fruit, dense; the pedicels very much 
shorter than the calyx: corolla pale purple or white, funnelform: the rounded and some- 
what erose lobes not half the length of the tube; its appendages narrow-oblong, free from 
the stamens: ovules 8 to 12 on each dilated placenta: style 2-cleft at the tip: capsule 
oblong, very obtuse or retuse, membranaceous, about the length of the narrow spatulate 
calyx-lobes : seeds (about 20) oval, reticulated. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144.— New Mexico, 
near the Santa Rita copper mines, Wright, Bigelow (and south into Chihuahua, Bigelow). 
Habit of P. congesta, &c. Corolla nearly 3 lines long, narrow. Capsule 3 lines long. 
‘4+ + Leaves simply pinnatitid; the lobes short and obtuse. 
++ Flowers crowded in at length elongated spikes: corolla small, white or nearly so. 

P. brachyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular 
above: leaves elongated-oblong or spatulate, short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or 
obtusely few-toothed : spikes solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender: 
pedicels very short: corolla campanuilate ; the lobes about half the length of the tube ; its 
long and narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens: ovules about 6 on each pla- 
centa: style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranaceous, 
shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes: seeds oval, reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 324, & Bot. Calif. l.c. utoca brachyloba, Benth. 1. c.— California, near Monterey and 
Santa Barbara (Douglas, Brewer, Torrey), to San Diego Co. (Cleveland) and the Mohave 
region, Palmer. 
++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose, long-pedicelled: corolla (blue or purple or varying to white) open- 

campanulate, twice the length of the calyx; the appendages elongated, nearly free from the base 
of the usually sparsely bearded filament: low and diffuse, a span or less high, with the leaves 
mostly at or near the base. 

P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse, pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs: leaves 
elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or numer- 
ous pairs of lobes; the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined: racemes at length 
elongated: pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the flower: calyx-lobes spatulate : append- 
ages to the tube of the ample corolla semi-oblanceolate: style 2-cleft above the middle : 
ovules to each dilated placenta 12 to 14: capsule ovate, mucronate: seeds roundish-oval, 
scrobiculate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, l.c. Eutoca Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. — California, 
apparently rather common in the western part of the State south of Monterey. Habit 
somewhat of Nemophila insignis. Pedicels half an inch to an inch long, spreading. Corolla 
generally half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded. 

P. Davidsénii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, but more hairy and hoary, the foliage 
with strigose, the racemes and calyx with villous-hirsute and spreading pubescence: leaves 
deeply pinnatifid into 2 to 4 triangular entire lateral lobes and a much larger oblong ter- 
minal one, the evident veins of which are nearly parallel with the midrib (in the manner 
of P. humilis and of the succeeding) ; some of the upper leaves occasionally entire: pedi- 
cels seldom longer than the fructiferous calyx, in age inclined to be recurved-ascending or 
sigmoid: calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate: appendages to the tube of the corolla semi-oval : 
ovules to each placenta 8 or 10.—Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif. i. 510, a depau- 
perate and small-flowered form. — California, in Kern Co., Prof: Davidson, the small form 
above mentioned. San Bernardino Co.,a larger form, with flowers fully the size of P. 
Douglasii, and limb or lobes of the corolla bright purple, Parry and Lemmon. 

+ + + Leaves entire (or the lower rarely 1-2-lobed or toothed), petioled, not fleshy nor cordate, 
the veins somewhat parallel or converging: pubescence not glandular: flowers spicate-racemose : 
calyx hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs: appendages of the tube of the corolla broader 
at base and united with the base of the (usually pubescent or sparsely bearded) filaments: capsule 
ovate, acute or mucronate, 6-1G-sceded, much shorter than the linear or linear-spatulate enlarging 
calyx-lobes: seed with favose-pitted or scrobiculate testa. 

++ Corolla narrow, somewhat funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white, 
much exceeding the stamens. 

P. circinatifo6rmis, Gray, l.c. Erect, a span or so high, hispid and puberulent : leaves 
ovate and oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, somewhat strigose-hispid : racemes or spikes 
dense: style 2-cleft above the middle: ovules 4 (or rarely more) to each placenta. — Lutoca 
phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. — California, Douglas (from whose collection only is the species yet 
known), probably from the vicinity of Monterey. Aspect of a small form of P. circinata. 
Corolla 24 to 3 lines long. Fruiting calyx 5 lines long. 


168 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacetia. 


+ Ye a broadly open-campanulate, violet or blue, not rarely nearly equalled by the stamens 
and style. 

P. curvipes, Torr. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent: leaves from 
oval to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole: racemes simple, at length 
loose, the lower pedicels as long as the calyx: style cleft to the middle: ovules 8 or 10 to 
each placenta. — Watson, Bot. King, 252; Gray, 1. c.— Foothills of the desert region, 
W. Nevada (Carson City, Watson), and Owens Valley, California, Dr. Horn. Habit of P. 
humilis. Blade of the leaf 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla barely 3 lines high. Hispid calyx 
in fruit becoming 4 and 5 lines long. Pedicels from a line to 5 lines long in fruit; the 
lowest sometimes sigmoid-curved (deflexed and then ascending); and petiole sometimes 
“more or less abruptly curved,” whence the specific name, which ordinarily seems rather 
inappropriate. 

P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and 
pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occasionally 1-2-toothed 
or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards: spikes or racemes at length loose; the pedi- 
cels usually much shorter than the calyx: style 2-cleft at the apex: ovules 12 to 20 on 
each placenta (or rarely fewer ?). — Eutoca divaricata, Benth. 1. c.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1784; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. £. Wrangeliana, Fisch. & Meyer; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
t. 362, a form (var. Wrungeliana, A.DC.) with leaves inclined to be lobed or 1-2-toothed. 
— California, common about San Francisco Bay. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers 
pretty large ; the expanded corolla often three-fourths of an inch broad. 
+— + + + Leaves entire or somewhat crenate-lobed or toothed, slender-petioled, the veins di- 

vergent or commonly obsolete: pubescence viscid or glandular: corolla narrow-campanulate or 
somewhat funnelform, the appendages of the tube linear or oblong and nearly free from the 


unequal glabrous filaments: style 2-cleft only at the apex. (Species peculiar to the interior 
desert region. ) 

++ Flowers and the very dense short spikes closely sessile: calyx equalling the narrow corolla: 
leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong. 

P. cephalotes, Gray, l. ce. Divaricately branching from the very base, nearly prostrate, 
more or less viscid-pubescent and the calyx, &c., hispid-hirsute: leaves chiefly radical and 
at the bifurcations, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, nearly veinless, oblong or spatulate, 
entire (about half an inch long and tapering into the commonly longer petiole): sessile 
spikes or heads radical and in all the forks, at length oblong: calyx-lobes spatulate-linear, 
twice the length of the oval obtuse 8-10-seeded capsule: seeds with a lax cellular-reticu- 
lated pellicle. —P. curvipes, Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 16, not Torr.— Southern Utah, 
Bishop, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long, cylindraceous, white or yellowish, with 
the short limb blue or purplish; the internal appendages linear. Larliest spike radical, 
much shorter than the subtending leaves; the first internode of the prostrate branches 
2 to 4 inches long. 
++ ++ Flowers not socrowded, more or less racemose: calyx conspicuously shorter than the some- 

what open-funnelform or campanulate corolla, a little longer than the obtuse capsule: leaves 
thickish, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, roundish or oval, the veins mostly obscure. : 

P. demissa, Gray, 1c. Diffusely branched from the base, less than a span high, viscid- 
puberulent or glabrate: leaves from orbicular to obscurely reniform or subcordate, entire 
or repand, half inch in diameter: flowers rather few and short-pedicelled in a sessile or 
very short-peduncled spike which is mostly shorter than the petioles and the internodes of 
the branches: corolla apparently white, barely 2 lines long, little exceeding the linear 
calyx-lobes; its short appendages narrowly oblong: capsule (2 lines long) short-oval, very 
obtuse, about 10-seeded: seeds oblong, proportionally large, alveolate-reticulated. —New 
Mexico, Palmer. 

P. pulchélla, Gray, |.c. Diffusely branched, barely a span high, merely viscid-puberu- 
lent: leaves roundish-ovate or obovate, entire or crenate-toothed, obtuse or acutish at base, 
half an inch or less in length: flowers numerous in the at length elongated panicled 
racemes: pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx : corolla deep purple (with a yellowish base), 
commonly thrice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes: capsule narrowly oblong, very 
obtuse, about 30-seeded. — P. crassifolia, Parry in Am. Naturalist, l.c., not Torr. — Southern 
Utah, on gypseous clay knolls, Parry. A showy vernal species. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, 
with an ampler limb than in the related species ; the appendages conspicuous, semi-oval. 
Seeds not half the size of those of the preceding species, short-oval, pitted. 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACES. 169 


P. pusilla, Torr. Very small, not over 3 inches high, simple or loosely branching, glan- 
dular-pubescent : leaves broadly oval or oblong, entire, a quarter to half an inch long: 
flowers few in a loose raceme, on filiform pedicels: corolla white, not twice the length of 
the narrow linear or obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes: capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and 
mucronulate, 18-24seeded.— Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, 1. c.— Western part of 
Nevada to the borders of California, “ under sage-brush and junipers,” |Vatson. Corolla 
hardly but capsule fully 2 lines long. Seeds somewhat pyriform, roughish-scrobiculate. 
Pedicels 1 to 5 lines long. 
a+ ++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose in fully developed inflorescence: calyx shorter than the cam- 

anulate corolla, rather longer than the short-pointed capsule: leaves round-cordate and crenately 
lobed or repand, obscurely palmately veined. 

P. rotundifélia, Torr. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high, glandular-hirsute : leaves 
crenately 7—13-toothed or even lobed, mostly with a deep-cordate base (a quarter to a full 
inch long), usually much shorter than the petiole: pedicels shorter than the linear-spatulate 
calyx-lobes : corolla white: style obscurely 2-cleft at apex: capsule oval-oblong, abruptly 
pointed, 60-100-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, 1. c. —8. E. borders of California, 
near Fort Mohave, to 8. Utah and Arizona, Cooper, Palmer, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long. 
Capsule 2 lines long. Seeds globular, scrobiculate. 


§ 7. Microcétnetes, Gray. Ovules and seeds of the preceding section; but 
the latter oblong and strongly corrugated transversely (vermiculiform !): style 
2-cleft only at the apex: stamens unequal, included: corolla with internal appen- 
dages present or rarely wanting: low annuals, all W. American: leaves mostly 
pinnatifid.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 326. 


* Corolla short, almost rotate; the appendages 10 transverse plice in the throat, remote from the 
stamens! —§ Helminthospermum, Torr. in herb. 

P. micrantha, Torr. Slender, paniculately branched, a span or more high, minutely 
hirsute-glandular: leaves membranaceous, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 obovate or oblong 
very obtuse and mostly entire lobes; the lower with margined petiole, the upper with 
dilated and sometimes auriculate partly clasping base:. racemes geminate or panicled, 
very loose: pedicels as long as the calyx: corolla (bright blue with a yellowish tube, or 
sometimes pale} little exceeding the obovate or spatulate and enlarging calyx-lobes: cap- 
sule globular, obtuse, 20-24-seeded.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, lc. & Bot. Calif. 
i. 511.—New Mexico and Arizona, from the Rio Grande near El Paso to S. Utah, and the 
borders of California. Corolla barely 2 lines in diameter when expanded: no vertical 
appendages at the base of the stamens and on the intermediate veins, but a pair of com- 
pletely transverse short and narrow folds high upon the short tube, stretching from the mid- 
vein of each lobe nearly to the lateral vein which springs from near its base. Style short, 
glabrous. Calyx in fruit 2 lines long. Seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply 
rugose transversely and tuberculate. 

* * Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous; the ea vertical, long and narrow, united more 
or less to the base of the filaments (in the Chilian P. Cumingii obsolete): style more or less 
hairy below in our species : seeds minutely reticulated as well as coarsely corrugated: leaves chiefly 

innatifid, and the petioles naked. — Microgenetes, ADC. Prodr. ix. 292. Phacelia § Euglypta, 
atson, Bot. King, 1. c. 


+ Corolla white or pale purple, slightly longer than the little-dilated calyx-lobes, 2 or at most 
3 lines long. 

P. Ivesidna, Torr. About a span high, diffusely much branched from the base, hirsute- 
pubescent and glandular: leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong and entire 
or incisely few-toothed lobes, rarely bipinnatifid: racemes loose, 6-20-flowered: narrow 
appendages of the corolla adnate to the filament only at base: capsule oblong, 16-24- 
seeded. —Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21; Watson, Bot. King, 254.— Utah, Nevada, and 
Arizona, from Salt Lake to the south-eastern borders of California. This species most 
resembles P. Cumingii, the AMicrogenetes Cumingii, A.DC. Narrow calyx-lobes becoming 3 
or 4 lines long, and conspicuously surpassing the capsule. Seeds over half line long, 
strongly rough-corrugated. 

+ + Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx; the limb violet or blue-purple; the throat and 
tube yellow or whitish. 


170 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia. 


++ Leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid: short fruiting pedicels erect: corolla half inch long: 
pubescence minute, more or less viscid. : 

P. Fremontii, Torr. 1.c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base: leaves 
once pinnatifid into 7 to 15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-5-lobed divisions: flow- 
ers crowded in the at length elongated spiciform raceme: corolla broadly funnelform, 
double the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages united 
below with the filament or almost free from it: capsule oblong: seeds 20 to 380, strongly and 
somewhat evenly corrugated. — Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, l.c.—S. Utah and Nevada 
to W. Arizona and Kern Co., California. 

P, bicolor, Torr. ‘Lower and more diffuse: leaves pinnately parted and the divisions 
again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes: spiciform racemes loosely 10-20- 
flowered : corolla narrowly funnelform (sometimes 7 lines long), thrice the length of the 
narrowly linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages 
united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a long tubular cavity 
behind it: capsule oval-oblong: seeds about 16, shorter, minutely corrugated. — Watson, 
Bot. King, 255; Gray, l.c. — W. Nevada and adjacent parts of California in the Sierra 
Nevada, first collected by Anderson. The handsomest of the section. 

++ ++ Leaves merely pinnatifid-dentate: corolla only 3 or 4 lines long. 

P. gymnéclada, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, a span or less high, some- 
what viscid-pubescent; the primary branches decumbent and with long naked internodes: 
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed (an inch or less long), 
mostly shorter than the petiole: spike several-flowered: short-funnelform corolla (rarely 
white) not twice the length of the linear or obscurely spatulate-hirsute calyx-lobes; its 
appendages united with the lower part of the filament: capsule globose-ovate, 8-16-seeded. 
— Watson, |. c.; Gray, l.c.— W. Nevada and E. California, in the foothills of the Sierra 
Nevada and Humboldt Mountains, Watson, Lemmon. 

P. crassifélia, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, 8 or 4 inches high, viscid- 
pubescent: leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-ovate, scabrous (3 to 6 lines long), tapering into 
a short petiole; the lower with a few short obtuse teeth; the cauline entire: racemes 
rather loosely few-flowered ; the short pedicels spreading: funnelform corolla fully twice 
the length of the linear calyx-lobes; the obscure appendages free from all but the very 
base of the filament: capsule ovoid, 6-8-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 255.— Reese River 
Valley, Nevada, Watson. Seeds rather strongly rugose, oblong, half a line long. 


6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. (From éippeéro, I abide, and é6oc, flower, 
the corolla persisting.) — Low annuals (of California and Nevada), with much 
the habit and general character of certain sections of Phacelia, but the yellow 
or cream-colored campanulate corolla persistent (not carried off by the enlarging 
capsule). — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 828, & Bot. Calif. i. 514. 


§ 1. Mirtirzra, Gray. Diffuse or depressed, and with the general characters 
of Phacelia § Microgenetes, except the persistent corolla: flowers small: calyx- 
lobes broader upward: seeds more or less rugose transversely or obliquely, as well 
as minutely reticulated. — Miltitzia, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 296. 


%* Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in blossom 
and fruit, withering-persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube within mostly with 10 narrow 
appendages: style persistent: herbage pubescent. 

E. parviflora, Gray. Depressed, densely pubescent and viscid: leaves deeply pinnatifid: 
flowers crowded in short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels: corolla not longer than 
the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes: style hardly longer than the ovary: ovules 20 
to 40: seeds 15 to 20.—Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, t.15.— Shores of Klamath Lake, borders 
of California and Oregon, Newberry. Specimen poor. Except for the greater number of 
ovules and the shorter style (which may be inconstant), this would be referred to the next. 

E. litea, Gray. Diffusely branched, decumbent-spreading, more minutely pubescent, 
somewhat viscid but hardly or slightly glandular: leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few- 
lobed or toothed or pinnatifid: flowers rather crowded in short racemes; the lower pedi- 
cels often longer than the calyx: corolla exceeding the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes: style 


Conanthus. HYDROPHYLLACEX. 171 


filiform, much longer than the ovary: ovules about 12. — Futoca? lutea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 873; Hook. Ic. t. 354. Dfiltitzia lutea, A. DC. 1. cc. Emmenanthe parviflora, Watson, 
Bot. King, 257, not Gray. — 8. E. borders of Oregon (Tolmie), and W. Nevada to the bor- 
ders of California, Anderson, Watson, Lemmon. Corolla nearly 3 lines long: the linear 
appendages (like those of many Phacelie) plainly discernible in this and the preceding, 
but readily overlooked, slightly confluent below with the adnate base of the filaments. 
Hypogynous disk conspicuous, saucer-shaped, much larger and more free than in the pre- 
ceding. 

E. glandulifera, Torr. Very slender, 3 or 4 inches high, diffusely branched, minutely 
glandular-pubescent and viscid: leaves’small (a quarter to half inch long), oblong or spat- 
ulate, incisely few-toothed or the upper entire: flowers numerous in slender spikes or 
racemes, mostly on very short pedicels : corolla narrow-campanulate, exceeding the linear 
calyx-lobes: style filiform: ovules 6 to 12.— Watson, Bot. King, ].c.— W. borders of 
Nevada, Anderson, Watson. Corolla 2 lines long: the appendages not found. Probably a 
mere form of the preceding. 
¥ * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campanulate, usually shorter than the calyx 

and capsule, investing the base of the latter at maturity, its internal appendages not manifest: 
leaves mostly entire: capsule 8-10-seeded. 

E. glabérrima, Torr. Wholly glabrous and glandless, diffuse or decumbent, a span or 
less high, much branched: leaves thickish, somewhat succulent, oblong-spatulate or obovate, 
entire, or the lower incisely 2-4-toothed (half an inch or more long), tapering into the pe- 
tiole: flowers few or several, in short or at length elongated often geminate spikes or 
racemes; the short pedicels appressed: corolla not exceeding the spatulate or oblong thick 
calyx-lobes: style not longer than the wholly glabrous ovary: ovules 8 or 10: capsule 
pointed with the subulate indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King, ]. c.— Nevada, 
in the lower Humboldt and Reese River Valleys, Watson. Also N. Arizona, Newberry, being, 
according to Watson, the Eutoca aretioides of the botany of the Ives Expedition. 

E. pusilla, Gray. Pubescent, an inch or two high, at length diffusely branched: leaves 
spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into a peti- 
ole of equal length: peduncles slender, loosely and racemosely 3-7-flowered ; the earliest 
ones scapiform: pedicels spreading: corolla about haJf the length of the linear obscurely 
spatulate calyx-lobes and of the ovoid very blunt capsule: style very short, at length 
deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & Bot. Calif. i.515. — North-western Nevada, JVatson, 
Lemmon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long. 


§ 2. EMMENANTHE proper. Erect, with comparatively large and very broad 
cream-colored corolla: divisions of the calyx ample and broader downward (ovate- 
lanceolate): style deciduous: placentz conspicuously dilated in the axis: seeds 
somewhat rugosely alveolate-reticulated. 

E. pendulifiéra, Benth. A span toa foot high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid : 
leaves pinnatifid into numerous short and somewhat toothed or incised lobes: racemes 
panicled, mostly short and loose, at base occasionally bracteate: pedicels filiform, as long 
as the at length pendulous flowers: filaments slightly adnate to the very base of the 
broadly campanulate corolla: ovules about 16.— Linn. Trans. xvii. 281. — California, not 
rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to S. Utah. (South to Guadalupe Island.) 
Corolla 5 lines long, with short rounded lobes, and no trace of internal appendages. Seeds 
oblong-oval, a line long. 


7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Zutoca? § Conanthus, A.DC. (Name not 
happily chosen, formed of xavog, cone, and éOoc, flower, referring to the elon- 
gated funnelform corolla.) — A single species, which would be referred to Nama 
except for the united styles; the flowers apparently 2-3-morphous as to length 
and insertion of style and stamens. 

C. aretioides, Watson. A small and depressed winter-annual, 2 or 3 inches high, 


repeatedly forked from the very base, forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, copiously 
flowering through a long season: leaves spatulate-linear : flowers comparatively large and 


172 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Tricardia. 


conspicuous, sessile in the forks, fully half inch long: corolla purple, funnelform, with 
rather long narrow tube and ample limb : calyx-lobes filiform-linear, not widehing upward, 
hispid with long spreading hairs: stamens unequally inserted: style 2-cleft at the apex, 
sometimes only slightly so: ovules about 20: seeds usually fewer; the testa thin and 
translucent, smooth, or in age obscurely and sparsely excavated. — Bot. King, 256; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 829, & Bot. Calif. i. 585. utoca aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
874; Hook. Ic. t. 855. £.% (Conanthus) aretioides, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 295. Nama demissa, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, in part.— Through the dry interior region, from Oregon 
to Arizona along the eastern borders of California. Style and filaments sometimes long 
and sometimes short in different plants, but not reciprocally so. 


8. TRICARDIA, Torr. (From zgt- three, and zagdiu, heart, referring to 
the shape of the three larger sepals.) Sepals thin; the three exterior much 
enlarging after flowering, becoming somewhat scarious and finely reticulate-veiny. 
Corolla with the 10 narrow internal appendages free and rather distant from the 
filaments. — A single (Nevadan) species : — 

T. Wats6ni, Torr. Perennial herb, branched from the base; the ascending stems a 
span high, pubescent with long and soft cottony hairs, more or less glabrate with age: 
leaves all alternate, glabrate, entire; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, an 
inch or two long, and tapering into a conspicuous margined petiole; the upper much 
sinaller, short-petioled or sessile and more oblong: flowers rather few, loosely racemose: 
short pedicels in fruit recurved: corolla purplish, about 3 lines wide, moderately 5-lobed: 
stamens and style included: larger sepals of the fruiting calyx becoming two-thirds of an 
inch long and wide, strongly cordate, much longer than the ovate pointed incompletely 2- 
celled capsule: ovules 4 to each placenta: “ seeds a line long, oblong, slightly roughened.” — 
Watson, Bot. King, 258, t. 24. Western Nevada, at Truckee Pass, Watson. Rio Virgen, 
8. Utah, Parry. 


9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. (Dedicated to Count Wicholas Romanzoff, 
the promoter of Kotzebue’s voyage, in which the original species was discovered.) 
— Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrage ; the leaves 
mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, crenately 7—-11-lobed, long- 
petioled; the lobes glandular-mucronulate. Scapes or flowering stems a span or 
less in length, racemosely or sometimes paniculately several-flowered ; the pedicels 
filiform. Calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate. Corolla pale pink or purple, 
varying to white, delicately veiny. Ovary and retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly 
so: the placente narrowly linear, many-seeded. Seeds oval: the testa alveolate- 
reticulated. 

R. Unalaschkénsis, Cham. Loosely somewhat pubescent: rootstock not tuberifer- 
ous: scape erect, 3 to 5 inches high ; the erect or ascending pedicels shorter than the flow- 
ers: calyx-lobes herbaceous, a little shorter than the very short-funnelform corolla and 
equalling or surpassing the capsule: style short.— Cham. in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14; 
Chois. Hydrol. t. 3; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Sazifraga nutans, Don. — Unalaska and 
adjacent islands, Chamisso, Nelson, Harrington, Dall, &c. 

R. Sitchénsis, Bongard. Slightly and sparsely pubescent or glabrate: slender root- 
stocks tuberiferous: scapes filiform; weak, a span long; the spreading pedicels longer than 
the flowers: calyx-lobes very glabrous, much shorter than the funnelform corolla, and 
shorter than the capsule: style long and slender. — Veg. Sitk. 41, t. 4; Torr. in Pacif. R. 
Rep. iv. t. 25; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6109; Gray, 1. c.— Sitka to the coast range of California, 
as far south as Redwoods occur, viz. to Monterey Co. 


10. HESPEROCHIRON, 8S. Watson. (Hesperus, evening, used for 
western, and Chiron, a Centaur distinguished for his knowledge of plants, i.e. 
Western Centaury, the plant having been supposed to belong to the Gentian 


Nama. HYDROPHYLLACES. 173 


family).— Dwarf stemless perennials, or possibly biennials (W. N. American), 
soft-pubescent ; with entire spatulate or oblong leaves, on mostly elongated mar- 
gined petioles, crowning the caudex or rootstock; and from their axils sending 
forth naked one-flowered peduncles, equalling or shorter than the leaves. Parts 
of the flower occasionally in sixes or sevens. Corolla purplish or nearly white ; 
the tube and the base of the subulate filaments more or less hairy or hirsute ; the 
lobes often slightly unequal. Disk none. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to 
the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary, which tapers into the rather stout style : 
stigmas minute. Ovary 1-celled; the narrow placente projecting more or less on 
incomplete half-dissepiments: ovules 20 or more to ‘each placenta. Capsule 
loculicidal, 15—-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large, with a somewhat fleshy minutely 
reticulated testa. — A genus of doubtful affinity, but most probably Hydrophyl- 
laceous. — Watson, Bot. King, 281; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330, & Bot. Calif. 

1.516; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 829. 

H. Califérnicus, Watson. Leaves copious in a rosulate radical tuft: corolla some- 
what oblong-campanulate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 281, t. 30. Ourisia 
Californica, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 327. Hesperochiron latifulius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 
44, a large form. — Hills and meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite north- 
ward to Washington Terr., and east to the mountains of Utah. — Leaves an inch or two 
long, besides the petiole, into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers. 


Corolla from nearly half to three-fourths of an inch long in the largest specimens; the 
lobes oblong. Here belongs Vicotiana nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833. 

H. pumilus, T. C. Porter. Leaves fewer, crowning the rather slender rootstock : 
corolla nearly rotate; its lobes longer than the tube, which is densely bearded within. — 
Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1872, 768; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Villarsia pumila, Dougl.; 
Griseb. in Hook. FI. ii. 70, t.157.—Springy and marshy ground, mountains of Idaho to 
Oregon, Douglas, Geyer, Hayden, &c. Also Plumas Co., California, Mfrs. Austin. 


11. LEMMONIA, Gray. (Named after John Gill Lemmon, the discoverer, 

a most ardent and successful explorer of E. Californian and Nevadan botany.) — 

Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162. Single species. 

L. Califérnica, Gray, l.c. Small and depressed winter-annual, canescently pubescent, 
and the calyx white-villous: stem branched from the base, divergently and repeatedly 
dichotomous: leaves alternate, rosulate at base, and crowded at the summit of the branches ; 
entire, spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nearly veinless, 3 to 5 lines long: flow- 
ers sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the leafy extremity of the 
branches: sepals very narrowly linear, not widening upward, in fruit 2 lines long and 
exceeding the short-oval retuse capsule: corolla apparently white, a line long, not surpass- 
ing the calyx, moderately 5-lobed: styles shorter or not longer than the ovary : placente or 
half-dissepiments narrow, adhering to the valves: seeds half a line long, somewhat rugose- 
foveolate in the manner of Conanthus.— Desert region of San Bernardino Co., California, 
about the sources of the Mohave River, May, 1876, J. G. Lemmon. 


12. NAMA, L. (Napo, a stream or spring, in allusion to supposed place of 
growth of the original species.) — Chiefly low herbs, some few suffrutescent or 
woody-based (N. & S. American and one Hawaian), of various habit; the corolla 
purple, bluish, or white ; the stamens sometimes equally, oftener unequally adnate 
to the base or lower part of the tube. (Besides the following there are several 
species in the bordering parts of Mexico.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337, 
viii. 282, x. 330, & Bot. Calif. i. 517, 621. 


§ 1. Low annuals, merely pubescent or hairy: leaves entire: flowers terminal 
or lateral, or in the forks of the stem. 


174 HYDROPHYLLACES. Nee: 


%* Leaves decurrent on the stem. 

N. Jamaicénse, L. Diffusely spreading or prostrate, soft-pubescent: leaves membrana- 
ceous (an inch or two long), broadly obovate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole-like base 
which is continued into wing-like margins of the stem: flowers mostly solitary, terminal 
and soon extra-axillary, short-pedicelled: corolla white, hardly longer than the narrow 
linear sepals: capsule narrow oblong. —Lam. IIL. t. 184 ; P. Browne, Jam. t. 18. ae 
grounds, Texas, Florida. (W. Ind., Mexico.) 

%* * Leaves not decurrent. 
+ Cauline leaves all sessile, the upper by amore or less clasping base: villous-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid: seeds very numerous. 

N. undulatum, HBK. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, leafy : branches 
a span to a foot long: leaves oblong ; the upper with a broad sessile base, the lower spatu- 
late: flowers commonly subsessile: corolla funnelform, somewhat longer than the linear- 
spatulate sepals: capsule oblong, more or less shorter than the sepals: seeds oval, with a 
smooth and thin diaphanous coat, which is obscurely striate lengthwise and minutely 
pitted under a strong lens. — HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 180. (Mexico.) 

Var. macranthum, Chois. (Hydrol. 18, t.2, fig. 1); a looser and less leafy form, 
with flowers (solitary or 2 and 8 together) on pedicels which vary from 1 to 5 lines long: 
corolla (4 or 5 lines long) almost twice the length, and capsule only about half the length 
of the spatulate-tipped sepals. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. NV. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 282. — Texas, along the Rio Grande near its mouth, and on the Mexican 
side of the river. 

N. stenocarpum, Gray. Like the preceding, or sometimes with narrower leaves: 
pedicels, if any, short and rigid in fruit: capsule cylindrical, nearly linear (3 lines long), 
nearly equalling the narrow linear sepals: seeds short, angled by mutual pressure, with a 
thickish and opaque strongly reticulated and somewhat alveolate coat (only a quarter of 
a line long).— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 831. NN. undulatum, Gray, 1. c. viii. 282, not HBK.— 
Texas near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Berlundier. Along the northern borders of 
Mexico to the province of Sonora on the borders of Arizona, Palmer. 

+— + Leaves not at all clasping, more or less tapering at base, at least the lower petioled. 
++ Corolla narrow-funnelform, mostly much longer than the calyx: seeds oval, with a thin and 

diaphanous close coat: flowers subsessile or short-peduncled. 

N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hispid or hirsute: 
leaves broadly or narrowly linear-spatulate, most of the cauline ones sessile: flowers 
lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal unilateral nearly bractless clusters: sepals nar- 
rowly linear, very little if at all broadened upwards: capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40- 
seeded: seeds smooth, very obscurely rugulose when highly magnified. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
v. 339, & Bot. Calif. i. 517. NN. Jamaicensis, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh., not Linn. N. 
dioketomes & N. biflora, var. spathulata, partly, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147, &e. — Plains and 
prairies, Texas to Arizona, and south-eastern borders of California. The extreme western 
form, with softer pubescence, sometimes has 3 or 4 styles and placente. 

N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf, diffuse or depressed, 2 or 3 inches high, hirsute-pubescent, 
sometimes hispid: leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole: 
flowers subsessile in the forks: sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broader upwards: 
capsule short-oblong, 10-16-seeded: seeds much larger than in the preceding (oval or 
oblong, a quarter to a third of a line long).— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283 (mainly) ; Watson, 
Bot. King. 259, 460; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 517.— Interior desert region, Washington Terr. to 
Nevada, and Utah (form with corolla only 3 lines long); also S. Utah, Arizona, and the 
south-eastern borders of California; the latter forms with ampler purple or crimson corolla, 
4, 5, or nearly 6 lines long. Filaments very unequally inserted, their adnate bases with 
somewhat free margins. 

N. Cotilteri, Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, ascending, a span high, hirsute- 
pubescent, somewhat viscid: leaves oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole: 
flowers mostly in the forks and short-pedicelled: sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not 
half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla: capsule narrowly oblong, 50-60-seeded : 
seeds short-oval, obscurely rugulose-pitted.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, & Bot. Calif. 517. 
—“California,” Coulter. But probably from Arizona or the adjacent part of Mexico. 
Corolla 5 lines long. 


Eriodictyon. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 175 


++ ++ Corolla short-funnelform, hardly exceeding the calyx: seeds with a thickish opaque coat, 
coarsely pitted or sculptured. 


N. dichétomum, Ruiz & Pav. <A Mexican and South American species, with oval or 
oblong-lanceolate leaves. 

Var. angustifolium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular : 
stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork: leaves narrow, linear 
or nearly so (an inch or less long, a line or two wide): sepals narrowly linear and slightly 
broadened upwards: capsule oblong-oval (nearly glabrous): seeds oval-oblong, marked 
with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from + to 6 in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 284. —New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. Also Colorado, Hayden, Rothrocl:, “Brandegee. 
Possibly a distinct species. Sometimes a weed of cultivated ground. 


§ 2. Suffruticose and cespitose-procumbent, silky-woolly : leaves entire : flowers 
thyrsoid-glomerate: ovary and styles hirsute. 

N. Lobbii, Gray. Leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly 
sessile (an inch or two long), more or less persistent ; the older with revolute margins and 
becoming glabrate ; the younger white with the soft villous wool: flowers clustered in the 
upper axils and at the summit, nearly sessile: sepals subulate-linear, more than half the 
length of the narrow funnelform (purple) corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37, viii. 285, & 
Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Lemmon, &c. 
Forming dense and broad tufts, the older stems rigid and woody. Corolla half an inch 
long: the filaments unequally adnate high up. Fruit not seen. 


§ 38. Perennial or woody-stemmed, erect, hirsute or hispid: leaves sessile, un- 
dulate or sinuate-dentate: flowers glomerate or spicate. (Approaching Wigandia, 
but with the narrowly funnelform corolla (also the capsule) of Mama.) 

N. Rothréckii, Gray. A span or two high from an apparently deep perennial root, her- 
baceous, cinereous with a fine and somewhat viscid roughish pubescence, at least the inflores- 
cence and calyx hispid with sharp spreading bristles: leaves lanceolate-oblong, almost 
pinnatifid ; the pinnate veins running straight to near the sinuses between the strong teeth, 
there forking: flowers numerous in a capitate terminal cluster: sepals hardly dilated 
upward, half inch long, nearly equalling the corolla: ovary and capsule slightly hirsute : 
seeds rather few (almost a line long), oval, minutely reticulate-pitted. — Bot. Calif. i. 621; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 18. — Meadows on S. Kern River, California, Rothrock. 


N. Parryi, Gray, l.c. Stem 6 feet high! below woody, over half inch in diameter and 
with a large brownish pith: leaves (as far as seen) linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines 
broad, villous-hirsute, numerously pinnate-veined, somewhat bullate ; the margins revolute 
and undulate or repand: flowers unilateral and the fruit densely spicate on the few 
branches of the compact scorpioid cyme: sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval 
capsule, barely 2 lines long: seeds oval (half line long), minutely reticulated. —S. E. Cali- 
fornia, on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains (seen only in winter ves- 


tiges), Parry. 


13. ERIODICTYON, Benth. (Formed of é.0r, wool, and d¢zzvoy, net- 
work, on account of the netted veins and woolliness of the under surface of the 
leaves.) — Low shrubs (California to New Mexico); with alternate pinnately 
veined and finely reticulated leaves, of firm or coriaceous texture, their margins 
mostly beset with rigid teeth, at base tapering into more or less of a petiole; the 
flowers scorpioid-cymose, forming a terminal usually naked thyrsus. Sepals nar- 
row, not enlarging upwards. Corolla violet or purple, or sometimes white. 
Filaments adnate variably and sometimes very extensively to the tube of the 
corolla, usually sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2-celled by the 
meeting of the dilated placenta in the axis. Capsule small (a line or two long), 
globose-ovate, pointed. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 85; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 313, 


331, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 


176 HYDROPHYLLACEX. Eriodictyon. 


BE. tomentésum, Benth. 1.c. White-tomentose with a dense coat of short villous 
hairs, sometimes rusty-colored with age, 6 to-10 feet high: branches leafy to the top: 
leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long): cymes at length broad: calyx 
densely and corolla slightly villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the 
length of, the former. — Torr. Mex. Bound. 148, &c. £. crassifolium, Benth. 1. c., described 
from flowers with imperfect corollas. — Southern part of California, San Gabriel to San 
Diego and Tejon. 

H. glutinédsum, Benth. 1.c. Glabrate, glutinous with a balsamic resin, 3 to 5 feet 
high: leaves lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), irregularly more or less serrate, sometimes 
entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute and close tomentum, above 
glabrous : cyines in an elongated naked thyrsus: corolla tubular-funnelform (half an inch 
long), thrice the length of the slightly and sparsely hirsute calyx. — Wigandia Californica, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 364, t. 88. — Dry hills, rather common in California. Infusion 
of the leaves in spirit used as a tonic, under the name of Yerba Santa. 

E. angustifélium, Nutt. Glabrate and glutinous: leaves narrowly linear or narrowly 
lanceolate, rigid, and the margins at length revolute: corolla 2 or 3 lines long, short-funnel- 
form or approaching campanulate: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Pl. Gamb. 181. 
E. glutinosum, var. angustifolium, Torr. 1. c.— 8. Nevada, Arizona, and adjacent parts of New 
Mexico. Leaves 14 to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide. 


14, HYDROLEA, L. (Two, water, the plants inhabiting wet places.) 
— Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants (widely diffused in warm climates); with 
ovate or lanceolate.pinnately veined entire leaves, numerous on the stems, often 
with a spine in the axils, and clustered blue or rarely white flowers. Sepals dis- 
tinct to the base. Corolla rotate or very open campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 
about the length of the corolla: filaments dilated at the insertion. Capsule 
globular; the fleshy or spongy placente very large. Seeds minute, generally 
striate-ribbed. Styles and placente occasionally varying to 3. — Ours appear to 
be perennials, flowering through the summer. 


H. corymbosa, Ell. Spineless or nearly so: stem slender, a foot or two high, above 
minutely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile (an inch or so long), glabrous: 
flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme: sepals linear-lanceolate, villous-hispid; shorter 
than the corolla: filaments and styles long and filiform.— Sk. i. 336; A. W. Bennett in 
Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 275.— Pine-barren ponds, 8. Carolina to Florida. Expanded corolla 
two-thirds of an inch in diameter. 

H. affinis, Gray. More or less spiny, glabrous throughout or nearly so: stems ascend- 
ing: leaves lanceolate, somewhat petioled (2 to 5 inches long): flowers in short axillary 
leafy-bracted clusters: sepals ovate, equalling the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule. 
— Man. ed. 5, p. 370. H. leptocaulis, Featherman, Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. —S. Illinois 
to Texas. Often confounded with the next. 

H. Caroliniana, Michx. More or less spiny, sparsely villous-hispid or the leaves 
nearly glabrous: stem ascending: leaves lanceolate, short-petioled (3 or 4 inches long): 
flowers in short axillary clusters, or solitary in the upper axils: sepals linear or linear- 
lanceolate, about the length of the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule.— Fl. i. 177. 
HI. quadrivalvis, Walt. Car. 110, an older but false and deceptive name. J. paniculata, Raf. 
Neobot. 64. — N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana? (S. Amer.?) 

H. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, minutely soft-pubescent and above slightly hirsute: stems a 
foot or two high, paniculately branched at summit: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lan- 
ceolate (8 to 20 lines long) : flowers clustered at the end of the branches : sepals lanceolate, 
very villous-hirsute, shorter than the corolla ; this an inch broad when expanded: filaments 
and especially the styles long and filiform. — Fl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 
v. 196; Chois. Hydrol. t.1; A. W. Bennett, lc. 270. H. ovatifolia, Raf... Neobot. (1836), 
64. H. Ludoviciana, Featherman, 1. c.— Margin of ponds, Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and 
Texas. (S. Amer.) 


BORRAGIN ACE. 177 


ORDER XCIII. BORRAGINACES. 


Mostly scabrous or hispid-hairy plants, with watery juice, entire and alternate 
(or partly opposite) leaves, no stipules, prevalently scorpioid inflorescence, and 
regular flowers (in Hehium the corolla, &c., irregular), the 5 or sometimes 4 
stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its 
lobes, a single style rising between the divisions of a deeply 4-parted ovary, or 
from the summit of an undivided one, the cells or lobes of which contain a solitary 
ovule, the seed with little or no albumen, the embryo straight or rarely curved, 
its radicle superior or centripetal. Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx 
and corolla free ; the lobes of the latter imbricated, convolute, or sometimes plicate 
or induplicate in the bud. Hypogynous disk usually present, but inconspicuous. 
Pistil of 2 biovulate carpels, although seemingly of 4 and uniovulate. Ovule 
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of 4 nutlets (or by abortion fewer), or a 
drupe containing 2 to 4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one. —Some of the 
first great division have serrate and even incised leaves, and are trees or shrubs, 
of tropical or subtropical regions: these well distinguished from related orders 
by the superior radicle. The true Borraginacee are almost all herbs, mainly of 
temperate climates, with undivided style and eyen stigma, surrounded at base by 
the four distinct divisions of the ovary. Inflorescence and its nomenclature as 
in the preceding order. 


I. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style. 


Trine I. CORDIEX. Style twice bifid: stigmas terminal, not annular. Fruit 
drupaceous. Cotyledons longitudinally plicate or corrugated. Trees or shrubs, 
with leaves sometimes dentate. 

1. CORDIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, merely toothed or lobed. Corolla funnel- 
form or salverform; the lobes and stamens sometimes more than 5. Stigmas clavate or 


capitate. Ovary and drupe 4-celled, 4-seeded, or fewer by the abortion of some of the 
cells and seeds of the hard stone. 


Trise Il. EHRETIE. Style once bifid or 2-parted (the divisions sometimes 
coalescent to the top): stigmas more or less capitate. Cotyledons plane. Trees, 
shrubs, or low herbs. 

* Fruit drupaceous: ovules mostly amphitropous: trees or shrubs. 


2. BOURRERIA. Calyx globular or ovoid, closed in the bud, valvately splitting at the 
summit into 2 to 5 teeth. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform. Drupe containing 
4 more or less separable one-seeded nutlets. 

3. EHRETIA. Calyx 5-parted or 5cleft, imbricated or open in the bud. Corolla from 
short-funnelform to rotate. Drupe usually containing 2 two-celled two-secded nutlets. 

* * Fruit dry: ovules anatropous, pendulous: herbaceous or suffruticulose plants. 

4, COLDENIA. Calyx 5parted, or in original species 4-parted; the divisions narrow. 
Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much surpassing the calyx; the 
lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included. 
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. Ovary entire or laterally 4-lobed, 4-celled. Fruit separating at 
maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer, or in one species by suppression 
one-celled and one-seeded. Cotyledons thickish. Albumen none. 


Tree II]. HELIOTROPIEX. Style entire, sometimes wanting : stigma peltate- 
annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed (from 
hemispherical to subulate) tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a 
straight or incurved embryo, in sparing or copious albumen. Leaves entire, rarely 
denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorpioid. 

12 


78 BORRAGINACES. 


5. TOURNEFORTIA. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or woody twiners, or rarely almost 


6. 


herbaceous. Otherwise nearly as LHeliotropium. 

HELIOTROPIUM. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnel- 
form, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens included: filaments short or 
none: anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 
Fruit dry, 2- or 4lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or 
more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Seed sometimes with rather copious albumen, 
and, with the embryo, curved. — Low herbs or undershrubs; the flowers almost always 
small. ’ 


II. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2-parted) from above into one-celled one-ovuled 


divisions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed) style: stigma 
not annular, terminal. 


Triste IV. BORRAGEZ. Style entire, in Hchium 2-cleft at the apex: stigma trun- 


cate or depressed-capitate, in a few species of Lithospermum tipped with a rudi- 
mentary terminal appendage. Ovules amphitropous or almost orthotropous and 
commonly ascending or erect, or when anatropous mostly pendulous. Nutlets 4 
(or by abortion fewer), distinct, or sometimes at base united in pairs. Radicle 
superior or centripetal. Albumen none. Chiefly herbs, with somewhat mucilagi- 
nous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly near, but not in the axil of 
leaves or bracts, or bractless in scorpioid so-called spikes or racemes. Estivation of 
the corolla imbricated, except when otherwise indicated. (The depressed or elevated 
disk, receptacle, or axis on which the nutlets are inserted, and from which they fall 
away, is called the gynobase.) 


* Corolla and stamens regular: style entire, or sometimes barely 2-cleft at the very apex. 


. + Ovary only 2-parted: fruit involved in a bur-like transformed portion of the calyx. 


HARPAGONELLA. Calyx at first slightly but in fruit exceedingly unequal; three 
of the lobes nearly distinct ; the remaining two more united, closely enwrapping the fruit, 
and becoming cornute with 7 to 9 divergent long and uncinately glochidiate soft-spinous 
processes, forming a bur. Ovule erect, anatropous. Nutlets one or sometimes both 
maturing, obovoid-oblong, thin-coriaceous, very smooth, obliquely fixed by the narrowed 
base to the small depressed gynobase. Seed filling and conformed to the nutlet, erect or 
ascending. MRadicle directed to the gynobase. Corolla, stamens, style, &c., as in 
Pectocarya. 


+ + Ovary -4parted or 4lobed: fruit of 4 nutlets, or by abortion fewer, subtended 
or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx. 


++ Nutlets divergent or divaricate (either radiately or in pairs), outwardly or backwardly 
extended much beyond the insertion (which is by a roundish or oblong areola or scar) : 
seed accordingly horizontal or obliquely ascending, with radicle centripetal: but the 
anatropous ovule (and ovary-lobes) in flower erect or ascending. (Calyx deeply d-cleft or 
parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit : corolla appendaged with strong fornicate processes 
almost closing the throat: stamens short, included.) 


. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets flat and thin (depressed-obcompressed), attached at the inner 


end underneath to the small depressed gynobase, either winged, laciniate-borderéd, or 
pectinately setose around the thin margin; the bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip. 


Style short: stigma capitate. Annuals, with minute white flowers imperfectly opposite 
the leaves. 


. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets equally divergent, horizontal or obliquely ascending on a 


depressed or pyramidal gynobase, turgid, wingless, all over glochidiate-muricate, mostly 
separating (by an ovate or roundish scar at the upper end of the inner face) and carrying 
away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are 
for a time pendulous. Stigma small, on a comparatively long style. Perennials or bien- 
nials, with flowers in usually bractless racemes. 


++ ++ Nutlets erect and parallel with the style, or sometimes incurved, 


= Obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or pro- 
longation of it, to 


u. The more or less elevated (from low-conical or globular to subulate) gynobase which 


supports the style (and when narrow has been termed the base of the style), not stipi- 
tate, and the scar not excavated. 


BORRAGINACE. 179 


10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less 
over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed 
or open in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or somewhat funnelform, white or blue; the 
throat closed with prominent fornicate appendages. 

11. ERITRICHIUM. Nutlets unarmed or rarely with a row of (non-glochidiate) prickles 
around the back, very rarely wing-bordered. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, closed or 
not spreading in fruit (rarely circumscissile-deciduous). Corolla with or occasionally 
without fornicate appendages at the throat, white or blue, in one species yellow! 

12, AMSINCKIA. Nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, triquetrous or ovate- 
triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Corolla salver- 
form or tubular-funnelform, with a slender tube and open throat; the limb sometimes 
plicate at the sinuses, yellow. Style filiform: stigma capitate or 2-parted. Cotyledons 
each 2-parted. 


b. Nutlets conspicuously stipitate, and the stipe more or less hollowed at the insertion upon 
the broadly pyramidal or globular gynobase. 


18. ECHIDIOCARYA. Calyx 5-parted, lax in fruit. Corolla between short-salverform 
and rotate, slightly constricted at the more or less appendaged throat; the tube not 
exceeding the calyx, shorter than the roundish lobes. Filaments very short, inserted on 
the middle of the tube: anthers oblong, included. Style short: stigma capitate. Nut- 
lets ovate-trigonous, oblique, acutely cristulate-muricate or rugose, dorsally and ventrally 
carinate, incurved-ascending on a stout stipe; the stipes either united in pairs or distinct. 
Leaves all alternate. Flowers white. 


c. Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely cqnvex receptacle. 


14. ANTIPHYTUM. Corolla (short), &c., of Eritrichium. Nutlets crustaceous, ovate, 
rounded on the back and granulate or rugulose, carinate ventrally down to the flat 
roundish scar close to the base, which is either slightly protuberant and rather large, or 
smaller and somewhat stipitate: gynobase plane or barely umbonate by the base of the 
style. Flowers racemose, white, mostly bracteate. Leaves commonly opposite ! 

15. MERTENSIA. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost cam- 
panulate, with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. 
Stamens with either flattened or nearly filiform filaments. Style filiform: stigma entire. 
Nutlets from somewhat fleshy to coriaceo-membranaceous, attached by a small or 
short scar just above the base toa barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Peren- 
nials, often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless. 


= = Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane 
gynobase ; 
u. The flat scar not excavated or perforate and bordered with a ring, mostly small. 


16. MYOSOTIS. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate; its throat contracted by 
transverse crests; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud! Anthers ovate or oblong. 
Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous; the scar small. Racemes 
mainly ebracteate. : : 

17. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla salverfdrm, funnelform, or sometimes approaching 
campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low trans- 
verse crests at the throat. Filaments mostly very short: anthers short, included. Style 
slender: stigma mostly truncate-capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished 
and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts. 

18. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and_ wholly 
unappendaged throat ; the lobes erect or hardly spreading, mostly triangular and acute ; 
the sinuses more or less inflexcd. Stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments 
flat or dilated: anthers oblong-linear or sagittate, erect (sometimes in Mexican species 
becoming transverse). Style filiform or capillary, very long: stigma small and truncate, 
exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, 
white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts. 

b. The scar large and excavated, bordered by a prominent margin. (Old World plants.) 

19. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla oblong-tubular, ventricose above the insertion of the sta- 
mens, or with campanulate-dilated limb, and with 5 short nearly erect lobes or teeth; 
the throat closed by 5 prominent lanceolate or linear papillose-margined scale-like 
appendages. Anthers lanceolate, more or less included. Style filiform: stigma small. 
Nutlets obliquely ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous, the cartilaginous prominent ring den- 
ticulate at the edge. 

* * Corolla irregular with limb oblique and lobes unequal. (Old World genera.) 


20. LYCOPSIS. Corolla somewhat salverform; the tube curved at the middle; the 
more or less spreading lobes rather unequal; the oblique throat closed with hispid for- 


180 BORRAGINACES. Cordia. 


nicate scales. Stamens and style included: stigma 2lobed. Nutlets ovoid, oblique, 
coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-rugose, erect, almost laterally attached to a thickened 
protuberant gynobase; the scar large, oval, excavated or perforate, bordered by a 
thickened cartilaginous ring. 

21. ECHIUM. Corolla funnelform, with dilated throat oblique and not at all appendaged ; 
the lobes unequal, roundish, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens unequal and exserted : 
filaments filiform. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex : stigmas small. Nutlets car- 
tilaginous, rough or rugose, ovoid, acute, erect, fixed to the flat gynobase by a plane and 
marginless scar. 

BorrdAco orFicinaAxis, L. (Borace), with very rotate blue corolla, is a not uncommon 
annual in country gardens, but does not run wild. OmpHatopes tinirotia, Mench, of 
S. Europe, is given in Hooker’s Flora Boreali-Americana, on the strength of a specimen re- 
ceived from Newfoundland, to which it cannot be native, and the plant is rare in gardens, 
in which O. verna is a hardy perennial, but it does not escape. 


1. CORDIA, Plumier, L. (Valerius Cordus, a German botanist of the 16th 
century.) — Tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, the greater portion American. 
— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 838. 


§ 1. Corolla large, an inch or two long, funnelform, deciduous ; the tube longer 
than the cylindraceous calyx; its lobes and the stamens 5 to 12: drupe enclosed 
in the enlarged calyx: inflorescence open-cymose. — § Sebestenotdes, DC. 


C. Sebesténa, L. Tall shrub or small tree, scabrous-pubescent or smoothish: leaves 
ovate (4 to 8 inches long): flowers pedicelled: calyx not striate; the teeth irregular and 
obtuse : corolla varying from orange to flame-color, 5-8-lobed. — Bot. Rep. t.157. C. speciosa, 
Willd., DC. — Keys of Florida. (W. Indies, &c.) * 

C. Boissiéri, A.DC. Soft-tomentose: leaves oval or oblong-ovate, when old minutely 
rugose and somewhat scabrous above: calyx not pedicelled, somewhat campanulate and 
striate; the teeth often acute: corolla white with a yellow centre, 5-lobed, externally 
downy.— DC. Prodr. ix. 478; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135.— Southern frontier of Texas 
and New Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg, Schott, &c. (Mex.) 


§ 2. Corolla small or proportionally large, salverform or funnelform, deciduous : 
calyx short, not suleate-striate ; its lobes and those of the corolla as well as stamens 
no more than 5, sometimes 4: flowers in our species capitate-glomerate, and the 
leaves serrate !— § Myxa, Endl. 


C. globésa, HBK. Shrub hirsute or somewhat hoary: branches slender, spreading : 
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate (an inch or two lorig), the pinnate veins rather con- 
spicuous and the upper surface often rugose: peduncle mostly short: calyx-teeth nearly 
filiform, longer than the tube: corolla funnelform, white (2 to 4 lines long), about twice 
the length of the calyx.— Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 76. Varronia globosa, L., & V. bullata in 
part. Cordia bullata, DC. Prodr. ix. 496; Chapm. Fl. 329. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c. 
(W. Ind. to Isthmus.) 

C. podocéphala, Torr. A foot or two high, woody only at base, minutely strigose- 
hirsute, scabrous: branches slender, erect: leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- 
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, coarsely serrate (an inch or two 
long): peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a small and very dense head: calyx- 
teeth triangular-subulate or ovate, very much shorter than the tube: corolla broadly fun- 
nelform, white or pale purple (half inch or more long), its narrow tube hardly exceeding 
the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 135.— Lower Rio Grande, Texas to the borders of New 
Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Schott, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) : 
C. Greer, Torr. 1. c., which is hardly of this section, is a Mexican species, found only at 

a considerable distance from our frontiers. 


2. BOURRERIA, P. Browne. (Named after one Bourrer, a Nuremberg 
apothecary, not Beurrer, therefore the orthography Beurreria, Jacquin and others, 
is not to prevail over the original form.) — ‘Tropical American trees and shrubs; 


Coldenia. BORRAGINACE.E. 181 


with white flowers in open terminal cymes. Lobes of the style not rarely coales- 
cent even to the stigma.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 840, excl. syn. Hymen- 
esthes, Miers, which is a Cordia. Bourreria & Crematomia, Miers, Bot. Contrib. 
ii, 230, 242. 


B. Havanénsis, Miers. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or nearly so: leaves mostly 
obovate-oblong and acute at base (about 2 inches in length), bright green and shining 
above, coriaceous, entire: cyme loose: calyx at length campanulate, glabrous or puberu- 
lent, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla: style cleft only at the apex, or even quite 
entire: drupe as large as a pea, orange. — Bot. Contrib. ii. 238, t. 36 (Mhretia Havanensis, 
Willd.), with B. recurva & B. ovata, Miers, 1.c. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Griseb. 
(Ehretia tomentosa, Lam.), is probably a pubescent form of the same species. Pittonia similis, 
Catesb. Car. ii. t. 79. Ehretia Beurreria, Chapm. FI. 329, not L. (the B. succulenta, Jacq.). — 
Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c., a glabrous and smooth form. (W. Ind.) 

Var. radula. Upper face of the leaves tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous from 
papillosities, the lower and the branchlets either glabrous or minutely pubescent. — 
B. radula, Don, Syst. iv. 390; Chapm. l.c.; Miers, l.c. B. virgata, Griseb., not Swartz, ex 
Miers. Ehretia radula, Poir., ex Miers. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind.) 


3. EHRETIA, L. (George Dionysius Ehret, a gifted botanical painter of 
the 18th century.) — Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical ; with smal! white flowers 
in open cymes or panicles, or rarely almost solitary. — Beuth. & Hook. 1. ec. 


E. elliptica, DC. Tree 15 to 50 feet high: leaves oval or oblong, sometimes serrate, 
nearly smooth and glabrous or (with the branchlets and open cymes) minutely hirsute-pu- 
bescent and the upper face very scabrous: divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate, acu- 
minate, as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla: drupes yellow, globose, of the 
size of small peas (the thin pulp edible). — Prodr. ix. 503; Torr. Mex. Bound. 136; Miers, 
Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85.— River-bottoms South-western Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c. 
(Adjacent Mex.) 


4. COLDENIA, L. (Dr. Cadwallader Colden, Colonial Lieut.-Governor 
of New York, a correspondent of Linnzus.) — Low herbaceous or suffrutescent 
plants, canescent or hispid; with small and mostly white flowers sessile and 
usually in clusters; the original species a prostrate annual, with usually 4-merous 
flowers and coarsely toothed leaves, the strong simple veins of which run to the 
sinuses. (Lam. Ill. t. 89; Gaertn. Fruct. t.68, embryo wrongly figured.) Genus 
extended by the addition of several North and W. South American species, 
diverse in habit and minor characters, which might well form more than half as 
many subgeuera as there are species, but may be ranked under three. (Insertion 
of stamens probably both high and low in the same species.) — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, x. 48, & Bot. Calif. i. 520; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 841. 


§ 1. Evcotpenta, Benth. Fruit merely 4-sulcate; the nutlets with plane 
contiguous sides and thick crustaceous walls, or in one species reduced by abortion 
to a single cell: corolla not appendaged within: stamens equally inserted: veins 
of the leaves straight and simple. — Stegnocarpus & Ptilocalyx, ‘Vorr. 


C. canéscens, DC. Prostrate or procumbent, with somewhat ligneous perennial base, 
white-sericeous or tomentose: leaves (barely half inch long) ovate or oblong, entire, petioled, 
obscurely veined: flowers solitary or in small clusters at the axils or forks: calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate : fruit depressed-globose ; the four thick-walled nutlets smooth and rounded 
on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless: embryo slightly curved. — 
Prodr. ix. 559 (§ Stegnocarpus); Gray, 1.c. Steqnocarpus canescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 
ii. 169, t. 7. —S. Texas to Arizona, Berlundier, Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 


182 BORRAGIN ACER. Coldenia. 


C. Gréggii, Gray. Suffruticulose, a foot or two high, tomentose-canescent: l¢aves ovate 
or oval (2 to 4 lines long), short-petioled, almost veinless, entire, the margins revolute: 
flowers capitate-glomerate at the summit of the branches: calyx-lobes filiform from a 
broader base, elongated-plumose with long villous hairs: ovary obscurely 4-lobed; but the 
fruit even, ovate-oblong, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, the walls comparatively thin, 
showing mere vestiges of three abortive cells: embryo straight. — Ptilocalyx Greggii, Torr. 
lc. 170, t. 8. — Rocky ravines, New Mexico, and south-western borders of Texas, Gregg, 
Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 

§ 2. Eppya, Gray. Fruit deeply 4-lobed; the mature nutlets rounded and“ 
only ventrally united, thin-walled but crustaceous, rough-granulate: corolla not 
appendaged: stamens unequally inserted: narrow leaves with very thick midrib, 
veinless. — Hddya, Torr. 1. ¢. 


C. hispidissima, Gray, 1. c. Suffruticulose, diffuse, soon procumbent, « span or two 
high, very setose-hispid, and with some minute cinereous pubescence: leaves fascicled, 
rigid, lanceolate, soon linear or acerose by strong revolution of the margins, dilated at 
base ; the lower or primary ones petioled: flowers scattered: calyx-lobes linear, resembling 
the leaves: embryo straight.— Eddya hispidissima, Torr. 1. c. 170, t. 9.—Dry hills, &., 
W. Texas ( Wright, &c.) to Arizona and S. Utah. 


§ 8. Tiquitta, DC. Fruit deeply 4-lobed (or by abortion occasionally fewer) ; 
the thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and shining: 
stamens equally inserted: leaves entire, petioled, veined. — Tiquilia, Pers. Gala- 
pagoa, Hook. f.—In our species (§ Tiguilopsis, Gray, 1. ¢.), the corolla is appen- 
daged within, and the cotyledons either 4-parted around or incumbent upon the 
radicle. 

C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous, canes- 
cently pubescent, also sparsely hirsute or hispid: leaves ovate or rlhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 
lines long and on longer petioles, with two or at most three pairs of strong and somewhat 
curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute: flowers densely clustered in the forks and 
at the ends of the naked branches: calyx-lobes linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube 
of the pink or whitish corolla: filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted nearly in the 
throat of the corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base: nutlets, 
oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral sear : embryo straight: cotyle- 
dons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated bases almost enclosing the radicle. —Kew 
Jour. Bot. iii. 296; Watson, Bot. King, 248; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 520. Tigquilia brevifolia, 
Nutt.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 186, & Wilkes Exped. xvii. 417, t. 12, under the name of 
T. Oregana.— Arid plains, Arizona through Utah and E. California to Wyoming and 
Washington Terr. 

C. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently perennial or even suffruticulose at base, less prostrate, 
more canescent but not hispid or even hirsute: leaves obovate or ovate, about the length 
of their petiole, plicate-lineate by about 6 pairs of straight and strong veins: flowers fewer 
in the clusters: calyx less deeply cleft; the lanceolate lobes about half the length of the 
bluish corolla, which bears 5 salient plates above the base of the tube, extending to the 
insertign of the slender filaments: nutlets only one or two maturing, globular, with an 
orbicular scar: cotyledons very thick, somewhat hemispherical, not even cordate, incum- 
bent on the radicle. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49; Watson, l.c. Tiguilia brevifolia, 
var. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136.—Sandhills on the Mohave and Colorado, 
E. California and W. Arizona, Emory, Schott, Cooper, Palmer. 


5. TOURNEFORTIA, L. (Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, of France, the 
great botanist of the 17th century.) — Shrubby, arborescent, or rarely nearly 
herbaceous plants; a rather large ‘genus all round the world in and near the 
tropics, one or two extratropical. Flowers white, small, unilateral and as it were 
spicate on the scorpioid cyme-branches, usually destitute of bracts. A polymor- 
phous and artificial genus, in a few species too nearly approaching the next. 


Heliotropium. BORRAGINACEX. 183 


%* Lobes of the small white corolla slender-subulate, valvate-induplicate in the bud. 

T. volubilis, L. Slender shrub, with filiform sarmentose more or less twining branches, 
and minute usually rusty pubescence : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, 
slender-petioled : spikes of the loose cyme filiform and divaricate: slender flowers merely 
2 lines long: drupe 1-3-seeded. — Messersmidtia volubilis, Rem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 544; Miers 
Contrib. ii, 210.— Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., &c.) 

% * Lobes of the white corolla broad, more or less plicate in the bud and undulate. 

T. méllis, Gray. Erect from u suffrutescent base, a foot or less in height, branching, 
canescently silky-tomentose: leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, and with undulate 
margins, rather long-petioled: flowers middle-sized, crowded in a pair of naked peduncled 
spikes: tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, and longer than the rounded un- 
dulate or crenulate lobes: drupe globose-ovate, minutely tomentose, excavated at base, 
by abortion about 2-seeded. —Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum molle, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 188.— On the Rio Grande, Texas, at or opposite Presidio del Norte, Bigelow. Leaves 
about 2 inches long, including the petiole. Corolla apparently white, 3 lines long, the 
limb rather ample. Fruit probably fleshy in the living plant. 

T. gnaphaldédes, R. Br. Somewhat fleshy shrub, very white silky-tomentose through. 
out, thickly leafy: leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse: flowers densely clustered: corolla 
fleshy, downy outside: drupe ovate-conical, deeply excavated at base, with thin flesh, 
and 2 two-seeded nutlets. — Heliotropium gnaphalodes, Jacq. Amey. 25, t. 178. (Pluk. Alm. 
t. 193, fig. 5.) — Coast of Florida. (W. Ind.) 


6. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Tournsote, HeLiorrorr. (Ancient 
Greek name, not indicating that the flowers turn to the sun, but that they begin 
to appear at the summer solstice.) — Herbs, or low more or less shrubby plants, 
belonging mainly to the warmer parts of the world, represented in cultivation by 
the vanilla-scented H. Peruetanum, and in the southern part of the United States 
by several indigenous and two or three naturalized: species: fl. all summer. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 843, 


§ 1. Etrroca, Gray, 1]. c. Fruit didymous, solid; the two carpels each split- 
ting into two almost hemispherical one-seeded nutlets, their internal face flat and 
smooth: embryo semicircular in rather copious albumen: corolla large, naked 
and not appendaged, strongly plicate in estivation: anthers slightly cohering by 
their minutely bearded tips: style long and filiform: cone of the stigma truncate 
and bearded with a penicillate tuft of strong bristles: flowers scattered. — Hu- 
ploca, Nutt. 


H. convolvuladceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much 
branched: leaves lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-peti- 
oled: flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled: limb of the 
bright white corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the strigose-hirsute tube about twice the length 
of the linear sepals: anthers inserted at or above its middle. — Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403, 
& Proc. v. 340. Euploca convolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. ser. 2, v. 189; Hook. Ic. 
t.651; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t.15.  £. grandiflora, Torr. in Emory Rep. 147. — Sandy plains, 
Nebraska to W. Texas. Soda Lake, S. FE. California, Dr. Cooper. A showy plant; the 
sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset (.Vvttc//), in cultivation open nearly all day: tube 
of corolla (including the abruptly somewhat dilated throat, constricted at orifice) 4 lines 
long; the rotate border about half an inch broad; the wide sinuses not produced into teeth 
or appendages, but obscurely emarginate. Style fully thrice the length of the ovary : 
annular stigma obscurely 4-lobed ; its strongly bearded terminal appendage rather longer, 
truncate or obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat pubescent or hairy. 


§ 2. Eunerrotrorium. Fruit 4-lobed and separating at maturity into 4 one- 


celled one-seeded nutlets: style usually short: cone or tip of the stigma slightly 
bearded or naked, rarely obsolete: corolla plicate or induplicate in the bud; the 


184 BORRAGINACEZ. Heliotropium, 


lobes obtuse (with one exception) and usuaily broad : inflorescence in most species 
either distinctly or indistinctly scorpioid. — § Euheliotropium & Orthostachys, 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. Heliotropium & Schleidenta (Endl.), Fresenius in 
Fl. Bras. viii. 31, 33. 


* Flowers all or some of them accompanied by bracts or leaves; when spicate, the so-called spikes 
not naked, nor conjugate or forking to form a eyme, nor strongly coiled: anthers generally with 
tips connivent or cohering over the stigma. — § Orthostachys, R. Br.; A.DC.; Benth. & Hook. 
Preslea, Mart. Schleidenia, Endl. 


+— Stigma-tip elongated (sometimes 2-cleft): anther-tips lightly or only at first cohering: corolla 
with naked and open throat, white: leaves narrowly linear: nutlets globular, beakless, externally 
hispid or pubescent. 


++ Divisions of the calyx similar, more or less shorter than the tube of the corolla: nutlets with a 
pair of pits on the inner face. : 

H. Gréggii, Torr. A span high, diffusely spreading from a slightly woody base, strigose- 
cinereous: slender branches leafy : leaves narrowly linear, flat, about an inch long anda 
line wide: flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in an at first crowded and short scor- 
pioid spike, with or often mainly without bracts: corolla with an ample and slightly 
5-lobed limb: anthers long, acuminate, minutely bearded at tip: stigma-tip subulate- 
conical, much thicker than the very short style, as well as much longer. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 
137; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49.— Sandy or gravelly soil, western borders of Texas, New 
Mexico, and adjacent part of Mexico, first collected by Dr. Gregg. Flowers very fragrant : 
corolla a third to nearly half an inch broad when expanded. 

H. angustifolium, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect and densely branched from a 
woody base, strigose-canescent: branches rigid, very leafy: leaves very narrowly linear, 
with revolute margins, almost filiform when dry (4 to 9 lines long) : spike few-flowered, at 
length slender, nearly straight, bracteate at base or without bracts: flowers small, short- 
peduncled: corolla salverform, with narrow canescent tube and 5-parted limb; the lobes 
ovate-lanceolate (acute!) ; hardly a line Jong, or half the length of the tube: anthers with 
mucronate glabrous tips: stigma-tip slender-subulate, longer and hardly broader than the 
rather long style. — Bot. Méx. Bound. 1387.— South-western borders of Texas, Wright. 
(Adjacent Mex., Gregg.) 
++ ++ Divisions of the calyx very unequal, the larger about the length of the corolla: nutlets 

without pits on the inner face: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid. 

H. tenéllum, Torr. <A span to a foot high, erect from an annual root, paniculately 
branched, slender, strigose-canescent: leaves narrowly linear, with more or less revolute 
margins (about an inch long and a line wide): flowers scattered, terminal, becoming lateral 
and axillary, on rather slender peduncles, many of them bractless: limb of the corolla 
rather shorter than the narrow canescent tube; the lobes oblong or obovate, a line long: 
anthers oblong and with nearly naked blunt tips scarcely at all cohering: stigma-tip nar 
rowly subulate, 3 or 4 times the length of the short style. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 14, & 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 188. Lithospermum tenellum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189. 
L. angustifolium, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 225, not Michx.— Open dry ground, Kentucky to 
Alabama, west to Kansas and throughout Texas, 

+ + Stigma-tip conical or more slender: anthers cohering by minutely bearded tips: corolla 
appendaged and throat sometimes almost closed by a pubescent projection or gibbosity at or below 


the base of each fold of the sinuses: divisions of the calyx usually of unequal breadth: nutlets 
in our species beakless. 


++ Diffuse or tufted, a span or less high: internal appendages of the corolla small roundish puber- 
ulent gibbosities low in the throat. 

H. confertifélium, Torr. Suffruticulose, very much branched and tufted, silvery-white 
with a dense silky-hirsute pubescence: leaves crowded throughout and imbricated along 
the upper part of the branches, from narrowly oblong to linear, 2 or 3 lines long, equally 
white both sides, the margins somewhat revolute: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid : 
flowers sessile among the leaves, mainly glomerate with them at the end of the branches 
and hardly surpassing them: corolla pale purple; its silky-hairy tube hardly longer than 
the calyx; limb angulate-5-lobed, only 2 lines in diameter: style thrice the length of the 
ovary: annular stigma much broader than the subulate-conical tip. — Herb. Torr. . lin- 
batum & var. confertifolium, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138, not A. limbatum, Benth. — South- 
western borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 


Heliotropium. BORRAGINACE.E. 185 


H. phyllostachyum, Torr. Annual, diffuscly spreading, strigulose-hirsute: leaves 
oblong or broadly lanceolate, plane (3 to 7 lines long), obtuse, contracted abruptly at base 
into a short petiole, those subtending flowers similar: flowers small, loosely unilateral- 
spicate along the branches, very short-peduncled, some bractless, others at the axils of 
leaves: calyx-divisions unequal, lanceolate, in fruit one of them mostly ovate-lanceolate 
and larger: corolla white, hardly exceeding the calyx, its lobes ovate and the folds at the 
sinuses sometimes more or less extended into teeth: style very short: nutlets with 2 deep 
pits. — Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c., in part (1859). A. myosotoides, Chapm. Fl. 330 (1860).— 
Rocky hills, southeastern part of Arizona, Wright. Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. 
Flowers barely a line long. Fruiting-calyx becoming 2 lines long, the larger sepal fully 
twice the length of the depressed-globose fruit. The Mexican specimens of Berlandier 
referred to this by Dr. Torrey seem rather to belong to H. hispidum, HBK. 


—_ =e Ereet, about a foot high: internal appendages of the throat of the corolla prominent and 
deflexed. 


H. polyphyllum, Lehm. Many-stemmed from a ligneous base or root, minutely stri- 
gulose-cinereous: stems very leafy throughout: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 7 
lines long, very short-petioled or sessile: flowers approximate in a leafy slightly scorpioid 
spike: divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate or one lanceolate-ovate: tube of the 
(mostly white) corolla not longer than ‘the calyx, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed 
limb (this 3 or + lines in diameter) ; the strong folds of the sinuses produced at base into 
conical and pouch-like appendages : style short : nutlets 2-pitted on the inner face. — Lehm. 
Asper. 63, & Ic. t. 8; Gray, l.c. A. glomeratum, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5507 H. bursiferum, 
C. Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cub. 211. Schleidenia polyphylla, Fresen. in Fl. Bras. 1. c.— 
E. Florida, Buckley, Palmer, &e. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 

Var. Leavenworthii, Gray, l.c. Stems a foot or two high, the larger plants de- 
cidedly shrubby: corolla golden yellow! — H. Leavenworthii, Torr. ined., at least as to the 
original specimen. — Everglades of S. Florida, Leavenworth, Palmer, Garber. Appears to 
differ only in the yellow color of the corolla, which is remarkable. 

* * Flowers bractless, in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes, which are commonly in pairs or 
once or twice forked, forming the scorpioid cyme of this and related orders: anthers free. (Style 


none and the corolla mainly white in our species.) —§ Luheliotropium, DC., &c. Heliotropium, 
Fresenius, 1. c. 


+— Pubescent annuals, not fleshy: anthers pointless or mucronulate. 

H. Evrorzvm, L. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent, loosely branched: leaves oval 
or obovate, long-petioled: spikes in pairs or single, becoming slender: flowers small, scent- 
less: stigma-tip long and slender-subulate, 2-cleft at apex. Waste grounds of Southern 
and rarely in Northern Atlantic States: nat. from Eu. 

H. inundatum, Swartz. A foot or two high, strigose-cinereous, branching from the 
base: leaves spatulate-oblong, varying to oblanceolate (commonly an inch long), rather 
slender-petioled: spikes 2 or 4 in a cluster, filiform, hirsute: flowers very small, crowded 
(corolla barely a line or so long): stigma thick, surmounted by a short obtuse cone. — 
Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 343; DC. Prodr. ix. 539. H. procumbens, canescens, & cinereum, HBK. Nov. 
Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 206. — Texas to the frontiers of California (Coulter). (S. Am. & W. 
Ind.) The stems may become indurated, but the root is annual. 

+ + Wholly glabrous perennial (or sometimes annual ?), fleshy and glaucous: anthers acuminate. 

H. Curassaévicum, lL. Diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high: leaves succulent, 
oblanceolate, varying on the one hand to nearly linear, on the other to obovate (an inch or 
two long): spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered: corolla with a rather 
ample 5-lobed limb (3 lines broad) and open throat (white, with a yellow eye, sometimes 
changing to blue!) ; the lobes round-ovate, rather shorter than the,tube: stigma umbrella- 
shaped, as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat, not surmounted by a cone! — Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 2669. — Sandy seashore from Virginia (or farther north as a ballast-weed), and from 
Oregon southward; also in the interior, chiefly in saline soils. (Widely distributed over 
most warmer parts of the world.) 


$3. Traripius. Fruit at maturity more or less 2-lobed, and separating into 
2 two-celled and two-seeded (or by abortion one-seeded) carpels, which may at 
length each split into 2 nutlets, with or without empty cavities or false cells: 


186 BORRAGINACEZ. Heliotropium. 


style very short or none: flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes, which are either 
solitary, geminate, or collected in a cyme.— TZiaridium, Lehm. Asper. 13 (1818) ; 
Cham. AHeliophytum, DC. Heliotropium § Heliophytum with Cochranea (Miers), 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. 


* Fruit didymous; the nutlets parallel. 


H. ancnvus#rouium, Poir.; Fresen. in Fl. Bras. viii. 46 (which is Tournefortia heliotropioides, 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3096, and probably also [Zeliophytum sidefolium, DC.), is a low perennial, 
with oblong or lanceolate repand leaves, and a pedunculate close cyme of 3 or 4 spikes of 
bright violet-blue flowers, much resembling those of the Sweet Heliotrope (H. Peruvianum), 
but not sweet-scented, and the nutlets when fresh with a thin fleshy exocarp: stigma sessile 
and with a depressed cone. It is a native of Buenos Ayres and S. Brazil, is cultivated for 
ornament, occasionally appears among ballast-weeds at Philadelphia, and is becoming spon- 
taneous in East Florida. 

H. parviflorum, L. Annual, or becoming woody at base, more or less pubescent, a foot 
or two high: leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 

- pinnately veined, slender-petioled, some of them opposite: spikes single or sometimes in 
pairs, filiform, 2 to 6 inches long: flowers small and crowded (a line long), white: fruit 
hardly a line long, blunt, commonly with no distinct empty cell. — Heliophytum parviflorum, 
DC.; Fresen. 1. c. 45, t. 10, fig. 6.— Keys of Florida and southern borders of Texas. 
(Mex., Trop. Amer.) 

H. glabriusculum, Gray. A span high, diffusely branching from a perennial and per- 
haps rather woody base, minutely and sparsely strigulose-pubescent : branches slender, 
leafy to the top: leaves green and except the midrib beneath nearly glabrous (an inch or 
less long), rather obtuse and sometimes undulate, hardly veiny, short-petioled: spikes 
rather short, solitary or forking: corolla white with a green eye; its tube longer than the 
calyx and about the length of the oval lobes (these a line long): fruit cinereous-pubes- 
cent; the nutlets turgid, by abortion often only 1-seeded, 3-4-toothed at summit, commonly 
with 3 empty cells or spaces. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum glabriusculum, Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 189. — W. borders of Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adjacent Mex.) 

* * Fruit mitre-shaped (whence the name Tiaridiwm, founded on the following species); its two 

lobes diverging: style deciduous. 

H. Invicum, L. Coarse annual, hirsute, erect: leaves ovate or oval, sometimes rather cor- 
date, on margined petioles, obscurely serrate or undulate: spikes mostly single, densely- 
flowered (becoming a span to a foot long): corolla bluish, the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter : 
fruit glabrous ; the nutlets acutely ribbed on the back, within a pair of large empty cells. — 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1837. Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm.; Cham. in Linn. iv. 452, t. 5. Helio- 
phytum Indicum, DC.; Fresen. l.c., t. 10, £.4.— Waste grounds of the Southern Atlantic 
States, reaching to Illinois along the great rivers. (Nat. from India, &c.) 


7. HARPAGONELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of harpago, a grappling- 
hook.) — Single species with the aspect of Pectocarya, in company with which it 
grows. Corolla only a line long, white; the rounded lobes imbricate-convolute 
in the bud.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88, & Bot. Calif. i. 531; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 846. 


H. Palmeri, Gray, l.c. Small and insignificant annual, diffusely and rather simply 
branched from the base, strigulése-hirsute: leaves linear; the upper or bracts lanceolate : 
flowers soon lateral and scattered, a little above and partly opposite the leaf, on short at 

_ length strongly recurved and rigid peduncles: body of the bur-he fruiting calyx, oblong 
or fusiform, completely enclosing the solitary nutlet, or sometimes « pair. — (Guadalupe 
Island, off Lower California, Palmer.) Arizona, near Tucson, E. L. Greene. The two globu- 
-lar lobes of the ovary are unilateral, on the side of the style next the enveloping calyx- 
lobes, and distinct ; they apparently belong to different carpels, each of which wants the 
other half. Both carpels uniovulate and alike in flower, and both, according to Bentham, 
are sometimes fertile and enclosed together in the calyx. Sometimes one is excluded and 
naked, but falls away without maturing. : 


Cynoglossum. BORRAGINACE.E. 187 


8. PECTOCARYA, DC. (Compounded of mextd3, combed, and xagvu, 
in place of xagvor, nut, refering to the pectinate border of the nutlets.) — Dim- 
inutive annuals, of the western coast of America, diffuse, strigose-hirsute or canes- 
cent; with narrow linear leaves, and small and scattered flowers along the whole 
length of the stem, on very short and sometimes recurved pedicels: corolla white, 
minute. — Meisn. Gen. 279; Benth. & Ilook. Gen. ii. S47. 


§ 1. KrenospErutu. Nutlets bordered with a coriaceous undulate or laciniate 
wing, geminately divergent. — Atenospermum, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 
1837, without char. Pectocarya, DC. Prodr. x. 120. 


P. linearis, DC. Diffuse: nutlets with narrowly oblong body (one or two lines long), 
surrounded by a broad wing, which is pectinately or laciniately and often irregularly parted 
or cleft into subulate teeth, ending in a delicate uncinate-tipped bristle: cotyledons ob- 
long. — Benth. Gen. l.e.  P. linearis & P. Chilensis, DC. Prodr. loc. P. Chilensis, C. Gay, 
Fl. Chil. t. 52, bis, fig. 2. P. Chilensis, var. Calijornica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vy. 124. P. 
lateriflora, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 531, &c¢., not DC. Cynoylossian lineare, Ruiz & Pav. FL. ii. 6. — 
Dry gravelly soil, southern part of California, Utah, and Arizona. (Chili.) One form, 
answering to P. linear’s, DC., has coarsely cleft nearly plane wings; another, answering to 
P. Chilensis, DC., has narrower and more pectinate teeth to a somewhat incurved wing, 
and the nutlet arcuate-recurved in age. 

P, penicillata, A.DC., lc. Very diffuse and slender: nutlets with oblong body (a line 
“long) surrounded by a merely undulate or pandurate wing (incurved in age), its rounded 
apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles: cotyle- 
dons oblong-obovate. — Cynoglossum penicillatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 371.— British 
Columbia (JWacoun) to California and W. Nevada. (The Missouri habitat and the syn. 
of Nuttall, cited by A. DeCandolle, belong to Echinospermum Redowskii.) 

P. tarertFLora, DC., of Peru, has broadly obovate and less geminate nutlets, as noted by 

Bentham, with the wing dentate in the manner of P. linearis. 


§ 2. Gruvétisa. Nutlets broadly obovate and equably divergent (a line long), 
the wing or margin entire: cotyledons broadly obovate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 81. Gruvelia, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119. 


P. setésa, Gray, ].c. Hispid, as well as minutely strigose-pubescent, rather stout: 
calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 very large divergent bristles : nutlets bordered by a broadish 
(entire or obscurely undulate) thin-scarious wing; the faces as well as margins beset with 
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — S. E. California, on the Mohave desert, Pulmer. 

P. pusilla, Gray, lc. Strigulose-canescent, slender: nutlets cuneate-obovate, wingless, 
and with a carinate mid-nerve on the upper face, the acute margin beset with a row of 
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — Gruvelia pusilla, ADC. Prodr. x. 119; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. 
lc. fig. 3. — Common about Yreka, in the northern part of California, apparently native, 
Greene. (Chili.) 


9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Town. Hounpstexevr. (Kiar, dog, and yia@00n, 
tongue, from the shape and soft surface of the Teaves of the commonest species.) 


— Mostly stout and Heya a Siercer So/pases fia scent, and usually 


broad leaves, the lower patiededy 


(purple, blue, or shina cae cy 
mida 


* Biennial weed of le! a 
raised margin, ase 
from the base of“ 1s OF the Woke 
C. orFicinALe, L. ie el 

cel Ataghe top: leaves lanceolate or the lower “oblonga pet rit 
large : corolla} gulate, dull red purple (and a white variety), mi 
the calyx 24% ave "¢ Schk. Handb. t.30.— Pastures and waste grounds ee eel 
States : bd is eco, &e. (Nat. from Eu.) 


188 BORRAGINACES. Cynoglossum. 


% »* Perennial and indigenous: racemes elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: nutlets hori- 
zontal or nearly so, tumid, not margined, 

+— Separating from the low-pyramidal gynobase and usually carrying away portions of the rather. 
short slender-subulate style. 

C. Virginicum, L. About 2 feet high, hirsute, few-leaved : radical and lowest cauline 
leaves oval or oblong (4 to 10 inches long) and rather abruptly contracted into a long 
margined petiole ; the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously cordate-clasping : 
common peduncle half a foot or so in length: tube of the corolla hardly longer than the 
calyx-lobes (1 or 2 lines long) and not longer than the comparatively ample (pale blue) 
lobes. — C. amplexicaule, Michx. FI. i. 132. — Open woods, Upper Canada and Saskatchewan 
to Florida and Louisiana. 
+— + Nutlets horizontal on a very depressed gynobase, at separation free from the long and slen- 

der stsle: Pacific species, with violet or blue and rather large paniculate-racemose flowers. 

Cc. occidentale, Gray. Hirsute-pubescent or in age almost hispid, about a foot high: 
lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged petioles; the upper from lanceolate 
to ovate and partly clasping: tube of the corolla longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes, 
and twice or thrice the length of its own roundish lobes: style wholly filiform: nutlets 
very tumid, almost globular, 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif. i. 531.— 
California, in the Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. northward, Burgess, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. 

C. grande, Dougl. Soft-villous-pubescent, hardly hirsute below, becoming glabrate in 
age, about 2 feet high: lower leaves ovate- or subcordate-oblong and acute or acuminate, 
4 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same length; the upper smaller, from 
ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into shorter winged petioles: tube of the corolla 
slightly exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes, and hardly longer than its own ample lobes (these 
2 or 8 lines long): slender style thicker towards the base: mature fruit unknown. — Hook. 
FL ii. 85; DC. Prodr. x. 153; Gray, l.v. C. officinale, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 152, not L. 
— In woods, from Monterey, California, to Washington Terr. 

C. lve. Smooth and glabrous, except some soft and apparently deciduous pubescence on 
the lower face of the leaves (which otherwise resemble those of C. grande), and moré on 
the lanceolate divisions of the calyx: flowers few: lobes of the corolla (1 or 2 lines long) 
about half the length of the tube: filiform style hardly thickened downward: fruit not 
seen. — Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames. 

* * * Perennials of doubtful genus (fruit unknown), with linear sessile leaves, bracteate racemes, 
rotate blue corolla, and short style. 

C. cilidtum, Doug]. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs on the lower 
part of the stem retrorse: leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, 3-nerved; the lower 4 inches 
long and 2 lines wide, the upper an inch long: racemes subcorymbose : calyx-lobes lanceo- 
late, obtuse: stigma capitate. —Lehm. Pug. ii. 24, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85, from which the 
above description has been compiled. — “ Dry banks of mountain streams, Little Falls of 
the Columbia and upwards to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas.” 

C. Howardi. ‘ Depressed-cespitose, sericeous-canescent with appressed pubescence : leaves 
mainly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex, 5 to 8 lines long, spatulate-linear: 
flowering stems an inch or two high, 3-4-leaved, densely few-flowered at the summit : bracts 
linear, equalling the linear calyx-lobes : corolla with rounded lobes (a line and a half long) ; 
fornicate appendages large; the tube very short: stigma truncate. — Rocky Mountains in 
Montana, Winslow J. Howardl'! hg 26WG" only ; apparently related to the preceding. 

+ oils ‘to eoveol” . to 996 THe das 


10, ECHIN@SRER MDM pr ‘ a (Formed of éywog, a 
hedgehog, aiid sadgmpaens Sphigtsic di tiny | i++ ‘Annuals, biennials, 
or eee el rs. om <a either pubescent 


-or whitish; the 
{ sete troublesome 


Hs ceil lies 
sapiee wee M tout: ane: of the fruit elochiaidt 


Echinospermum. BORRAGINACEZ. 189 


% Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above: slender 


pedicels recurved or detlexed in fruit: calvx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the fruit, 


and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular, medial or infra-medial- 
gynobase short-pyramidal: biennials or annuals, some perhaps perennials, pubescent or hirsute 
not hispid. , 
+— Corolla short-funnelform (blue) ; the tube surpassing the calyx, about the length of the lobes. 
E. diffasum, Lehm. A foot or so high: leaves oblong-lanceolate ; or the lowest spatu- 
late, narrowed at base into long wing-margined petioles ; the upper sessile, from oblong- 
lanceolate to ovate or cordate, passing into small bracts: racemes commonly loose and 
spreading: fruiting pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: limb of the bright blue corolla from half 
inch in diameter to much smaller: style slender: fruit a globose bur; the nutlets 3 lines 
long, densely muriculate-scabrous, rather sparsely armed throughout with long and flat- 
tened prickles ; the scar large and broadly ovate: gynobase broadly pyramidal. — Pug. 
ii. 23, & in Hook. FL ii. 83. FE. nervosum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, fig. 42. £. 
deflerum, var. floribundum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 541, in part. — Open woods, &e., Oregon, and 
California, along the Sierra Nevada, where it is common. 


+— + Corolla rotate (from blue to nearly white); its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes. 


E. floribundum, Lehm., l.c. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or sometimes smaller : 
leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into margined petioles: 
racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict: nutlets with elongated 
triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close 
row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent; scar smaller and narrowly ovate. 
— Hook. Fl. ii. 84, t. 164. EL. deflerum, var. floribundum, Watson, Bot. King, 246; Gray, 
l.c., mainly. £. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 148,a small form, said to 
be perennial. — Lake Winnipeg to British Columbia, and south to New Mexico and Cali- 
fornia. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter. 

E. defléxum, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high: leaves from oblong to 
lanceolate : racemes lax, loosely paniculate: flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the pre- 
ceding: nutlets smaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) broader. — Asper. 120, & 
in Hook. lc. AfLyosotis deflera, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1810, 118, t.4; FL Dan. t. 1568. — Sas- 
katchewan, and Winnipeg Valley, Drummond, Bourgeau. Brit. Columbia, Lyall. Habit 
intermediate between the preceding and following ; the American specimens having occa- 
sionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets. 
Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of £. floribundum. (Siberia to Eu.) 

E. Virginicum, Lehm., l.c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with long and widely spread- 
ing branches: radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 to 8 inches 
long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; uppermost passing into 
lanceolate bracts: loosely paniculate racemes divaricate, filiform: pedicel and flower each 
about a line long: corolla slightly ‘surpassing the calyx, pale blue or white: fruit globular, 
2 lines in diameter, armed all over with short prickles. — AfLyosotis Virginiana, L. Spec. 189. 
M. Virginica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 189 (Moris. Hist. iii, 449, sect. 11, t. 30, fig. 9). Cynoglossum 
Morisoni, DC. Prodr. x. 155.— Borders of woods and thickets, Canada to Alabama and 
Louisiana. 

%* * Spikes leafy-bracteate: pedicels erect or merely spreading, stout, shorter than the calyx: 
lobes of the latter little shorter than the small corolla, becoming foliaceous and often unequal, 
mostly exceeding the fruit: scar of the nutlets long and narrow, occupying most of the ventral 
angle, corresponding with the subulate gynobase: annuals, with rough or hispid pubescence: 
leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate. 

H. LAppura, Lehm.,1.c. Erect, a foot or two high, branched above; nutlets rough-granu- 
late or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct 
prickles, or these irregular over most of the back. — Fl. Dan, t.692.— Waste and culti- 
vated grounds, from the Middle Atlantic States to Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) P 

EH. Redowskii, Lehm., 1c. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched: nut- 
lets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate; the margins armed with a -single 
row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. — Gray, Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 165; Watson, Bot. King, 246, t. 23, fig. 9-12. A/yosotis Redowskii, Hornem. 
Hort. Hafn. i. 174. E. intermedium, Ledeb. FI. Alt. & Ic. ii. t. 180. (N. Asia.) 

Var. occidentdle, Watson, 1.c., the American plant, is less strict, at length 
diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharp instead of blunt or round- 


190 BORRAGINACES. Echinospermum. 


ish, as in the Asiatic plant. — E. patulum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 84; Torr. in Wilkes Exp. 

xvii.418, £. Lappula, Hook, & Arn. Bot. Beech., not Lehm. £. pilosum, Buckley in Proc. 

Acad. Philad. 1861. Cynoglossum pilosum? Nutt. Gen. i. 114.— Plains, Saskatchewan and 

Minnesota to Texas, and west to Arizona and Alaska. 

Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below 
and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup (the 
disk becoming depressed), with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only 
the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif. i. 580. £. strictum, Nees in Neuwied, Trav. App. 
17; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. I.c., not Ledeb. £. Redowskii, var. 
strictum, Watson,l.c. £..Zexanum, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 260. £. scabrosum, Buckley, 1. c. 
— Nebraska to Texas and Nevada, with the common form, into which it passes. 

§ 2. EcurnoeLécuin, Gray. Prickles of the marginless nutlets (disposed 
without order over the back) beset for their whole length with short retrorse 
barbs; the scar next the base, ovate: calyx open but not reflexed in fruit: esti- 
vation of the white corolla between convolute and imbricate (i.e. convolute ex- 
cept that one lobe is wholly interior) ; the fornicate appendages small: pedicels 
of the partly bracteate raceme erect, apparently articulated with the axis.— Proc. 
Am. Acad. xii. 163. 

EH. Greénei, Gray, |. c. Annual, with the habit of Eritrichium fulvum, diffusely branched 
from the base, a span high or more, strigulose-pubescent with whitish hairs, and the calyx 
silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs: leaves linear (a line or more wide, the lower an inch 
or two long), obtuse: racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bracteate at base and 
occasionally above: flowers 2 lines long: calyx-lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly equalling 
the corolla: dilated limb of the latter 2 lines wide or nearly: stamens low on the tube: 
nutlets a line and a half long, shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obtusely carinate on 
the back, acutely carinate ventrally down to the low scar, minutely tuberculate-scabrous 
throughout; the scattered barbed prickles terete, rather slender, a third to half line long. 
—Northern part of California, common about Yreka, EL. LZ. Greene. An additional link 
between Echinospermum and Eritrichium, perhaps deserving the rank of a genus. 


11, ERITRICHIUM, Schrader. (Composed of é10r, wool, and reir, 
small hair, the original species being woolly-hairy.) — Now a large genus of wide 
distribution, but most largely W. N. American, between Myosotis on one hand 
and Echinospermum on the other, not quite definitely distinguished from the 
latter. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. Flowers (spring and summer) white, 
in a few blue, only in the last species yellow. Calyx circumscissile and deciduous 
from the fruit in a few species, otherwise persistent.— A.DC. Prodr. x. 124, excel. 
spec.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x.55; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 850. <Krynitzkia, 
Plagiobothrys, &c., Fisch. & Meyer. 


§ 1. Evrritricuium, Gray, 1.¢c. Nutlets obliquely attached by the base of 
inner angle to a low-conical or pyramidal gynobase; the scar roundish or oblong, 
small: seed amphitropous. ascending: tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx: 
pedicels not articulated with the rachis. 

x ECHINOSPERMOIDEA.)’. Nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinulose dorsal border: cespitose 

dwarf perennials. — Lritrichium, Schrader. et 

EH. nanum, Schrader.’ Cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the 
surface, densely villous with long and soft white hairs: leaves oblong, 3 to 5 lines long: 
flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few- 
-leaved stems of an inch or more in height, short-pedicelled, somé of them bracteate: 
corolla with limb very bright cerulean blue, 2 or 3 lines in diameter: crest-like or wing- 

like border of the nutlét various, mostly cut into slender teeth or lobes. (Alps of Eu.) 
Var. aretioides, Herder. More condensed: leaves varying from ovate to lanceo- 
late: long villous hairs sometimes with papillose-dilated base. — Radde, Riesen, iv. 253; 


Eritrichium. BORRAGIN ACE, 19] 


Gray, l.c. E. aretioides, DC. Prodr. x. 125; Seemann, Bot. Herald, 37, t. 8. E. villosum, 

var. aretioides, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73; Watson, Bot. King, 241. Myosotis 

nana, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 225. JL. aretivides, Cham. in Linn. iv. 443. — Highest 

Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, and north-west arctic coast and 

islands. Teeth or spines of the nutlets not rarely with a few bristly points, so that they 

would be glochidiate in the manner of Hchinospermum if retrorse. The Rocky Mountain 
plant is very near the European, but whiter-villous. The form on the N. W. coast more 
sparsely and less softly villous, passing into 

Var. Chamissonis, Herder, |. v. A stouter form, with broader leaves imbricated 
on the stems, and the grey hairs commonly with papillose-dilated base. — E. Chamissonis, 

DC. le. ILyosotis villosa, Cham. |. c. — Island of St. Paul. (Adjacent Asia.) 

* * (MyosoTIDEA.) Nutlets not appendaged, ovate, oblong, or trigonous: low and mostly diffuse 
or spreading annuals (in South America some perennials), sparsely or minutely hirsute: leaves 
iacer ad bel commonly opposite : flowers white, some bracteate, others racemose or spicate 
and bractless. 


+ Flowers very small: corolla only a line long; the folds or appendages in its throat inconspic- 
uous and smooth: stems diffuse or decumbent, a span or so in length. 

E. plebéium, A.DC, Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate : leaves lax (the larger 
2 inches long and 2 lines wide): flowers scattered, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, 
which is open in fruit and the divisions foliaceous-accrescent: nutlets ovate-trigonous, a 
line long, coarsely rugose-reticulated, glabrous, sharply carinate ventrally down to the 
large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. —Gray,l.c. Lithospermum 
plebeium, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iv. 446.— Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Harrington. 

E. Califérnicum, DC. Slender, more or less hirsute: leaves mostly smaller and nar- 
rower: stems flowering from near the base: flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower 
accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered: calyx lax or open in fruit: nutlets 
ovate-oblong, transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth, small ; the scar almost 
basal. — Prodr. x. 130; Watson, Bot. King, 242. dfyosotis Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. 
Sem. Petrop. 1835.—Springy or muddy ground, through California and Oregon to New 
Mexico and Wyoming. Passes into 

Var. subglochididtum, Gray. Slightly succulent: lower leaves inclined to 
spatulate: nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on’ the 
crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glo- 
chidiate under a lens !— Bot. Calif. i. 526.— E. California to Wyoming and Colorado. 

“+— + Corolla surpassing the calyx, with comparatively ample limb 2} to 4 or even 5 lines in 
diameter. therefore appearing rotate; the appendages in its throat conspicuous and yellow- 
puberulent: inflorescence more racemose: most of the lower leaves opposite, merely sparsely 
hirsute: calyx when young often ferrugineous-hirsute. 

E. Scotileri, A.DC. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot high: leaves narrowly linear 
(an inch or two long) : flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes, 
most of them bractless: pedicels erect or ascending, from very short to at most a line 
long: calyx erect in fruit: nutlets rugulose, glabrous, half line long; the scar small. — 
Gray, 1. c. Myosotis Chorisiana, Lehm. in Hook. FI. ii. 83, not Cham. MM. Scouleri, Hook. & 
Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Eritrichium plebeium, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not DC. £. 
Chorisianum, plebeium, & part of Californicum, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 897. Compara- 
tively dry soil, W. Oregon and California. Seems to pass into the next. 

E. Chorisi4num, DC. At first erect, soon diffusely spreading or decumbent: larger 
leaves 2 to + inches long: flowers in lax usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy- 
bracted: pedicels spreading, sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long, sometimes even 
shorter than the calyx: corolla more funnelform, its ample limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter : 
nutlets (half line long) minutely rugose-tuberculate; the scar narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 56, & Bot. Calif. i. 525. E. connatifolium, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103, 
fig. 51. Afyosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c.— Wet ground, California along the 
coast and the bays of Monterey and San Francisco. 


§ 2. Puacropéturys, Gray, l.c. Nutlets broadly ovate-trigonous, incurved. 
(the narrowed tips conniving over the short style), rugose, attached by the middle 
of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral face to a globular or short-conical 
gynobase, by means of a salient caruncle-like portion, which at maturity separates 


192 BORRAGINACES. Eritrichium. 


from a corresponding deep cavity of the side of the gynobase, and persists on the 
nutlet in place of the ordinary areola or scar (when only one nutlet matures it 
becomes incumbent) : seed amphitropous, attached above the middle of the cell: 
herbage villous-hirsute: calyx in the original species at length circumscissile 
above the base ! — Plagiobothrys, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 46; 
not well characterized, the fruit being probably immature. 


% (GENUINA.) Mature nutlets very concave ventrally; the caruncle narrow and projecting, usually 
oval, each fitting into an‘orbicular cavity of the globular gynobase: low annuals, with small 
flowers, and villous or silky-hirsute but not hispid calyx. 


+— Nutlets dull or slightly shining, cartilaginous or coriaceous; the lines or ribs narrow and ele- 
vated, bounding depressed areola; the dorsal keel more or less salient. 

EH. filvum, A.DC. A span to a foot high; slender, branched from the leafy base, loosely 
hirsute or merely pubescent: leaves linear or the lower and larger lanceolate or spatulate; 
the upper sparse and small: spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteate only at base: 
calyx, &c., densely clothed with dark-ferruginous and some merely fulvous hairs, circum- 
scissile from the mature fruit; the lobes narrow-lanceolate: limb of corolla 2 lines in 
diameter: nutlets (a line long) rugose with broad and shallow areolations. — Prodr. x. 132; 
Gray, l.c. 57. Myosotis fulvua, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 88 (the Chilian plant, which has 
rather longer and narrower calyx-lobes), & 369. Plagiobothrys rufescens, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Le ; ADC. Lc. 184. P. canescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397 (no. 411, Hall). — Open 
grounds, California and Oregon, toward the coast. (Chili.) 

H. canéscens, Gray, 1.c. Stouter and generally larger than the preceding, leafy, vil- 
lous-hirsute ; the pubescence whitish, even that of the calyx barely fulvous: leaves linear: 
calyx larger and with broader lanceolate lobes, less closed over the fruit and hardly if atall 
circumscissile: nutlets usually with more prominent transverse ribs. —Plagiobothrys ca- 
nescens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 826.— W. California and north to the Columbia River. 
+— + Nutlets crustaceous, vitreous-shining or enamel-like at maturity; the lines bounding the 

long transverse and closely packed ruga very slender and impressed: low plants, seldom a 
span high: limb of corolla a line or two in diameter: calyx hardly if at all circumscissile at 
maturity. 

E. tenéllum, Gray, l.c. Hirsute with rather soft hairs; those of the calyx more or less 
fulvous or rusty-yellowish: stems slender and erect: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, 
oblanceolate or broadly linear; the cauline rather few and small: spike few-flowered and 
interrupted, leafy only at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate: nutlets (a line long) 
very shining, somewhat cruciate from the abrupt contraction at both base and apex, hol- 
lowed on the ventral face, the close and straight transverse wrinkles either smooth or 
sparsely and sharply muricate. — LZ. fulvum, Watsori, Bot. King, 243; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 897, not A.DC. Myosotis (Dasymorpha) tenella, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. y. 296. 
— Northern California to British Columbia, Nevada, and Idaho. 

E. Torréyi, Gray, |. c. More hispidly hirsute, the hairs even of the calyx greyish, much 
branched from the root: stems diffuse or decumbent, leafy ; the flowers mainly leafy- 
bracteate: leaves broadly oblong: nutlets rather larger than in the preceding and less 
shining, broadly ovate, not cruciate nor muricate but smooth (or next the margins obscurely 
tuberculate), the straight wrinkles rather broader; caruncle not projecting. — California, 
Sierra Nevada, near Yosemite Valley, Torrey. Sierra Valley, Lemmon; the latter a de- 
pressed and very leafy form, with scattered flowers, accompanied throughout by leaves. 

* * (AmBIGUA.) Mature nutlets moderately incurved, affixed to the obtusely conical or, pyra- 
midal gynobase by a vertical narrow crest (answering to the caruncle) which occupies the middle 
third of the concave face of the nutlet (terminating above in the sharp ventral keel which ex- 
tends to the apex); the cavities of the gynobase oblong-ovate in outline: calyx, &c., more or less 
setose-hispid. ‘ 

EH. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and more or less hispid: stems 
a span or so high, rather stout: leaves from spatulate or oblong to spatulate-linear : inflo- 
rescence at first thyrsoid ; the flowers in short spikes or clusters which are commonly leafy 
at base: tube of the corolla not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; its limb 4 lines in 
diameter, or sometimes one-half smaller: nutlets coriaceous, dull, irregularly rugose, not 
distinctly carinate on the back, fully a line long. — Bot. King, 248, t. 23 (in flower) ; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 60, & Bot. Calif. i. 528. Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada, in Ne- 


Eritrichium. BORRAGINACESA. 193 


vada and California ; Truckee Pass, HWatson, a larger-flowered form. Sierra Valley, Lemmon, 


a smaller-flowered form and with some fruit. Connects Plagiobothrys with the following 
section. 


§ 8. Krynitzx1a, Gray. Nutlets ventrally attached from next the base to 
the middle or to the apex to the pyramidal or columnar or subulate gynobase ; 
the scar mostly sulcate or slightly excavated: seed from amphitropous to nearly 
anatropous, commonly pendulous: corolla (except in the last species) white : 
calyx 5-parted, closed in fruit. — Arynitzkia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 
1841, 52. § Arynitzhia & § Piptocalyx, Gray, 1. ¢. 

* (EUKRYNITZKIA.) Nutlets without acute lateral angles or margins, the sides more commonly 


rounded: corolla mostly small; the tube not surpassing the mostly setose-hispid calyx: anthers 
oval: root annual. 


+ Calyx early circumscissile; the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous 
somewhat crenate-margined base persistent around the fruit: corolla with naked and open throat: 
anthers mucronate: flowers all leafy-bracteate and sessile. — Piptocalyx, Torr. 

HE. circumscissum, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched from the annual 
root, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout: narrow linear leaves (a quarter to 
half inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the 
branches: nutlets oblong-ovate, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous, attached by a 
narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the pyra- 
midalsubulate gynobase.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif. i. 527. Lithospermum cir- 
cumscissum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. in Wilkes Exp. 
xvii. 414, t. 12. — Desert plains, E. California to Utah, Wyoming, and Washington Terr. 
+ + Calyx neither circumscissile nor disarticulating from the axis in age; the lobes linear- 

oblong, obtuse, nearly nerveless: the bristles short and even, not setose or pungent: corolla with 
minute if any appendages at the throat: nutlets attached for the whole length to a slender 
columnar gynobase by a groove which does not bifurcate nor sensibly enlarge at base: flowers all 
leafy-bracteate, short-pedicelled: style at length thickened! 

E. micranthum, Torr. Hirsute-canescent, slender, 2 to 5 inches high, at length dif- 
fusely much branched: leaves linear, only 2 to 4 lines long: flowers in the forks, and much 
crowded in short leafy spikes, about equalling the upper bracts: corolla barely a line high, 
and its lobes one to two-thirds of a line long, obscurely appendaged at the throat: nutlets 
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and puncticulate-scabrous (half 
to two-thirds of a line long) : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 141; Watson, Bot. King, 244.— Dry plains, western border of Texas 
through Utah and Arizona to E. California, where larger flowered specimens connect with 

Var. lépidum. Less slender and morc hirsute : corolla larger, its expanded limb 2 or 3 

lines in diameter; the appendages or folds in the throat very manifest: nutlets nearly a 

line long, puncticulate-scabrous. — California, in San Diego Co., D. Cleveland. 

+ + + Calyx not circumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid with large 
stiff bristles, and the lobes usually with a stout midnerve; the whole calyx (or short pedicel) in 
several species inclined to disarticulate at maturity and to forma sort of bur, loosely enclosing 
the nutlets: inflorescence scorpioid-spicate, without or partly with bracts. 


++ Gynobase slender and narrow: nutlets with narrow grooved scar, or continued into a groove 
above the attachment and so running the whole length of the ventral face: spikes when developed 
mainly bractless: leaves in all linear. 


== Lobes of the fructiferous calyx very narrow; the strong bristles below reflexed and partly unci- 
nate: appendages in the throat of the small corolla obsolete or wanting: only one nutlet 
usually maturing. 

E. oxycaryum, Gray. Somewhat canescently strigulose-pubescent or above hirsute, 
slender, 6 to 20 inches high: leaves narrow: spikes dense in age, but slender, becoming 
strict, and with the sessile fruiting calyx appressed: this at most 2 lines long, thickly beset 
toward the base with stout reflexed bristles (of a line or less in length), the tips of some 
of them curving: nutlet ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, very smooth and shining, 
fully a line long, much surpassing the subulate gynobase and style, affixed to the latter 
only by the lower half or third of the narrow ventral groove.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & 
Bot. Calif. 1.526. Myosotis flaccida, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369, ex Benth., not Dougl. 
Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. (no. 1872), 826, not Fisch. & Meyer. — Common in 
W. California. (Not seen from Oregon.) 


18 


194 2 BORRAGINACES. Eritrichium. 


== = Lobes of fructiferous calyx very narrowly linear, twice or thrice the length of the nutlets, 
armed with remarkably long and straight spreading bristles: appendages in throat of corolla evident. 
EB. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with spreading bristles, a span high, diffuse: leaves 
narrowly linear: spikes often geminate, dense and slender: corolla barely a line long and 
with a small limb: calyx-lobes almost filiform in age, seldom over a line long, beset with 
divaricate bristles of the same length: nutlets half a line long, ovate-triangular, with mi- 
nutely granulate surface, all four maturing, little longer than the conical-subulate gyno- 
pase, to which they are attached by a narrow grooved scar with somewhat broader base. 
— Pacif. R. Rep. v.363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 141. — South-eastern California and Western 
Arizona. (Lower Calif.) 


E. barbigerum. Hispid and hirsute, stouter, a span to a foot high, freely branching : 
leaves broader: spikes solitary or paniculate, elongating; the flowers at length rather 
sparse and less secund: limb of the corolla sometimes 3 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes 
linear-attenuate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, thickly beset with long shaggy bristles (of 1} to 
2 lines length), which are sometimes accompanied with long white-villous hairs: nutlet 
commonly by abortion solitary, and a line or more in length, surpassing the style, ovate- 
trigonous and somewhat acuminate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half and 
more to the subulate-columnar gynobase, the scar dilated at Vase (infertile ovary-lobes 
remaining on the gynobase, attached for almost their whole length). — 8. California, from 
Santa Barbara Co. to S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Smart, Rothrock, &c. Has been 
confounded in imperfect specimens with the preceding and some of the following. 
== == = Lobes of the fructiferous calyx less attenuated, and the bristles less elongated: appen- 

dages of the throat of the corolla conspicuous: all four nutlets usually maturing. 

H. leiocarpum, Watson. Roughish-hirsute or hispid, with mostly ascending hairs, a 
span to a foot high, usually branching freely: spikes when clongated becoming rather 
loosely-flowered : limb of corolla 2 lines or less in diameter: fructiferous calyx-lobes sel- 
dom over 2 lines long, from narrowly lanceolate to narrow-linear: nutlets ovate and oblong- 
ovate, very smooth and shining, a line-or less long, somewhat surpassing the persistent 
style, attached from the middle downward to the subulate gynobase by a very slender scar 
which is divergently bifurcate at the very base.— Bot. King, 244; Gray, 1. ce. —Echino- 
spermum leiocarpum, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1885, 36. Arynitzkia leiocarpa, 
Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52; A.DC. 1c. Myosotis flaccida, Dougl. in Hook. 
Fl. ii. 82.— California to borders of British Columbia, and east to New Mexico and 
Saskatchewan. A wide-spread and also variable species. 

E. muriculaétum, A.DC. Stouter, leafy, more hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs, a 
foot or two high: spikes often geminate or collected in a 8-5-radiate pedunculate cyme: 
limb of corolla 2 or 8 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes lanceolate, in fruit only 14 to 2 lines 
long and seldom twice the length of the nutlets: these ovate-triangular, obtuse, a line 
long, not equalling the style, dull or nearly so, muricate-papillose on the back and some- 
times on the inner faces also, attached to the subulate gynobase for two-thirds of their 
length by a grooved scar which widens downward and is transversely dilated at base. — 
Prodr. ix. 1382. Myosotis muricata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369.— California, Douglas 
(specimen, in flower only, wrongly referred, in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59, to £. canescens), Brewer, 
Palmer (in fruit, San Buenaventura and back of San Simeon Bay), Coulter, Xantus, &e. 

Var. ambiguum. Fruit of L. muriculatum, or usually sparsely and more minutely 
muriculate, equally dull, equalling and usually somewhat surpassing the persistent style, 
yet occasionally shorter: in whole habit, sparse spikes, and generally the longer and nar- 
rower calyx-lobes agreeing with £. leiocarpum, of which there is also a form with lanceolate 
and shorter calyx-lobes. — &. muriculatum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 416, t. 13; Gray, 
lc, mainly. £. angustifolium, Watson, Bot. King, 241, not Torr., at least not the original 
plant. — California and Nevada to Washington Terr. 
++ ++ Gynobase broader, pyramidal or conical: nutlets with a correspondingly broader scar 

(£. Texanum excepted): corolla small or minute (the limb only a line or two in diameter): 


calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles: rough-hispid annuals, with spikes-loose in 
fruit, and mostly leafy-bracteate at base. 


== Nutlets all fertile and alike, small: midrib of calyx-lobes not thickened. 


E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Low (2 or 3 inches high) and slender: linear leaves 
mainly clustered at the root: flowers rather crowded in small spikes: calyx-lobes ovate- 


Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE.®. 195 


lanceolate: crests in throat of corolla inconspicuous: nutlets half a line long, ovate-tri- 

angular, strongly muricate-granulate on the rounded back, which is bordered by acute 

angles ; the inner faces very smooth and concave when dry; the ventral angle beveled by 
the deltoid-lanceolate scar which terminates below the apex in a narrow groove: gynobase 
subulate-pyramidal. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 171. — North-western borders of Texas and adjacent 

New Mexico, Pope, Wright. Calyx in fruit about a line long, apparently not deciduous 

with the fruit. 

H. hispidum, Buckley. A span or more high, greyish-hispid, diffusely much branched, 
even the loose paniculate spikes mostly leafy: leaves linear: flowers rather scattered: 
calyx-lobes lanceolate: crests in throat of the corolla rather conspicuous: nutlets half 
to two-thirds of a line long, triangular-ovate, without lateral angles, coarsely granulate 
(sometimes almost smooth) round to the deltoid or triangular-lanceolate excavated scar. 
— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 462; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59. £. heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 140, mainly, excl. syn. DC.— Plains and sandy banks, W. Texas to New 
Mexico, extending into Mexico. Calyx a line long, closed at maturity, and deciduous with 
the enclosed fruit, like a bur. 
= = Nutlets either solitary or dissimilar: calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, thickish, closed over -the 

fruit (2 or 3 lines long) ; the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated. 

EH. Texanum, A.DC. Abouta foot high, loosely branching, rough-hispid : leaves obovate- 

, oblong or spatulate, or the uppermost linear: spikes mostly leafless: flowers nearly sessile : 
calyx in fruit separating by an articulation: nutlet usually only one maturing, fully a line 
long, oblong-ovate, rounded on the back, smooth and even, but minutely puncticulate, fixed 
by a narrow scar from base to below the middle to a small conical-columnar gynobase. — 
Gray, l. c. — Texas, about Austin, &¢e., Drummond, Wright, E. Hall. Flowers smaller and 
midrib of the sepals less thickened than in the next. 

E. crassisépalum, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely much branched from the 
base, very rough-hispid: leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : flowers short-pedicelled, 
many or most of them bracteate: lobes of the persistent calyx greatly thickened below in 
fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, rounded on the back, dissimilar, three of them muricate-granu- 
late and one larger and smooth or nearly so (fully a line long), fixed to the conical-pyra- 
midal gynobase from base to middle by an ovate-lanceolate excavated scar.— Pacif. R. 
Rep. ii. 171; Gray, Proc. l.c. — Plains, Western Texas and New Mexico to Nebraska and 
Saskatchewan. The larger and smooth nutlet, like the similar and only fertile one of £. 
Texanum, appears to be unusually persistent. Short pedicel thickened and indurated with 
the calyx at maturity, disposed to separate tardily by an articulation. 

* * (PrEeRyGiuM.) Nutlets and flowers of the foregoing subsection; but the former (either all or 
three of them) surrounded by a conspicuous firm-scarious crenate or lobed wing: crests in the 
throat of the corolla rather small. 

E. pterocaryum, Torr. Annual, slender, loosely branching, hirsute: leaves linear, or 
the lowest spatulate, often hispid : inflorescence at first cymose-glomerate, usually develop- 
ing a pair of short spikes, mostly bractless: calyx-lobes oblong and in fruit ovate, erect, 
and with rather prominent midrib: corolla very small (its limb less than a line in diam- 
eter): nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, affixed 
for nearly the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase by a narrow groove which 
widens gradually to the base; one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides ; 
the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with toothed or 
crenulate margins. — Wilkes Exp. xvii. 415, t. 13; Watson, Bot. King, 245; Gray, 1. v.— 
Dry interior region, from the plains of the Columbia River, Washington Territory, through 
Nevada and the borders of California to Arizona, New Mexico, and the borders of Texas. 
Fruiting calyx 2 lines long, rather sparsely hispid, very short-pedicelled, apparently not 
falling with the fruit. Nutlets a line and a half long, including the surrounding broadly 
ovate wing. 

Var. pectinatum, Gray, 1. c., has all the nutlets winged, and the wings pectinately 
cleft half way down. — S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer. 

% * * (PsruDo-Myosortis.) Nutlets triangular or triquetrous, with acute or even winged lateral 
angles, attached by half or nearly their whole length to the subulate or slender-pyramidal gyno- 
base; the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base: corolla with prominent 
fornicate crests at the throat, and near the base within annulate: biennials or perennials, mostly 
with thyrsiform and leafy-bracteate inflorescence. 


196 BORRAGINACES. Eritrickium. 


+ Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes; a ring of 
10 small scales or glands above the base within: anthers oval or oblong: style rather short. 


++ Nutlets margined all round with a firm entire wing: plant setose-hispid: corolla small. 


E. holépterum, Gray. About a foot high, perhaps from an annual root, loosely pan- 
iculate-branched, rather slender: leaves linear, an inch or so long, very rough with the 
papilliform bases of the rigid short bristles: paniculate spikes rather few- and at length 

_ loosely flowered: calyx and corolla about a line (and the former becoming 2 lines) long: 
immature nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, muriculate on the convex back, abruptly 
wing-margined (the wing nearly the breadth of the dorsal disk), attached for nearly the 
whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81.— Ehrenberg, 
Arizona, Palmer. 

E. setosissimum, Gray. Stem robust, 2 feet or more high from an apparently biennial 
root, nearly simple, very hispid (as is the whole plant) with long and stiff but slender 
spreading bristles (with or without papilliform base), also cinereous with fine spreading 
hairs: leaves lanceolate-spatulate, the lower 4 or 5 inches long (including the tapering base 
or margined petiole): spikes in fruit elongated (3 or 4 inches long), dense and strict in a 
naked thyrsus: corolla 2 or hardly 8 lines long: anthers on short and thickened inflexed 
filaments : fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, carinate by a 
strong midrib: nutlets obcompressed, almost 8 lines long, broadly ovate in outline, dull, 
merely scabrous on the back; the conspicuous wing much narrower than the disk and ex- 
tended round the base; the scar narrow at base: gynobase elongated-subulate. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. ]. c.— Shores of Fish Lake, Utah, at the elevation of 8,700 feet, Z. F. Ward. 
Known only in fruiting specimens, which so much resemble E. glomeratum, var. virgatum, 
that intermediate forms may occur, and the great size, flatness, narrow-based scar, and con- 
spicuous wing of the nutlets may prove inconstant. 

++ ++ Nutlets acutely triangular, wingless. 

E. Jamésii, Torr. A span or two high from a perennial root, rather stout, branched 
from the hard or lignescent base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, be- 
coming strigose-hirsute or even hispid in age: leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear, 
obtuse: spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded, moderately elongating, bracteate : 
limb of the short and broad corolla about 3 lines wide: fruiting calyx mostly closing over 
the depressed-globular fruit, which consists of 4 closely fitting very smooth and shining 
broadly triangular nutlets (hardly higher than wide).— Marcy Rep. 294, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 
140; Gray, lc. £. multicaule, Torr. 1.¢.,a more hispid form. ALyosotis suffruticosa, Torr. 
in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225.— Plains and sandy shores, western borders of Texas and New 
Mexico to Arizona and Wyoming. — Nutlets almost exact quarters of a sphere, or with 
angles more acute and sides rather concave, attached by the inner angle, also with a 
short transverse scar at base. 

EH. glomerdtum, DC. A span toa foot or more high from a biennial root, greyish-hirsute 
and hispid: leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense ; 
the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtending 
leaves: calyx very setose-hispid : limb of the corolla 8 to. lines in diameter: the crests 
truncate: nutlets forming an ovoid-pyramidal fruit; each triangular-ovate, sparsely more 
or less tuberculate-rugose on the back (a line long), with sharp lateral edges, and sulcate 
ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. — Watson, Bot. King, 242, t. 23; Gray, l.c. 
Cynoglossum glomeratum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729. ALyosotis glomerata, Nutt. Gen. i. 112; Hook. Fl. 
ii. 82, t.162. Rochelia glomerata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N, Y. 1.c.; Nutt.in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 
45. EE. glomeratum, var. hispidissimum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, may be taken for nearly 
the original of Nuttall and Bradbury, of the Upper Missouri. — Plains of Saskatchewan 
to New Mexico and Utah. Two varieties mark the opposite extremes. 

Var. humile, Gray. Barely a span high, often tufted on an apparently perennial 
root: pubescence less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves; these 
spatulate, an inch or more long: thyrsus spiciform: pubescence and bristles of calyx 
either whitish or tawny yellow.— Proc. Am. Acad. a. 61.— Rocky Mountains from the 
British Boundary to Utah, at 8000 feet, and higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California. 
Passing on one hand into the typical form, on the other approaching the next species. 

Var. virgatum, Porter. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a foot or 
two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which 


Amsinckia. BORRAGINACE. 197 


are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves and forming a long 

virgate leafy spike: nutlets less or slightly rugose on the back, at most a line and a half 

long. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 102; Gray, l.e. £. glomeratum, Gray in Am. Jour. 

Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225. E. virgatum, Porter in Hayden Rep. 1870, 479.— Along the base and 

eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains up to 8000 feet, Colorado, Parry, Hall, Porter, &e. A 

well marked form, clearly biennial. 

+ + Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx, and twice or thrice the length of the 
lobes; the ring within (at base of the tube; inconspicuous and truncate, its glands indistinct; 
crests of the throat large, often elongated: anthers linear-oblong : style long and filiform: silky- 
canescent perennials, with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. — § Pseudomyosotis, A.DC. 

E. fulvocanéscens, Gray. A span or so high, cespitose: leaves linear-spatulate or 
oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ; 
the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate inflorescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more 
hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles: corolla white: nutlets roughish or granulated. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 91, & Bot. Calif. 1c. £. glomeratum, var.? fulvocanescens, Watson, Bot. 
King, t. 23, fig. 7.— Mountains of New Mexico (Fendler, &c.) to those of Nevada, and north 
to Wyoming. Habit of the dwarf and hoary forms of the preceding species, with longer 
corolla, style, and anthers of the next. 

E. leucopheum, A.DC. A span to a foot high, many-stemmed from the lignescent 
base or root: leaves silky-strigose and silvery-canescent, lanceolate and linear, acute: 
spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and. hispid with spreading whitish or yel- 
lowish hairs and slender bristles: corolla cream-colored or yellow: style very long: nutlets 
ovate-triquetrous, smooth and polished, ivory-like, large (14 or 2 lines long) : gynobase very 
slender. — Gray, l.c. JLyosotis leucophea, Doug}. in Hook. FI. ii. 82, t. 163. — Barren grounds, 
interior of British Columbia and Oregon, Southern Utah, and near Mono Lake, E. Cali- 
fornia. Anthers (always?) borne on the tube of the corolla close below the throat. 
RocHELia PATENS, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, founded on a specimen collected by 

Wyeth on “ Flat-Head River” in the Rocky Mountains, would seem to be an Lvitrichium, but 

has not been identified, nor is the specimen to be found in the Academy’s herbarium. 


12. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. (In memory of Wm. Amsinck, a burgomaster 
of Hamburg and benefactor of the botanic garden.) — Rough-hispid annuals (W. 
N. American and one Chilian) ; with oblong or linear leaves, and scorpioid-spicate 
flowers, sometimes the lowest and rarely (in the last species) all leafy-bracteate ; 
the corolla yellow, slender, with open throat, either wholly naked or with minute 
bearded crests. Stout bristles of the herbage commonly with pustulate-dilated 
base. Calyx-lobes in several species disposed to be occasionally united 2 or 8 
together almost to the top. Flowers in most species all heterogone-dimorphous, at 
least in the insertion of the stamens ; when these are high the throat of the corolla 
is quite naked. — Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. 
Petrop. 1835, (1) 26; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 851. 


§ 1. Nutlets (resembling those of Eritrichium leucopheum, which is peculiar in 
its long and yellow corolla) ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity very smooth 
and polished, attached at the lower part of the sharp inner angle by a narrow 
scar, all three faces plane or nearly so. 


A. vernicésa, Hook. & Arn. <A foot or more high, erect, sparsely setose-hispid : 
leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate: tube of the light yellow corolld slightly longer 
than the calyx. — Bot. Beech. 370; DC. l.c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 525.— California, near the coast, Douglus, Coulter, &e. Nutlets almost 2 lines long, in 
shape resembling a grain of buckwheat. 

Var. grandifi6ra, Gray. Robust, strongly setose-hispid, remarkably large-flowered, 
the more exserted and funnelform tube of the corolla almost half an inch long, and the 
limb ample: nutlets broader, rather concave on the back.— Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Lower 
Sacramento, at Antioch, Kellogg. 


198 BORRAGINACES. Amsinckia. 


§ 2. Nutlets (not unlike those of Zritrichium § Plagiobothrys) rugose or 
muricate, dull, ovate-trigonous and somewhat incurved, carinate ventrally down 
to the short and broad usually somewhat protuberant scar. 

* Nutlets crustaceous, tessellate-rugose: calyx-lobes obtuse. . 

A. tessellata, Gray. Coarsely and strongly hispid, stout, a foot or two high: leaves 
from linear-lanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse: tube of the orange-yellow corolla some- 
what longer than the ferrugineous-hispid calyx (about 3 lines long) and much longer than 
the lobes: nutlets very broadly ovate, with narrowed apex and flattish back, thickly 
covered with granulate-warty projections which fit together in age, forming more or less 
conspicuous transverse lines or wrinkles; the scar toward the middle of the ventral face. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. lc. A. lycopsoides, Watson, Bot. King, 240, partly. — 
Dry grounds, California from the Contra-Costa range through the interior to Nevada and 
8. Utah. Calyx-lobes either narrowly or rather broadly lanceolate. 

% % Nutlets muricate or sharply scabrous, in age sometimes loosely rugose. (Species difficult to 

discriminate. ) 

+— Calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, allover hispid and hirsute: leaves 

linear or lanceolate. 

A. echinata, Gray, |. c. Stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high: corolla light yellow, about twice 
the length of the fulvous-hispid calyx, little dilated at the throat; the limb 2 or 3 lines in 
diameter: immature nutlets with the strongly convex and carinate back muricate with 
soft slender prickles and intermediate scabrous points, not rugose. — S. E. California in the 
Mohave region, Cooper. 

A. intermédia, Fisch. & Meyer, 1l.c. A foot or two high, branching: bristles even 
of the calyx whitish or barely fulvous: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear: corolla 
not above 8 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the small limb hardly at all plaited: 
nutlets very convex and carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and at maturity obliquely 
more or less rugose.— DC. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. l.c. A. lycopsoides, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 54, in part; and of gardens. Benthamia lycopsoides, Lindl. (Introd. Nat. Syst.) in 
Hort. Soc. Lond. 1828, &c., thence becoming A. lycopsoides of cultivation, but probably not 
of Lehm. — California and W. Nevada to the borders of Brit. Columbia; a common and 
variable species. 

A. spectadbilis, Fisch. & Meyer, l.c. Mostly slender, a span (when depauperate) to 
afoot high: leaves mostly linear: tube of the bright orange corolla twice or thrice the 
length of the linear lobes of the ferrugineous-hispid calyx, nearly half inch long, or some- 
times shorter; the throat enlarging, and the limb conspicuously plaited in the bud (a third 
to half inch wide) ; anthers when high protruded from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose, 
carinate and roundish on the back.— A. spectabilis & A. Douglasiana, DC. 1.c.— Open 
ground, California from San Diego to Plumas Co. 

+ + Calyx loosely enclosing the fruit, more sparsely setose-hispid, greener and soft-herbaceous 

in texture; the lobés lanceolate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes not rarely united. 

A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decumbent, 
sparsely but strongly setose-hispid, the bristles on the foliage at length with very pustulate 
base: leaves greener, from lanceolate to ovate, the margins commonly undulate-repand : 
upper flowers mainly bractless: corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long, with tube little 
or considerably exceeding the calyx; the throat little enlarged and limb 2 or 3 lines in 
diameter: anthers short, included : nutlets reticulate-rugose. — Del. Sem. Hamb. 1. v., name 
only ; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 524. — Coast of California, from San Simeon 
Bay northward to Oregon. Passes into 

Var. bractedésa, a smaller-flowered and more decumbent form (corolla 2 or 3 lines 
long and the limb a line or two broad), with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous 
bract. — Lithospermum lycopsoides, Lehm. Pug. ii. 28, & in Hook. FI. ii. 89, therefore properly 
the original of Amsinckia lycopsoides, Lehm. 1. c. — San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. 


18. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. (Eyidtor, a diminutive viper, and %CQVO?, 
nut, the nutlets with the stalk resembling the head and neck of a snake or other 
reptile.) — Annuals or biennials of two species, with the habit of Eritrichium 


Mertensia. BORRAGINACE. 199 


§ Plagiobothrys, intermediate between that group and Antiphytum, hirsute, hardly 
hispid, branched from the base; the stems or branches diffuse, a span or two 
high ; leaves spatulate-linear, all alternate ; scorpioid spikes slender and at length 
remotely flowered, bractless, or with some scattered foliaceous bracts : white corolla 
with lobes sometimes almost convolute in the bud. — Gray in Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 854; Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, xii. 163. 


E. Arizénica, Gray, l.c. Lobes of the corolla a line or less long; the throat somewhat 
narrowed by very small and rather obscure intrusive folds: nutlets.attenuate and much 
compressed at apex, sparsely cristate-muricate, hardly longer than their thick basal stipes, 
which are united at base in pairs over the prominent receptacle, the pair with a very large 
excavated scar. — Arizona, on the Verde Mesa, Dr. Smart. Also near Tucson, Greene. 

E. Californica, Gray. Corolla larger; the orbicular lobes a line or two in length; the 
throat closed by strong and puberulent intrusive appendages : nutlets smaller (a line long), 
less acute, coarsely rugose-alveolate and the sharp elevated rugosities often echinulate ; 
the stipes supra-basal, all four wholly distinct, laterally compressed, shorter than the 
diameter of the nutlet; the small caruncular scar concave. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. — 
San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Parry & Lemmon, no. 278, coll. 1876. 


14, ANTIPHYTUM, DC., partly. (4»ti, opposite, and gutdv, plant ; 
the leaves in the typical species being all opposite, in this unlike most of the 
order.) — Restricted in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 859 to Brazilian species, all 
suffruticose and opposite-leaved, with short-stipitate areola to the nutlets. But 
the subjeined species exhibit the characters of the genus in a lesser degree. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. (In separating from the insertion, a delicate 
funicle-like process, which penetrated a minute central perforation of the scar, 
persists on the flat gynobase.) 


A. heliotropioides, A.DC. Woody perennial? a foot or two high, paniculately much 
‘branched, softly strigose-hirsute and at least when young canescent : leaves linear, an inch 
or less long; the lower mainly opposite: flowers rather small and scattered, on filiform 
pedicels much longer than the calyx, the lobes of which are oblong-linear : corolla almost 
rotate, with conspicuous crests in the open throat: stigma capitate: scar of the nutlets 
large and sessile, but edged with an acute salient margin; the minute perforation above 
its centre. —Prodr. x. 122; Gray, 1l.c¢. £ritrichium heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
140, as to the plant of Berlandier only. — San Carlos, on the Mexican side of the Rio 
Grande, close to Texas. Turgid nutlets only half a line long, not (as in the next) con- 
tracted behind the scar. 

A. floribundum, Gray, l.c. Herbaceous from a “ perennial” or perhaps biennial root, 
a foot or two high, paniculately branched above, cinereous with fine and close and with a 
coarser nearly hispid pubescence: leaves perhaps all alternate, narrowly linear, an inch or 
so long; the upper gradually diminished to linear-subulate bracts: flowers very short- 
pedicelled, in short panicled racemes or spikes : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate: corolla rotate-campanulate (8 lines in diameter), not appendaged in the throat: 
filaments longer than the anthers: stigma 2-lobed: nutlets granulate, acute; the salient 
ventral edge terminated a little above the base of the nutlet by the small and protuberant 
or slightly stipitate scar. — Eritrichium floribundum, Torr. 1.c.— South-western Texas, on 
or near the Rio Grande, in the mountains of Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow. Flowers some- 
times 6-merous. 


15. MERTENSIA, Roth. (Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist, 
1797.) — Perennials, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, either gla- 
brous and remarkably smooth, or with some soft or moderately scabrous pubes- 
cence; the leaves commonly broad, and the lowermost petioled; the flowers 
commonly handsome, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose, 


200 BORRAGINACEZ. Mertensia. 


all pedicellate, the lowest occasionally leafy-bracteate. Fl. spring and summer. 
— DC. Prodr. x. 87; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 52; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Stamens, in all but one of our species, pro- 
truding from the throat, but shorter than the limb of the corolla.) 


§ 1. StennammAria. (Steenhammera, Reichenb., wrongly written.) Nutlets 
very smooth and shining, acute, fleshy-herbaceous, in age becoming utricular; the 
sear small: corolla short, 5-lobed ; the crests in the throat evident. : 


M. maritima, Don. Very smooth, pale and glaucous, much branched and spreading: 
leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, an inch or two in length, upper surface 
sometimes becoming pustulate: flowers small (8 or 4 lines long) on long and slender pedi- 
cels: tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the 
ovate-triangular lobes of the calyx: filaments rather narrower and much longer than the 
anthers. — Syst. iv. 820. Cerinthe maritima, Dill. Elth. t. 65. Pulmonaria maritima, L.; 
Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. i. 184, t.7; Fl. Dan. t.65. P. parviflora, Michx. Fl. 1.182. Lithospermum 
maritimum, Lehm. Asper. 291. Steenhammera maritima, Reich. Fl. Excurs. i. 387. Stenham- 
maria maritima, Fries, Summa, 12 & 192. Hippoglossum maritimum, Hartw. ex Lilja in Linnea, 
xvii. 111.—Sea-shore, Cape Cod to Hudson’s Bay, and Puget Sound to Polar coasts. 
(Greenland, N. Eu., & Asia.) 


§ 2. Eumertinsia. Nutlets dull and with obtuse angles if any, wrinkled or 
roughish when dry. (Corolla commonly villous inside near the base, and below 
sometimes with a 10-toothed ring.) 

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading border nearly entire; the plicate crests in the throat 
obsolete: filaments slender, much longer than the oblong-linear anthers: hypogynous disk pro- 
duced into two opposite narrow lobes which become as high as the ovary. 

M. Virginica, DC. Very smooth and glabrous, pale, a foot or two high: leaves obovate 
or oblong, veiny, or the lowest large and rounded and long-petioled: racemes at first short 
and corymbose: flowers on nodding slender pedicels: corolla purple and blue, an inch 
long, between trumpet-shaped and salverform, many times exceeding the short calyx. — 
M. pulmonarioides, Roth, Cat. Pulmonaria Virginica, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 160. (Trew, 
Pl. Sel. t. 42.) — Alluvial banks, New York to Minnesota, S. Carolina in the mountains, 
and Tennessee : fl. spring ; not uncommon in gardens. 

%* * Corolla (blue, rarely white) with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, which above the throat (i.e. 


the whole expanded upper portion) is usually open-campanulate; the small crests in the throat 
obvious and commonly puberulent or pubescent. 


+ Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers and shorter or only a little longer, always inserted 
in the throat of the corolla nearly in line with the crests: style long and capillary, generally 
somewhat exserted. (There are traces of some dimorphism as to reciprocal length of filaments 
and style, at least in one species.) 


++ Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx. 


M. oblongifdlia, Don, 1.c. A span or so high, smooth or almost so: leaves mostly 
oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent, and veins very inconspicuous: flowers in 
a somewhat close cluster: lobes of the 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft calyx lanceolate or linear, 
mostly acute: tube of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, narrow ; the moderately 5-lobed limb 
barely 2 lines long. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 295; Watson, Bot. King, 238, Pulmonaria 
oblongifolia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43. Lithospermum marginatum, Lehm. in Hook. 
Fl. ii. 86.— Mountains of Montana to the borders of British Columbia, and south to 
Nevada, Utah and Arizona, at 6-9,000 feet. On moist slopes; flowering early. 


++ ++ Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb. 
== Stems mostly tall, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves ample and mainly broad, veiny; the ae with 
very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (usually 3 or 4 inches long and 
long-petioled): calyx deeply 5-parted. 

M. Sibirica, Don, 1.c. Pale and glaucescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very 
leafy : cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliolate: short racemes panicled : 
calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, half or a quarter the 
length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla (this and the limb each about 3 lines 
long).— Gray, l.c. Pulmonaria Sibirica, L. Spec. i. 135, not Pall. P. denticulata, Rem. & 


Mertensia. BORRAGIN ACES. 201 


Sch. Syst. iv. 746. P. ciliata, James in Long Exped.; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 224. 
Mertensia denticulata, Don, 1. c. AL. ciliata, Don, 1. c.; DC. Prodr. x. 92. Mf. stomatechoides, 
Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 147, fig. 48. — Along mountain streams from the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado to the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, and far north- 
ward. (KE. Asia.) 

Var. Drumméndii, Gray, 1.c. Dwarf, a span high: leaves oblong, sessile, only 
about an inch long, with barely denticulate-scabrous margins and obsolete veins: corolla 
only 5 lines long; the tube little if at all longer than the limb and hardly twice the length 
of the ovate-oblong obtuse lobes of the calyx. — Lithospermum Drummondii, Lehm. Pugill. 
ii. 26, & in Hook. FIL. ii. 86. ertensia Drummondii, Don, Syst. iv. 319. — Arctic sea-shore, 
Richardson. Formerly and wrongly referred to MV. alpina; but apparently an arctic variety 
of MM. Sibirica. 

M. paniculata, Don, l.c. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent : cauline leaves 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate: racemes loosely panicled: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and 
mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or throughout hirsute, equalling or only half shorter than the 
tube of the purple-tlue (6 or 7 lines long) corolla. — Gray, l.c. Pulmonaria paniculata, Ait. 
Kew. ed. 1, i. 181; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2680. P. pilosa, Cham. in Linn. iv.49. P. pubescens, 
Willd. in Rem. & Sch. iv. 744? Lithospermum Kamitschaticum, Turez. in Bull. Mosc. 1840, 
75. Mertensia paniculata, pilosa, pubescens ? & Kamtschutica, DC. 1. c. AM. Sibirica, Torr. in 
Wilkes Exp. xvii. 412. Lithospermuin corymbosum, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 27, therefore Jf. corym- 
bosa, Don, 1. c. (Some forms connect with the preceding species, which is on the whole 
quite distinct.) — Hudson’s Bay and Lake Superior, thence to the Rocky Mountains (south 
to Utah and Nevada), Alaska, Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.) 

Var. nivalis, Watson, an alpine form, a span or so high, with thicker leaves only 
an inch long, and rather slender tube to the corolla: ambiguous between this species, 
M. oblongifolia, and the next. — Bot. King, 289. — High mountains of Utah, up to 12,000 feet, 
Watson. 
== = Stems from a foot down to a span high: leaves smaller (one or two inches long), nearly 

veinless, obtuse or barely acute, pale or glaucescent. 

M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately 
branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear: racemes at length loosely 
panicled: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sometimes obtuse, ciliate or hirsute, or rarely gla- 
brous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue (4 or 6 lines long) corolla, which is 
hairy near the base within: filaments generally longer than the anthers. — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, rather large form. P. marginata, 
Nutt. Gen. i.115. Lithospermum marginatum, Spreng. Syst. i.547. Aertensia alpina, Gray in 
Am. Jour. Sci. L¢c., in part; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6178. — Hillsides, along the lower 
Rocky Mountains and their eastern base, from Dakota and Wyoming to northern New 
Mexico. A variable species; the largest forms approaching too near the preceding; the 
smaller extremely different in appearance. Seemingly occurs in two forms as to length 
of style and filaments, the latter conspicuous in both forms. 

Var. Féndleri, Gray, |. c., is a (commonly hirsute) state, with calyx 5-cleft only to 
the middle. — J/. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c.— New Mexico (Fendler, Palmer) and 
Colorado. 
+— + Filaments extremely short and narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of 

the throat or about the middle of the tube (evidently heterogone-dimorphous): style in both kinds 

included. 

M. alpina, Don, 1. c. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous and smooth or pubes- 
cent: leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse; the cauline sessile 
(1 or 2 inches long): flowers in a close or at length loose cluster: calyx 5-parted or deeply 
5-cleft ; its lanceolate lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, which 
hardly ever exceeds its limb: anthers nearly sessile, in the low-inserted form scarcely 
equalling the conspicuous crests of the corolla: style in this form reaching only to about 
the base of the anthers, in the other reaching almost to the mouth of the tube. — Gray in 
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢., mainly, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria alpina, Torr. in Ann. 
Lye. l.c. Mertensia brevistyla, Watson, Bot. King, 239, t. 23, fig. 1, 2, the form with low 
anthers and short style. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 9-11,000 feet, and at lesser eleva- 
tion in those of Utah. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 


502 BORRAGINACE. Myosotis. 


16. MYOSOTIS, L. Forcerr-me-nor. (From pug, mouse, and ovg, aitog, 
ear, i. €. mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) — Low and 
small or spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy ; with sessile cauline leaves, and small 
mostly blue flowers in at length elongated racemes, destitute of bracts. Stamens 
and style in the genuine species included. Fl. summer or spring. 

% Calyx open in fruit, beset with fine and short appressed hairs. none of them hooked or glandular- 
tipped: racemes very loose, with widely spreading pedicels: herbage green; the pubescence 
being rather sparse and short. 

M. partsrnris, Withering. (Forcrt-mn-not.) Perennial by subterranean stolons: stems 
soon decumbent, rooting at base: leaves lanceolate-oblong: calyx-lobes triangular, much 
shorter than the tube: corolla with flat limb (3 or 4 lines in diameter), sky-blue with yel- 
lowish throat: nutlets somewhat angled or carinate ventrally. — Koch, Germ. 504; Syme, 
Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1104. AL. scorpioides, var. palustris, L. &c.—In wet ground, probably 
only where it has escaped from cultivation, and not indigenous. (Nat. from Eu.) 

M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots, or perhaps annual: stems 
very slender, decumbent: pubescence all appressed : leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat 
spatulate: pedicels usually double the length of the fruiting calyx: lobes of the latter as 
long as the tube: limb of the corolla rather concave (2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue) : nut- 
lets about equally convex both sides. — Asper. 83 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 838. AZ. ceespitosa, var. 
laxa, DC. Prodr. x. 105. M. palustris, var. micrantha, Lehm. in Hook. FI. ii. 81. M. palustris, 
yar. lara, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 365. JZ. langulata, Lehm. Asper. 110; Hook, f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 252 
(M. ceespitosu, Schultz; Syme, Engl. Bot. L. c. t. 1103), a European form.— In water and 
wet ground, New York and Canada to Newfoundland. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

%* %* Calyx closed or with lobes erect in fruit, beset with looser and some bristly hairs having 
minutely hooked tips. : 

M. sylvatica, Hoffm. Perennial, not stoloniferous, hirsute-pubescent, either green or, 
cinereous: stems erect: leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate; the radical conspicuously 
petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx or longer: calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect 
hairs mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones; the lobes merely 
erect or slightly closing in fruit: corolla with (blue or at first purple) flat limb, 3 or 4 lines 
in diameter: nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. — Perhaps 
none of the typical form in N. America. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. alpéstris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high: racemes more dense: 
pedicels shorter and thicker, ascending, seldom longer than the calyx: nutlets larger. — 
M. alpestris, Schmidt; Lehm. Asper. 86 & in Hook. Fl. l.c.; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 
1106. M. rupicola, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2559.— Rocky Mountains, from Colorado (in the 
higher alpine regions) and Wyoming (mainly with short pedicels) northward, and north- 
west to Kotzebue Sound. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Annual or sometimes biennial, loosely hirsute: stem erect, loosely 
branching, often a foot or more high: leaves oblong-lanceolate: racemes loose, naked and 
‘peduncled: pedicels spreading in fruit, longer or twice longer than the equal 5-cleft calyx, 
which is copiously beset with spreading hooked hairs: corolla blue (rarely white) ; the con- 
cave limb a line or so in diameter: calyx closed in fruit. — Lehm. Asper. l.c.; Syme, l.c. 
t. 108. I. scorpioides, var. arvensis, LL. Md. intermedia, Link., DC. — Fields in low grounds, 
New Brunswick to Louisiana (?),-rare, perhaps not native. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

M. versfcotor, Pers. Annual, slender, hirsute: leaves narrowly oblong: racemes slender, 
mostly naked at base: pedicels much shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx: 
corolla yellowish, then blue, at length violet, not larger than in the preceding species, 
which it otherwise resembles. — Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 480; Syme, l. c. t. 1110, not Lehm. in 
Hook. Fl. — Fields, sparingly introduced (Delaware, Canby). (Nat. from Eu.) 

M. vérna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, roughish-hirsute or hispid: stems erect, 3.to 9 
inches high: leaves spatulate or linear-oblong: racemes strict, leafy at base: pedicels 
erect or appressed below but spreading toward the apex, equalling or shorter than the 
5-cleft hispid unequal calyx: corolla white, small. —Gen. ii. in addit. unpaged; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 865. Lycopsis Virginica, L. Spec. i. 1389, the plant of Gronov. Virg. ALyosotis 
stricta, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Link. MM. inflexa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. 98.— 
Dry ground, E. New England to Florida, Texas, Missouri, &c. 


Lithospermum. BORRAGINACE.E. 903 


Var. macrospérma, Chapm.,. Taller, looser, often a foot high: pedicels rather 
more spreading: flowers larger: the calyx sometimes 3 lines long, with lower calyx-lobes 
twice the length of the upper: nutlets larger in proportion. — FL. 333. Jf. macrosperma, 
Engelm. 1. c. WW. versicolor, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. — Florida to Texas: also W. Idaho, 
Oregon, and British Columbia ; sometimes passing into the typical form. 


17. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Growwett. (From 2ifoy, a stone, 
aud omgouc, seed.) — Chiefly herbs ; with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary 
or subaxillary or leafy-bracted flowers, developed in spring and summer, sometimes 
dimorphous as to length of style and height of insertion of anthers reciprocally. 
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens in our species with very short filaments. Stigma com- 
monly single and truncate-capitate, sometimes as in § 3, capitate-2-lobed; in ZL. 
arvense there is a pair of stigmas below a slender bifid apex, a transition toward 
the mode in Heltotropiee. 


§ 1. Annuals, with small at length widely scattered flowers: corolla white or 
whitish, little longer than the calyx. 


L. arveyse, L. Slightly canescent with minute appressed hairs: stem loosely branching 
from the base, erect, a span to 2 feet high: leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent 
midrib and obsolete lateral ribs: corolla funnelform, about 3 lines long; the throat with 
puberulent lines: nutlets dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted, brownish. — Spec. 152; Fl. 
Dan. t. 456; Engl. Bot. 125.— Waste sandy grounds, not rare from Canada southward. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Matamorénse, DC. Hirsute or hispid: stems much branched from the base and 
diffusely spreading, slender: leaves oblong, very obtuse (an inch or so long), at length 
rough: pedicels very short: corolla almost campanulate, 2 lines long, a prominent trans- 
verse crest at base of each lobe: nutlets at length shining but usually brownish and 
uneven, also coarsely pitted. — Prodr. x. 76. ZL. prostratum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1861. — Plains and river-banks, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. 


§ 2. Perennials, with small or rather small flowers: corolla greenish-white or 
pale yellow, short; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx: mature nutlets 
bony, white and polished. 

* Corolla with intruded crests in the throat: flowers sparse, or at least the fruits scattered: nutlets 
~ apt to be solitary. 
+— Pubescence soft, fine, and short, only the upper face of the leaves becoming scabrous. 


L. orricrxALe, L. Copiously branching, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute, pale (2 inches or less long); a pair of lateral ribs more or less manifest: 
tube of the dull-white corolla considerably longer than the limb: style nearly equalling 
the stamens: nutlets less than 2 lines long. — Engl. Bot. t. 184; Fl. Dan. t. 1054. — Road- 
sides, Canada and New England. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. latifélium, Michx. More sparingly and loosely branched: leaves greener, ovate 
and broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, all acute and the lower tapering at 
base (2 to 5 inches long), with 2 to 4 pairs of ribbed veins: tube of the corolla little longer 
than the limb: style shorter than the stamens: nutlets globose-ovate, over 2 lines long. — 
Fl. i. 181; Jacq. Eclog. t. 136. LZ. officinale, var. latifolium, Willd., &e. — Open ground and 
borders of thickets, Upper Canada to Wisconsin and south to Virginia and Tennessee. 
Flowers yellowish-white, or sometimes light yellow, when it is Z. lutescens of N. Coleman 
in Cat. Pl. Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1874, 29. 

+— + Pubescence hispid or rough-hirsute. 

L. tuberésum, Rugel. Stem at first low, in age often more than 2 feet high, with some 
spreading branches: leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or the large radical ones obovate- 
oblong, mostly obtuse; the upper triple-ribbed, the others nervose-veined ; bristles of the 
upper and even of the lower face at length with pustulate base: flowers short-pedicelled : 
corolla “yellowish-white,” 2 or 3 lines long: nutlets globular, much shorter than the at 


204 BORRAGINACE. Lithospermum. 


length elongated-linear calyx-lobes: “roots bearing oblong tubers.” — DC. Prodr. x. 76; 

Chapin. Fl. 332. — Florida, on rocky river-banks, Rugel, Chapman. Texas, Wright, Lind- 

heimer, only in fruit. Larger leaves at length 4 to 6 inches long, and calyx-lobes in the 

Texan plant becoming almost half inch long. 

%* %* Corolla nearly naked at the throat, but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe: 
inflorescence dense and very foliose. 

L. pilésum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent : stems numerous from 
a stout root, a foot high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy: leaves linear and linear-lanceo- 
late, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex; the lateral ribs or 
veins obscure: flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus: corolla campanulate-funnel- 
form, almost half an inch long, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow : style slender: nutlets 
broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to 24 lines long.— Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 43) Wats. Bot. King, 238. L. Torrey’, Nutt.1.c. £. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook. 
FI. ii. 89. — Hills and cafions, Montana and British Columbia to Utah and the eastern bor- 
ders of California. 

§ 3. B&tscura, Endl. (Puccoon.) Perennials, with long and deep red 
roots (filled with dyeing matter), very leafy stems, and mostly showy flowers: 
corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx (except in cleistogenous or depauperate 
blossoms), more or less appressed-pubescent outside ; the lobes commonly undulate 
or crenulate and sinuses plicate-infolded: pubescent crests in the throat apparent: 
stigma capitate—2-lobed: nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather 
conspicuously carinate. — Batschia, Gmelin. 

* Corolla light yellow, rather small; later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx. 
L. multifidrum, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid: stems virgate, often paniculate at sum- 

mit, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-pedicelled, 

the later spicate: corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and 
tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. — 

Watson, Bot. King, 238 (remark); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 51. Z. pilosum, Gray in Am. 

Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 256, not Nutt. — Lower Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Arizona 

and W. Texas. Expanded limb of corolla 5-cleft, the minutely undulate rounded lobes 

only a line and a half long: ring at base of the tube sparingly bearded. Anthers in all 
known specimens inserted high in the throat and the style only half the length of the 
corolla; but a counterpart form may be expected. 

%* * Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange; the tube from one half to twice longer than the 
calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arching; the lobes barely undulate 
or entire: floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. (Dimorphism as to 
height of insertion of stamens and length of style manifest.) 

L. Califérnicum, Gray. Soft-hirsute, a foot high: leaves lanceolate or oblong: corolla 
hardly an inch long; its proper tube hardly twice the length of the calyx ; its funnelform 
throat considerably longer than the very short lobes, almost destitute of crests; the glan- 
dular ring at base of the tube inconspicuous and naked. — Proc. Am. Acad. |. c., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 522. Z. canescens, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not Lehm. — California, in 
Nevada and Plumas Counties, Bigelow, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Short-styled and high-sta- 
mened form only known. 

L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccooy of the Indians.) More or less canescent when young: 
stem hirsute, w span to a foot or more high: leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to 
ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not rough: corolla 
orange-yellow, with rather ample deeply 5-cleft limb, prominent crests in the throat, and 
glandular ring at the base naked: flowers nearly sessile. — Gray, Proc. l. c. L. canescens, 
& L. sericeum, Lehm. Asper. 305, 806. Batschia canescens, Michx. FI. i. 180, t. 14; Barton, Fi. 
Am. Sept. t. 58. Anchusa canescens, Muhl. Cat.— Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, 
Upper Canada and Saskatchewan to Alabama, New Mexico, and Arizona. Tube of the 
corolla 3 or 4 lines long; the well-developed limb about half an inch in diameter ; in one 
form style about the length of the tube and stamens, inserted below its middle. — To this 
species also belongs L. sericeum, Lehm., but not Anchusa Virginica, L., which as to the Lin- 
nean herbarium is not identified, as to the plant of Clayton’s herb. is an Onosmodium, as to 
Morison’s is probably L. hirtum, and as to Plukenet’s may be either of the Puccoons. 


Onosmodium. BORRAGINACES. 205 


L. hirtum, Lehm., |. v. Hispid or hirsute, and at length rough, a foot or two high: 
leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong: corolla bright orange, with 
ample and rotate deeply 5-cleft limb and prominent crests in the throat; the ring at 
base within bearing 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth : flowers mostly pedicelled: calyx-lobes 
elongated and linear-lanéeolate. — Butschia Carolinensis, Gmel. Syst. i. 815. BY Gmelint, 
Michx.1.¢. Anchusa hirta, Muhl. Cat. Lithospermum decumbens, ‘Torr. in Aun. Lye. N. Y. 
ii. 225, LZ. Bejariense, DC. 1. v.79.— Pine barrens, &c., Michigan to Minnesota, Virginia, 
Florida, Texas, and Colorado. — Tube of the ‘intense orange corolla 4 or 5 lines long, the 
outspread limb sometimes almost an inch in diameter, but often half smaller. In some 
specimens, the stamens are inserted on the middle of the corolla and the style rises to 
the throat ; in others, the style rises only to the middle and the stamens are in the throat. 
* * * Corolla bright yellow, salverform ; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length 

of the calyx; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching; the lobes undulate and more or less 
erose: later flowers cleistogenous. — Pentalophus, A.DC. 

L. angustifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span toa foot 
or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous: leaves all linear: 
flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier and conspicuous kind with tube 
of the corolla an inch or less in length and the rounded lobes commonly crenulate-erose ; 
later ones, and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and 
pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous, the style shorter than the 
nutlets ; in these the pedicels are commonly recurved in fruit: nutlets usually copiously 
impressed-punctate, conspicuously carinate ventrally. — Michx. Fl. i. 130 (the state with 
inconspicuous flowers) ; Bebb in Am. Naturalist, vii. 691. LZ. linearifolium, Goldie in Edinb. 
Phil. Jour. 1822, 319, the same state (unless possibly Goldie’s plant is L. arvense). L. brevi- 
Jflorum, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 44, a similar state. Long-flowered plant is Batschia 
longiflora (Pursh, Fl. i. 132), & B. decumbens, Nutt. Gen. i. 114. Lithospermuim longiflorum, 
Spreng. J. incisum, Lehm. 1. c.; Hook. FL. ii. t. 165. Z. .andanense, Spreng.; Hook. 1. c. 
t. 166, a small and smaller-flowered form. Pentalophus longiflorus & P. Mandanensis, A.DC. 
Prodr. x. 87.— Dry and sterile or sandy soil, prairies and banks of streams, Illinois and 
Wisconsin to Saskatchewan and Dakota, south to Texas, and west to Utah and Arizona. 
Root thick and deep, abounding in violet-colored dye. Glandular ring at base of corolla 
naked. In the state with large and showy flowers, as far as known, the stamens are 
always borne at the upper part of the tube, and the filiform style is slightly exserted : 
but perhaps there is some heterogone-dimorphism. There are seemingly all stages 
between these conspicuous and the cleistogenous blossoms which are produced through 
the season. 


18. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. (‘Ovocua, and edog, likeness, from the re- 
semblance to the Old-World genus Onosma.) — Perennials (of the Atlantic States 
and Mexico, &c.), rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute; with nervose 
or costate-veined leaves, and leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes 
or racemes, when fruiting more separated; the bracts resembling the leaves. 
Fl. spring and summer, strongly proterogynous, the style early exserted. Corolla 
greenish-white or yellowish-green: a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base 
of the tube within. Nutlets as in most Lithosperma.— Michx. Fl. i. 1382. 
Onosmodium and Macromeria in part, Don; DC. Prodr. x. 68; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 859. True Macromeria (exserta) has versatile anthers on capillary and 
long exserted filaments. 

§ 1. Macromerrotpes. Corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx, narrow ; 
the sinuses plane: filaments slender, longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. 
— Macromeria, Don, & DC. partly. (Gne or two Mexican species have the 
anthers promptly versatile or transverse; in ours they remain erect.) 

O. Thirberi. Somewhat sparsely strigose-hispid with short bristles (at least on the 


foliage) and minutely appressed-pubescent or when young canescent: stem simple, 2 or 3 
feet high: leaves pinnately 5-7-ribbed ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate or oblong (4 or 5 


206 BORRAGINACEZ. Onosmodium. 


inches long), passing into ovate bracts (at length an inch or two long) : leafy-racemose inflo- 
rescence in age elongated, many-flowered : pedicels 4 or 5 lines long: calyx parted to the base 
into narrow linear lobes (often an inch long): corolla narrowly trumpet-shaped, 2 inches 
long, whitish and densely villous outside, yellow inside; the lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
nearly “equalled by the erect anthers. — Macromeria viridi ire, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 189, 
not DC., according to Ic. Mex. t. 904, which has broadly subcordate-ovate and acute corolla- 
lobes, giving the appearance of “ excised sinuses,” shorter and versatile anthers, &c. — New 
Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow, Wright. Arizona, in dry woods, Rothrock. The portions of base 
of the corolla lobes which are interior in the bud are roundish-auriculate. 


§ 2. ONosMopium proper. Corolla seldom twice the length of the calyx; the 
lobes somewhat conduplicate in the bud; the sinuses gibbous-inflexed: filaments 
shorter (in our species very much shorter) than the mostly sagittate glandular- 
mucronulate or acuminate anthers: leaves pinnately nervose-ribbed. — Onos- 
modium, Michx. 


O. Bejariénse, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles : 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface 
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence: 
flowers short-pedicelled: corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of 
the calyx, white; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the 
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs. —. 
Prodr. x. 70. O. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. ¢., not DC.— Border of thickets, 
nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. 

O. Carolinianum, DC.,1.c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid: leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides: flowers nearly 
sessile: corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ; its ovate- 
triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube. — Litho- 
spermum Carolinianum, Lam. Ill. & Dict. Suppl. ii. 8837. Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 383. — 
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas. 

Var. mdlle. A foot or two high; the pubescence shorter and less spreading or 
appressed: leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canes- 
cent beneath. — Onosmodium molle, Michx. FI. i. 188, t. 15; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 862. Purshia 
mollis, Lehm. Asper. 882. — Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas. 

O. Virginidnum, DC.,1.c. Strigulose-hispid throughout with mostly appressed short 
bristly hairs: stems rather slender, a foot or two high, often paniculate : leaves narrowly 
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse (1 to 24 inches long), 3-5-ribbed: corolla yellowish, 
small (4 lines long); the lobes lanceolate-subulate, sparingly long-bristly outside, little 
shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — O. hispidum, Michx. l.c. Purshia hispida, Lehm. 1. e. 
Lithospermum Virginianum, L. — Hillsides and banks, New England to Florida and Louisiana. 
The specific names conferred by Michaux on this and the preceding species were replaced 
in the Prodromus by earlier ones under Lithospermum ; which may be agreed to, Michaux’s 
O. hispidum being far less hispid than O. Carolintanum, and O. molle is a misnomer except for 
the western variety (which cannot be separated) on which Michaux’s species is founded. 


19. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comrrey. (Ancient Greek and Latin 
name.) — Coarse perennial herbs ; with large and thick bitterish roots, mucilagi- 
nous juice, and loose or nodding racemose flower-clusters: bracts small or none. 
Fl. early summer. All of the Old World. 


S. orricrnAte, L. (Comrrey.) Two or 3 feet high from very thick roots, branching, 
rather soft-hirsute: cauline leaves long-decurrent on the branches, ovate-lanceolate and 
narrower, large: corolla yellowish-white, half inch long: style exserted: nutlets wrinkled 
or almost smooth.— Escaped from gardens into moist grounds sparingly in N. Atlantic 
States. (Nat. from Eu.) 

S. aspERRimum, Sims, a Caucasian species, with almost prickly stems, very scabrous leaves, 
and blue-purple flowers, is cultivated both as an ornamental and as a forage plant, and is not 
unlikely to run wild. 


Echium. CONVOLVULACELE. 207 


20. LYCOPSIS, L. Buaross. (4vx6g, wolf, and Ou, face or likeness; 
from some fanciful resemblance.) — Coarse setose-hispid annuals, of the Old 
World, small-flowered and leafy-bracted, one species sparingly introduced into 
the Eastern Atlantic States. 

L. arvensis, L. Rough and inelegant weed, a foot or two high, with spreading bristly 
hairs at length pustulate at base: leaves lanceolate, undulate-margined : flowers more or 


less racemose: corolla blue, or at first purple ; the tube not longer than calyx ; lobes barely 
a line long. — Dry waste grounds, Canada'to Virginia: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 


ai. ECHIUM, Tourn. Virer’s Buetoss, BLuewerp. (Old Greek name, 
from éyig, a viper; the shape of the nutlets likened to a snake’s head.) — Bien- 
nials (or rarely shrubs), of the Old World; flowering in summer. One species 
an introduced weed. 
E. vureAre, L. Rough-hispid herb, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate, or the upper 
linear, sessile: flowers in short lateral spikes disposed in a raceme-like thyrsus: corolla 


almost an inch long, showy, purple changing to deep blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and 
meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 


OrDER XCIV. CONVOLVULACEZ. 


Herbs or shrubs, with stems generally twining or trailing, and many with milky 
juice ; the leaves alternate and petioled, destitute of: stipules; peduncles truly 
axillary, 1-flowered or cymosely 3—many-flowered ; flowers regular and perfect, 
o-merous or rarely 4-merous, except as to the gyncecium which is almost always 
2-carpellary ; calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals, persistent ; corolla 
either plicate and the plaits convolute, or induplicate-valvate, or sometimes im- 
bricated in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire; stamens as many as the 
corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube; 
hypogynous disk commonly annular and manifest; ovary 2-celled or rarely 
_3-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously 
4—6-celled (each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half-cells 
by a false partition), or rarely 2—4-parted from above around the style in the 
manner of Borraginacee ; style single or once or twice divided ; stigmas terminal 
or introrse; fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy ; seeds comparatively large, filled 
by a crumpled or plaited embryo involving or partly surrounded by a little muci- 
laginous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Ouscuta 
a spiral embryo and no cotyledons. Cuscuta moreover is leafless. Volanee form 
an exceptional tribe with several or many indehiscent carpels, narrow cotyledons, 
&c., but are all South American, and connect with the following order. The 
present large order is well distinguished from all its allies by the character of the 
solitary or geminate seeds, size and nature of the embryo, and inferior radicle, 
along with the usually twining or trailing growth, alternate leaves, &c. 


Tre Il. DICHONDRE. Ovary divided into 2 or 4 carpels or almost separate 
lobes, surrounding a pair of basilar styles. 


1. DICHONDRA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, not plicate ; the lobes imbricated 
in the bud. Filaments and anthers short. Ovary 2-parted, forming 2 indehiscent or irreg- 
‘ularly bursting utricles in fruit: styles 2 or at base united into one, filiform: stigmas 
capitate. Seed by abortion solitary, globular, smooth. Embryo biplicate: cotyledons 
elongated-oblong. Creeping herbs. 


208 CONVOLVULACE. Dichondra. 


Tribe Il. CONVOLVULE. Ovary entire. Plants with ordinary foliage, not 
parasitic. 
* Corolla plicate at the sinuses and the plaits dextrorsely convolute : cotyledons broad, 
often emarginate. 


2. IPOMCEA. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2-3-globose stigma. 
Corolla from salverform or funnelform to nearly campanulate. Capsule globular, 4-6- (or 
by abortion fewer-) seeded, 2—4-valved. 7 


3. JACQUEMONTIA. Style undivided: stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, thick but somewhat 
flattened. Otherwise as [pomaa and Convolvtdus, and intermediate between the two. 


4. CONVOLVULUS. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex: stigmas 2, from linear- 
filiform to subulate or ovate, when broad sometimes flattish. Stamens included. Corolla 
from funnelform to campanulate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or sometimes imperfectly 
ae yy spurious partitions between the two seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 

—-4-valved. 

5. BREWERIA. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; the divisions simple, each bearing a capitate 

stigma. Corolla, stamens, and capsule of Convolvutus. 


6. EVOLVULUS, Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-cleft: stigmas 
linear-filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Otherwise 
like Convolvulus on a small scale, not twining. 


* * Corolla not plicate in the bud, 5-cleft : cotyledons linear, biplicate, entire. 

7. CRESSA. Styles 2, distinct, entire: stigmas capitate. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals, 
equalling the oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla; the limb of the latter 5-parted into 
oblong-ovate lobes, lightly convolute-imbricate and somewhat induplicate in the bud. 
Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. 
Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. Stems not twining. 

Tribe III. CUSCUTEZ. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, destitute 
of foliage and of all green color; the spirally coiled filiform embryo even destitute 
of cotyledons. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. 


8. CUSCUTA. The only genus. 


1. DICHONDRA, Forst. (Formed of dig, double, and yérdgoc, grain or 
roundish mass, from the twin fruit.) — Small prostrate and creeping perennials 
(found almost all round the warmer parts of the world, but most in America) ; 
with filiform stems, slender petioles to the reniform or round-cordate entire leaves, 
and naked peduncles bearing a single small flower. Corolla greenish or yellowish- 
white. Carpels pubescent.— Char. Gen. 39, t. 20. The following may be the 
only species. 

D. répens, Forst. Soft-pubescent or slightly sericeous, but green or greenish: leaves 
mostly with a deep basal sinus: sepals obtuse, at length obovate with narrowed base or 
spatulate: corollalobes ovate, nearly glabrous.— Lam. Ill. t. 183; Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 8. 
D. sericea, Swartz, Prodr. 54, & Fl. Ind. Occ. t. 11, a small and silky form. JD. Carolinensis, 
Michx. Fl. i. 136, a large and greener form. JD. repens, macrocalyx, & sericea, Meissn. in Mart. 
Fi. Bras. vii. 357.— Wet ground, Virginia to Texas, near the coast, and Arizona. (Trop. 
& S. Am., Asia, Oceanica, Australia, 8. Africa.) 

D. argéntea, Willd. Canescently sericeous and silvery : leaves mostly with a shallow 
sinus or even truncate, and with comparatively short petioles: sepals from oblong-oval to 
lanceolate: corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish, villous outside. — Hort. Berol. 297, 
t. 81; Meissn. 1. c.—S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., S. Amer.) 


2. IPOMC@A, L. Morning Grory. (According to Linneus, composed 
of tp, ios, and opowwe, like; but mm is a worm.) —A large genus, mainly of 
twining herbs, some prostrate, diffuse, or even erect: fl. summer. Calyx not 
bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Limb of the corolla 
entire or barely 5-angulate, or slightly 5-lobed. Valves of the capsule usually 
septifragal. Cotyledons broad, commonly 2-lobed. Genus here taken in the 


Ipomea. CONVOLVULACE.LE. 209 


extended sense, as in Meissn. in Mart. F]. Bras. vii. 215, & Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 870. 

I. reucantua, Jacq., a South American species, is mentioned by Choisy in DC. Prodr. as 
having been collected by Charpentier in .Arkansas ; but we have it not. 

I. Carotixa, L. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 91), belongs to the Bahamas and other West Indies, 
not Carolina. 

ANISEIA AuREA, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 229, with plate, is a 5-foliolate Zpomaa 
of Lower California, perhaps undescribed, and the same as no. 81 in the collection of Xan- 
tus, in the same district, which was referred to J. sinuuta, var. foliis integris, in Proc. Am. Acad. 
v. 165. 

§ 1. CaLon¥crTion, Griseb. Corolla salverform, ample, with very long tube, 
flat limb, and throat not dilated; in estivation coutorted: sepals herbaceous, 
becoming coriaceous, the outer sometimes cornute-tipped : style capitate-didymous : 
ovules 4, geminate in 2 cells, or commonly solitary in 4: flowers white, opening 
at evening and for one night, fragrant. — Calonyction, Choisy. 


I. Bona-nox, L. Extensively twining, glabrous: stem lactescent, usually becoming 
muricate-tuberculose: leaves from ovate-cordate to hastate, entire or 3-5-lobed, acuminate: 
peduncles 1-7-flowered : outer sepals commonly with an infraterminal cusp or horn : corolla 
with slender tube 3 or 4 inches long and limb 4 or 5 inches wide, green externally between 
the plaits: stamens and style short-exserted : capsule ovate-conical, acute : seeds glabrous. 
— Andr. Bot. Rep. t.403; Bot. Mag. t. 752. Calonyction speciosum, Choisy, Convolv. 59, & in 
NC. Prodr. ix. 345.—— S. Florida, perhaps indigenous: cult. for ornament, especially south- 
ward. (Mex., W. Ind., S. .Amer., and scattered through most tropical regions.) 


§ 2. Qvinoc tit, Meissn., &c. Corolla salverform or with somewhat funnelform 
but narrow tube; the limb not contorted in the bud: sepals membranaceous or 
herbaceous: stamens and style more or less exserted: ovules solitary in the 
4 cells, i.e. the 2 cells bilocellate by a spurious partition: flowers red, opening by 
day. (Ours glabrous annuals.) — Quamocelit, Tourn., Choisy. 


I. QuAmocuit, L. (Cypress-Vine.) Slender: leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform 
divisions, short-petioled or sessile: peduncles few-flowered: corolla over an inch long, 
scarlet-red; the tube narrowly funnelform above; lobes ovate: sepals merely mucronate 
or blunt. (Hybridizes with the following.) — Lam. Ill. t. 104; Bot. Mag. t. 244. Quamo- 
clit vulgaris, Choisy, &c. — Cult. and sparingly spontaneous in S. Atlantic States. (Trop. 
Amer., &c.) 

I. coccinea, L. Rather tall-climbing: leaves slender-petioled, cordate, or with somewhat 
sagittate or hastate base, conspicuously acuminate, entire, or angulate, or 3-5-toothed: 
peduncles few-several-flowered : corolla 9 to 20 lines long, scarlet or verging to orange ; 
the tube clavate ; limb obscurely lobed, half to two-thirds inch wide: sepals mostly with 
slender appendage below the tip. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t.221; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 499. J. luteola, 
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 85, with orange-colored corolla. Quamoclit coccinea, Mench, Meth. 453 ; 
Choisy in DC. — River-banks, &c., Middle and S. Atlantic States (apparently introduced, 
but well naturalized), and New Mexico and Arizona, where it is probably indigenous. 
(Trop. Amer., &c.) 

Var. hederifélia. Leaves from angulate (or the earlier quite entire) to 3lobed or 
even 3-parted, or sometimes pedately 5-parted: corolla usually rather larger. —I. hederifolia, 
L.; Meissn. in FL. Bras. vii. t. 76, fig. 1. 7. sanguinea, Vahl, Symb. iii. 85; Bot. Reg. t. 9; 
Bot. Mag. t. 1769. Quamoclit hederifolia, Choisy. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Trop. Amer.) 


§ 3. Evirome@a. Corolla funnelform or nearly campanulate: stamens and 
style not exserted. — Ipomea, Batatas, Pharbitis, & Aniseia, Choisy. Jpomea & 
Pharbitis, Meissn. 


* (Morxinc Guory.) Lobes of the stigma and cella of the ovary 3 (rarely varying to 2): sepals 
long and narrow, acuminate or attenuate upward, herbaceous, mostly hispid or hirsute below: 
corolla funnelform, purple, blue, and white: seeds glabrous. — Pharbitis, Choisy. 

14 


9 


a 


I. 


L. 
to Dill. Elth. t. 81, fig. 93), is an Old World species with larger and longer corolla (2 or 3 
inches long), attenuate and erect calyx-lobes an inch long, the peduncle and pedicels short 


10 CONVOLVULACES. Ipomea. 


+— Root annual: flowers opening early in the morning, soon closing under sunshine. (All in- 
cluded under Convolvulus hederaceus, L., Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ed. 1.) 

hederdcea, Jacq. Leaves deeply 3-lobed and deeply cordate; the lobes ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, and the middle one narrowed at base, lateral ones sometimes repand - 
2-lobed : peduncles either short or very short, 1-3-flowered: pedicels none or hardly any: 
sepals (two-thirds to near an inch long) linear-attenuate from a dilated and densely long 
villous-hirsute base, in age the upper part recurved-spreading: corolla short-funnelform, 
sky-blue with whitish tube, less than 2 inches long. — Ic. Rar. t.386; Bot. Reg. t. 85; Meissn. 
l.c. 228; but not the Convolvulus hederaceus, L. Spec. ed. 2, 219, at least as to the cited 
figures of Dill. Elth., but clearly C. Ni, L. l.v., as to the lower figure cited (fig. 92), and 
therefore of Amer. authors. J. burbata, Roth, Cat. i. 37. Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy, 1.c. 
— Waste and cult. grounds, Penn. to Florida and Louisiana, barely naturalized northward, 
perhaps indigenous far southward. (Trop. Amer. and now widely dispersed.) 

I. Nix, Roth, Cat. i. 16, and of most botanists who distinguish I. hederacea, (Convolvulus Nil, 
1. c., only as to fig. 91 in Dill. Elth., & Bot. Mag. t. 188, and doubtless C. hederaceus, L., as 


but distinct, the leaves less lobed, &c. To this belongs Pharbitis trilobu, Mig., and P. Nil, var. 
limbata, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5720, a cultivated plant. To it properly belongs the Oriental 
name Nil. 


I. 


I. 


I. 


Mexicana. Slender: earlier leaves angulate-3-lobed or some entire; the others as in 
I. hederacea, or the middle lobe often broadest at base: peduncles slender (from half inch 
to 3 inches long), commonly equalling or even surpassing the petiole: fruiting pedicels (1 to 
3) as long as the calyx: sepals (only half inch long) lanceolate, rather sparsely hirsute or | 
hispid with comparatively short hairs, erect: corolla violet-purple, only an inch long, and 
limb an inch or so in diameter. — Convolvulus flore purpureo, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 83, fig. 96, 
therefore in part C. hederaceus, L.: it might have taken this specific name had not another 
of the confused species been early taken up by Jacquin in Ipomea. J. Nil, var. diversifolia, 
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 348, viz. Pharbitis diversifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1988. 7. Nil, 
Meissn. in FI. Bras. |. ce. 228, in part, & t. 79, fig. 1.— New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, 
Wright, Thurber, &e. (Mex., &c.) Nearer to the following than to the preceding. 


. purptrea, Lam. (Common Mornine Gurory.) Leaves cordate, entire: peduncles 


elongated (2 to 5 inches long), 1-5-flowered: umbellate pedicels fully twice the length of 
the calyx, thickened and usually refracted in fruit: sepals lanceolate, half inch long, less 
hirsute: corolla about 2 inches long, violet, purple, or pink, varying to white and diversely 
variegated. — Convolvulus purpureus, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 113, 1005, 1682. Pharbitis his- 
pida, Choisy, 1. c.—Cult. grounds, an escape from cultivation in the Atlantic States. 
Texas, Berlandier. San Diego Co., California (Cleveland), where it may be indigenous. 
(Mex., &c., and widely dispersed.) 

+ + Root perennial: flowers more diurnal? 
Lindheimeri. Finely appressed-pubescent (the stem retrorsely so), when young 
canescent: leaves deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, all or the 3 interior lobes ovate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate with a much contracted base, the contracted portion often half the length of the 
dilated lobe: peduncle slender, 1-2-flowered (1 to 3 inches long) : pedicels a quarter to half 
inch long: sepals lanceolate-linear from an at length broadish base, fully an inch long, 
erect, sparsely hirsute (all alike): corolla light blue, elongated-funnelform with narrow 
tube, about 384 inches long.— J. heterophylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Ortega. — 
Rocky soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg.) 
cathartica, Poir. Glabrous or nearly so, even to the calyx: leaves cordate, acu- 
minate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed or deeply cleft: peduncles equalling the petiole, 
1-5-flowered: outer sepals larger and ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all 
long-acuminate : corolla 24 or 8 inches long, pink-purple or crimson. — Dict. Suppl. iv. 633 ; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 473. J. fastigiata, Chapm. Fl. 433, not Sweet. Convolvulus pudibundus, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 999. Pharbitis cathartica, Griseb. 1. c. —8. Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Per- 
haps introduced. (Bahamas to Brazil.) 
% %* Stigma 2-luobed or entire: ovules only 4 and proper cells of the ovary only 2, but these in 


some divided by cellular matter forming an additional partition between the two seeds: sepals 
membranaceous, or rather fleshy, or becoming coriaceous, mostly very much imbricated. 


Ipomea. CONVOLVULACEX. 211 


+ Creeping (or at least prostrate and not twining) perennials, glabrous or nearly so: flowers rather 
large, opening at morning. 

I. Pes-capre, Sweet. Herbage succulent: leaves orbicular, mostly emarginate at 
both ends, 2-glandular at base, fleshy, pinnately many-veined, 2 or 3 inches long, about 
equalled by the petiole: sepals oval, obtuse: corolla (nearly 2 inches long) broadly short- 
funnelform, purple: mature capsule 2-celled: seeds rusty-pubescent. — “ Hort. Lond. 
ed. 2, 289;” Roth, Nov. Pl. 109; Dese. Ant. ii. t. 130. J. maritima, It. Br.; Bot. Reg. t. 319. 
L.orbicularis, Ell. Sk. 1.257. Convolvulus Pes-capre & Brasiliensis, L.— Drifting sands of 
the coast, Georgia to Texas. (Most tropical coasts.) 

I. acetoszfélia, Roem. & Sch. Stem slender, extensively creeping and freely rooting : 
leaves slightly succulent, slender-petioled, exceedingly various; the carlier oblong or sub- 
cordate, or emarginate at both ends, either entire or panduriform or 3-lobed; the others 
sometimes linear, sometimes deeply 3-5-lobed or parted, and the lobes narrowed at base; 
lobes obtuse: peduncles 1-flowered: sepals oblong, mucronate or acuminate: corolla 
oblong-funnelform, white with yellowish throat, 1} to 2 inches long: capsule globose, thin- 
walled, half inch broad, 4celled: seeds densely villous-woolly, globular. — Syst. iv. 246; 
Desc. Ant. ii. t. 145; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 255, t. 94. J. carnosa, R. Br. Prodr., ex Benth. 
Fl. Austr. iv. 420. Convolvulus littoralis, L. ('. acetuscefolius, Vahl, Ecl. i. 18. (". stoloniferus, 
Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 550; Cyr. Pl. Rar. i. 14, t.5.  C. obtusilobus, Michx. Fl. i. 139; Ell. 
lie. Batatas acetosefolia & littoralis, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 338, excl. syn. J. longifolia, 
Benth. — Sandy sea-coast, S$. Carolina to Texas. (Most tropical shores.) 

I. longifélia, Benth. Prostrate stems stout, 6 to 10 feet long: leaves thickish, short- 
petioled, pinnately-veined, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, merely obtuse at base, 
mucronate at tip, 2 to 5 inches long: peduncle 1-flowered: sepals broadly oblong or oval, 
very obtuse: corolla very broadly open-funnelform, white with purple throat, 4 inches 
long, or when widely expanded 3 or 4 inches in diameter: capsule ovate, 2-celled, with 
firm-coriaceous valves, an inch long: seeds oblong, rather minutely hairy at the angles. — 
Pl. Hartw. 16; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 21; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149. I. Shumardi, 
Torr. in Marcy Rep. 191.—S. E. Arizona, Thurber, C. Wright. ‘(Adjacent Mex.) 


I. BarAras, Lam., the Sweet Pot to of cultivation, belongs here, although it has the 
fleshy roots of the following, and the stems trail rather than creep: the leaves vary from 
cordate-hastate to deltoid, and from nearly entire to laciniate-lobed or parted. Origin un- 
known, unless from J. fastigiata of Trop. Amer. 

+ + Twining, or at first trailing, but not creeping: leaves cordate or sagittate, or with divisions 

broader than linear. 

++ Perennials, with immense fleshy-farinaceous roots: leaves cordate, entire, or some of them 3-5- 

lobed: peduncles one-several-flowered: sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or merely mucronate, over 
half inch long: corolla over 2 inches long. 

I. Jalapa, Pursh. Freely twining from a napiform or thick fusiform root (white, some- 
times weighing 40 or 50 pounds), tomentulose-pubescent, at least the lower face of the 
shallow-cordate plicate-veiny repand or sometimes lobed leaves (these 3 to 5 inches long) : 
corolla “ opening at night,” 3 or 4 inches long, white or light pink-purple; the narrow tube 
and throat 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx and deep purple: ovary imperfectly 4-celled : 
seeds densely clothed with long villous wool. — Fl. i. 146; Bot. Reg. t. 342, 621; Griseb 1. c. 
Convolvulus Jalapa, L. Mant. 43; Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 126, t. 40, 41; Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1572. Ipomea macrorhiza, Michx. Fl. i. 141.  Conrolrulus macrorhizus, Ell. Sk. i. 352. 
Ipomea Mechoacan, Nutt.in Am. Jour. Sci. y. 289. I. Michaurii, Sweet, 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 
343. I. Purshii, Don, Syst. lc. Batatas Julapa, Choisy, Convolv. & DC. 1. ¢. 338. — Light 
sandy soil along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. (Mex., W.Ind., &c.) Apparently same 
as the Mexican false or Mechoacan Jalap, but root of the U. S. plant hardly purgative. 

I. panduradta, Meyer. Glabrous or nearly so: stems trailing or twining: root very 
long and large (at length weighing 10 to 20 pounds): Icaves (2 to 4 inches long) usually 
cordate and entire, or some of the later angulate or panduriform-cordate, occasionally 
hastate-3-lobed : corolla rather broadly funnelform, 2 or 3 inches long, white with a dark- 
purple throat: ovary only 2-celled: seeds woolly on the angles. — Fsseq. 100, as to name 
only; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 588; Choisy, 1. c. 381. Convolvulus megalorhizos, ete., Dill. Elth. 100, 
t. 85, fig. 99. C, panduratus, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1939; Ell. l.c.; Barton, Mcd. t. 23. 
C.. candicans, Solander in Bot. Mag. t. 1603, with some minute pubescence of leaves. Var. 


212 CONVOLVULACE. Ipomea. 


He 


I. 


I. 


if 


rubescens, Choisy, l.c., is merely a longer-flowered form, from Kentucky ; and Convoluulus 
ciliolatus, Michx. 1. c., from Knoxville, Tennessee, is probably the same. — Dry ground 
Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. There is a double-flowered state. ; 


++ ++ Perennial with a thick root: leaves all sagittate: peduncle mostly 1-flowered: sepal 
the preceding but barely half inch long: corolla proportionally very lize, eee 


. sagittata, Cav. Glabrous: stems slender: leaves deeply sagittate, otherwise entire, 


acute or acuminate; some with linear-lanceolate lobes; some (at least the earlier) larger 
and broader, with ovate-lanceolate outline and oblong obtuse basal lobes: corolla pink- 
purple, 2 or 3 inches long; the tube with the narrowish throat very much exceeding the 
calyx: seeds somewhat villous on the back or sides. —Ie. ii. 4, t. 107; Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 177. 
I. sagittifolia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 437; Chapm. Fl. 844. Convolvulus Carolinensis, &c., Catesb. 
Car. i. 35, t. 35. C. speciosus, Walt. Car. 98. C. sagittifolius, Michx. Fl. i. 138. — Salt 
marshes on the coast, N. Carolina to Texas. (Cuba, Spain and Barbary.) 
++ ++ ++ Perennials with roots not very large and thick, or annuals: corolla an inch and a half 
long or smaller. 
= Calyx almost an inch long, large for the size of the corolla. 


. sinudta, Ortega. Root perennial: stem (rather woody at base) and petioles hirsute 


with long spreading hairs from a papilliform base : leaves nearly or quite glabrous, 7-parted ; 
the divisions lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sinuately and laciniately pinnatifid or incised : 
calyx equalling the throat of the open-funnelform corolla (white with purple eye): seeds 
glabrous. — Dec. vii. 84; Choisy, lLc.; Chapm.le. J. dissecta, Pursh, not Willd. Convol- 
vulus dissectus, L. Mant. 204; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 28, & Vind. ii. t.159.—Near the coast in 
Georgia to Texas. (Trop. Amer.) 
= = Calyx in fruit over half inch long, setose-hispid. 

barbatisépala. Apparently annual, glabrous except the calyx: leaves pedately 5-7- 
parted; the divisions lanceolate with narrowed base, an inch or two long, or the lateral 
ones mostly short, entire: peduncles 1-2-flowered, not longer than the petiole: sepals 
attenuate-linear from a broader base, nearly equal, in fruit 7 or 8 lines long, a third longer 
than the 2-celled 4-seeded globular capsule, the back strongly hispid with long and stout 
spreading bristles: corolla purple, less than an inch long: stigmas 2, globose: seeds gla- 
brous or minutely scurfy.— W. borders of Texas; declivity of mountain near El Paso, 
Wright (1849, no. 507). Calyx nearly as of J. hederacea, Jacq., but with stiffer beard. 

= = = Calyx 5 to 9 lines long, completely glabrous: root perennial. 
Thurberi. Glabrous throughout, apparently with only low twining stems from a thick- 
ened root or tuber: leaves palmately or pedately and deeply 5-7-cleft (an inch or more in 
diameter) ; the widely divergent lobes triangular-lanceolate, or the one or three middle 
ones somewhat caudately prolonged, the narrow tip obtuse: peduncle short, 1-flowered, 
clavate in age: corolla, &., not seen: sepals in fruit 8 or 9 lines long, lanceolate-attenuate 
from a broader base, nearly twice the length of the 4-celled 4-valved globular coriaceous 
capsule: seeds clothed with fine brownish somewhat furfuraceous pubescence. — South- 
eastern border of Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Thurber (no. 966), Wright. 
trifida, Don. Much resembles J. commutata ; but the root perennial, the pubescence 
shorter and softer, peduncles longer, and calyx glabrous. — Convolvulus trifidus, HBK. Nov. 
Gen. & Spec. iii. 107. (Trop. Amer.) 

Var. Torreyana. Nearly glabrous throughout, freely twining : leaves cordate, about 
2 inches long; some entire or merely angulate: most 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the lateral 
externally rounded: peduncles surpassing the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered: pedicels 
ini age muriculate-scabrous: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, 
chartaceous, 5 lines long, not at all ciliate: corolla funnelform, pink or lilac-purple, over 
an inch long: capsule globular, chartaceous, simply 2-celled, either glabrous or sparingly 
pilose at tip, about equalling the calyx: seeds glabrous and very smooth. — I. commutata, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Rem. & Sch. J. fastigiata? Torr. 1. c., not Sweet. — W. 
and 8. Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Lindheimer, Schott. 

Var. Berlandiéri. Perhaps only a depauperate form: leaves smaller and deeper 
cleft, some almost 3-parted; the middle lobe lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and longer, 
giving a somewhat hastate outline; the lateral divisions often 2-lobed or 2-8-cleft and 
their lobes acute: peduncles only an inch long. — Bejar, Texas, Berlandier. Referred by 
Choisy to 7. commutata. 


Lpomea. CONVOLYVULACE. 213 


= = = = Calyx 3 to 6 lines long, thinnish, pilose or at least ciliate with some long and soft 
hairs rising from a more rigid or papilliform base, more or less longer than the small and thin- 
walled globular 2-cclled capsule, which is sparsely pilose but sometimes glabrate at the upper 
part: seeds glabrous: stems freely twining: root annual. 

I. commutata, Reem. & Sch. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves (2 or 3 inches 
long), cordate, some entire, some strongly 3-lobed with middle lobe ovate-lanceolate and 
acuminate ; the lateral usually shorter and broader, sometimes again 2-lobed: peduncles 
slender, 1} to 3 inches long, 1-3-flowered: sepals oblong, acuminate, 5 lines long: corolla 
an inch or more long, purple or pink. — Syst. iv. 228; Choisy, lc. Convolvulus Carolinus, 
L. Spec. i. 154 (Dill. Elth. 100, t. 84, fig. 98); Michx. Fl. i. 139. Zpomea Carolina, Pursh, 
Fl. i. 145, not L., which is W. Indian. J. trichocarpa, Eli. Sk. i. 258, which slightly antedates 
the name commutata, but is misleading, the fruit being not rarely glabrate or glabrous. — 
Dry or low grounds, 8. Carolina to Texas. 

I. lacunésa, L. Slightly pubescent or hirsute, or nearly glabrous: leaves as the pre- 
ceding or less lobed, more commonly ovate-cordate and entire, conspicuously acuminate : 
peduncles shorter: sepals commonly broader and mostly naked, except the long-ciliate 
margins: corolla half inch or so in length, narrow-funnelform, white or with a purple 
acutely 5-angulate border: globose capsule more turgid and pilose. — Spee. i. 161 (Dill. 1. c. 
t. 87, fig. 102); Michx. l.c.; Ell. l.c. Convolvulus micranthus, Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 
70.— River banks and low grounds, Penn. to Illinois, S. Carolina, and Texas. 

I. triloba, L. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent: leaves usually glabrous, very deeply 
3-lobed or almost 3-parted; the divisions mostly entire; the middle ovate or lanceolate- 
ovate with narrowed base; the lateral semicordate: peduncles usually elongated: sepals 
8 lines long, oblong-ovate: corolla narrow, two-thirds inch long, resembling that of the 
preceding, but purple. — Choisy, 1. c. 883; Chapm. Fl. 345. — Key West, Florida; perhaps 
introduced. (Trop. Amer.) 
= > => = = Calyx only 2 lines long, naked and glabrous, shorter than the glabrous simply 

2-celled thin-walled capsule: herbage glabrous throughout: root not seen. 

I. Wrightii. Stems very slender: leaves all digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate 
entire leaflets (all 12 to 18 lines long, or the lateral shorter, obtuse or acutish and mucro- 
nulate): peduncles slender, 1-flowered, not exceeding the petiole: sepals ovate, very obtuse, 
equal: corolla pink or purple, narrowly funnelform, half inch long: capsule ovoid, 4 lines 
long: seeds globular, minutely and densely puberulent.— Texas, J right, probably from 
the southern part of the State. Habit of Z. quinquefolia, but leaves, corolla, &c., different. 
A plant resembling it was collected by Dr. Palmer on the Yaqui River, in the north- 
western part of Mexico, in which the leaves seem to be pedate, and the long filiform 
peduncles coil in the manner of tendrils. 

I. cardiophylla. Very glabrous: leaves broadly cordate and with basal lobes somewhat 
incurved, entire, acuminate, an inch or two long: peduncles mostly 1-flowered and shorter 
than the slender petiole: sepals ovate, acute, thickish but scarious-margined, more or less 
muriculate-glandular on the back: corolla purple, three-fourths inch long, campanulate- 
funnelform above the narrow tube, which barely equals the calyx: capsule ovoid, half 
inch long; the thin valves finely lineolate: seeds oval, brownish-puberulent. — Western 
borders of Texas, in the mountains near El Paso, Wright. In calyx and foliage considerably 
resembling J. violacea. 


+ + -+- Stems erect or diffuse, feebly if at all twining, never creeping or even prostrate: leaves 
or their divisions all linear or narrower and entire. 


pag ae simple and entire: flowers large: root perennial, immense, weighing from 10 to 100 
pounds. 

I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous: stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high), and 
with recurving slender branches: leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 8 lines wide), short- 
petioled, acute: peduncles short, 1-2-flowered: calyx 3 or 4 lines long; the sepals broadly 
ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter: corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 8 inches 
long: capsule ovate, an inch long: seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95,& Emory Rep. 
148, t. 11. Convolvulus Caddoensis, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862.— Plains of Ne- 
braska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico: a striking and showy species, first col- 
lected, in Long’s Expedition, by Dr. E. James, who singularly mistook it for an annual. 
Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 223. (Convolvulus.) 


214 CONVOLVULACEZ. Zpomea. 


++ ++ Leaves palmately or pedately divided or parted, 
== Almost sessile and the divisions all simple: root perennial, an oblong tuber. 


I. muricata, Cav. A span or two high, erect, loosely branched, glabrous, slender : leaves 
of 5 (or sometimes pedately 7) narrowly linear or filiform mucronate-acute divisions or 
leaflets (6 to 10 lines long): peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered: sepals lanceo- 
late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate on the back or midrib: corolla narrowly funnelform, 
crimson-purple, an inch long: capsule globose, nodding, hardly 3 lines long : seeds almost 
glabrous. — Ic. v. 52, t. 478, fig.2; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Convolvulus capillaceus, 
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 97.— New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., &c.) 


= = Leaves distinctly petiolate: root annual: stems diffuse, filiform. 


I. leptétoma, Torr. Diffuse or procumbent and feebly twining, a foot or two long, 
glabrous up to the pedicels: leaves pedately 5-7-parted into narrowly linear attenuate- 
acuminate or acute divisions; the middle and longer one an inch or two long: peduncles 
slender, equalling or exceeding the leaf, 1-2-flowered: pedicels and lanceolate attenuate- 
acuminate 3-nerved sepals hirsute: corolla funnelform, purple, over an inch long: capsule 
globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx: seeds glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. — Arizona, 
Thurber, Wright, Palmer. 

I. costellata, Torr. 1.c. Erect and diffuse, at length procumbent or slightly twining, 
glabrous or minutely hirsute: leaves pedately 7-9-parted into linear or somewhat spatulate 
(or the upper into filiform) divisions of somewhat equal length (half to an inch long): 
peduncles filiform, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
acute, glabrous (as is the pedicel), carinately 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; the keel of 
the outer ones salient and often undulate-cristate or tuberculate: corolla narrowly funnel- 
form, approaching salverform, a third or hardly half inch long, twice or thrice the length 
of the calyx, pink-purple or paler, with 5 short mucronate-pointed lobes: capsule globular, 
as long as the calyx: seeds minutely puberulent. — S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


3. J ACQUEMONTIA, Choisy. (Victor Jacquemont, a French naturalist 
and traveller, died in India.) — A rather small genus, tropical or subtropical, 
mostly with the aspect of Convolvulus. Fl. summer. Seeds in ours roughish. 

J. asutitofpss, Benth., to which belongs Dr. Kellogg’s Aniseia azurea, is of Lower Cali- 
fornia. It is doubtful if either of the following are indigenous. 

J. violacea, Choisy. Twining, pubescent or almost glabrous: leaves cordate or ovate- 
lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate: peduncles slender, umbellately or cymosely several- 
flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate; the outer larger and subcordate: corolla short-funnel- 
form, half inch long, violet. —Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus violaceus, Vahl. _C. pentanthos, 
Jacq. Ic. Rar. ii. t. 316; Bot. Mag. t. 2151. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett. (Trop. Amer.) 

J. tamnifolia, Griseb. Erect or at length twining, fulvous-hirsute : root annual: leaves 
cordate and ovate, long-petioled, pinnately veiny: peduncles elongated, capitately many- 
flowered : glomerate cluster involucrate with foliaceous bracts: sepals subulate-linear, fer- 
rugineous-hirsute, 5 lines long, nearly equalling the violet corolla. — Fl. W. Ind. 474; 
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 302. Zpomea tamnifolia, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 318, fig. 414.)  Convolvulus 
ciliatus, Vahl. C. tamnifolius, Ell. Sk. i. 258.— Cult. and waste grounds, from S. Carolina 
and Arkansas southward. (Trop. Amer.) ; 


4, CONVOLVULUS, L. Binpweep. (From convolvo, I entwine.) — 
Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (of many species, most of them in the Old 
World), either twining, erect, or prostrate; with small or rather large flowers (in 
summer), some opening at dawn, some in bright sunshine. — Convolvulus & Caly- 
stegia, R. Br.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 874. 

§ 1. Cavysricia. Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, thickish: solitary 
flower involucellate by a pair of persistent membranaceo-foliaceous broad bracts, 
which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it: corolla open in sunshine : 
ovary and capsule commonly somewhat one-celled by the imperfection of the par- 


Convolvulus. CONVOLVULACE. 215 


tition: perennials, with filiform creeping rootstocks. — Calystegia, R. Br., Hook. 
& Benth., &e. 


CALYSTEGIA PARADOXA, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, which was described from Sherard’s herbarium, 
and supposed to come from Virginia or Carolina, is not recognizable, and is certainly no true 
Calystegia. 

C. Soldanélla, L. Glabrous, fleshy: stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing : 
leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angulate, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long- 
petioled: bracts roundish and obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals: corolla pink- 
purple, 12 to 18 lines long, short-funnelform: stigmas ovate. — Spec. i. 159; Engl. Bot. 
t. 314; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 583. Calystegia Soldanella & C. reniformis, R. Br. Prodr. 433. — 
Sands of the Pacific coast, Puget Sound to California. (Most Pacific shores, Eu., &c.) 

C. spithameus, L. Soft-pubescent or tomentose: stem erect or ascending, or sometimes 
decumbent, u span to 2 feet long, mostly simple and not twining: leaves short-petioled, 
oblong, with rounded or subcordate or sometimes short-sagittate base: bracts ovate, not 
auricled at base: corolla white, campanulate-funnelform, 1} to 2 inches long: stigmas oval. 
— Spec. i158; Ell. Sk. i.251.  C. stans, Michx. Fl. i.136. Calystegia spithameea & C. tomen- 
tosa, Pursh, Fl. i.434. C. spithamea, Hook. Exot. t. 97, but stigmas too narrow. — Dry and 
sandy or rocky soil, Canada to Wisconsin and south to Florida. 

C. sépium, L. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent, freely twining : leaves slender-petioled, 
deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate ; the basal 
lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed: peduncles mostly elongated: bracts 
cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute : corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches 
long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigmas from oval to oblong. —Curt. Fl. Lond. 
t. 82; Engl. Bot. t. 313; Fl. Dan. t. 458. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Prodr. 483; Reichenb. 
Ic. Germ. xviii. t. 1340. — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams, Canada and N. Atlantic 
States to Utah. (Eu., &e.) 

Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple: bracts obtuse. — Bot. 
Mag. t. 732. C. sepium of Am. authors in large part. Calystegia sepium, var. rosea, Choisy 
in DC. Prodr. ix. 433. — Canada to Carolina and Oregon. (N. Asia.) 

Var. répens. Corolla from almost white to rose-color: bracts from very obtuse to 
acute: herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent: sterile and sometimes flowering 
stems extensively prostrate: leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes 
commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. — Convolvulus repens, L. Spec. i. 158 (as to pl. 
Gronov., excl. syn. Plum. & Rheede); Michx. l.c. Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 376. C. Cutesbeiana, Pursh, FI. ii. 729; Choisy, l.c. —Canada? to Texas, and 
west to Dakota and New Mexico, on banks and shores. Sometimes with almost glabrous 
and thickish leaves; Calystegia. sepium, var. maritima, Choisy, in part. (The species widely 
diffused over the world and variable.) 


§ 2. Stigmas linear or oblong-linear, flat: bracts at the base of the calyx as in 
the preceding section or smaller, or various at the base of a short pedicel. Cali- 
fornian species. 


C. occidentalis, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stems freely twining : leaves 
slender-petioled, from angulate-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the 
upper hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed : peduncles elongated, surpassing the 
leaf, sometimes proliferously 1-3-flowered : bracts at base of calyx ovate or obscurely cor- 
date, membranaceous, equalling it or rather longer, mostly obtuse: corolla campanulate- 
funnelform, white or pinkish, 12 to 24 lines long: stigmas linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 533. — Dry hills, W. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. 

Var. tenuissimus, Gray, l.c., a form with narrowly hastate or sagittate leaves 
(only an inch or two long), the middle and mostly the basal lobes narrowly lanceolate : 
bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. —Santa Barbara and San 
Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, &e. 

C. Califérnicus, Choisy. Minutely and often densely pubescent: stems very short 
and erect from filiform rootstocks, flowering close to the ground, or at length with prostrate 
branches a span or even a foot long: leaves slender-petioled, from ovate or round-obovate 
to deltoid or subcordate and obtuse, or the later somewhat sagittate or hastate and acute 


216 CONVOLVULACES. Convolvulus. 


(an inch or so long): peduncles shorter than the petiole: bracts at base of calyx oblong, 
obtuse, about equalling and somewhat resembling the outer very.obtuse sepals: corolla 
broadly funnelform, 1} to 2 inches long, white, cream-color, or flesh-color : stigmas linear- 
oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix. 405; Gray, l.c. Calystegia subacaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
363. — W. California, on hills, &c., from San Francisco Bay southward. 

C. villésus, Gray, lc. Densely velvety-tomentose throughout, mostly silvery-white, 
low: stems decumbent or prostrate, feebly if at all twining: leaves slender-petioled, from 
reniform-hastate to sagittate, an inch or less long; the basal lobes often angulate-toothed : 
peduncles shorter than the leaf: bracts at base of and equalling the calyx, oval or ovate, , 
white-tomentose : corolla campanulate-funnelform, cream-color, an inch long: stigmas nar- 
row-linear. — Calystegia villosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v.17.— Dry and sandy soil, 
California, Monterey Co., and Plumas Co. to Tejon. 

C. lutéolus, Gray, lc. Glabrous or soft-pubescent: stems a span or two long and 
ascending or more elongated and twining: leaves slender-petioled, from triangular- or del- 
toid-hastate to sagittate, an inch or two long: peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves: 
bracts about their own length distant from the calyx, narrowly oblong varying to linear- 
lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, much smaller than the chartaceo-coriaceous very obtuse 
unequal sepals, a second flower rarely in the axil of one of them (occasionally the bracts 
alternate): corolla 12 to 18 lines long, campanulate-funnelform, pale yellow (sometimes 
purplish or fading to purple ?): stigmas linear. —Ipomea sagittifolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 151 (as to Calif. plant); Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127, the stigmas certainly linear! 
Convolvulus Californicus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 826, not Choisy. — California, from around San 
Francisco Bay northward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. fulcratus, Gray, l.c. Soft-pubescent : bracts foliaceous, hastate or sagittate, 
and short-petioled, resembling diminutive leaves, 3 to 6 lines long, about their length dis- 
tant from the calyx or sometimes closely subtending it. — Convolvulus arvensis, var. villosus, 
Torr. 1. ec. —Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from the Stanislaus southward. 


§ 8. Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear: no bracts at or near the base of the 
calyx. . 
* Procumbent or low-twining perennials: bracts of the 1-3-flowered peduncle small or minute and 
subulate: corolla an inch or less long, broadly short-funnelform. 
+— Introduced species, nearly glabrous: leaves broad and entire. 


C. arvinsis, L. Mostly procumbent: leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, an inch 
or two long; the basal lobes short and acute: bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel, 
small, subulate: corolla white, commonly tinged with rose: stigmas filiform. — FJ. Dan. 
t.459; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xviii. t. 1887. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Sparingly nai. 
from Europe.) 
+— + Indigenous Texan species, cinereous-pubescent or canescent: leaves commonly lobed or © 

dentate: flowers opening in afternoon sunshine: corolla ferrugineous-silky-hirsute outside in the 
bud. 

C. hermannioides. Sericeous-tomentulose: stems 3 to 5 feet long, mainly procumbent: 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, and with sagittate or narrowly cordate base, 
1} to 3 inches long, repand- or sinuate-dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, rather short- 
petioled ; the veins not plicate-impressed above nor prominent beneath: peduncles rather 
longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered: sepals half inch long or nearly so, oval-oblong, 
mucronate and obtuse or barely acute: corolla white, an inch long, the border merely 
angulate. — C. Hermannie, Choisy in DC. 1. c. as to Texan plant; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
148, not of L’Her., which is Peruvian and Chilian. — Texas, in dry prairies. Narrow-leaved 
forms approach the next. 

C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence 
(rarely greener and glabrate): stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves 
polymorphous ; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate (1 or 2 inches long, 
2 or 3 lines wide, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes 
entire or 2-3-toothed); some pedate, having narrowly 2-8-cleft lateral lobes or divisions, 
some more coarsely 3-5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-dentate ; some of the 
early ones ovate- or oblong-cordate and merely sinuate-dentate: peduncles 1-2-flowered, 
as long as the leaf: sepals a quarter inch long, oval, obtuse, or merely mucronate-tipped: | 


Breweria. CONVOLVULACE-E. 217 


corolla white or tinged with rose, half inch long, the angles salient-acuminate.— Symb. 
iii, 23 (1790). C. Bonariensis & C. dissectus, Cav. Ic. v. t. 480 (1799). C. equitans, Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 16. C. hastatus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v.194. ©. lobatus, Engelm. & 
Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 44. C. glaucifolius, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 412, but probably not Zpomea 
glaucifolia, L., viz. Dill. Elth. t. 87, fig. 101, which is “glaucous and glabrous.” — Dry 

- prairies and hills, Arkunsas and S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., Extra-trop. 
S. Amer.) 


* % Erect and much branched feebly twining perennial, glabrous throughout, small-leaved. 


C. léngipes, Watson, Stems slender, loosely much branched, a foot to a yard high: 
leaves mostly linear-hastate, short-petioled (an inch or two long, a line or two wide), 
thickish, veinless, entire, cuspidate-mucronate, the upper gradually reduced to linear- 
subulate bracts ; these on the 1-flowered peduncles mostly alternate: sepals ovate, obtuse, 
often mucronulate, the outer shorter: corolla fully an inch long, broadly funnelform, 
glabrous throughout, white or cream-color: stigmas very narrowly linear: seeds globular, 
minutely tuberculate.— Am. Naturalist, vii. 8302; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 584; Rothrock in 
Wheeler Rep. t. 20.— Arid desert region, S. Nevada and S. E. California, Liew. Wheeler, 
Dr. Horn, Palmer. 


5. BREWERIA, R. Br. (Samuel Brewer, an English Botanist or ama- 
teur of the 18th century.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, some suffruticose, of the 
warmer parts of the world, resembling Jpomea and Convolvulus ; with simple 
entire and usually short-petioled leaves, and the corolla mostly silky-pubescent or 
silky-hirsute outside in the bud, with angulate or obscurely lobed border: fl. 
summer and autumn.— Prodr. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 877. Stylisma, 
Raf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. 263; Choisy in DC. Prodr, ix. 450. Bonamia, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 336, & Man. ed. 5, 876, not Thouars, in which the 
corolla is lobed and not plicate. 

% Procumbent: peduncles very short and 1-flowered: capsule large: seed glabrous. 


B. ovalifélia. Sericeous-canescent: leaves ovate or oval, mostly subcordate, an inch 
long: style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule globose, half inch in diameter, about the 
length of the broadly ovate sepals, by abortion l-seeded. — Evolvulus ? ovalifolius, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 150.— S. W. borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande (the Mexican side) below 
San Carlos, Parry. Corolla not seen. 

%* * Procumbentslender perennials: peduncles slender and elongated, 1-5-flowered: flowers small: 
corolla almost campanulate: capsule small. — Stylisma, Raf., &c. 

B. humistrata. Sparsely pubescent or glabrate: leaves from elliptical and subcordate 
to narrowly linear (an inch or two long), mucronate, and the broader emarginate : peduncles 
1-7-flowered: bracts shorter than the pedicels: sepals glabrous or almost so, oblong-ovate, 
acuminate: corolla white, half inch long: filaments hairy: styles united at base. — Con- 
volvulus humistratus, Walt. Car. 94. C. patens, Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 547. C- trichosanthes, 
Michx. Fl. i. 137, partly. C. Sherardi, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730% C. tenellus, Lam. Ill. i. 459; 
Ell. Sk. i. 250. volvulus? Sherardi, Choisy. Stylisma erolvuloides, Choisy, 1. ¢., in part. 
S. humistrata, Chapm. Fl. 346. Bonamia humistrata, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376.— Dry pine bar- 
tens, Virginia to Louisiana. 

B. aquatica. Soft-pubescent or cinereous-tomentulose : leaves from elliptical to subcor- 
date-lanceolate, very obtuse, seldom over an inch long: peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals 
strongly sericeous-pubescent, acute or acuminate: corolla rose-purple: filaments glabrous: 
styles distinct nearly to base. — Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. 1. c.; Ell. 1... trichosanthes, 
Michx. l.c., partly. C. erianthus, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i.610. Stylisma aquatica, Chapm. 
le. Bonamia aquatica, Gray, 1. c.— Wet pine barrens and margin of ponds, North Carolina 
to Texas. 

B. Pickeringii. Pubescent, or the leaves glabrate: these from narrowly spatulate- 
linear with acute and subsessile base to filiform-linear: peduncles seldom surpassing the 
leaves, 1-3-flowered : bracts foliaceous and exceeding the flowers: sepals villous-sericeous, 
ovate, obtuse, half the length of the ovate-conoidal capsule: corolla white, a third of 


218 CONVOLVULACEZ. Evolvulus. 


an inch long, equalled by the almost glabrous filaments and the moderately 2-cleft style. 
— Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.; M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i.129; Gray, Man. 
ed. 1, 849. Stylisma evolvuloides, var. angustifolia, Choisy in DC.1.c. SS. Pickeringii, Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, 835; Chapm. l.c. Bonamia Pickeringit, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 876.— Dry pine 
barrens and prairies, New Jersey to North Carolina; Louisiana and Texas; also W. 
Illinois, H. N. Patterson. 


6. EVOLVULUS, L. (From evolvo, I unroll, the name a counterpart of 
Convolvulus.) — Low and small herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warm 
parts of the world, largely American) ; with erect or commonly diffuse or pros- 
trate stems, not twining, entire leaves, one—few-flowered and sometimes paniculate 
peduncles, and small flowers, produced in summer and autumn. Corolla in ours 
almost rotate, white, rose-colored, or blue. 


E. Mustenseéreit, Spreng. Pugill. i. 27, habitat not given, is something not identified, and 
by “peduncles opposite the leaves” not of this order. 
* Pedunceles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves: either perennials or annuals ? 


B. alsinoides, L. Villous or’ hirsute, commonly with some long and spreading hairs: 
stems slender, diffuse or decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves from oval or oblong to 
lanceolate, somewhat petioled: pedicels at length nodding or refracted on the peduncle: 
corolla about 3 lines broad. — (Founded on the Asiatic plant, Burm. Zeyl. ii. t. 6, fig. 1, & 
t. 9, fig. 1, and Rheede, Malab. xi. t. 64, apparently also indigenous to the New World, 
and diverse.) £. alsinoides, var. hirticaulis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. £. diffusus, Chapm. 
FI. 345. — 8. Florida and Texas, Blodgett, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (All trop. regions *) 

BE. linifdlius, L. Too like narrow-leaved and slender forms of the preceding, but the fine 
sericeous pubescence all appressed: leaves small and linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : blue 
corolla only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 392, founded on Convolvulus herbaceus, 
erectus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 162, t. 10, fig. 2, not Choisy in DC. — S. Arizona, near Tucson, 
Greene. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) 

E. Arizénicus. Minutely sericeous or cinereous with fine appressed pubescence, pani- 
culately branched: stems very slender, erect and diffuse or decumbent-spreading: leaves 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subsessile or short-petioled (6 to 12 lines long, 2 or 3 wide) ; 
the upper reduced to bracts so that the inflorescence becomes paniculate: peduncles mostly 
1-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute: corolla blue or bluish, half inch in diameter 
when expanded. — E. alsinoides, Torr. 1.c., partly. £. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Torr. 1. ¢., 
partly, excl. syn. — Sandy or dry prairies, Arizona and New Mexico; a common species 
of the region. (Adjacent Mex.) 

BE. mucronatus, Swartz. Glabrate and green, or when young sparsely villous-seri- 
ceous with appressed pubescence: stems decumbent or prostrate: leaves thickish, oval or 
round-obovate (about half inch long), short-petioled, the obtuse or retuse apex mucronate : 
peduncles barely surpassing or some shorter than the leaves: corolla pale blue or white, 
4 lines in diameter. — Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 475; Meissn. l.c. 345. £. glabriusculus, Choisy, 
Conv. 156, & in DC. 1. c. 448; Chapm. 1. c.— South Florida, Blodgett. Perhaps E£. nummu- 
larius, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (not L.), on the Mississippi below New Orleans. (Trop. Amer.) 

%* %* Peduncles or rather pedicels (bibracteolate at base, solitary and one-flowered) short, usually 


ver short; the lower sometimes half the length of the leaf, recurved in fruit: very low peren- 
nials. 


se Upper surface of the leaves green and glabrous, otherwise sericeous: corolla white or pale 

ue. 

E. sericeus, Swartz. Stems slender or filiform, a span or two high: leaves subsessile, 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (6 to 10 lines long), erect or ascending, mucronate-acuminate 
or acute; silky pubescence fine and close-pressed, sometimes short, whitish or fulvous: 
sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Prodr. 55, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 576; 
Nutt. Gen. i. 174; Chapm. 1. ¢.; Choisy, 1. c.; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 853. Convolvulus 
erectus, herbaceus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 153, t. 10, fig. 8. £E. holosericeus, Torr. 1. c. partly, 
not HBK.—Pine woods, &c., Florida to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. The western 
forms with looser and longer hairiness. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.) 


Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE. 219 


E. pfscotor, Benth. (£. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Choisy, L. c.), of Mexico, with shorter and 
procumbent or prostrate stems, dvate or oblong obtuse leaves, more villous pubescence and 
larger corolla, seems to be a good species, as Meissner also supposes; but is not found on our 
immediate borders. Dr. Torrey’s plant so referred is mainly . Arizonicus. 

+ + Both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx denscly silky-villous. 

HE. argénteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid, 
erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy: dense pubescence sometimes silvery- 
canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous: leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear- 
lanceolate and acute (a quarter to half inch long): pedicels very short: sepals lanceolate- 
subulate: corolla purple or blue (not “ yellow ” as says Pursh), 3 to 6 lines in diameter. — 
Fl. i. 187, not R. Br. ; Choisy, l.c.; Torr. loc. £. pilosus, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (as additional 
name), & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 195, not Lam. ZL. Nuttallianus, Rem. & Sch. 
Syst. vi. 198.— Sterile plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and west to Arizona. Pine 
Key, Florida, Blodgett, in small and insufficient specimens. (Adjacent Mex.) 


7. CRESSA, L. (Greek name for a female Cretan.) — Genus apparently 
of a single but very variable and widely diffused species. 

C. Crética, L. Low canescent perennial, much branched from a lignescent base, erect or 
diffuse, a span or two high, very leafy: leaves entire, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 
sessile, 2 to 4 lines long: flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the upper axils, or the 
upper crowded as if in a leafy-bracteate spike: corolla white, 2 or 3 lines long, sericeous- 
pubescent outside. —Lam. Ill. t. 183; Sibth. Fl. Greca, t. 256. (S. Eu., Afr., S. Asia, 
Australia, &c.) 

Var. Truxillénsis, Choisy. A more silky-villous and stouter form, mostly larger- 
leaved: capsule larger, 2 or 3 lines long. —Choisy in DC. l.c. 440; Torr. lc. C. Truzil- 
lensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 119. — On or near the sea-shore or in saline soil, Cali- 
fornia, and from Arizona to 8. Texas. (Hawaian Islands, 8. Amer., &c.) 


8. CUSCUTA, Tourn.* Dopper. (Name said to be of Arabic derivation.) 
—~ Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, white or whitish, small, in loose or dense 
cymose clusters, usually produced late in the season. Calyx cleft or parted. 
Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the 
mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not 
plicate, marcescent-persistent either at base or summit of the capsule.  Sta- 
mens inserted in thé throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate 
appendages (scales); these rarely absent. Ovary globular, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. 
Styles distinct, or rarely united, persistent: stigmas globose, or in Old-World 
species filiform. Capsule 1—4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting, 
or indehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angular by mutual pressure. Embryo 
filiform, spirally coiled in the firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of cotyledons, 
but the apex, or plumule, often bearing a few alternate scales, germinating in the 
soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems 
of a yellowish or reddish hue, which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs, 
and become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact, 
the base soon dying away. Small scales of the same color as the stem take 
the place of leaves and bracts. — Choisy in Mem. Genev. 1841 (cited “ Cusc.”) & 
DC. Prodr. ix. 452 (1845); Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. (1842), 333, Gray, 
Man., & Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 453 (1859), here cited as “ Cusc.” 


§ 1. Gr&wurca, Engelm. lc. Styles (more or less unequal) terminated by 
peltate-capitate stigmas. — Grammica, Loureiro. (Comprises the greater part 
of the species of this large genus, almost all of them American and Polynesian.) 


* Contributed by Dr. GEorGE ENGELMANN. 


220 CONVOLVULACE. Cuscuta. 


st 


* (CLISTOGRAMMICA, Engelm. 1.c.) Capsule indehiscent. 
+ Calyx gamosepalous. 
++ Ovary and capsule depressed-globose. 
== Flowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with short and wide tube, in age remaining at 
base of the capsule: styles mostly shorter than the ovary. 

C. obtusifidra, HBK. Stems orange-colored, coarse: lobes of calyx and corolla 
rounded, as long as the tube: scales various. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 122; Engelm. Cusc. 
491. (Cosmop.) ; 

Var. glandulosa, Engelm. 1.c., the only form in our flora, has all parts of the 
flower (1 to 1} lines long) dotted: scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube, deeply 
fringed. — Wet places, Georgia to Texas, on Polygonum, &c. (W. Ind.) 

C. chlorocdrpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored: lobes of calyx and corolla 
acute, often longer than the tube: scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth. — 
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378; & Cusc. 494. C. Polygonorum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xliii. 342, t. 6, fig. 26-29.— Wet places in the Mississippi Valley from Arkansas to Wis- 
consin ; also in Penn. and Delaware, often on Polygonum. Flowers white, 1 to 1} lines 
long; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow. 

C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low: flowers smaller (scarcely a line 
long): calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad: those of corolla acuminate, longer than the 
tube, with inflexed points: scales large, deeply fringed. —Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 
336, ed. 5, 378, Cusc. 494, & Fl. Calif. 1.535. Calyx often large and angled (var. pentagona, 
Engelm. 1. c., & C. pentagona, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 340, t. 6, fig. 22-24), sometimes 
smaller and papillose or glandular-verrucose (var. verrucosa, & C. verrucosa, Engelm. 1. ¢. 
fig. 25), and in a western form (var. calycina, Engelm. l.c.) larger-flowered, approaching 
the preceding species. — Rather dry soil, on various low plants, New York to Florida and 
Texas, Illinois and Missouri, California and Oregon: the varieties principally in Texas. 
(Mex., S. Amer.) 


== = Flowers in paniculate often compound cymes: styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary. 


C. tenuifiédra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing : 
flowers (a line or less long) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous: lobes of calyx and 
corolla oblong, obtuse; the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate 
tube: scales shorter than the tube, fringed: marcescent corolla capping the large capsule. 
—Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378, & Cusc. 497. C. Cephalanthi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. 
Sci. l. c. fig. 1-6.—On tall herbs or shrubs, such as Cephalanthus, in wet places, Penn. 
(Porter) to Wisconsin, north to Saskatchewan, and south to Texas and Arizona. Readily 
distinguished from small-flowered forms of C. Gronoviit by the depressed capsule covered by 
the corolla. 

C. Califérnica, Choisy. Capillary stems low: flowers rather small, delicate, in loose 
cymes: lobes of the calyx acute: those of corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as the cam- 
panulate tube or longer : scales none or rudimentary. — Cuse. 183 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
364; Engelm. Cusc. 498, & Bot. Calif. i. 535. (Independently published, in the same year, 
1841, by Choisy and by Hook. & Arn.) — California, on arid herbs, Eviogonum, &c., in dry 
soil. Among various forms the following are the extremes. 

Var. brevifi6ra, Engelm. l.c. Flowers scarcely over a line long, on shorter 
pedicels: calyx-lobes acuminate, equalling or surpassing the tube of the corolla: filaments - 
and anthers short: style hardly longer than ovary: corolla marcescent at base of or 
around the 2-4-seeded capsule. — From the coast at Monterey, &c., to the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. longiloba, Engelm.1.c. Flowers longer-pedicelled and larger (14 to 2% 
lines long): calyx-lobes often with recurved tips: corolla-lobes often twice the length of 
the tube: filaments and anthers more slender: styles much longer than ovary: capsule 
mostly 1-seeded, enveloped by the corolla. — Principally S. California and Arizona., 
++ ++ Ovary and capsule pointed; the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla. 

=== Flowers short-pedicelled or clustered. 

C. salina, Engelm. Stems slender, low: flowers (1} to 24 lines long) delicate white : 
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and over- 
lapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla: filaments 
about as long as the oval anthers: fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes 


Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE.E. 291 


incomplete: styles equalling or shorter than the ovary: capsule surrounded (not covered) 
by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded.— Bot. Calif. i. 536. C. subinclusa, var. ab- 
breviata, & C. Californica, var.? squamigera, Engelm. Cuse. 41, 500. — Saline or brackish 
marshes of the Pacific coast, on Salicornia, Sueda, &c., California to Brit. Columbia, and 
eastward to Arizona and Utah. Intermediate between the preceding and following, distin- 
guished from the former by larger flowers and the presence of infra-stamineal scales ; 
from the latter by less crowded flowers, more open, and of more delicate texture. 

C. subinclisa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse: flowers sessile or short- 
pedicelled, at length in large (half to full an inch thick) and compact clusters, 24 to 34 or 4 
lines long: calyx cupulate, fleshy; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, overlapping, much shorter 
than the cylindrical tube of the corolla: lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely 
crenulate, much shorter than the tube: oval anthers nearly sessile: scales narrow, fringed, 
reaching only to the middle of the tube: slender styles longer than the ovary: capsule 
capped by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 42, & 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11; Engelm. Cuse. 500, & Bot. Calif. 1. ec. — California, the most common 
species throughout the State, on shrubs and coarse herbs. The long and narrow tube of 
the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and mostly reddish calyx, readily distin- 
guishes this species. 

C. denticulata, Hngelm. Low stems capillary: flowers (about a line long) on short 
pedicels, in small clusters: tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included-in the round- 
lobed denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate lobes: oval anthers on very short 
filaments: scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip: 
styles as long as the ovary: stigmas very small, not much thicker than the style: capsule 
covered by the marcescent corolla, 1-2-seeded.— Am. Naturalist, ix. 548, & Bot. Calif. i. 
536. — South-western Utah, in dry soil, on herbs and low shrubs, Parry. 

== = Flowers more pedicelled, in paniculate cymes. 
a. Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate. 

C. decéra, Choisy (but name altered). Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less 
papillose: lobes of the calyx triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla 
ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large, deeply fringed: capsule 
enveloped by the remains of the corolla: seeds usually 4.— Engelm. Cusc. 502; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 378, & Bot. Calif. l.c.; the negative prefix in C. indecora, Choisy, omitted. 
(U.S. to Brazil.) . 

Var. pulchérrima, Hngelm.1.c. The larger form, with coarser stems, and con- 
spicuous flowers 1} to 24 lines long and wide: anthers and stigmas yellow or deep pur- 
ple. — C. pulcherrima, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 750. C. neuropetala, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xlv. 75. — Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs, principally Leguminose and Composite (the 
largest-flowered forms in brackish soil on the Texan coast), Florida and especially in 
Texas, north to Illinois, and west to Arizona and California. (SV. Ind., Mex., Brazil.) 

Var. indecéra, Engelm.1.c. Stems lower and more slender: flowers smaller, in 
looser paniculate clusters, often warty (C. verrucosa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢. xiii. 
341, fig. 25) or papillose-hispid (C. Aispidula, Engelm. 1. c. xlv. 75). C. indecora, Choisy, 
Cusce. 182, t. 3, fig. 3, & DC. 1. c. 457.— Texas, &c., first collected by Berlandier. 

C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding: flowers of the same structure, but 
smaller (only a line long), generally 4-merous: corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally 
capping the capsule: scales reduced to a few teeth.—Cusc. 502, & Gray, Man. ed. 5. 
C. Coryli, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 337, fig. 7-11. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, in part ; 
Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351. — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, &c.) 
or coarse herbs, S. New England to Arkansas, and Nebraska. 

C. racemésa, Martius, var. Curz1ana, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (1} to 2 lines long) 
in loose panicles, thin in texture: tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upward ; 
the spreading lobes shorter, acutish: scales large, deeply fringed. —Cusc. 505, & in Bot. 
Gazette, ii. 69. C. suaveolens, Seringe; Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 448. C’. corymbosa, Choisy, Cusc. 
180, not R.& P. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer in Bot. Zeit. i. 705. — Introduced into California with 
seeds of Jedicago satica, as also 40 years ago into Europe, whence, after causing much 
damage for several years, it has now disappeared. (Adv. from Chili.) 

6. Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading. 

C. Gronévii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high: corolla-lobes mostly shorter 

than the deeply campanulate tube: scales copiously fringed: capsule globose, umbonate. 


‘ 


229 CONVOLVULACER. Cuscuta. 


— Willd. Rel. ex Rem. & Sch. vi. 205; Choisy, Cuse. t. 4, fig. 1; Engelm. Cuse. 507, & in 
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. C. Americana, L. Spec. i. 124, as to pl. Gronov. Virg. C. vulgivaga, 
Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 388, t. 6, fig. 12-16. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, ex Hook. FI. ii. 78. 
— Wet shady places, Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas; the commonest 
and most diffused Atlantic species. Flowers sometimes 4-merous (from less than a line to 
2 lines long, usually about 14 lines): calyx usually thick and warty, and corolla glandular- 
dotted, very variable in size and compactness of clusters (sometimes 2 inches thick), and 
size of capsule (mostly 2 lines, sometimes 8 lines in diameter). 

Var. latifl6ra, Engelm. 1. c., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and 
shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. — C. Saururi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢. 
fig. 17-21. — Commion northward. 

Var. calyptrata, Engelm. l.c., distinguished by the corolla eventually capping 
the capsule. — Louisiana and Texas. 

Var. ctrta, Engelm. |. c., perhaps a distinct species, representing C. Gronovii west 
of the Rocky Mountains, and imperfectly known, has smaller flowers, with broad lobes of 
the corolla and calyx half the length of its tube, very short bifid scales, and styles much 
shorter than the ovary. — C. umbrosa, Hook. 1. ¢., in part. 

C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding: flowers larger (2 or 8 lines 
long), more delicate and whiter: lobes of the corolla and calyx shorter than its tube: 
slender styles longer: ovary bottle-shaped: capsule long-pointed. — Engelm. in Bost. Jour. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 225, Cusc. 508; & Gray, Man. ed. 5, 879. — Shady valleys in the Alle- 
ghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward, on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. 
+— + Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar 


bracts: styles capillary: scales of corolla large and deeply fringed: capsule mostly 1-seeded, 
capped by the marcescent corolla. 


++ Flowers on bracteolate pedicels, in loose panicles. 


C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (14 to 2} lines long) thin, membra- 
naceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular and oblong lobes of the corolla cuspi- 
date or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube: styles many times 
longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 224, & Cuse. l.c. 
— Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminose, &c., Texas to Nebraska, occa- 
sionally straying down the Missouri as far as St. Louis (H. Lggert). The northern form has 
laxer inflorescence and fewer bracts under the calyx. 


++ ++ Flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters. 
== Bracts and sepals concave and appressed. 


C. squamata, Hngelm. Orange-colored stems slender: glomerules few-flowered, 
often contiguous: flowers white, membranaceous when dry (24 to 3 lines long), cuspi- 
date or obtuse sepals and lanceolate acute lobes of the corolla, both shorter than the 
cylindrical upwardly widening tube: styles many times longer than ovary. — Cuse. 510. 
— W. Texas and New Mexico. Common inthe bottomlands on the Rio Grande from El 
Paso to Presidio del Norte.— Similar to the last, but the larger and whiter flowers are 
closely sessile. 

C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse: flowers (nearly 2 lines long) at length in continuous 
and often very thick clusters: orbicular bracts and sepals crenulate, nearly equalling or 
shorter, and ovate-oblong lobes much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla: 
styles little longer than the ovary. — Choisy, Cusce. t. 4, fig. 2, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 458; 
Engelin. l.c. C.remotiflora & C. fruticum, Bertol, Misc. x. 29. — Canada to Alabama along 
and west of the Alleghany Mountains, west to Missouri and Texas, in damp woods, almost 
always on shrubs. The original C’. compacta of Jussieu’s herbarium is a slender form, with 
smaller flowers and more exserted corolla: it is found from N. New York southward along 
the Alleghanies. The var. adpressa, Engelm. Cuse. 511 (Lepidanche adpressa, Engelm. in 
Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 77, and probably C. acaulis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13), is the common 
form westward. : 

== = Bracts (8 to 15) and sepals with recurved-spreading and crenate tips. 

C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, orange-colored, soon withering away, leaving 
dense flower-clusters closely encircling in rope-like masses the stems of the foster plant: 
sepals nearly equalling and its oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the cylindrical up- 
wardly widening tube of the corolla: styles several times longer than the ovary. — Cusc. 


Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE. 223 


184, t. 4, fig. 1, & DC. l.c.; Engelm. Cuse. 510. C. paradoxa, Raf. l.c.? Lepidanche com- 
positarum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 344, fig. 30-35. — Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, 
Kansas and Texas, mostly on Helianthus, Vernonia, and other tall Composite. The rope-like 
twists, half to three-fourths inch thick, of white flowers with golden yellow anthers im- 
bedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance and justify Rafinesque’s 
name, which probably belongs here. . 

* * (EveramMica, Engelm. Cusc. 476.) Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usually 


capped by the remains of the corolla: styles capillary and mostly much longer than the depressed 
ovary. 


+— Lobes of the corolla acute. 

C. odontélepis, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers conspicuous (24 to 8 lines long), on 
short pedicels in large clusters: lobes of the campanulate calyx and of the tubular corolla 
ovate, acute, rather shorter than the cylindrical tube: scales hardly reaching to the base 
of the anthers, incisely dentate toward their rounded apex. — Cusc. 486.— Arizona, 
Wright, on Amaranthus, A large-flowered species, distinguished from the large-flowered 
Mexican forms of C. corymbosa by its acute lobes of calyx and corolla. 

C. leptantha, Engelm.1.c. Stems low and capillary: flowers (2 to 23 lines long), 
4merous, on slender fascicled pedicels: papillose calyx and lanceolate lobes of the 
corolla much shorter than the slender tube: scales incisely dentate and much shorter than 
the tube.— Mountains of W. Texas, on a prostrate Euphorbia (albo-marginata), Wright. 
The only N. American species (as far as known) with uniformly 4-merous flowers. 

C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers (14 to 2 lines long) few together 
in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels: acute calyx-lobes and lance- 
olate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube: scales deeply fringed and 
excecding the tube: styles mostly little longer than the ovary. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 121; 
Engelm. Cuse. 487.— Dry places, on low herbs (Portulaca, &c.), from 8. E. Colorado to 
Texas and Arizona. (Mex., &.) 

+— + Lobes of the corolla broad and obtuse. 

C. applandta, Engelm. Stems low and slender: flowers (a line or rather more in 
length) clustered on short pedicels: rounded lobes of calyx and corolla thin in texture, as 
long as the wide and shallow tube: scales deeply fringed, often exceeding the tube: styles 
scarcely longer than the ovary: marcescent corolla enveloping the depressed capsule. — 
Cuse. 479.—On weeds, such as Ambrosia, Mirabilis, &c., 5. Arizona, Wright. Glomerules 
3 or 4 lines thick, often strung together like beads. Capsule much broader than high. 

C. AmericAna, L. (Sloane, Jam. 85, & Hist. i. 201, t. 128, fig. 4, and the plant in herb. L.) 
Coarse stems climbing high: flowers (a line or two long) very abundant, on short pedicels in 
globose clusters: calyx globular-cupulate, almost enclosing the corolla; the lobes of which 
are much shorter than the slender tube: anthers globular and almost sessile: scales short, 
more or less dentate: seed usually solitary. This S. American and West Indian species, 
easily known by its proportionally large calyx and small corolla, is here characterized be- 
cause it may be looked for in South Florida. 


§ 2. MonoGYNELLA, Engelm.1.c. Styles united into one: stigmas capitate : 
capsule circumscissile. — Monogynella, Desmoulins. (Consists of few species, of 
the largest size, mostly Asiatic, extending to Europe, S. Africa and N. America.) 


C. exaltata, Engelm. Stems thick, climbing high : lobes of the fleshy calyx and corolla 
orbicular, the former covering and the latter half the length of the corolla-tube: anthers 
sessile: scales small, bifid or reduced to a few lateral teeth: styles two-thirds united. — 
Cuse. 513.—S. W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande, on trees, such as Diospyros 
Texana, Ulmus crassifolia, Live Oak, &c. Stems a line or two thick, climbing 10 to 20 feet 
high. Flower 2 lines long. Capsule 34 to 6 lines long. 


§ 8. Euctéscura, Engelm. l.c. Styles distinct, equal, bearing elongated 
stigmas: capsule circumscissile. (Old-World species.) 


C. epftixum, Weihe. Stems slender, low: globular flowers (half line long) sessile in dense 
heads: corolla short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes, 
surrounding the capsule: scales short and broad, denticulate: stigmas longer than the 


294 SOLANACE. 


styles. — Archiv. Apoth. viii. 54; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. t. 693; Choisy, lc. C. densiflora, 
Soyer-Willem. in Act. Soc. Linn. Par. iv. 281.— Flax-fields of Europe, doing much injury, 
occasionally appearing in those of the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) 


ORDER XCV. SOLANACEAE. 


Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commonly rank-scented, with watery juice, alternate 
leaves and no stipules; the inflorescence properly terminal and cymose, but 
variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-racemiform in the manner of Borraginacee 
and Hydrophyllacee, the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts or not in their 
axils; flowers perfect and regular (or only slightly irregular) and 5—4-merous ; 
the stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes; these induplicate- 
valvate or plicate (rarely merely imbricate) in the bud; ovary wholly free, nor- 
mally 2-celled with indefinitely many-ovuled axile placenta, and surmounted by 
an undivided style: stigma entire or sometimes bilamellar; ovules anatropous or 
amphitropous; fruit either capsular or baccate; embryo terete and incurved or 
coiled, or sometimes almost straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely 
much broader than the radicle. ‘The leaves, although never truly opposite, are 
often unequally geminate, so as to appear so. Obviously distinguished from Con- 
volvulacee by the greater number and the character of the seeds, less definitely so 
from Scrophulariacee by the regular flowers with isomerous stamens and plicate 
or valvate eestivation of the corolla, and centrifugal inflorescence, but in the last 
tribe nearly confluent with that order by the imperfection or abortion of one or 
three of the stamens, and some obliquity and bilabiate imbrication of the limb or 
lobes of the corolla. Micandra has a regularly 3—5-celled ovary ; that of Lycoper- 
sicum, &c., becomes several-celled in cultivation; that of Datura is spuriously 
4-celled. 

Bassovia? HEBEPODA, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 407, characterized from a specimen com- 
municated to De Candolle by Teinturier of New Orleans, in fruit only, is a mere riddle. It is 
said to resemble Bassovia lucida. 

Wirtnanyta Morisont, Dunal, 1. c., is doubtless not a Virginian or even a Mexican plant. 
From the figure it is likely to have been W. somnifera, as Dunal suggested. 

Trize I. SOLANEZ. Corolla (mostly short) with the regular limb plicate or val- 
vate in the bud, usually both, i.e. the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the 
edges of the lobes induplicate. Stamens (normally 5) all perfect. Fruit baccate 
or at least indehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds flattened: embryo curved or 
coiled, slender ; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle. 


% Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder: 
corolla rotate: calyx mostly unchanged in fruit: parts of the flower 5 or varying to 
more, especially in cultivation. 

1. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers connate into a pointed cone, tipped with an empty closed 
acumination ; the cells dehiscent longitudinally down the inner face. Otherwise as in the 
next, but leaves always pinnately compound. 

2. SOLANUM. Anthers connivent or lightly connate: the cells opening at the apex by a 
pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent even to the base; the con- 
nective inconspicuous or obsolete. 


* «* Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores, 
dehiscent longitudinally. 
+ Calyx not investing the fruit, nor much changing under it. 

3. CAPSICUM. Calyx short, either truncate or merely 5-6-dentate. Corolla rotate, 
deeply 5-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, not plicate. Anthers oblong or somewhat cordate. 
Berry, or juiceless and thin-coriaceous pericarp, acrid-pungent, girt only at base by the 

‘nearly unchanged calyx. 


SOLANACE. 225 


4, SALPICHROA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft; the divisions narrow, herbaceous. Corolla 
from tubular to (in ours) short-urceolate, 5-lobed; the lobes short, valvate-induplicate in 
the bud. Stamens inserted high on the tube of the corolla! Berry globular or oblong. 

5. ORYCTES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes narrow, herbaceous. Corolla short-tubu- 
lar or oblong, 5-toothed; the triangular lobes plicate in the bud, apparently erect. Sta- 
mens inserted on the base of the corolla, included: filaments filiform, unequal: anthers 
didymous. Berry apparently dry, globose, 10-20-seeded. Embryo apparently of this 
tribe, but not seen mature. 


+ + Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled. 
6. CHAMASSARACHA. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili- 
form: anthers oblong. Berry globose, filling the investing calyx, and its summit usually 
more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. 


+ + + Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, enclosing the 
fruit, reticulate-veiny, ; 
++ Five-toothed or lobed, vesicular in fruit: ovary 2-celled. 

7. PHYSALIS. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5angulate or 
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit 5-angled or 10-costate, and 
the teeth or short lobes connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry. 
Pedicels solitary. 

8. MARGARANTHUS. Corolla urceolate-globose and 5-angular-gibbous above a short 
narrow base, and with minutely 5-toothed contracted orifice, including the connivent 
stamens. Otherwise as Physalis. 

++ ++ Five-parted calyx connivent-vesicular in fruit: ovary 3-5-celled. 


9. NICANDRA. Corolla open-campanulate, with entire or obscurely lobed border, 
strongly plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, included, dilated into a pubescent scale 
at base. Calyx strongly 5-angled; the scarious-membranaceous and reticulated divisions 
cordate-sagittate, the deflexed auricles at the sinuses acuminate. Fruit globose, dry or 
nearly so at maturity. Pedicels solitary, recurved. 


Tripe I]. ATROPEZ. Corolla with the regular limb imbricated in the bud, the 
sinuses little or not at all plicate. Stamens (4 or 5) all perfect. Baccate fruit 
and seeds as in the preceding. 


10. LYCIUM. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-toothed or cleft, or somewhat truncate, 
valvate or nearly so in the bud. Corolla from campanulate to tubular-funnelform or 
salverform; the lobes oblong or roundish, plane. Stamens often exserted: filaments 
filiform: anthers short. Style filiform: stigma capitate or broadly 2-lobed. Berry 
globular or oblong, subtended by the calyx, few-many-seeded, rather dry. Seeds reni- 
form or rounded, flattened. Flowers either 5-merous or 4-merous. 


Tre UI. HYOSCYAMEE. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricated in 
the bud. Stamens (5) all perfect. Fruit a capsule. Seeds and embryo as in the 
preceding tribes. cae 


11. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, in ours at length circumscissile near 
the base, the base remaining as a peltate border under the fruit (rarely splitting length- 
wise). Corolla funnelform, with ample spreading border 5-10-toothed, convolute-plicate 
in the bud. Stamens included or slightly exserted: filaments long and filiform. Style 
long: stigma bilamellar. Capsule muricate or prickly (rarely smooth), commonly firm 
and 4-valved from the top, sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly at the top, 2-celled ; 
the large many-seeded placente projecting from the axis into the middle of the cells 
and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the ovary and fruit 
are 4celled except near the top, and the placente as if borne on the middle of the 
abnormal partitions. Seeds large, reniform-orbicular. 

12. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx urceolate or tubular-campanulate with a 5-lobed limb, en- 
larged and persistent, becoming many-costate and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the capsule. 
Corolla short-funnelform, with an oblique 5-lobed limb, plicate-imbricated in the bud; 
the lobes sometimes conspicuously unequal, those of one side being smaller! Stamens 
more or less exserted and declined. Style filiform: ‘stigma capitate-dilated. Cap- 
sule membranaceous, circumscissile towards the summit, which separates as a lid. Seeds 
less flattened. 


Trise IV. CESTRINEZ. Corolla (usually elongated) with the regular limb in- 
duplicate-valvate or induplicate-imbricated in the bud. Stamens (mostly 5) all 
perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular. Seeds little or not at all flattened. Em- 

15 : =~ 


226 SOLANACE. Lycopersicum. 


bryo either straight or only slightly curved ; the cotyledons usually broader, than 
the radicle. : 


13. CESTRUM. Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform; the short lobes induplicate- 
valvate in the bud. Filaments filiform: anthers short, explanate after dehiscence. 
Ovary usually short-stipitate, few-ovuled. Fruit a rather dry globular berry. Seeds 
few, or by abortion solitary, with a smooth testa: cotyledons usually broad and flat. 

14. NICOTIANA. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in 
the bud. Filaments filiform, mostly included: anthers ovate or oblong, often explanate 
after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placenta, bearing very 
numerous ovules and seeds. Style filiform: stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed. 
Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also usually 
loculicidal at summit; the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as the cells, i.e. 
usually 4. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa: cotyledons little 
broader than the radicle. 


TripE V. SALPIGLOSSIDE. Corolla with lobes (either regular or somewhat 
irregular) plicate or induplicate and also more or less bilabiately imbricated, the two 
superior external. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, four being didynamous and 
the fifth smaller, the latter (and even one pair of the others) sometimes imperfect 
or abortive. Seeds globular or angular, not compressed. Embryo curved or nearly 
straight, with cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. (Transition to Scrophula- 
riacec.) 


* Stamens all five perfect (or rarely the fifth wanting), inserted low down on the funnel- 
form or salverform corolla, included. 


15. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-parted. Anther-cells distinct. Hypogynous disk fleshy. Stigma 
dilated-capitate, unappendaged. Capsule with 2 undivided valves, parallel with and sepa- 
rating from the placentiferous dissepiment. 

16. BOUCHETIA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Corolla short- 
funnelform. Anthers connivent; their cells somewhat confluent at summit. Hypogy- 
nous disk none or obscure. Stigma transversely dilated, somewhat reniform. Capsule 
at length 4-valved. Seed-coat minutely reticulated. 

* * Stamens 4, didynamous, the fifth a sterile filament, included in the throat of the long- 
tubed corolla. 

17. LEPTOGLOSSIS. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with slender 
tube and more or less gibbous ventricose throat, at base of which the stamens are in- 
serted. Anthers somewhat reniform, confluent at summit; the upper pair much smaller, 
sometimes imperfect. Stigma or the style under it petaloid-dilated. Capsule membra- 
naceous, 2-valved; the valves at length 2-cleft. 


1. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato, &c. (Avxos, wolf, megowor, 
peach.) — Chiefly annuals, natives of the warmer parts of America; with once 
or twice pinnate leaves, rounded petiolulate leaflets, racemes (so called) of small 
flowers becoming lateral or opposite the leaves, articulated pedicels reflexed in 
fruit, and red or yellow pulpy berries, in cultivation esculent and often becoming 
several-celled. 

L. escuréntum, Mill, var. cerasirérme. (CHERRyY-Tomato.) Annual, hirsute on the 
branches and more or less glandular: leaves interruptedly 1-2-pinnate; the larger leaflets 
incised and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : calyx little shorter 
than the yellow corolla: inflorescence bractless: berry globose and even, small. — L. cerasi- 
forme, Dunal. Solanum Lycopersicum, var., L. S. Pseudo-Lycopersicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 11.— 


The normal form, probably, of the Tomato of the gardens: spontaneous on the southern 
borders of Texas (Berlandier, &c.): introduced from Trop. Amer. 


2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nicursnape, &. (Late Latin name of Night- 
shade, probably from solamen, solace.) — Herbs or sometimes shrubs, of various 
habit; with the leaves (as in many other genera of the order) often geminate, 
the proper leaf being accompanied by a smaller lateral or extra-axillary (rameal) 


Solanum. SOLANACE. 227 


one, and the peduncles also extra-axillary or lateral. Flowers cymose, mostly 
after the scorpioid manner, or by unilateral suppression in appearance racemose, 
or rarely solitary, sometimes polygamous through the abortion of the pistil of 
many of the flowers. A vast genus, generally diffused over the temperate and 
warmer parts of the world, but sparingly represented in North America. 


S. Vireryiinum, L. (founded on Dill. Elth. t. 267, and Pluk. Alm. t. 62, fig. 3), is some 
one of the very prickly exotic species and not of Virginian origin. 

S. mammoésum, L., a West Indian species, attributed to Virginia by Linneus and succeed- 
ing authors, is unknown in the country. The less hairy S. aculeatissimum may sometimes 
have been taken for it. In Chapman's Flora a form of S. J/elongena seems to represent it. 

8. TexAxum, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 359, is probably not Texan, although raised from 
seed said to have been collected there. It is a plant of the Melongena (Aubergine or Egg- 
Plant) type, and is probably S. integrifolium, Poir. (S. ~Ethiopicum, Jacq. Vind. t.2, not L.), 
and according to Tenore his S. Zobelii. It has a 7-8-cleft calyx, and the fruit (from a solitary 
fertile flower) 5-10-celled. 

8. FLoripAxum, Dunal, 1. c. 306, taken up from an imperfect specimen so named by Shut- 
tleworth in herb. DC., collected by Rugel at St. Mark’s, Florida, is not identified, is prob- 
ably some waif of ballast ground, and, having long-hairy and retrorse-prickly stems and 
pinnately parted leaves, cannot be a variety of S. Carolinense, to which Chapman referred it. 


§ 1. Fruit naked, i.e. not enclosed in the accrescent calyx (in one species 
somewhat so): stamens all alike. 
% Tuberiferous-perennial, pinnate-leaved: anthers blunt. 

S. tuberésum, L. (Poraro-ptant), var. boredle. Low, more or less pubescent : tubers 
about half an inch in diameter, sending off long creeping subterranean stolons: leaflets 
5 to 7, ovate or oval, and with only one or two interposed small ones, or sometimes none 
at all: peduncle few-flowered: corolla blue or sometimes white, angulate-5-lobed.— S. 
Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxii. 285; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 151.— New 
Mexico, especially in the mountains, and southward: apparently not specifically distinct 
from the Potato-plant, which extends along the Andes to Chili and Buenos Ayres. 

S. Jamésii, Torr. Low, a span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate 
to ovate-oblong, smoothish; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small 
ones: peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered: corolla white, at length deeply 5-cleft : 
otherwise as in the last.— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 227; Gray, L ec. — Mountains of Colorado 
to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mexico, probably under several names.) Seems on the 
whole distinct; but Fendler’s no. 669 belongs here, at least in part. 

* * Annuals (at least in our climate), simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem 


sometimes minutely denticulate-asperate: anthers blunt: pubescence when present simple: 
flowers and globose berries small. 


+— Leaves deeply pinnatifid. 

S. trifl6rum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading: 
leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with wide rounded sinuses; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, 3 or 
4 lines long, entire or sometimes 1-2-toothed : peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered: pedicels nod- 
ding: corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx: berries green, as large 
as a small cherry. — Gen. i. 128.— Plains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, chiefly as a 
weed near habitations and in cultivated ground. ay 
+— + Leaves varying from coarsely toothed to entire: flowers in small pedunculate umbel-like 

lateral cymes: corolla white and sometimes bluish: berries usually black when ripe, rarely red or 
yellowish, only as large as peas. (Section Morella, Dunal.) 

S. nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent: 
leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-toothed, repand, or some- 
times entire, acute or acuminate: calyx much shorter than the corolla.— Includes many 
and perhaps most of the 50 and more species of Dunal in the Prodromus, weeds or weedy, 
plants, widely diffused over the world, especially the warmer portions. A. Braun’s charac- 
ters for several species, founded on the hairiness or smoothness of the filaments, length 
of the anthers and of the style, and whether the calyx is loosely appressed to the ripe 
berry or reflexed, do not hold out. Our common form, the true S. nigrum, has corolla only 


228 SOLANACE. Solanum. 


3 or 4 lines in diameter, filaments more or less hairy inside, style little if at all projecting, 
and fruiting calyx merely spreading. To this belongs mainly the following, referred to N. 
America by Dunal : viz. S. pterocaulon, Dunal. (Dill. Elth. t. 275, fig. 356), S. crenato-dentatum, 
ptycanthum, and probably inops, DC. —Common in damp or shady, especially cultivated and 
waste grounds, appearing as if introduced. (Cosmopolite.) 

Var, VILLOsuM, Mill. / Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous: leaves conspicu- 
ously angulate-dentate, small: filaments glabrous to the base: berries yellow. —S. vil- 
losum, Lam.— Ballast-grounds, Philadelphia, &.— Var. atArum (8. alatum, Mench, S. 
miniatum, Benth.), a similar form, but with angled branches and red berries, has reached the 
shores of San Francisco Bay, California. (Adventive from S. Eu.) 

Var. Dillénii, Taller and leaves mostly entire or merely repand: filaments more or 
less bearded, at least at the base: style exserted or sometimes not exceeding the stamens. 
—Dill. le. fig. 855. 8. Dillenii, Schult., Dunal, 1. c.; A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 
1853. — Florida to 8. America. Entire-leaved forms differ from the next only in the hairy 
filaments. S. Americanum, Mill. Dict., with glabrous leaves, should be the same, but S. 
Besseri, Weinm., to which Dunal refers it, is a canescently-puberulent variety, with rather 
large and entire leaves. (S. American.) 

Var. nodifl6rum. Slender, often tall: leaves entire, rarely few-toothed, acuminate: 
filaments glabrous: style generally exserted: calyx in fruit reflexed. — S. nodiflorum, Jacq. 
Ic. Rar. t. 326. — Texas and New Mexico to S. America. Seems to pass into 

Var. Douglasii, Gray. Either herbaceous and annual, or southward decidedly with 
lignescent stem 3 to 5 or even 10 feet high: leaves variously angulate-toothed, or some 
nearly entire: flowers larger: corolla 5 to 8 lines in diameter, white, or sometimes light 
blue: filaments hairy inside: fruiting calyx erect. — Bot. Calif. i. 538. S. Douglasii, Dunal 
in DC. lc. 48. _S. umbelliferum, var. trachycladon, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 17, a remarkably 
large form. — W. California. ~ ' 

S. erdcize, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), with 
virgate spreading branches: leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire or 
nearly so: corolla white or bluish (about 5 lines in diameter): filaments slightly hairy 
inside: style exserted beyond the anthers : stigma rather large: calyx somewhat appressed 
to the (black) berry. — Hort. Berol.; Dunal, 1. c. 54, not Sendt.— Coast of N. Carolina, 
Curtis. Ballast-grounds near Philadelphia. (Nat. or adv. from Extra-trop. S. Amer.) 

* * % Perennial and more or less woody, at least the base, never prickly: anthers merely oblong 
or linear-oblong, not tapering but very blunt at apex: leaves rarely geminate. 

+ Pubescence of simple or in one species of branching hairs, never stellate: cells of the anther 
opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward usually for the whole 
length. 

++ ae 5-parted: pedicels solitary or few in a lateral fascicle: common peduncle hardly any: 
berry large, scarlet. 

S. Psevupo-CArsicum, L. (JerusaLem Cuerry.) Low erect shrub, with spreading 
branches, very leafy, glabrous: leaves oblanceolate or oblong, often repand, bright green 
and shining, narrowed at base into a short petiole: corolla white: berry globose, scarlet, 
rarély yellow, half inch or so in diameter. — Cult. for ornament, nat. in Florida, &c., from 
Madeira, where probably it is not indigenous. 
++ ++ Corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft, violet, purple, or sometimes white: peduncles slender, ter- 

minal or soon lateral, bearing several flowers in a paniculate or umbel-like cyme; the pedicels 

nodose-articulated at base: stems or branches mostly sarmentose or flexuous: leaves inclined to 
be cordate and often 3-lobed: berries small, red. ; 

S. DutcamAra, L. (BirtersweEet.) More or less pubescent: shrubby stems climbing 
and somewhat twining several feet high: leaves ovate and acuminate, mostly slightly 
cordate, some with an auriculate lobe on one or both sides at base, which are sometimes 
nearly separated into small leaflets: corolla half inch in diameter: berry oval. — Curt. 
Lond. ii. t. 5; Bigel. Med. t. 18.— Near dwellings and in low grounds, Northern Atlantic 
States. (Nat. from Eu.) 

S. triquétrum, Cav. Nearly glabrous: stems suffruticose, flexuous or sarmentose, 

: hardly at all climbing, a foot to a yard high: branches angled but hardly triquetrous: 
leaves deltoid-cordate (and the larger 2 inches long), varying to hastate, and in smaller 
forms to hastate-3-lobed or even 5-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate or linear 
and prolonged (an inch or oniy half an inch long): cymes commonly, umbellately few- 


Solanum. SOLANACEA. 229 


-flowered: pedicels in fruit clavate-thickened at summit: corolla nearly as the preced- 
ing: berry globose. —Ic. iii. 30, t. 259; Dunal, 1. c. 153, with the small-leaved variety. 
S. Lindheimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 766.—Low grounds and thickets, W. Texas 
(Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.) to Arizona? Coulter. (Mex.) 

++ ++ ++ Corolla angulate-5-lobed, ample and widely rotate, blue or violet, varying to white: 
peduncles mostly short, terminal or becoming more or less lateral, thickened often as if into a 
cupulate node at the articulation of the slender pedicels: ‘‘ berries purple,’’ the base covered by 
the appressed moderately accrescent calyx. 

S. Xanti, Gray. Herbaceous nearly to the base, viscid-pubescent with simple hairs, or 
glabrate: branches slender: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thinnish, entire or undulate- 
repand, occasionally auriculate-lobed at the base, which is obtuse or rounded, or some of 
the upper acute, or the larger subcordate: cyme often forked: corolla about an inch in 
diameter.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90, & Bot. Calif. i. 539.— California, throughout the 
length of the State and into the borders of Nevada: confused in collections with the fol- 
lowing species. Calyx lobes (as in that) ovate or triangular, equalling or shorter than the 
short and broad tube. Style much exserted. Pubescence of jointed viscid hairs, some of 
them gland-tipped. 

Var. Wallacei, Gray, l.c. Leaves and flowers much larger; the former sometimes 

4 inches long, and the violet corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter: branches and 

the forking cyme villous. —Island of Santa Catalina off San Pedro, California, Wallace. 

(Coulter’s no. 586, without flowers, may be a glabrous form of this.) 

S. umbelliferum, Esch. Woody below, tomentose-pubescent and cinereous with short 
many-branched hairs, sometimes glabrate: flowering branchlets mostly short and leafy: 
leaves rarely ovate and acute, commonly obovate and oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch to 
an inch or two long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones 
rounded, on short petiole: umbels short-peduncled, few-several-flowered: corolla about 
three-fourths inch in diameter. — Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. x. 281. S. Californicum & 
S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 86; the latter a starved and twiggy very small-leaved form, 
of arid soil or the dry season. — California, common from the foot-hills to the coast, pro- 
ducing handsome blue (rarely white) flowers throughout the season. 

+ + Pubescence of stellate hairs or down: cells of the anther opening only by a short terminal 
transverse slit or hole: corolla 5-parted, downy outside: peduncles usually terminal, erect, 
rather long and stout, bearing a many-flowered cyme. 

S. verbascifolium, L. Shrub erect, very soft-tomentose throughout: leaves ovate, 
rounded at base (4 to 10 inches long), entire, very hoary beneath: corolla white, its lobes 
ovate: ovary woolly.— Jacq. Vind. i. t. 13.—Key West, Florida; also in Mexico near the 
Texan borders. (Tropics.) 

8S. Blodgéttii, Chapm. Shrub spreading, with rather slender branches, hoary with a 
fine somewhat furfuraceous and roughish pubescence: leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish 
at both ends (3 to 5 inches long), greenish and roughish above, soft and canescent beneath, 
entire: cyme twice or thrice forked: pedicels as long as the flower, erect in fruit: corolla 
white, deeply 5-parted, its lobes lanceolate (4 lines long) : ovary glabrous: berry green, turn- 
ing red.— Fl. 349. — Key West, &c., South Florida, Dr. Hasler, Blodgett, Palmer. Perhaps 
merely an unarmed form of some normally prickly species, allied to S. lancecefolium and 
S. igneum. 

* * * %* Perennials, or one or two introduced weeds here annuals, more or less prickly : anthers 


more or less elongated and tapering at the apex; the cells opening only by a terminal hole: 
berries in all our species glabrous. ; 


+ Corolla deeply 5-parted and not plaited: leaves entire: scurfy down stellate: calyx 5-toothed: 
peduncles terminal or soon lateral: berries red. 

S. Bahaménse, L. Shrubby, beset with straight and subulate tawny prickles: leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pointed or obtuse (2 to 4 inches long), sometimes repand, 
stellate-scurfy with a minute roughish pubescence, which is denser but scarcely canescent 
beneath: flowers racemose, on slender pedicels which are recurved in fruit: divisions 
of the purplish or whitish corolla (3 or 4 lines long) linear with tapering tips, a little hairy. 
— Dill. Elth. t. 271, fig. 250. S. radula, Chapm., 1. c. not Vahl. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, 
Palmer. (W. Ind.) 


+— + Corolla 5-parted and not plaited: leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid: no scurf, and the 
pubescence all of simple hairs: calyx deeply 5-cleft: anthers broadly lanceolate: peduncles 


230 SOLANACE. Solanum. 


lateral, short, few-flowered: berries smooth, becoming red or yellow. (Tropical American, spar- 
ingly introduced as weeds on and near the coast of Southern Atlantic States, growing as annuals.) 

§. acurearisstmum, Jacq. Villous with scattered long and weak jointed hairs, or soon 
nearly glabrate, beset (even to the calyx) with slender-subulate straight prickles: leaves 
pretty large, membranaceous, ovate or slightly cordate, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid: corolla 
white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate: berry globose: seeds very flat and thin, with a membra- 
naceous border. — Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 41.— Waste grounds, a weed near dwellings, from N. 
Carolina to Florida and Texas. (Nat. from tropics.) 

+ + + Corolla 5-cleft or angulate-5-lobed, plicate in the bud: pubescence all or partly stellate. 

++ Indigenous perennials, a foot or two high, with deep running rootstocks : corolla violet, rarely 
white: anthers lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: pedicels recurved or reflexed in fruit: mature 
berries naked, merely subtended by the calyx. ‘ 

S. eleeagnifélium, Cav. Silvery-canescent all over by the dense and close scurf-like 
pubescence, composed of many-rayed stellate hairs: stems often woody at base: prickles 
small and acicular, sometimes copious, sometimes nearly or wholly wanting: leaves lan- 
ceolate and varying to oblong and to linear, rather obtuse, sinuate-repand or entire: 
cymes at first terminal, short-peduncled, few-flowered: pedicels rather long: calyx 5- 
angled, with slender lobes fully as long as the tube: corolla moderately 5-lobed, about an 

inch in diameter; the lobes triangular-ovate: ovary white-tomentose: berry globose, seldom 

half an inch in diameter, yellowish, or at length black. —Ic. iii. t. 248. S. leprosum, Ort. 
Dee. ix. 115; Dunal, Sol. t. 12, 4 prickly and sinuate-leaved form. S. flavidum, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. S. Hindsianum, Benth. Sulph. 39. S. Texense, Engelm. & Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. i. 45. S. Remerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 767. — Prairies and plains, Kansas to 
Texas, and west to 8. Arizona. (Lower Calif., Mex., Extra-trop. 8. Amer.) 

S. Torréyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close furfuraceous pubescence composed 
of about equally 9-12-rayed hairs: prickles small and subulate, scanty along the stem and 
midribs, or sometimes nearly wanting: leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, 
sinuately 5-7-lobed (4 to 6 inches long); the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed: 
cymes at first terminal, loose, 2-3-fid: lobes of the calyx (often 6) short-ovate with a long 
abrupt acumination: corolla an inch and a half in diameter; its lobes broadly ovate: 
berry globose, an inch in diameter, yellow when mature.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 44. S. 
platyphyllum, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227, not HBK. S. mammosum? Engelm. & Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. i. 46. — Prairies, &c., Kansas and Texas. — Anthers 4 to 4 lines long. Flowers 
large and handsome. 

S. Carolinénse, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs, many of, them 
with the central division elongated: prickles stout and subulate, yellowish, copious or 
rarely scanty: leaves oblong or sometimes ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sin- 
uate-pinnatifid : cymes or racemes simple, soon lateral, loose, few-several-flowered : lobes 
of the calyx acuminate: corolla an inch or less in diameter, light blue or rarely white, the 
lobes ovate: berries about half inch in diameter, globose. — (Dill. Elth. t. 269; but the fig. 
of Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 331 is dubious.) — Sandy soil and waste grounds, Connecticut and 8. 
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Southward a troublesome weed in cult. grounds. Var. 
Floridanum, Chapm. FI. 349, is a mere form with deep-lobed leaves. 

Var. hirsttum (5. hirsutum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 109, S. pumilum, Dunal, 
1. c.), judging from an imperfect original specimen, is a depauperate and more hirsute 
variety, little prickly, with leaves merely repand and tapering to the base, as in the low- 
est leaves of S. Carolinense. S. Pleei, Dunal, 1. c., may be a more developed state of the 
same. — Milledgeville, Georgia, Boykin, &. : 
++ ++ Introduced annuals or more enduring and woody in the tropics, with partly simple pubes- 
cence: anthers lanceolate: racemose fructiferous pedicels merely spreading: berry wholly or 
partly enveloped by the loose calyx. 

S. stsympriuréiium, Lam. Green, stout, villous-pubescent with simple more or less glan- 
dular and viscid hairs, mixed on the leaves with some few-rayed stellate hairs (their middle 
division elongated), much armed even to the calyx with long-subulate straight prickles: 
leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again somewhat pinnatifid: 
flowers several or numerous in terminal or soon lateral pedunculate racemes: corolla light 
blue or white, an inch or more in diameter, 5-lobed: lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate, 
becoming ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely surround- 
ing the globose red berry: secds minutely reticulate-pitted.— Dunal in DC. Lv. S. vis- 


Salpichroa. SOLANACER. 231 


cosum, Lag. S. inflatum, Hornem. 8. brancwvfolium, Jacq. Ecl. t..7. S. decurrens, Balbis. S. 
Balbisii, Dunal ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2828, 3954. S. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 

1862. — Waste grounds, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Texas: adventive or escaped from 

cultivation. (Braziland Buenos Ayres.) — Calyx not greatly accrescent and not enclosing 

the berry in wild specimens, and in some later flowers of cultivated plants. 

§ 2. AnpDROCERA. Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly 
calyx and even adhering to it: stamens and especially the style much declined: 
anthers tapering upwards, linear-lanceolate, dissimilar; the lowest one much 
longer and larger, and with an incurved beak: seeds thickish, coarsely undulate- 
rugose: racemose pedicels erect in fruit: leaves 1-3-pinnatifid: annuals, some- 
times woody below, armed with straight prickles. — -Lndrocera, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. 
Nycterium, Vent. in part, but not the typical one, which has a naked fruit. 

S. heterodéxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple hairs, with a very 
few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregularly or interruptedly bipinnatifid 
leaves; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand: corolla violet, an inch and a half or 
less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-acuminate: four anthers yel- 
low, and the large one tinged with violet. — Sol. 235, t. 25 (small-flowered form cult. at 
Montpelier); HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 47; Jacq. Ecl. ii. t. 101. S. (Vycter‘um) citrulli- 
folium, Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 152.— W. Texas and New 
Mexico. (Mex.) Leaves Watermelon-like in form and division. 

S. rostratum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate 
pubescence, a foot or two high: leaves nearly as in the foregoing or less divided, some of 
them only once pinnatifid: corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the 
short lobes broadly ovate. — Sol. 234, t. 24, & in DC. 1. c. 829. S. heterandrum, Pursh, FI. i. 
156, t. 7. S. Bejariense, Moricand in DC.1.v. Androcera lobata, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. — Plains 
of Nebraska fo Texas. (Mex.) S. cornutum, Lam., of Tropical Mexico, should be known 
by its simple pubescence. 


3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Pepper. (Name conjectured to come 
from zénzw, to gulp down, alluding to the pungency of the fruit used as a con- 
diment, or from capsa, a pod, the pericarp of the larger-fruited species being dry at 
maturity and almost capsular.) — Herbs or shrubs, originally all American and 
nearly all tropical, green and commonly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems, 
ovate and entire or merely repand thin and usually acuminate leaves, and small 
solitary or cymose flowers on slender (or when the fruit is recurved stouter) 
pedicels: corolla mostly white: anthers generally bluish; the red or yellowish 
berries (or in some cultivated forms vesicular pod-like fruits) charged with a 
very pungent aromatic acridity. — Fingerhuth, Mon. Caps. 1832. 

C. rruréscens, L. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with flexuose branches: berry ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, half an inch or more long, on an erect or inclined peduncle. — Key West, Florida. 
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) : 

C. baccdtum, L. (Brrp Perrer.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender divergent 
branches: leaves slender-petioled: calyx more or less toothed in the flower, truncate in 
fruit: berry elliptical-globular or globose: peduncles in fruit erect. — Fingerh. |. c. 19, t. 4, 
fig..6.  C. microphyllum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 421 (sometimes small-leaved).— S. Texas to Ari- 
zona, indigenous. S. Florida, doubtless introduced. (Trop. Amer. and other tropical regions.) 


4, SALPICHROA, Miers. (Sada, trumpet, and yod¢, complexion or 
color, the typical species having trumpet-shaped and handsome corolla; but in 
some it is urceolate and rather short, in ours especially so.) — South American, 
except the dubious 


S. Wrightii. Low herb, apparently perennial, pubescent with rather slender simple 
hairs: leaves membranaceous, ovate, entire (an inch or more long), slender-petioled : pedi- 


232 SOLANACES. Oryctes, 


cels solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 together, soon deflexed: calyx hirsute (a line and a half 
becoming in fruit 2 or 3 lines long), divided to the base; the divisions lanceolate: corolla 
oblong and hardly longer than the calyx, naked within: dry berry globose, 4 lines in 
diameter : seeds flat, rugose, oval, with excised hilum. — Arizona on the Sonoita, Wright 
(no. 1692), with mature fruit and some undeveloped flower-buds; from the habit, calyx, 
seeds, and high insertion of the stamens referred to the present genus. 


5; ORYCTES, S. Watson. (Ogvetyg, a digger. name given to this dubious 
plant because it grows in the country of the Digger Indians.) — A single species, 
known only from incomplete materials. 


O. Nevadénsis, Watson. A low and insignificant winter-annual, 2 ‘to 4 inches high, 
when young somewhat scurfy or pruinose-pubescent, rather viscid: leaves oblong-ovate or 
lanceolate, undulate, tapering at base into a petiole: pedicels 3 or 4 in a lateral fascicle, 
shorter than the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, rather shorter than the corolla, 
about the length of the globose berry, loose: corolla 3 lines long, narrow, apparently 
cylindraceous, blue or purplish; the sinuses deeply induplicate in the bud: filaments 
somewhat hairy, inclined to be unequal in length ; the longer ones and the filiform style 
nearly equalling the corolla: seeds orbicular, flattened, foveolate-reticulated. — Bot. King, 
274, t. 28, fig. 9, 10; Benth. .& Hook. Gen. ii. 893; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 542.._W Nevada, 
at the eastern base of the Virginia mountains, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, under 
Artemisia bushes, in spring, Watson. 


6. CHAMASARACHA, Gray. (Saracha is a tropical American genus, 
dedicated by Ruiz & Pavon to Zsidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine : the prefix 
yout, on the ground, makes the meaning low Saracha.) — 'Texano-Californian 
depressed perennials ; with mostly narrow leaves, either entire or pinnatifid, and 
tapering into margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, and either white, ochroleu- 
cous, or violet-tinged corolla; the close-fitting calyx in fruit obscurely if at all 
veiny. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 891. Saracha § Chamesaracha, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 62. 


% Stems branching, diffuse or at length depressed-procumbent: fruiting calyx almost globose: 
seeds thickish, rugosely favose. 

C. Corénopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish 
hairs, diffusely very much branched: leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate 
base, varying from nearly entire to laciniate-pinnatifid: peduncles elongated: calyx more 
or less hirsute (the hairs often 2-forked at tip).— Bot. Calif. i. 540. Solanum Coronopus, 
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. v. 64. Withania? Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha 
(Chamesaracha) Coronopus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 62. — Clayey soil, Texas to southern 
parts of Colorado and west to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla (yellowish), berry 
(nearly white), and fruiting calyx nearly as in the next species, with which some speci- 
mens seem to connect. To this probably belongs Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. 1849, & Ill. 8. Am. Pl. ii. 19, described from an incomplete specimen in Coulter's 
collection, from California, or probably Arizona. 

C. sérdida, Gray, l.c. Much branched from the root or base, somewhat cinereous with 
short viscid or glandular pubescence, which occasionally becomes furfuraceous, also more 
or less villous with longer hairs: leaves from obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to 
oblanceolate, and from repand to incisely pinnatifid (or even with the lobes sinuate-in- 
cised): calyx when young viscid-villous. — Withania? sordida, Dunal in DC. 1. e. 456, 
Torr. 1. ¢. Solanum coniodes, Moricand ex Dunal, 1. c. 64. S. Linsecumii, Buckley in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. Saracha (Chamesaracha) sordida, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.— Dry or 
clayey soil, Texas and South-western Kansas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla 
dull pale yellow or sometimes violet-purple, about half inch in diameter. Berry the size 
of a pea, all but the summit closely invested by the herbaceous calyx. Dunal’s two 
plants are the same, both being rather hoary and less hairy forms ‘of a very variable 
species. 


Physalis. SOLANACEZ. 233 


* % Stems very short and tufted on a branching rootstock: fruiting calyx hemispherical, open: 
seeds very flat, smoothish and minutely punctate. 

C. nana, Gray. Seldom a span high, sometimes nearly acaulescent, minutely cinereous 
with appressed pubescence, not viscid: leaves crowded and large in proportion, oblong- 
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, entire or undulate, an inch or two long, and with 
the roundish or cuneate base abruptly contracted into a margined petiole of about equal 
length: peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles: rotate corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9 
lines wide. — Saracha (Chamesaracha) nana, Gray, Proc. 1. c.— Sierra Co., California, at 
about 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, Lemmon. 


7. PHYSALIS, L. Grounp Cuerry. (dvoukig, a bladder, from the 
bladdery-inflated fruiting calyx which characterizes the genus.) — Herbs, chiefly 
American or of probably American origin; with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, 
very commonly geminate, and solitary or sometimes geminate (rarely ternate) 
drooping or nodding pedicels; the flowers small or middle-sized, white, yellow, or 
violet-purple: berries greenish, red, or yellow, often edible. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 62. 


§ 1. CaamepuysaLis, Gray, ].c. Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and 
calyx densely) scurfy-granuliferous, otherwise quite glabrous: some leaves sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid : corolla flat-rotate: anthers short, yellow: seeds comparatively few 
and large, thickish and somewhat rugose-tuberculate round the back. (Habit 
nearly of Chamesaracha, but fruiting calyx of true Physalis.) 


P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched from a perennial root: leaves ob- 
long-spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid (an inch or two long), the base 
cuneately tapering into a margined petiole: pedicels commonly geminate, longer than the 
flower: corolla violet (probably never “yellow ”’), 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the centre with 
a 5-6-rayed white-woolly star: globular-inflated fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, half inch 
or more long, with short bluntish teeth.— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 226 (1826) & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 152. P. Sabeana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. Solanum luteoliflorumn, 
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64, at least as to var. subintegrifolium. — Plains, Texas to Colorado 
and W. Arizona. 


§ 2. Puysaxis proper. Not granulose-scurfy: leaves never pinnatifid: corolla 
mostly rotately spreading from a somewhat campanulate throat or base: seeds 
with a thin and even margin. 


P. ALKEKENGI, L., the Winter Cherry of the south of Europe, with white 5-lobed corolla 

and a red berry in a calyx which turns red also, and 

P. Peruviana, L., the Cape Gooseberry, with greenish-yellow corolla spotted by a brown- 

purple star in the centre, and a yellow berry, — both perennial-rooted species, — were intro- 

duced into cultivation several years ago, for their esculent fruit, under the name of 

Strawberry Tomato. But they have now mainly disappeared. 

P. Carpentéri, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. (N. O. Med. & Surg. Jour. viii. 758, 1852, name 

only), referred to Withania Morisoni, in Bot. Gazette, iii. 11, is some adventitious Athenea. 

* Corolla pure white or tinged with blue, wholly destitute of any dark centre, tomentose at the 
throat, proportionally large, widely rotate, with border almost entire: pubescence simple: fruit- 
ing calyx ovate-globose. 

P. grandifiédra, Hook. Annual, with stout erect stem 2 feet or more high, viscid-pu- 
bescent and young parts villous with some long and slender viscid hairs: leaves oblong- 
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire: pedicels often in threes, 
shorter than the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate: corolla often an inch and a half in diam- 
eter: anthers yellow, commonly with a tinge of violet: fruiting calyx less than an inch 
long, well filled and distended by the berry, the angles therefore obsolete, and the summit 
open. — FI. ii. 90; Gray, Man., & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 63, 381.— S. shore of Lake Superior 
to the Saskatchewan district, springing up in new clearings. Connects with Chamcesaracha 
through C. nana. 


234 SOLANACEE. Physalis. 


P. Wrightii, Gray. Annual, a span high, widely branched, nearly glabrous; the ap- 
pressed and rather sparse pubescence on pedicels and young parts very short and mi- 
nute: leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand, acute at base, about 
an inch long: pedicels filiform, longer than the flower and the fruiting calyx: corolla over 
half inch in diameter, apparently pure white: anthers with or without a tinge of violet: 
fruiting calyx half inch long, nearly filled by the berry. —S. W. Texas, on prairies of the 
San Pedro, Wright. 

%* * Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly darker-colored or brownish in the centre, with 
or without a brown-purple eye, small or middle-sized, 3 to 10 lines in diameter. 


+ Strictly annuals, glabrous or nearly so; the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor 
stellate: anthers violet. 


++ Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines broad: fruiting calyx at first acutely angled and inflated, closing 
over, but at full maturity nearly replete with the greenish-yellow berry: stem and branches con- 
spicuously angular: petioles long and slender. 

P. obsctira, Michx. Branches widely diffuse: leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, mostly with 
truncate or subcordate base, unequally dentate, abruptly acuminate, membranaceous (14 to 
3 inches long): slender pedicels about half an inch long: corolla (3 or 4 lines broad) pale 
yellow with a dark eye: calyx deeply 5-cleft into lanceolate-subulate lobes, in fruit ovate- 
pyramidal and acuminate (over an inch long), very smooth, with 5 strong keeled angles 
which are hardly obliterated at maturity, the 5 intermediate nerves much less distinct. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 64, P. obscura, var. glabra, Michx. Fl. i. 149. P. pruinosa, Ell. Sk. 
i. 279, not L. PL. Brasiliensis, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 183? — “Carolina,” Michauz. 
Key West, Florida, Blodgett. Near Houston, Texas, E. Hall, no. 503. 

P, anguldta, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long: leaves 
mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed (2 
to 5 inches long): slender pedicels an inch or more long: corolla (3 to 6 lines broad) green- 
ish-white or yellowish and with no distinct eye: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, trian- 
gular: fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply 
keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. — Dill. Elth. i. 13, t. 12.— Open 
rich grounds, through the Middle and Southern Atlantic States. (Widely diffused over 
tropical regions.) 

Var. Linkiana, Gray, l.c. Leaves with margin more laciniate-dentate; the irreg- 
ular salient teeth lanceolate-subulate: calyx-lobes longer and narrower.—P. Linkiana, 
Nees in Linn. vi. 471. (Moris. Hist. iii. 526, sect. 13, t. 3, fig. 22, exaggerated.) —S. Atlan- 
tic States. (Trop. Amer.) 

P. equata, Jacq. f. Erect, much branched, a foot or two high, the younger stems and 
branches a little hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed 
(an inch or two long or rarely larger): pedicels very short (a line or two long): corolla 
(8 to 5 lines broad) light yellow with a brownish eye: calyx-lobes short and broadly ovate- 
triangular: fruiting calyx ovate-globose at maturity, about equally 10-nerved, an inch or 
considerably less in length. —Eclog. fi. t. 187; Nees, 1. c.; Dunal, Lc. P. Philadelphica, 
var. minor, Dunal, l. c. 450. — Waste grounds, S. Texas and New Mexico to the border of 
California or near it. (Mex., W. Ind.) 
++ + Corolla larger, 7 to 10 or sometimes 12 lines broad: fruiting calyx at maturity replete and 

distended with the large reddish or purple berry, and open at the mouth, sometimes bursting. 

P. Philadélphica, Lam. Erect stem and branches angled, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
obliquely ovate or oblong, repand-angulate and sometimes few-toothed (2 to 4 inches long) : 
corolla greenish or yellowish with a dark eye: calyx-lobes broadly ovate or triangular, not 
longer than the tube; fruiting calyx globular, an inch in diameter. — Dict. ii. 101. P. 
chenopodifolia, Willd., not Lam. “P. atriplicifolia, Jacq. Fragm. t. 85.” —In fertile soil, 
Pennsylvania to Illinois and Texas: sometimes cult. for the esculent fruit. 
+— +— Annuals or perennials, strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple 


hairs: fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately 5-angled at maturity, closed, loosely envel- 
oping the green or at length yellow berry: leaves ovate or cordate. x 


++ Root annual: anthers violet. 

P. pubéscens, L. A foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches : leaves 
ovate or cordate, varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed, 
sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins (commonly about 2 
inches long): corolla barely half inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow with a 


Phyésalis. SOLANACES. 235 


purplish brown eye: pedicels (3 to 5 lines long) much shorter than the fruiting mostly 
pubescent and viscid (inch to almost 2 inches long) calyx. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 627, sect. 13, 
4, 3, fig. 24; Dill. Elth. t. 9, fig. 9.) P. obscura, var. viscido-pubescens, Michx. 1. c. P. hir- 
suta & P. pubescens, Dunal in DC. l.c. P. viscosa? Ell. Sk. i. 279. P. pruinosa, L. (from 
N. America ?), is most probably a form of this with long pedicels and yellowish anthers, 
same as Dill. Elth. t. 9.— Low grounds, New York to Iowa, Florida, and westward from 
Texas to the borders of California. (Trop. Amer., &c.) 
. ++ ++ Perennial: anthers mostly yellow. 


P. Virginidna, Mill. A foot or so high from slender and deep creeping subterranean 
shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with (usually more 
or less viscid) many-jointed hairs: leaves ovate, occasionally subcordate, either repandly 
or saliently few-toothed or some nearly entire: corolla from three-fourths to a full inch in 
diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular: 
pedicels half to an inch long, equalling or shorter than the fruiting calyx. — Dict.'no. 4, & 
Fig. Pl. 138, t. 206, fig. 1; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. s. 65 (by mistake “P. Virginica”). P. 
heterophylla, Nees in Linn. vi. 463, excl. syn. Walt. ‘* P. nutans, Walt. Car. 992” ex Nees, 
l.¢.; but no such name in Walter. P. heterophylla, nyctuginea, & viscido-pubescens, Dunal, 1. c. 
P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.— Light or sandy soils, Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. 
This early name of Miller, taken up for the present species in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., must 
from the size of the flower belong to it, or to a broad-leaved and hairy form of P. lanceolata. 
Miller’s remark that “the root does not creep in the ground,” is most applicable to the 
latter; but the color as well as size of the corolla and the “pale yellow ” fruit, also the 
diffuse growth, best accord with this common species. 

Var. ambigua, Gray, l.c. A coarse and very villous form with anthers violet !— 

P. Pennsylvanicau, Hook. Fl., at least in part.— Wisconsin (Lapham) to Saskatchewan, 

Bourgeau, Drummond, &c. 

P. hedereefolia, Gray, 1l.c. A foot or less high, erect or at length diffuse from a 
thick perennial stock or root, densely viscid-pubescent or on young parts more or less vil- 
lous, not unpleasantly scented: leaves roundish-cordate or almost reniform, or sometimes 
ovate, coarsely and obtusely angulate-toothed (three-fourths to an inch and a half in 
diameter): corolla half an inch in diameter: anthers yellow: calyx-lobes triangular: 
pedicels (2 to 4 lines long) shorter tlan the flower, much shorter than the fruiting calyx. — 
P. Alkekengi? var. digitalifolia & P. mollis, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 153.— Rocky 
hills, New Mexico to 8. W. Texas, Arizona, and adjacent parts of Mexico. “ Herbage des- 
titute of the nauseous odor of the common viscid species, rather sweet-scented,” Wright. 

Var. pubérula, Gray, lc. Pubescence short and minutely glandular, less viscid : 
stems inclined to be procumbent and leaves smaller. — Western borders of Texas, Wright. 

P. Palmeri. A span or two high from a thickish perennial stock, erect, viscid-pubescent 
with short jointed hairs: leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, or the lowest rotund (rarely even 
subcordate), angulate-dentate with few obtuse teeth, the upper leaves acute (10 to 18 lines 
long): corolla light yellow with brownish centre, 7 or 8 lines in diameter: pedicels mostly 
longer than the flower: fruit not seen. — Rock Spring in the Providence Mountains, 8. E. 
California, Pulmer. Apparently allied to the preceding. 

+— + + Perennials, not viscid, mostly low: anthers almost always yellow. 
++ Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous throughout, no stellular pubescence whatever : 
corolla (yellowish) wholly destitute of a darker eye: leaves all cordate or broad and abrupt at 
base, thickish: pedicels long and filiform. 

P. cLABRA, Benth. (not Martins & Gal.), of Lower California, if found within the United 
States will be known by being completely smooth, and the leaves ovate- or hastate-lanceolate. 
P. crassifolia, Benth. Minutely puberulent, or the leaves at length nearly glabrous: 

stems a span to a foot long, branching from the base, sometimes soon procumbent : leaves 

ovate or rounded-subcordate, repand or entire: pedicels commonly an inch long: corolla 
ochroleucous, half inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. — Bot. Sulph. 

40; Gray, l. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 541, the small-leaved form. —S. E. California and Western 

Arizona. (Lower Calif.) 

Var. cardiophylla. A more upright form: leaves thinner and larger (6 to 15 lines 
long), sometimes with a few angulate and more prominent teeth. — P. cardiophylla, Torr. 

Bot. Mex. Bound. 153.— On or near the Rio Colorado, Fort Mohave, Fort Yuma, &c. 


236 SOLANACEA. ‘ Physalis. 


++ ++ Pubescence stellular or branching, at least on the calyx, &c.: leaves all or most of them 
cordate or ovate with abrupt base: corolla usually with darker eye: anthers occasionally with a 
tinge of blue: fruiting calyx globose-ovate. 

P. Féndleri, Gray, l.c. Pruinose-puberulent; the pubescence microscopically minute 
and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandular: stems a span 
to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, slender, much branched : leaves small (an inch 
or less long), from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, and from repand- 
undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed, mostly acute : pedicels shorter than the flower : corolla 
half an inch in diameter. — P. mollis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part. — Rocks and plains, 
New Mexico, Fendler, Thurber, Wright, Bigelow, Parry. Also 8. Colorado. 

P. mollis, Nutt. Softly cinereous-tomentose or canescent throughout with stellate or 
many-branched woolly hairs: stems a span to a foot or more high: leaves varying from 
ovate (or some of the lower obovate) to rounded-cordate, mostly obtuse, angulate-toothed 
or repand (an inch or two long), on slender petioles : pedicels usually filiform and equalling 
the petiole: corolla half to three-fourths inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch or more 
long. —Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194; Torr. l.c., in part; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 66. P. tomentosa, Dunal in DC. 1. c. ? not Walt. — Thickets and banks of streams, 
Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. (Mex.) Sometimes very white-woolly (as in coll. 
E. Hall) ; but passing into 

Var. cinerdscens, Gray, 1.c. Greenish; the pubescence much shorter and less 
dense, the hairs less compound: leaves roundish, rarely at all cordate, some of the lower 
with cuneate base : pedicels sometimes shorter. —P. Pennsylvanica, var. cinerascens, Dunal 
in DC. 1. c. 485. — Indian Territory (Palmer) and through Texas (Drummond, Schott, E. Hall, 
&¢e.) to Mexico. Berlandier collected it at Matamoras. , 
++ ++ ++ Pubescence stellular, or simple and somewhat rigid, or nearly none: leaves from oval 

to lanceolate-linear and tapering into the petiole, or in the first species occasionally subcordate: 
style commonly clavate. 

P. viscdésa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short and soft stellular or 
2-3-forked pubescence: stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean 
shoots, a foot or two long: leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or 
undulate (14 to 3 inches long): pedicels about the length of the petioles: corolla two- 
thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter, greenish-yellow with a more or less dark throat: 
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, an inch or more long: berry yellow or orange. — Dill. Elth. 
t. 10; Jacq. Vind. t. 186; Michx. Fl. i. 149; Gray, l.c. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 
1670, but not from Pennsylvania or near it. LP. tomentosa, Walt. Car. 99. P. maritima, 
M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vii.407. P. Jacquini, Link, Enum. Berol.; Dunal, l.c. 
P. Walteri, Nutt. in. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112.—In sands on and near coast, Virginia 
(L.), N. Carolina to Florida. (Buenos Ayres, &c.) Specific name from the viscous berry. 

Var. spathuleefélia, Gray, 1. c. Leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually 
tapering into the petiole. — P. pubescens, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1.19. P. lanceolata, 
var. spathulefolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.— Sea beaches, Florida and Texas. Glabrate 
forms approach the next. 

P. angustifdlia, Nutt. Bright green, very minutely stellular-pubescent when young, 
or glabrous from the first, except a fine soft stellular pubescence on the margins of the 
leaves, or at least on the calyx-lobes: stems erect or ascending from filiform running 
shoots, a span to a foot or more high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate to 
linear, tapering into a very short petiole (14-34 inches long): corolla three-fourths inch 
in diameter when expanded: flowering calyx broadly campanulate and 3 or 4 lines long, 
the subglobose fruiting calyx seldom an inch long.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112; Gray, 
1. c. — Sandy coast and Keys of W. Florida. 


P. lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short and stiff (or on the 
stem often longer and somewhat villous-hispid) tapering hairs, most of which are simple, 
a few 2-3-forked, varying to nearly glabrous: stems a span to a foot high from rather 
stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid: leaves pale green, varying from oblong- 
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or 
entire, mostly acute at base or tapering into a short petiole: corolla ochroleucous with 
more or less dark eye, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch in diameter: calyx (4 or 5 
lines long) commonly hirsute, in fruit conical-ovate with sunken pyramidal base, 1 to 14 


Lycium. SOLANACER. 237 


inches long ; berry reddish. — Fl. i. 149; Ell. 1.c.;Dunal in DC. 1.¢.;Gray, Le. P. pumila, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 193. P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 382, in 
part, not Linn.? P. Eliott’, Kunze in Linn. xx. 33. — Dry open ground and bottoms, Lake 
Winnipeg to Florida and Texas, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Calyx-lobes vary- 
ing from triangular-lanceolate to ovate-triangular ; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovate, large. 

Var. levigata, Gray, l.c. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some ex- 
tremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, &c., or on the mar- 
gins of the leaves: petioles commonly longer. — P. longifolia, Nutt. in ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc. Le. P. pumila? var. Sonore, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.— Nebraska to Texas, New 
Mexico and Arizona. 

Var. hirta, Gray, l.c. A remarkable and ambiguous form, approaching P. mollis, 
var. cinerascens ; much of the hirsute pubescence of the leaves being 2-3-forked, as also 
are some of the villous-hispid abundant hairs of the stem. — P. Pennsylvanica, var., Gray in 
E. Hall’s list, Coll. Tex. no. 501.— Wet woods, Houston, Texas, Drummond, E. Hall. 
Lawrence, Kansas, J. H. Carruth. 


8. MARGARANTHUS, Schlecht. (Composed of péoyaoor, a pearl, and 
avOos, flower, from a fancied resemblance of the corolla.) — Resembles an annual 
Physalis on a small scale, except in the globular (livid or violet-tinged) corolla ; 
the small berry wholly included in the globular and vesicular fruiting calyx, 
rather dry, 20-30-seeded. — Single species. 

M. solanaceus, Schlecht. Nearly glabrous slender annual, a span to two feet high, 
erect, divergently branched: leaves membranaceous, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
somewhat repand, occasionally 1-2-toothed, an inch or two long, slender-petioled: pedicels 
short, recurving: corolla barely 2 lines and globular-conical fruiting calyx 4 to 6 lines long. 
—Ind. Sem. Hort. Hal. 1838, & Hort. Hal. Ic. i. t.1; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. df. 
tenuis, Miers, Ill. ii. 74, t. 57, with more acute or acuminate leaves. — Southern and western 
borders of Texas (Berlandier, referred to Physalis divaricata by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 
444) and New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow. (Mex.) 


9. NICANDRA, Adans. Appre-or-Perv. (Micander of Colophon.) 
— Single species, sparingly naturalized, from gardens: fl. summer. 


N. puysatofpes, Gertn. Glabrous annual, 3 or 4 feet high, with the habit of an overgrown 
Physalis, and very smooth Stramonium-like leaves laciniate- or sinuate-lobed: pedicels 
solitary, recurved: flower rather showy: corolla blue or bluish (an inch long and with a 
broad nearly entire limb): fruiting calyx over an inch long: included fruit so dry and 
thin-walled as to appear capsular. — Fruct. ii. 237, t. 131; Miers, Ill. ii. t. 43. Atropa phy- 
saloides, L.; Jacq. Obs. t. 98. — Waste grounds near dwellings and old gardens. (Peru, and 
now dispersed through warm regions.) 


10. LYCIUM, L. (Lycia, the country of the earliest-known species.) — 
Shrubby plants (of warm-temperate and dry tropical regions), often spinose ; the 
entire and usually narrow leaves commonly fascicled in the axils, often veinless. 
Flowers from greenish or white to purple, on solitary or fascicled terminal or 
axillary pedicels, in spring or summer. — Miers, Ill. S. Am. Pl. ii. 88; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. v. 45, vii. 388, & viii. 292. 

* Introduced from Old World, sparingly escaped from cultivation. 


L. vurcdAre, Dunal. (Marrimony-vine. Box-tuory.) Tall, the long and slender 
branches recurving or somewhat climbing, glabrous: spines few or none: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate with a tapering base or somewhat spatulate: peduncles slender: corolla short- 
funnelform, dull greenish-purple; the style and slender filaments equalling its lobes: berry 
oval, orange-red. — L. Barbarum, 1, in part. — Escaped into waste grounds and thickets in 
Penn., &. (Mediterranean region.) 


238 SOLANACER. Lycium, 


* % Indigenous, southern and western: berries red or reddish (one species excepted), ‘globular. 
+— Large-flowered: funnelform corolla nearly an inch long. 


L. pallidum, Miers. Glabrous: stems and branches widely spreading, 2 to 4 feet high, 
spiny: leaves pale, spatulate and oblanceolate, an inch or two long: pedicels about 
equalling the deeply 5-cleft calyx: corolla greenish, tinged with purple; the lobes broad 
and rounded: filaments exserted: anthers tipped with a deciduous point.—IIL 1. c. 108, 
t. 67; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45.— New Mexico and Ari- 
zona: also S. Utah, Fremont, Fendler, &c. 
+~ + Large calyx, with lobes commonly longer than or equalling the tube, foliaceous and obtuse: 

corolla half inch long or less: stamens included: herbage puberulent. 
++ Flowers 4-merous. 

L. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently unarmed, with slender branches: leaves narrowly spat- 
ulate: flowers short-pedicelled, 4 or 5 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, equalling the 
oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla, which is little longer than its oval lobes. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 292. — Yaqui River, W. Sonora, Mexico, added because it may reach 
Arizona. 

++ ++ Flowers 5-merous: corolla-lobes ovate, short, recurved-spreading. 

L. Coéperi, Gray. Branches stout, and with some very short spines; leaves spatulate, 
minutely viscid-pubescent or puberulent, half inch or more in length: pedicels at least 
equalling the cylindraceous at length campanulate calyx, both hirsute or pubescent; the 
oblong-lobes of the latter more or less shorter than the tube: corolla narrowly funnelform, 
apparently white, half inch long, its lobes obtuse: filaments hairy at base: anthers oval, 
mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 542. South-eastern border of Cali- 
fornia and adjacent part of Arizona, Cooper, Palmer. 

Var. pubifiéra. Corolla strongly pubescent outside : calyx shorter. — On the Mohave 
River, with the ordinary form, Palmer. 

L. pubérulum, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with slender divergent and spinescent 
branches: leaves obovate and oblong-spatulate, a quarter to half inch long, minutely and 
densely puberulent: flowers solitary and sessile in the fascicles of leaves: calyx-lobes 
oblong, much shorter than the tube of the corolla, twice the length of their own tube: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, tubular-funnelform, white, with the triangular-ovate acute lobes 
not longer than the abruptly dilated throat and tinged with greenish-yellow: filaments 
glabrous, inserted in the throat: anthers roundish-cordate. — Proc. 1. c. vi. 46. — Borders of 
Texas and New Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, near El Paso, Wright. 

L. macrodon, Gray, 1.c. Spiny: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, glabrate, 2 to 4 lines 
long: pedicels at most a line anda half long: lobes of the minutely viscid calyx narrowly 
linear, twice the length of the short campanulate tube (3 lines long), half the length of 
the narrow corolla: filaments a little hairy at base: anthers oval-oblong. — California or 
Nevada? Fremont, 1849: not since seen. 
+— + + Short-flowered; the tube and throat of corolla only a line or two long, and the limb 

comparatively large: calyx with short lobes or teeth or irregularly cleft: herbage glabrous or 
nearly so. 
++ Corolla comparatively large, nearly half inch in diameter: leaves fleshy. 


L..Carolinidnum, Walt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, widely spreading, spiny : leaves 
linear-spatulate or so thickened as to be clavate, an inch or less long: pedicels slender: 
flower 4-5-merous: calyx short, irregularly cleft in age: corolla purple, its almost rotate 
limb deeply parted into oval lobes: slender filaments (woolly at base) and style elongated. 
—Car. 84; Michx. Fl. i. 95; Miers, l.c.t. 71. JZ. salsum, Bartr. Trav. 9.— Salt marshes, 
8. Carolina to Texas. 
++ 4+ Corolla small; the expanded limb under 3 lines wide, about equalled by the stamens: 

pedicels a line or two long or none: branches more or less spinescent: leaves linear-spatulate. 

L. Califérnicum, Nutt. Slender stems very much branched, 2 feet high: leaves thick- 
ish and apparently fleshy-coriaceous, very small (1 to 3 lines long), from obovate or spat- 
ulate to nearly linear: pedicels sometimes hardly any: tube of the white corolla included 
in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx ; its rotate 4-parted liinb barely 2 lines in diameter. — 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 542.— Clayey hill-sides, California, near San Diego, Nuttall (without 
flowers), Clevelaid, Palmer. (Islands of Lower California.) 


Datura. / SOLANACER. 239 


L. parvifl6rum, Gray. Stems 2 to 4 feet high: leaves 2 to 5 lines long, narrow, not 
fleshy : corolla (2 lines long) funnelform, rather more than twice the length of the short- 
campanulate often irregularly 2-3-cleft calyx ; the 4 lobes very short: style at length much 
exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 48.— Southern Arizona, Thurber, 

L. barbinddum, Miers. Stouter, 6-10 feet high; the old spurs or nodes densely short- 
woolly: leaves linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla (2 lines long) with narrow 
tube about equalling the commonly 2-8-cleft short calyx, abruptly enlarged into a broadly 
campanulate throat; the lobes 5, short, roundish. — Ill. 1. c. 115, t. 68, the corolla badly 
drawn and unlike the description. —N. W. Mexico (Seemann) and Magdalena, Sonora, T’hur- 
ber (who says the berries are white and translucent) ; doubtless in adjacent Arizona. 

L. Brévipes, Benth., and L. Ricutr, Gray, are little known species of Lower California. 
+ + + + Long-flowered; the corolla tubular or when funnelform with tube and throat over 


two lines long and much exceeding the lobes, white, cream-color, or tinged with violet: stamens 
little if at all exserted. 


++ Leaves, pedicels, and calyx puberulent: flowers 5-merous. 

L. Fremonti, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long: pedicels 
shorter than or barely equalling the cylindraceous calyx: corolla narrowly tubular-funnel- 
form, 4 to 6 lines long, with very short ovate lobes: filaments nearly naked: style soon 
exserted.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 46, & Bot. Calif. i. 543.—S. E. California or Nevada, F’re- 
mont. Arizona, Palmer. 

Var. Bigelévii, Gray, l.c. Calyx shorter-campanulate: corolla broader and merely 
4 lines long: filaments slightly hairy at base. — Williams Fork, N. Arizona, Bigelow. 

L. gracilipes, Gray. Minute pubescence somewhat viscid or glandular: leaves small 
(2 to 6 lines long), spatulate or the smaller oblong-obovate, thickish: pedicels filiform, as 
long as the flower: calyx campanulate, short-toothed: corolla elongated-funnelform, half 
inch long, white with a violet tinge or sometimes deep violet; the lobes rounded-ovate, 
very obtuse, a line long: filaments inserted low in the throat, u little hairy at base: anthers 
and style not exceeding the corolla-lobes.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81.— Williams Fork, N. 
Arizona, Palmer. 
++ ++ Glabrous throughout, or merely some woolly pubescence on the spurs at the insertion of the 

leaves and pedicels: flowers in the same species either 5-merous or 4-merous. 

== Pedicels filiform, as long as the commonly 4-merous rather short funnelform corolla. 

L. Berlandiéri, Dunal. Spiny, 3 to 8 feet high, with mostly slender branches: leaves 
spatulate-linear, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, mostly thrice the length 
of the campanulate calyx which nearly includes its narrow proper tube; the lobes oval or 
oblong (a line long): filaments villous at base. — DC. Prodr. xiii. 520; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 47. LZ. stolidum & L. senticosum, Miers, 1. c. t. 68, 71.—S. Texas, Berlandier, 
Wright, to Arizona, Palmer. 
= = Pedicels (1 to 3 lines long) shorter than the tubular-funnelform corolla: flowers copious. 

L. Andersoénii, Gray. Exceedingly branched, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves mostly very 
small (2 to 6 lines long), linear-spatulate or broader: calyx short-campanulate: corolla 
half inch long or nearly, tubular, very gradually widening upward; the expanded limb 
only 2 or 3 lines wide; its rounded lobes with nearly glabrous edges: filaments slightly 
hairy at base : berries bright red, “ edible.” — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 888, & Bot. Calif. Lc. 
— Utah, S. Nevada, and N. Arizona, first collected by Anderson. 

Var. Wrightii, Gray. More leafy and sparsely flowered, spiny, smaller-flowered : 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1.¢. JZ. stolidum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, in part. 
L. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 47, in small part.—S. Arizona, Wright, Palmer. 

L. Torréyi, Gray, l.c. More or less spiny, 4 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly larger than 
in the preceding, sometimes over an inch long and over 2 lines wide: pedicels 2 or 3 lines 
long: corolla 5 or 6 lines long, more funnelform ; the limb about 4 lines wide, and the lobes 
tomentulose on the edges: filaments woolly at base: berries red, “not edible.” — L. barbi- 
node, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 154,.— Western border of Texas, 
near El Paso, to S. E. California. 


11. DATURA, L. Srramonrum, THorn-Arpie. (From the Arabic 
name, Tatorah.) — Herbaceous plants, or some tropical species woody and arbo- 


240 SOLANACEA, Datura. 


rescent, of rank odor, and narcotic-poisonous qualities, natives of America and 
tropical Asia; with ovate leaves, and large flowers on short peduncles in the 
forks of the branching stems, produced through the season. Corolla commonly 
white or violet, usually more or less fragrant. 


D. arborea, the Tree-Stramonium, representing the section Brugmansia, with very large 
pendulous flowers, and oblong indehiscent fruit reflexed, cultivated in conservatories, may 
perhaps have become spontaneous on the southern borders of the United States. 


§ 1. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed: border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth : cap- 
sule dry, 4-valved: seeds thickish, with a dark-colored and more or less rugose or 
pitted crustaceous coat: annuals, with flowers erect. 


* Capsule strictly erect: seeds somewhat scrobiculate-rugose. 
D. 1vérmis, Jacq. Vind. iii. 44, t. 82, which may sometimes be met with in waste ground, is 
very similar to D. Stramonium, but with a perfectly smooth and unarmed capsule. 

D. Srram6nium, L. (Common StRAMONIUM or JAMESTOWN-WEED.) Green, glabrous, 1 to 4 
feet high: leaves sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed: corolla white, about 
8 inches long: capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles, the lower ones mostly 
shorter. — A weed of waste grounds, common, especially in the Atlantic States. (Nat. 
from Asia ?) 

D. TAtura, L. Stem purple, commonly taller: corolla pale violet: prickles of the capsule 
all nearly equal: otherwise similar to the preceding.— Waste grounds in the Atlantic 
States. (Nat. from trop. Amer.) ; 

D. querciréiia, HBK. Green, and young parts commonly somewhat pubescent: leaves 
sparingly but mostly deeply sinuate-pinnatifid: corolla nearly as of D. Tatula: capsule 
armed with large and unequal flattened prickles, some of the upper not rarely an inch long 
(nearly as in D. feror).—S. W. borders of Texas to Arizona. (Nat. from Mex.) 

* * Capsule nodding: seeds rugose-tuberculate. 

D. piscotor, Bernh. More or less cinereous-pubescent, low: leaves sinuately or laciniately 
toothed: corolla white tinged with purple, 2 or 3 inches long: globose capsule and its stout 
large prickles pubescent. — Linn. (in Lit.) viii. 188; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165. D. 
Thomasii, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 862, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155.— Colorado, Arizona, and 
8. E. California. (Introd.? from Mex.) 


§ 2. Calyx tubular, mostly 5-toothed: corolla large, 6 to 8 inches long; the 
border with 5 or 10 acute teeth: capsule nodding on the short recurved peduncle, 
globose, succulent, bursting irregularly at maturity: seeds flatter, with a softer 
and pale smoothish coat: flowers erect. 


D. meteloides, DC. Pruinose-glaucescent with minute puberulence or pubescence, a 
foot to 3 feet high from a (at least commonly) perennial root: leaves unequally ovate, 
merely repand or nearly entire: calyx cylindrical, about 8 inches long: corolla white 
suffused with violet, sweet-scented, 7 or 8 inches long when well developed, the widely 
dilated and very open funnelform limb 5 or 6 inches in diameter, and with 5 slender subu- 
late teeth: persistent base of the calyx narrow: capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly 
muricate with short and equal prickles: seeds with a narrow and sometimes cord-like mar-- 
gin. — Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mocino and Sesse wrong 
as to 10-dentate corolla); Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Fl. Serres, t. 1266. D. Wrightii, 
Hortul.; Regel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. D. Metel, var. quinquecuspida, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. 
vii. 18.— Along streams, S8. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, to Arizona and Santa Bar- 
bara, California. (Adjacent Mex.) 


12. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Hensane. (From we, voc, a hog, and 
xvapos, a bean, said to poison swine.) — Natives of the Old World, one species, 
the medicinal Henbane, sparingly introduced. 


H. xfcer, L. (Brack Henpane.) Biennial with a fusiform root, or sometimes annual, 
viscid-pubescent or villous, heavy-scented (narcotic), a foot or two high: leaves oblong, 


Nicotiana. SOLANACE. 241 


sinuate-toothed or somewhat pinnatifid, the upper all more or less clasping and partly de- 
current ; uppermost subtending the secund at length spicate flowers : corolla lurid-yellowish 
with reticulated purple veins.— Waste grounds and roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.) 


13. CESTRUM, L. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, applied by Lin- 
nexus to this genus.) — Shrubs or low trees of tropical America. Leaves entire, 
short-petioled, pinnately veined. Flowers variously clustered on axillary pe- 
duncles, or forming a terminal panicle or corymb; the corolla narrowly tubular- 
funnelform or clavate: berries reddish or blackish.— Several are in cultivation, 
both day-blooming. and night-blooming, the latter very sweet-scented. One 
species is sparingly spontaneous in Florida, viz. — 

C. prdrxum, L. Glabrous: leaves oblong, very bright green above: flowers sessile in a 
short close cluster on an axillary peduncle: corolla white, enlarging very gradually from 


base to summit, not narrowed at the throat, half an inch long, with lobes short and roundish, 
open through the day. (Dill. Elth. t. 154, fig. 186.) —-Key West. (Adv. from W. Ind.) 


14. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tosacco. (In memory of John Micot, who 
was thought to have introduced Tobacco into Europe.) — Herbs, or one peculiar 
species arborescent, mostly American, narcotic-poisonous, heavy-scented, usually 
viscid-pubescent ; with entire or sometimes repand or pandurate leaves, and pani- 
culate or racemose flowers. 

§ 1. Tascum, Don. Capsule septicidal, dividing the two placenta ; the valves 
at length 2-cleft at the apex: leaves ample: flowers diurnal, naked-panicled: 
corolla funnelform with ventricose throat and acute or acuminate spreading lobes 
or teeth, purplish-red or rose-color, sometimes white in cultivation. 


N. TaspAcum, L. (Common Tozracco.) Tall annual, more or less glutinous-pubescent : 
leaves from ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the lower commonly 2 or 3 feet 
long: flowers pedicelled: corolla about 2 inches long. — Cult. from S. Amer., and sponta- 
neous in waste grounds along the south-western borders of the United States. 

Var. tnpvutata, Sendtner, a marked form, with long and narrow lanceolate gradually 
caudate-acuminate leaves, undulate below, and corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate. — Mart. 
Fl. Bras. x. 166. N. lancifolia, Willd., & N. Ybarrensis, HBK. To this probably belongs the 
Yaqui Tobacco, found by Dr. Palmer cultivated in Arizona, and also N. caudata, Nutt. Pl. 
Gamb., at Monterey, California. 


§ 2. Nicétra, Gray. Capsule septifragal, 2—-4-valved (in anomalous forms 
several-valved) ; the thin dissepiment remaining with the entire central placenta: 
corolla mostly white or greenish. Ours annuals. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 907. 


* Corolla oblong-inflated, open throughout the day: leaves all broad and petioled. 

N. rtstica, L. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent: leaves ovate or the lower 
rounder and subcordate, very obtuse (often a foot long): flowers thyrsoid-paniculate : 
calyx with broad round-ovate teeth, not equalling the globular at first merely 2-valved 
capsule: corolla about three-fourths inch long, lurid yellowish or greenish, not thrice the 
length of the calyx, inflated from a short narrow base and with contracted orifice ; the 
short and rounded lobes reticulate-veiny. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 25; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
Germ. xx. t. 1626. — Spontaneous in waste grounds, rare, formerly cult. by Indians. Prob- 
ably indigenous to the Old World, but of unknown nativity. 

* Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform: calyx-lobes narrow. 
++ Leaves undulate-crisped or repand, or panduriform, all the upper more or less clasping: flowers 
vespertine: tube of the corolla almost filiform, 1} to 2} inches Jong: filaments very short, inserted 
in the throat: stem loosely branching, racemosely Joose-flowered. 

N. plumbaginifolia, Viv. Somewhat scabrous-pubescent or glabrate: cauline leaves 
sessile and with partly clasping base, undulate and sometimes even crisped along the mar- 
gins; the lowest oblong or obovate-spatulate ; the others oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, 

16 


242 : SOLANACES. Nicotiana. 


above passing into linear-subulate bracts: corolla greenish-white, less than 2 inches long, 
somewhat contracted between the limb and the subclavately dilated throat; the lobes 2 or 
3 lines long, acute. —Dunal in DC. 1. c. 569.— Damp grounds around Matamoras, Ber- 
landier. Probably on the Texan side of the Rio Grande also. (Mex., W. Ind.) 

N. repdnda, Willd. Minutely pubescent or above glabrate, 2 or 8 feet high, with loose 
slender branches, extending into open racemose or somewhat paniculate naked inflores- 
cence: leaves thin (3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 4 wide), ovate, or the lower obovate and 
sometimes panduriform, commonly repand; the lowest contracted into a winged petiole; 
upper deeply cordate-clasping: bracts minute or often wanting: calyx-lobes slender, fully 
as long as the short-campanulate acutely 10-ribbed tube: corolla with tube frequently 2 
inches long, somewhat clavate or funnelform at the open throat; the spreading limb 
white, or sometimes tinged with rose, 7 to 12 lines in diameter ; its lobes short and obtuse 
or acutish.—Lehm. Nicot. 40, t. 8 (depauperate); Dunal in DC. 1. ¢., but not Hook. Bot. 
Mag. and perhaps not \. /yrata, HBK. N. pandurata, Dunal,l.c. N. ’ Roemeriana, Scheele 
in Linn. xxi. 767.— Low grounds, Texas. (Mex.) 


+— + Leaves entire, or the margins sometimes obscurely undulate: filaments slender, 


++ Equally inserted low down on the tube of the salverform corolla, which is not enlarged at the 
throat, and is very much longer than the small obtusely 5-lobed limb. 


= Leaves, even the lower, with more or less clasping base: flowers open throughout the day. 


N. trigonophylla, Dunal. Viscid-pubescent: stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or vir- 
gately branched: leaves all sessile or only the lower tapering into a winged petiole, and 
obovate-oblong ; the upper oblong-lanceolate with a broader cordate half-clasping base, or 
some spatulate-lanceolate with a dilated auriculate-clasping base (1 to 4 inches long): in- 
florescence at length loosely paniculate-racemose, with the later bracts very small or want- 
ing, and somewhat unilateral pedicels about the length of the calyx: calyx-lobes subulate- 
lanceolate but rather obtuse, equalling the campanulate tube, attaining the middle of the 
corolla-tube, about equalling the 4-valved capsule, somewhat callous-margined: corolla 
greenish-white or yellowish, about three-fourths inch long, somewhat pubescent, a little 
constricted at the orifice; the tube slightly enlarging upward; the sinuately-lobed limb 
about 4 lines in diameter.— DC. Prodr. xi. 562; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 545. NN. multiflora, 
Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, excl. “Nutt. Pl. Gamb.” NV. ipomopsiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. v. 166, and perhaps of Dunal, 1. c., but the figure in Mocino & Sesse, Ic. Fl. Mex. 
ined. t. 909, represents a more funnelform corolla. NV. glandulosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 166. — Texas to S. E. California. (Mex.) 

N. Palmeri. Viscid-tomentose throughout, except the corolla: stem apparently 3 feet 
high, loosely branched above: leaves as of the preceding, but acuminate and mostly with 
undulate margins, the larger 5 or 6 inches long: flowers sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled : 
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, somewhat unequal, longer than the tube, half the length 
of the corolla, conspicuously surpassing the capsule: corolla white tinged with green, an 
inch long, neither constricted nor dilated at the orifice, externally somewhat pubescent: 
the conspicuously 5-lobed limb 6 or 7 lines in diameter.— Northern Arizona, on Williams 
Fork, Palmer (no. 488, coll. 1876). 


== = Leaves not clasping: flowers vespertine, and closing before noon or under sunshine. 


N. Clevelandi. Viscid-pubescent, or the stem (a foot or two high) villous: leaves ovate 
or the upper ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long); the lower obtuse and with margined 
petiole not dilated at base ; the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad and 
rounded or truncate subsessile base into an acuminate apex: bracts lanceolate: flowers 
panicnlate-racemose ; calyx-lobes linear, unequal; the longer fully twice the length of the 
tube, more than half the length of the corolla: the latter greenish-white tinged with violet, 
almost glabrous, an inch long, quite salverform ; the somewhat 5-lobed limb half inch in 
diameter. — California, in dry bed of streams, Chollas Valley near San Diego, Cleveland, 
Palmer (no. 267, coll. 1875). Near Santa Barbara, Rothrock, a smaller-flowered form. 

N. attenuata, Torr. More or less viscid-pubescent, a foot or two high: leaves all on 
naked and mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base; the lower ovate or 
oblong (13 to 4 inches long); the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to 
linear-lanceolate or linear: inflorescence loosely paniculate and naked above: pedicels 
short: calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or subulate, with thin edges, almost equal, much 


Petunia. SOLANACE. 243 


shorter than the tube, not over a line and a half long, and not surpassing the capsule: 
corolla dull white or greenish, glabrous, slender-salverform; the tube an inch to inch and 
a half long; the obscurely 5-lobed or angulate limb 4 to 6 lines in diameter. —Watson, Bot. 
King, 276, t. 27, fig. 1,2; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 545.— Dry ground, California and Nevada to 
Colorado. (Guadalupe Island off Lower California, Palmer, referred to NV. Biyelovii.) 


++ ++ Filaments more or less unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube of the tubular-fun- 
nelform or salverform but open-mouthed white corolla, which is vespertine and open by day 
only in dull weather: capsule thin-walled: herbage viscid-pubescent, often minutely so. 


== Ovary and ovate 4-valved capsule 2-celled as in all the foregoing: diameter of the limb of the 
corolla less than the length of the slender tube. 

N. Bigelévii, Watson. A foot or two high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly 
so; the lower (5 to 7 inches long) with tapering base ; the upper (83 to 14 inches long) more 
acuminate, with either acute or some with broader and partly clasping base: inflorescence 
loosely racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless: calyx-teeth unequal, linear-subu- 
late, about equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule: tube of the corolla 1} to 2 inches 
long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat; the 5-angulate-lobed limb 12 to 18 lines 
in diameter. — Bot. King, 276, t. 27, fig. 3,4; Gray, Bot. Calif. Lv. 546. N. plumbaginifolia ? 
var. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127.— California, from Shasta Co. to San Diego, and 
eastward to Nevada and the border of Arizona. 

Var. Wallacei, a form with corolla smaller (the tube 12 to 16 lines long), and 
calyx-teeth shorter, but variable, sometimes hardly surpassing the capsule: upper leaves 
more disposed to have a broad and roundish or subcordate slightly clasping base: herbage, 
&c., more viscid. — Near Los Angeles and San Diego, Wallace, Cleveland. 
= = Ovary and capsule globular, 4-several-celled, at first somewhat succulent: the valves at 

maturity thin and rather membranous: corolla with ampler limb and proportionally shorter more 

funnelform tube. — Polydiclia, Don. Polydiclis, Miers. 

N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout, more or less viscid-pubescent, low- 
branching: leaves oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate, 
acute at both ends, mostly sessile (3 to 5 inches long); the lowest larger and petioled: 
flowers few: calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, about equalling the 4-celled (or 
sometimes 3-celled*) capsule: tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5-lobed limb an 
inch and a half or more in diameter ; its lobes ovate and obtusish, vciny. — Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t! 1778; Lehm. Nicot. 45, t.4; Nutt. Gen. i. 132; Gray, Bot. Calif. tc. Polydiclis quadri- 
valvis, Miers, Ill. i. 164, & ii. 55, 60, fig. 2-14. — Oregon, and cultivated by the Indians from 
Oregon to the Missouri: their most prized tobacco-plant. Perhaps a derivative of the 
preceding species. 

Var. multivalvis, Gray, ].c. An abnormal form of cultivation (by aborigines), 
generally stouter, with calyx, corolla (often over 2 inches wide), and stamens 5-8-merous, 
and capsule several-celled, sometimes an inch in diameter. — N. multivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t.1057. Polydiclis multivalvis, Miers, |. c. t. 60, fig. 1 & 9. — Oregon, probably known only 
as an escape from aboriginal cultivation. / 

N. wAwa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833, Nierembergia nana, Miers, must be Hesperochiron Californicus. 


15. PETUNIA, Juss. (Petwn is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) — Viscid 
South American herbs, with entire leaves, the upper disposed to become opposite, 
and scattered flowers becoming lateral: two large-flowered species and their 
hybrids familiar in gardens ; an inconspicuous small-flowered one is a naturalized 
weed, and perhaps indigenous along the southern borders of the U.S. It forms a 
peculiar section, and has received several generic names. 

P. parviflora, Juss. A small prostrate or diffusely spreading annual, much branched, 
more or less pubescent: leaves oblong-linear or spatulate, rather fleshy, seldom half an 
inch long, nearly sessile: peduncles very short : calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves : 
corolla purple with a pale or yellowish tube, 4 lines long, funnelform ; its short retuse lobes 
slightly unequal: capsule small, ovoid. —Juss. in Ann. Mus. ii. 216, t. 47; Miers, Til. i 
t.23; Dunal. 1. ¢. 575. Nicotiana parviflora, Lehm. Nicot. 48. Lindernia Montevidensis, 
Spreng. Callibrachoa procumbens, Llav. & Lex. Nov. Mex. Veg. ii. 3. Salpiglossis prostrata, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 123. Leptophragma prostrata, Benth. mss. ex Dunal, 1. c. 678. — 


244 SOLAN ACE. Bouchetia. 


Waste grounds and coasts, 8. Florida and Texas to California; also adventive at some 
seaports of the Atlantic States: an insignificant little weed. (S. Amer., &c.) 


16. BOUCHETIA, DC. (In memory of D. Bouchet, an obscure botanist 
of the south of France.) — Prodr. xiii. 589, in part; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
908. — Single species. 

B. erécta, DC. 1.c. Much branched from a perennial root, ascending, a span high, mi- 
nutely appressed-pubescent: leaves oblong-spatulate, or the lower oval and petioled, and the 
upper lanceolate and sessile, rather small: peduncles terminal or lateral and scattered: 
corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx; the broadly funnel- 
form limb deeply 5-lobed ; lobes roundish. — Mierembergia anomala, Miers in Lond. Jour. Bot. 
ili. 175, & ILL i. 99, t. 20; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 528; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156. WN. statice- 
Jolia, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 179. Leucanthea Remeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 259. 
— Moist prairies and rocky hills, Texas. (Mex., S. Brazil, &c.) 


17, LEPTOGLOSSIS, Benth. (/enzéc, thin or small, and ylwoois, in 
place of yAweric, the mouth of the windpipe, the throat of corolla being narrow.) 
— Extra-tropical 8. American herbs, resembling Mierembergia (which has 5 fer- 
tile stamens borne at and exserted from the orifice of the open saucer-shaped 
limb), but with tubular-funnelform throat, in the lower part or base of which the 
didynamous stamens are inserted. Besides the genuine species, a Texan and a 
Mexican species constitute a subgenus, 


§ 1. Bracuyeéssis, with strictly salverform corolla of Merembergia ; the 
long and filiform tube abruptly saccate-dilated just under the ample rotate limb: 
stigma rather narrowly 2-lobed, and the lobes alate-decurrent on the apex of the 
style: habit and foliage of Bouchetia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. 

L. Texdna, Gray, l.c. Low perennial, diffusely much branched from a suffrutescent 
base, a span high, viscid-pubescent: leaves spatulate-obovate or oblong, acute (half inch 
long), narrowed at base, the lower into a short margined petiole: peduncles mostly shorter 
than the campanulate-funnelform 5-toothed calyx (the teeth deltoid): corolla apparently 
white ; the filiform tube 8 or 9 lines long; the almost regular broadly 5-lobed plane limb 
of about the same diameter; the very short campanulate throat hardly over a line in 
height and width: winged appendages under the stigma narrower than long: capsule only 
half the length of the 10-nerved calyx: seeds somewhat reniform, coarsely transverse- 
rugose, otherwise smooth. — Mierembergia (Leptoglossis) viscosa,  Browallia (Leptoglossis) 
Texana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155, 156. — Rocky hills, W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Ad- 
jacent Mexico, at San Carlos, Berlandier, no. 3194.) L. Coulteri, Gray, 1. c., anearly related 
Mexican species of this section, is minutely pubescent, and has ovate leaves on slender 
petioles, longer peduncle, calyx cleft to the middle, and very broad wings to the apex of 
the style. 


OrpER XCVI. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 


Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, with leaves either alternate or opposite 
and destitute of stipules, primary inflorescence centripetal and the secondary when 
developed centrifugal, perfect flowers with the bilabiately irregular corolla (2) 
imbricated and not plicate in the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, 2-celled 
ovary with axile several-many-ovuled placente, usually capsular fruit, and ana- 
tropous or amphitropous seeds (generally numerous), with a small and straight or 
only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons little if at all 
broader than the radicle. The calyx and corolla are mostly 5-merous, and the 
former persistent; but sometimes they are 4-merous, at least apparently, and 


SCROPHULARIACER. 245 


either with or without all four stamens present; sometimes the corolla is nearly 
or quite regular, and even with all five stamens present and complete (uniformly 
so in Verbascum, abnormally in several species of Pentstemon) ; and the ovules 
are sometimes few and definite, rarely solitary. The posterior or superior stamen 
is the deficient or abortive one. Corolla wanting in one Synthyris. Style one 
and undivided : stigma either entire, or 2-lobed, or bilamellar (bilabiate) ; its lobes 
and the cells of the ovary anterior and posterior. Seeds comparatively small, 
rarely winged. — This large order has its tribes arranged by Bentham and Hooker 
(Gen. ii. 915) under three series, hardly to be regarded as suborders, the first of 
which closely connects with the preceding order, except as to inflorescence. The 
ambiguous Salpiglossidee are referred to that order. 


I. (PseuposoLane®&.) Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence simply centri- 
petal. Corolla hardly if at all bilabiate; the 2 posterior lobes external in the 
bud. All five stamens sometimes present and perfect. 


Tripe I. LEUCOPHYLLEZ®. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform; the lobes 
plane or merely concave. 

1. LEUCOPHYLLUM. Calyx short, 5-parted; the lobes nearly valvate. Corolla with 
5 rounded and spreading nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 5 and 
the fifth imperfect, included: anthers with cells confluent at the apex, at length divari- 
cate. Stigma emarginate or bilamellar. Capsule 2-valved, and the valves at length 2- 
cleft. Tomentose shrubs. 

Tribe II. VERBASCEZ. Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers by con- 
fluence 1-celled. (None indigenous to America.) 

2. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers; all or the three superior filaments 


woolly-bearded. Style flattened and dilated at apex. Capsule globular or oblong, septi- 
cidally 2-valved; the valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds very numerous, rugose. 


II. (AnTIRRHINIDEH.) Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower. In- 
florescence when simple centripetal, when compound the partial centrifugal ; 7. e. 
the peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla 
external in the bud, with a few occasional and irregular exceptions. Fertile 
stamens very seldom more than four. 


Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEZ. Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular; the base 
of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often 
with an intrusion (palate) at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations 
or lacerate chinks, not by normal valves, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and 
racemose, or the flowers solitary and axillary. 

* Stamens 4, with more or less 2-celled fertile anthers. 

8. LINARIA. Corolla with a spur at base (this rarely abortive) and a prominent palate 
nearly closing the throat. In the occasional monstrosity called Peloria, the corolla be- 
comes regular by the production of 5 spurs and 6 regular short lobes. 

4. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at base, otherwise nearly as 
Linaria, or the palate in some species much less prominent. Seeds destitute of any proper 
wing. 

5. MAURANDIA. Corolla barely gibbous at base, nearly funnelform, ringent, with two 
longitudinal and commonly bearded intruded lines or plaits instead of palate. Capsule 
equal or hardly oblique. Seeds winged or wingless. 

* * Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the anterior pair); the posterior reduced to small 
abortive filaments. 

6. MOHAVEA. Corolla with short tube merely gibbous at base, and very ample bilabiate 
but somewhat campanulate-erect limb; the lips obovate-dilated or fan-shaped, the upper 
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and bearing a prominent but comparatively small palate, bearded 
down its middle; lobes all broad, erose-denticulate, and abruptly short-acuminate. An- 
thers of the two fertile stamens one-celled by confluence, Style slender and straight : 


246 SCROPHULARIACEE. 


stigma depressed-capitate. Capsule and the cyathiferous seeds of Antirrhinum § Pseudo- 
rontium, 


Trise IV. CHELONEZ. Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate 
or otherwise produced at base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4, and rudiment 
of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Inflorescence nor- 
mally compound (at least the peduncle 2-bracteate), and leaves opposite. (Chion- 
ophila is exceptional and of doubtful position, having flowers simply spicate, and 
the leaves sometimes alternate. In some species of Collinsia, the flowers are solitary 
in the axils on a bractless peduncle or pedicel.) 


* Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube: ovules and seeds 
few or solitary in the cells: calyx deeply 5-cleft, campanulate: peduncles or pedicels 
simple and ebracteate. . 


7. COLLINSIA. Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more 
or less erect and replicate; lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading ; 
middle one conduplicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and 
style. Filaments long and filiform; the lower or anterior pair inserted higher on the 
corolla than the other: anthers round-reniform; their two cells confluent at the apex 
into one. Gland at base of corolla on the upper side represents the fifth stamen. Style 
filiform: stigma small, entire, or minutely 2-cleft. Capsule ovate or globose, at first sep- 
ticidal; the valves soon 2-cleft. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave ventrally. 
Leaves undivided. 

8. TONELLA. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, and the 5 more or less unequal 
lobes somewhat rotately spreading ; the lower not enclosing the soon ascending stamens ; 
tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, oval. Cauline 
leaves mainly ternately divided or parted. ‘ 


% * (Genuine Chelonee.) Corolla-tube not gibbous posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefi- 
nitely numerous: calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals, imbricated: inflorescence 
mostly thyrsoidal, z.e. the axillary clusters centrifugal or cymose, or when reduced to a 
single flower the peduncle or pedicel 2-bracteate: capsule septicidal. 

+— Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla. 


9. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla short; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong; lobes 
5, unequal, four of them erect and the two posterior longer; the fifth or anterior reflexed 
or spreading. Stamens 4, declined, usually included or shorter than the corolla lobes: 
anthers transverse and confluently 1-celled. Stigma entire or emarginate. Seeds margin- 
less, rugose. 


+— + Filament of the sterile stamen conspicuous and elongated: corolla from ventri- 
cose-campanulate to elongated-tubular; the limb either obscurely or strongly bilabiate. 


10, CHELONE. Sceds surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Otherwise nearly 
as Pentstemon. Anthers long-woolly as in the first division of that genus; the wool mainly 
confined to the inner face. 

11. PENTSTEMON. Seeds angulate, marginless. Antheriferous stamens 4, declined at 
base, ascending above: filaments filiform: anther-cells either united or confluent at apex. 
Style filiform: stigma small, entire. 

* * * Corolla-tube not gibbous: ovules and seeds rather numerous: calyx not deeply 
cleft: inflorescence simply spicate: capsule at first loculicidal. 

12. CHIONOPHILA. Calyx funnelform, thin-membranaccous becoming scarious, merely 
and obtusely 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb, 
somewhat personate ; upper lip erect and slightly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some- 
what recurved; lower with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed, 
the short lobes recurving. Stamens of Eupentstemon: cells of the anthers divaricate and 
confluent. Sterile filament small and short, or even minute, naked. Style filiform : stig- 
ma minute, entire. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the marcescent calyx and corolla, locult- 
cidally 2-valved, and the valves soon septifragal and 2-parted; placental dissepiment 
flat. Seeds rather large, oblong, with a very loose and arilliform cellular-reticulated 
outer coat. 


Trine V. GRATIOLEZ. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or 
otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4: no rudiments of the 
fifth. Capsule dehiscent, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and centripetal; the 
pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves and ebracteolate. Leaves opposite (or 
verticillate), or only the uppermost alternate. 


SCROPHULARIACER. 247 


* Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and hardly 5-cleft : corolla 
more or less bilabiate: stamens 4. : 


13. MIMULUS. Corolla with either elongated or short tube; upper lip 2- and the lower 
3lobed or parted; the former often erect and the sides turned back; « pair of palatine 
ridges (cither bearded or naked and more or less intruded) running down the lower 
side of the throat. Stamens inserted low within the throat or on the tube. Anthers 
generally approximate in pairs, on filiform filaments; their cells divergent, cither distinct 
or confluent at the apex. Style filiform: stigma bilamellar, or sometimes peltate by the 
union of the two dilated lips, or rarely even funnelform. Capsule enclosed in the 
a loculicidal; the placente either firmly united, or in one section barely contiguous 
in the axis. 


* * Calyx 5-parted: corolla more or less bilabiate: stamens 4, inserted below the throat, 
included: anther-cells distinct. 


+ Sepals narrow and nearly alike: capsule septicidal or septifragal. 

14, STEMODIA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, somewhat erect and hardly 2-lobed 
upper lip, and more spreading lower one. Anther-cells separate and stipitate. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule with valves soon 2-parted: placente left in the axis. 

15. CONOBEA. Corolla nearly of the preceding, or more equally 5-lobed. Anther-cells 
distinct but not stipitate, parallel. Stigma bilamellar. Capsule septifragal; valves en 
tire or rarely 2-cleft. Seeds striate. 

+ + Sepals unequal and imbricated ; the posterior one considerably or much broader than 
the anterior; the two lateral interior and usually much narrower: capsule septicidal or 
ae the valves entire or 2-parted, separating from the undivided placentiferous 
column. 


16. HERPESTIS. Corolla with short cylindraceous tube, and spreading lips; upper 
emarginate or 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed, plane. Anther-cells parallel or divergent. Cap- 
sule globose or ovate. 


* * * Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-SJobed: antheriferous stamens only 2, 


+ The posterior pair; the anterior pair sterile rudiments or sometimes wanting :: flowers 
not minute: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft: 
sepals narrow, little unequal : stigma dilated and mostly bilamellar. 

17. GRATIOLA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips nearly of equal iength. Sta- 
mens both fertile (with anther-cells distinct) and sterile inserted below the throat and in- 
cluded. Capsule both loculicidal and septicidal; valves separating from the placentif- 

_ erous column. Seeds striate and transversely reticulated. 

18. ILYSANTHES. Corolla with cylindraccous tube, or more dilated throat; upper lip 
erect and concave, 2-lobed; lower larger, spreading, with 3 broad nearly equal lobes. 
Fertile stamens inserted rather low down and somewhat included: sterile filaments 
inserted at the orifice and forked; one fork glandular and obtuse; the other smooth and 
naked, acute, sometimes reduced to a mere tooth, sometimes more elongated and even 
bearing the rudiment of an anther. Capsule ovoid or oblong, septicidal or septifragal ; 
the valves entire, at length separating from the placentiferous column. Seeds foveolate- 
rugose. 

+ The anterior pair of stamens antheriferous, at least only a single pair antheriferous, 
and no rudiments of sterile ones: flowers minute: corolla only 4-lobed: anthers short, of 
roundish distinct cells. 

19. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx usually 4-cleft or 4-lobed. Corolla with very short tube, 
obscurely bilabiate; its upper lip short or almost none; the lower 3-lobed and the middle 
lobe longer. Stamens inserted in the throat: filaments short, dilated or appendaged at 
base. Style short: stigma dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, becoming 1-celled 
by the vanishing of the partition, leaving the several-many-seeded placenta in the axis. 
Seeds oblong, minute. 

20. AMPHIANTHUS. Calyx &parted, unequal. Corolla funnelform, with spreading 4- 
cleft limb; lobes rounded, one of them larger. Stamens on the tube of the corolla, 
included: filaments filiform, not appendaged. Style subulate: stigma minutely 2-cleft. 
Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal; valves bearing the partition. Seeds numer- 
ous, linear-oblong, striate, transversely rugulose. 

* * * * Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular: antheriferous stamens 4, 
nearly equal: no sterile filament. 

21. LIMOSELLA. Calyx campanulate; the lobes short. Corolla between rotate and - 
campanulate ; its lobes oblong or ovate. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla: fila- 
ments slender, unappendaged: anthers by confluence I-celled. Style short: stigma de- 
pressed-capitate. Capsule globose-ovoid, 2-celled only at base; the large central pla- 
centa many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, rugulose. € 


248 SCROPHULARIACEZ. 


III. (Ruivanturpe#.) Leaves various. Inflorescence simply centripetal. 
Lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very 
rarely more than 4. 


Trisze VI. DIGITALEH. Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all 
plane, the lateral or one of them external. Anther-cells contiguous at apex and 
often confluent. Herbs, or some shrubs, none parasitic. 

* Stamens 4 or sometimes 5, nearly equal: corolla short-campanulate or nearly rotate. 


22. SCOPARIA. Sepals 4 or 5, rather broad, imbricated. Corolla 4-cleft, densely hairy in 
the throat. Stamens 4: anther-cells distinct. Style slightly clavate: stigma truncate. 
Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or verticillate. 

23. CAPRARIA. Sepals 5, narrow, hardly imbricated. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens often 
5: anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped; the cells confluent at apex. Style with thick- 
ened apex: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-sulcate, loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 


* * Stamens 2 (only abnormally 3 or 4), distant, straight, exserted, inserted at or below 
the sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe of the corolla: style usually 
filiform, with terminal usually smal]-capitate stigma: capsule mostly compressed and 
obtuse or emarginate, few-many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves tardily if at all separat- 
ing from the placentiferous axis. (Hypogynous disk mostly conspicuous and crateri- 
form or annular.) 

24, SYNTHYRIS. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irreg- 
ular (upper lobe longer), sometimes irregularly and variably parted, occasionally want- 
ing. Sepals 4, oblong. Anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent below, not confluent 
at apex. Placente short, chiefly at the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular 
or oval, with very close and strictly conformed smooth coat. 

25. VERONICA. Corolla from rotate with very short or hardly any tube to salverform; 
its lobes 4 (or sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent at 
the apex. Seeds various. 


Tribe VII. GERARDIEZ. Corolla little or not at all bilabiate; the lobes all 
plane and mostly spreading, the anterior one external in the bud. Stamens 4: 
anther-cells distinct to the very apex, or sometimes one of them wanting. Capsule 
loculicidal, many-seeded. Herbs, most of them partially root-parasitic, and their 
green foliage inclined to blacken in drying: some African and Indian genera are 
wholly parasitic and destitute of green herbage, in the manner of Orobanchacee. 

* Anthers by abortion 1-celled: corolla salverform; tube slender: flowers 2-bracteolate. 


26. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla with 
straight or slightly curved tube, and almost equally 5-cleft widely spreading limb. Sta- 
mens didynamous: anthers approximate in pairs; the cell vertical. Style with somewhat 
clavate and entire apex. Valves of the oblong capsule separating from the placentifer- 
ous axis. Seeds with reticulated close coat. © 


* * Anthers 2-celled; the cells equal and parallel: pedicels ebracteolate. 


+— Stamens equal or nearly so, more or less exserted: posterior lobes of the corolla united 
to near their middle. 


27, SEYMERIA. Corolla short, somewhat campanulate or rotate, pale yellow, calyx 5- 
cleft or parted. Filaments short, usually woolly at base: anthers obtuse at base, not 
exceeding the corolla-lobes. Capsule globular or ovate, with more or less pointed and 
compressed apex. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat. 

28. MACRANTHERA. Corolla (orange-color) salverform, with tube very much longer 
than the small lobes; its narrow orifice somewhat oblique; posterior and partly united 
lobes somewhat erect, the others soon reflexed. Calyx 5-parted; the divisions long and 
narrow. Stamens inserted toward the bottom of the corolla: filaments filiform, becoming 
conspicuously exserted, sparsely glandular-hairy, as are the linear-oblong anthers when 
young: cells of the latter acuminate at base. Style long and filiform: stigma simple or 
2-cleft. Capsule globose and bisulcate; the valves at length 2-cleft. Seeds obovate, 
lamellate-crested on the back. 


+— + Stamens conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla. 


29. GERARDIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform; the throat ampliate; limb 
5-parted, and with the two posterior lobes often rather smaller or more united. Calyx 
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamens commonly more or less hairy: anthers more 
or less approximate in pairs. Style filiform: stigma clavate-thickened or flattened. Seeds 
usually angulate and with a rather loose coat. 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 249 


Trise VIII Eupurasirx. Corolla, manifestly bilabiate; the upper lip erect and 
concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft; the lower 3-clett, mostly 
spreading, external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 2, ascending 
under the upper lip: anther-cells distinct, sometimes one abortive or wanting. 
Style mostly filiform and stigma entire, rarely 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal. Leafy 
herbs, not rarely drying blackish; these partially root- parasitic. 

* Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. 


+— Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the outer one affixed by its middle; the other pend- 
ulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient: seeds with a 
loose reticulated coat: leaves alternate or only the lowest opposite. 


30. CASTILLEIA. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or 
posteriorly or both; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally 
compressed, especially the elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and entire 
upper lip (galea); lower lip short and small, often very small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or 
somewhat saccate below the short teeth; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Sta- 
mens 4, all with 2-celled anthers. : 

31. ORTHOCARPUS. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4cleft, or cleft anteriorly and pos- 
teriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube; upper lip 
(galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one. 
Stamens 4; the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting. 

32. CORDYLANTHUS. Calyx spathaceous, diphyllous (anterior and posterior), or by the 
absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of 
equal length; the upper (galea) nearly as in Orthocarpus ; the lower 3-crenulate or entire. 
Stamens of Orthocarpus, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells either ciliate 
or minutely bearded at base and apex. Style hooked at tip and somewhat thickened 
under the stigma. Seeds mostly few. 


+ + Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens. 
++ Flower 2-bracteolate under the calyx. 


33. SCHWALBEA. Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, oblique, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth 
much smaller; the 2 anterior united higher. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of 
almost equal length; the upper erect and galeate, oblong, entire; lower erect-spreading, 
2-plicate at base, obtusely 3-lobed at summit. Stamens slightly didynamous: anthers 
oblong; the cells barely mucronulate at base. Seeds linear, with a loose hyaline coat, 
including a small nucleus. 3 

++ ++ Flowers ebracteolate. 


34. EUPHRASIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-cleft, and rarely with a fifth small 
posterior lobe. Corolla with dilated throat; upper lip erect, barely concave, 2-lobed, 
and the sides folded back ; lower larger, 3-lobed, spreading; its lobes obtuse or emargi- 
nate. Anther-cells mucronate at base. Seeds numerous, pendulous, oblong, longitudi- 
nally sulcate. Leaves opposite. 

35. BARTSIA. Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded 
back. Seeds sulcate and with salient or alate ribs. Otherwise much as Luphrasia. 

36. PEDICULARIS. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla 
with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) com- 
pressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ; 
the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Anthers transverse, approxi- 
mate in pairs. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Seeds nu- 
merous, various. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate. 

387. RHINANTHUS. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit. Corolla 
with cylindraceous tube; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at the apex, 
but with a minute tooth on each side below it; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading 
lobes. Anthers approximate in pairs, transverse, pilose, muticous. Capsule orbicular, 
compressed. Seeds few in each cell, orbicular, wing-margined. Leaves opposite. 


* * Ovules only two in each cell, one sessile and ascending, the other stipitate and later- 
ally attached: flowers ebracteolate: leaves opposite: flowers in our species scattered. 


38. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 4-toothed ; the teeth usually 
setaceous-acuminate, the posterior larger. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, enlarging at 
throat: galeate upper lip erect, compressed, obtuse, and with narrow replicate margins or 
a tooth to each; lower rather longer, erect-spreading, biconvex below, 3-lobed at apex. 
Stamens 4: anthers approximate in pairs, nearly vertical; the cells equal and parallel, 
mucronulate at base. Capsule compressed, oblique or falcate: cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds 
smooth, strophiolate. 


250 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Leucophyllum. 


1. LEUCOPHYLLUM, Humb. & Bonpl. (/evxég, light or white, and 
gvador, foliage.) — Low and much-branched shrubs (of Mexico and its northern 
borders), densely scurfy-tomentose with usually silvery-white wool; the flowers 
showy, on short bractless peduncles in the axil of the small obovate or roundish 
and short-petioled entire leaves; the corolla violet-purple. Fl. in spring and 
early summer. — Pl. Atquin. ii. 95, t. 109; Miers, Ill. ii. 76, t. 58. 


L. Texd4num, Benth. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high: leaves tomentose, obovate, half inch or 
more long, almost sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate-oblong: corolla almost campanulate ; the 
limb an inch in diameter, delicately soft-villous within. — DC. Prodr. x. 344; Gray in Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 115. — Southern borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &. (Adjacent Mex.) 


L. minus, Gray, 1.c. A foot or two high: leaves minutely silvery-canescent, obovate- 
spatulate with long tapering base, half inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear: corolla with 
narrower and more funnelform tube and throat which much exceed the limb; this half 
inch in diameter, sparsely pubescent within. — South-western Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Parry. 


2. VERBASOCUM, L. Mutter. (Altered from Barbaseum, old Latin 
name.) — Coarse weeds, from Europe, mostly biennials; cauline leaves sessile 
and often decurrent on the stem: flowering in summer: flowers ephemeral. Hy- 
brids abound. 

* Woolly or scurfy, tall and stout: flowers yellow, occasionally white. 


V. TuAesus, L. (Common Mutter.) Densely woolly throughout: stem simple, 3 to 6 
feet high, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong nearly entire crowded leaves: 
flowers in a dense long spike, yellow: lower filaments mostly naked — Fields, a common 
weed in the Atlantic States, rare in the Pacific. A white-flowered form (V. elongatum, 
Willd.), probably of hybrid origin, occurs occasionally. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. Lyeunfris, L. (Wuire Muttery.) Clothed with fine somewhat mealy woolliness, 
often paniculate-branched at summit: leaves ovate, acute, somewhat crenate, not decur- 
rent, the upper siirface becoming naked and green: racemes panicled, close: filaments 
white-woolly. — Fields, N. Atiantic States, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) i 

%* Slender, green, more loosely-flowered, filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs. 


V. BrarrdAria, L. (Mora Muutzrn.) © Below glabrous; the loose virgate raceme and 
calyx glandular: leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or sometimes sinuate, not decurrent; the 
“small upper ones ovate, acute, partly clasping: pedicels solitary and much longer than 
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes: corolla yellow or white and purple-tinged. — V. Claytoni, 
Michx. Fl. i. 148. Roadsides, Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 
V. vircAtum, Withering. Somewhat pubescent or hairy as well as glandular, especially 
the raceme: pedicels often in twos and'threes, not longer than the calyx-lobes: otherwise 
very like a taller form of the last.— California. (Nat. from Eu. by way of Mexico?) 


3. LINARIA, Tourn. Toav-Fiax. (Name formed from Linum, Flax.) 
— Herbs, chiefly natives of the Old World. Calyx 5-parted. Style filiform: 
stigma small, nearly entire. Leaves, &c., very various. Fl. summer. 


* Indigenous species, slender glabrous annuals or biennials; with entire leaves, linear and alter- 
nate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorled on procum- 
bent shoots or suckers from the base: small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme. 

L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high: leaves 
flat (a line or two wide): pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of 
the corolla. — Chav. Mon. Antirr. 149; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8478. Antirrhinum Canadense, 
L.; Vent. Cels, t.49. Linaria Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 761, large-flowered form.— 

: Sandy or gravelly soil, Canada to Texas, California, and Oregon. (S. Amer., &.) 

L. Florid4na, Chapm. Flowering stem at length paniculately branching, a span or 
‘two high; its leaves filiform: pedicels spreading, filiform, sparsely and minutely gland- 
ular-hispid, much longer than the flower: raceme at length flexuous: spur very short and 
inconspicuous, subulate, slightly projecting below the calyx.—- Fl. 290.— Sands of the 


Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACER. 251 


coast, E. and W. Florida. Corolla much smaller than in the preceding, 2 or 8 lines long. 
Seeds shorter, paler, smoother, and less broadly truncate at apex. 
* * Naturalized from the Old World. 


+ Perennial, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and 
yellow flowers in a terminal raceme. 


L. voreAris, Mill. (Ramstep, Burter & Eces.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely 
numerous: raceme dense, often paniculate below : corolla an inch or more long, including 
the slender subulate spur: seeds winged.— Fields and road-sides, Atlantic States: a 
showy but pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 


L. cenistiroxia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched: leaves lanceolate, acute: flow- 
ers smaller and more scattered: seeds wingless. — Sparingly naturalized near New York. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 


+— + Annual, procumbent, and much branched, with broad and abruptly petioled veiny alternate 
leaves, and purplish and yellow small flowers from their axils. 


L. ExAtixe, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy: leaves hastate or the lower 
ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute: corolla 
3 or 4 lines long, including the subulate spur.— Sandy banks and shores, rather rare. 
Canada to Carolina. (Nat. from Eu.) 


L. spvria, Mill., like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cor- 
date calyx-lobes, and one or two other Old World species occasionally spring up in ballast 
or waste grounds near cities. LZ. Cymbaldria, Mill., a smooth and delicate creeping species, 
is common in cultivation, but seldom becomes spontaneous. 


4. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. Syappracon. (Avziggwor of Theophras- 
tus, from the snout-like aspect of the flowers.) — Herbs, rarely shrubby, of very 
various aspect, indigenous te the warmer parts of the Old World and of North 
America and Mexico, in our species all or all but the lower leaves alternate. 
Calyx deeply 5-parted. Cells of the anthers either distinct or more or less con- 
fluent. 


§ 1. Ordéntium, Benth., partly. Capsule oblique, firm-coriaceous; the cells 
opening by a definite hole at the top: seeds cup-shaped on ventral face, with 
thickened incurved border, smooth and carinately one-ribbed on the back. 

A. Oréxtium, L. Annual, a span or two high, erect, slender, glandular-pubescent: leaves 
oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire: flowers subsessile: corolla purple or white, half inch 
long. — Cult. and waste ground, sparingly spontaneous in Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 
§ 2. PseupordéntiUm, Gray. Capsule not oblique, somewhat didymous, char- 

taceo-membranaceous; the equal cells irregularly bursting at the apex: seeds 

strongly cup-shaped; the body muriculate on the back and far smaller than the 

involute wing. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. 

A. cyatufrercm, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 40, t. 19, of Lower California, appears to differ from 
the following in having linear-lanceolate sepals, of only half the length of the tube of the 
corolla, and a shallower cup to the seeds. 

A. chytrospérmum, Gray, |. c. Annual, viscid-pubescent : stem a span to a foot high: 
leaves ovate, entire, 8 to 9 lines long and contracted into a margined petiole: flowers 
axillary, short-peduncled: sepals oblong-lanceolate, equalling the tube of the purple 
corolla (this barely 3 lines long): cup of the seed several times larger than the body. — 
Ehrenberg, Arizona, Palmer. 

§ 3. AnTIRRHINAsTRUM, Chavannes. Capsule more or less oblique; the per- 
sistent style or its base bent forward: cells opening by one or two holes: seeds 
rugose-alveolate or tuberculate, similar on the two sides: palate of corolla closing 
the orifice or nearly so: leaves entire, pinnately veined, and with short petioles 


or none. 


252 SCROPHULARIACES. Antirrhinum. 


* Perennial Old World species. 

A. mMAsus, L. (Common Snappracon.) A foot or two high: leaves thickish, from oblong 
to linear, smooth: flowers short-pedicelled in a glandular-pubescent terminal raceme: 
corolla 1$ or 2 inches long, purple, rose, or white. — Sparingly. escaped from gardens to 
road-sides in Atlantic States. 

x * Indigenous Californian species, annual so far as the root is known, small-flowered: promi- 
nent palate closing the orifice of the corolla ; its upper lip spreading and lobes of the lower usually 
deflexed: filaments dilated at their apex.—§ Serorhinum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372, but 
a misnomer, the palate not gaping. 

+ Erect, in no way climbing, destitute of prehensile branchlets. 

++ Flowers racemose-spicate, mostly rose-colored: capsule surmounted by a slender style: seeds 
fimbrillate-fay ose. ~ - 

A. virga, Gray. Glabrous throughout: root not seen: stem strict, simple, 2 or 3 feet 
high : leaves thickish, linear-lanceolate ; the lower 2 or 3 inches long, often 3 lines wide; 
the upper passing into filiform-subulate bracts of the long virgate spiciform raceme: flow- 
ers sometimes secund, soon horizontal: corolla with cylindrical tube (half inch long) fully 
twice the length of the lips and of the ovate-lanceolate sepals; sac at base mammeform: 
filaments viscid-hirsute; the dilated tips of the longer pair broader than the anther: 
capsules erect, ovoid, longer than the unequal sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 373, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 549. — W. California, Bridges, in flower. Mendocino Co. in fruit, G. R. Vasey. 

A. glandul6ésum, Lindl. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout: stem 
stout, branching, 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy: leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile, above 
gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme; these equalling or 
shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla: sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal; the longer 
equalling the capsule: filaments all moderately dilated upwards.— Bot. Reg. t. 1893; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 291. —Dry ground, California, from Santa Cruz southward. 
++ ++ Flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils of all but the lowest almost uniform leaves: corolla 

only 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or dull purplish ; the lips nearly the length of the tube; the sac 
prominent: sepals equal, linear, not longer than the ovate-globular capsule ; the whole style indu- 
rated and persistent, stout at base. 

A. corntitum, Benth. Viscid-villous, simply branched, a foot or so high: leaves linear- 
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (an inch long); the lower tapering into a short petiole: fila- 
ments all obliquely obovate-dilated at apex: style rather longer than the capsule: seeds 
echinate-favose. — Pl. Hartw. 328; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ]. c.—Valley of the Sacramento, 
California, Hartweg. 

A. leptadleum, Gray, l.c. Viscid-villous, mostly simple, a span or two high: leaves 
nearly linear, mainly sessile (the lowest less than an inch long, uppermost small and spatu- 
late-oblong): shorter filaments hardly dilated at apex: style rather shorter than the cap- 
sule: seeds rugose-pitted. — A. cornutum, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11, t. 10, not Benth. 
— California ; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co. 

+ -+- Spreading or erect, branching, producing filiform and at length tortile axillary branchlets 


by which the plant is disposed to climb: calyx unequal: corolla (purple, violet, or yellowish- 
white) short; both lips spreading, the lower usually conspicuously larger and as long as the tube. 


++ Flowers in a naked spike or dense raceme: bracts minute. 

A. Coulteria4num, Benth. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support by its numerous 
filiform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, below glabrous, as also the (from linear to 
oval) distant leaves: inflorescence villous-pubescent with viscid and sometimes glandular 
hairs; the spike virgate, 2 to 10 inches long: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals 
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, the 3 upper a little longer, all shorter than the oval or ovate- 
oblong glandular-pubescent capsule, which is twice the length of the style. — DC. Prodr. 
x. 592; Gray, l.c.—Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego, California. Corolla either violet- 
purple or white with yellowish palate; the lower lip with its great palate forming the 
larger part of the flower; the tube only 3 lines long, its sac broad and mammeform. 
Tendril-shoots mostly below, sometimes also in the lower part of the inflorescence. 
++ ++ Flowers (purple) scattered along the slender diffuse branches, or somewhat racemose but 


leafy-bracteate at the summit, often accompanied by tortile prehensile branchlets from the same 
axils: upper sepal conspicuously larger than the others: leaves short, from linear to ovate. 


== Peduncles shorter than the flower, mostly shorter than the calyx or hardly any: tube of the 
corolla rather longer than the lips: seeds tuberculate. 


Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACEA, 253 


A. vagans, Gray, l.c. Very diffuse, sparsely setose-hirsute and often glandular, vary- 
ing to nearly glabrous: leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, thickish : flowers compara- 
tively large (half inch long) : sepals or at least the large and mostly oblong upper one 
equalling the tube of the corolla; the others linear: style slender, as long as the capsule. 
— Watson, Bot. King, 216, t. 21, fig. 5. A. Coulterianum, var. appendiculatum, Durand, 1. ¢. 
11, t. 11. — California, common through the western part of the State. 

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, |. c., aform with broader and thinner leaves, those of the tor- 
tile branchlets orbicular, and unusually large posterior sepal, grows mainly in the shade 
of Redwoods. A. Breweri, var. ovalifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. L c. 375, from the upper 
part of the Sacramento River, may be a depauperate form of this, with shorter calyx, 
approaching the following. 

A. Bréweri, Gray, l.c. Slender, at first erect, a foot or two high, minutely or softly vis- 
cid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-linear to oval (half to an inch long), obtuse: pedicels 
shorter than the calyx: flowers small; the tube of the corolla (only 3 lines long) con- 
siderably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, rather narrowly saccate at base: 
style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deflexed, rather shorter than the capsule. — 
California, common from Lake Co. to Plumas Co. and northward. 

== = Peduncles more conspicuous: tube of the corolla not longer than the widely spreading lips, 
merely gibbous at base: the weakly tortile branchlets bearing small leaves. \ 

A. Nuttallidnum, Benth. Softly viscid-pubescent, sometimes glabrous helow, at 
length diffusely much branched, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate or subcordate (the largest 
an inch long), nearly all distinctly petioled: peduncles or at least the lower ones longer 
than the flowers, sometimes longer than the leaf and disposed to be tortile: sepals shorter 
than (or the ovate or oval posterior one equalling) the tube of the violet-colored corolla 
(this 2 or 8 lines long): palate very prominent: seeds almost alately costate.— DC. Prodr. 
x. 592; Gray, 1.c.— Common through 8. California, near San Diego, &c. 

Var. effisum, Gray. Slender stems climbing over bushes by tortile leafy branchlets, 
reaching 4 or 5 feet high: filiform peduncles mostly twice the length of the leaves: ribs 
of the seeds less wing-like. — Bot. Calif. i. 622.—S. E. California, in the Mohave region, 
Parry, Lemmon, Palmer. 

A. Kingii, Watson. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot or more high, somewhat 
hairy at base, above nearly glabrous: leaves from narrowly fanceolate to linear; the upper- 
most minute : pedicels at length equalling or exceeding the sparsely glandular calyx : corolla 
small (2 or 3 lines long, dull white); its tube half the length of the linear-oblong poste- 
rior sepal and about equalling the other sepals; the lips small: persistent style short and 
subulate, glabrous, half the length of the slightly oblique globular capsule: seeds favose- 
tuberculate. — Bot. King, 215, t. 21, fig. 1-4. —N. W. Nevada to Utah, Watson, Lemmon, &c. 


§ 4. Mavranp&ia, Gray,]l.c. Capsule and calyx equal or nearly so: seeds 
as in preceding: corolla with prominent palate partly or quite closing the orifice : 
herbs with entire or lobed leaves (all but the lower alternate), destitute of pre- 
hensile branchlets, but mostly climbing by tortile filiform petioles or peduncles, 
or by both, mainly glabrous. — Maurandia § Antirrhiniflore, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 


%* Annuals, with mostly lanceolate or linear short-petioled leaves, but long and filiform prehensile 
peduncles: calyx rather shorter than the globose capsule. 

A. strictum, Gray, 1.c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high: lowest leaves ovate- 
lanceolate; upper ones linear, or the upper floral filiform, much shorter than the tortile race- 
mose peduncles: corolla violet-purple (nearly half inch long), with hairy palate and gib- 
bous base: capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of equal length. — Maurandia 
stricta, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 375; Benth. l.c.— California, near Santa Barbara, 
Douglas, Brewer. 

A. Codperi, Gray, l.c. Climbing 2 to 4 feet high by the long filiform peduncles (of 2 or 
3 inches in length) :. very slender stems at length much branched: lowest leaves ovate or 
oblong; the others linear; upper floral minute: corolla bright yellow (half inch long), 
conspicuously saccate at base, with hairy palate: style deciduous from the nearly mem- 
branaceous capsule: seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. — Ravines near Fort 
Mohave, S. E. California, Cooper, Almendinger. 8. Utah, Parry. 


254 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Antirrhinum. 


A. filipes, Gray, l.c. More delicate than the preceding,'and with broader more mem- 
branaceous leaves : capillary tortile peduncles equally long: flowers very small, “white.” 
— Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 19.— Arizona, in desert arroyos of the Colorado, Newberry, 
Flowers perhaps imperfect, the corolla little exceeding the calyx. Perhaps a depauperate 
or attenuated state of the foregoing. 


* * Perennial, climbing by the slender tortile petioles and axillary peduncles : calyx longer than 
the globular capsule. 


A. maurandioides, Gray, 1.c. Low or tall climbing: leaves triangular-hastate or the 
lower cordate-hastate ; the lateral lobes often with a posterior tooth: corolla purple or 
sometimes white (half to an inch long), with a nearly closing palate: sepals lanceolate, 
very acute: style slender: seeds strongly costate, the ribs corky.— Usteria antirrhiniflora, 
Poir. Maurandia antirrhiniflora, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 83; Bot. Mag. t. 1643; Benth. lc. 


iM. personata, Lagasca.— Texas to Arizona and the borders of California. Common in 
cultivation. (Mex.) 


§ 5. GampBiia, Gray, 1.c. Capsule and seeds of preceding section: stems 
erect and more or less shrubby, not climbing: palate of the tubular corolla some- 
what prominent, but not closing the throat: most of the leaves opposite or in 
threes. — Gambelia, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 149. 

A. speciésum, Gray, 1. c. Shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, somewhat pubescent, leafy through- 
out: leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, coriaceous: corolla “scarlet” or pink-red, 
hardly an inch long, thrice the length the lanceolate sepals, and the tube thrice the length 


of the narrow lips. — Gambelia speciosa, Nutt. l.c. t. 22. — California, on the Island of 
Catalina, Gambell. (Guadalupe Island, Lower Calif., Palmer.) 


A. janceum, Gray, l.c. Shrubby slender stems glabrous, 2 feet high: leaves small, 
oblong-linear, or above hardly any: tube of the corolla 8 to 12 lines long. —M. juncea, 
Benth. Sulph. 41.—From San Diego southward (to the bay of Magdalena in Lower Cali- 
fornia, Hinds; also Cerros Island, Dr. Streets). 


5. MAURANDIA, Ortega. (Dr. Maurandy, a botanical teacher at Car- 
thagena.) — Perennial herbs (Mexican and Arizonian), climbing by the slender 
tortile petioles and sometimes by the axillary peduncles; the leaves cordate- 
triangular or hastate, only the lower opposite ; and showy purple or rose-colored 
or rarely white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377, Maurandia (excl. 
§ 1) and Lophospermum (Don), Benth. in DC. Prodr. l.c. This comprises the 
two true Maurandias with wingless tuberculate seeds, Lophospermum, of one or 
perhaps two species, with seeds bordered by an irregular and lacerate wing; and 
the section Epixiruium, Engelm., with a narrow entire wing to the seeds, and 
capsule pointed by the subulate indurated style, containing the following 
species. 

M. Wislizéni, Engelm. Glabrous, mostly low-climbing: leaves hastate, or some of 
them sagittate; the lowest obtuse, the others acuminate and with pointed basal lobes: 
peduncles short: corolla (pale blue, an inch long) with lips about half the length of the 
rather ample tube: sepals in flower linear-lanceolate, becoming in fruit triangular-lanceo- 
late and gradually acuminate, much enlarged, rather rigid, very veiny-reticulated, and 
strongly saccate-carinate at base, enclosing the coriaceous globose-ovate capsule, and 
about the length of the sword-shaped indurated style: seeds compressed, oval, surrounded 
by a narrow entire wing, the sides chaffy-rugose. — Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 111.— New 
Mexico, on the banks of the Rio Grande, &c., and adjacent borders of Mexico, Wislizenus, 
Parry, Wright, Bigelow. 


6. MOHAVEA, Gray. (Name of the river on the banks of which the 
plant was discovered by Fremont. It had been previously collected, in fruit 
ouly, by Dr. Coulter.) — Single species. 


4 


Collinsia. SCROPHULARIACES. 255 


M. viscida, Gray. Erect annual,a span to 2 fect high, corymbosely branched, pubescent 
and very viscid: leaves lanceolate, entire, 2 inches long, tapering to both ends, somewhat 
petioled ; the lower opposite ; upper alternate: flowers short-pedicelled: sepals lanceolate, 
acuminate, nearly equal: corolla inch and a half long, sulphur-colored, with some purple 
dots: capsule globular: seeds very numerous, oblong, smooth and even on the back; the 
ventral face deeply cup-shaped, with thickened somewhat corky sides. — Gravelly banks, 
S. E. California and adjacent parts of Arizona: fl. early spring. 


7. COLLINSIA, Nutt. (Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia, who published 
nothing, but was the most accurate botanist of his place and time.) — N. American 
winter-dnnuals, flowering early in spring and summer, low or slender; with 
simple opposite sessile leaves, or the lowest petioled and the upper verticillate, 
the uppermost often reduced to subulate bracts. Flowers handsome, in series of 
cymosely umbellate fascicles or in whorls, or sometimes solitary in the axils; the 
pedicels ebracteolate, and no common’ peduncle. Corolla not rarely 2-colored. 
The stamens and style occasionally rise out of the sac of the corolla into a more 
erect position before all the pollen is shed. Ovules and seeds usually few (6 to 
2) and sometimes solitary in each cell. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 190, t. 9; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 91, & Bot. Calif. i. 553. 


%* Flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile, verticillastrate-crowded, below in the axils of leaves, 
above in the axils of bracts: corolla half to three-fourths inch long: sceds several or few, 
meniscoidal. 


+ Corolla strongly declined; the much-inflated and gibbous saccate body (which we denominate 
the throat) full as broad as long, and forming an obtuse or right angle with the very short proper 
tube: gland short and small, sessile: upper pair of filaments more or less bearded toward the 
base: ovules and seeds several. 


C. bicolor, Benth. A foot or so high, from nearly glabrous to hirsute, or above, viscid- 
pubescent: leaves more or less dentate and oblong or lanceolate; the upper usually ovate- 
lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate and nervose base: pedicels shorter than the 
acute calyx-lobes, mostly several in the fascicle: corolla with lower lip violet or rose-pur- 
ple and the upper paler or white (occasionally both white) ; saccate throat very oblique to 
the tube; recurved-spreading upper lip a little shorter than the lower: seeds rugose-reticu- 
lated. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1734; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 807; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3488. C. heterophylla, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 3695, rare form with lower leaves 3-cleft.— 
Moist grounds, common through the western part of California. Commonly cultivated. 

C. tincféria, Hartweg, Like the preceding, but with more glandular and viscid brown 
or yellowish pubescence, which stains the fingers: flowers almost sessile: calyx-lobes lin- 
ear or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse: corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with 
some purple dots or lines; axis of saccate throat forming a right angle with the tube; the 
upper lip and its lobes very short: seeds smaller, rounder, and smoother. — Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. 553. C. barbuta, Bosse in Verhand. Gartenb. Preuss. 
1853, & Bot. Zeit. xii. 905. C. septemnervia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 224, fig. 69.— 
Common in California, especially along the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills. . 


+— + Corolla less declined or oblique; the gibbous throat much longer than broad: stems only a 
span or two high: leaves crenate or obtusely dentate, obtuse, thickish, seldom over an inch long. 


++ Filaments and interior of corolla somewhat bearded : upper lip of the latter crestless, but with 
transverse callosity : calyx-lobes rather broad and obtuse. 

C. bartsizefdélia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, rarely hirsute-pubes- 
cent above: stem strict: leaves from ovate-oblong to linear: flower-clusters 2 to 5 or 
fewer: corolla purplish or whitish; its upper lip about the length of the curved gibbous 
throat; the lower with narrow base and emarginate or obcordate lateral lobes: gland ses- 
sile and elongated, porrect: seeds only a pair in each cell, smooth. —DC. Prodr. x. 318 ; 
Gray, l.c. (C. hirsuta, Kellogg, 1.c. 110, fig. 84, a hirsute form. — Sandy soil, common 
through California, less showy than preceding. 

C. corymbésa, Herder. Almost glabrous, cespitose-branching from base and diffuse or 
decumbent: leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, rather fleshy: flowers mainly in a soli- 


256 SCROPHULARIACER, Collinsia. 


tary leafy-bracteate capitate cluster: corolla straightish, white or ochroleucous; its upper 
lip blue or bluish and very short, the lobes being almost obsolete; lobes of elongated 
lower lip entire: gland small, oblong, compressed, short-stipitate: seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, 
rugose-reticulated. — Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1867, & Gartenfl. 1868, 35, t.568; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 378, & Bot. Calif. l.c.—Shore of the northern part of California, Bolander, &c. 
(Doubtless not “ Mexico.”) 

++ ++ Filaments and interior of corolla glabrous: upper lip of latter prominently fornicate-crested: 

flowers fewer: seeds about 4, smooth. : 

C. Greénei, Gray. Slender and smaller, erect, glandular-puberulent: leaves oblong- 
linear, tapering to base, sparsely and coarsely dentate: flowers 2 to 6 in the clusters, on 
pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx: corolla violet-purple, 5 or 6 lines long; ¢ts upper 
lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower; the crest 
under the origin of the limb developed into a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each 
side; lateral lobes of lower lip small: gland small and sessile. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75, 
& Bot. Calif. 1. c.—On rocks, Lake Co., California, Greene. . 


* %* Flowers slender-pedicelled, umbelliform-verticillate, or sometimes solitary. 


+— Calyx-lobes acute, from lanceolate or even ovate to subulate, usually surpassing the capsule: 
plants glabrous, or the stems and pedicels puberulent, not glandular or viscid: leaves in the same 
species either somewhat serrate or entire: seeds about 4, smooth or nearly so. 


++ Eastern species : showy corolla half inch long, with very gibbous throat much shorter than the 
limb: upper filaments more or less bearded below. 

C. vérna, Nutt. 1.c. Stem 6 to 20 inches high: leaves ovate or oblong, or the lowest 
rounded and slender-petioled, and the upper ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping; the 
upper floral reduced to subulate-linear bracts: whorls about 6-flowered: pedicels filiform, 
longer than the flowers: throat of the corolla equalling the calyx-lobes; the ample lower 
lip bright blue; the upper white or purplish; lobes barely emarginate: gland subulate, 
porrect: seeds thick, not flattened, oblong, arcuate. — Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 220; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4927.— Moist woods, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. 

C. violacea, Nutt. Lower: leaves thickish ; the upper lanceolate: whorls 2-4-flowered : 
pedicels as long as the flower: corolla violet; the upper lip much smaller than the lower; 
all the lobes obcordate.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 179; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 
xi. 93. Antirrhinum tenellum, Pursh, FI. ii.421%?— Arkansas, Nuttall, Pitcher. Little known 
species. 

++ ++ Western species, one extending north-eastward. 
== Flowers showy: corolla strongly declined; its saccate-ventricose throat shorter than the limb. 

C. grandifléra, Dougl. A span to a foot high: leaves thickish; the lowest roundish 
and petioled; wpper from oblong to linear and sessile ; the floral in whorls of 3 to 7: pedi- 
cels in whorls of 8 to 9, about the length of the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate gradually 
subulate-attenuate to a very acute point: corolla half to two-thirds inch long, white or 
purple with lower lip deep blue or violet ; its very saccate throat as broad as long, almost 
or quite transverse with the tube, as long as the recurving (internally 2-callous) upper lip; 
lobes of the larger lower lip merely retuse or emarginate: filaments glabrous: gland ses- 
sile and capitate: seeds roundish, smooth. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1107; Gray, 1. c.— Shady 
hills, &¢., from Mendocino Co. California to Brit. Columbia along the coast. 

Var. pusilla. Small form, a span or more high: corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, more 
blue or violet throughout. — Plumas Co. California to Brit. Columbia. 

C. sparsifidra, Fisch. & Meyer. More slender: upper leaves all lanceolate and 
linear, all opposite, or the uppermost small bracts in threes: pedicels solitary or some of 
the upper 2 or 8 in a whorl, sometimes longer than the flower: calyx-lobes from ovate to 
deltoid-lanceolate, acute: corolla 4 to 8 lines long, violet; the saccate throat very oblique 
but not transverse; upper lip hardly shorter than the lower: filaments hirsute below: gland 
sessile, elongated-subulate: seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined, obscurely reticulated. — Ind. 
Sem. Petrop. 1835, ii.33; Gray, Le. C. solitaria, Kellogg, lc. 10.— Rocky places, Cal’- 
fornia, from San Francisco northward. 
= = Flowers small, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla less declined or oblique; the oblong gibbous throat 

longer than the limb: stigma 2-cleft. 

C. parvifléra, Doug]. About a span high, at length diffuse or spreading: leaves oblorg 
or lanceolate; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the floral often in whorls of 38 to 5: 


Tonella. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 257 


pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl, usually longer than the flowers: calyx- 
lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly 
white) corolla, hardly longer than the mature capsule: filaments glabrous: gland small, 
capitate, short-stipitate: seeds thickish, marginless. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1802; Hook. Fl. 
ii. 94 (misprinted C. pauciflora); Gray, l.c. —Shady moist grounds, Upper Michigan (shore 
of L. Superior) to the Pacific in Washington Territory, and south to Arizona and Utah. 
C. minima, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47, of N. W. Rocky Mountains, is ambiguous, 
but apparently a dwarf and large-flowered form of C. parviflora, with corolla proportion- 
ally longer, 3 or 4 lines long. 
+ + Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla (blue) 3 or 4 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx: 
filaments glabrous: gland subulate or conical: stem slender, only a span or so high. 
++ Not glandular nor viscid: ovules and usually seeds 6 or 7 in each cell; the latter round-oval, 
when young discoidal, reticulated. 

C. Parryi. Puberulent: stem strict, simple: leaves (less than an inch long) lanceolate- 
linear, obtuse; the upper mostly entire and closely sessile; the lowest smaller, narrowly 
oblong, crenate, petioled: pedicels solitary, in pairs, or the upper in threes, as long as the 
flowers: calyx-lobes oblong, equalling the moderately oblique throat of the deep blue 
corolla, not exceeding the capsule: lips of the corolla almost equal in length, not longer 
than the throat; the lobes emarginate.— San Bernardino Co., South-eastern California, 
Parry, Lemmon (no. 296). 
++ ++ Filiform pedicels and upper part of the stems more or less glandular-pubescent and viscid : 

ovules solitary in the cells: seed stan thick, almost terete, somewhat arcuate, smooth: calyx 
shorter than the throat of the corolla. 

C. Childii, Parry, Herb. Stem mostly simple, puberulent: leaves thinnish; the lower 
obovate-rotund or oblong, obtusely more or less serrate, petioled; the upper oblong-lanceo- 
late with narrowed base, subsessile: flowers rather few: pedicels and calyx pubescent and 
partly glandular: lobes of the latter lanceolate or oblong, surpassing the capsule: corolla 
light blue; the oblong moderately oblique throat longer than the lips, the lobes of which 
are of about equal length and entire. — South-eastern California, in deep woods (of Libo- 
cedrus decurrens) in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry & Lemmon, H. S. Child. Also Kern 
Co., Kennedy. 

C. Torréyi, Gray. Stem divergently much branched, very floriferous: slender branches 
and pedicels viscid-glandular: leaves thickish, linear with attenuate base and entire, or the 
lowest spatulate or oblong and petioled ; floral mainly reduced to subulate 3-4-nate bracts 
subtending whorls of 3 to 6 deep blue or violet flowers: corolla rather strongly declined, 
thrice the length of the calyx, the lobes of which are shorter than the capsule ; upper lip 
equalling and the lower longer than the ventricose throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & 
Bot. Calif. l.c.—California, in open woods, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa 
Co. northward to Siskiyou Co. 


8. TONELLA, Nutt. (An unexplained and probably quite meaningless 
name.) — Two known species, slender annuals, small-flowered, with the habit of 
Collinsia. ~- Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, xi. 92, & Bot. Calif. i. 555. 


T. collinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse, nearly glabrous: filiform branches a span to a foot 
long: radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or roundish (3 to 6 lines long), slender- 
petioled, mostly entire; the others shorter-petioled or sessile, many of them 3-parted or 
else quite divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets; the floral in whorls of 
three ; uppermost simple and shorter than the slender filiform (solitary, geminate, or some- 
times ternate) pedicels: flowers minute: corolla blue, a line long; its 5 lobes of equal 
length; the lower one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger than the oblong 
lateral and upper ones, and separated from them by deeper sinuses: ovules solitary in each 
cell: capsule exceeding the calyx. — Collinsia tenella, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 593; where 
the mss. name of Tonella collinsioides of Nuttall is cited. —N. California and Oregon, in 
shady places. 

T. floribinda, Gray, 1.c. Larger, a foot or two high: most of the cauline leaves 3-5- 
foliolate: whorls numerous in a loose elongated raceme, each of 8 to 7 flowers: corolla 
larger, more rotate, 3 or 4 lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, purple ; the three lobes of 

17 


258 SCROPHULARIACES. Scrophularia. 


the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-cleft upper lip: ovules 
and seeds 8 or 4 in each cell. — W. Idaho, Spalding, Geyer, &c. 


9. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Fiewort. (A reputed remedy for 
serofula.) — Rank herbs, chiefly perennials, of homely aspect; with mostly 
opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers forming a narrow terminal thyr- 
sus, in summer, proterogynous. Stamens in our species always shorter than the 
corolla. 

* Corolla bright red, comparatively large, oblong-urceolate. 

S. coccinea, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or two high: leaves deltoid-ovate, slender-petioled, 
coarsely dentate, sometimes doubly so: pedicels and calyx minutely glandular: corolla 
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long; the 2-cleft upper lip much longer than the lower: 
rudiment of sterile stamen obovate.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 111.—New Mexico, in moun- 
tains near Santa Rita del Cobre, Wright, Bigelow. 

* * Corolla lurid-purplish or greenish, 3 or 4 lines long, ventricose-ovoid. 

S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 8 feet high: thyrsus naked or nearly so, elongated 
and open: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and’ with rounded or subcordate base, 
sharply and often rather doubly serrate: cymes pedunculate: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 
nearly marginless: rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. Marilandica. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high: leaves larger and thinner, acu- 
minate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate: pedicels more 
slender. — S. Marildndica, L. S. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 419, form with narrower leaves. 
— Damp grounds, Canada to Florida, and west to Utah and perhaps Oregon. 

S. Califérnica, Cham. Leaves smaller, oblong-ovate, with truncate or cordate base, or 
the upper narrowly deltoid, acute, coarsely doubly toothed or sometimes laciniate-incised ; 
the lower occasionally with a pair of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole: 
thyrsus very loose, mainly naked: peduncles and pedicels minutely glandular: rudiment 
of fifth stamen spatulate or cuneiform, either roundish or acutish at base. — Linn. ii. 585; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 552. S. nodosa, var., Benth. Pl. Hartw. 827.— Moist grounds, nearly 
‘throughout California, and in W. Nevada. 


10. CHELONE, L. Turrie-neap, Batmony. (Xedovy, a tortoise, the 
corolla in shape resembling the head of a reptile.) — North American perennial 
herbs, glabrous or nearly so, large-flowered; the leaves opposite and acutely ser- 
rate. Seeds upwardly imbricated, compressed as well as broadly winged. Sterile 
filament shorter and smaller than the others. Capsule ovate: valves entire. Fl. 
late summer. 


§1. Evcueiéne. Flowers in axillary and terminal short and close spikes : 
bracts and bractlets imbricated, ovate or orbicular, concave, membranaceous, and 
the broad sepals similar: corolla (white or rose-color) strongly ventricose and 
with lips of about equal length ; the upper broad and carinate-fornicate, almost 
entire, and from under its apex protrudes the recurved tip of the long filiform 
style; the lower moderately spreading, broad, 3-lobed, the middle lobe smaller, 
woolly in the throat: filaments woolly. 

C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or in Illinois 6 or 7 feet) high: leaves from narrowly to 
rather broadly lanceolate (4 or 5 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide), gradually acuminate, 
serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole: 
bracts not ciliate: corolla white, or barely tinged with rose, an inch long. — Spec. ii. 611; 


Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t.76. (C\ glabra, alba, Pursh, &c.— Wet places, Newfoundland to 
Saskatchewan and south to Florida. 

C. obliqua, L. A foot or two high, less strict or with spreading branches: leaves from 
broadly lanceolate to oblong (2 to 5 inches long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny 
and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled: bracts ciliolate: corolla deep and 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE. 259 


bright rose-color.— Syst. Nat. & Syst. Veg.; Schk. Handb. t. 172; Bot. Reg. t. 175. (. 
(foliis ovato-lanceolatis, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 938. C. purpurea, Mill. Dict. C. glabra, var. purpurea, 
Michx., Pursh, &e. C. glabra, var. lanceolata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 51. C. latifolia, Muhl. Cat., ex 
El. Sk. ii. 127.— Damp or wet shady grounds, Illinois and Virginia to Florida. Varies 
between the preceding and following. 

C. Lyéni, Pursh. About 2 feet high: leaves ovate or subcordate, acuminate (4 to 7 
inches long), thin, evenly serrate, on rather slender naked petioles: bracts minutely cilio- 
late: corolla bright rose-purple. — Fl. ii. 737; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 293. C. major, Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 1684.— Wet ground, mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. 


§ 2. NorHocHELONE. Flowers pedicellate, in a loose open terminal thyrsus: 
bracts and sepals lanceolate, acuminate: no bractlets under the calyx: corolla 
(violet-purple) with widely open orifice, a very short 2-cleft and not at all forni- 
cate upper lip, and a 3-cleft spreading lower one; the throat and filaments gla- 
brous: upper part of the filiform sterile filament hirsute. Accords with Pentsée- 
mon, except in the winged seeds. 


C. nemorosa, Dougl. A foot or two high: herbage of rank somewhat unpleasant odor: 
leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, acutely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long; the cauline 
sessile or almost so by a truncate or subcordate base: peduncles 3-5-flowered, as long as 
the pedicels: corolla fully an inch long. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1211; Benth. in DC. 1.c. 
Pentstemon nemorosus, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1841, 250.— Woods along mountain 
streamlets, Washington Terr. to the northern borders of California, Newberry, Greene. 


11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Bearp-roneun. (Ite, five, orjuwr, 
stamen, all five stamens being conspicuously present, the fifth as a sterile filament, 
which in rare instances, in several species, has been found to be antheriferous.) — 
North American (a few Mexican and one N. E. Asian) perennials, mostly herba- 
ceous, some suffruticose ; usually with simple stems or branched from the base;- 
the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate or very rarely the upper alternate ; inflo- 
rescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose; and the flowers mostly 
handsome, in summer. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys. — Med. Nat. Cur. xiii. (1748) 
36; Soland. in Ait. Kew. ii. 360; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 320, 593; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 56, & Bot. Calif. 1.556. Pentastemon, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad. 
Petrop. 1841. 


§ 1. Eupentstéuon, Gray. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united 
and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly. 


* (ERIANTHERA.) Anthers densely comose with very long wool, in the manner of Chelone, pel- 
tately explanate in age: low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves. 

P. Menziésii, Hook. A span or less to a foot high, woody at base: leaves commonly 
ovate, obovate, or oblong, a quarter to an inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, gla- 
brous or when young pubescent; the lower short-petioled: inflorescence mostly glandular 
or viscid-pubescent, racemose; the pedicels almost all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate : 
sepals ovate-lanceolate or narrower and attenuate-acuminate: corolla (violet-blue to pink- 
purple) an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate, the upper lip 
deeply 2- and lower 3-cleft: sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly 
naked. —FI.. ii. 98; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 56 (var. Lewisii) & Bot. Calif. i. 686. 
Gerardia fruticosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 423, t.18. Pentstemon Lewisii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 821. 
—On rocks and mountain tops, Brit. Columbia through the higher Sierra Nevada of 
California, and Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Wyoming. Corolla at the north and on 
Mt. Shasta, &c., bright violet or bluish. Passes into 

Var. Newbérryi, Gray, a form with rose-purple or pink corolla.— P. Newberryi, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82, t. 14. P. Menziesii, var. Robinsoni, Masters in Gard. Chron. 
1872, 969, fig. 227. — Sierra Nevada, California, the only form southward. 


260 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Pentstemon. 


Var. Douglasii, Gray, |. c., with entire and obovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong 
leaves, and (as far as known) lilac-purple corolla, pink-red at base. —P. Douglasii, Hook. 1. c., 
in fruit only. P. crassifolius, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. t.16.— Interior of Oregon and Wash- 
ington Terr. Passes into 

Var. Scotleri, Gray, 1.c. Leaves lanceolate, or even linear-lanceolate, acute; the 
larger 14 to even 3 inches long, sparsely and acutely serrulate: corolla commonly inch and 
a half long, violet-purple.— P. Scouleri, Doug]. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1277. — Interior of 
Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A form (var. Lyalli, Gray, 1. c. 76) is 2 feet or more high, with 
remarkably long willow-like leaves. 

* * (FRuricosr.) Anthers glabrous, dehiscent through the apex and explanate after dehiscence: 


stems branching and shrubby, at least below: leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, small or short, 
mostly very short-petioled : filaments all bearded or pubescent at base. 


+— Corolla unknown: probably of this section. 


P. microphyllus, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, much branched: pri- 
mary leaves not seen; those of axillary fascicles only 2 lines long, obovate, obtuse, entire, 
thick-coriaceous: inflorescence racemose: sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute: persistent style 
(and therefore probably the corolla) short.— Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 119.—N. W. Ari- 
zona, on Williams Fork, Bigelow. 
+— + Corolla red, long and narrow-tubular, an inch or more in length; its upper lip erect and 

the lower more or less spreading: inflorescence somewhat glandular, mostly compound: sterile 
filament bearded down one side. 

P. cordifélius, Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by long sarmentose branches, 
very leafy, scabrous-puberulent: leaves subcordate or ovate with truncate base, acutely 
serrate or denticulate, veined, an inch or less long: thyrsus short and leafy: peduncles 
several-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla scarlet; its tube near an inch and lips 
half inch long.—Scroph. Ind. adnot., & DC. Prodr. x. 829.— California, common from 
Santa Barbara to San Diego. 

P. corymbésus, Benth. Erect, a foot or two high, cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: 
branches leafy up to the naked and few-many-flowered corymbiform cyme: leaves oblong 
or oval, barely obtuse at base, obscurely or sparingly denticulate, somewhat parallel- 
veined (half to 2 inches long): sepals lanceolate: corolla scarlet, an inch long. — DC. 
Prodr. x. 593; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 557. — California, from Shasta Co. to Santa Cruz, &c. 

P. terndtus, Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering shoots (2 to 4 feet long) 
glaucous: leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth 
(8 to 18 lines long) ; the upper ternately verticillate: flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus: 
sepals ovate-acuminate: corolla pale scarlet, an inch long and the lips about 3 lines long. 
—- Bot. Mex. Bound. 115; Gray, 1. c.— Mountains of S. California, from Kern Co. south- 
ward. 

+ + + Corolla vellow or yellowish, merely tinged with purple, less than an inch long, with tube 
shorter sea the ringent limb; upper lip fornicate and merely emarginate; the lower pendulous- 
recurved. 

P. breviflérus, Lindl. Glabrous, 8 to 6 feet high, with slender or virgate branches 
leafy to the narrow many-flowered racemiform thyrsus: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, denticulate, seldom if ever verticillate, an inch or more long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate: corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half inch 
long: upper lip beset with long and viscid hairs: sterile filament naked. — Bot. Reg. t. 
1946; Gray, l.c. P. carinatus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. i.62.— Dry hills and banks, 
California to the borders of Nevada, common on the flanks of the Sierra Nevada. 

P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, 1 to 5 feet high, 
much branched, very leafy: leaves small (barely half inch long), spatulate or oval, entire: 
inflorescence leafy-paniculate: peduncles 1-flowered, short: sepals broadly ovate: corolla 
ventricose, 8 to 12 lines long, unusnally broad, lemon-yellow: sterile filament densely 
bearded on one side. — DC. Prodr. x. 594; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6157; Gray, lc. P. Lobbii, 
Illustr. Hort. 1862, t. 315. —S. California, San Diego Co., &c. 

+ + + + Corolla apparently purplish or flesh-color, not over half inch long, with tube and 
throat longer-than the open lips: shrubby at base; the slender branches more herbaceous. 

P. Rothréckii. A span or two high, minutely puberulent, oval- or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
mostly subcordate or truncate at subsessile base, usually undulate-dentate, 4 or 5 lines 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE®. 261 


long : inflorescence loosely spiciform, leafy below: subsessile and mostly solitary 2-brac- 
teolate flowers and their bracts or floral leaves commonly alternate : sepals ovate-lanceo- 
late, puberulent, slightly if at all glandular: corolla 4 lines long, rather narrow, glabrous: 
sterile filament glabrous. — S. E. California, on Little Olanche Mountain, toward the sources 
of Kern River, at 10,400 feet, Rothrock. 

P. Lemm6éni, Gray. Glabrous up to the pedicels, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, rather 
remotely leaved: leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acutely and sparsely serru- 
late, an inch or less long: thyrsus loose, leafy below: peduncles all opposite, slender, few— 
several-flowered : short pedicels and ovate-lanceolate sepals viscid-pubescent: corolla half 
inch long, somewhat campanulate-dilated above, viscid or glandular: filament strongly 
yellow bane one side of the curved apex.— Bot. Calif. i. 557.— California, from 
Mendocino to Plumas Co., Kellogg, Lemmon. 

+ + + + + Corolla (white or purplish) nearly an inch long, oblong%ampanulate from the 
base, hardly at all bilabiate. 

P. frutéscens, Lamb. A span or less high from a woody (subterranean? or prostrate) 
stock : stems pubescent, leafy: leaves oblong, with somewhat narrowed base, denticulate, 
glabrous (14 to 3 inches long, 7 to 12 lines wide): thyrsus terminal, 3-9-flowered: pedicels 
and lanceolate acuminate sepals villous and viscid: lobes of the corolla short and broad, 
nearly equal and equally somewhat spreading: lower part of the fertile filaments and 
most of the sterile one hirsute-bearded. — Linn. Trans. x. 250, t. 6, fig. 1; Pursh, Fl. ii. 
428 (excl. hab.) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 521.—“ Unalaschka, Pallas.” Not since detected 
there, and perhaps a mistake. Certainly not found “on the north-west coast” by Lewis. 
(Kamtschatka and Japan!) 

* * * (AmBiGur.) Anthers glabrous, reniform, not explanate in age, the line of dehiscence stop- 
ping a little short of the base of the cells: stem suffruticose and leaves thick-coriaceous. 

P. baccharifélius, Hook. Glabrous, or the rigid branches obscurely puberulent, 
2 feet high, leafy below: leaves oblong, nearly sessile, rigidly and acutely dentate, almost 
veinless, an inch long; the uppermost abruptly reduced to small ovate bracts of the loose 
and racemose glandular inflorescence: peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate: corolla deep 
carmine-red, an inch long, broadly tubular and with a short moderately bilabiate limb; 
upper lip somewhat erect, 2-lobed; lower recurved and 3-parted: sterile filament naked. 
— Bot. Mag. t. 4627; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 115, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 58.—S, W. 
Texas, on the San Pedro River, Wright. 

* * * * (Extmicera.) Anthers glabrous (rarely villous); the cells dehiscent from the base 
towards but not to the apex, consequently not explanate after dehiscence : corolla tubular, little 
ampliate upward, red: sterile filament mostly glabrous: herbs glabrous and usually glaucescent, 
glabrous even to the calyx and outside of the corolla, or merely pruinose-puberulent : stems vir- 
gate and simple: leaves all entire; the cauline sessile or partly clasping: thyrsus elongated 
and virgate, loosely-flowered, racemiform or paniculate. —£lmigera, Reichenb. § Elmigera 
(Benth. in DC. l.c., excl. spec.), Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 

+ Corolla strongly bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave, 2-lobed at apex; lower reflexed and 
3-parted: peduncles and pedicels mostly slender. 

P. barbatus, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high ; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear- 
lanceolate; the lowest and radical oblong or ovate: sepals ovate: corolla inch long, from 
light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and 
loose or sparse yellowish hairs: anthers even in the bud divergent, soon divaricate. — Gen. 
ii.53; Benth. l.c.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 21, flesh-colored variety ; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 59. Chelone barbata, Cav. Ic. iii. 22, t. 242; Bot. Reg. t. 116. C\ ruellioides, Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 34. Elmigera barbata, Reichenb. in Steud. Nom. — Mountains of Colorado and 
New Mexico; and commonly cult. (Mex.) 

Var. Torréyi, Gray, 1.c. (P. Torreyi, Benth. in DC. Prodr. l.c.), a tall and usually 
deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat ;" but in cultivated and 
even in wild specimens the distinction vanishes. — W. borders of Texas to Colorado and 
New Mexico. , 

Var. pubérulus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 114, is pruinose-puberulent, otherwise 
like the preceding. — Guadalupe Cafion, Arizona, Thurber. ; 

Var. trichander, Gray, is also like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that anthers 
are beset with long woolly hairs!— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94.—S8. W. Colorado, Brandegee. 

Var. labrésus, Gray. A low and narrow-leaved form, with almost simply race- 
mose flowers : corolla apparently red with a yellowish tube; the lips remarkably long (6 


262 SCROPHULARIACES. Pentstemon. 


to 8 lines), the lobes of the lower very narrow. — Bot. Calif. i. 622.— 8S. E. California; on 
Mt. Pinos, Kern Co. at 7,000 feet, Rothrock. San Bernardino Co., Parry & Eemmon. 

Var. Wisuizin1, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 59 (P. coccineus, Engelm. in Mem. Wisliz. 
107), known only from Chihuahua, Mexico, is between P. barbatus and P. imberbis, having 
nearly the corolla of the latter, with the early divaricate anthers of the former. 

+— + Corolla obscurely bilabiate and the lobes hardly spreading: peduncles and pedicels short. 


P. Hatoni, Gray. A foot or two high, hardly glaucescent: leaves from lanceolate to 
ovate; the upper partly clasping: thyrsus virgate and strict, simple; the peduncles very. 
short, 1-3-flowered, and pedicels seldom much longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals : 
corolla an inch long, bright carmine-red, tubular, hardly enlarged at the naked throat; its 
broadly oval lobes (2 lines long) all nearly alike except that the two of the upper lip 
are united higher: anther-cells usually (but not always) early divergent or divaricate, 
dehiscent for only three-fourths their length: sterile filament sometimes minutely bearded 
at the apex.—Proc. Am. Acad.. viii. 395, & Bot. Calif. i. 560, but flowers in Wallace’s 
collection, mistakenly referred to it, are of P. Clevelandi. P. centranthifolius, Watson, 
Bot. King, 219, not Benth.—Dry banks and cafions, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to S. 
Nevada and Arizona. Intermediate in aspect between P. barbatus and P. centranthifolius. 

* * * * * (Specrost.) Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent 
from base nearly or quite to, but not confluently through, the apex, not peltately explanate after 
dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or rarely” long-pilose: herbs with simple stems and closely 
sessile mostly very glabrous (rarely puberulent) entire cauline leaves: inflorescence never glan- 


dular-pubescent or viscid: flowers showy: corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above; the 
lobes of the moderately or slightly bilabiate limb roundish and equally spreading. 


+ Corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, funnelform, little ventricose. 

P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose- 
pubescent: cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest (like the radical) spatulate: thyrsus 
spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered: peduncles and pedicels very short: sepals 
oblong-ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins: corolla very obscurely bilabiate ; the 
lobes 2 lines long: anthers hirsute: sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 60.— Utah, “on the Uinta plains,” Fremont. 

Var. subglaber. A span to a foot high, merely puberulent below, glabrous above: 
upper leaves oblong-lanceolate: sepals conspicuously acuminate. —Idaho (in mountains 
near Fort Hall, Burke), &c. 

+— + Corolla an inch to an inch and a half in length, ventricose-ampliate above. 

P. strictus, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glaucous: stem slen- 
der, virgate, 6 to 20 inches high: radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauline narrowly 
lanceolate or linear; floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and 
loose thyrsus: peduncles and pedicels commonly slender: sepals ovate or oval, obtuse, not 
over 2 lines long, barely half the length of the narrow proper tube of the violet-purple or 
blue (about inch long) corolla; the throat of which is strongly ampliate: anthers either 
thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs: sterile filament naked or with. 
some similar slender hairs. — DC. Prodr. x. 824. P. comarrhenus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 81.— Rocky Mountains of W. Wyoming to those of 8S. W. Utah. The original speci- 
men (Fremont) is strict, with the inflorescence imperfectly developed, and no good corolla 
extant, the cauline leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines broad. The long and soft, but 
rather coarse hairs of the anther are not rarely a line and a half in length. 

P, glaber, Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous: stems ascending or 
erect, a foot or two high: leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate: 
thyrsus elongated and many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short: 
sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate 
from a broadish base: corolla (1 to 14 inches long) bright blue to violet-purple: anthers 
(and also the apex of sterile filament) from glabrous to sparsely hirsute; the cells dehis- 
cent to or very near their apex. — Fl. ii. 728, & Bot. Mag. t. 1672, &c., under the form P. 
glabra. P. erianthera, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 583, not Pursh. F. Gordoni, Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4819. P. speciosus, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. #g@@; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
t. 259; a narrower-leaved form, with anthers and sterile filament commonly naked. P. 
Kingii, var. glauca, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 89.— Plains of the Upper Missouri, in 
Nebraska and Dakota, to Colorado and Arizona, and west to the Sierra Nevada in Cali- 
fornia, and Oregon. — The following are extreme forms. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 263 


Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high: cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lan- 
ceolate: thyrsus abbreviated and few-flowered. — P. alpinus, Torr. in Aun. Lye. N. Y. i. 35. 
— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, from the Yellowstone to Pike’s Peak. 

Var. Utahénsis, Watson. Stems a foot or two high, strict and slender (some- 
times pruinose-puberulent) : cauline leaves lanceolate, or even linear lanceolate, the lower 
tapering to the base: thyrsus virgate: sepals either narrower or much acuminate: sterile 
filament and usually the anthers hirsute. — Bot. King, 217.— Utah to Arizona and the 
borders of California, passing into the P. speciosus, Dougl., and the lower forms into the 
preceding variety. 

Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall and less glaucescent: leaves all broad; the 
cauline ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate: thyrsus dense: sepals much acuminate 
or narrow: corolla bright blue: anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly gla- 
brous.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4464; Watson, Bot. 
King, l.c.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Colorado to the Wahsatch in Utah. Seems 
yery distinct, but passes into P. glaber. 

P. Wardi, Gray. Low, a span or more high, minutely and densely cinereous-pubescent : 
leaves thick, oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate: corolla externally pale and sparsely 
puberulent: anthers cartilaginous ; the cells dehiscent from the acutish base upward for 
little more than three-fourths of their length, glabrous: sterile filament also glabrous: 
otherwise like the preceding, of which it may be only a variety. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
82.—Glenwood, Utah, LZ. F. Ward. 


* * * * * * (GexutNI.) Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and through the junction of 
the two cells, glabrous (or merely hirtello-ciliate at lines of dehiscence), open after dehiscence, 
usually explanate in age, in the greater number confluently 1-celled: herbs, or rarely sutfrutes- 
cent at base; the species of the first following subdivision approaching the preceding. 


+— Glabrous throughout (or rarely minutely pruinose-puberulent or glandular) even to pedicels 
and calyx: leaves all entire. from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect: 
thyrsus virgate or contracted, with short or hardly any peduncles: five lobes of the corolla plane: 
anthers of cartilaginous or coriaceous texture. 


++ Corolla less than an inch long, lilac or mauve-purple, or verging to violet, abruptly campanu- 
late-inflated, and the broad rather strongly bilabiate limb widely spreading or open. 

P. secundifiédrus, Benth. A foot or two high, including the elongated and ‘racemi- 
form strict many-flowered thyrsus: cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long 
and lines wide) ; radical spatulate : peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong, acute 
or obtuse, with somewhat scarious but entire margins: corolla with narrow proper tube 
of nearly twice the length of the calyx, abruptly dilated into the broadly campanulate 
throat of about one-third inch in height and width; this nearly equalled by the widely 
spreading lips; the lobes round-oval: sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the 
dilated tip. — Prodr. x. 324.— Mountains of Colorado, common at 8 or 9,000 feet. A well- 
marked and beautiful species. 

P. Hallii, Gray. Allied to the foregoing, only a span or so high: leaves thickish, linear 
and linear-spatulate, or the lowest rather broader, obtuse: thyrsus short and more spici- 
form, 5-15-flowered, obscurely viscid: sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose 
margins: corolla 7 to 10 lines long, broadly campanulate-inflated from a thickish and in- 
conspicuous proper tube which is shorter than the calyx; bilabiate limb rather short: 
sterile filainent short-bearded from the apex downward. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71.— Colo- 
rado Rocky Mountains, at 10-12,000 feet (common on Gray’s Peak), [all & Harbour, Parry, 
Greene, &c. 

Var. Arizénicus. An ambiguous form, almost a foot high, with flowers apparently 
intermediate between those of P. Hallii and P. secundiflorus, and sterile filament of the lat- 
ter; but corolla lips shorter than the less abruptly expanded portion. — Mount Graham, 
Arizona, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock. 
++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, from blue to lilac: the tube gradually and mod- 

erately dilated into the funnelform throat; lobes of the obscurely bilabiate 5-parted limb 

short and widely spreading. (See also P. confertus, Watsoni, &c., which, being glabrous and 
entire-leaved, might be referred here.) 

P. acumindtus, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy: 
leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and lowest cauline obovate 
or oblong; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasping, 
these mostly acute or acuminate: thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above ; 


264 SCROPHULARIACE. Pentstemon. 


the clusters several-flowered, and peduncles and pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate 
and acute or lanceolate: corolla lilac or changing to violet; the limb half or two-thirds 
inch in diameter: sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip: capsule firm-coria- 
ceous and acuminate.— Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285; Hook. Fl. ii. 97; Benth. in DC. Le.; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 61 (excl. syn. P. secundiflorus), & Bot. Calif. i. 559. P. nitidus, 
Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. lc. P. Fendleri, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 5, & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 114, excl. syn.— Plains of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri to the interior 
of Oregon, and south to Nevada, New Mexico, and the western borders of Texas. (Ad- 
jacent Mex.) Seems to pass into 

_ceeruleus, Nutt. Low: leaves (even the radical) all from lanceolate to narrowly 
linear (often 8 inches long and only a line or two wide): thyrsus spiciform and usually 
dense: sepals lanceolate-acuminate: corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or 
white: sterile filament much bearded above. — Gen. ii. 52; Benth. in DC. l.c.; Gray, Lc. 
P. angustifolius, Nutt. in Fras. Cat.; Pursh, FI. ii. 738.— Plains of Dakota and Montana to 
Colorado at the base of the mountains. 

++ ++ ++ Corolla an inch or less long, red, tubular or funnelform, hardly bilabiate; the roundish 


or short-oblong lobes all alike, except that the two upper are rather more united: sepals ovate or 
roundish, obtuse or acute: peduncles usually manifest and pedicels slender. 


= Sterile filament filiform, naked: corolla narrow-tubular, deep scarlet; lobes short, little 
spreading. 

P. centranthifdlius, Benth. Very glaucous: stem strict, leafy, 1 to 8 feet, high: 
leaves thick, from ovate-lanceolate or the lowest. oblong to lanceolate-linear, the upper 
with subcordate-clasping base: thyrsus virgate, elongated: corolla fully an inch long; 
the lobes (2 lines long) hardly longer than the width of the orifice. — Scroph. Ind. & Prodr. 
1. c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5142; Gray, 1.c. Chelone centranthifolia, Benth. in Hort. Trans. ; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1737.— Open grounds, California, from Monterey southward, and W. 
Arizona. 
== = Sterile filament dilated at tip and retrorsely bearded down one side: corolla funnelform, 

and with rather large and rounded widely spreading lobes. 

P. puniceus, Gray. Very glaucous: stem stout, “1 to 6 feet high,” sparsely leafy: 
leaves thick, oblong or the lowest obovate and the uppermost ovate, sometimes connate- 
perfoliate: thyrsus virgate, interrupted, many-flowered: corolla almost an inch long, nar- 
rowly funnelform, “brilliant scarlet ;” the limb two-thirds inch in diameter.— Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 113, & Proc. 1. c.— Guadalupe Cajion, Arizona, Thurber, LE. K. Smith. 

P. Parryi. Less glaucous: stem virgate, a foot or two high: leaves from oblong to nar- 
rowly lanceolate; the upper with auriculate or roundish partly clasping base ; radical 
oblanceolate or spatulate: racemiform thyrsus more simple and fewer-flowered: corolla 
narrowly funnelform, half to three-fourths inch long, “bright pink” or cherry-red; the 
limb half inch in diameter. — P. puniceus, var.? Parryi, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.— 
Western Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Greene. Southern Nevada, Miss Searls, Palmer. Southern ‘ 
Utah, Parry. Some specimens of this have been referred to the preceding, some to the 
following species. 

P. Wrightii, Hook. Pale and somewhat glaucous or glaucescent: stems rather stout, 
a foot or two high: leaves oblong or the lowest obovate (2 to 4 inches long, an inch or so 
wide); upper cauline partly clasping by a roundish base: thyrsus virgate and elongated, 
loosely flowered: sepals when in bloom with spreading tips: corolla bright rose-color, 
about three-fourths inch long and with ampliate throat, the expanded limb three-fourths 
inch in diameter. — Bot. Mag. t. 4601 (corolla too deep red), Gray, l.c.; Fl. Serres, vii. 
t. 685. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &c. 
+h ++ 4+ ++ Corolla showy, inch and a half or more in length, ventricose-funnelform, somewhat 

bilabiate, the upper lip rather smaller: sterile filament hooked at apex: sepals ovate or oblong- 
lanceolate, barely acute: thyrsus virgate, with hardly any common peduncles to the few-flowered 
clusters: leaves glaucous, thickish, broad; the upper and the floral rounded, all but the obovate 
radical ones clasping or perfoliate: stem 2 to 4 feet high. 

P. grandiflérus, Nutt. Leaves all distinct at base: pedicels short: corolla lilac or 
lavender-blue, abruptly ventricose above the proper tube, which exceeds the calyx: sterile 
filament minutely pubescent at the dilated apex. — Fras. Cat. & Gen. l.c.; Benth. lL. c.; 
Gray, Le. P. Bradburii, Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. — Prairies, from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and IIi- 
nois to Nebraska and Kansas. Capsule almost an inch long. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 265 


P. Murrayanus, Hook. Cauline leaves connate-clasping, and all the upper pairs 
united into an oval or orbicular concave disk: pedicels slender: corolla deep scarlet, grad- 
ually widening upward; the lobes rather small: sterile filament wholly glabrous. — Bot. 
Mag. t. 3472; Gray, l.c.— Prairies of E. Texas, collected first by Berlandier, then by 
Drummond, &c. 

+ + Glabrous and glandless thyoughout. even to the calyx: leaves oblong or ovate, rigid, glau- 
cescent, very acutely and as it were spinulosely dentate or denticulate with salient teeth: cymes 
of the open elongated thyrsus pedunculate: flowers ample and showy; the corolla an inch long: 
sepals ovate, short. 

P. spectabilis, Thurber. Pale or glaucescent, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves thinnish-coria- 
ceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute; the upper pairs acuminate 
and their broad bases connate-perfoliate: thyrsus many-flowered, elongated-pyramidal or 
sometimes virgate, a foot or two long: peduncles and pedicels slender (half inch or more 
long) : corolla rose-purp!le or lilac with the ample limb usually violet or blue, a full inch 
long, with narrow proper tube twice the length of the calyx, then abruptly dilated into 
the campanulate-ventricose or broadly funnelform throat, moderately bilabiate; the oval 
or roundish plane lobes 3 or 4 lines long: sterile filament glabrous. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 19, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 118; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5260.— Dry hills and plains, 8. Cali- 
fornia (from San Gabriel) to Arizona and New Mexico. 

iG P. Cleavelandi, Gray. Resembling the preceding in foliage and growth: but leaves 
less broad at base and commonly distinct, sometimes connate-perfoliate ; the lower on 
naked petioles: thyrsus smaller and virgate : corolla crimson, three-fourths to a full inch 
long, much narrower, tubular-funnelform ; its lobes 14 or 2 lines long: sterile filament mod- 
erately bearded above on one side. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94 & Bot. Calif. i. 559.—S. E. 
California, San Diego Co., Cleveland, Palmer, and San Bernardino Co., at Cucamonga, long 
ago collected (panicles only) by Wallace, and now near San Bernardino, by Parry & Lem- 
mon. (Adjacent Mex.) 

+ + + Very glabrous up to the loose elongated inflorescence and ovate appressed sepals: 
leaves coriaceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly spinulose-dentate : corolla abruptly 
much enlarged and remarkably wide. 

:. QP, Palmeri, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 14 to 4 inches long; the lower peti- 
oled; upper from closely sessile to completely connate-perfoliate, and from very sharply 
dentate or denticulate to nearly entire: thyrsus pyramidal-racemiform, glandular or 
pruinose-puberulent: lower peduncles 2~3-flowered, as long as the pedicels: corolla cream- 
white and usually suffused or parti-colored with pink; the short narrow proper tube 
hardly surpassing the calyx, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat 
of about three-fourths inch in length and width at orifice; the lips broad; the upper 
erectish and 2-lobed; lower 3-parted, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base: sterile 
filament long- and densely (yellow-) bearded above. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & viii. 
291 ; Watson, Bot. King, 220; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6064 (very highly colored). — Arizona 
and S. Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. California. 

+ + + + Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid or glandular: leaves from ovate to lan- 
ceolate-linear: thyrsus racemiform: corolla ample, purplish; its proper tube little if any longer 


than the lanceolate sepals, abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate or broadly funnel- 
form throat; the spreading limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament more or less long-bearded. 


++ Corolla commonly 2 inches long: thyrsus lax and short: stem about a foot high: leaves large 
and broad, most of them acutely denticulate or serrate. 

P. Cobzéa, Nutt. Soft-puberulent: leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceo- 
late and the upper subcordate-clasping (2 to 4 inches long): corolla abruptly campanulate- 
ventricose above the narrow tube, from dull reddish purple to whitish, glabrous within : 
slender sterile filament sparsely bearded. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 3465. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. 
++ ++ Corolla about an inch Jong: thyrsns strict, leafy below: stems a span or two high: leaves 

narrower, mostly entire. or the margins undulate. 

P. Jamésii, Benth. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate (1} to 
34 inches long): corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate throat, a 
little hairy within: sterile filament moderately bearded. — DC. Prodr. x. 525; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 67. P. albidus, in part, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 229, not Nutt. — Prai- 
ries, &c., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas. 


266 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Penitstemon. 


P. cristatus, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous: leaves from linear-lanceolate to 
narrowly oblong (1 to 8 inches long): corolla more funnelform, being less abruptly dilated 
upward; its lower lip long-villous within: sterile filament more exserted, inordinately 
yellow-bearded. — Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 52; Benth. l.c. 2. erianthera, Pursh, Fl. ii. 737, 
excl. syn., not Nutt. — Plains, &c., Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado. 

+ + + + + Pruinose-puberulent and glandular or nearly glabrous: leaves all linear and entire, 
narrow at base: corolla large, nearly inch and a half long, funnelform, purple or violet, very 
obscurely bilabiate; the rounded lobes 2 or 3 lines long: sterile filament wholly glabrous: in- 
florescence very loose, sometimes simply racemose: sepals ovate or oblong. 

P, dasyphyllus, Gray. A foot high, simple, densely puberulent, and the few-flowered 
simply racemose inflorescence glandular: pedicels alternate, bracteolate only at base: 
leaves 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide (rarely shorter and wider); uppermost reduced 
to subulate bracts: sepals hardly acute. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 112, & Proce. 1. c. — Eastern 
Arizona and New Mexico. 

P. stenophyllus, Gray, l.c. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
3 or 4 inches long and the larger only 2 lines wide, attenuate-acute; the uppermost and 
floral nearly filiform: thyrsus loosely paniculate: peduncles and pedicels slender: sepals 
acuminate. — Southern Arizona, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Wishzenus.) 

P. vanceorAtus, Benth., of Mexico, may reach our borders. It is minutely puberulent, 
has leaves mostly broader at base, racemose but not quite simple inflorescence, and a “red” 
corolla barely an inch long. 

te + + + + Puberulent, or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes gla- 


brous: leaves various: corolla from an inch down to 4 lines long, not abruptly campanulate- 
ventricose above, except in P. levigatus: sepals usually narrow or acuminate. 


++ Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, or the upper cauline when narrower widest at base, undivided : 
stems erect or ascending: thyrsus mostly many-flowered. 


= Sterile filament bearded along one side, at least toward the apex. 


u. Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with proportionally rather ample and nearly equal 
spreading lobes, white or whitish, often with a tinge of purple, two-thirds or three-fourths inch 
long and the limb about as broad: sterile filament thinly short-bearded: leaves entire or barely 
and sparingly denticulate: thyrsus strict and verticillastriform-interrupted. 

P. tubifidrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, strict, naked above: 
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate ; the floral shorter than the remote and densely-flowered 
clusters of the much interrupted virgate thyrsus: sepals ovate, merely viscid, only 2 lines 
long, very short in proportion to the rather slender tube of the corolla. — Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 181; Benth. 1. c.— Low prairies, Kansas and Arkansas. Still rare 
and insufficiently known. Thyrsus a span to a foot long, of several whorl-like clusters. 

P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high: leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
narrow: thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few-several-flowered clusters: sepals 
lanceolate, densely viscid-pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long: corolla with shorter tube and more 
cyathiform throat.—Gen. ii. 53; Benth. Lc. P. teretiflorus, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. P. vis- 
cidulum, Nees in Neuwied Trav. app. 18. — Plains, Dakota to Colorado and Texas. 

b. Corolla more manifestly bilabiate; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or pubescent within. 


1. Leaves ovate, all or most of them serrate: corolla bright blue or changing to purple, rather nar- 
row, half or two-thirds inch long. 7 

P. pruinésus, Dougl. Stem a foot high, pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, glau- 
cescent, an inch or two long; the radical and lowest and also uppermost cauline commonly 
entire ; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate: thyrsus virgate, interrupted : 
peduncles (several-flowered) and pedicels short; these and the lanceolate attenuate-acumi- 
nate sepals viscidly villous: lower lip of the deep blue corolla slightly hairy within. — 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280; Benth. 1. c.—Interior of Oregon and Washington Territory, 
Douglas, Lyall. Little known. 

P. ovatus, Dougl. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or pubescent: leaves ovate and 
the upper subcordate-clasping, all acutely serrate (or the radical rarely entire), bright 
green: thyrsus looser; the lower peduncles often longer than the clusters: sepals ovate or 
oblong, barely acute, glandular: lower lip of the purple-blue corolla bearded in the throat. 
— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2903; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 211; Benth. 1. c.— Woods and banks, 
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the western part of Idaho. 


Pentstemon. -  SCROPHULARIACES. 267 


2. Leaves from oblong or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, or some denticulate, glabrous: corolla 
from a third to two-thirds of an inch in length. 

P. attenudtus, Dougl. Stem strict, a foot or two high; the summit and inflorescence 
more or less pubescent and viscid: leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the upper 
sometimes ovate-lanceolate: thyrsus of the next species or less compact: sepals ovate- to 
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined, as long as the capsule: 
corolla narrowly funnelform, over half inch long, ochroleucous, sulphur-yellow, or some- 
times violet or blue. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295; Hook. Fi. ii. 97; Benth. 1. c. — Interior of 
Oregon, Idaho, &c. No indigenous specimens yet seen accord with the figure, in robust- 
ness, upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and inch wide, and corolla 9 lines (or according 
to Bentham 9 to 11 lines) long. The plants referred here verge to the next, but have longer 
corolla, 6 or 8 lines long. The species is still uncertain. 

P. confértus, Dougl. Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes 
viscid-pubescent or puberulent, a foot or two high: leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late to somewhat linear, usually quite entire: thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2 
to 5 verticillastriform dense many-flowered clusters (either subsessile or the lower pedun- 
cled): pedicels very short: sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, with broad 
scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate, rather shorter than the capsule: corolla nar- 
row, 4 to 5 or rarely 6 lines long, in the typical forms from ochroleucous to sulphur-color ; 
lower lip conspicuously bearded within. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260; Hook. 1. c.; Benth. 
l.e.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 72.— Moist or dry grounds, Northern Rocky Mountains to 
Oregon. The commoner state is 

Var. ceruleo-purptreus, Gray, l.c. A foot or two high, rarely more, or in the 
higher mountains from 10 down to 2 inches high ; the latter with capituliform inflorescence : 
sepals very variable, commonly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous 
acumination: corolla blue-purple and violet.— P. procerus, Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb. 
Phil. Jour. 1829; Hook. Bot. Mag. t 2954; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1616; Benth. lc. P. Tol- 
miei, Hook. Fl. ii. 97. P. micranthus, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 45.— Saskatchewan 
and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, west to Oregon and through the whole 
length of the Sierra Nevada, California. 

P. Watsoni. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflorescence and calyx minutely 
puberulent, but neither glandular nor viscid : stems a foot or more high, ascending or weak : 
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (1 to 2 inches long, 
4 to 9 lines wide): contracted thyrsus rather louse: peduncles several-flowered ; the lower 
slender: pedicels longer than the calyx: sepals broadly ovate or orbicular with a small acumi- 
nation, somewhat scarious-margined, little over a line long, barely half the length of the 
mature capsule: corolla narrowly funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ; 
lower lip almost glabrous within. — P. Fremonti, var. Parryi, Gray ex Watson, Bot. King, 
218. — Mountains of W. Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (Fremont, Purry, Watson, Wheeler, 
Vasey, Ward, &c.), to borders of Arizona, Palmer. 

P. himilis, Nutt. Stems a span or two high, glabrous or above with the inflorescence 
and flowers viscid-pubescent: leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate (an inch or 
more long); the cauline commonly denticulate: thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches 
long: peduncles (2-5-flowered) and pedicels short : sepals ovate or lanceolate and acuminate, 
lax: corolla rather narrowly funnelform, half inch long, deep-blue or partly white; lower 
lip somewhat hairy within. — Gray, Proc. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. King, 220.— Rocky Moun- 
tains from the British boundary to S. Colorado, and west to the Humboldt Mountains in 
Nevada. The larger forms may pass into P. gracilis. 

Var. brevifélius. A low and rather diffuse tufted form, with weak stems: leaves 
at most half inch in length; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical oval or rotund: corolla 
light blue. — P. humilis, var.? Watson, 1. c.— Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at 9,000 
or 10,000 feet, Watson, Eaton. 

3. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear, often denticulate: corolla an inch or three-fourths inch 
long: cymes of the more or less open thyrsus pedunculate: sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless. 

“. P, gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberulent up to the more or 
less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus: stems slender: cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate 

(1 to 8 inches long, the serrations when present very acute or subulate); the radical spatu- 

late or oblong: peduncles 2-several-flowered: corolla tubular-funnelform or almost cylin- 


268 SCROPHULARIACES. Pentstemon. 


draceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, three-fourths to nearly an inch long; the 
throat open. — Gen. ii. 52; Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2945; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1541; Benth. 
Le. P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray, Proc. 1. c. partly. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, and 
south in the mountains to Colorado. Intermediate between the preceding and following: 
distinguished from slender forms of the latter by the open mouth and nearly terete throat 
of the narrow corolla. , 

P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem a foot or two high, viscid-pubescent, or sometimes 
glabrous up to the inflorescence.: cauline leaves from oblong to lanceolate (2 to 4 inches 
long), usually denticulate ; the lowest and radical ovate or oblong: thyrsus loosely-flow- 
ered, mostly naked, narrow: flowers drooping: corolla dull violet or purple, or partly 
whitish, an inch long, very moderately dilated above the short proper tube, carinate- 
angled for the whole length of the upper and deeply plicate-bisulcate on the lower side, 
the upper part of the intrusive portion villous-bearded and forming a sort of palate; orifice 
crescentic or almost closed ; the lips and their lobes short:: sterile filament densely bearded 
far down. — Ait. Kew. ii.360; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1424; Gray, l.c. excl. syn. P. levigatus. 
Chelone hirsuta, L. C. Pentstemon, L. Mant. 415. Asarina caule erecto, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 152. 
Pentstemon hirsutus, Willd. Spec. iii. 227. P. Mackayanus, Knowles in Fl. Cab. ii. 117, t. 74. 
P. longifolius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764? — Dry or rocky grounds, from Canada to Iowa and 
south to Florida and Texas. 

P. levigatus, Solander, 1.c. Mostly glabrous up to the glandular inflorescence: 
stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves of firmer texture and somewhat glossy ; cauline ovate- or 
oblong-lanceolate with subcordate-clasping base, 2 to 5 inches long: thyrsus broader: 
corolla about an inch long, white and commonly tinged with purple, abruptly campanulate- 
inflated above the proper tube, more or less obliquely ventricose, obscurely angled down 
the upper side, not at all intruded on the lower; orifice widely ringent, sparingly slender- 
bearded at base of the lower lip: sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1425; Michx. Fl. ii. 21; Pursh, Fl. ii. 427. Chelone Pentstemon, L. Spec. ed. 2, 850, excl. 
syn. Arduin, Moris. &c.; Lam. Ill. t. 528. P. pubescens, var. multiflorus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 
(P. Digitalis, var. multiflorus, Chapm.); a small-flowered and small-fruited form, answering 
to the figure by Lam. P. glaucophyllus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 7634 — Moist or rich soil, 
Penn. to Florida and westward, where the commoner form is 

Var. Digitalis. Stem sometimes 5 feet high: corolla larger and more abruptly in- 
flated, white. — P. Digitalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. a. ser. v. 181; Reichenb. Exot. 
vy. t. 292; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2587; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 827; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 328. Chelone 
Digitalis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 120. Penn. to Illinois, Arkansas, &c. 

P. glaticus, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous: stems 
dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical 
oblong-ovate (one or two inches long), entire or denticulate: thyrsus short and compact, 
either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular: corolla dull lilac or 
violet-purple, less than an inch long, campanulate-ventricose above the very short proper 
tube, gibbous, not at all plicate-sulcate; the orifice widely ringent; the broad lower lip 
sparsely villous-bearded within: sterile filament bearded mostly at and near the apex only. 
— Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829, 348; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1286; Gray, Proc. le. P. glaber, var. 
stenosepalus, Regel in Act. Petrop. iii. 121?— Rocky Mountains north of 49° (Drummond) to 
Wyoming and Utah; southward, chiefly in the form of 

Var. stenosépalus, Gray, |. ce. Sometimes over a foot high: thyrsus compara- 
tively small and glomerate: sepals attenuate-lanceolate: corolla dull whitish or purplish. 
— Mountains of Colorado and Utah near the upper borders of the wooded region. 
= = Sterile filament. beardless (rarely with a few minute short haérs), sometimes completely — 

antheriferous in certain flowers. 

P. Whipplednus, Gray. Glabrous up to the inflorescence or nearly so: stems slender, 
a foot long, ascending from a decumbent base, leafy: leaves, membranaceous, ovate or 
ovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, acute or acuminate, commonly 2 inches long; 
lower petioled; upper cauline closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base: thyrsus 
loosely few-flowered: peduncles 2 to 5, slender, 2-8-flowered: pedicels and the narrowly 
linear-lanceolate lax and attenuate sepals villous, somewhat viscid: corolla an inch long, 
campanulate-ventricose above the short proper tube, decidedly bilabiate ; the lower lip 
longer than the nearly erect 2-lobed upper one, sparsely long-bearded within: sterile fila- 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 269 


ment dilated, uncinate at tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 73.— New Mexico, Sandia Mountains, 
Bigelow. Corolla in size and shape, and probably color, resembling that of P. glaucus. 

P. detstus, Dougl. Completely glabrous; the calyx at most obscurely granular-prui- 
nose or glandular: stems a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid: leaves 
coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-lincar or lanceolate (an inch or two long), irregularly and 
rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire; upper cauline closely sessile: 
thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short : 
sepals from ovate to lanceolate, nearly marginless: corolla ochroleucous or dull white, 
rarely with a tinge of purple, half inch or less long, either narrowly or rather broadly fun- 
nelform; the short lobes widely spreading. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1518; Benth. 1. c.; Gray, 
lie, & Bot. Calif. i. 559; Watson, Bot. King, 222, who has seen the “filament bearded 
with yellow hairs.” P. heterander, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 123, t. 8, a narrow- 
leaved form having the fifth filament in some flowers antheriferous.— Dry interior region, 
California, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and north to the borders of Brit. 
Columbia and Montana. 

P. heterodéxus. A span or more high, leafy, glabrous nearly up to the inflorescence : 
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, entire; the cauline closely sessile: thyrsus short, compact, 
viscid-pubescent : sepals lanceolate: corolla 7 lines long, narrow-tubular, hardly dilated up 
to the small limb, probably purplish: fifth filament filiform, resembling the others, in some 
flowers completely antheriferous.— P. Fremont’, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 622, not of Torr. & 
Gray. — High mountain near Donner Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Torrey. 
Species imperfectly known, from insufficient specimens. 
++ ++ Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, entire: stems 

low-cespitose or spreading, leafy to summit, often suftrutescent at base, few-flowered: corolla 

over a inch long, mostly purple or blue, narrowly funnelform: sterile filament bearded down 
one side. 
= Leaves green and mostly glabrous, broad, half to quarter inch wide. 

P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent: leaves 
about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, these sessile by a 
broad base: thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers: sepals ovate- 
oblong, villous and somewhat viscid: corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindra- 
ceous throat and tube, barely twice the length of the round-oval lobes; lower lip bearded 
within. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71.— High alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 
Hall & Harbour, Parry. 
== = Leaves cinereous or canescent, a line or two wide: sepals lanceolate: corolla narrowly fun- 

nelform, mostly three-fourths inch long: flowering along the short stems in the axils of the 

leaves: short peduncles leafy-bracteolate, 1-3-flowered. 

P. pamilus, Nutt. Canescent (even to the marginless sepals) with a dense and fine 
short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy : leaves lan- 
ceolate or the lower spatulate (the latter, including the attenuate base or marginced petiole, 
an inch or more long): corolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within: sterile 
filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 
46; Gray, l. c. 67.— Rocky Mountains in Montana? “on Little Goddin River,” Wyeth. A 
small and few-flowered plant. 

Var. Thompsoniz. Cespitose, from half inch to 4 inches high, suffrutescent at 
base: stems copiously flowering for their whole length: lowest leaves obovate; upper 
lanceolate: corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long. —S. Utah, J/rs. Thompson, Capt. 
Bishop (a dwarf and depressed form), also Siler, Palmer, a more developed and elongated 
form, with corolla apparently bright blue. 

Var. incAnus. A small and very white-hoary form, few-flowered: leaves only 2 or 3 
lines long, spatulate and obovate, more mucronate: corolla half inch long, slightly hairy 
within down the lower side, somewhat as in the next.— Pahranagat Mountains, S. E. 
Nevada, Miss Searls. S. W. Utah, Siler. 

P. ceespitésus, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, forming depressed 
broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high: leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear (3 to 8 
lines long, including the tapering base or margined petiole): peduncles mostly secund and 
horizontal, but with the flower upturned: sepals more acuminate, and the margins below 
obscurely scarious: corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow 
folds sparsely villous within: sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. — Gray, Proc. 


270 SCROPHULARIACE. Pentstemon. 


Am. Acad. vi. 66; Watson, Bot. King, 219.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, W. Colorado, 
and Utah, Nuttall, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Watson. 

Var. suffruticésus. A span or more high from a stouter woody base: leaves from 
spatulate to obovate and more petioled, thicker, glabrate: sepals less acuminate: corolla 
and stamens not seen: probably a distinct species. — Utah near Beaver, Palmer, in fruit. 
++ ++ ++ Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-spatulate to filiform, 

entire: stems or branches racemosely several—-many-flowered. 
== Stem herbaceous to the base, very simple, a foot or two high: corolla broad: sterile filament 

glabrous: peduncles mostly opposite. 

P. virgatus, Gray. Minutely glandular-pruinose or glabrous: stem strict and elongated: 
thyrsus virgate: leaves all linear-lanceolate (14 to 4 inches long): peduncles short, 1-3- 
flowered: sepals ovate: corolla lilac with purple veins, three-fourths inch long, abruptly 
dilated into a broadly campanulate funnelform throat (as wide as long), distinctly bilabi- 
ate; the broad lips widely spreading: stamens nearly equalling the lips.— Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 112, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 66.— New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, &c. 
Inflorescence and corolla in the manner of P. secundiflorus. 
== = Stems or tufted branches mostly simple from a woody base (or herbaceous in the last 

species), low: sterile filament longitudinally bearded: short peduncles commonly alternate. 

P. linarioides, Gray, 1. ¢. Cinereous, minutely pruinose-puberulent: stems much 
crowded on the woody base, filiform, rigid, very leafy, 6 to 18 inches high: leaves 6 to 12 
lines long, from oblanceolate-linear (at most a line wide) to nearly filiform, mucronulate ; 
the floral short and subulate: thyrsus racemiform or sometimes paniculate; only the lower 
peduncles 2-4-flowered: pedicel shorter than the ovate or oblong acuminate sepals: corolla 
lilac or purple, half inch or more long, with dilated-funnelform throat, less bilabiate than 
in the preceding; lower lip conspicuously bearded at base. — Arid grounds, New Mexico 
and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Parry, &c. 

Var. Sileri. A dwarf and suffruticulose form, with smaller and fewer flowers, mostly 
1-flowered peduncles subtended by proportionally longer floral leaves, and the lower lip 
less bearded. — P. cwspitosus, var., Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 846, a much reduced form. 
—S. Utah, Siler, Parry. 

P. Gairdneri, Hook, Cinereous-puberulent: stems a span high, rigid: leaves linear or 
the lower more or less spatulate, obtuse, half to full inch long: thyrsus short and simple: 
peduncles usually one-flowered: sepals oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid: corolla half inch 
long, narrowly funnelform, obscurely bilabiate, purple. — Fl. ii. 99; Gray, 1. v.— Dry inte- 
rior of Washington Terr., Oregon, and W. Nevada. 

P. laricifélius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous: lignescent caudex not rising above the 
soil: leaves very slender, when dry filiform (the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with 
margins revolute, an inch or less long), much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on 
the (2 or 5 inch long) filiform flowering stems: flowers few, loosely racemose, slender- 
pedicelled: sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla tubular-funnelform, half inch long; the small 
limb obscurely bilabiate. — Bot. Beech. 376; Gray, 1. c. — Interior of Oregon and Wyoming. 
== = = Stems paniculately branching and slender, woody toward the base: corolla between 

funnelform and salverform: sterile filament glabrous: peduncles slender, opposite, all the upper 

one-flowered. 

P. ambiguus, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched: 
leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-subulate: inflorescence loosely 
paniculate: sepals ovate, acuminate: corolla rose-color and flesh-color turning to white ; 
the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ; throat or 
its lower side somewhat hairy: sterile filament sometimes imperfectly antheriferous. — 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228, & Marey Rep. t. 16; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 64.— Plains of E. 
Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. /oliosus, Benth. 
1. u., is an undeveloped state. Corolla in the typical form with a narrow and somewhat 
curved tube and throat, of half inch in length: but it passes into 

Var. Thurberi, Gray, |. c. (P. Thurberi, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 15), with 
shorter tube and more dilated throat... The two extremes of this have, in the larger forms, 
limb of corolla half inch in diameter with tube and throat together only 3 lines long (Ari- 
zona, Palmer, &c.); in the smallest, corolla-limb only half the size, with tube and throat 
2 or 3 lines long (Arizona and adjacent Mex., Wislizenus, Rothrock). New Mexico, Arizona, 
and S. Utah. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 271 


te ++ ++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions! 


P. disséctus, Hl. Merely puberulent: stem slender, 2 feet high: leaves in rather dis- 
tant pairs; radical and lowest not seen; upper with 7 to 11 obtuse entire divisions, of 
barely half line in width, on a rhachis of equal breadth: thyrsus long-peduncled, umbelli- 
form or triradiate, few-flowered: pedicels slender: sepals ovate-oblong: corolla “purple,” 
9 lines long, oblong-funnelform; the limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile filament bearded at 
the apex. — Sk. i. 129; Gray, 1. c.— Middle Georgia, “ Jackson,” Darby, ’ 


§ 2. SaccantHéra, Benth. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells 
confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends 
down both cells only to the middle; the base remaining closed and saccate, some- 
times hirsute, never lanate. Pacific-States species, herbaceous or some rather 
woody at base, mostly with ample and showy flowers. 


* Soft-pubescent and viscid, with broad and thinnish leaves mostly serrate or denticulate. 

P. glanduldsus, Lindl. Stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high: radical leaves ovate or 
oblong, 6 or 8 inches long, dentate: cauline from cordate-clasping to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, usually denticulate or few-toothed: thyrsus contracted and interrupted, 
leafy below: cymes short-pedunculate, few-several-flowered: sepals attenuate-lance- 
olate, lax: corolla lilac, over an inch long, with funnelform-inflated throat, and rather short 
broad and spreading lips: sterile filament glabrous. — Bot. Reg. t. 1262; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8688; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 330; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 74. P. staticifolius, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1770.— Mountain woods and along streams, Oregon and Washington 
Terr. to Idaho. 

* %* Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves serrate, incisely dentate, or sometimes laciniate: sterile 
filament more or less hairy above: corolla funnelform and moderately bilabiate, lilac, purple, or 
light violet, 

+— Over an inch long: calyx remarkably small. 

P. ventstus, Dougl. Very glabrous: stems rather strict and simple, a foot or two 
high, leafy: leaves thickish in texture, oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
closely and subulately serrate (about 2 inches long): thyrsus naked, mostly narrow: pe- 
duncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or two long, much 
shorter than the proper and narrow tube of the corolla: upper part of fertile filaments 
and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within) sparsely 
pilose. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309; Benth. Lc.; Gray, Le. P.amenus, Kunze in Linn. 
xvi. littbl. 107? — Oregon and Idaho. 

+ + Corolla barely or less than an inch long: calyx and pedicels mostly puberulent or viscid- 
glandular: stems (a foot or two high) ascending or diffuse: thyrsus paniculate. 

P. diffisus, Doug]. Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper subcordate, 
sharply and unequally and sometimes laciniately serrate (14 to 4 inches long): thyrsus 
commonly interrupted and leafy: pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and 
acuminate (sometimes laciniate-toothed) sepals: corolla three-fourths inch long: anthers 
glabrous: sterile filament villous-bearded above.— Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 3645; Gray, l.c. P.serrulatus, Menzies in Hook. Fl. ii. 95. P. argutus, Paxt. Mag. 
Bot. vi. 271, appears to be a form of this, connecting with the neXt species. — Wooded or 
rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. 

P. Richardsoénii, Doug]. Stems often loosely branching: leaves ovate- to narrowly 
lanceolate in outline, from incised to laciniate-pinnatifid; the upper commonly alternate 
or scattered: thyrsus loosely panicled: sepals (ovate or oblong) and pedicels often gland- 
ular and viscid: corolla three-fourths to an inch long: sterile filament sparingly villous- 
bearded at apex. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 
1641. — Bare rocks, &c., Oregon and Washington Terr. : 

P. triphyllus, Doug]. Stems slender, about a foot high, usually simple: cauline 
leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or so long), rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pin- 
natifid-laciniate ; the upper sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus 
narrow, loosely paniculate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla comparatively small and 
narrow, half to two-thirds inch long: sterile filament densely bearded at apex. — Lindl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1245; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c.— Rocks, &c., Oregon to British Columbia. 


272 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Penistemon. 


% %* %* Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves all entire. 
+— Corolla blue or violet, half inch long, slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate: sterile filament 
lightly bearded. 

P. graciléntus, Gray. Stems slender from a lignescent base, a foot or more high, 
rather few-leaved, naked above, terminating in a loose and rather simple paniculate thyr- 
sus: leaves glabrous and green, lanceolate, or the upper linear and the lowest sometimes 
oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles (and calyx) viscid-puberulent, 2-5-flowered; the 
lower elongated: pedicels short: corolla-lobes only 2 lines long, moderately spreading. — 
Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 88, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 75, & Bot. Calif. i. 561.— Mountains, N. Cali- 
fornia and adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada, at 5-8,000 fect. 

“+ + Corolla blue to purple, more yentricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, two-thirds to an inch 


and a half long: sterile filament glabrous. (Species too nearly allied, mostly lignescent or 
rather shrubby at base.) 


++ Inflorescence and calyx glandular or viscid-pubescent: thyrsus open-paniculate. 


P. leetus, Gray. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, above glandular- 
pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and the lowest spatulate: sepals ovate or 
oblong, herbaceous: corolla an inch long, blue. —Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— Open and dry grounds, California to the mountains 
above the Yosemite and apparently even to Siskiyou Co. 

P. Reézli, Regel. Smaller, a span to a foot high, below glabrous or minutely puberu- 
lent: leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate: thyrsus either narrow or 
more diffuse and compound, with the branches divergent: corolla smaller (from half to 
two-thirds inch long) and narrower, pale blue or violet.— Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 326, & 
Gartenfl. 1872, t. 239; Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 567. P. heterophyllus, var.? Torr. & Gray in Pacif. 
R. Rep. ii. 122.— Drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to frontiers 
of Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Approaches smaller forms of the preceding. 
++ ++ Inflorescence and calyx, as well as foliage, perfectly glabrous or else minutely puberulent 

without glandulosity:; thyrsus usually narrow. 

P. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous: stems a span or so high from the depressed 
ligneous base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, 
acutish or obtuse, mostly narrowed to the base, an inch or so long: thyrsus strict, 1 to 5 
inches long: sepals ovate-lanceolate and slender-acuminate, equalling the capsule: corolla 
comparatively small (two-thirds inch long), “ purple.” — Nevada and Utah, from the W. 
Humboldt to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, Watson, &e. 

P. aztreus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent: stems erect or ascending, 1 to 
3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the uppermost 
wider at base: thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated: sepals ovate, with or without a 
conspicuous acumination: corolla from 1 to 14 inches long, azure-blue verging or changing 
to violet, the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. — 
Pl. Hartw. 327; Gray, l.c.; “Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 64; Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 211; Moore, Mag. 
1850, t. 209.” — Dry ground, California, apparently through the length of the State, com- 
mon on the Sacramento, &c. Founded on a rather narrow-leaved form, but varies greatly 
in the foliage. 

Var. Jaffraydnus, Gray, 1.c. A low form: leaves oblong or oval, or the upper 
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous: peduncles 1-5-flowered: flowers large. — P. 
Jaffrayamus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. glaucifolius, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82. 
P. heterophyllus, var. latifolius, Watson, Bot. King, 222? — Northern part of California and 
through the Sierra Nevada, also eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, if the syn. 
Bot. King is rightly referred. 

Var. parvulus. Less thana foot high: leaves oblong and oval, barely an inch long: 
many-flowered thyrsus rather open: sepals broadly ovate: corolla hardly three-fourths 
inch long: would be referred to the preceding variety, except for the smaller flowers: — 
Northern part of California, in mountains above Jackson Lake, at 8,000 feet, Greene. 

Var. angustissimus, the extreme narrow-leaved form: leaves narrowly linear or 
sometimes the uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. — Yosemite Valley, &c. 

Var. ambiguus, a rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceo- 
late and linear leaves all narrowed at base in the manner of the following species, but pale 
and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue (only an inch or less long): sepals remarkably 


a 


ft ei ae 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACER. 273 


small, ovate, merely mucronate. — P. heterophyllus, Watson, Bot. King, 222.—Caiions of 

the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, viz. of the Provo and American Fork, Watson, &c. 

P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent: stems or branches 2 to 5 feet 
high from a woody base, slender: leaves lanceolate or linear, or only the lowest oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base: corolla an inch or sometimes more in length, with 
narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing toward violet; the bud often yellow- 
ish: otherwise hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved forms of the preceding. — Bot. 
Reg. t. 1899; Hook. & Arn. Bot, Beech. 376; Bot. Mag. t. 3853; Gray, 1. c. — Dry banks, 
through the western and especially the southern part of California. 
+— + + Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long: sterile 

filament glabrous. 

P. Bridgésii, Gray. A foot or two high from a lignescent base, glabrous up to the vir- 
gate secund thyrsus, or pruinose-puberulent: leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to linear; 
the floral reduced to small subulate bracts: peduncles (1-5-flowered) and pedicels short: 
these and the ovate or oblong sepals glandular-viscid: lips of the narrow corolla fully one- 
third the length of the tubular portion; the upper erect and 2-lobed; the lower 3-parted 
and its lobes recurved: anthers deeply sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 560. — Rocky banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite southward, on Wil- 
liams Mountain, N. Arizona, and S. W. Colorado (Brandegee). 

P. NorraAuyi, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 120, is wholly doubtful, perhaps P. levigatus. 

P. Cerroséysis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19,.from Cerros Island, off the coast of 
Lower California, is said to have a tubular yellow corolla, 3-nerved sepals, &c. Probably 
not of this genus. 

P. CANOSO-BARBATUM and P. rostRiFLoRUM, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, Californian 
species, remain wholly obscure. 


12. CHIONOPHILA, Benth. (Xidv, snow, and gihog, beloved, growing 
on snow-capped mountains.) — DC. Prodr. x. 351; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 
ii. 942. —- Single species : fl. summer. 

C. Jamésii, Benth. 1. c. Dwarf perennial, glabrous or nearly so: leaves thickish, entire, 
mostly radical in‘’a tuft, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base; 
those on the scape-like (1 to 3 inches high) flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally 
alternate, linear: spike few-many-flowered, dense, mostly secund, imbricate-bracteate : 
bracts shorter than the flowers: corolla over half inch long, dull cream-color, in anthesis 
twice the length of the calyx, at length more nearly enclosed by it. — Gray in Am. Jour. 
Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 252.— Colorado Rocky Mountains, in the high alpine region, first col- 
lected by Dr. James, in Long’s Expedition, on James’, now Pike’s Peak. 


13. MIMULUS, L. Moyxey-rrower. (Latin diminutive of mimus, a 
mime, from the grinning corolla.) — Large genus, of wide dispersion, but far most 
largely N. American; with opposite simple leaves, and usually showy flowers 
from the axils, or becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to 
bracts. Chieflf herbs, one polymorphous species shrubby; fl. in summer; sev- 
eral cultivated for ornament. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 563, & Proc. Am. Acad. 
xi. 95; Benth. & Hook. l.c. Mdimulus, Diplacus (Nutt.), Zunanus, & Herpestis 
§ Mimulotdes, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 

$1. Euxdxcs, Gray. Annuals, mostly very low, glandular-pubescent or viscid : 
flowers sessile or short-pedicelled: calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed; the angles and 
teeth more or less plicate-carinate: corolla in the typical species with long and 
slender tube: anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses: upper part of style 
pubescent or glandular: stigma variable, not rarely funnelform or peltate-petaloid : 
placente separated in dehiscence and borne by the half-dissepiment on the middle 


of each valve. — Hunanus, Benth. in DC. 
18 a 


274 SCROPHULARIACE. Mimulus. 


* Capsule cartilaginous, 2-4-sulcate, tardily dehiscent, oblique or gibbous at base: calyx gibbous 
at base and very oblique at the orifice: corolla purple or violet, with spotted or variegated throat: 
leaves entire or obscurely few-toothed. 


+ Corolla-tube filiform and long-exserted, in the earlier state much longer than the stems, an 
inch or more in length. — Ginoe, Gray in Pl. Hartw. 329. Mimulus § Génoe, Gray, Bot. Calif. 
j. 508. ; x 
M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, obscurely nerved, with narrowed base 
nearly sessile: calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice: 
corolla about inch and a half long, with short-funnelform throat, lips of about equal 
length, and lobes similar: capsule short-oval or ovate, slightly compressed rather acutely 
angled before and behind: seeds obovate, oblique, much larger than in related species. — 
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 222 (June, 1849); Gray, lv. Eunanus Coulter’, Gray in Benth. 
Pi. Hartw. 329, Aug. 1849. — California, from the valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino 
Co. and eastward, Plumas Co. Stem when beginning to flower only a quarter inch high, 
at length may reach 3 inches. 

Var. angustatus, Gray, l.c. Leaves small and linear or nearly so: more slender 
tube of corolla sometimes nearly 2 inches long. — Plumas to Placer Co., Bolander, &c. 
M. Douglasii; Gray, 1.c. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 3-5-nerved base contracted into 
a petiole: calyx soon very gibbous at base on upper side: lower lip of corolla very much 
shorter than the ample erect lower one, or even obsolete; the throat more amply funnel- 
form: capsule linear or linear-oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at tlre 
very base: seeds oval, small, apiculate at both ends, as in all the following species of the 
section: stigma very variable. — JZ. nanus, var. subuniflorus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 378. 
Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 374. — California, on gravelly banks, throughout the 
length of the State. Stem from a quarter of an inch to 6 inches high: corolla an inch 

to one and a half inches long. 

+— + Corolla-tube hardly exserted from the calyx: flowers not surpassing the subtending leaf. 
M. latifélius, Gray, 1.c. Viscid-pubescent : stem a span high, loosely branching : leaves 

all broadly ovate or oval, slightly petioled, membranaceous, 5-nerved at base, 9 to 12 lines 

long: calyx in flower hardly oblique, in fruit very gibbous: corolla pink-purple, half to 

three-fourths inch long; the funnelform throat as long as the tube: capsule narrowly 

oblong, laterally sulcate. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. 

%* %* Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous, symmetrical: calyx equal at base, campanulate or 


short-oblong: stigma peltate-funnelform, and entire or obscurely 2-lotéd. —§ Eunanus, Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 564. 


+— Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines long; the tube slender and exserted: calyx-teeth nearly equal. 


M. leptdleus, Gray, 1.c. Viscid-puberulent, 1 to 3 inches high, at length much 
branched: leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long: calyx-tecth 
ovate or triangular, not equalling the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule: corolla crimson, with 
filiform tube, small throat, and oblique limb 1} to 8 lines wide. — California, in gravelly 
soil of the Sierra Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet. 
+— +- Corolla ampler, half to fully three-fourths inch Jong, funnelform, with widely spreading 


limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the included or partly exserted tube: stems 
from an inch to a span or more high. (Species nearly related.) 


++ Calyx hardly at all oblique; the teeth almost equal in length. 


M. Bigelovii, Gray, l.c. Leaves oblong; the upper ovate, acute or acuminate: calyx- 
teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base (2 or less lines long), half the length of the 
broadly campanulate tube, the anterior ones narrower ; throat of the corolla cylindraceous, 
and the ample limb rotate (crimson with yellow centre): capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute 
or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx; the valves membranaceous. — Eunanus Bigelovii, 
Gray in Pacif, R. Rep. iv. 121.—S. California, W. Nevada, and S. Utah. 

M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. Leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate: calyx-teeth 
broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long), a quarter of the length of the tube: 
corolla sometimes rose-purple, sometimes yellow: capsule with tapering apex rather 
exceeding the calyx; the valves chartaceous.— Bot. Beech. 1]. cv. 878, (var. pluriflorus) ; 
Gray, lc. Eunanus Tolmiei, Benth. l.c. E. Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King, 226, not 
Benth. —Hills, &¢., Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent parts of Nevada and Oregon 
to Wyoming. 


Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACER. 275 


Var. bicolor, Gray, l.c. A doubtful and insufficiently known form; with throat of 
corolla short and abruptly dilated, dark purple; the limb yellow. — Eunanus bicolor, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 381.— High Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., Brewer. 

M. Fremonti, Gray, |.c. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse: 
calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish (less than a line long), less than a quarter the length of 
the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla. — Eunanus Fremonti, Benth. 
1. c.— California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward and eastward, first coll. by Fremont. 

++ ++ Calyx decidedly oblique at the orifice; the teeth unequal, reaching to the base of the fun- 
nelform throat of the corolla: stem rather slender: Jeaves quite entire. 

M. Parryi, Gray, l.c. Not pubescent, minutely glandular, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves 
oblong or oblanceolate, half inch long: teeth of the campanulate calyx acute; the upper 
and larger one ovate; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or fourth the length 
of the tube: corolla yellow or pink, two-thirds inch long: capsule oblong-lanceolate, not 
surpassing the calyx. — St. George, 8. Utah, on gravelly hills, Parry. 

M. Torréyi, Gray, l.c. Viscid-pubescent, a span to a foot high, simple or loosely 
branching: leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, sometimes an inch long: calyx-teeth all 
broad and obtuse; the posterior one larger and barely a line long: corolla half to three- 
fourths inch long, pink-purple: capsule chartaceous, lanccolate-oblong. —Eunanus Fremonti, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, not Benth. — California, through the Sierra Nevada, at 
4,000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northward, first coll. by Newberry. 

+ + + Corolla large and wide, an inch or more long, with proper tube very short and included 
in the calyx: teeth of the latter very unequal: stem simpler and taller: leaves often acutely 
dentate or denticulate with salient teeth. (Transition to Eumimulus.) 

M. Bolanderi, Gray, |. c. A foot or less high, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong, an inch 
or two in length; the lower surpassing the flowers: teeth of the very oblique calyx lan- 
ceolate; the posterior and longer one 3 lines long and half the length of the oblong 
tube: corolla purple, an inch long, cylindraceous: capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat 
coriaceous. — i. brevipes, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not Benth. — California, in foot- 
hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada. 

M. brévipes, Benth. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent: leaves from lanceo- 
late to linear, 1 to 4 inches long: calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate; the posterior fully 
half the length of the broadly campanulate tube: corolla yellow, sometimes 14 inches 
long, and the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes: 
capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous.— DC. Prodr. x. 369; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
116. — California, from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino. 


§ 2. Dirtacvs, Gray. Shrubby, glutinous; with flowers as of the following 
and capsule of the preceding section: tube of the funnelform corolla about the 
length of the narrow prismatic carinate-angled calyx: style glandular: stigma 
bilamellar: placentze meeting but even in the ovary not united in the axis, in 
dehiscence borne on the linear firm-coriaceous valves. — Diplacus, Nutt. in Ann. 
& Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368. 


M. glutinosus, Wendl. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous but glutinous: leaves 
from narrowly oblong to linear, from denticulate to entire (1 to 4 inches long); at length 
with revolute margins: flowers 14 to 2 inches long, short-pedicelled : corolla usually buff 
or salmon-color, obscurely bilabiate; the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or notched. — 
Obs. 51; Jacq. Schenbr. iii. t. 864; Gray, l.c. Md. aurantiacus, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 354. 
Diplacus glutinosus & D. latifolius, Nutt. 1. c. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18.— 
Rocky banks, &c., California, common from San Francisco southward. Runs into many 
varieties, such as_, 

Var. puniceus, Gray, 1.c. Flowers from orange-red to scarlet, often slender-pedi- 
celled: corolla-lobes commonly obcordate. — Diplacus puniceus, Nutt. 1. v.; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8655. D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. W. California. 

Var. linearis, Gray, ].c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, red-brown to salmon- 
color: calyx commonly pubescent: leaves linear, more rigid, and revolute-margined. — J. 
linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. c.; Benth. 1. c.— From Mon- 
terey southward. 


276 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Mimulus. 


Var. bradchypus, Gray, l.c. Flowers: very short-pedicelled, salmon-color, large: 
calyx viscid-pubescent or villous: herbage often pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, 
mainly entire. — Diplacus longiflorus, Nutt. 1.c. —From Santa Barbara southward. 


§ 3. Eumimutus, Gray. Herbaceous: proper tube of the corolla mostly 
included in the plicately carinate-angled 5-toothed calyx (the teeth traversed by 
the strong nerve): style glabrous: stigma bilamellar, the lobes or lips ovate or 
rotund and equal: placentz remaining united in the axis of the capsule (or partly 
dividing, in J. rubellus completely), from which the thin and usually membra- 
naceous valves tardily separate. 


* Large-flowered and perennial western species: corolla 1} to 2 inches long, red or rose-color, 
with cylindrical body longer than the limb: calyx oblong-prismatic; the short teeth nearly equal: 
anthers either villous or almost glabrous in the same species: pedicels elongated: capsule oblong: 
leaves several-nerved from the base: seeds with a dull and loose epidermis, longitudinally 
wrinkled. 

M. cardindlis, Dougl. Villous and viscid, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ovate, or the lower 
obovate-lanceolate ; the upper connate; all erose-dentate: corolla scarlet, with remarkably 
oblique limb; upper lip erect and the lobes turned back; lower reflexed: stamens ex- 
serted. — Lindl. Hort. Trans. ii. 70, t.3; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 358; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8560. — Along watercourses, through Oregon and California to Arizona. 


M. Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener, and with minute or finer pubescence: 
leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate: corolla rose-red or paler, with tube 
and throat proportionally longer; roundish lobes all spreading: stamens included. — Fl. 
ii. 427, t. 20; Gray, l.c. AL. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1591; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; 
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. — Shady and moist or wet ground, Brit. Columbia to Califor- 
nia along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, east to Montana and Utah. 

%* %* Moderately large flowered eastern species, perennial, glabrous: corolla violet, at most an inch 
long, with narrow tube and throat more or less exceeding the nearly equal calyx, and personate 
limb: fructiferous calyx oblong: leaves throughout pinnately veined: seeds not wrinkled. 
(Corolla rarely varying to white, not very rarely with the lateral lobes of the lower lip exterior 
in the bud!) 

M. ringens, L. Stem square, 2 feet high: leaves oblong or lanceolate, closely sessile by 
an auriculate partly clasping base, serrate: pedicels longer than the flower: calyx-teeth 
subulate, slender: seed-coat rather loose, cellular.— Hort. Ups. 176, t.i.; Lam. IL t. 523; 
Bot. Mag. t. 283. — Wet places, Canada to Iowa and south to Texas. 

M. aldtus, Solander. Stem somewhat wing-angled: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
less acutely serrate, tapering at base into a margined petiole: pedicels shorter than the 
calyx: teeth of the latter short and broad with abrupt mucronate tips: seed-coat close 
and smooth. — Ait. Kew. ii. 861; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 410; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 94.— 
Wet places, W. New England to Illinois, and south to Texas. 

* %* % Small- or moderately large-flowered mainly western species: corolla from yellow or some- 


times partly white to brown-red or crimson; the throat broad and open: seeds with a thin and 
smooth or shining (or in Jf. /utews duller and reticulate-striate) coat. 


+— Leafy-stemmed, not villous, nor leaves pinnately veined, but with 3 to 7 primary veins from or 
near the base, and hardly any, or only weak ones, from above the middle vf the midrib. 


++ Calyx oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest: leaves mostly broad, dentate, at least 
the lower petioled: root fibrous. 


== Perennial by stolons or creeping branches: upper leaves sessile by a broad or somewhat clasp- 
ing base: lower lip of the corolla bearded at the throat. 

M. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse ard creeping, freely rooting, glabrate: leaves 
roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire (4 to’12 lines long), all but 
the uppermost with margined petioles: flowers all axillary and slender-pedicelled: corolla 
light yellow, 4 to 6 lines long: fructiferous calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long: seeds 
oval, shining, almost smooth.— Benth. in DC. 1. c. 371 (with var. Fremontii); Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, 287. M. glabratus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, partly, hardly of HBK.— 
In water or wet places, usually in springs, Illinois to Upper Michigan and Minnesota, west 


to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona. (Adja- 
cent Mex.) 


Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE. 2Ti 


Var. Texénsis. Larger: leaves more ovate, seldom subcordate, usually more strongly 
or even laciniately dentate; the uppermost sometimes reduced, so that the later flowers 
become somewhat racemose. — J/. glabratus, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c., mainly. — Texas, 
Wright, Lindheimer, &. Probably in drier soil: near Jf. glabratus, of S. Am. and Mex. 

M. luteus, L. Glabrous or puberulent: stems erect, ascending or with later branches 
spreading; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or sub- 
cordate; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; 
all usually acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate: inflores- 
cence chiefly racemose or terminal: pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla 
deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched 
with brown-purple or copper-color, in the largest forms from 1 to 2 inches long: calyx ven- 
tricose-campanulate, half inch or less long: aces oblong, rather dull, striate-reticulated 
longitudinally. — Spec. ed. 2, 884; Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 3363; Bot. Reg. t. 1030, 1796; Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 661; Gray, l.c. M. guttatus, DC. Cat. Monsp. 127; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. MW. 
variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. Jf. rivularis, Lodd. 1. c. t. 1575; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 47. AZ. lyratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28, form with lower leaves laciniate at 
base. MM. Scouleri, Hook. Fl. ii. 100; a narrow-leaved form. JAZ. Smithiit, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1674. — Moist or wet ground, Aleutian Islands and Alaska to California, and east to and 
through the Rocky Mountains. (Along the Andes, &c., to S. Chili.) Most variable and 
polymorphous: extreme forms are the following 

Var. alpinus, Gray. A sp4n or so high, lax, leafy to top: stem 1-4-flowered: 
corolla # to 1} inches long: seeds oval: some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above 
the middle!— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King, 224; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 567. M. dentatus, Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 872, appears from an original specimen to be 
between this and .1/. moschatus, var. longiflorus. Mf. Tilingii, Regel, Gartenfl. 1869, 321, t. 631; 
plant which developed next year into a large many-flowered form, as figured in Gartenfl. 
1870, 290, t. 665 (corolla distinctly personate by a palatine protuberance of base of lower 
lip, as is often seen in other forms). JZ. cupreus, Regel, 1. v. 1864, t. 422 (throat of the 
corolla wide open). d/. luteus, var. cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5478.— Alaska to high 
Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Chilian Andes.) 

Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, flowering as 
slender annuals, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 
lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1.c. M. microphyllus, Benth. in DC. 
1. c. 871. —Washington Terr. to California and the Rocky Mountains. 

== == Apparently only annual: leaves all petioled: pedicels long and filiform. 

M. alsinoides, Benth. Very glabrous: stems slender, at length diffusely branched, 3 
to 12 inches long: leaves from rotund- to rhombic-ovate (from 4 to 16 lines long, besides 
the abruptly long-attenuate base or margined petiole), thin, the upper part salient denticu- 
late: pedicels at length divaricate: corolla light yellow (or lower lip with a brown spot), 
3 to 6 lines long; the limb small: calyx in flower narrow-cylindraceous, in fruit narrow- 
oblong; its teeth all very short.— Benth. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c.— Wet shady places, Oregon 
to British Columbia, &c. 

Var. minimus, Benth. 1.c., consists of very small and depauperate forms, half 
inch to 2 inches high, with corolla 2 to 4 lines long. — Same range. 

M. lacinidtus, Gray, 1c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: filiform stem diffusely 
branched, a span or less high: leaves on filiform petioles, which mostly exceed the (quarter 
to half inch long) hastately 3-lobed or laciniately 3-5-cleft and obscurely 1-nerved blade, 
about equalling the pedicels: corolla yellow, 2 lines long: calyx in fruit ovate, 2 lines 
long: the teeth rather conspicuous.— Sierra Nevada, California, on a branch of the 
Merced at Clark’s. 

++ ++ Calyx equal or nearly so at the orifice, and the teeth almost alike: root annual. 
== Cauline leaves contracted at base into margined petioles. 

M. Pulsiferze, Gray, |. cv. Viscid throughout, but hardly pubescent, a span high, loosely 
branching: leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate or entire, 
Bnerved at base (half inch or more long), equalled or surpassed by the pedicels: corolla 
yellow, 5 lines long: calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit 8 or 4 lines long, with short 
ovate-triangular teeth. — California, in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, on rocks, 
from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Greene. 


278 : SCROPHULARIACE. Mimulus. 


== = Cauline leaves mainly closely sessile by a broad base. 

M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous, 2 to 7 inches high, simple or branched from the 
base: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat 3-5-nerved (quarter to half inch 
long): pedicels as long as flower: corolla 5 lines long, with rather small limb, yellow 
or rose-color: fructiferous calyx oval, 4 or 5 lines long, appearing as if truncate; the 
teeth very short. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Damp hillsides or rocks, 
Los Angeles to the Sacramento, California, Bigelow, &c. 
= = = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a narrowed obscurely 3-nerved base: plants 

minutely viscid-pubescent or glandular, erect, branched from the base, from 2 to 10 inches high. 

M. bicolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sometimes 
spatulate, mostly denticulate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the pedicels: 
corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample limb, yellow, or lower lip commonly 
white: calyx narrowly oblong, purple-dotted, in fruit 4 lines long; the teeth comparatively 
large (a line long), triangular, acute. — Pl. Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 568. J. 
Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98. — California, through the foot-hills of 
the Sierra Nevada. 

M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but hardly at all pubescent: leaves lanceolate or the lower 
spatulate, mostly entire, half inch or so long, all shorter than the filiform pedicels: 
corolla nearly three-fourths inch long, ample-funnelform, crimson, thrice the length of the 
calyx; the lobes all about equal and equally spreading: fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines 
long, narrowly oblong; the teeth broad and obtuse.—Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.—S. E. 
California, on the Mohave River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. Corolla in shape and color as 
of the Eunanus section, foliage, aspect, and capsule of the present group. 

M. rubéllus, Gray. Viscid and sometimes pubescent: leaves from spatulate-oblong to 
linear, entire, rarely with a few salient teeth, a quarter to two-thirds inch long, commonly 
equalling the pedicels; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate: corolla 8 or 4 lines long, 
from one-third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow 
varying or changing to crimson-purple: fructifergus calyx oblong, 3 lines long; its teeth 
mostly short and obtuse.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. 
King, 225. AZ. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part.— Gravelly moist banks, 
Washington Terr. to Arizona, Colorado, and E. New Mexico, chiefly in the mountains. 

Var. latifidrus, Watson, 1.c. Stems an inch or two high: leaves from linear to 
oblanceolate: corolla yellow, half to two-thirds inch long, with slender exserted tube, funnel- 
form throat spotted with brown-purple, and comparatively large limb, resembling that of 

M. bicolor.— M. montioides, Gray, 1. c., mainly. — W. Nevada, on the eastern side of the 

Sierra Nevada, &c., Anderson, &c. Adopted in this form in Bot. Calif. 1. c.; but probably 

a distinct species. 

+ + Leafy-stemmed, villous and viscid, diffuse: leaves membranaceous, more or less pinnately- 
veined and petioled, denticulate or serrate: corolla narrow, light yellow: calyx slightly if at all 
oblique; the teeth nearly equal. 

M. floribindus, Doug]. About a span high from an annual root, flowering from 
almost the lowest axils, at first erect, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves 
ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the some- 
what racemose pedicels: calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate 
in fruit, 3 or 4 lines long; the teeth short and triangular: corolla 3 to hardly 6 lines long, 
about twice the length of the calyx: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse.— Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 
1125; Benth. in DC. 1.c. 372; Gray, l.c. M. peduncularis, Dougl. in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 
29. Capraria pusilla, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 86.— Moist soil, Rocky Mountains of 
Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon. ; 

M. moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Pranr.) More villous and viscous, musk-scented: 
stems spreading and creeping, thus perennial, a foot or so long: leaves oblong-ovate, an 
inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels: calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanu- 
late in fruit, 4 or 5 lines long; the teeth half the length of the tube, broadly lanceolate 
and acuminate, somewhat unequal: corolla usually two-thirds inch long and barely twice 
the length of the calyx: capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118; Benth. l.c.; 
Gray, 1. c. — Wet places, along brooks, British Columbia to California and Utah. 

Var. longifiédrus. Corolla elongated, reaching an inch in length, thrice the length 
of the calyx: later peduncles surpassing the leaves. The usual form in California, also 

in Oregon. . 


” Conobea. SCROPHULARIACES. 279 


+ + + Scapose, i.e. peduncles scape-like: leaves 3-5-nerved, sessile. 

M. primuloides, Benth. Perennial by filiform stolons: leaves all radical in a rosulate 
tuft, or crowded on an upright stem of 1 to 3 inches in height, soft-villous when young, 
glabrate with age, from obovate to oblanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate or nearly 
entire, from 5 to 16 lines long: filiform and often solitary pedicels (1 to 4 inches long) and 
cylindraceous calyx glabrous: corolla golden-yellow, funnelform, a quarter to three-fourths 
inch long.— Scroph. Ind. l.c., & DC. l.c.; Regel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 789; Gray, 1. e.— 
Wet soil, through the Sierra Nevada, California, at 6-10,000 feet, extending to the Blue 
Mountains of Oregon. Like the other species varies greatly in size of flower as well as in 
stature. 


§ 4. Mimucotpes, Gray. Annual, with corolla of Humtmulus, capsule with 
the divided placente of Zunanus, but the calyx campanulate and 5-cleft; its tube 
not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, but almost nerveless; its lobes plane: 
stigma bilamellar.— Herpestis § Mimulotdes, Benth. 


M. pilésus, Watson. A span to a foot high, at length much branched, leafy, soft-vil- 
lous and slightly viscid, rarely glabrate, flowering from near the base: leaves lanceolate or 
narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base; the lower surpassing and the 
upper hardly equalling the pedicels: calyx oblique at orifice; the tube somewhat 5-sulcate 
below the sinuses ; the posterior tooth equalling and the others shorter than the tube; all 
oblong or ovate, rather shorter than the bright yellow (3 or 4 lines long) rather obscurely 
bilabiate corolla: lobes of the latter nearly equal, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on 
the lower: capsule oblong-ovate, acute.— Bot. King, 225; Gray, l.c. Af, exilis, Durand 
in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, t. 12. Herpestis (\imuloides) pilosa, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. 
ii. 57, & DC. 1. c. 894. — Gravelly soil along streams, nearly throughout California, and 
along the borders of Nevada to Arizona. 


14, STEMODIA, L. (Name shortened by Linnzus fron P. Browne’s 
Stemodiacra, meaning stamens with two tips, in reference to the disjoined stipi- 
tate anther-cells.) — Chiefly tropical species, herbaceous or slightly shrubby, one 
reaching our borders. 

S. durantifdlia, Swartz. Annual with indurated base, or sometimes perennial, viscid- 
pubescent : leaves either opposite or 3-4-nate, from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, serrate or 
denticulate, narrowed below and with somewhat dilated partly clasping base: inflorescence 
spiciform, leafy below: calyx 2-bracteolate: corolla purplish, quarter inch long. — Obs. 
p. 240; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 383. Capraria durantifolia, L. Stemodia verticillaris, Link ; 
Reichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149. — Wet grounds, 8. Arizona. (Trop. Am.) 


15. CONOBEA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) — Low or spreading an- 
nuals, all American; with opposite leaves, and small flowers on axillary pedicels, 
2-bracteolate under the calyx. — Our species belong to 

§ 1. Leucéspora. Leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into cuneate-linear divisions : 
anther-cells completely disjoined but contiguous: seeds striate-costate. — Leuco- 
spora, Nutt., with Schistophragma, Benth. in Endl. Gen. & DC. Prodr. x. 392. 


C. multifida, Benth. 1.c. A span high, diffusely branched, minutely viscid-pubescent : 
pedicels as long as the greenish-white and purplish corolla: sepals very slender: capsule 
ovate: seeds small, white, longitudinally costate.—Capraria multifida, Michx. Fl. ii. 22, 
t. 85. Stemodia multifida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 811. Leucospora multifida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 87. Sutera multifida, Walp. Rep. iii. 271. Along streams and shores, Ohio to 
Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas: also adventive below Philadelphia. 

C. intermédia, Gray. More viscid-pubescent: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals 
narrowly linear-lanceolate; the posterior one rather longer: corolla larger (3 lines long) : 
capsule ovoid-lanceolate: seeds larger, spirally costate.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 117.—New 
Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 


280 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Herpestis, 


16. HERPESTIS, Gertn. f. (‘Eomyozis, a creeping thing, the original 
species creeping.) — Low herbs (chiefly American), commonly glabrous; with 
opposite leaves, and mainly axillary flowers, in summer. 


§ 1. Corolla obviously bilabiate ; the two posterior lobes being united to form 
the upper lip: pedicels and calyx ebracteolate: style dilated and 2-lobed at the 
apex, or stigma bilamellar.— § Mercadonia, Mella, & Chetodiscus, Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. & Gen. ii. 952. 


%* Erect or ascending glabrous perennials, drying blackish: leaves pinnately veined, mostly petioled 
and serrate or crenate: anther-cells divergent: style curved at apex: stigmas obovate. 

H. nigréscens, Benth. A foot or two high, mostly erect, very leafy: leaves from 
oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, with entire tapering base (1 or 2 inches long): pedi- 
cels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves: upper sepals oblong-lanceolate, not 
much broader than the narrowly-lanceolate lower ones: corolla whitish or purplish: 
valves of the capsule often 2-cleft. — Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 56, & DC. Prodr. x. 394. Gratiola 
acuminata, Walt. Car. 61; Ell. Sk. i. 15; Curtis, Pl. Wilmingt. in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. i. 
130. — G. inequalis, Walt. l.c.? Gerardia cunetfolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Matourea nigrescens, 
Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 173. — Wet places, Maryland (A. Hay), and North Carolina 
to Texas, along and near the coast. 


H. chameedryoides, HBK. A span or two high, generally diffuse or decumbent: 
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (half or three-fourths inch long), mostly surpassed by the 
pedicels: upper sepal ovate; the lower ones ovate or oblong: corolla yellow. — Nov. Gen. 
& Spec. ii.369; Benth. l.c. Erinus procumbens, Mill. Dict. Mercadonia ovata, Ruiz & Pav.? 
Lindernia dianthera, Swartz. Microcarpea Americana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 368. — Moist 
ground, Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.) 

Var. peduncularis (H. peduncularis, Benth. 1c.) is founded on a form with erect and 
simpler stems, smaller and narrower leaves, and filiform pedicels of thrice their length. — 
Texas, Drummond, also Berlandier, &. A similar form, but with diffuse or procumbent 
stems (I. peduncularis, Chapm. Fl. 291), is from Key West, Florida. 

%* ¥%* Creeping, or ascending from a creeping base, stoloniferous-perennial, rather succulent: stems 


villous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves closely sessile and partly clasping, nervose from the base, 
entire or obscurely crenulate : capsule 4-valved: corolla blue or violet, varying to white. 


+ Leaves pellucid-punctate, aromatic when bruised : ovary girt by a slenderly 10-12-toothed hypo- 
gynous disk: anthers somewhat sagittate: stigma dilated, obscurely 2-lobed : upper lip of corolla 
obcordate. . 

H. amplexicatlis, Pursh. Stems a span to a foot or two long, creeping at base, then 
ascending and nearly simple, very leafy: leaves ovate, obtuse, half to nearly_an inch long, 
sometimes a little pubescent: pedicels shorter than calyx or hardly any: upper sepal 
cordate: corolla 5 lines long, ephemeral. —FI. ii. 413; Benth. l.c. Obolaria Caroliniana, 
Walt. Car. 166. Monniera amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 22.— Margin of pine-barren ponds, 
New Jersey (?) and Maryland to Louisiana. 
+— + Leaves not punctate: hypogynous disk obscure and entire or none: anthers parallel: stigma 

2-lamellar: upper lip of corolla merely emarginate. 

H. répens, Cham. & Schl. Glabrous, or summit of the creeping stems puberulent: 
leaves oval and with broad clasping base (quarter to half inch long): pedicels about the 
length of flower and fructiferous calyx: upper and lower sepals broadly oval or sub- 
cordate, reticulate-veiny, in flower almost equalling the white or whitish corolla. — 
Linnea, v. 107; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 430. . micrantha, Benth. 1. c., mainly (not Pursh, 
which is chiefly Micranthemum) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 105, ex char. Gratiola repens, Swartz, Fl. Ind. 
Oce. i. 39, & Ic. t. 3. — Wet soil, S. Carolina, &c. (W. Ind., Brazil.) 

H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Larger: spreading and creeping stems usually villous-pubes- 
cent; leaves obovate or rotund, with cuneate-narrowed but partly clasping flabellately 
many-nerved base, often an inch long: pedicels longer than the flower (commonly in 
threes) : corolla blue, almost twice the length of the ovate and oval sepals. — Fl. ii. 418; 
Benth. l.c. Monniera rotundifolia, Michx. 1. c.— Margin of ponds, Illinois and Missouri to 
Louisiana and Texas. (Possibly also in “S. Carolina and Georgia,” but ZH. rotundifolia of 
Elliot is probably the H. amplexicaulis.) 


Gratiola. SCROPHULARIACER. 281 


HypranTHELtum Ecéyse, Poepp. of Brazil, with aspect of Herpestis, was picked up in 
New Orleans by the late J. Hale, and is enumerated in Mann’s Catalogue, also by Chapman 
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10: but it is probably a ballast waif and transient. 


§ 2. Corolla obscurely bilabiate; the limb being almost equally 5-lobed; tube 
somewhat campanulate: stamens hardly didynamous: anthers sagittate: stigma 
capitate. — Bramia, Lam. § Bramia, Benth. 


H. Monniéra, HBK. Glabrous perennial, prostrate and creeping, somewhat fleshy : 
leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or obsoletely somewhat toothed, sessile (4 to 8 
lines long), nearly veinless: pedicels at length longer than the leaves, 2-bracteolate at 
apex: upper sepal ovate: corolla (4 or 5 lines long) pale blue. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2557. 
H. cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii 418. H. Browne’, Nutt. Gen. ii.42.  Gratiola Monniera, L. 
Monniera cuneifolia, Michx. 1. e.—River-banks and shores near the sea, Maryland to 
Texas. (Cosmopolite near the tropics.) 


17. GRATIOLA, L. Hever Hyssop. (From the Latin gratia, grace 
or favor, i.e. Herb-of-grace.) — Low herbs, of wide distribution ; with opposite 
and sessile entire or dentate leaves, and solitary axillary pedicels, usually 2-brac- 
teolate under the calyx: fl. summer. 


§ 1. Gratrordria, Benth. Anther-cells transverse and separated by a mem- 
branaceous dilated connective: capsule ovate or globular: soft-herbaceous and 
diffusely branching, either annuals or fibrous-rooted perennials from a creeping 
base, growing in wet soil. 


%* Sterile stamens wanting or reduced to minute rudiments. 
+— Calyx ebracteolate: Pacific species. 

G. ebracteata, Benth. A span high or less, erect, nearly glabrous, obscurely viscid : 
leaves lanceolate, entire, or sometimes sparingly and acutely denticulate: pedicels slender, 
in fruit strict: sepals foliaceous, 3 or 4 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla, mostly 
surpassing the globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule: seeds oblong.— DC. Prodr. x. 
595; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 570.— Oregon and N. California. 

+ + A pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it: Atlantic species, one 
extending westward to the Pacific. 
++ Pedicels filiform, equalling or exceeding the leaves: seeds oblong or oval. 
= oe golden yellow: capsule ovate-conical, acute, much exceeding the reflexed or spreading 
calyx. 

G. pusilla, Torr. Minutely viscid, almost glabrous, slender, 2 or 3 inches high: leaves 
oblong-linear, obtuse, entire (14 to 4 lines long): corolla 4 lines long; lobes retuse or 
emarginate: capsule 2 lines long: seeds comparatively large, obliquely obovate-oblong. — 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 402.— Arkansas and the adjacent parts of Texas, Leavenworth, 
Wright, &e. 
== = Corolla yellowish or whitish, commonly with a tinge of purple: capsule broadly or globose- 

ovate, equalled by the calyx. 

G. gracilis, Benth. 1.c. Glabrous or nearly so, small and slender, erect: leaves from 
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate: corolla 3 lines long: capsule 
globular, but acutish. —E. Texas, Drummond, &c. Little known. 

G. Floridana, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, a span or two high: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or broader, entire or repand, sometimes remotely dentate, narrow at base (an 
inch long): corolla 8 lines long, with yellowish tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx, 
and the rather large white lobes all emarginate: capsule broadly ovate. —Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 103; Benth. in DC. 1. c. (with var.? intermedia, a form verging to next species) ; 
Chapm. FI. 292. — Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Tennessee, Gattinger. 

G. Virginidna, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous, 
divergently branched from the base, a span or less high: leaves commonly glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticulate-serrate, mostly narrow at base (the 
larger an inch or two long): corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the 


282 SCROPHULARIACES. Gratiola. 


length of the calyx; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate: capsule ovate.— Spec. 
i.17; Torr. Fl. 18; Benth. Le. G. officinalis, Michx. Fl. i. 6, not L. G. Carolinensis, Pers. 
Syn. i. 14. G. neglecta, Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. G. Missouriana, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 
x. 258, the viscid form. Conobea borealis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771.— Canada to Florida and 
Texas, and west (chiefly northward) to British Columbia, Oregon, and the eastern part 
of California. 

++ ++ Pedicels short, mostly shorter than the calyx: seeds linear. 


G. spherocarpa, Ell. Glabrous or nearly so: stem thick, erect or ascending from « 
procumbent creeping base, a span to a foot high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate- 
oval, from acutely dentate to repand, narrow at base (an inch or two long): corolla 5 or 6 
lines long, white: capsule globose, large (2 lines in diameter), pointless, usually somewhat 
surpassed by the calyx and bractlets. — Ell. Sk. i. 14; Benth. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 292. G. 
acuminata, Vahl, Enum. i. 92, not Walt. G. Virginica, Pursh, 1. ¢., as to short pedicel, excl. 
syn. Gronov., &c. G. Carolinensis, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 105.— Maryland and 
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Remarkable for the size and rotundity of the capsule, and 
the short pedicel. (Mex.) 

% % Sterile stamens conspicuously represented by a pair of filiform filaments with a minutely 


capitate tip: cauline leaves seldom at all narrowed at the partly clasping base: pedicels slender: 
stems all more or less creeping at base, and somewhat quadrangular above. 


+— Corolla golden yellow. 

G. atrea, Muhl. Glabrous or obscurely viscid-puberulent: leaves lanceolate, mostly 
entire (5 to 10 lines long) : upper pedicels equalling the leaves: bractlets equalling the calyx, 
longer than the globose-ovate capsule: corolla half an inch long: sterile filaments short. 
— Cat. ed. 1, 1813; Pursh, Fl. i. 12 (but the sterile filaments overlooked), excl. syn.; Ell. 
Sk. i.138; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1899; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 404.— Lower Canada to 
Florida, chiefly eastward. 

+— + Corolla white or purplish-tinged, and the tube yellowish within. 
++ Bractlets conspicuous, either surpassing, equalling, or little shorter than the calyx. 


G. officinalis, L. Wholly glabrous: stem quadrangular, a foot or more high: leaves 
lanceolate, distinctly 3-nerved, entire or sparingly serrulate (an inch or more long), all ex- 
ceeding the pedicels and flower: bractlets usually exceeding the calyx: corolla 8 or 10 
lines long: sterile filaments elongated: capsule ovate, acute. — Schkuhr, Handb. t. 2; Fl. 
Dan. t. 363; Benth. 1. c.; Chapm. 1. c. (but corolla not “pale yellow”), not Michx.— 
Georgia, LeConte, in herb. Torr. As this specimen is the only known authority, it is ques- 
tionable whether it is really of American origin. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

G. viscésa, Schwein. Viscid-puberulent or pubescent, a span high, rather simple: 
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutely dentate or denticulate, conspicuously clasping 
(one or two-thirds inch long), shorter than the pedicels: sepals and bractlets broadly or 
ovate-lanceolate: corolla 5 lines long: sterile filaments short: capsule shorter than calyx. 
— LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y¥. i. 106; Benth. 1. c.—N. Carolina and Kentucky to Georgia, 
in the upper country. 

G. Drumméndi, Benth. l.c. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, a span or two high: 
leaves lanceolate, acute, sparsely and acutely serrate (6 to 10 lines long), about equalling 
the pedicels: sepals and bractlets linear-subulate, much longer than the capsule: corolla 
from 5 to 6 lines long: sterile filaments short.—Chapm. Fl. 293. — Georgia to Arkansas, 
Louisiana, and Texas. 

++ ++ Bractlets minute or obsolete. 

G. ramdésa, Walt. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span or more high: leaves lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate with sharp coarse teeth (6 to 10 lines long), equalling 
or shorter than the pedicels : sepals linear (2 or 3 lines long), half the length of the corolla: 
sterile filaments filiform.— Car. 61. G. Virginica, Lam. Ill. t. 16, fig. 2. G. quadridentata, 
Michx. Fl. i. 6; Ell. 1. c.; Benth. 1. c. (this specific name later and no better than that of 
Walter). —S. Carolina to Florida. 


§ 2. SopHrondAntTHE, Benth. 1.c. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous; the con- 
nective not dilated: herbs with erect and strict rigid stems, hirsute or hispid, 
growing in less wet soil: flowers subsessile, small: sterile filaments manifest, 


Tlysanthes. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 983 


filiform, with minutely capitate tip : capsule oblong-conical, acuminate, about the 
length of the 2-bracteolate calyx: seeds oval or short-oblong: corolla white or 
purplish-tinged. 


G. pilésa, Michx. Stem a foot or two high from an apparently annual root: leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and acutely denticulate, closely sessile by a broad 
base: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the tube oblong. — Fl. i. 7; 
Pursh, 1. c.; Benth. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 298. G. Peruviana, Walt. 1. c., not L.—New Jer- 
sey to Florida and Texas. 

G. subuldta, Baldw. A span high from a ligneous perennial root, very leafy; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with revolute margins, rigid: corolla half inch long, 
somewhat salverform ; its slender tube nearly thrice the length of the calyx, marcescent 
and recurving in age. — Benth. in DC. l.c.; Chapm. 1. c. Sophronanthe hispida, Benth. in 
Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445.— Coast of Florida, in sandy pine barrens. 

G. mecaLocArpa, Ell. Sk. i. 16, is a factitious species, established by Elliott wholly upon 
Pursh’s G. acuminata, which is based upon Walter’s character, but evidently confused with 
some other plant. 

G. micRANTHA, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 (E. Florida, Ware), is characterized as hav- 
ing an erect angulate stem, a foot high, lanceolate and serrate acute leaves attenuate at 
base, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ebracteolate calyx 4-parted, and stamens 4. Prob- 
ably Scoparia dulcis. 


18. ILYSANTHES, Raf. ("Iivg, mud, and é 67, blossom.) — Low and 
rather small flowered annuals, or chiefly so, glabrous, branching; with opposite 
undivided leaves, all but the lowest sessile, and flowers on filiform ebracteolate 
pedicels, which are either axillary or by reduction of the leaves racemose or 
paniculate, in fruit usually refracted. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla violet or 
bluish, or partly white. Sterile filaments in ours glandular with a glabrous lateral 
lobe. Flowering all summer, in wet soil.— Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13; Benth. in 
DC. Prodr. x. 418. 


I. grandifiéra, Benth. |.c. Stems creeping at base, leafy throughout: leaves roundish, 
entire, thickish: peduncles all much surpassing the leaves: corolla (3 or 4 lines long) 
about thrice the length of the calyx: lobe of sterile filaments rather long and borne 
below the middle. — Lindernia grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. — Eastern Georgia and Florida, 
Nuttall, Garber, &c. 

I. gratioloides, Benth. 1. c. Diffusely spreading from the base, or at first simple and 
erect, leafy: leaves ovate or oblong, often slightly and acutely few-toothed; the later 
ones reduced to bracts: corolla (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the calyx: lobe 
of sterile filaments short: capsule ovoid, equalling the’ calyx. — Capraria gratioloides, L. 
Spec. ed. 2, 876. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. Fl. i. 5. G. dilatata, Muhl. Cat. G. atten- 
uata, Spreng. Syst. i. 39. G. tetragona, Ell. Sk. i152? Lindernia pyxidaria, Pursh, FI. ii. 
419, not Allioni. Z. dilatata & L. attenuata, Muhl. in EIL Sk. i. 16; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 
31. Herpestis callitrichoides, HBK. Ilysanthes riparia, Raf. 1.c.— Canada to Florida and 
Texas; also Oregon and California. (S. Am., E. Asia, and nat. in W. Eu.) 

I. refracta, Benth. |. c. Stems a span or two high, erect from a rosulate tuft of spatu- 
late-oblong or obovate radical leaves (of an inch or less in length), filiform, below bearing 
one or two pairs of small and oblong or oblong-linear entire or obscurely serrate leaves, 
and above only linear-subulate bracts, which are many times shorter than the almost 
capillary racemose pedicels: corolla narrow (3 to 6 lines long), four times the length of 

’ the calyx: capsule oblong, from one half to twice longer than the calyx: root perhaps 
biennial. — Lindernia refracta, Ell. Sk. i. 579. L. monticola, Nutt. Gen. addend. — Mostly on 
dripping rocks, Western N. Carolina to Florida. 

Var. saxicola. Apparently only a smaller form, barely a span high, with more leafy 
stems, shorter internodes, and capsule (as far as seen) little surpassing the calyx. — 
Lindernia monticola, Muhl. Cat. 612 LZ. saxicola, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 83. 
Ilysanthes saxicola, Chapm. Fl. 294. — Mountains of 8. W. North Carolina to E. Florida. 


284 SCROPHULARIACES. Micranthemum. 


19. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Composed of puxgdg, small, and 
évOeuor, flower.) — Creepiug or depressed small (American) annuals, in mud or 
shallow water, glabrous, branching, leafy throughout; the leaves opposite, rounded 
or spatulate, sessile, usually 3-5-nerved, entire. Flowers solitary in alternate 
axils, white or purplish, inconspicuous. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 330. Hemianthus, 
Nutt., includes the species with limb of corolla as it were halved, the upper lip 
wanting or nearly so. 


M. orbiculaétum, Michx. Creeping freely: leaves roundish, 2 to 4 lines long: pedi- 
cels shorter than calyx: corolla white, hardly equalling the 4-cleft calyx ; its upper lip or 
lobe manifest: stigma capitate. — Fl. i.10, t.2. M. emarginatum, Ell. Sk. i. 18.—N. Caro- 
lina to Texas. (S. Am.) 

M. Nuttallii, Gray. Creeping, with ascending branches an inch or two high: leaves 
oblong-spatulate or oval-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long: pedicels equalling the campanulate 
4-toothed calyx: corolla purplish or white, with obsolete upper lip; middle lobe of the 
lower lip linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones: appendage of the 
stamens nearly equalling the filament itself: stigma of 2 subulate lobes. — Man. ed. 56, 
331.  Herpestis micrantha, Ell. Sk. ii. 105% Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt. in Jour. 
Acad. Philad. i. 123, t. 6.— Tidal mud of rivers, New Jersey to Florida: fi. late summer 
and autumn. 


20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. (Auge, on both sides, é&fog, a flower; a 
blossom produced both at base and apex of the stem.) — Single species. 


A. pusillug, Torr. A minute annual, glabrous, bearing a radical tuft of oblong or obo- 
vate leaves (each a line or two long) and a subsessile flower, also sending up a capillary 
scape an inch or two high and terminated by another similar flower subtended by a pair of 
leaves: corolla white. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 82; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 425.— Shallow pools 
on flat rocks, Upper Georgia, particularly on Stone Mountain, Leavenworth, Canby, &c.. 
fl. early spring. 


- 


21. LIMOSELLA, L. Mupworr. (Zimus, mud, and sella, seat.) — 
Small annuals, or proliferous-perennial by stolons, glabrous (of wide distribution) ; 
with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons, 
and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white 


or purplish flower, in summer. 


L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high: clustered leaves longer than the pedicels, 
when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong 
blade on a distinct petiole; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2 
to even 5 inches. — Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1722. —From Hudson’s Bay to S. Colorado and 
the Sierra Nevada, California, in brackish mud, and in fresh water; also on the Pacific 
coast? (Eu., N. Asia, Australia, S. Am.) : 

Var. tenuifélia, Hoffm. Leaves subulate or filiform, with little or no distinction of 
petiole and blade, seldom over an inch or so in length. — Gray, Man. 1. c.; Reichenb. Ic. 
Germ. l.c. JZ. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 48. Z. subuluta, Ives in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 74, with 
plate. J. australis, R. Br. Prodr. 443. — Brackish river-banks and shores. Canada to.New 
Jersey. (S. Am., Australia, Eu., &c.) 


22. SCOPARIA, L. (Scope, twigs used for brooms.) — Tropical Amer- 
ican undershrubs or herbs, much branched; with small and slender-pedicelled 
flowers in the axils of the opposite and verticillate leaves. 

S. dtlcis, L. Annual or suffrutescent, almost glabrous: leaves from oblong-spatulate to 
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at base, the larger serrate and incised: sepals 4: corolla 
white, 3 lines wide.—Lam. Ill. t. 85: Gratiola micrantha, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287? 
—S. Florida and perhaps on the Mexican border. (Mex., Trop. & Subtrop. Am., and now 
in Asia, &c.) 


Synthyris. SCROPHULARIACER. 285 


23. CAPRARIA, L. (Caprarius, relating to goats, i.e. Goat-weed. — 
Tropical American herbs or undershrubs ; with rather small white or flesh-colored 
flowers, on slender often geminate pedicels, in the axils of the alternate serrate 
leaves. One species barely reaches our southern border. 


C. bifiéra, L. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent or glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply serrate above the middle: sepals linear-subulate, equalling the capsule. — 
Key West, and §. Texas on the coast; the glabrous form, mostly 5-androus, C. Mexicana, 
Moricand in DC. (Tropical shores.) 


24. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. (From ovr, together, and @upic, little door or 
valve, the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the short placentiferous 
axis.) — W. North American perennials, nearly related to Wudfenia of 8. E. 
Europe and the Himalayas; but the anther-cells not confluent and seeds discoidal. 
Leaves largely radical and petioled; those of the simple stem or scape and the 
bracts all alternate. Flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or 
raceme; in summer. Stamens inserted close to the sinuses of the corolla. — DC. 
Prodr. x. 454, & Gen. ii. 963. 


§ 1. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each cell, on a short partition: capsule 
divaricately 2-lobed; the cells transversely oblong: seeds with thickish margins 
incurved at maturity: acaulescent, with naked scapes. 


S. rotundif6élia. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular doubly 
crenate or crenate-incised leaves (glabrous or slightly hairy), and weak scapes hardly 
exceeding the petioles (3 or 4 inches long): pedicels of loose short raceme longer than the 
bluish flowers (about half inch long): sepals spatulate: corolla campanulate. — S. ren- 
Jormis, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 571, chiefly, not Benth. — Oregon, in shady coniferous woods of 
the Columbia and Willamette, Nuttall, £. Hall; and probably first collected in woods N. E. 
of Fort Vancouver by Gairdner. 

Var. cordata, a form with smaller and thicker almost simply crenate leaves of cord- 
ate outline. — S. reniformis, var. cordata, Gray, 1.c.— Gravelly hillsides, Mendocino Co., 
California, Aellogg & Harford. 


§ 2. Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell: capsule merely 

emarginate: seeds plane or meniscoidal, thin-edged. 

%* Flowers racemose rather than spicate: leaves of the preceding section: capsule orbiculate, much 
compressed, acute-edged. 

S. reniférmis, Benth. 1.c. A span or so high: leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate and 
crenately somewhat incised, an inch or two in diameter: surpassed by the somewhat 
bracteate slender scape: pedicels mostly shorter than the bluish flowers: capsule trun- 
cate-emarginate. —Wulfenia reniformis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 102, t. 71. (Fig. 3 repre- 
sents the capsule much too long and too turgid.) — Oregon and Washington Terr. “Grand 
Rapids of the Columbia and Blue Mountains,” Douglas. 

Var. major, Hook. Leaves of thicker texture and with multilobulate margin, the 
lobelets crenate: raceme spiciform : capsule strongly emarginate. — Kew Jour. Bot. v. 257. 
—Idaho. Fertile northerly slopes of snowy mountains, highlands of Nez Percez, Geyer, in 
fruit. Porphyry Peak, Prof. Marcy, in flower. 

* %* Flowers in a dense spike terminating a stouter and more or less bracteate or leafy scape or 
stem: rootstock or caudex short, thickish, not creeping: capsule turgid, from short-oval to ellip- 
tical, slightly emarginate or retuse. 

+ Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical: corolla cylindraceous, considerably longer than 
the calyx, 4-cleft to the middle. : 

S. pinnatifida, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate: leaves slender-peti- 
oled, from round-reniform to oblong in circumscription, from palmately to pinnately 3-7- 
parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted: scape spar- 
ingly bracteate, a span high: spike narrow: flowers subsessile: corolla whitish. — Bot. 


286 SCROPHULARIACE. Synthyris. 


King, 227, t. 22, wrongly depicted with 2 styles! — Utah, in Wahsatch Mountains at 9,000 
feet, Watson. §. Idaho, on mountains near Virginia City, Hayden. 
Var. lacinidta. Leaves all-of roundish or reniform outline, and laciniately many- 
cleft to the middle or less. — Fish-Lake Mountain, Utah, 11,700 feet, Z. F. Ward. 
+ + Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate: scape or stem leafy-bracteate. 
++ Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base. 


S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very 
lJanuginous inflorescence: radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer 
petiole: base of stem or scape naked: spike very dense, oblong or cylindraceous: bracts 
and lanceolate sepals very long-woolly-villous at margins: corolla violet-purple, very 
unequal ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2-3-parted lower one 
small and included. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251.—Colorado Rocky Mountains in 
the alpine region, first collected by Parry. 

S. plantaginea, Benth. A footor less high, rather stout ; tomentulose-pubescent when 
young, tardily glabrate: radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base, 
pale or dull, 2 to 4 inches long: scape very leafy-bracteate: dense spike 3 to 5 inches long: 
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate: corolla purplish; its upper lip little 
exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2-3-lobed lower one. — Prodr. 1. c.; Gray, 
1. c.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods, first collected 
in Long’s expedition, by James. 

S. Houghtonidna, Benth. A foot or two high, pubescent: radical leaves cordate or 
ovate, 2 or 3 inches long: scape or stem strict, very leafy-bracteate: spike 4 to 8 inches 
long, dense, or at base open: bracts and oblong-lanceolate sepals soft-pubescent: corolla 
greenish or dull yellowish, not longer than the calyx, variously 2-4-parted ; the divisions 
almost equal in length. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 331. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Michigan and 
Wisconsin to W. Illinois. Rarely with 3-celled ovary, or 5-merous calyx, or 4 stamens, 
the additional pair later. 

++ ++ Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk. 

S. rubra, Benth. 1l.c. <A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubes- 
cent, and the spike (2 to 5 inches long) tomentose: radical leaves ovate or obscurely 
cordate (1 to 3 inches long), thickish; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals 
oblong: capsule turgid. — Gymnandra rubra, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 103, t. 172. — Along 
streams, interior of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana, and N. Utah. Name inappropri- 
ate: perhaps the stamens are reddish. 


25. VERONICA, L. Sprepwett, Brooxiime. (Flower of St. Vero- 
nica ?) — Herbs in all the northern temperate regions, &c. (in Australia and New 
Zealand, in a peculiar section, shrubby or even arborescent, and with a turgid 
septicidal capsule), of various habit; the leaves opposite or verticillate, or some- 
times the upper alternate, as are the bracts. Flowers small, racemose, spicate, or 
solitary in the axils, never yellow; in spring or summer. 


§ 1. Lerrd{npra, Benth. in DC. Corolla salverform; the tube longer than 
the lobes: stamens and style much exserted, the former inserted low on the tube: 
capsule ovate, turgid, hardly at all compressed, not at all emarginate, dehiscent at 
apex by all four sutures, at length more loculicidal: seeds numerous, oval and 
terete, with minutely reticulated coat: tall perennials: leaves mostly verticillate: 
flowers in dense terminal and also upper axillary spikes, minutely bracteate. — 
Leptandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 7. Hustachya & Callistachya, Rat. 

LEpPTANDRA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1839 (Veronica angustifolia, Steud.), 
mistakenly said to have been raised from New Orleans seed, is V. tubiflora, Fischer & Meyer, 
of E. Siberia. 


V. Virginica, L. (Cutver’s Puysic.) Nearly glabrous, or foliage pubescent: simple 
stems 2 to 6 feet high: leaves in whorls of 3 to 9, lanceolate and slender-acuminate, some- 


Veronica. SCROPHULARIACES. 287 


_ 


times oblong, very closely and sharply serrate, 3 to 5 inches long: terminal spike 6 to 10 
inches long, with commonly several shorter ones from upper axils: corolla white, some- 
times bluish. — Spec. i. 9 (Pluk. Alm. t. 70, fig. 2); Hoffm. Comm. Geett. xv. t. 1; Thunb. 
Fl. Jap. 20; Michx. Fl.i.5. Eustachya alba & purpurea, & Cullistachya Virginica, &c., Raf. 
Leptandra Virginica, Nutt. l.c. Z. purpurea, Raf. Med. Bot. t. 59. Veronica Sibirica, L. 
Spec. ed. 2, i. 12. V. Japonica, Steud.; Miq. Prol. Jap. 50.— Moist woods and banks, 
from Canada and Winipeg Valley to Alabama and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan and 
E. Siberia.) 


§ 2, Veronica proper. Corolla rotate with very short tube: stamens at the 
upper sinuses: capsule from emarginate to obcordate-2-lobed: seeds more or less 
compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, or plano-convex, or the inner face hollowed : 
low herbs. 


* Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base: racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves. 

+ Capsules many-secded, turgid, orbicular and mainly emarginate: seeds merely compressed or 
plano-convex : lower part of stems rooting in shallow water: racemes commonly from opposite 
aa and elongated: pedicels slender, widely spreading: corolla pale blue, often purple- 

V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent: leaves sessile by 
broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate, 
entire or obscurely serrate. — Fl. Dan. t. 903; Engl. Bot. t. 781.— Canada to Illinois, New 
Mexico, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Asia.) 

V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous: leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, 
truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse: pedicels more slender. — Herb. Hook.; Benth. 
in DC. Le. V- intermedia, Schwein. in Am. Jour. Sci. viii. 268, name only. V. Beccubunga 
of older Am. authors. V. Anagallis, Bong. Veg. Sitk., &c. — Canada and N. Atlantic States 
to New Mexico, California, and Alaska. 


+ + Capsule several-seeded, strongly compressed contrary to the partition: seeds very flat: 
racemes or spikes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils: corolla mostly pale blue. 


V. scutellata, L. Glabrous: stem slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, a span 
or two high: leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate (2 or 3 
inches long): racemes several, filiform, flexuous: flowers scattered on filiform elongated 
and widely spreading pedicels: capsule biscutelliform, being deeply emarginate at apex 
and slightly at base. —Fl. Dan. t. 209; Engl. Bot. t. 782; Michx. 1. c.— Swamps, Hud- 
son’s Bay and N. Atlantic States to British Columbia and N. California. (Hu., N. Asia.) 

V. Cuamaprys, L. Stem ascending from a creeping base, pubescent, at least in two lines: 
leaves ovate or cordate, incisely crenate, subsessile: racemes loosely-flowered: pedicels 
little longer than calyx: blue corolla rather large: capsule triangular-obcordate. — Engl. 
Bot. t. 673.—Sparingly introduced into Canada, New York, and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. officinalis, L. Soft-pubescent throughout: stems creeping and procumbent: leaves 
short-petioled or subsessile, obovate-oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale (an inch long) : 
spikes few, alternate or solitary, rarely from opposite axils, densely many-flowered: pedi- 
cels shorter than calyx: capsule obovate-triangular or cuneate, with a broad and shallow 
notch at the apex.—Fl. Dan. t. 248; Lam. Ill. t. 18; Engl. Bot. t. 765; Michx. 1. c.— 
Dry hills and open woods, New England to Michigan, and south to the mountains of N. 
Carolina and Tennessee. (Hu., N. W. Asia.) 

V. Kamtchatica, L.f. Villous with somewhat viscid hairs: stems ascending, 1 to 3 
inches long, bearing 3 to 5 pairs of leaves separated by short internodes: leaves 6 to 18 
lines long, broadly oval, obscurely serrate, contracted into a short petiole-like base: pedun- 
cles 1 to 3, erect, surpassing the leaves, somewhat corymbosely 3-8-flowered: pedicels 
about the length of calyx and bracts: corolla half inch or more in diameter, perhaps 
bright blue.— Suppl. 83. V. grandiflora, of Gertn. in Comm. Act. Petrop. xiv. t. 18, not 
of Don, &. V. aphylla, var. (Willd. Spee. i. 60; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 556) gran- 
diflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 476; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 245. — Kiska, one of the Aleutian 
Islands, Dall. (Kamtschatka and adjacent islands.) 


* %* Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme: 
cauline leaves above passing into bracts: seeds numerous, much compressed or somewhat menis- 
coidal. (Specimens disposed to turn dark in drying.) 


V. rruticuLésa, L., of Europe, is in Greenland, beyond our limits. 


288 SCROPHULARIACE. Veronica. 


+— Capsule ovate, elliptical, or oblong, merely emarginate: stems erect from a slender creeping 
rootstock : leaves all sessile or nearly so: corolla blue or violet. 

V. Cusickii. A palm high, glabrous or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (half to 
three fourths inch long); the pairs crowded up to the naked peduncle of the 3-9-flowered 
raceme: pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear 
bracts: corolla 4 or 5 lines in diameter, with ample rounded lobes: these surpassed by the 
filiform filaments and style; the latter thrice the length of the deflorate calyx. — Alpine 
region of the Blue Mountains, W. Oregon, W. C. Cusick, a form with glabrous thickish 
leaves. Scott Mountains in N. California, at 8,000 feet, H. Z. Greene, form with narrower 
and hirsute-pubescent leaves, rarely with a denticulation or two. Nearly related to V. 
macrostemon of Bunge. 


V. Stélleri, Pall. A palm high, hirsute, leafy up to the sessile corymbose raceme: 
leaves ovate, copiously crenate-serrate (three fourths inch long): pedicels slender, longer 
than the flowers: corolla as in the foregoing: stamens barely equalling its lobes: slender 
style not surpassing the calyx: “capsule ovate, hardly emarginate.” — Rem. & Sch. Syst. 
Mant. i. 102; Cham. in Linn. ii. 557; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 481.— Unalaska and other 
Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka and Curile Islands.) 


V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves mostly 
shorter than the internodes of the simple stem, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire 
(half to full inch long): raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below: 
pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx (at least in flower), much shorter than the bracts: 
corolla with comparatively small limb, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and 
short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate.— Fl. Lapp. 7, t.9, fig. 4; Spec. i. 11; 
Fl. Dan. t. 16; Benth. l.c.; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 248. V. Wormskioldii, Roem. & Sch. Syst. 
i. 101 (villous inflorescence) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2975 (as var. of alpina), the larger-leaved 
and villous-pubescent form, commonest in N. America. V-. nutans, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 39.— 
Alpine regions, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada 
for nearly their whole length, and north to Labrador, subarctic regions, and Aleutian 
Islands. (Eu., Asia, Greenland.) 

+ + Capsule oblately orbicular and obcordate: lower leaves short-petioled; upper sessile: corolla 
usually bluish or pale with blue stripes. 

V. serpyllifélia, L. Glabrous or -puberulent: stems creeping and branching at base, 
with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high: leaves oval or roundish, entire or 
crenulate (half inch or less long); the upper passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform 
raceme: pedicels erect, as long as the calyx.—Fl. Dan. t. 492; Engl. Bot. t. 1075.— 
Open and grassy grounds. Labrador to the mountains of Georgia, New Mexico, and 
across the continent to California and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, S. Am.) 

* ¥* Low annuals: flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or less reduced and com- 


monly alternate leaves: corolla mostly shorter than the calyx. (All but the first naturalized 
from the Old World.) 


+-— + Seeds flat or flattish, small and numerous: flowers very short-pedicelled, appearing some- 
what spicate, the floral leaves being reduced or unlike the others. 

V. peregrina, L. (Neckweep.) Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandular: 
stem and branches erect, a span or two high: leaves thickish; lowest petioled and oblong 
or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly alternate; 
uppermost more bractlike and entire: capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. —V. Mari- 
landica, Murr. Comm. Geett. 1782, 11, t.3, not L. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 61. V. Xala- 
pensis, HBK.— Low grounds, and a weed in damp cultivated soil, throughout the U.S. and 
Canada to Brit. Columbia. (S. Am., and now almost cosmopolite.) 

V. arvensis, L. Pubescent, a span or two high, soon spreading: lower leaves ovate, cre- 
nate, short-petioled: floral sessile, lanceolate, entire: capsule broadly obcordate. — Cult. 
and waste ground, Atlantic States to Texas: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

+ + Sceds fewer, cyathiform, much hollowed on the ventral face (§ Omphalospora, Bess.): pros- 
trate or spreading annuals: flowers on slender at length recurving pedicels from the axils of 
ordinary and petioled leaves. 

V. acréstis, L. Pubescent: leaves from round-ovate or subcordate to oblong, crenate-ser- 
rate, about equalling the pedicels: sepals oblong, surpassing the small corolla: ovules 
numerous: capsule orbicular with a deep and narrow emargination, maturing few or soli- 
tary seeds. — Sandy fields, New Brunswick to Louisiana: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 


Seymeria. SCROPHULARIACES. 289 


V. Buxsati, Tenore. More pubescent: leaves mainly roundish, crenate-dentate, shorter 
than the filiform pedicels: corolla larger, nearly half inch in diameter, blue: sepals 
divaricate in fruit, ovate-lanceolate: capsule broadly obcordate-triangular, with a widely 
open emargination, ripening several or rather numerous seeds. — Waste grounds, rare in 
Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V~. nepER#FO6.I1A, L. Hairy: leaves roundish, often subcordate (half inch long), somewhat 
3-5-lobed, commonly shorter than the pedicels: sepals triangular-subcordate, acute, at 
length erect: corolla small: capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 4-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. — Moist banks, 
New Jersey, Penn., &c.: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. MarirAnpica, L. Spec. i. 14 (Pl. Gronov. Fl. Virg.) is Polypremum procumbens. 

V. CaroriniAna, Poir, Dict. viii. 520, appears to be Mitreola petiolata. 

V. RENIFORMIS, Raf. in Med. Rep. & Jour. Bot. i. 228, is not made out: perhaps V. hede- 
refolia, but its flowers are not “subsessile,” nor are they said to be so in the original char- 
acter in Med. Repository. 

V. Pursur, Don, Syst. iv. 573 (V. reniformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 10), collected by Lewis and 
Clark “on the banks of the Missouri,” is not identified, although described in detail ; probably 
not of this genus. 


26. BUCHNERA, L. (LG. Buchner, an early German botanist.) — Erect 
perennials or biennials (of both worlds), drying blackish, scabrous; with un- 
divided leaves, the lower opposite, and the upper gradually reduced to subulate 
bracts of a terminal spike; the flowers white, bluish or rose-purple, produced in 
summer. 

B. Americana, L. Rough-hispid: stem strict, 2 feet high: lowest leaves obovate or 
oblong, obtuse; the others from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sparsely 
dentate, somewhat veiny, sessile: spike short, rather dense, or interrupted: calyx not half 
the length of the tube of the purple (inch long) corolla: lobes of the latter cuneate-ob- 
ovate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Spee. ii. 360; Michx. Fl. ii. 18; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 498. — Moist 
sandy or gravelly ground, Western New York and Wisconsin to Virginia, Arkansas, and 
Louisiana. 

B. elongata, Swartz. Scabrous, but seldom hispid, slender, a foot or more high, long- 
naked above: radical leaves obovate; lower oblong or lanceolate, obscurely or rarely den- 
tate; upper linear: spike slender, often few-flowered: tube of purple (“blue or white ”) 
corolla not twice the length of the calyx; its rounded lobes not over 2 lines long. — Fl. 
Ind. Oce. ii. 1061; Benth. 1. c. — Pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas. (W.Ind., 
S. Am.) 


27. SEYMERIA, Pursh. (Henry Seymer, an English amateur-naturalist.) 
— Erect and mostly branching herbs (mainly of Atlantic States and Mexico, one 
in Madagascar !) ; annuals or some perennials; with copious and mostly opposite 
incised or dissected leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the somewhat race- 
mose or spicate and comparatively small yellow flowers, produced in late summer. 


§ 1. Style filiform and long: stigma simple or slightly capitate: corolla gla- 
brous within, except a line at the insertion of the stamens: anthers dehiscent 
from the apex and tardily to near the base: leaves small: stems paniculately 
much branched, 

* Leaves filiformly dissected: corolla very deeply cleft; the lobes oblong. 

S. tenuifélia, Pursh. Glabrous, or the branches puberulent, very slender, 2 to 4 feet 
high: leaves (half inch long) copiously 1-2-pinnately parted: pedicels filiform: corolla 
about 3 and capsule 2 lines long: calyx-lobes setaceous: filaments minutely woolly at 
base: anther-cells acutish. —Fl. ii. 737; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 611. Anonymos cassioides, 
Walt. Afzelia cassioides, Gmel. Syst. 927. Gerardia Afzelia, Michx. FI. ii. 20.— Low pine 
barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


* %& Leaves or their divisions linear or broader: corolla-lobes obovate or oval, about the length of 
the tube and throat: pedicels short. 
19 


290 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Seymeria. 


+— Capsule ovate and gradually acuminate, 4 or 5 lines long, glabrous or nearly so: anthers sagit- 
tate, the cells very acute. 

S. scAbra, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous, not glandular, slender, 2 feet high: leaves 
sparingly pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or the upper few-lobed or 
entire: calyx-lobes subulate-linear: corolla glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.— Mountains 
near Rio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Wright. 
+— + Capsule broadly ovate and merely acute, 2 lines long, glandular-hairy: anthers very obtuse. 

S. pectinata, Pursh, l.c. Minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate, about a foot high, 
slender: leaves pinnately parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear divisions, or the 
upper incisely few-toothed or entire: calyx-lobes linear: corolla hairy outside, especially 
in the bud. — Ell. Sk. ii. 122; Chapm. Fl. 297.— Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and 
Alabama, and perhaps to Texas. 

S. bipinnatisécta, Seem. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high, 
stouter: leaves rather copiously 1-3-pinnately parted; the divisions from linear to oblong, 
small, often incisely toothed; even the bracts and sometimes the oblong-linear calyx-lobes 
lobed or incised: corolla somewhat glandular-pubescent outside. — Bot. Herald, 323, t. 59; 
Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 117, as var. Terana, with short pedicels, &c.; but early flowers 
more slender-pedicelled. — W. and S. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Bigelow, &c. (N. Mex.) 


§ 2. Style short, with enlarged and compressed tip: corolla densely woolly 
within above the insertion of the very woolly filaments: anthers oblong, freely 
dehiscent to base : leaves ample. — § Brachygne, Benth. 


S. macrophylla, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate; stems rather simple, 4 or 
5 feet high: lower leaves pinnately parted, and the divisions lanceolate and incisely toothed 
or pinnatifid; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire: flowers very short-pedi- 
celled in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts: calyx-lobes from oval to lanceolate, 
about the length of the tube: corolla barely half inch long; the ovate lobes not longer 
than the tube: capsule globose-ovate, with a flat mucronate point.— Gen. ii. 49; Benth. 
in DC. Le. Gerardia macrophylla, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 205.— River banks and 
copses, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. 


28. MACRANTHERA, Torr. (Maxzgdg, long, and évOnod, word used for 
anther, but it is here the filaments which are long.) — Genus of a single species, 
most related to Hsterhazya of Brazil. FI. autumn. 


M. fuchsioides, Torr. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or glabrate, 3 to 5 feet high, 
with some strict virgate branches: leaves all opposite, short-petioled, from entire to pin- 
natifid or pinnately parted (the larger 4 to 8 inches long) ; uppermost reduced to linear or 
lanceolate bracts of the elongated virgate raceme: pedicels (near an inch long) divaricate 
or decurved with incurved apex, so that the flowers are erect: tube of the calyx very 
short and broad; the divisions distant, narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, often pin- 
natifid-incised, rather shorter than the minutely puberulent orange-colored corolla: tube of 
the latter cylindrical, half to three-fourths inch long, slightly curved at summit; the lobes 
ovate, about 2 lines long: filaments with short and lax glandular beard: anthers less 
bearded or glabrate; the linear cells mucronate-pointed at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, 
& Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 81; Benth. Lc, & DC. Prodr. x. 513; Chapm. Fl. 297. Conradia 
Suchsioides, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 88, t. 11,12. Dasystoma tubulosa, Bertol. Misc. 18, 
t. 3. — Pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (not “ Louisiana ”), Dr. Gates, &c. 

Var. Lecéntei, Chapm. |.c. Calyx smaller, with subulate wholly entire lobes 
usually much shorter than the tube of the corolla: but passing into the preceding form. — 
M. Lecontei, Torr. 1. c. 83, t. 4.— Lower Georgia, LeConte. Middle Florida, Chapman. 


29. GERARDIA, L. (John Gerarde, the English herbalist of the 16th 
century.) — Annual or perennial erect and branching herbs (all American and 
mostly of Atlantic U. S.) ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to 
bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Corolla rose-purple or yel- 
low; the former color rarely varying to white. Fl. late summer and autumn. 


Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACES. 291 


§ 1. Dasystoma, Gray, Man. Corolla more or less funnelform, yellow; the 
proper tube within, as also anthers and filaments, pubescent or villous-woolly : 
anthers all alike, hardly included; the cells aristate at base: rather tall and large- 
flowered perennials or biennials; with calyx-lobes sometimes foliaceous and 
incised, and comparatively broad leaves often incised or pinnatifid. (For root- 
parasitism, see Gray, Struct. Bot. t. 145.) —Dasystoma, Raf. in Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 
99; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 520. 


* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid, especially on the slender pedicels and calyx; corolla 
pubescent outside: root biennial or annual. 

G. pediculdria, L. Paniculately much branched, 2 or 8 feet high, soft-pubescent or villous 
and viscid, or the foliage hardly so: leaves mostly sessile, an inch or two long, oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid ; the divisions crowded and incisely pinnatifid or 
toothed : pedicels 4 to 12 lines long: calyx-lobes foliaceous, from linear to oblong, equalling 
or longer than the tube, often denticulate or incisely serrate: corolla from 1 to 14 inches 
long. — Spee. ii. 611; Lam. Dict. ii. 529; Ell. Sk. ii. 121. Dasystoma pedicularia, Benth. in 
DC. 1. ec. — Canada and west to the Mississippi, south to Florida. 

Var. pectinadta, Nutt. A southern more villous and glandular form, with rather 
narrower leaves, and more foliaceous lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. — Gen. ii. 48. 
G. pectinata, Torr. in Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. Dasystoma pectinata, Benth. in DC. 
l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 298.—N. Carolina to Florida and Arkansas. 


%* * No glandular pubescence: corolla glabrous outside: root perennial. 


G. grandiflora, Benth. Densely cinereous-puberulent: stem much branched, 2 or 3 
feet high, leafy to the top: leaves somewhat petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate in out- 
line, incisely and often lyrately pinnatifid, or the lower more divided and the upper merely 
laciniate-dentate (2 inches long): inflorescence leafy : pedicels shorter or rarely twice longer 
than the turbinate calyx-tube: lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 
equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla inch and a half long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. l.c.; 
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth. in DC. 1. e. — Oak openings, &c., Wis- 
consin and Iowa to Tennessee and Texas. 5 

Var. integritiscula. A form with slender branches, bearing either sparsely serrate 
or entire leaves; or the lower laciniate-pinnatifid. — G. serrata, Torr., Benth. l.c. Dasy- 
stoma Drummondii, var. serrata, Benth. in DC. — W. Louisiana, Hale. 

G. flava, L. Densely puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stem nearly simple, 3 or 4 feet 
high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-toothed 
or pinnatifid (2 to 4 inches long): pedicels very short: calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, 
entire, about the length of the tube: corolla inch and a half long, much dilated upward. — 
Spee. ii. 610, as to syn. Gronov. & Pluk., not herb.; Michx. Fl. ii. 19; Pursh, Fl. ii. 423; 
Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 47, t. 74. Dasystoma pubescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Open woods, Canada 
to Wisconsin and Georgia. 

G. quercifolia, Pursh. Glabrous: stem at first glaucous, 3 to 6 feet high, simple or 
commonly branching: lower leaves once or twice pinnatifid or incised (3 to 5 inches long) 
and the lobes acute; the upper often entire and lanceolate, acute: pedicels equalling or 
shorter than the calyx: corolla not rarely 2 inches long, more funnelform and narrower 
below than in the preceding. — FI. ii. 423, t.19. G. flava, L., as to herb. Rhinanthus Vir- 
ginicus, L., as to Syn. Gronov. G. glauca, Eddy, Cat.; Spreng. Syst. ii. 807. Dasystoma 
quercifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Dry woods, from New England and W. Canada to Illinois 
and south to Florida and Louisiana. 

G. leevigdta, Raf. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, not glaucous: stem slender, a foot 
or two high: leaves lanceolate (14 to 4 inches long) ; all the upper entire; the lower often 
incised or irregularly pinnatifid: pedicels and lobes of the calyx shorter than its tube: 
corolla much dilated above the short tube, an inch long and the limb fully as broad. — 
Ann. Nat. (1820), 18. G. integrifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 307, ed. 5, 335. Dusystoma querci- 

folia, var.? integrifolia (& var. intermedia t), Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Oak barrens, &c., Penn. to 
Illinois and the mountains of Georgia. 

G. pdtula, Chapm. Obscurely pubescent or glabrate, not glaucous: stem weak and 

slender, loosely branching above, 2 or 3 feet long: leaves as of the preceding, but thinner : 


292 SCROPHULARIACE, Gerardia. 


pedicels filiform, 8 to 15 lines in length, widely spreading, mostly longer than the bracts or 
upper floral leaves: calyx-lobes about twice the length of the tube, spreading: corolla 
funnelform, an inch and a quarter long. —Chapm. in herb. Dasystoma patula, Chapm. in 
Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, 1878. Upper Georgia, in the mountains, on the banks of Horse-leg 
Creek, a tributary of the Coosa River, Floyd Co., Chapman. 


§ 2. OropuyLia, Benth. Corolla short-funnelform with very ampliate 
throat, purple (rarely white), naked within, as also the filaments: anthers muti- 
cous, glabrous or sparingly villous ; those of the shorter stamens smaller: scabrous- 
hispid or hirsute annuals; with sessile entire or divided leaves, sessile flowers, 
and deeply cleft calyx. — Otophylla, Benth. in DC. ].¢. 


G. auriculata, Michx. A foot or two high, branching above: leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, sessile by a broad base, entire, or some (at least the 
upper) bearing an oblong or lanceolate lobe on each side at base: corolla seldom an inch 
long. — Fl. ii. 20; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Seymeria auriculata, Spreng. Syst. ii.810. Otophylla 
Michauzii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 512.— Prairies and low grounds, W. Penn. to W. North 
Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. 

G. densifilédra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy: leaves rigid, pinnately 
parted into 8 to 7 narrowly linear acute divisions; those subtending the densely spicate 
flowers similar and much crowded: corolla over an inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. 
Otophylla Drummondi, Benth? in DC. 1. c. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. 


§ 3. Eucerarpia, Benth. Corolla from short-funnelform to nearly campanu- 
late, purple or rose-color (with one exception), varying occasionally to white: 
calyx-teeth or lobes short: anthers all alike; the cells either muticous or mucro- 
nulate_at base: cauline leaves linear or narrower and entire, rarely reduced to 
mere scales; the radical rarely broader and sometimes incised: flowers from 
middle-sized to small; the corolla externally and the anthers usually more or less 
pubescent or hairy: herbage glabrous or merely hispidulous-scabrous. 

%* Root perennial: leaves erect, very narrowly linear, acute: pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves: 

calyx truncate: anther-cells mucronate-pointed at base. 

G. Wrightii, Gray. Very scabrous-puberulent: stems (a foot or two high) and virgate 
branches strict: leaves nearly filiform, with revolute margins: calyx-teeth short and subu- 
late: corolla glabrous within (and stamens nearly so), three-fourths inch long, light yellow! 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.— Valleys and hillsides along the Sonoita, &c., Arizona, Wright, 
Bigelow, Rothrock. 

G. linifélia, Nutt. Glabrous and smooth: stems 2 or 3 feet high, sparingly or panicu- 
lately branched: leaves flat, thickish, a line wide: calyx-teeth minute: corolla an inch 
long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate: anthers and filaments 
very villous. —Gen. ii. 47; Benth. in DC. Lc. (not of Comp. Bot. Mag.); Chapm. Fl. 
299. — Low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. (Cuba, C. Wright.) 


* %* Root annual: stems more or less leafy: herbage blackish in drying except in the last. 
+— Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule: inflorescence racemose or spiciform. 
++ Calyx-lobes as long as the turbinate tube, and the sinuses very acute. 

G. heterophylla, Nutt. Nearly smooth, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, or 
the branches virgate: leaves rather erect, thickish or rigid; the lowest 3-cleft or laciniate 
(according to Nuttall) ; the others narrowly linear, mucronate-acute, scabrous on the mar- 
gins; those of the branchlets short and somewhat subulate: pedicels very short, alter- 
nate: calyx-lobes subulately attenuate from w broad base, very acute, in age spreading: 
corolla an inch or less long. — Trans.Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180; Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 
i. 207, & Prodr. 1. cv. 517. — Prairies, Arkansas (Nuttall) and Texas. 

++ ++ Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, and mostly separated by broad or open sinuses. 

G. aspera, Dougl. Stem and branches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous- 
scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceed- 
ing the calyx, erect, most of them alternate: calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular- 
lanceolate from a broad base, acute, about half the length of the tube: anthers obscurely 


Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACER, 293 


if at all mucronulate at base: capsule elliptical in outline, 4 lines long: otherwise nearly 
like a scabrous form of the next, into which it may pass. — Benth. in DC. 1. c.; Gray, Man. 
le. G. longifolia, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, not Nutt. — Plains and prairies, from 
Saskatchewan and Dakota to W. Arkansas, and east to Wisconsin and Illinois. 

G. purptrea, L. Commonly a foot or two high, with virgate rather spreading branches: 
leaves usually spreading, narrowly linear, either somewhat scabrous or smooth with 
merely scabrous margins: pedicels shorter than calyx, mainly opposite: teeth of the 
calyx acute, from very short and distant to half the length of the broad tube (then with 
broad base and narrower sinuses): corolla an inch or less long: anther-cells cuspidate- 
mucronate at base: capsule globular, 2 or 3 lines long. — Spec. ii. 610, in part (confounded 
with G. tenuifolia), & of syn. Pluk., &c.; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 97. G. maritima, var. 
major, Chapm. Fl. 300.— Low and moist grounds, Canada to Florida and Texas near the 
coast, also Great Lakes to Illinois, &c. (Cuba.) A polymorphous species, of which the 
following are extreme forms. 

Var. fasciculata, Chapm. Usually taller, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves (and mostly 
branches) often alternate (and the cauline fascicled in the axils), very scabrous, narrowly 
linear or nearly filiform: pedicels in great part alternate: corolla commonly a full inch 
long. — Fl. 300. G. fusciculata, Ell. Sk. ii. 115.—S. Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Ar- 
kansas, usually in brackish soil. 

Var. paupércula. Aspan toa foot high, smoother: stem more simple or with stricter 
branches: pedicels mainly opposite: flowers decidedly smaller: corolla usually only half 
inch long, lighter rose-purple : calyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving com- 
paratively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. — G. purpurea, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2048; Hook. FI. ii. 204. G. intermedia, Porter, in herb., a name to be 
adopted if a distinct species. — Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from 
coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin. A maritime form has many 
spreading branches. 

G. maritima, Raf. A span or two high, with short branches from below, smooth: 
leaves fleshy, obtuse; the floral small: flowers accordingly in a more naked simple 
raceme: pedicels about the length of the calyx: teeth of the latter broad, short, and very 
obtuse: corolla glabrous, half inch, or in a Texan form (var. grandiflora, Benth., G. spici- 
flora, Engelm. Pl. Lindh. i. 19), three-fourths inch long: anther-cells mucronulate at base: 
capsule globular or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. —N. Y. Med. Rep. ii. 361; Nutt. Gen. ii. 46; 
Benth. l.c. G. purpurea, var. crassifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Salt marshes on the coast, 
Maine to Florida and Texas. 
+— + Pedicels from once to thrice the length of the calyx, always much shorter than the corolla: 

mlbteseents or ramification paniculate; some flowers appearing terminal: anthers mucronulate 

at base. 

G. Plukenétii, Ell. Commonly 2 feet high, with many slender spreading branches: 
leaves all filiform, smooth or barely scabrous, seldom in fascicles, only some of the upper 
alternate: pedicels 2 to 4 lines long and alternate in upper axils, and solitary terminating 
leafy filiform branchlets: calyx truncate and with very short subulate teeth: corolla 
three-fourths to near an inch long, loosely long-villous in throat, as are the filaments 
and anthers. —Sk. ii.114. Antirrhinum purpureum, &c., Pluk. Alm. 44, t. 12, fig. 4, poor. 
G. linifolia, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209, not Nutt. G. filifolia, var. Gatesii, Benth. in 
DC. lic. G. setacea, Chapm. FI. 300, not Walt.? nor Ell.? nor Pursh, nor Nutt., &c. — 
Sandy or wet pine barrens, Middle Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Larger leaves an inch 
long. 

Var. microphylla. Slender: cauline leaves setaceous, half inch or less long, 
rather few, and on the branchlets reduced to minute subulate bracts (mostly less than a 
line long): corolla half to two-thirds inch long.— G. aphylla, var. grandiflora, Benth. 
Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c.— Louisiana, Drummond, Hale. Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c. 
Plukenet’s figure (Alm. t. 12, fig. 4) may be rightly referred here ; but it is not character- 
istic. 

+ + + Filiform pedicels about equalling or commonly exceeding the corolla in length : woolly 
anthers cuspidate or almost aristate at base. 
++ Leaves all but the lowest cauline alternate and copiously fascicled in the axils. 

G. filifdlia, Nutt. Smooth, often 2 feet high, paniculately branched above, very leafy up 

to the loose paniculate-racemose inflorescence: leaves numerous in the fascicles, filiform 


294 SCROPHULARIACER. Gerardia. 


and slightly clavate, rather fleshy, less than an inch long: pedicels mostly from an inch 
to half inch long: calyx-teeth short, triangular-subulate: corolla an inch or three-fourths 
long. — Gen. ii. 48; Ell. Sk. ii. 116; Benth. lc. (excl. var.); Chapm. 1. c.— Low pine 
barrens, S. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. 
waeioe at or most of the cauline (or even the rameal) leaves opposite, and few or none fascicled in 
e axils, 
== Blackening more or less in drying: capsule globular, hardly surpassing the calyx. 

G. setacea, Walt. Mostly scabrous, at least the setaceous-filiform leaves, and loosely 
and paniculately much branched : inflorescence more or less paniculate: pedicels ascend- 
ing, from half to an inch and a half long: calyx-teeth subulate, from minute to a fourth 
of the length of the tube: corolla three-fourths to about an inch long, often pubescent out- 
side; the margins of the lobes thickly lanose-ciliate: anther-cells short-aristate. — Car. 
170; Pursh, Fl. ii. 422, excl. hab.; Nutt. Gen. ii. 47; Ell. lL. ¢.; not Benth., nor Chapm. 
G. filifolia & tenuifolia, var. filiformis (leptophylla in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209), Benth. 1. c. in 
part. G, tenuifolia, var. filiformis, Chapm. Fl. 300.— Pine barrens, &c., South Carolina to 
Florida and Texas. 

Var. longifolia (G. longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180, G. jilifolia, var. 
longifolia, Benth. in DC. 1.c.) is described from simple-stemmed specimens, collected on the 
“banks of the Arkansas,” Nuttall, which have long (but not “2 inch ”) leaves, setaceous- 
subulate calyx-teeth about half the length of the tube (not “nearly its length”) as in 
some Texan specimens, and corolla barely three-fourths inch long. 

G. tenuifdlia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, paniculately much 
branched, but the inflorescence racemose: leaves mostly narrowly linear and plane, equal- 
ling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost (half to inch long and commonly spread- 
ing) pedicels: calyx-teeth very short: corolla about half inch long, nearly glabrous outside, 
except the minutely ciliate margins of its nearly equal lobes: anther-cells cuspidate- 
mucronate at base.— Symb. iii. 79, excl. syn. Pluk.; Pursh, l.c.; Nutt. l.¢.; Bart. Fl. 
Am. Sept. iii. t.82. G. purpurea, L. in part (as to ped. filiformibus, &¢.). G. erecta, Walt. 
l.c.?; Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low or dry ground, Canada and Minnesota to Georgia and Louis- 
iana. This sometimes has very narrow leaves, approaching filiform: it varies on the other 
hand into 

Var. macrophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves 14 to 2 inches long and 
almost 2 lines wide, scabrous: pedicels ascending: calyx-teeth usually larger: corolla 
little over half inch long. —Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209.— Western Iowa to Colorado and 
W. Louisiana. 

G. strictifiédra, Benth. Obscurely scabrous, excessively paniculate-branched, rigid, a 
foot or more high’ leaves filiform-lincar passing on the branches into subulate; these 
erect and half to quarter inch long, rigid, shorter than the erect or ascending (half to 
three-fourths inch) pedicels: calyx-teeth short but conspicuous, subulate, very acute: 
corolla half inch long or more: anther-cells aristulate at base.—Comp. Bot. Mag. & 
Prodr. 1. c.— Texas, Drummond, &e. 

G. divaricdta, Chapm. Smoothish throughout, very slender, a foot or so high, with 
numerous lax and long branches and elongated racemose inflorescence: leaves filiform, 
widely spreading; the larger over half inch long; upper gradually reduced to small seta- 
ceous bracts: pedicels opposite, divaricate, capillary, about inch long: calyx-teeth minute: 
corolla barely half inch long; the “two posterior lobes shorter, truncate, and erect:” 
anther-cells abruptly aristulate at base. — Fl. 299. G. Mettaueri, Wood, Class Book, 1861. 
— Low sandy pine barrens, W. & S. Florida, Chapman, &c. 

== = Herbage drying green. 

G. Skinneriana, Wood. Somewhat scabrous: stem simple or paniculately branched, 
strongly striate, a span to 18 inches high, slender: leaves mostly filiform, ascending; the 
larger an inch long; those of the branches much smaller, the uppermost reduced to small 
bracts: pedicels racemosc-paniculate, ascending, 4 to 8 lines long: calyx-teeth mostly 
minute: corolla a third to half inch long, glabrous outside, delicately ciliate, usually rose- 
color. — Class Book, 1847, excl. syn. G. setacea, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. & DC. l.c.; 
Gray, Man., &c., not of Walt.,nor of Chapm. G. parvifolia, Chapm. Fl. (1860) 200. — Sandy 
low ground, coast of Massachusetts (W. E. Davenport, Mrs. Piper, but rare north-east- 
ward), and Penn. to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana. 


Castilleia. ‘SCROPHULARIACER. 295 


* * * Root annual: stems leafless: cauline leaves represented by minute subulate scales. 


G. filicatlis, Chapm. |. c. Smooth, glaucescent, apparently leafless: stem about a 
foot long, filiform and weak, diffusely much branched; the elongated paniculate branch- 
lets terminated by a flower or bearing a few short lateral pedicels: minute scales or bracts 
mostly opposite: calyx-teeth minute: corolla 3 to 5 lines long; the two posterior lobes 
more erect and shorter: anther-cells aristulate at base. — G. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth. 
in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 210. G. Mettaueri, var. nuda, Wood, Class Book, 1861, 530, & later 
G. nuda, Wood. — Low and grassy pine barrens of Florida and Louisiana, Drummond, 
Chapman, &c. 

G. aphylla, Nutt. Smooth: slender stem 1 to 3 feet high, strict and simple below, 
about tangled, simple or mostly paniculate-branched above; radical leaves (rarely seen) 
small and oval or oblong, thickish, hispidulous, half inch or less long; cauline reduced to 
appressed subulate and mostly scattered minute scales: pedicels short, rather crowded in 
virgate mostly spiciform naked racemes: calyx-teeth minute: corolla 6 to 8 lines long, vil- 
lous within ; “the upper lobes reflexed:” anther-cells hardly mucronulate at base. — Gen. 
ii. 47; Ell. 1. c.; Benth. 1. c. excl. varieties; Chapm. 1. c.— Low and sandy pine barrens, 
coast of N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Parmrep-Curv. (D. Castillejo, a botanist of 
Cadiz.) — Herbs (American, mostly N. American, and two in N. Asia); with 
alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and 
mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike; the flowers solitary in 
their axils and ebracteolate, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla 
almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts, mostly of yellow or greenish 
tinge. Fl. in summer. (Primary divisions generally received are not distinct 
enough for subgenera, except Epichroma of Mexico, with a funnelform calyx. 
Ours accordingly may all be embraced in § Evucnroma, Huchroma, Nutt. Gen. 
ii. 55.) — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 335, & Bot. Calif. i. 573. 


* Annuals or some biennials with fibrous root: at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes 
of the calyx petaloid (bright red or scarlet, occasionally varying to yellowish): pubescence vil- 
lous or soft-hirsute. 


+— Atlantic species, flowering in spring or early summer, a span to a foot high: floral leaves or 
bracts dilated: calyx equally cleft before and behind into 2 broad or upwardly dilated entire or 
retuse lobes: galea (upper lip) shorter than the tube of the corolla, little surpassing the calyx, 
much exceeding the short lower lip. 

C. coccinea, Spreng. (Parntep-Cup.) Biennial, at least northward: rosulate radi- 
cal leaves mostly entire, obovate or oblong; cauline and bracts laciniate or 3-5-cleft; the 
middle lobe of latter dilated: calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong. — Syst. ii. 775; Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. x. 259. Bartsia coccinea, L. Spec. ii. 602. (Pluk. Alm. t. 102, fig. 5.) Huchroma coc- 
cinea, Nutt. 1. c.— Low sandy ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas. 


C. indivisa, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate-linear and entire, or sometimes with 2 or 3 
slender lateral lobes: bracts and calyx-lobes obovate-dilated, bright red. — Pl. Lindh. i. 47; 
Benth. in DC. 1. e.— Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Winter-annual, flower- 
ing in spring, no tuft of radical leaves surviving. 

+ + Ultramontane and Pacific annuals, with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender: leaves ‘and 
bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire; the latter or at least the upper with petaloid (red) linear 
tips: flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike: calyx gibbous and broadest 
at base, ovoid or oblong in fruit, wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the 
middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at apex: galea of the narrow and 
straight corolla very much longer than the small not callous lip: capsule oblong. 

C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high: corolla half to three-fourths inch long, yellow: 
the oblong galea much shorter than the tube. — Bot. Calif. i578. C. affinis, var. minor, 
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1.c.— Wet ground, New Mexico and 
Nebraska to W. Nevada. 

C. stendantha. Taller, 1 to 5 feet high: corolla linear, double the length of that of the 
preceding species ; the slightly falcate and commonly reddish galea one-half longer than 
the tube. — C. affinis, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 829, in part (no. 1897); Gray, 1. c. in part.— 


296 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Castilleia. 


Moist grounds, California from Monterey to San Diego, and through the southern part 

of the Sierra Nevada. 

* * Perennials. 

+ Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous, mostly cclored red, as are a part 
of the bracts: corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spatha- 
ceous calyx and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate, exposing the protuberant and very short 
callous lip; its galea about equalling the tube: lower flowers commonly pedicellate. 

C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, mostly strict, villous-pubescent or gla- 
brate: leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, or some of the upper laciniate-toothed at apex; 
lower floral or bracts similar; upper shorter and broader, red: spike or raceme lax below: 
calyx narrowly cylindrical, red, an inch long, its anterior fissure hardly twice the depth of 
the posterior; narrowly oblong lobes acutely 2-cleft at apex: corolla 1} to 14 inches long. 
— Bot. Beech. 154, 380; Benth. in DC. 1. c., & Pl. Hartw. no. 1896; Meyer, Sert. Petrop. 
ii. t. 15 4 — California, in moist grounds about San Francisco Bay, on the Sacramento, 
and south to Tejon, &c. 

C. l4xa, Gray. A foot high, weak and slender, short-pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, 
entire, barely 2 inches long, 3-nerved, spreading: bracts similar or broader, the upper red- 
dish: flowers few and crowded: calyx broadly cylindraceous, inch long, its anterior fissure 
not twice the depth of the posterior, both short; the lobes broad and broadly 2-toothed : 
corolla inch and a half long, nearly straight; its galea shorter than the tube. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 119 & Am. Jour. Sci. 1.c.— Mountain side, southern border of Arizona 
near Santa Cruz, Wright. 

C. oblongifélia. Two feet or more high, very leafy, densely villous or pubescent: 
leaves widely spreading, 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly elliptical and very obtuse, 
or the uppermost oblong-ovate and acute: bracts similar, the upper reddish: spike many- 
flowered: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear: corolla 2 inches long; somewhat 
falcate narrow galea as long as the tube; lip very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate, 
its minute lobes subulate. — Southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Col- 
lected along with C. miniata. 

C. linarizefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the sev- 
eral-many-flowered spike somewhat pubescent or villous: leaves linear, entire, or some of 
the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 8-parted, 1-3-nerved; divisions 
not dilated : calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, some- 
times pale; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior; the long upper lip 
acutely 4toothed or 2-cleft and the lobes 2-toothed: corolla 14 or 2 inches long; its nar- 
row falcate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. — DC. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 573. C. candens, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, a pubescent form. — Through 
the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada 
of California. 

+— + Calyx about equally cleft before and behind: floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and 
petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish). 

++ Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose. 
== Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla; the lip very short. 

C. latifélia, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from the base, 
villous-hirsute and viscid: leaves short (half inch or more), dilated-obovate or oval, very 
obtuse, some 3-5-lobed: spike leafy: calyx 2-cleft to the middle; the oblong-obovate lobes 
entire or emarginate, almost equalling the small (8 lines long) corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154.— 

- Coast of California. 

C. parviflora, Bong.’ A span to 2-feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above: leaves 
variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline mainly 
entire and narrow (rarely oblong): calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the 
middle: corolla an inch or less long; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the 
small lip not protuberant.— Veg. Sitk. 157; Gray, 1.¢. C. Toluccensis, Cham. & Schlecht. 
in Linn. ii. 5792 _ C. coccinea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1136. C\. hispida, Benth. in Hook. FI. ii. 
105, & DC. 1. c. 582. C. Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 530; narrow-leaved and large-flow- ° 
ered form of coast of California. Luchroma Bradburii, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. 
E. angustifolia, Nutt. 1. c., a low and small-flowered subalpine form: same as C. desertorum, 
Gever, in Hook. Kew Jour. v. 258.—Dry or moist ground, Sitka to §. California and 


Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACER. 297 


mountains of Arizona, east to Dakota and Colorado. A most polymorphous species, and 
the oldest name not a good one. Bracts, as in other species, varying from red to yellow or 
white. 

C. miniata, Doug]. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so 
except the inflorescence: leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
entire (rarely laciniate-3-cleft): spike dense and short: bracts from lanceolate to oval, 
mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft : 
corolla over an inch long; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube; very short lip 
protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with ovate short teeth involute. — Hook. FI. ii. 106; 
Benth. l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 574. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, Cham. & Schlecht. 
lc, partly. C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 337.— Alaska to Sas- 
katchewan and southward along the higher mountains through Colorado, Utah and Calli- 
fornia. 
oe decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of 

e lip. 

C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby 
hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous, not glandular or 
viscid: leaves membranaceous, mainly entire; the lower linear; upper lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate: bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalling the (half to inch 
long) corolla: calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft; the lobes 
oblong or lanceolate: galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base 
not exserted from the calyx. — Syn. Pl. Acquin. ii. 100: Benth. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 
575. C. Sibirica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under 925. Bartsia pallida, L. Spec. ii. 602. — Subarctic 
N. W. coast and islands, Chamisso, &c. (Siberia.) Passes into 

Var. septentrionalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous: 
bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red: lip smaller, from half to hardly 
a third the length of the galea.— Bot. Calif. Lc. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 925; Benth. l.c. C. pallida, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 258. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, 
latifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. ce. C. acuminata, Spreng. 1. ec. Bartsia acuminata, Pursh, FI. 
ii. 429. — Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains and Green Mountains of New Eng- 
land, and north shore of Lake Superior, to the Rocky mountains of Colorado and Utah, 
and north-westward to Alaska, Aleutian Islands, &c. Some larger forms appear to pass 
into C. miniata. 

Var. occidentalis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high: 
bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish: lip 
about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif. l.c. C. occidentalis, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 230; Benth. 1. c.— High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Colo- 
rado, and Sierra Nevada, California. ; 

Var. Haydeni. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high: linear leaves sometimes with one or 
two slender-subulate lobes: bracts merely ciliate-pubescent, laciniately 3-6-cleft into linear 
lobes, bright crimson: lip not half the length of the galea.— Alpine region of the Sierra 
Blanca, S. Colorado, Hayden, Hooker, & Gray. Seemingly very distinct from C. pallida, 
but connected through the preceding variety. 

C. viscidula. A span high, tufted, pubescent with very short stiff mostly glandular- 
tipped hairs and somewhat viscid, only the dense naked spike with some short villous 
hairs: stems slender: leaves linear, attenuate, entire, or uppermost 3-cleft: bracts 3-6- 
cleft, more or less dilated ; the upper rather shorter than the flowers, with reddish or whit- 
ish lobes: calyx-segments shorter than the cylindraceous tube, 2-parted into linear-lanceo- 
late lobes: corolla three-fourths inch long; galea hardly one-third the length of the tube, 
twice the length of the lip; lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, equal in length to the 
ventricose obscurely 3-carinate but not callous lower portion.— Nevada, in the E. Hum- 
boldt Mountains, at 9,000 feet, Watson (part of no. 810). 

C. Lemmoni. A span or more high, pubescent, and the dense oblong spike somewhat 
hirsute-villous, not glandular: leaves narrowly linear, entire or 3-cleft; uppermost more 
dilated and cleft: bracts 3-cleft, the upper with reddish lobes and equalling the flowers: 
calyx-segments as long as the tube, oblong, petaloid, emarginate or barely 2-cleft at apex: 
corolla fully three-fourths inch long; galea oblong, about a quarter the length of tube, 
hardly twice the length of the ventrieose lip; lobes of the latter ovate, rather shorter than 


298 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Castilleia. 


the saccate portion, the 3 narrow obtuse keels or plice of which terminate under the lobes 

in as many conical gibbosities. — Sierra Co., California, probably in the alpine region, Lem- 

mon. Referred in Bot. Calif. to C. pallida, var. occidentalis. One of the transitions to the 

first section of Orthocarpus. 

++ ++ Herbage white-woolly throughout; the tomenttum loose or flocculent with age: leaves linear 
and entire: bracts 3-parted; the divisions more or less spatulate-dilated and petaloid: calyx- 
lobes broad and with rounded entire or slightly 2-lobed summit: corolla almost included, 7 to 9 
lines long, slender; the narrow galea little shorter than the tube; lip very short. 

C. foliolésa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, and many-stemmed from a woody 
base: woolly hairs intricately branched: leaves narrowly linear (inch or less long), 
crowded below and fascicled in lower axils: spike close: galea shorter than the tube of 
the corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154; Benth. l.c.; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 
574. — Dry hills, coast of California from San Diego to Mendocino Co. 

C. lanata, Gray. Apparently herbaceous to base, branching, white with appressed 
arachnoid wool: leaves larger (inch or two long); the galea longer than the tube: flowers 
larger, more scattered in the spike: corolla rather more exserted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. 
—S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


a+ ++ ++ Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose: bracts, &c., 
conspicuously petaloid: primary calyx-segments 2-cleft or 2-parted into narrow usually acute 
lobes: corolla more exserted, inch long or over; galea shorter than the tube; 


= Lip very short; its lobes not longer than the more or less callous saccate portion. 


C. integra, Gray. A span to a foot high: stem rather stout, tomentose: leaves cine- 
reous-tomentulose, linear (14 to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), entire: bracts of the 
short spike linear- or obovate-oblong, red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised : corolla 
inch and a quarter long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. l.c. C. angustifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
118, in part, not Nutt. C\. tomentosa, Gray, 1. c., a more tomentose form.— Dry grounds, 
W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona. . 

C. Lindheimeri. A span or two high, branched or many-stemmed from the base, cine- 
reous-puberulent or the stem tomentulose: leaves narrowly linear, entire or sparingly 
laciniate, or the upper 3-5-cleft, as are the bracts of the dense spike; these mostly peta- 
loid and dilated, from brick-red to rose-color or sulphur-yellow: calyx equally colored: 
corolla (inch or so in length) rather slender ; the lobes of the lip ovate, not longer than the 
callous saccate portion — C. purpurea, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338, not Don & Benth. 
— Stony or fertile mountain prairies, on the Pierdenales and Guadalupe, W. Texas, Lind- 
heimer, &e. Much more showy than the next, and with different corolla. 

== = Lip of corolla with longer and narrow lobes, and base less saccate. 

C. purptrea, Don. A foot or less high, minutely cinereous-pubescent and the stem 
appressed-tomentose: leaves narrowly linear and entire, or mostly once or twice 3-cleft or 
laciniate, with divisions and lobes all narrowly linear: bracts similar or with cuneate- 
dilated base; the broader lobes of the upper and the calyx magenta-color or purple: 
corolla (over an inch long) narrow; galea very much shorter than the tube, only twice the 
length of the lip: lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, plane and petaloid, very much 
longer than the obscurely saccate and not callous basal portion. — Syst. iv. 615; Benth. 
l.c. Euchroma purpurea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180.— Hilly prairies, 
Arkansas, Nuttall. E. Texas, Drummond (iii. no. 286 in part), Miss Hobart, Reverchon. 

+ + + Calyx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small, with galea much 


shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long: bracts and calyx if colored at all yellowish : 
leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid: stems numerous from the root. 


++ Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and little if at all 
callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish white: clefts of the calyx moder- 
ately unequal. ‘ 


== Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly 3-5-cleft and the slender divisions sometimes again 2-3- 
cleft: bracts similar or with more dilated base, not even their tips colored. 

C. sessiliflédra, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cincreous-pubescent: leaves 
2 inches or more long, with slender lobes, rarely entire: lobes of the tubular calyx slender: : 
corolla exserted, about 2 inches long: lip with linear-lanceolate lobes very much longer 
than the obscurely saccate base. —Fl. ii. 738; Benth. l.c.; Gray, lc. C. grandiflora, 
Spreng. Syst. ii. 775. Euchroma grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 55.— Prairies, Wisconsin and 
Illinois to Saskatchewan, Dakota, and south to W. Texas and New Mexico. 


Orthocarpus. SCROPHULARIACE. 299 


C. brevifiéra, Gray. Barely span high, more pubescent: lower leaves often entire and 
upper only 3-5-parted, an inch or so long: bracts of the dense spike more dilated, not sur- 
passing the flowers: calyx ovoid-oblong; its lobes lanceolate: corolla little exserted, less 
than inch long: lip with somewhat callous oblong plice or saccate keels about the length 
of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and 
Wyoming, in the alpine region, Nuttall, Parry, &e. 

== = Very glabrous up to the merely pubescent naked dense spike: cauline leaves all entire: 
bracts shorter than the flowers, dilated and 3-cleft; the lobes with petaloid yellowish tips. 

C. linoides. Stems strict, a foot high, rigid, branching at summit, very smooth, as also 
the rigid leaves (these 1 or 2 inches long, a line or less wide): calyx and corolla nearly of 
C. breviflora, the former with narrower lobes and the latter only half inch long. — Clover 
Mountains, Nevada, Watson. In Bot. King, included under “ C. pallida, var.” 
++ ++ Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes: 

anterior cleft of calyx deeper. 

C. flava, Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereous-puberulent, at 
least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent: leaves entire or the upper with one 
or two lobes: bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base; the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla 
hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube.— Bot. King, 230.— 
Mountains of E. Utah and Wyoming, in and near the Uintas, Watson, Porter. 


31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. (Oe66c, upright, and xagedg, fruit; the 
capsule not oblique as in Melampyrum.) — Low herbs, almost all annual (W. 
North American and one Chilian); with mainly alternate entire or 3-5-parted 
and laciniate leaves; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not 
rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple 
or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous or rather few. 
Fl]. spring and summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 535; Watson, Bot. King, 
230, 457; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 575. 


§ 1. CastiLLe1oipves, Gray. Corolla with lip (i.e. lower lip) simply or some- 
what triply saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes; the galea (i.e. 
upper lip) either broadish or narrow: anthers all 2-celled: bracts with more or 
less colored tips: seeds with very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat. — 
Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. 


%* Root perennial: lips of the short and yellowish corolla more equal and less dissimilar than in 
any of the following ; lower one rather obscurely saccate; galea broadish, obtuse: filaments gla- 
brous. Transition to Castilleia. 

O. palléscens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3-5-parted into linear 
lobes, or the lower entire: bracts similar with dilated base, or upper with shorter obscurely 
whitish or yellowish lobes: calyx deeply 2-cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex: 
corolla over half inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
384, in part, but only as to Nuttall’s Euchroma pallescens in herb. O. Parryi, Gray in Am. 
Naturalist, viii. 214. - Rocky Mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Parry, 
Cusick. 

O. pilé6sus, Watson. From soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent, a span or two high, very 
leafy: leaves of the precéding or more divided: bracts usually more dilated and colored, 
from yellow or whitish to dull crimson: calyx-segments deeply cleft or parted; the lobes 
linear. — Bot. King, 231; Gray, Bot. Calif. i.576. 0. pallescens, Gray, 1. c., except as to 
Nuttall’s plant. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-10,000 feet, to Oregon. Varies with lax 
and with rather rigid leaves, with soft-villous and with hirsute pubescence. &c. 

* ¥* Root annual: filaments glabrous: galea narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or 
broadly subulate, naked: lip moderately ventricose and somewhat plicate-trisaccate for its whole 
length; the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear: capsule oblong or oval. 

O. attenudtus, Gray. Erect, slender, a span or two high, hirsute-pubescent above: 
leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes: spike virgate: lower 
flowers scattered: bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped : corolla narrow throughout, 


800 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Orthocarpus, 


half inch long, white or whitish: narrow teeth of purple-spotted lip nearly equalling the 

galea. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Moist ground, San Francisco Bay to 

Puget Sound. 

O. densifiédrus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high, 
above soft-pubescent: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward, entire or with 
a few slender lobes: spike dense, many-flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers 
rather distant: bracts 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers; their linear lobes and (8 to 10 
lines long) corolla purple and white: teeth of the lip shorter than the galea.— Scroph. 
Ind. 138, & DC. Prodr. x. 586; Gray, l.c.—Coast of California, in low grounds, San 
Luis Obispo to Sonoma Co. 

O. castilleioides, Benth. 1.c. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 
inches high, minutely pubescent, or below glabrate and above somewhat hirsute: leaves 
from lanceolate to oblong, commonly laciniate; the upper and bracts cuneate-dilated and 
incisely cleft, herbaceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish: spikes dense, short and 
thick: corolla nearly inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped; lip ventricose-dilated : 
seeds longer or larger than in the preceding. — Pine woods and low grounds near the sea- 
shore, from Monterey, California, to Puget Sound or nearly. 

* * %* Root annual: filaments mostly pubescent: galea attenuate upward, densely bearded on 
the back with many-jointed hairs, uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very 
much narrower than the open-saccate tp, the summit of which under the short and small recum- 
bent lobes is trisacculate and the middle sacculus didymous: stigma very large, depressed-capi- 
tate: capsule ovate. (Transition to § Triphysaria.) 

O. purpurascens, Benth. l.c. Erect, rather stout, at length much branched from 
base, 6 to 12 inches high, hirsute: leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately 
1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft : 
spike thick and dense: bracts equalling the (inch or less long) flowers, somewhat dilated: 
their lobes and calyx-lobes with upper part of corolla crimson to rose-color, or sometimes 
paler and duller.— California, common along and near the coast from Humboldt Co. 
southward. 

Var. Palmeri. Flowers smaller: galea more linear: filaments glabrous or almost so. 

— Arizona, near Wickenberg, Palmer. 


§ 2. True OrtTHocarpus, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip incon- 
spicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ; 
its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate: stigma small, 
entire: anthers all 2-celled: seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated: root an- 
nual. — Orthocarpus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 56. Oncorrhynchus, Lehm. 


* Bracts abruptly and strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower with 
narrow lateral lobes, more or less petaloid (purplish), becoming papyraceous and imbricated in the 
dense fructiferous (oblong or at length cylindrical) spike, toward base often hispid-ciliate, other- 
wise naked: corolla mostly rose-color: cauline leaves linear-attenuate; lower mostly entire and 
upper 3-5-parted. 

O. pachystachyus. A span high, scabrous-puberulent and the stem hirsute: bracts an 
inch long, all the upper entire and oblong, rose-purple as is the (1} inch) glabrous corolla: 
tube of the latter much longer than the calyx: galea with conspicuous and slender 
incurved tip: anther-cells linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base, glabrous. — N. Cali- 
fornia, near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Greene. 

O. tenuifdlius, Benth. More slender, taller, somewhat pubescent or hirsute: bracts 
about half inch long, oblong or oval, partly purplish: corolla purplish, half inch long, 
puberulent; the tube little surpassing the calyx; inflexed tip of galea minute and incon- 
spicuous: anther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. l.c¢.; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. 1.577. 0. imbricatus, Torr. in Watson, Bot. King, 458. Bartsia tenuifolia, Pursh, 
FI. ii. 429, excl. “flowers deep yellow,” which must refer to O. luteus. — Dry ground, Mon- 
tana to Brit. Columbia and south to the Sierra Nevada, California. 

%* * Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- (rarely 5-) cleft 
and with acute lobes. 

+ Spike dense or close, mostly many-flowered : seeds costate. 

O. bractedésus, Benth. l.c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, a foot or less high: leaves 

as of the preceding or the upper broader: bracts of the thickish and dense spike broadly 


Orthocarpus. SCROPHULARIACER. 801 


cuneate-dilated, shorter than the flowers, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate: corolla 
rose-purple, half inch long; tube moderately longer than the calyx: galea with minute 
inflexed tip. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Dry ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and northern 
portion of Sierra Nevada, California. 

O. liteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid: stem strict, a span to a foot 
high: leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft: bracts of the dense spike 
broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling 
the flowérs: corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of 
the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Gen. ii. 57. O. strictus, Benth. 1. v.; Hook. 
FL. ii. 104, t. 172. — Plains, &e., N. Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Colorado, eastern 
borders of California, and Brit. Columbia. 

QO. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched: leaves 
narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire: bracts of the small and short spikes little 
dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers: corolla bright yellow, half inch 
long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx; minute tip of galea inflexed.— Bot. Beech. 379; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 536; Watson, Bot. King, 230.— Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, 
to S. Idaho. 

+— Spike looser, few-flowered: seeds with loose reticulated coat. 

O. purpureo-albus, Gray. Minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid, simple or branched, 
a span or two high: leaves entire or mostly 3-cleft, filiform: bracts similar or somewhat 
dilated at base: corolla three-fourths inch long, purple and often partly white, with tube 
twice or thrice the length of the calyx; tip of galea mucroniform, inflexed. —Watson, Bot. 
King, 458; Bot. Calif. 1. c.—New Mexico and 8. Utah, Woodhouse, Newberry, Parry, 
Mrs. Thompson. 


§ 3. Tripysfria, Benth. Corolla with conspicuously trisaccate lip very 
much larger than the slender straight galea; its teeth minute or small; tube fili- 
form or slender: stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed: bracts all herbaceous and 
similar to the leaves (or with somewhat colored tips in two species) : root annual. 
— Triphysaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii. 52. 

* Anthers 1-celled: lip of corolla saccately 3-lobed from the end: seed-coat close, conformed to the 

nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends. 
+ Stamens early escaping from their enclosure in the less involute oblong-lanceolate galea. 

O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, a span or less 
high, somewhat pubescent: leaves once or twice pinnatifid and bracts 3-5-parted into fili- 
form or setaceous divisions: flowers scattered, small and inconspicuous, shorter than the 
bracts: corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; tube not surpassing the calyx; lip moderately 
Slobed, beardless: capsule globose.—Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 578. — Low ground, San Francisco Bay to Oregon. 

O. floribiundus, Benth. l.c. Erect, a span or more high, branched above, almost 
glabrous: upper part of leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again 
cleft: bracts of the mostly dense many-flowered spike 3-5-cleft and dilated at base ; upper 
ones not surpassing the calyx: corolla white or cream-color, half inch long; tube twice 
the length of calyx; lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, 2 hairy lines within; the teeth lanceo- 
late, erect, scarious.— Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. CRMoropyron palustre, Behr in Proc. Calif. 
Acad. i. 62, 66 7 — Hillsides, California, around San Francisco Bay, &c. 
+— + Stamens more strictly enclosed in the acute involute-subulate galea: lip of 3 obovate or 

globular-inflated sacs, not more than a quarter of the length of the filiform and mostly densely 
pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within villous-bearded: flowers numerous in a 
rather dense spike: upper bracts not exceeding the calyx; lower and the leaves pinnately parted 
above the broader entire base into setaceous or filiform divisions. 

O. eridnthus, Benth. 1.c. Erect, a span or more high, fastigiately much branched, 
pubescent: corolla sulphur-color, with slightly falcate galea brown-purple: tube 6 to 8 
lines long, thrice the length of the calyx.— Low grounds, coast of California, from Mon- 
tercy northward. 

Var. réseus, Gray, |. ¢. Corolla rose-colored, or probably cream-colored changing 
to rose-purple; the tube shorter. — Triphysaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c.? —Sandy 

fields, Noyo, Mendocino Co., Bolander, &c. 


302 SCROPHULARIACE. Orthocarpus. 


O. faucibarbatus, Gray. Aspect of the preceding, but nearly glabrous up to the 
short-hirsute or appressed puberulent bracts, less branched: divisions of the leaves rather 
coarser: corolla apparently white, with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; the 
straight galea pale. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121; Bot. Calif. i.579.— Moist ground, San Fran- 
cisco Bay to Mendocino Co., California. 

* * Anthers 2-celled (lower cell mostly imperfect in the first two succeeding species): seed-coat 
loose and arilliform, coarsely reticulated. 
+— Lip of corolla very broad; its sacs deeper horizontally than long. 
++ Galea truncate at tip: sacs small, somewhat conical: capsule oblong, obtuse. 

O. gracilis, Benth. l.c. Minutely pubescent, or below glabrous, branched from the 
base: slender branches a span or more high: leaves mostly 3-parted, linear-filiform: upper 
bracts of the rather dense spike shorter than the flowers; the tips of their lobes purplish- 
tinged : corolla pubescent, purplish (over half inch long) ; slender tube twice the length of the 
calyx: lip decidedly shorter than galea.— California, near San Francisco or Monterey, 
Douglas, Nuttall. Little known. 
++ ++ Galea subulate: sacs ample, very ventricose: stem simple or few-branched: spike thickish 

and dense, at least above: capsule ovate. 

O. campéstris, Benth. Glabrous below, but the calyx hirsute: stem 2 to 4 inches high: 
leaves and bracts narrowly linear and entire or nearly so: corolla white (9 lines long, and 
lip 2 lines deep): teeth of the lip scarious, slender, rather conspicuous. — Pl. Hartw. 329; 
Gray, l. c.— Fields, Butte and Plumas Co., California, Hartweg, Mrs. Ames. 

O. lithospermoides, Benth. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent below: stem a span 
to a foot high, strict, simple or with some erect branches, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or 
somewhat linear, 2-5-cleft or lowermost simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike 
cuneate-dilated and 3-5-cleft, about equalling the flowers: corolla an inch or less long, 
cream-color, often turning pale rose-color; sacs 3 lines deep; the teeth short and incon- 
spicuous. — Scroph. Ind. & DC. 1. ¢.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 579.— Moist and dry ground, 
California, from San Francisco Bay northward. , 
+- + Lip not so ample, surpassed by the subulate galea; sacs not deeper than long: stems strict 

and simple, or branched above: leaves or their lobes linear, mostly attenuated: spikes leafy: 
calyx-lobes slender: pubescence hirsute. 
++ Corolla yellow; the sacs nearly as deep as long. 

O. lasiorhynchus, Gray. Soft-hirsute: leaves mostly 3-parted and bracts 4-5-cleft: 
corolla an inch long, with filiform tube; lip 3 or 4 lines long; galea subulate-linear, densely 
white-villous.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.—8. E. California, on and near the Mohave 
River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. 

O. ldcerus, Benth. Rather soft-hirsute and above viscid: leaves pinnately and bracts 
palmately 3-7-cleft or parted: corolla half or two-thirds inch long; the lip only 2 lines 
long: subulate galea glabrous or merely puberulent.— Pl. Hartw. 329; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i579. O. hispidus, Watson, Bot. King, 230, in part.— Dry ground, California ; common 
through the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and valley of the Sacramento. 

++ ++ Corolla white or merely purplish; sacs longer than deep. 

O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hirsute rather than hispid: stem strict, mostly simple: 
leaves with few and slender divisions, or the lower entire: leafy spike virgate: calyx-lobes 
much shorter than the tube: corolla white, half inch long; lip barely a line deep.— 
Scroph. Ind. & DC. 1. c., at least in part; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Low grounds, W. Ore- 
gon and northern part of California. 

O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute or nearly hispid: stem stouter, more branched : divi- 
sions of the leaves and bracts long and slender; the latter equalling the densely spicate 
flowers, their tips sometimes purplish-tinged: calyx-lobes much longer than the tube: 
corolla three-fourths inch long (white or purplish ?): sacs deeper than in the preceding at 
the upper part, narrowing gradually downward. — Pl. Hartw. 350; Gray, 1. c.—N. Cali- 
fornia, in mountain pastures, &c., Butte Co. to Mendocino Co., Hartweg, Bolander. 


32, CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. (Kopdvdy, a club, and dvBoc, flower, the 
corolla somewhat clavate.) — W. North American branching annuals ; with alter- 
nate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3-5-parted, and mostly dull-colored 


Cordylanthus. SCROPHULARIACES. 803 


flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches; 
the bracts and calyx not colored, and corolla seldom much surpassing the calyx. 
Seeds comparatively few and large, often apiculate or appendiculate at one or 
both ends. FI. summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 597; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 881, & Bot. Calif. i. 580; Watson, Bot. King, 450. Adenostegia, 
Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445, & in DC. Prodr. x. 587, but the name 
abandoned in the same volume for the more appropriate one of Nuttall. 


§ 1. AnisocHEiLa. Calyx diphyllous: corolla cleft to the middle; the lower 
lip only half the length of the upper, entire, hardly saccate: stamens 4, with 
one-celled anthers (and rarely a vestige of the lower cell): both divisions of the 
calyx 6-nerved: no gland at tip of leaves: corolla “ bright yellow.” 


C. laxifl6rus, Gray. A foot or two high, much branched, very hirsute, above some- 
what viscid: leaves short, linear, entire, or the uppermost 3-cleft: flowers approximate or 
scattered on the leafy branchlets (8 lines long), either sessile and ebracteolate or short- 
peduncled and “1-2-bracteolate: corolla little longer than the calyx: filaments villous 
below: seeds coarsely favose, not appendaged.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am. 
Acad. 1. c. 883. — Hills and ravines, Arizona, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock. The habitat “Salt 
Lake, Utah, Fremont,” needs confirmation. 


§ 2. ApEenostkaeta, Gray, le. Calyx diphyllous: corolla 2-lipped at summit ; 
lower lip about equalling the upper, 3-crenate: flowers short-peduncled or sub- 
sessile, 2—4-bracteolate : upper leaves and bracts commonly with a depressed gland 
or callosity at the truncate or retuse apex: corolla greenish-yellow or purplish. — 
Adenostegia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 537. 


* Corolla more exserted and conspicuous, fully inch long: stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: seeds 
coarsely favose. . 

C. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, loosely branched, almost glabrous, or above 
puberulent-scabrous: leaves sctaceous-filiform, 3-5-parted; floral similar, the tips not 
dilated: flowers several in the mostly dense terminal heads: corolla purplish, with rather 
long lips: anthers villous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. —S. W. borders 
of Texas to N. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 


* = Corolla almost included, half to three-fourths inch long. (Natives of California and adjacent 
istricts. ) 


+ Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: filaments villous: both divisions of calyx 5-6-nerved ; the pos- 
terior entire or emarginate. 


++ Seeds rather numerous, about 20, delicately favose. 

C. ramésus, Nutt. 1. c. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cinereous-puber- 
ulent: leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3-7-parted; no distinct apical gland or 
dilatation: flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils: corolla dull yellow, 
barely half inch long. — Watson, l. c.; Gray, 1. c. — Dry interior region of Oregon and Ww. 
Nevada, to Wyoming. 
++ ++ Seeds fewer and larger, mostly apiculate or appendiculate at one end; the coat close, 

minutely and closely lineolate with sinuous lines or reticulations, or at maturity smooth and even 
noes their obliteration: callous gland generally apparent at the tip of some of the upper leaves 
or bracts. ; 

C. filifélius, Nutt. Tall, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branched above, roughish-puberulent 
and somewhat viscid or nearly glabrous below, commonly more or less hispid above, 
especially the margins of the floral leaves: leaves 3-5-parted or some of the lower entire ; 
the divisions from filiform to linear; those of the upper and the more dilated bracts usually 
broadening upward and with retuse tip: heads rather many-flowercd, often proliferous : 
corolla purplish, over half inch long.— Benth. 1. c. Adenostegia rigida, Benth. in Lindl, 
Nat. Syst. & DC. 1. c. 587. (Name replaced in the same volume by the then unpublished 
one of Nuttall.) —Dry and moist banks, throughout all but perhaps the northern part of 
California. Varies greatly in foliage, pubescence, &c., but generally well marked by the 
hispid- or setose-ciliate bracts and floral leaves. 


804 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Cordylanthus. 


Var. brevibractedtus, Gray, is glabrous up to the floral leaves, these hispid-cili- 

ate with short bristles, also shorter and fewer, as are the flowers in the head. — Bot. Calif. 
i, 622. — Soda spring, Kern Co., Rothrock. 

C. pilésus, Gray. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, soft-villous throughout, 
somewhat viscid, no rigid hairs: leaves linear, all but the floral entire; these commonly 
3-parted and with emarginate or callous-3-toothed tip: flowers few in the irregular termi- 
nal clusters, or some lateral and solitary ; corolla yellowish or purplish, half inch or more 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 883, & Bot. Calif. i. 581.— W. California, in open dry ground 
from Santa Clara Co. northward. 

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Lower, less pilose, more viscid or glandular: flowers 
all scattered. — Mendocino Co., Bolander. Also from Plumas Co. to Tuolumne Co. in the 
foothills of the Sierra. 

C. ténuis, Gray, l.c. Effusely paniculate, a foot or two high, minutely cinereous-puber- 
ulent, at summit sometimes more pubescent and glandular: leaves very narrowly linear, 
entire: flowers scattered along the almost filiform branches, or some loosely clustered at 
their summit: flowers as of the preceding or smaller and the upper sepal narrower. — Dry 
ground, California from the mountains of Mendocino Co. to Lake Tahoe, and adjacent 
borders of Nevada. 

+ + Stamens 2: anthers 1-celled: filaments nearly glabrous: posterior division of calyx only 
2-nerved, 2-cleft at apex: seeds few, minutely favose. 

C. capitdtus, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculately much branched, soft-pubescent 
and cinereous: leaves very narrowly linear, or those subtending the several-flowered ter- 
minal head broader and 3-5-cleft: corolla purplish, half inch long: capsule 8-seeded. — 


Benth. 1. c. 597; Watson, Bot. King, 231, 459; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.—S. Idaho and N. 
Nevada, Nuttall, Watson. 


§ 3. Hemistécia, Gray, l.c. Calyx monophyllous; the anterior division 
wanting: flowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf, ebracteolate: 
corolla purplish or yellowish: no callous gland at the tip of leaves: herbage not 
glandular: seeds (those of C. maritimus not seen mature) rather numerous, 
scarious-appendaged ; the coat cellular-favose. 

%* Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled: filaments glabrous: seeds somewhat reniform. 

C. méllis, Gray. Barely a foot high, rather stout, much branched, villous-hirsute: 
leaves and bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, entire or the upper laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid: 
flowers in a thickish short spike: corolla three-fourths inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
384, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, around Vallejo, 
Wright, Greene. 

%* * Stamens 4: anthers of longer stamens 2-celled, of the shorter with only the small lower cell: 
filaments glabrous or nearly so: leaves and even bracts all entire, pale or canescent; lower ones 
linear; upper, and especially the loosely imbricated bracts, lanceolate or broader and concave or 
somewhat conduplicate: inflorescence at first capitate, becoming short-spicate. 

C. maritimus, Nutt. ].c. A span or two high, corymbosely branched, cinereous-pubes- 
cent: leaves glabrate, slightly fleshy: pairs of filaments very unequal. — Gray, 1. c.— 
California, in sandy salt marshes, from San Diego to San Francisco Bay. 

C. canéscens, Gray, 1.c. <A foot or less high, corymbosely much branched, canescent 
with soft and short villous pubescence: uppermost leaves and bracts from oblong- to 
ovate-lanceolate : smaller filaments sometimes obscurely hairy. — Saline soil, Sierra Nevada, 
on the eastern border of California to Salt Lake, Utah. 

Var. Parryi. A slender form, with narrower bracts and sparser flowers: smaller 
filaments with some scattered hairs.— C. Parry’, Watson in Am. Naturalist, ix. 346.— 
8. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer. 

* ¥* %* Stamens 4: anthers all 2-celled: filaments villous: leaves and bracts mostly 3-5-parted 
into linear-filiform divisions : habit and inflorescence of § Adenostegia. 

C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid-pubescent or villous : 
leaves 1 or 2 inches long: flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit 
of the slender branchlets: calyx 4~6-nerved: corolla less than an inch long, purplish. — 
Bot. King, 233, t. 22.—W. Nevada, Watson. S. Utah, Parry, Siler. S. W. Colorado, 
Brandegee, 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 305 


33. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Cnarr-srep. (C. G. Schwalbe, who 
wrote a tract on Sarsaparilla in 1715.) Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, 71.— Single 
species. 

S. Americana, L. Perennial herb, minutely soft-pubescent: stem strict, 2 feet high, 
leafy : leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, 8-nerved, entire, an inch or more long; upper grad- 
ually reduced to bracts of the loose virgate spike: corolla full inch long, yellowish and 
purplish: bractlets linear. — Spec. ii. 606 (Pluk. Mant. t. 348, fig. 2); Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
x. 5388. — Low sandy ground, Mass. to Louisiana, near the coast. Fl. early summer. 

4 


34, EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Evyesricnt. (Greek for hilarity, from 
reputed power to restore impaired eye-sight.) — Genus of wide distribution, but 
only a single and insignificant N. American species. 


Hi. officinalis, L. Low annual: leaves from round-ovate to oblong, incisely dentate ; 
the upper with very strong setaceous-tipped teeth; lowest crenate: galea and lobes of 
lower lip of the purplish or bluish corolla deeply emarginate. —N. E. coast of Maine and 
Canada: depauperate and small-flowered forms, perhaps introduced from Europe. Alpine 
region of White Mountains of New Hampshire, shore of L. Superior, northern Rocky 
Mountains to Aleutian Islands and far northward; chiefly the var. Tartarica, Benth. in 
DC. (E£. latifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430); a low form with small flowers (2 or 3 lines long), and 
mostly rounded leaves (3 to 6 lines long): fl. summer. (Bu., N. Asia.) 


35. BARTSIA, L. (Dr. I. Bartsch, an early friend of Linnxus, who died 
in Surinam.) — Herbs, the genuine species chiefly of mountains or cold regions, 
both of the Old and New World; with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile 
flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike. 


B. alpina, L. A span high, simple from a perennial root, pubescent, leafy: leaves ovate, 
crenate-dentate, half inch long: spike short: corolla over half inch long, purple, with 
obovate somewhat arching galea: anthers hairy on the back. — Spec. ii. 602; Engl. Bot. 
361; Pursh, Fl. ii. 480.— Labrador. (Greenland, Arct. & Alp. Eu.) 

B. Opontires, Huds. <A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous- 
pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate: spikes elongated, 
loosely flowered, partly in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla small, rose-red: anthers 
nearly naked. — Fl. Angl. 268; Engl. Bot. t.1415. Euphrasia Odontites, L, Odontites rubra, 
Pers. Syn. ii. 150. — Coast of Maine and of Nova Scotia. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Louseworr. (Pediculus, a louse; no 
obvious application, unless the herb was used as an insectifuge.) — Large genus, 
of perennial herbs, or rarely biennial or annual (as in P. palustris and P. euphra- 
sioides) ; many arctic-alpine, rather few N. American, still fewer S. American. 
Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate; flowers in a ter- 
minal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered; in spring or summer. — 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 560; Maxim. Diagn. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. x. 1877. 


* Cauline leaves and flowers verticillate or mostly so: calyx 5-toothed: galea toothless. 

P. Menziésii, Benth. About 10 inches high, nearly glabrous, simple: leaves deeply 
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong incisely toothed divisions: lower whorls of the 
spike rather distant: calyx inflated-globose; the teeth short, ciliate, somewhat crested : 
tube of corolla exceeding the calyx; galea straightish, slightly if at all rostrate, shorter 
than the depending lower lip. — Prodr. 1. c. 563.—N. W. Coast, Menzies, in herb, Smith. 
Not identified: char. copied. Corolla of P. versicolor, but with much-dilated throat. 

P. verticilléta, L. A span high, glabrate or above pilose : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted 
or pinnatifid into small ovate or oblong divisions or lobes: spikes interrupted : calyx-teeth 
entire or serrulate: corolla red (half inch long): galea short, barely incurved at the blunt 
apex, nearly equalled by the lower lip. — Jacq. Austr. iii. t. 206 ; Benth. l.c.; Reichenb. Ic. 
Germ. t. 1762.— Alaska to arctic regions, and Aleutian Islands. (Asia, Eu.) 

20 


306 SCROPHULARIACER. Pedicularis, 


P. Chamissénis, Stev. Commonly a foot high, robust, glabrous: leaves deeply pinna- 
tifid; divisions lanceolate, serrate or incised: lower whorls of the spike remote: calyx- 
teeth entire: corolla yellow (over half inch long); galea with incurved acuminate beak, 
becoming straitish.— Monogr. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vi. 20, t. 4, fig- 1; Hook. Fl. ii. 
107. P. Romanzovii, Cham. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 778. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Dall, &c. 
(Adjacent W. Asia.) 

* % Leaves alternate, or some occasionally opposite. 

+ Galea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak; throat with a tooth on each side; . 
tube of corolla nearly included in the 5-toothed calyx: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately 
parted; the linear or lanceolate divisions acutely or laciniately serrate, or the larger again 
pinnatifid: stems simple, strict, from a span to a foot and a half high: spike dense and many- 
flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or crimson-purple. 

P. Greenlandica, Retz. Glabrous: spike 1 to 6 inches long: calyx-teeth short: beak 
of the galea half inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, deeurved 
on the accumbent lower lip, thence porrect and soon upwardly recurved. — Fl. Scand. ed. 
2, 45; Fl. Dan. t. 1166 (with flowers not well developed); Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 228; 
Hook. lc. P. Grenlandica & surrecta, Benth. 1. c. 566. BP. incarnata, Retz, Fl. Scand. ed. 
1, 117, & Obs. iv. 27, t. 1 (representing well developed ascending beak), not Jacq. &c. — 
Wet ground, Labrador and Hudson’s Bay to Alpine and subalpine Rocky Mountains, 
extending south to borders of New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia, and south in the 
Sierra Nevada to King’s River, California, Dr. Matthews. (Greenland.) 

P. attdllens, Gray. More slender: spike loosely lanate-pubescent when young: flowers 
smaller: calyx-teeth nearly as long as the tube: corolla dull violet purple: galea much 
shorter than the broad lower lip, about half the length of the obtuse and abruptly 
upturned or retrocurved filiform beak, which is only 2 or 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 384, & Bot. Calif. i. 582. — Wet ground, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite 
district to Placer Co., at 6-10,000 feet, Bridges, Brewer, &c. 

+ + Galea of the (short, half inch long) white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subu- 
late circinate-incurved beak, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: calyx cleft in 
front: whole plant glabrous. 

P. contérta, Benth. A foot or less high, simple: leaves pinnately parted into linear 
incisely serrate lobes; the upper reduced to simpler small bracts: spike naked, cylindrical, 
rather loosely many-flowered: galea with the slender beak almost circinate.— Hook. Fl. 
ii. 108, & DC. 1. ce. 575. — Mountains of Oregon and Idaho, Tolmie, Hayden, &c. 

P. racemésa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branching, leafy to the 
top: leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate (2 to 4 inches long}: 
flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower in remote axils ard 
uppermost with bracts hardly surpassing the 2-toothed calyx: slender beak of galea 
hamate-deflexed. — Hook. 1. c., & DC. 1. c.—Subalpine regions, British Columbia to N. 
California, Utah, and Colorado. 

+ + + Galea falcate and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate: leaves at least pin- 
natifid: flower about half inch long. 

++ Stems more or less leafy, low: leaves simply pinnatifid: corolla ochroleucous. 


P. Lapponica, L. Merely puberulent: stems clustered, a span or more high, leafy up 
to the short close spike: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid half way down in many and close 
small oblong and incisely toothed lobes: calyx cleft in front, minutely 2-toothed behind: 
galea erect, with abruptly incurved conical short beak. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 1; Fl. Dan. 
t.2; Pursh, Fl. ii. 309.— Labrador and Arctic America: apparently uncommon. (Green- 
land, Lapland to Kamtschatka.) 

P, Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent: stem a span or two 
high, very leafy at base, slightly so above: leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pin- 
nately parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, acute (2 or 3 lines long), closely callous- 
serrate; uppermost leaves reduced to narrow linear bracts: spike dense, 1} to 4 inches 
long: calyx 5-toothed; the teeth entire: corolla ochroleucous or more yellow; galea 
strongly falcate, with decurved subulate-conical beak, of about the length of the width of 
the galea.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 250; Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorad. 97.— 
Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming or Montana through Colorado to Utah, within and on 


the border of the alpine region. 


¥ 


so 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACER. 307 


++ ++ Stem scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pair of leaves, low: leaves doubly pinnatifid: 
corolla probably purple: decurved or porrect narrow beak longer than the breadth of the galea: 
plants nearly glabrous, only a span high. 

P. pedicellata, Bunge. Leaves pinnately parted, and the oblong or lanceolate divi- 
sions incisely pinnatifid ; lobes very small, dentate: spike capitate and with one or two 
more distant pedicellate leafy-bracted flowers at base: calyx-lobes toothed or incised: 
corolla fully half inch long: lower lip much smaller than the galea.— Walp. Repert. iii. 

32 (name only) & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 278; Maxim. l.¢. 111. P. nasuta, Bong. Sitk., not 
Bieb. P. subnuda, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. 577. — Sitka, Mertens, &c. Norfolk Sound, Eschscholtz. 
Also Labrador, according to Bunge, 1. ¢. 

P. ornithorhyncha, Benth. Habit, foliage, &c., of the preceding, according to the 
character: “spike interrupted : calyx ovate-inflated ; the teeth nearly entire.” — Hook. 1. c. 
& DC. 1. c.—“On Mount Ranier, Oregon, Tolmie.” Said to be related to P. rostrata, but 
with more dissected leaves, having very acute lobes, and a smaller lip» 

+ + + + Galea falcate, arcuate, or with apex more or less incurved, or anteriorly curvilinear; 
the beak very short and thick, or commonly none. 


++ Stems branching from a biennial or perhaps annual root: flowers from the axils and in short 
terminal spikes: galea about the length of the lip, slender-bidentulate at the lower part of the 
apex. 

P. euphrasioides, Stephan. A span or more high, puberulent: leaves lanceolate; 
lower pinnately parted into lanceolate incisely serrate divisions; upper pinnatifid; upper- 
most closely crenate: calyx cleft in front and with 2 or 8 entire teeth behind: corolla half 
inch long, yellowish and purplish; galea little shorter than the tube, with a very short 
and truncate horizontal beak. — Willd. Spee. iii. 204; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 14; Benth. 
lee. P. Labradorica, Houtt. Linn. Syst. viii. 39, t. 57.— Labrador to Behring Straits. 
(Kamts. to Greenland.) 

P. palustris, L., var. Wlassovidna, Bunge. A foot high, glabrous: leaves all pin- 
nately parted; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate: calyx 2-cleft; lobes incisely 
cristate : corolla narrow, half inch long, purplish; lips much shorter than the tube; galea 
not at all rostrate, nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear, a pair of minute additional 
denticulations at the throat.—Ledeb. FI. Ross. iii. 283; Maxim. 1. vu. P. Wlassoviana, 
Stev. Monogr. 27, t. 9, fig. 1; Benth. l.c. P. parviflora, Smith, ex Benth. — Hudson’s 
Bay to Kotzebue Sound, and south to Oregon. (Siberia.) 
++ ++ Stems simple, from a perennial root, leafy, and along with the spike longer than the leaves. 

== Atlantic States species, not alpine: leaves pinnatifid: spike short and dense. 

P. Canadénsis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high: leaves ob- 
long-lanceolate, rather deeply pinnatifid; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger 
doubly dentate: spike leafy-bracteate: calyx cleft in front: corolla ochroleucous or tinged 
or variegated with purple, narrow, less than inch long; cucullate summit of the galea 
incurved, its slightly produced tip emarginate-truncate and below conspicuously cuspidate- 
bidentate: capsule gladiate-lanceolate. — Mant. 86; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2506; Sweet, Brit. 
Fl. Gard. t. 67. P. gladiata, Michx. Fl. ii.18. P. cequinoctialis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 
332.— Moist woodlands and gravelly banks, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to 
Florida, and west to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Mex.) 

P. lanceolata, Michx. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent: stem robust, 1 to 3 feet high: 
leaves not rarely opposite, thickish, lanceolate or oblong, moderately pinnatifid and the 
short and broad lobes doubly crenate-dentate, or the upper leaves merely crenate and the 
teeth minutely crenulate: leafy bracts shorter than the flowers: calyx 2-lobed ; lobes 
crested with a roundish appendage: corolla straw-color, an inch long, rather broad; cucul- 
late summit of the galea incurved and produced into a somewhat beak-like evenly trun- 
cate and edentulate apex: capsule ovate, oblique. —Fl. ii. 18; Benth. 1. c. 582. P. Vir- 
ginica, Poir. Dict. v. 126. P. pallida, Pursh, FL. ii. 424. P. aurieulata, Smith, ex Benth. — 
Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio and the Saskatchewan. Perhaps this is also 
P. resupinata, Pursh, 1. c., from Canada. 

== = Rocky Mountain species, tall or slender, not alpine. 
a. Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip, equalled by the lip. 

P. crenuldta, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate: stems a foot or less high: 
leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse (14 to 3 inches long), closely crenate and the 


308 SCROPHULARIACEZ. ‘ Pedicularis. 


broad crenatures minutely crenulate: spike short and dense: calyx cleft in front, 2-3- 

toothed posteriorly: corolla whitish or purplish, three-fourths of an inch long, like that 

of P. Canadensis, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. — Prodr. 1. c. 568; 

Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 97.— Meadows and parks, Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 

7 to 10,000 feet, Fremont, Vasey, &c. 

6. Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample: divisions lanceolate or linear-lan- 
ceolate, acutely laciniate-serrate or the larger pinnatifid: spike naked, many-flowered: bracts 
unlike the leaves : calyx 5-cleft; the lobes slender and entire: galea almost straight, cucullate at 
summit. 

P. bractedsa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous (1} to 3 inch) and usually 
pedunculate spike somewhat pilose: stem 1 to 3 feet high: divisions of the leaves } to 2 
inches long, linear-lanceolate: bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers: calyx- 
lobes slender-subulate, equalling the tube: corolla less than inch long, narrow, pale yellow; 
galea much longer and larger than the lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the 
entire edentulate orifice, but not rostrate.—- Hook. Fl. & DC. l.c. P. recutita, Pursh, FI. 
ii. 425, probably. P. elata, Pursh? not Willd.— Mountain and subalpine woods, Saskatch- 
ewan to British Columbia, and south to Utah and the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 

P. précera, Gray. Puberulent: stem robust, 14 to 4 feet high: leaves pinnately divided 
into lanceolate (1 to 8 inches long) and irregularly pinnatifid segments, or the uppermost 
deeply pinnately parted; lobes mucronately serrate or incised: bracts lanceolate, caudate- 
acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire: 
spike 8 to 15 inches long: calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate, much shorter than the tube: 
corolla about an inch and a half long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate; galea hardly 
longer than the ample lip; its broad cucullate summit slightly incurved, hardly at all 
extended at the orifice, the lower angle with a short triangular tooth on each side: capsule 
broadly ovate. — Am. Jour, Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251.— Low or wooded grounds of the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, at 8 or 9,000 feet. Leaves more compound, 
the bracts and calyx-lobes longer, and corolla larger than in the allied Siberian P. striata, 
Pall. 

== = = Rocky-Mountain-alpine: stem few-leaved, only a span or so high.- 

P. scopulérum. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike: calyx-teeth 
triangular-subulate, entire, membranaceous, very much shorter than the tube: galea of 
the reddish-purple (three-fourths inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex 
obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth: 
otherwise as the following. — P. Sudetica, var.,Gray in Am. Jour. 1.c.— Colorado Rocky 
Mountains, at 12 to 14,000 feet, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &e. 

= = => = Arctic-alpine, in America only in high northern regions. 
a. Galea falcate-incurved and with somewhat produced bidentulate summit. 

P. Sudética, Willd. Glabrous, or the spike commonly hirsute-villous or lanate: stem a 
span high, few-leaved: leaves simply pinnately-parted; divisions lanceolate, incisely ser- 
rate or crenate; the teeth somewhat cartilaginous: spike dense, mostly short: calyx- 
teeth lanceolate or linear, little shorter than the tube, serrulate: corolla purple (9 or 10 
lines long); galea longer than the erose-crenulate lobes of the lip; the tooth at the lower 
side of truncate apex on each side conspicuous and cuspidate, sometimes shorter and 
triangular-acuminate.— Spec. iii. 209; Stev. Monogr. 44, t. 15; Reichenb. Iconogr. iv. 
t. 890, & Ic. Germ. t. 1750; Bunge in Ledeb. 1. c.— Kotzebue Sound, St. Paul and St. 
Lawrence Islands, &e. (Adjacent Arctic Asia, N. Siberia to Lapland, E. Alps.) 

b. Galea less falcate or straightish, with rounded-obtuse summit not at all produced anteriorly, yet 
sometimes bidentulate : calyx 5-toothed : capsule acuminate, usually double the length of the 
calyx: spike dense, its evolution according to Maximowicz centrifugal or nearly coetaneous (but 
this hardly apparent), except in true P. Langsdorffii. 

P. Langsdorffii, Fisch. Stem stout, glabrous below, at base bearing numerous leafless 
brown scales, 3 to 8 inches high, including the at length elongated leafy-bracteate more or 
less hirsute or lanate spike: leaves pectinately pinnatifid or the radical parted into small 
oblong denticulate lobes: bracts mostly like the upper leaves: calyx-teeth or most of 
them denticulate: corolla rose-color or purple (rarely yellowish, 9 or 10 lines long), with 
oblong-linear somewhat falcate galea longer than the lip, commonly with a slender tooth on 
each side below the apex: filaments all or one pair more or less pilose above: capsule 
gladiate-lanceolate. — Stev. Monogr. 49, t. 9, fig. 2; Hook. Fl. ii. 109; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 309 


288; Maxim. l.c. P. purpurascens, Cham. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 781.— Aleutian and more 
northern Islands, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent N. E. Asia.) Evidently passes into 

Var. lanata. Spike conspicuously and densely lanate: galea rather shorter, nearly 
equalled by the lip, often edentulate: one pair of filaments glabrous: capsule ovate-acu- 
minate.— P. Langsdorfiii, var., Stev. 1. cu. P. lanata, Willd. ex Cham. in Linn. ii. 588 ; 
Bunge, l.c. P. arctica, R. Br. App. Parry, 280, ex char. P. hirsuta, Benth. 1. c., in part. 
P. Kanei, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 195. — Same range as the type on the 
north-west coast ; also arctic coast and islands, and high northern Rocky Mountains. (Green- 
land, Nova Zembla, Arctic Asia.) 

P. hirsuta, L. More sparsely-leaved, 2 to 10 inches high: leaves pinnately parted or 
divided down to the broad rhachis, which is almost as wide as the length of the (line long) 
divisions: spike capitate, lanate, or the calyx rather hirsute: corolla smaller, not over half 
inch long, flesh-colored ; the closed galea not excised or notched anteriorly : filaments all 
glabrous. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t- 1105; Bunge, 1. c.— Arctic seacoast, Capt. 
Parry. (Greenland, Spitzbergen, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.) 

P. flammea, L. Rather sparsely-leaved, glabrate or glabrous, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves 
deeply pinnately parted ; divisions crowded, ovate or oblong, incisely and doubly serrate 
(hardly 2 lines long): bracts of the narrow naked spike shorter than the pedicellate flow- 
ers, linear-lanceolate, merely denticulate: calyx-teeth lanceolate, unequal, much shorter 
than the cylindraceous tube: corolla narrow, half inch long, citron-yellow with crimson 
or dark purple tip to the oblong almost equal-sided but slightly arcuate galea, which much 
exceeds the small lip: filaments all glabrous. —Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 30, & t. 
1878; Bunge, 1. c.— Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and northward. (Green- 
land, Arct. Eu.) 

P. versicolor, Wahl. Like the preceding, mostly larger: calyx more deeply 5-toothed : 
corolla three-fourths inch long, with more arcuate and gibbous galea, dilated throat, and 
larger lip: two longer filaments hairy. — Veg. Helvet. 118 (not Fl. Suec.); Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 585; Hook, 1.c.; Bunge, 1. c.— N. W. Coast? Island of St. Lawrence, 
Chamisso. (Arctic E. Asia to Himalayas and Swiss Alps.) 
++ ++ ++ Stem scapiform, leafless or one-leaved, and with the head of few large flowers surpassing 

the radical leaves: galea edentulate: anthers muticous. 

P. capitdta, Adams. Pubescent or glabrate: leaves pinnately divided; divisions 
ovate, pinnately incised and dentate: scape 1 to 4 inches high: bracts foliaceous: calyx 
campanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes incisely dentate: corolla over an inch long, “ white” or 
“yellow ;” its tube little exserted; galea elongated, arcuate-incurved, of equal breadth 
throughout, obscurely produced at the orifice, twice the length of the lip: filaments gla- 
brous. — Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. v. 100; Stev. Monogr. 1. ¢. 19, t.3, fig.2; Cham. & Schlecht. 
l.c.; Trautv. Imag. 55, t. 36. P. Nelsoni, R. Br. in Richards. Frankl. App. 743; Hook. in 
Parry, App. 402, t. 1. P. verticillata, Pursh, FI. ii. 426, not L.— Arctic seacoast, Kotzebue 
Sound, Unalaska, and more northern islands. (Arct. Asia.) 
++ ++ ++ ++ Stem short or hardly any: radical leaves exceeding the short spike or head: galea 

edentulate: anther-cells mucronate or aristate at base: lower lip nearly the length of the galea: 
calyx 5-cleft into lanceolate unequal lobes: capsule ovate, nearly included in the calyx. 

P. semibarbata, Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, pubescent and glabrate: leaves 
(6 to 9 inches long) in a radical tuft and as bracts to the lowest flowers, on petioles mostly 
exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, twice pinnately parted or nearly so, and the oblong 
lobes laciniately few-toothed: corolla yellowish and purplish, pubescent outside, two-thirds 
inch long; the almost straight galea rounded obliquely at summit, not cucullate: longer 
filaments villous above the middle: anthers mucronate at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
885, & Bot. Calif. i. 583.— Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5 to 10,000 
feet, south to San Bernardino Co. 

P. centranthéra, Gray. Glabrous: leaves (2 to 5 inches long) moderately exceeding 
the short and dense spike, deeply pinnatifid; the ovate or oblong divisions doubly crenate- 
dentate and their margins thickly bordered with minute white-cartilaginous teeth: bracts 
shorter than the flowers, similarly margined and toothed, or the upper and calyx-lobes 
nearly entire: corolla inch long, purple and yellowish; the galea slightly incurved and 
conspicuously cucullate at summit: filaments glabrous: anthers aristate at base. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 120.—W. New Mexico and S. Utah to S. E. California, Bigelow, Newberry, 
Mrs. Thompson, Palmer, &c. 


310 SCROPHULARIACER, Pedicularis. 


+ + + + + Galea completely straight and anteriorly rectilinear, edentulate, very much 
longer and larger than the depauperate lip, slightly broader upwards; the whole corolla therefore 
more or less clavate. 


P. densifi6ra, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate: stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high, leafy: 
leaves ample (4 to 12 inches long), of oblong outline, twice pinnatifid or pinnately parted, 
and the lobes laciniate-dentate; the irregular salient teeth cuspidate-tipped: spike at first 
very dense, oblong (2 or 8 inches long), in age looser and longer (sometimes a foot or more 
long) ; lower bracts leaf-like; uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter than the 
short-pedicellate or sessile flowers: calyx deeply 5-toothed; the teeth lanceolate or subu- 
late: corolla scarlet-red, fully an inch long; lip a line or two long: filaments glabrous. 
— Hook. Fl. ii. 110, & DC. lc. 574; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 588. P. attenuata, Benth. in 
DC. 1. c.— Dry hills, almost throughout California, at least in the western part of the State. 
A variable but most distinct species. 


37. RHINANTHUS, L. Yettow-rattie. (Formed of iv, snout, and 
éivOoe, flower, now meaningless, for the species with beak to the upper lip of the 
corolla have been removed to another genus.) — Comprises a very few annuals of 
northern temperate zone; with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow 
subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy- 
bracted spike; in summer. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx, 
whence the popular name. 

R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above: leaves 
from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate; bracts more incised and the acumi- 
nate teeth setaceous-tipped: corolla barely half inch long, only the tip exserted; trans- 
verse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long: seeds 
conspicuously winged. — Spec. ii. 603, mainly ; Engl. Bot. t. 657. 2. minor, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 
144.— Coast of New England, rare, and perhaps introduced. Alpine region of the White 
Mountains, New Hampshire, Labrador and Newfoundland, Lake Superior, Rocky Moun- 
tains, extending south to New Mexico, and north-west to Alaska and Unalaska; clearly 
indigenous. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Varies much in size, but apparently we have no 
R. major, Ehrh. 


38. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-Wueat. (Thename, from pédog and 
mvoos, means black wheat: in Europe some species are weeds in grain fields.) — 
Low and branching annuals ; with opposite leaves ; chiefly European, one Atlantic 
N. American: fl. summer. 

M. Americdnum, Michx. Nearly glabrous, a foot or so high, loosely branched: 
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled ; lower entire; upper with abrupt base 
and one or two bristly-acuminate teeth, or nearly hastate: calyx-teeth longer than the tube, 
subulate-filiform, one-third the length of the slender pale yellow (barely half inch) corolla: 
flowers scattered in the axils of ordinary leaves. — Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. 338. MM. lineare, 
Lam. Dict. iv. 23. M. latifolium, Muhl. Cat.; Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Af. sylvaticum, Hook. FI. ii. 

106, not L. A/. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 584. M. brachiatum, 

Schwein. in Keating, Narr. St. Peter R. Appx. 115, a slender form. — Thickets, &c., Hud- 

son’s Bay to Saskatchewan, and through Atlantic States, chiefly eastward, to the moun- 

tains of N. Carolina. 


OrpER XCVII. OROBANCHACE. 


Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage (whitish, yellowish, reddish or 
brown), with alternate scales in place of leaves, the two (single or double) multi- 
ovulate placente parietal, and ovary consequently one-celled, the very small and 
innumerable seeds with a minute embryo having no obvious distinction of parts, 
otherwise nearly as Scrophulariacee. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to 


Orobanche. OROBANCHACER. 311 


perianth, with didynamous stamens and the dimerous pistil of all the related 
orders, but the stigmas and the placente sometimes divided or separated so as 
apparently to be four: all the flower commonly marcescent-persistent. Corolla 
ringent. Anthers always 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, pointed with a mostly long 
style: stigma sometimes peltate or disc-shaped and entire, often bilabiate, occa- 
sionally 4-lobed, i.e. the anterior and posterior stigma each 2-lobed, and some- 
times these lobes or half-stigmas combine laterally, forming two right and left 
stigmas which therefore are superposed to (instead of alternate with) the parietal 
placente. When the latter are four, it is because the half-placente are borne 
more or less within the margin of each carpel. Capsule 2-valved, each valve 
bearing on its face a single placenta or a pair. Hypogynous gland not rarely at 
the base of the ovary on one side. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or 
scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike : 
evolution always centripetal. 
* Flowers all alike and fertile. 
+— Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristulate at base. 
++ Foreign, sparingly introduced from Europe. 


1, OROBANCHE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or 
quite to the base into a pair of lateral and usually 2-cleft divisions. Corolla bilabiate ; 
upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; lower spreading, broadly 8-lobed. Stamens 
included. Lobes of the stigma when distinguishable right and left. 


++ ++ Indigenous and peculiar to North America. 


2. APHYLLON. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid- 
spicate. Calyx 5-cleft; lobes nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla somewhat bila- 
biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed, lower spreading. Stamens included. 
Stigma peltate or somewhat crateriform. or bilamellar, the lobes anterior and posterior. 
Style deciduous. Placente 4, either equidistant or contiguous in pairs. 

3. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, 2-bracteolate. Calyx 
spathaceous, deeply cleft in front, posteriorly about 4toothed. Corolla ventricose-tubular, 
strongly bilabiate ; upper lip fornicate and emarginate ; lower shorter, spreading, 3-parted. 
Stamens somewhat exserted; the pairs little unequal (rarely the 5th stamen present). 
Stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed; the lobes anterior and posterior. Placente 4, almost 
equidistant. Seeds oval, with a thick coat. 

+— + Anther-cells closely parallel and muticous at base. 

4, BOSCHNIAKIA. Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, ebracteolate. 
Calyx short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant 
teeth in front. Corolla ventricose; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire; lower 3-parted. 
Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma dilated and bilamellar (the lobes right and left) or 4- 
lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated coat. 

* * Flowers dimorphous; lower cleistogamous; upper commonly infertile. 

5. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers subsessile and spicately scattered along slender paniculate 
branches. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindraceous, slightly curved and upwardly 
enlarged, almost equally 4-lobed at summit; the rather larger upper lobe or lip ‘fornicate 
or concave, barely emarginate. Stamens slightly exserted: anther-cells parallel, mucro- 
nate at base. Broad gland adnate to base of the ovary on the upper side. Style filiform : 
stigma capitate-2lobed. Cleistogamous flowers short unopened buds: style hardly any. 
Capsule 2-valved at apex: a pair of contiguous placente on each valve. Seeds with a 
thin and shining striate-reticulated coat. 


1. OROBANCHE, L. Broom-Rapr. (‘OgoBog and cyyory; a vetch- 
strangler.) —Old-World parasites, on roots of various plants, very numerous in 
species or forms, one species sparingly and probably recently introduced into the 
Atlantic United States. 

O. minor, L. Parasitic on clover, New Jersey to Virginia, a span to a foot high, pubescent, 
pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike: corolla half 
inch long. (Nat. frown Eu.) 


312 OROBANCHACES. Aphyllon.. 


2. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Cancer-roor. (From «privative, and gvddor, 
foliage, i.e. leafless.) — North American and Mexican, brownish or whitish, low, 
commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, and with violet-purplish or yellowish 
flowers. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. viii. (1748), 221; Gray, 
Man. ed. 1, 290, & Bot. Calif. i. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 983. 


§ 1. Gymnocat.is, Benth. & Hook. 1].c. Peduncles or scapes long and slen- 
der from the axils of fleshy loose scales of a short and commonly fasciculate root- 
stock or caudex, naked, not bracteolate under the flower: calyx regularly 5-lobed : 
corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat 
equally 5-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate: stigma peltate and slightly bila- 
mellar, broad and thin: placente nearly equidistant: seed-coat thin and minutely 
reticulated. FI. summer. — Aphylion, Mitchell, 1. c. Orobanche § Gymnocaulis, 
Nutt. Gen. ii. 59. 0. § Anoplon, Wallr. Orobanch. 66. -Anoplanthus § Euano- 
plon, Endl. Gen. 727. 


A. unifilédrum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes (a 
span high): calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate: 
corolla violet-tinged (and flower violet-scented, inch long) ; the lobes obovate and rather large. 
— Man. 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 584. Orobanche uniflora, L.; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 50. O. biflora, 
Nutt. l.c. Phelipea biflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 818. Anoplanthus uniflorus, Endl. Iconogr. t.72 
(stigma wrong); Reuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41. Anoplon biflorum, Don, Syst. iv. 633.— 
Damp woodlands, Newfoundland to Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia: flowers early. 

A. fasciculdtum, Gray, l.c. More pubescent and glandular: stem often emergent and 
mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter: calyx-lobes broadly 
or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or 
purplish corolla; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. — Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. 1. ¢.; 
Hook. Fl. ii. 98, t.170. Phelipwa fasciculata, Spreng. 1. ce. Anoplanthus fasciculatus, Walp. 
Repert. iii. 480; Reuter in DC. 1. c.— Sandy ground, Lake Michigan and Saskatchewan, 
southward west of the Mississippi to Arizona, and west to Oregon and California; on 
Artemisia, Eriogonum, &c. 

Var. lateum, a very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla, 
and whole plant light yellow. — Phelipea lutea, Parry in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. —Wy- 
oming, Parry. Parasitic on roots of grasses. 


§ 2. NorHAPHYLLON, Gray. Caulescent, and the inflorescence racemose, thyr- 
soidal, or spicate: pedicels or calyx 1—2-bracteolate: corolla manifestly bilabiate ; 
upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft: stigma sometimes crateriform: seed-coat 
favose-reticulated: placente approximate in pairs. 

%* Flowers all manifestly pedicellate: corolla Jobes oblong, spreading; upper lip less so. 


A. comésum, Gray. Low, puberulent: short stout stem branching close to the ground: 
pedicels corymbose or paniculate-racemose, shorter than the (inch or more long) flower: 
bractlets one or two on the pedicel or sometimes at the base of the flower: calyx deeply 
5-parted; lobes subulate-linear and attenuate, about half the length of the pink or pale 
purple corolla: anthers woolly. — Bot. Calif. i. 584. Orobanche comosa, Hook. FI. ii. 93, 
t. 169 (but lobes of lower lip seldom so notched). Anoplanthus comosus, Walp. 1.c. Phelipaa 
comosa, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118.— Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia, &c., Washington 
Terr. to California. 

A. Califérnicum, Gray, 1. ce. More pubescent and viscid, and with stouter and simpler 
stem, about a span high: flowers crowded in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus: pedicels 
shorter than calyx: bractlets close to the calyx, and with the subulate-linear lobes of the 
latter almost equalling the yellowish or purplish corolla; the lobes of which are shorter 
and less spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. — Orobanche Californica, Cham. & 
Schlect. in Linn. iii. 184. Phelipwa Californica, Don. 1. ¢. P. erianthera, Watson, Bot. 
King, 225, not Engelm. — California and W. Nevada. Lower pedicels sometimes half inch 
long; upper very short. 


Boschniakia. OROBANCHACER. 313 


* * Flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled, simply spicate or thyrsoid: calyx 
bibracteolate, deeply 5-cleft into linear-lanceolate lobes: upper lip or all the lobes of the more 
tubular corolla less spreading: whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent. 

A. multiflorum, Gray, l.c. A span or two high: calyx almost 5-parted, fully half the 
length of the ample (inch or more long) purplish corolla: anthers very woolly. — Orobanche 
nultiflora, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 179. Phelipea Ludoviciana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, in part. 
P. ertianthera, Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372.— Gravelly plains and pine woods, 
W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Colorado, to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

A. Ludovicianum, Gray, l.c. Rather less pubescent: spikes more frequently com- 
pound: calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cleft: corolla about half smaller; 
upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehiscence) glabrous or nearly so. — 
Orobanche Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Phelipwa Ludoviciana, Walp. 1. c.; Reuter in DC. 
1. c.— Illinois and Saskatchewan to Texas, thence west to Arizona and the south-eastern 
borders of California. (Adjacent Mex.) 

* * * Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled, thyrsoid-paniculate. small, otherwise nearly as in 
the preceding section: stems with a thickened tuber-like squamose base: anthers glabrous: 
corolla vellowish,. half inch long. 

A. tuberésum, Gray, l.c. Pruinose-puberulent, seldom a span high: short and dense 
spikes corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thick stem: calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer 
than the tube. — Phelipea tuberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371.— Dry ridges, Califor- 
nia, from Monterey to San Diego, and San Bernardino Co., Brewer, Palmer, Parry. 

A. pinetérum, Gray, |.c. More pubescent: stem rather slender above the large tuber- 
ous base, a span to a foot high: flowers in a rather loose elongated panicle: calyx-lobes 
subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube. — Orobanche pinetorum, Geyer in 
Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297. — Oregon to British Columbia, on the roots of Fir-trees. 


3. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Seuaw-roor. (Kasvog, cone, and qodig, scale, 
the young plant, clothed with the imbricated dry scales and bracts, not unlike a 
slender Fir-cone.) — Single species. 


C. Americana, Wallr. Glabrous, simple, 3 or 4 and in fruit becoming 6 to 10 inches 
long, as thick as the thumb, light chestnut-colored, and with yellowish flowers: scales at 
first rather fleshy, at length firm-chartaceous. — Orobanch. 78; Endl. Iconogr. t. 81. Oro- 
banche Americana, L. f. Suppl. 88. —Oak woods, in clusters among decaying fallen leaves, 
New England to Michigan and Florida: fi. summer. (Mex.) 


4, BOSCHNIAKIA. C. A: Meyer. (In memory of Boschniaki, a Rus- 
sian botanist.) — Short and thick, simple-stemmed from a tuberous caudex, brown, 
glabrous, scaly ; the sessile flowers each subtended by a scaly bract nearly equal- 
ling the corolla; the whole forming a mostly dense cylindrical spike. W.N. 
American, E. Asian and Himalayan: fl. summer. 


* Calyx-teeth short and broad: placenta 2: scales (acutish) and corolla-lobes somewhat ciliate. 


B. glabra, C. A. Meyer. A span to a foot high: scales ovate: anterior calyx-tooth 
larger: lower lip of the ovoid ventricose corolla almost obsolete: filaments merely gland- 
ular at base. — Bong. Veg. Sitka, 158, where the genus was first described. Orobanche, &c., 
Gmel. Sibir. iii. 216, t. 46. O. Rossica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iii. 132. 0. (Bosch.) 
glabra, Hook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 167.— Aleutian Islands and east to Slave Lake. (Japan, 
Siberia.) The reference in DC. Prodr. to E. United States and Mexico was an oversight. 

B. Hooékeri, Walp. Smaller: scales oblong, rather sparse: spike short: lower lip of 
the oblong corolla fully half the length of the upper; its lobes ovate-oblong: filaments 
bearded at base. — Rep. iii. 479; Reuter in DC. lc. 39. Orobanche tuberosa, Hook. FI. ii. 92, 
t. 168. —N. W. Coast, Menzies: not since seen. 

* * Calyx-teeth linear-subulate and longer than the tube: scales very broad and obtuse: pla- 
cente 4, equidistant. 

B. strobilacea, Gray. A span high or less, stout and thick, brownish-red, flowering 
almost from the base: scales much imbricated, orbicular and round-obovate: lower lip of 


314 LENTIBULARIACEZ. Epiphegus. 


the oblong (white and brownish-striped) corolla about as long as the upper; its lobes 
oblong, widely spreading: filaments densely bearded at base. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 585. — California; on dry steep hills, S. Yuba, Biyelow. Santa Lucia Moun- 
tains, parasiti¢ on Manzanita-roots, Brewer. San Bernardino Co., Lemmon. (Mex.:) 


5. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. (Written Apifagus.) Brercu-props, CaNncEr- 
root. (Composed of ézf, upon, and gyyds, Beech, being parasitic on the roots 
of that tree.) — Single species. 

EH. Virginiana, Bart. Annual, slender, a foot or so high, with thickened base produc- 
ing short fibrous matted roots, glabrous, dull purple or yellowish-brown, paniculately 
branched : scales and bracts minute and sparse: cleistogamous flowers a line and capsules 
2 lines long: developed corolliferous flowers along the upper part of the branches 8 to 6 
lines long, purplish and whitish.— Comp. Fl. Philad. ii. 50; Gray, Man. 1. c.; Reuter in 
NC. 1.¢c.4. £. Americanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 60; Endl. Iconogr. t.80. Orobanche Virginiana, L. 
Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Mylanche, Wallr. Orobanch. 75. 
— Beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida and Missouri: fl. autumn. 


OrvER XCVIII. LENTIBULARIACE. 


Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, when terrestrial acaulescent, with scapes 
or scapiform peduncles simple and one-few-flowered, calcarate corolla always 
and calyx usually bilabiate, a single (anterior) pair of stamens, confluently one- 
celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma, no hypogynous disk, and a free 
one-celled ovary with free central multiovulate placenta (either sessile or stipi- 
tate) which becomes a globular many-seeded capsule ; the anatropous seeds with 
a close coat, no albumen, and filled by the apparently solid ellipsoidal or oblong 
embryo. Style short or none: stigma bilamellar, or the smaller anterior lip 
sometimes obsolete. Upper lip of the corolla commonly erect or concave, or the 
sides replicate, from entire to 2-lobed, interior in the bud; lower larger, spreading 
or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous 
spur beneath. Flowers always perfect. Capsule commonly bursting irregularly. 
— The following are the two principal genera. (For action of bladders of Utri- 
cularia and leaves of Pinguicula, see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, p. 868-403.) 
1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal. 

Upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect. Filaments thick, 

strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Dissected foliage or stems of 

aquatic species bladder- bearing. 
2. PINGUICULA. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft or parted. Corolla 


ringent or less personate, and the lobes all spreading. Filaments straighter : anthers nearly 
transverse. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground. 


1. UTRICULARIA, L. Brapperwort. ( Utriculus, a little bladder.) 
— Cosmopolitan small herbs: terrestrial species with inconspicuous or fugacious 
radical leaves ; aquatic with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing 
little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with 
a few bristles at orifice. Scapes one-flowered or racemosely seyeral-flowered, in 
summer. — Lentibularia, Vaill. 


§ 1. Scape bearing an involucriform whorl of dissected leaves, which are buoyant 
by ample inflated- ladder y petioles filled with air: cauline leaves of the immersed 
branching stems capillary-dissected and bladder-bearing, in the manner of the fol- 
lowing section: roots few or none. 


Utricularia. LENTIBULARIACES. 315 


U. inflata, Walt. Inflated petioles of the whorled leaves oblong or clavate, tapering to 
each end, the bases of the lower divisions also inflated; setaceous divisions pinnately 
multifid: scape 3-10-flowered, a span or so long: pedicels recurved after flowering: flow- 
ers rather large, yellow: spur conical-lanceolate, emarginate, appressed, to and half the 
length of the lower lip: capsule apiculate with a short distinct style: seeds pions 
squamose-echinate. — Car. 64; Ell. Sk. i. 20; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 4; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 318. 
U. ceratophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 12: LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 73, t. 6, fig. 1. =leige 
in still water, Maine to Texas along the coast. 


§ 2. Scape leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are 
free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water, or in some sparingly rooting 
where the water is shallow: leaves dissected into capillary or filiform divisions, 
some or many of them (as also stems) bearing small bladders: chiefly perennial, 
or continued by hybernacular tuber-like buds set free in autumn. 

* Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems. 


U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves of the slender stems repeatedly forked : scapes slender, 
3 to 5 inches high, 3-5-flowered: corolla yellow, 3 lines long; lips nearly equal in length, 
the lower broader, somewhat surpassing the approximate thick and obtuse spur: cleisto- 
gamous flowers scattered on the leafy stems; their short peduncle soon deflexed: seeds 
(from the clandestine blossoms) depressed-globular ; the coat minutely reticulated. — Herb. 
Greene, & in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 287. U. striata, Tuckerm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29, 
not of LeConte. U. geminiscapa, Benjamin in Linn. xx. 305? But that may be a form 
of U. intermedia. — Ponds, from New Brunswick and New England to New Jersey, near the 
coast. 

* * No cleistogamous flowers. 
+ Pedicels (few or several) recurved in fruit: corolla yellow. 

U. vulgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnately 
divided, very bladdery : bladders about 2 lines long: scapes a foot or less long, 5-16-flow- 
ered: corolla (half inch or more broad) with sides of lips reflexed; upper nearly entire, 
hardly longer than the prominent palate: spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed 
lower lip, shorter than it, in the N. American plant (var. Americana) commonly narrower 
and less obtuse than in the European.— Lam. Ill. t.14; Engl. Bot. t. 253; Fl. Dan. 
t. 138; Gray, Man. l.c. U. macrorhiza, LeConte, 1. ec. —Slow streams, &c., Newfoundland 
and Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichotomous, small, se- 
taceous: bladders barely a line long: scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2-8-flowered : 
corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent; upper lip not longer than the depressed 
palate of the lower: spur very short and obtuse.— Fl. Dan. t. 128; Engl. Bot. t. 254; 
A.DC. lc. WU. setacea, Hook. FI. ii. 118, ex char. — Shallow still waters, Canada and 
Saskatchewan to New Jersey, mountains of Utah and Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada, 
and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Siberia.) 

+— + Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender: corolla yellow. 
++ Spur of corolla thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. 

U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary, 
sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, 1} to 3 inches high, 1-2-flowered: corolla 3 
lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronoy. FI. Virg.); Pursh, Fl. i. 116. 
U. pumila, Walt. Car. 642 Benjamin in Linn. xx. 313. U. fornicata, LeConte, lc. U. 
minor, Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 21, not L.—Shallow water, Massachusetts to Alabama and 
Illinois. Apparently in a subalpine pond in ae Greene. 

U. bipartita, Ell. Sk. i. 22, from St. John’s, S. Carolina, said to have “spur scarcely 
half as long as the corolla, very obtuse,” and “ lower lip of the calyx generally 2-cleft, 
sometimes divided to its base ” (an anomalous character), has not been identified. 

++ ++ Spur of corolla narrower, equalling or little shorter than the lower lip. 
= Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, 1-3-flowered: corolla less than half an inch bread. 

U. bifléra, Lam. Floating or submersed stems filiform, small: dichotomously dissected 
leaves delicately capillary, usually copiously bladder-bearing: spur narrowly oblong, 


316 LENTIBULARIACEA. Utricularia. 


obtuse, porrect or curved upward: seeds somewhat scale-shaped, imbricated, smooth. — 

Ill. i. 50; Poir. Dict. viii. 272; Vahl, Enum. i. 200; Ell. Sk. i. 23. U. pumila, Walt. }. ¢. 2 

a rather earlier name, but uncertain. U. integra, LeConte, l.c. ex Ell. U- jibrosa, Chapm. 

Fl. 288, not Walt. & Ell.— Ponds and shallow waters, 8. Virginia? and S. Illinois to 

Texas. 

== = Scapes 4 to 12 inches high, slender, few-several-flowered : corolla over half inch broad: 
leaves dichotomously dissected: bladders wholly or mostly borne along leafless portions of the 
slender stems. 

U. fibrosa, Walt. Leaves somewhat scattered, small and capillary, sometimes bladder- 
bearing : scape 2-6-flowered: lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded; upper 
undulate, concave, plicate-striate in the middle; lower slightly 3-lobed, with projecting 
emarginate palate and reflexed sides; equalled by the nearly linear obtuse or emarginate 
spur: seeds minutely muricate.— Car. 64 (ex char.); Vahl, l.c.? Ell. Sk. i. 20. U. 
longirostris, LeConte in Ell. l.c. 21. U. longirostris & U. striata, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
l.c. U. bipartita, Chapm. Fl. 283.— Shallow ponds and pine-barren swamps, Long Island 
and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. 

U. intermédia, Hayne. Leaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, rigid; the 
divisions filiform-linear, flat, with margins not rarely setaceous-serrulate: scape 1-4-flow- 
ered: lower lip of corolla very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper, some- 
what exceeding the conical-subulate acute spur.— Schrad. Jour. i. 18, t. 5, & Fl. Germ. 
i. 55; Vahl, l.c.; Engl. Bot. t. 2489; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1824. U. vulgaris, minor, L.; 
Oeder, Fl. Dan. t. 1262.— Shallow water, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Ohio, and 
thence far northward. Also Plumas Co., in the Sierra Nevada, California, Mrs. Austin. 
(N. Eu, N. Asia.) 

+ + + Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long: corolla violet-purple. 

U. purptirea, Walt. Leaves verticillate on the rather long and large free-floating 
stems, petioled, decompound; the divisions capillary, rather copiously bladder-bearing: 
scape a span or two long, 2-4-flowered : corolla over half inch broad ; lower lip 3-lobed, its 
lateral lobes saccate and the central larger, about twice the length of the conoidal com- 
pressed spur: seeds globular, chaffy-muricate. — Car. 64% (doubtful, because the flowers 
are said to be small); Pursh, Fl. i. 15; LeConte, l.c.; A.DC. l.c. 5. JU. saccata, Ell. Sk. 
i. 21, said to have been so named by LeConte. — Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Florida, 
mainly near the coast. (Cuba.) 


§ 3. Scape leafless and solitary, the base rooting in the mud or bog, usually 
rising from or producing filiform and root-like creeping shoots, which bear slender 
subulate-gramineous (occasionally septate) simple leaves, or branches which take 
the place of leaves, to the lower part of which, as also to the colorless shoots, 
bladders are sparingly attached, usually fugacious or unnoticed, so that the flower- 
ing plant appears to be a leafless and naked scape only. 

* Flower violet-purple, solitary and transverse on the summit of the scape: leaves of the rooting 

shoots sometimes furnished with a few capillary lobes. 

U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape filiform, a span high: corolla 4 or 5 lines long, 
deeply 2-parted; lips almost entire; upper narrowly spatulate; lower dilated and with a 
small palate: spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, ascending, shorter than and remote from 
the corolla, which appears as if resupinate: leaves an inch or so long, attenuate. — Hitch- 
cock, Cat. Pl. Mass.; Bigel. Bost. ed. 3, 10; A.DC. Prodr. 1.c.11; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 
286, ed. 5, 319. U-. Greenei, Oakes in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 1841. — Sandy bogs and borders of 
ponds, Maine to Rhode Island near the coast, B. D. Greene, Oakes, Olney. 

* % Flowers mostly yellow, solitary or several: spur descending: leaves entire, terete : these and 

the bladders seldom seen. 

U. subulata, L. Filiform radical shoots and leaves rather copious, but commonly evan- 
escent: scape filiform, an inch to a span high, 1-9-flowered ; the raceme becoming zigzag: 
pedicels slender: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; lower lip plane or with margins recurved, 
equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one, nearly equalled by the oblong 
acutish appressed spur. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Virg., ex herb. Clayt.); Pursh, l.c.; A. DC. 
l.e. 16. U. setacea, Michx. Fl. i. 12; Vahl, l. c.— Wet places in pine barrens, New Jersey 
to Florida and Texas near the coast. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 


Pinguicula. LENTIBULARIACES. 317 


Var. cleisté6gama. Aninch or two high, bearing one or two evidently cleistogamous 
purplish flowers, not larger than a pin’s head: capsule becoming a linc long. (Gray, Man. 
ed. 5, 320; Ell. Sk. i. 24.)— With the ordinary form. Pine barrens of New Jersey, 
J. A. Paine. Evidently also seen in Georgia by Elliott. 

U. cornuta, Michx. Filiform radical shoots apparently none: leaves fasciculate, evan- 
escent, rarely at all seen: scape strict, a span to a foot high, 1-10-flowered: pedicels very 
short, 2-bracteolate at base: corolla an inch long, including the long subulate acute spur; 
lower lip very large, the sides strongly recurved, and the central palate-like portion as if 
galeate, merely equalled by the obovate upper lip: seeds nearly smooth. — Fl. i. 12; Pursh, 
le; A. DC. Le. WU. personata, LeConte, 1. c.; Bertol. Mise. viii. 21.— Sphagnous or sandy 
swamps, Newfoundland to L. Superior and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba, Brazil.) 


2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. Burrerwort. (From pinguis, fat, in allu- 
sion to the greasy-viscid surface of the leaves.) — Terrestrial acaulescent herbs, of 
moist or wet ground (in northern hemisphere and the Andes) ; with fibrous roots, 
broad and entire leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, their upper surface with a coat- 
ing of viscid glands, to which insects, &c., adhere, the margins slowly infolding 
under irritation ; scapes naked, 1-flowered, circinate-coiled in vernation. Upper 
lip of the corolla 2- and lower 3-lobed or parted; the lobes sometimes incised ; 
the base anteriorly saccate, and the bottom of the sac contracted into a nectari- 
ferous spur. 

* Corolla distinctly bilabiate, purple, violet, or rarely whitish ; upper lip decidedly smaller, 2-lobed 

or parted; lower 3-parted; lobes mostly quite entire: boreal species. 

P. villosa, L. Small: leaves oval, nearly glabrous, half inch long or less: scape villous- 
pubescent, inch or two long: corolla (pale violet with yellowish-striped throat) 2 lines long, 
and with a slender spur of nearly the same length or half shorter. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 2; 
Fl. Dan. t. 1021; E. Meyer, Labrad. 39; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t.82; Cham. in Linn. 
vi. 568, P. acutifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 11, the erect-rosulate oval and very acute leaves described 
are yeally the scales of a hybernacular bud, and the plant (with mature fruit) had lost its 
leaves. — Labrador, Hudson’s Bay, Northern islands and shores of the N. W. Coast. 
(Greenland, Arctic Eu., & Asia.) 

P. alpina, L.. Somewhat glabrous: leaves oblong, barely inch long: scape 3 or 4 inches 
high: corolla (whitish) 4 lines long, and with a conical obtuse divergent incurving spur of 
less than half the length of the lower lip.—Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 455; 
Reichenb. 1. c. t. 81; Engl. Bot. t. 2747.— Labrador, Steinhauer. Given by LeConte to 
herb. Collins. Specimen not wholly satisfactory, but apparently of this species, not else- 
where detected in America. (Eu. to Siberia.) 

P. vulgaris, L. Minutely puberulent or almost glabrous: leaves ovate or oval, an inch 
or two long, soft-fleshy: scape 1 to 4 inches high: corolla (violet) about half inch long, 
with campanulate or short-funnelform body abruptly contracted into a narrow linear- 
cylindraceous (acutish or obtuse) and mostly straight spur (of about 2 lines in length). — 
Ocder. Fl. Dan. t. 93; Engl. Bot. t. 70; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 84; Hook. Fl. ii. 118; Herder in 
Radde, iv.96. P. grandiflora, Hook. 1.¢. P. macroceras, Willd. ; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. 
i. 168; Cham. in Linn. vi. 568; A.DC. 1. c. 30; a longer-spurred and commonly larger- 
flowered form (corolla from two-thirds to almost an inch long). P. microceras, Cham. 1. ec. 
(P. macroceras, Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 82, fig. 169, 170), a depauperate small-flowered and shorter- 
spurred form of high northern region. — Wet rocks, Labrador, Northern New England 
and New York, L. Superior, &¢., to Alaskan coast and islands, and northward; the macro- 
ceras and microceras forms north-westward. (N. E. Asia to Europe and Greenland.) 

* * Corolla light violet, varying occasionally to white, less bilabiate, the sinuses equal except 

between the two lobes of the upper lip; the three lower lobes usually emarginate or obcordate: 
alate conical or cultriform, very protuberant, clothed with a dense yellow or sometimes white 
eard: spur abrupt and narrow from base of a short conical sac: upper Jip of stigma small, nar- 
rowly triangular; lower semi-orbicular: fl. spring. (P. cerulea, Walt. Car, 63, covers one or both 
the following species, but the character is insufficient to secure the adoption of the name.) 

P. pumila, Michx. Leaves half to full inch long, oval or ovate: scapes filiform, weak, 

2 to 6 inches high: corolla a quarter to half inch long; spur acute, longer than the rather 


apes LENTIBULARIACES. Pinguicula. 


narrow saccate base; lobes retuse or emarginate; palate puberulent-bearded, conical, 

salient.— Fl. i. 11; Pursh, Fl. i. 14; Ell. Sk. i.19. P. australis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 

Philad. vii. 108, the spur by no means “very short.””— Low pine-barrens, Carolina to 

Florida and Louisiana. 

P. elatior, Michx. Leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 3 inches long: scapes 6 to 
12 inches high: corolla an inch long or considerably smaller; spur obtuse, mostly shorter 
than the saccate base; lobes obcordate; palate oblong, parallel with the throat, the short 
free apex more conspicuously bearded. — Fl. 1. c.; Wahl, Enum. i. 191; Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. 
1. ec. — Wet soil, Carolina to Florida and Alabama in the low country. 

* * * Corolla golden yellow, not bilabiate, except that the two upper lobes are commonly more 
united, all or most of the lobes incisely 2-4-cleft, equal: stigma of the preceding, or lips less 
unequal. — Brandonia, Reichenb. 

P. lutea, Walt. Leaves from ovate to oblong-obovate, an inch or two long: scapes 5 to 
12 inches high: corolla an inch or less long; the lobes longer than the short-campanulate 
tube with the saccate base, all or the lower and lateral usually 4-lobed or 2-cleft with the 
divisions obcordate, or variously sinuate; spur subulate, as long as the sac and tube; 
palate oblong, very salient, densely bearded.— Car. 63; Michx. l.c ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 
126; Ell. l.e.; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 32. P. campanulata, Lam. in Jour. Hist. Nat. 1792, 336, 
t. 18, fig. 1.— Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. edéntula, A.DC., |. c. (P. edentula, Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 16, cult. from Savan- 
nah), has lobes of corolla all simply and equally obcordate, shorter than the tube. Possibly 

a hybrid of P. lutea and P. pumila. 


OrnpER XCIX. BIGNONIACE. 


Trees or shrubs, either erect or scandent (very rarely herbs), with mostly oppo- 
site leaves, and large and showy flowers, with more or less bilabiate corolla, tetra- 
dynamous or diandrous stamens, single style and bilabiate stigma, and numerous 
anatropous ovules of the preceding orders; distinguished from them by the large 
and flat usually winged and transverse exalbuminous seeds, indefinitely numerous, 
on parietal placentz, or usually on a partition which separates from the two valves 
of the capsule in dehiscence, although in the ovary and when the ovules are in 
many rows the placentation often appears to be central; the cotyledons broad 
and thin, plane, commonly emarginate or 2-lobed, and the short straight radicle 
included in the basal notch. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal, often silique- 
like. Anthers 2-celled: suppressed stamens commonly represented by rudimen- 
tary filaments. Corolla bilabiately imbricated in the bud (in our genera, in a few 
others valvate). Calyx gamosepalous. Leaves compound, or in two of our genera 
simple; sometimes a pair of basal leaflets and sometimes an axillary pair of leaves 
imitate stipules. Chiefly a tropical and rather large order; but few North 
American. 


* Leaves opposite, compound: perfect stamens 4: seeds transversely winged, hypogynous 
disk conspicuous: stems mostly scandent. 


1. BIGNONIA. Calyx with undulate or barely 5-toothed margin. Corolla campanu- 
late or cylindraceous-ampliate above the narrow and short proper tube, somewhat equally 
bilabiate-5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous. Capsule linear, compressed parallel 
with the flat valves and partition, marginicidal and septifragal, a filiform margin usually 
separating all round both from the edges of the valves and the partition. Seeds attached 
in a single series on each side of both margins of the partition; the thin wing entire. Ten- 
dril-climbers.' 

2. TECOMA. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform or somewhat campanulate 
above the short proper tube, somewhat bilabiately 5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, 
glabrous or sparsely pilose. Capsule narrow, somewhat terete or turgid, loculicidal and 
septifragal; the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds imbricated in one or two or more 
series on each side of the margins of the partition; the wing hyaline. Rootlet-climbing or 
erect shrubs; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. 


Catalpa. BIGNONIACEZ. 319 


* »* Leaves simple and entire: erect trees or shrubs: calyx closed in the bud, bilabiately 
or irregularly dividing or bursting in anthesis: corolla-lobes undulate-crisped, hardly 
unequal: anthers glabrous; the cells narrow, divaricate: hypogynous disk obsolete : 
capsule long-linear, loculicidal, terete; valves contrary to the partition: seeds narrow, 
im 2 or more series on cach side of partition; lateral wings dissected into copious long 
lairs. 


3. CATALPA. Corolla ventricose-ampliate above, somewhat oblique, bilabiate-5-lobed. 


Antheriferous stamens 2, anterior, with filaments arcuate, and 3 rudimentary filaments 


(rarely 4 stamens antheriferous). Leaves mainly opposite and ovate or cordate. 
4, CHILOPSIS. Corolla more funnelform; the lobes erose. Antheriferous stamens 4; 
also a rudimentary filament. Leaves oftener alternate or irregularly scattered, linear. 


1, BIGNONIA, Tourn. (Commemorates the Abbé Bignon.) — A large 


tropical-American genus, with the following more northern one: fl. spring. 


B. capreolata, L. (Cross-vinz.) Extensively climbing, glabrous: transverse section 
of older stems exhibiting a medullary cross: leaves of a single pair of ovate or oblong 
acuminate and subcordate entire leaflets and a compound tendril; accessory leaves or 
leaflets in some axils imitate foliaceous stipules: pedicels in fascicles of 2 to 5 on axillary 
spurs: calyx membranaceous: corolla 2 inches long, orange-red without, yellow within: 
capsule 6 inches long, 9 lines wide; valves 1-nerved. — Spec. ii. 624 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 
82); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 864; Jacq. Scheenb. t. 363; Michx. Fl. ii. 25. B. crucigera,"L. 
as to syn. Clayt. & Gronov. Virg.; Walt. Car. 169.— Woods, in low grounds, Virginia and 
S. Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. 


2. TECOMA, Juss. Truuprt-rrower, or Trumpet-creerrr. (Abridg- 
ment of the Mexican name, Zecomaxochitl.) — Genus (of late divided into 
several by monographers, but retained nearly intact by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
1044, digitate species excluded) of several species, widely dispersed; ours impari- 
pinnate and the leaflets serrate, ovate, and acuminate. They have been referred 
to different genera or subgenera on account mainly of the number of ranks of 
seeds. Fl. summer. 


T. radicans, Juss. Climbing by aerial rootlets: leaflets 9 to 11: flowers corymbose: 
corolla tubular-funnelform, orange and scarlet, 24 or 3 inches long: stamens not exserted: 
capsule lanceolate, slightly stipitate; valves very convex, acutely narrowly margined: 
seeds several-ranked. — DC. Prodr. ix. 225; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 104; Bureau, Mon. Bign. 
t. 14. Bignoma radicans, La. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 65); Wangenheim, Amer. t. 26; Sims, 
Bot. May. t. 485; Schk. Handb. t.175. Campsis radicans, Seem. Jour. Bot. &c. — Moist 
soil, Penn. and Illinois to Florida and Texas: common in cultivation. 

T. stans, Juss. Erect shrub: leaflets 5 to 11, narrower or lanceolate, more incisely 
serrate: flowers racemose or paniculate: calyx small: corolla more campanulate, yellow, 
inch and a half long: fifth stamen often with abortive anther: capsule linear, elongated, 
sessile ; valves carinate-convex : seeds single ranked. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3191; DC. Lc. 
224. Bignonia stans, L. (Plum. Je. Amer. t. 54); Jacq. Stirp. Amer. t. 176. Stenolobium 
stuns, Seem. Jour. Bot. i. 87; Bureau, l. c. t. 18.—S. Florida (introduced?) and S. Texas 
to Arizona. (W. Ind., Mex., &c.) 


3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Aboriginal name.) — There are a N. China 
and a Japanese species allied to our own, and a few somewhat anomalous West 
Indian species. FJ. summer; showy. 


C. bignonioides, Walt. Low or large tree, with spreading branches: leaves pubes- 
cent, at least beneath, ample, cordate, acuminate, rarely somewhat angulate-lobed, long- 
petioled: panicle large and loose, compound: lips of the calyx obovate, mucronate: 
corolla inch long and broad, white or nearly so, dotted with purple and yellow in the 
throat: pendulous slender capsules a foot long.—Car. 64; DC. 1. c. 226; Bureau, Mon. 
Bign. t.25. C. cordifolia, Jaume in Duham. Arb. t. 5; Ell. Sk. 1.24. C. syringe/olia, Sims, 


320 BIGNONIACEZ. Chilopsis. 


Bot. Mag. t. 1094; Pursh, Fl. i.10. Bignonia Catalpa, L. (excl. syn.); Catesb. Car. i. 
t.49; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. 64.— River banks, S. Illinois to Georgia, W. Florida, and Louis- 
jana. Cult. north to New England. . 


4, CHILOPSIS, Don. (Xerdog, lip, and oyu, resemblance; name of no 
particular application.) — Single species. 


C. saligna, Don. Shrub or low tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, ‘pubescent 
when young, soon glabrous: branches slender: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6 
inches long, of firm texture: lower leaves often opposite or verticillate: flowers in a short 
terminal raceme: corolla an inch or two long, white and purplish: capsule 6 to 10 inches 
long. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. ix. 261: G. Don, Syst. iii. 228; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 587. C. 
linearis, DC. Prodr. ix. 227. Bignonia linearis, Cav. Ie. iii. 35, t. 269.— Water-courses in 
dry districts, 8. Texas to S. California. {Mex.) 

Crescéint1a Cusére, L., the Calabash tree of the West Indies, the type of an anomalous 
tribe of this order, with indehiscent cucurbitaccous-like fruit, has been introduced on the 
Keys of Florida, and in consequence has been figured by Nuttall, Sylv. iii. t. 103; but it 
has no claim to a place in our flora. 


OrpER C. PEDALIACE. 


Herbs, with mucilaginous or watery juice, chiefly opposite simple leaves, and 
flowers as of the preceding order (to which it has more usually been annexed), 
except in the structure of the ovary and fruit. Ovary either one-celled with two 
parietal intruded placenta expanded into two broad lamelle or united into a 
central columella, or variously 2—4-celled by the extension of the placenta and by 
spurious partitions from the wall. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or nucumentaceous, 
few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, mostly with a thick and close coat, filled by 
the large embryo; the cotyledons thickish. — A small extra-European and mainly 
African order, or suborder, of warm climates, represented in the United States by 
one sparingly naturalized, and one or two probably indigenous species. 


1. SESAMUM. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ventricose-campanulate 
or funnelform ; limb bilabiately 5-parted, spreading; upper lobes smaller. Stamens didy- 
namous: anther-cells parallel. Stigmas linear. Fruit an oblong quadrangular and 4-sul- 
cate capsule, septicidal at summit, spuriously 4-celled, a false partition from the dorsal 
suture of each of the two carpels reaching the columnar placenta at the centre. Seeds 
numerous in a single series in each half-cell. 

2.MARTYNIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, membranaceous, somewhat bladdery-campanu- 
late, 5-cleft, sometimes splitting anteriorly to base, deciduous. Corolla ventricose-funnel- 
form or campanulate, somewhat oblique or decurved; the lobes of the bilabiately 5- 
parted limb broad, somewhat undulate, slightly unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, 
or sometimes only the anterior pair antheriferous: anthers tipped by a gland; the cells 
divaricate. Stigma bilamellar. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placente which 
meet in the axis and there diverge in broad lamelle, bearing single or double rows of 
ovules. Fruit fleshy-drupaceous, tapering into an incurved beak: fleshy exocarp at 
maturity 2-valved and deciduous: endocarp fibrous-woody, scrobiculate, cristate at the 
sutures, 2-valved through the slender beak to the summit of the cells, indehiscent below ; 
the cavity by the extension of the placente to the walls 4-locellate, and with a small 
empty central cavity. Seeds rather numerous, oblong, large, with a thick and somewhat 
spongy tuberculate-rugose coat. Cotyledons obovate, fleshy: radicle very short. 


1. SESAMUM, L. Bene, O1-prantr. (From the Arabic semsen.) — 
Chiefly African annuals; the following widely dispersed through cultivation. 
S. Inpicum, L. Somewhat pubescent annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with mucilaginous juice and 


oily seeds: leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, petioled; lower often 3-lobed or divided: 
corolla white or tinged with rose, inch long: capsule velvety-pubescent.— Bot. Mag. 


Martynia. PEDALIACE. 321 


t. 1688; Endl. Iconogr. t.70; DC. Prodr. ix. 249. S. Indicum & S. orientale, L., &c. — Spar- 
ingly naturalized in the Gulf Atlantic States. Seeds yield a useful oil. (Ady. from Old 
World.) 


2. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn-pranr. (Prof. John Martyn, of Cam- 
bridge.) — Diffuse and rank viscid-pubescent herbs (natives of America), of heavy 
odor ; with ample rounded and subcordate petioled leaves, the lower usually oppo- 
site and upper alternate, and large flowers in short and loose terminal racemes : 
pedicels subtended by small bracts or none. FJ. summer.— Our species belong 
to § Proposcipea, having 4 perfect stamens and beak longer than the body of 
the fruit, and the calyx is more cleft anteriorly. 

M. proboscidea, Glox. Coarse and heavy-scented annual: leaves cordate, roundish, 
often oblique, entire or obscurely undulate-lobed (4 to 12 inches in diameter): bractlets 
oblong-linear: corolla 1} or 2 inches long, dull white, spotted within with some yellowish 
or purplish, also varying to light yellow: endocarp crested on the posterior suture only. — 
Obs. 14, ex DC. Prodr. ix. 253; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1056; Pursh, Fl. ii. 428. AL. annua, L. 
excl. syn. G hab. VW. Louisiana, Mill. Dict. & Ic. t. 286. Banks of the Mississippi and 
lower tributaries to New Mexico. Also naturalized or cultivated about gardens farther 
north. (Mex., &c.) 

M. frdgrans, Lindl. Less stout: leaves from roundish to oblong-cordate, somewhat 
lobed and sinuate-dentate, 3 to 5 inches broad: corolla more campanulate, 1 or 2 inches 
long and wide, sweet-scented, from reddish- to violet-purple. — Bot. Reg. xxvi. misc., & xxvii. 
t.6; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4292. AZ. violacea, Engelm. Pl. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
110, partly. —South-western borders of Texas and southern part of New Mexico, Wright, 
Bigelow. (Northern Mex.) 

M. althezefdlia, Benth. Low and small: leaves seemingly all alternate, long-petioled, 
roundish-ovate and cordate, sinuately 3-7-lobed, 1 or 2 inches broad: bractlets linear- 
oblong or oval: corolla inch and a half or less long, from buff- to chrome yellow, or whit- 
ish, mottled or dotted with brown and orange: endocarp armed with teeth on both sutures. 
— Bot. Sulph. 37. J. arenaria, Engelm. Pl. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110.— 
S. W. Texas to 8. Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer. (Lower California.) 


OrpER CI. ACANTHACEE. 


Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, no stipules, and didynamous or dian- 
drous more or less bilabiate or irregular flowers with the general characters of 
Scrophulariacee, &c.; but corolla not rarely convolute in the bud; the anatropous 
ovules few and definite (from 2 to 8 or 10 in each of the two cells); fruit always 
capsular, 2-celled, elastically loculicidal scattering the seeds; seeds without 
albumen (except sparingly in the first tribe), either globose, or orbicular and com- 
pressed and the hilum marginal, wingless, in most supported on the upper face 
of curved processes from the placents (indurated and persistent funiculi 7) called 
retinacula, the close coat not rarely developing mucilage and spiricles when 
wetted, in the manner of Polemoniacee. Cotyledons plane, orbicular with cordate 
base: radicle straight or accumbently incurved. Hypogynous disk conspicuous. 
Style filiform, undivided, with one or two ‘small stigmas. Corolla from almost 
regular and 5-lobed (and then convolute in the bud) to deeply bilabiate (or in 
Acanthus with only a lower lip). Calyx persistent, of 5 or sometimes 4 sepals, 
commonly unequal and more or less imbricated, sometimes united. Inflores- 
cence various: flowers usually conspicuously bracteate and often 2-bracteolate. 
Stems commonly quadrangular. Cystoliths abound in the foliage. —A large 

21 


322 ACANTHACES. 


and mainly tropical or subtropical order, one strongly marked tribe of which is 
represented in ornamental cultivation by Zunbergia, another sparingly so by 
the Acanthus of the Old World; the others have several North American repre- 
sentatives. 


Trize I. NELSONIEZ. Corollaimbricated in the bud ; upper lip exterior. Seeds 
small and globular, attached by a small ventral papilliform funicle, without reti- 
nacula, not mucilaginous when wetted: embryo in a thin layer of albumen! (In 
char. nearest to Scrophulariacee, but capsule and habit of Acanthacec.) 


1. ELYTRARIA. Calyx 4-parted; lower division sometimes 2-toothed. Corolla with 
cylindraceous tube, funnelform throat, and 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamens 
2: filaments very short, inserted low in the throat: anther-cells equal and parallel. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong, thinner and contracted at 
base, acute at tip. Seeds globular. Bracts of the solitary or fasciculate-clustered spikes 
and the similar scales of the scape imbricated, glumaccous. 


Trise II. Ruevtrea. Corolla convolute (sinistrorsely) in the bud, either bilabiate 
or nearly regular. Seeds flat, attached by the edge to retinacula. (Stamens in 
ours didynamous, the long and the short filament on each side contiguous or united 
at base by a membrane ; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells equal and parallel : 
style with linear or subulate stigmatose apex, the posterior lobe wanting or reduced 
to # minute tooth, or rarely 2 equal narrow stigmas.) 


* Corolla deeply bilabiate: capsule terete and 2-celled to the very base. 


2. HYGROPHILA. Calyx deeply and almost equally 5-cleft or parted. Corolla narrow ; 
lips erect at base and above (at least the lower) spreading, 2- and }-lobed. Anthers oblong, 
muticous. Capsule oblong-linear, several-secded. Flowers sessile in the axils. 


x* ¥* Corolla not obviously or only moderately bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, 
spreading: capsule with the base more or less contracted into a solid short stipe. 


8. CALOPHANES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate 
or aristiform. Cordlla funnelform, with ample limb, either somewhat manifestly bilabiate, 
or with 5 equal broad and spreading lobes, the two posterior a little higher united. An- 
thers mucronate, or at least mucronulate, or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single 
pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2-4-seeded. 

4, RUELLIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; lobes mostly linear orlanceolate. Corolla 
with funnelform or campanulate throat on a narrow and sometimes elongated tube; the 
5 ovate or rounded lobes nearly similar and spreading, or the posterior rather more 
united. Anthers muticous, oblong-sagittate. Ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong- 
linear or clavate, several- (6-20-) seeded. 


Tribe II. JUSTICIE. Corolla imbricated in the bud; the posterior lobes or 
lip interior. Seeds and capsule of the preceding tribe ; in the last two genera the 
placentiferous half-portions separating below from the valve after dehiscence. 


»* Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla: filaments short: anthers one-celled, ovate-lan- 
ceolate or oblong, muticous at base, their tips sometimes lightly cohering by a minute 
beard: corolla with 5 plane obovate lobes, the two posterior usually united a little 
higher: stigma naked, truncate or obscurely funnelform: ovules 2 in each cell: calyx 
5-sepalous or 5-parted into narrow nearly equal divisions. 

5. STENANDRIUM. Lobes of the salverform corolla all equally spreading. Low herbs. 

6. BERGINIA. Posterior lobes of the corolla nearly erect, forming an upper lip, the 
3 others larger and widely spreading. Anterior pair of filaments bearded on the inner 

side: anthers ovate-lanceolate. Seeds (mostly 2) rugose. Fruticulose. 

% * Stamens 2 and no rudiments: anthers 2celled: ovules 2 in each cell; capsule usu- 
ally more or less obcompressed, and with a conspicuous stipe-like solid base. 


+- Placente not separating from the valves of the capsule. 
a+ Anther-cells equal, parallel and contiguous, muticous: limb of corolla somewhat 
equally 4-parted: shrubby plants: bracts and bractlets small and narrow or minute: 


calyx small, 5-parted or 5-cleft; the divisions narrow: stigma obscurely capitate or 
emarginate: filaments filiform, inserted in the throat. 


7. CARLOWRIGHTIA. Corolla with narrow tube shorter than the lobes; throat not 
dilated; limb 4-parted down to the tube; lobes entire, oblong, nearly similar, widely 


Elytraria. ACANTHACE-E. 525 


spreading and plane, or the posterior (interior in the bud) at first concave-infolded and 
less spreading. Stamens nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 
obcompressd, on a slender clavate stipe. Seeds very flat, minutely scabrous. 

8. ANISACANTHUS. Corolla with elongated tube gradually somewhat wider at the 
throat; the 4 lobes similar, lanceolate, entire, erectish recurving; the posterior (or upper 
lip) rather more deeply separated. Stamens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla- 
lobes. Capsule ovate on the long clavate stipe. Seeds smooth or rugulose. 


++ ++ Anther-cells unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other or oblique ; 


= The lower calcarate or mucronate at base: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip 
erect and more or less concave, merely emarginate or 2-lobed at apex, not surpassed by 
the stamens ; these inserted in or near the throat: calyx 5-parted (sometimes 4-parted), 
small. 


9. SIPHONOGLOSSA. Corolla with long-linear or filiform tube and short limb ; lower 
lip broad and spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel, but one higher. 
10. BELOPERONE, Corolla deeply bilabiate, but with tube much longer than limb; 
throat narrow ; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, erect-spreading. Anther-cells somewhat unequal 

and oblique, on a more or less dilated connective. Seeds globular or thickened! 

11. JUSTICIA. Corolla with short tube, and rather ampliate throat seldom longer than 
the limb; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblique and disjoined. Seeds, as far 
as known, flat. 

= = Anthers muticous, or both cells rarely mucronulate at base: calyx deeply 5-parted 
into narrow or subulate divisions, the fifth commonly smaller: stamens not surpassing 
the corolla. zi 


12. DIANTHERA Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect and concave or fornicate, entire or 
2-toothed ; lower spreading and 3-lobed, with a rugose or venose-reticulated convex base 
or palate. Anther-cells ovate or oblong, not parallel, moderately or conspicuously dis- 
joined on a dilated connective. Seeds glabrous, smooth, or echinulate-scabrous. Bract- 
lets small. 

13.GATESIA. Corolla with slender tube, somewhat ampliate throat, and almost cqually 
4lobed spreading limb; lobes nearly similar, plane, ovate. Anther-cells oblong, contig- 
uous and similar, but one a little lower and oblique. Stigma capitellate. Seeds gla- 
brous, minutely rugulose. Spikes short and dense: bracts and bractlets membranaceo- 
foliaceous, 1-nerved and pinnately veined or triplinerved. 

+ + Placente, by rupture of half-partition from the base upward, at length separating 
and diverging or incurving: anther-cells muticous, or rarely one or both mucronulate 
at base: calyx small, dry, or somewhat glumaceous, 4-5-parted; the divisions subulate 
or linear-lanceolate, equal, or the innermost (posterior) smaller: corolla with narrow 
tube: filaments filiform. 

14. TETRAMERIUM. Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) covered by a large and herbaceous 
primary bract, and subtended by two smalland narrow bractlets. Corolla with an almost 
equally 4-parted limb, or somewhat bilabiate; the 3-parted and widely spreading lower 
lip rather more separated from the less spreading or rather erect and slightly concave 
entire and obovate or oblong upper lip. Anther-cells equal and parallel or nearly so, 
either contiguous or separated by a slightly dilated connective. Seeds flat, muriculate 
or papillose. Spikes strobilaceous, quadrifarious. ; 

15. DICLIPTERA. Flowers not covered by primary bracts (of main axis), but involu- 
erate (either singly or in a fascicle) by 2 valvately opposed and nearly equal or 4 less 
dilated and unequal herbaceous bractlets. Corolla deeply bilabiate; upper lip erect, con- 
cave or plane, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, entire or 3-lobed at apex. Anthers 
with a narrow connective. Seeds either smooth or muriculate. Inflorescence various, 
not strobilaceous-spicate. 


1. ELYTRARIA, Michx. (‘Elvroov, a case or cover, the scape or pe- 
duncle and spike covered with imbricated bracts.) — Low perennial herbs (chiefly 
tropical American) ; with leaves crowded at base of a naked scape or at summit 
of a short naked stem, tapering to the base, thinnish ; flowers small, solitary and 
sessile under’ the bracts; these and the scales of the scapes rigid-chartaceous or 
glumaceous, alternate! — Michx. Fl. i. 8 (1803); Vahl, Enum. i. 106 (1804), 
excl. spec. 


E. virgata, Michx. Acaulescent: leaves from oblong to elongated spatulate, obtuse (2 
to U inches long), with usually undulate margins: scape a foot or less high, bearing a short 


324 ACANTHACE. Elytraria. 


spike or a cluster of spikes: bracts ovate, cuspidate-acuminate: corolla white (3 or 4 lines 
long): seeds nearly smooth and even.—Fi. i. 9, t.1; Vahl, 1. c.; not “£. Vahliana,” as 
says Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. Anonymos Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 69. Tubiflora Caroli- 
nensis, Gmel. Syst. £. cupressina, Nees, 1. c. 65, if N. Amer. ? — Low grounds, 8. Carolina 
to Florida: fl. summer. 

E. tridentata, Vahl, l.c. Acaulescent or with proliferous low stems: leaves lanceolate 
or oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, clustered, as are the hardly longer peduncles or scapes, either 
at the root or at the summit of naked stems: spikes slender: bracts ovate, mostly scarious- 
margined; the upper commonly tricuspidate or aristate: corolla purple. —Griseb. Fl. W. 
Ind. 451; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. £. ramosa, frondosa, Jasciculata, &c., HBK.; Nees, 
1.c.— Arizona and New Mexico, along the Mexican border. (Mex. to W. Ind. & S. Brazil.) 


2. HYGROPHILA, R. Br. (From ‘vyodg, moist, and guia, affection ; 
plants which affect wet places.) — A large tropical genus, of which a single species 
reaches the southernmost Atlantic States. 


H. lacustris, Nees. Nearly glabrous: stem simple, 2 or 8 feet high from a creeping 
base: leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire (about 4 inches long), scabrous-ciliolate: flowers 
small, white: calyx-lobes and bracts subulate-lanceolate: anthers of the shorter stamens 
smaller. — DC. Prodr. xi. 86. Ruellia lacustris, Schlecht. in Linn. v. 96. R. justiciceflora, 
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 170.— Swamps, Texas and Louisiana, Drummond, Riddell, Lind- 
heimer, &c. W. Florida, Saurman. (Mex.) 


3. CALOPHANES, Don. (Kedds, beautiful, and gaive, to appear.) — 
Low perennials, branched from the base, pubescent or hirsute, usually with pro- 
portionally large or showy axillary flowers, either solitary or usually clustered 
and nearly sessile ; the corolla blue or purplish, rarely white; its tube not longer 
than the calyx. Seeds as in Auellia, or the hairs nearly destitute of rings or 
spiral fibres. Fl]. summer. 

* Eastern-Atlantic species: calyx deeply 5-parted: stems from slender creeping base or rootstocks: 

flowers solitary or few in the axils. 

C. humistrata, Nees. Glabrous or almost so throughout, no hirsute hairs: stems weak, 
erect or decumbent from the creeping base: leaves thinnish, oblong-obovate or the upper- 
most oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole (6 to 18 lines long): corolla white, barely half 
inch long, seldom longer than the obovate or oblong foliaceous bractlets; the tube very 
short: sepals setaceous-aristiform from an oblong-lanceolate base, little shorter than the 
corolla: anther-cells oblong, barely mucronulate.— DC. Prodr. xi. 108. Ruellia humistrata, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 23. Dipteracanthus (Calophanes) riparius, Chapm. Fl. 303, a luxuriant form. 
— Low grounds, 8. Georgia and Florida. 

C. oblongifélia, Don. Pubescent or soft-hirsute, sometimes glabrate: stems usually 
erect and simple, a span to a foot high: leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, 
sessile (an inch or less long): corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom an 
inch long, twice the length of the narrowly oblong bractlets; the tube shorter than the 
ample throat: sepals distinct almost to the very base, filiform-setaceous, hirsute, more than 
half the length of the corolla: anther-cells oblong-linear, aristulate. — Brit. F]. Gard. ser. 
2, t. 181; Nees, l.c. (Ruellia biflora, L. Spec. ii. 635, may be this, but it rests on a mere 
mention by Dillenius, ‘vithout character.) Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 28; Pursh, Fl. 
ii. 420. Dipteracanthus biflorus, Nees in Linn. xvi.294. D. oblongifolius, Chapm. 1. c.— Sandy 
pine barrens, S. Virginia to Florida. An almost glabrous large form in Florida. 

Var. angtsta. A reduced form, a span or so high, nearly glabrous, very leafy : 
leaves and flowers only half inch long, most of the former oblong-linear. — Dipteracanthus 
linearis, Chapm. 1.c.—S. Florida; Key West and Biscayan Bay, Blodgett, Palmer. 

* % Texano-Arizonian species: calyx 5-cleft. ; 

C. linearis. Hirsute with somewhat rigid and short hairs, or glabrate, not cinereous: 
stems erect and strict (a span to a foot high), or branched and diffuse: leaves from linear- 
oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate (9 to 20 lines long), rather rigid: flowers usually foliose- 
glomerate; bracts and bractlets similar to and equalling the subtending leaves and about 


” Ruellia. ACANTHACER. 325 


equalling the corolla: calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, more or less hispid-ciliate, hardly 
more than twice the length of the narrow tube: corolla purple? (10 lines long); the tube 
not longer than the abruptly ampliate throat: anther-cells linear-oblong, aristulate. — 
Dipteracanthus (Calophanes) linearis, Torr. & Gray in Pl. Lindh. i. 50. C. ovata, Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 89, as to Texan sp.; Nees, l.c.; surely not Ruellia ovata, Cav. C. oblongifolia, var. 
Texensis, Nees, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. — Dry ground, Texas (Berlandier, Drum- 
mond, Wright, &c.) to the border of New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

C. decumbens. Cinercous-puberulent throughout, not at all hirsute, nor scabrous: 
stems mostly spreading on the ground: leaves spatulate, or the lowest obovate and the 
uppermost oblanceolate, with attenuate base, but hardly petioled (6 to 14 lines long) : 
flowers few in the foliose-bracteolate clusters : setaccous-subulate calyx-lobes hardly twice 
the length of the tube: corolla purple (8 or 10 lines long) ; its tube double the length of 
the throat, nearly equalling the calyx-lobes: anther-cells oblong, mucronate. — Calophanes 
oblongifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, not Don.— Dry soil, western borders of Texas 
(Wright, &c.) to 8. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Rothrock, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 


4, RUELLIA, Plum. (1. Ruel, or de la Ruelle, of France, early herbalist.) 
— Large genus, chiefly American and tropical, perennials ; with mostly entire 
and broad leaves, and rather large flowers (in summer), usually violet or lilac- 
purple, solitary or commonly clustered in the axils or in evolute cymes ; in several 
species the earlier or later blossoms cleistogamous. Seeds in many clothed with 
fine appressed hairs, which when wetted diverge and elongate, either marked with 
fixed spiral bands or developing spiricles. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1077, — Our 
species all rank under Ruellia proper (Cryphiacanthus and Dipteracanthus, Nees 
in DC.), with straight tube and almost or quite regular limb to the corolla, and 
included stamens. Both stigmas equally developed occasionally in 2. strepens 
and #. etliosa. Five stamens have been found in the latter. 


* Flowers in open pedunculate cymes from upper axils and forming a terminal panicle: bracts and 
bractlets small, linear or subulate: capsule 8-12-seeded, narrow: hairs of the seed developing 
long spiricles when wetted. 

R. tuberoésa, L. Glabrescent or minutely pubescent, a foot or two high, with somewhat 
tuberous-thickened roots: leaves (2 or 3 inches long’) with undulate or obscurely repand- 
dentate margins, ovate-oblong or elliptical, and with base cuneate-contracted or decurrent 
into a rather long petiole: primary and secondary peduncles of the loose cyme slender: 
calyx-lobes subulate-filiform (half inch or more long), much exceeding the bractlets, hardly 
equalling the slender tube of the (inch and a half long blue or sometimes white) corolla, 
which is about as long as the funnelform-campanulate throat: capsule narrowly subcla- 
vate, 7 to 9 lines long, the stipitiform solid base mostly short but manifest. — Spee. ii.635 ; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 452, but hardly of Desc. Ant. ii. t.118.  R. clandestina, L. 1.¢. (Dill. Elth. 
328, t. 248.) BR. humilis, etc., Plum. Nov. Gen. Amer. 12, t. 2. Cryphiacanthus Barbadensis, 
Nees in DC. 1. c. 197. Dépteracanthus nudiflorus, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 21.— River- 
bottoms, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.) 

Var. occidentalis. Rather large and tall: inflorescence and calyx conspicuously 
viscid-pubescent ; the latter usually shorter than the tube of the (1} to fully 2 inch) 
corolla: leaves from glabrate to velvety-pubescent, mostly ovate and with more abrupt or 
even subcordate base, sometimes 6 or 7 inches long. — W. & S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. 
§. Arizona, Rothrock. “California ” (or probably Arizona), Coulter. The two latter glabrate 
forms. (Mex.) 

* * Flowers solitary or 3 and cymulose on an axillary peduncle as long as the leaf: bracts foli- 
aceous: seeds and capsule of the succeeding: stems branching. 

R. pedunculdta, Torr. Slightly puberulent, 2 feet high, with spreading branches: 
leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled (14 to 3 inches long): peduncles spreading, 
slender, 1 or 2 inches long, bearing a pair of bracts similar to the leaves (half inch or more 
long) and equalling the calyx and capsule of the single flower, or shorter than the similarly 
2bracteolate pedicels when they are developed: calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, pubescent, 
about the length of the narrow tube of the corolla: throat of the latter dilated-funnel- 


326 ACANTHACEA, Ruellia. 


form: capsule puberulent. (Torr. in herb., unpublished.) —Dry woods, in W. Louisiana, 

J. Hale. Arkansas, Bigelow, Mrs. Harris. Corolla about an inch and a half long. 

* x %* Flowers subsessile and commonly glomerate in the axils, when short-peduncled with 
foliaceous primary bracts or bractlets: stamens of almost equal length: capsule at most 8-seeded : 
short hispid hairs of the seed spreading when wet, containing a fixed spiral fibre or band, but no 
uncoiling spiricles. 

+— Suffrutescent: leaves rigid: corolla white: capsule oblong, with hardly any stipe-like base, 


R. Parryi. A span high, much branched from the lignescent base: leaves obovate-oblong, 
or the upper oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a distinct petiole, hispid-ciliate, otherwise 
glabrate, an inch or less long (the older have cystoliths): flowers mostly solitary in the 
axils, on a peduncle shorter than the petiole or subsessile: bractlets oblong, surpassing 
the slender-subulate often unequal calyx-lobes: tube of the corolla (inch long) slender, 
dilated at the summit into a small narrowly funnelform throat, which is shorter than the 
lobes. — Dipteracanthus suffruticosus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 (but there is a 2. suffru- 
ticosa, Roxb.).— South-western borders of Texas: at Presidio del Norte, Parry, in flower. 
Valley of the Pecos, in fruit, Wright. 

+ +— Herbaceous: stems mostly simple: corolla usually blue or violet, except in R. tubiflora: 
capsule more broadly clavate and obcompressed. : 
++ Calyx-lobes filiform-attenuate, longer than the capsule: cleistogamous flowers seldom seen. 


R. noctifl6ra. Puberulent, or very young parts soft-villous, a foot or less high: leaves 
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long), mostly with tapering base, but sessile: bracts and 
bractlets of the solitary or few flowers linear-lanceolate: calyx generally soft-puberulent ; 
its lobes somewhat linear-filiform and hardly widened at base {sometimes 18 lines long), 
barely half the length of the elongated (fully 2 inch) tube of the white corolla, the throat 
of which is funnelform.— R. tubiflore, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 142, not HBK. 
Dipleracanthus noctiflorus, Nees in DC. l.c., partly; Chapm. Fl. 304.— Low pine-barrens, 
Lower Georgia, LeConte. W. Florida, Rugel, Chapman, &c. 8. Mississippi, Ingalls. Night- 
blooming ? 

R. ciliédsa, Pursh. Usually hirsute with long spreading hairs, especially the (about inch 
long) filiform attenuate calyx-lobes: leaves oblong or the lower oval (an inch or two long), 
almost sessile: tube of the blue corolla commonly twice the length of the calyx and of the 
limb with the obconical throat, the whole not rarely 2 inches long. — Fl. i. 420; Gray, Man. 
ed. 5, 339. Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294, & Prodr. 1. ¢., with var. hybridus, 
mainly. — Dry ground, Michigan and Illinois to Florida and Louisiana: in various forms. 

Var. longifidra. Pubescence sometimes cinereous, with or without long hirsute 
hairs: stems sometimes flowering when 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes tall and slender: 
leaves narrowly oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, usually small: slender tube of 
corolla 1 or 2 inches long. — R. humilis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182. Jus- 
ticia, with char. & no name, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 235. Dipteracanthus Drummondit, 
Torr. & Gray in Pl. Lindh. i. 50. D. noctiflorus, Nees, in DC. 1. c., as to Texan pl. and var. 
humilis, also D. ciliosus, var. hybridus, in part. — Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. 

Var. hybrida. Either hirsute or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes almost velvety- 
pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly with distinct petioles: tube of the corolla 
shorter than the throat and limb, sometimes shorter than the linear-setaceous calyx-lobes, 
which often want the hirsute hairs. —R. hybrida, Pursh, FL. ii. 420; LeConte in Ann. 
Lye. le. &. strepens, L. as to Dill. Elth. t. 249, at least in part. 2. hirswa, Ell. Sk. ii. 109. 
Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. hybridus, in part, & D. Mitchillianus, Nees, 1. c. D. strepens, var. 
Dillenii, Nees, 1. ec. — 8. Carolina to Florida. Verges to the two following species. 

Var. ambigua. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves ovate-oblong, usu- 
ally short-petioled, larger: tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.— 
Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus, Nees, 1. c. — Virginia and Kentucky to Alabama. As 
if a hybrid between R. ciliosa and R. strepens, with aspect of the latter, but the calyx of 
the former. 

R. Drummondiana. Cinereous-puberulent, tall: leaves ovate, 3 to 6 inches long, peti- 
oled: filiform-setaccous and canescent calyx-lobes (commonly an inch or more long) more 
or less shorter than the tube of the (inch and a half long) corolla. — Dipteracanthus Drum- 
mondianus, Nees in DC. 1. c. D. Lindheimerianus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764, 1848. — Texas, 
Drummond, Lindheimer. 


Carlowrightia. ACANTHACES. 327 


++ ++ Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, hardly surpassing the capsule: cleistogamous flowers 
common. 


R. strépens, L. Green and almost glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong- 
ovate or oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, mostly contracted at base into a short petiole: calyx 
sparingly soft-hirsute or ciliate: well-developed corolla 14 or 2 inches long, with tube 
about the length of the campanulate-funnelform throat and limb. — Spec. ii. 634 (partly) 
& Mant. 422; Schk. Handb. t.177; Pursh, l.c. Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees, 1. c., mainly. 
— Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. 

Var. cleistantha. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong: flowers for most of the 
season cleistogamous. — Dipteracanthus (Meiophanes) micranthus, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. 
i. 49. D. strepens, var. strictus, Nees, 1. c., mainly. Hygrophila Illinoiensis, Wood in Bull. 
Torrey Club, v. 41.— Common with the ordinary form. 


5. STENANDRIUM, Nees. (Composed of orevés, narrow, and avopetor, 
the hall for men, alluding to the narrow corolla ?) — Low and small perennials, 
all American, commonly with leaves all at base of scapiform flowering stems; 
the flowers spicate; corolla rose-colored or purple. 


S. dulce, Nees. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves all radical, oval or oblong, thick- 
ish, 9 to 16 lines long, either narrowed or abruptly contracted into a rather long naked 
petiole: scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, capitately few-flowered: bracts lanceo- 
late, longer than the calyx, usually hirsute-ciliate (either nerveless or 3-nerved): tube of | 
the corolla narrow, rather longer than the calyx, the limb half inch or more in diameter : 
capsule clavate-oblong, somewhat terete. — DC. Prodr. xi. 282, with S. trinerve. Ruellia 
dulcis, Cav. Ic. vi. 62, t. 585, fig. 2. (Mex. to S. Chili.) 

Var. Florid4num. Glabrous, only the upper bracts and bractlets lightly hirsute- 
ciliate. — Indian River, E. Florida, Palmer. 

S. barbatum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute with long and shaggy white hairs, many- 
stemmed from the root; a span or less high: leaves crowded, oblanceolate, attenuate at 
base into an indistinct petiole, above passing into the lanceolate and crowded foliaceous 
bracts of the rather many-flowered spike, which nearly equal the corolla: tube of the 
latter hardly longer than the calyx; limb over half inch in diameter: capsule ovate, 
obcompressed, not attenuate at base: seeds hispid. —Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 4, & Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 122. — Hillsides, western borders of Texas and adjacent parts of New Mex- 
ico, Wright, Gen. Pope, &c. 


6. BERGINIA, Harvey. (In honor of Mr. Bergin, of Dublin.) — Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 1096. A single species. 


B, virgata, Harvey. Low and branching, apparently suffruticose, minutely cinereous- 
puberulent: branches slender: leaves linear-oblong, nearly sessile (half inch long); the 
upper smaller and passing into obscurely 3-nerved bracts of the loose and interrupted 
spike: calyx rather longer than the bracts, 2-bracteolate: corolla probably white, less 
than half inch long; its lower lobe bearded at and below the base.— Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 588. —“ California,” Coulter. Probably Arizona: not since found. 


7. CARLOWRIGHTIA, Gray. (Charles Wright, the discoverer of one 
species, the earliest explorer of the district it inhabits, a most assiduous and suc- 
cessful collector and investigator of the botany of several parts of the world.) — 
Much branched undershrubs, minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrate ; with 
slender branchlets, small and narrow entire leaves, and rather small loosely 
spicate or paniculate-racemose flowers: corolla purple. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xiii. 364. 

C. linearifdlia, Gray, l.c. A foot high, ericoid-leafy : leaves filiforminear, 4 to 8 lines 


long; uppermost passing into similar bracts and bractlets of the somewhat paniculate in- 
florescence: calyx deeply 5-parted; the divisions similar to and equalled by the bractlets : 


328 ACANTHACE. Carlowrightia. 


lobes of the purple and almost rotate corolla oblong, 24 lines long, twice the length of the 
tube: filaments hirsute-puberulent: anthers sagittate, the cells at base very obtuse or 
retuse : stipe as long as the body of the capsule. — Shaueria linearifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 123: referred by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114, to Dianthera, but it cannot properly 
be included in that genus. — Western Texas; on hills between the Limpio Pass and the Rio 
Grande, Wright. Burro Mountains and Great Cafion of the Rio Grande, Bigelow, Parry. 

C. Arizénica, Gray, 1.c. Apparently low, diffuse: leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 or 3 
lines long: flowers sparsely spicate on filifgrm branchlets: bracts subulate, shorter than 
the calyx: bractlets minute or none: calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes subulate: lobes of the 
bright purple corolla 4 lines long, thrice the length of the narrow tube, narrowly oblong, 
or the posterior broader above and with a yellow spot on the face, contracted below: fila- 
ments glabrous: anthers oblong: stipe shorter than the body of the capsule. — Arizona, on 
rocks near Camp Grant, Palmer, 1867. 


8. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. (Anoos, unequal, and éxar6oc, the Acan- 
thus.) — Suffruticose or shrubby plants (of Mexico and its borders); with mostly 
lanceolate and entire petioled leaves, and usually loosely spicate or scattered red 
(an inch or more long) flowers: branches apt to be pubescent in alternate lines. — 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1117. 


A. ptmilus, Nees. Low shrub, nearly glabrous: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 
(about 18 lines long) ; the larger short-petioled: calyx pubescent or tomentulose, 5-parted ; 
the subulate or linear lobes about equalling the stipe of the capsule, which is not longer 
than the body: corolla red or reddish.— DC. Prodr. xi. 445. Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 128.— 8. Arizona, Wright, Wheeler. Probably not distinct from A. virgularis, 
Nees, the Justicia coccinea, Cav. and J. virgularis, Salisb. (Mex.) 

A. Thurberi. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high: young parts minutely hirsute: leaves oblong or 
lanceolate (an inch or less long), thickish, subsessile: flowers more pedicellate, in short 
leafy clusters at the axils: calyx-lobes long-attenuate, equalling the pointed capsule, twice 
the length of its stipe: corolla red, more funnelform ; its lobes little shorter than the tube. 
— Drejera Thurberi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 124.—S. New Mexico and Arizona, Thurber, 
Capt. Smith, Palmer. 

A. Wrightii. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or the foliage glabrous, panicu- 
lately branched: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (an inch or two 
long): spikes loosely paniculate, naked: lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, very much (commonly thrice) shorter than the stipe of the pointed capsule 
(stipe 3 to 5 and capsule 38 or 4 lines long): corolla purplish-red, inch and a half long, with 
lobes considerably shorter than tube. — Drejera Wrightii, Torr. 1.c.—S. and W. Texas, 
between the Guadaloupe and the Rio Grande, Wright, &e. 

A. Gricon, Drejera Greggii, Torr. 1. ¢., of northern part of Mexico, has leaves as the 
last species, but more pubescent and veiny, longer and slender corolla, with linear lobes 
longer than the tube, tomentose calyx 5-cleft only to the middle, and the single capsule 
seen is obovate and obtuse or retuse, on a stipe of thrice its length and double the length 
of the calyx. 


9. SIPHONOGLOSSA, Oersted. (Siar, tube, and yldccu, tongue.) — 


Herbaceous or barely suffrutescent, chiefly Mexican. 


S. Pilosélla, Torr. Low, branching from a suffrutescent base, hirsute with scattered 
spreading hairs: leaves ovate or oval, subsessile (5 to 15 linés long): flowers mostly soli- 
tary in the axils: sepals 5, subulate: corolla pale blue or purple, with tube 8 or 9 and limb 
8 or 4 lines long: lower anther-cell conspicuously mucronate-calcarate at base; upper less 
so at apex: seeds cordate-orbicular, rugulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 134. Adhatoda diptera- 
cantha, Nees in DC. 1. c. 896. Monechma Pilosella, Nees, 1. c. 412. — Dry ground, Texas and 
S. New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

S. longifi6ra. Glabrous, or the slender stems cinereous-puberulent, barely a foot high: 
leaves lanceolate, glabrous, short-petioled, an inch or two long: flowers clustered in upper 


Dianthera. ACANTHACER. 329 


axils: corolla (white or yellowish-white) with tube inch and a half long: lower anther- 
cell mucronate-appendaged at base. — Adhatoda ? longiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.— 
S. Arizona, Schott, Rothrock. 


10. BELOPERONE, Nees. (Béhog, an arrow or dart, and mevdvn, some- 


thing pointed.) — Shrubby plants ; with red flowers, all but the following tropical 
American. 


B. Californica, Benth. Low shrub, with spreading often leafless branches, tomentose 
or cinereous-puberulent: leaves ovate, oval, or subcordate, petioled: racemes terminating 
the branches, short, several-many-flowered: bracts and bractlets small, deciduous: calyx 
deeply 5-parted ; lobes subulate-lanceolate: corolla dull scarlet, an inch long; both the lips 
oblong and truncate; lower 3-lobed at apex : anther-cells oval; lower mucronate at base: 
capsule obtuse, with broad and long stipe-like base obcompressed: seeds turgid, glabrous, 
coarsely rugose.— Bot. Sulph. 38; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 588. Jacobinia Californica, Nees 
in DC. l.c. 729. Sericographis Californica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.— Desert region 
along the southern borders of California, and Lower California. 


11. JUSTICIA, Houston, L. (James Justice, a Scotch cultivator and ama- 
teur.) —A large and widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical, represented here 
by a single anomalous and little known plant. 


J. Wrightii. A span or less high and much branched from a suffrutescent base, cinereous- 
puberulent: leaves rigid, 3 or 4 lines long, sessile ; lowest obovate; upper linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate-acute : flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils; bractlets similar to the sub- 
tending leaf: corolla purplish, 4 lines long, somewhat campanulate ; upper lip with a broad 
emargination and two short narrow: lobes; lower larger with oval-obovate lobes: anther- 
cells oblong; the lower abruptly short-calcarate; the upper smaller and mucronate at base 
(fruit not seen: ovules 4).— Calcareous hills along the San Felipe, W. Texas, Wright (no. 
445 of Ist coll.). 


12. DIANTHERA, Gronov. (Ais, double, and dv6ypd, blooming, used for 
anther.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, mostly American and of warm regions, various 
in inflorescence and habit: fl. summer. — Fhytiglossa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 335. 


§ 1. Eupranrufra. Flowers capitate or spicate on a long and naked axillary 
peduncle: bracts and bractlets subulate or linear: tube of the (purple or violet) 
corolla shorter or not longer than the limb: glabrous perennials. 

D. crassifélia, Chapm. Stem barely a foot high, simple or sparingly branched: 
leaves few in distant pairs, fleshy, linear, or the lowest spatulate-lanceolate and short, and 
the upper filiform and elongated (4 to 6 inches), about the length of the 2-6-flowered 
peduncles: corolla an inch long, bright purple: capsule (with the long stipe) of the same 
length. — Fl. 304. — Apalachicola, Florida, in wet pine barrens, Chapman. 

D. Americana, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-angled: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
3 or 4 inches long, tapering at base, subsessile: peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves, 
capitately several-flowered: corolla pale violet or whitish, less than half inch long; base 
of lower lip rugose. — Spec. i. 27; Gray, Man. ed. i. 293. D. ensiformis, Walt. Car. 63. 
Justicia linearifolia, Lam. Ill. i. 41. J. pedunculosa, Michx. Fl. i. 7. J. Americana, Vahl, 
Enum. i. 140. Rhytiqlossa pedunculosa, Nees in DC. 1. c. 339.—In water, Canada to South 
Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas. 

D. humilis, Engelm. & Gray. Stems a span to a foot high from a creeping base or 
rootstock, mostly slender: leaves from oblong or obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses- 
sile or slightly petioled, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers at length scattered in slender spikes on 
a peduncle shorter than the leaf: bract and bractlets much shorter than the 5 equal subu- 
late-linear calyx-lobes : corolla violet or pale purple, 4 or 5 lines long: anther-cells more or 
less mucronate at base.— Pl. Lindh. i.22. D. ovata, Walt. Car. 63; Chapm. Fl. 304 
(with var. lanceolata & angusta), a misleading name, as the leaves are never so broad 


330 ACANTHACES. Dianthera. 


as ovate. Justicia humilis, Michx. Fl. i.8; Pursh, Fl. i.138; Vahl, Enum. i. 43. Rhyti- 
glossa humilis, Nees, 1. c. 840. R. obtusifolia, Nees, 1. c. 338, as to N, Am. plant *— Muddy 
borders of streams, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Texas. Narrowest leaved forms much 
resemble the tropical D. pectoralis, which has smaller flowers and fifth sepal small. 

D. parviflora, Drejera parviflora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861, is like the 
preceding, so far as an imperfect specimen shows: but leaves shorter (an inch or so long), 
lanceolate from a broader and rounded subsessile base, the younger with a few hairs, and 
the inflorescence puberulent, with also some short-stipitate glands. — W. Texas, Buckley. 


§ 2. Anomalous species, cinereous-pubescent: flowers small, in the axils of 
ordinary leaves and in slender spikes terminating the branches. (D. Sagreana, 
Griseb. with somewhat similar habit, is Justicia Sagreana, the lower anther-cell 
calcarate.) 


D. parvifdélia. Much branched from a somewhat woody root or base, a span or more 
high, erect or diffuse: leaves ovate, 3 to 8 lines long, petioled; upper axils floriferous: 
flowering branches mostly extended into slender sparsely-flowered spikes: bracts with 
bractlets and sepals subulate, small: corolla white or purple, 4 lines long; the lips nearly 
equal and about the length of the rather broad tube: anther-cells separated by a narrow 
connective, somewhat oblique and one a little lower. — Shaueria parvifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 122.— Dry soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Wriyht, Schott, Lindheimer, &c. Re- 
ferred to this genus on the authority of Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114. 


13. GATESIA, Gray. (In memory of Dr. Hezekiah Gates, who almost half 
a century ago made and distributed a collection of Alabama plants, upon one of 
which, viz. Petalostemon corymbosus, mistaken for a Composita, Bertoloni founded 
his genus Gatesia.) — Single species : fl. summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 365. 


G. leete-virens, Gray, l.c. Perennial herb a foot or two high, puberulent or almost 
glabrous: stem when dry with a contracted ring above each node, as if articulated: leaves 
bright green, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oval and acuminate at both ends (2} to 
5 inches long), petioled: flowers in oblong and somewhat strobilaceous usually short- 
peduncled spikes, both terminal and axillary: bracts oval or obovate with narrowed base, 
mucronate, hirsute-ciliate (half inch long): bractlets similar but smaller, about half the 
length of the clavate-oblong firm-coriaceous capsule: calyx somewhat glumaceous, deeply 
5-parted ; lobes setaceous-subulate, sparingly hirsute-ciliate, the innermost smaller: corolla 
white or flesh-color, almost salverform (about half inch and the lobes 2 lines long); stipe- 
like base shorter than the body of the 4-seeded capsule. — Justicia lete-virens, Buckley in Am. 
Jour. Sci. xlv. 176 (1843). Rhytiglossa viridiflora (meant for viridifolia), Nees in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 846. Dicliptera Halei, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. in N. Orl. Med. Jour. 1852; Chapm. Fl. 
305. — Shady damp ground, Northern Alabama, Buckley, Cabell, Beaumont. Lookout Moun- 
tain, Tennessee, A. H. Curtiss. W. Louisiana, Hale. Eastern Texas, Wright. “ Flowers open- 
ing in the night: corolla dropping early next day,” Dr. Cabell. More allied ta Tetramerium 
than to Dianthera, having only the capsule of the latter, and the bractlets of Dictiptera. 


14, TETRAMERIUM, Nees. (Teroopegre, quadripartite, limb of corolla 
4-parted.) — Low perennial herbs, or barely suffrutescent at base (of and near 
Mexico) ; with oblong or ovate and petioled leaves, dense spike terminating stem 
and branches, its 4-ranked bracts imbricated and little exceeded by the (white or 
purplish). corollas. — Bot. Sulph. 147, & DC. Prodr. xi. 467. (Henrya, Nees, 
referred here in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1121, is distinguished by its small, 
primary bract, or ordinary leaf in place of it, and conspicuous herbaceous bractlets, 
as of Diclhptera, which are usually vaginate and connate.) 

T. hispidum, Nees, |. c. Hirsute-pubescent, and the ovate or oblong strongly 3-5- 
nerved spinulose-pointed bracts hispid: leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long: calyx 4-parted: 


lobes of the corolla shorter than its tube: seeds muriculate.— J. nervosum, var., Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.—§. Arizona to the borders of Texas. (Mex.) 


Dicliptera. ACANTHACES. 331 


T. platystégium, Torr. 1.c. Scabrous-puberulent, not at all hirsute: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate: bracts subcordate, mucronate-acuminate (half or two-thirds inch long), lightly 
3-5-plinerved and veiny: bractlets minute and subulate: calyx 5-parted: tube of purple 
corolla longer than the narrowly oblong lobes : seeds muriculate-scabrous. — 8. borders of 
Texas, near Ringgold Barracks on the Rio Grande, Schott. 


15. DICLIPTERA, Juss. (zhiy, two-valved, and mteoov, Wing : applies 
to the involucre of the typical species, but was explained to relate to the bipar- 
tition and separation of the two parts of each valve of the capsule after dehiscence.) 
— Chiefly herbs, dispersed over the warmer regions of the world. FJ. summer. 
Corolla often seemingly resupinate as relates to primary axis, on account of the 
cymose inflorescence or the evolution of more than one flower in the involucre. 
Leaves petiolate. In the disruption of the valves of the capsule, the sides are 
usually carried away with the placenta, leaving only a stalk-like base. 


§ 1. Eupictirrera. Bractlets of the flat involucre a single pair and broad, 
opposite : internal bractlets small and thin like the sepals: anther-cells oval, dis- 
joined, one nearly over the other. 


D. resupinata, Juss. A span to a foot or two high from an annual or perennial root, 
nearly glabrous: stem G-angled: leaves from ovate to lanceolate or oblong: involucres on 
naked simple or commonly trifid peduncles, 1-3-flowered, rotund- or deltoid-subcordate, 
rarely round-oborate, very flat, a third to half inch long and nearly as wide: lobes of the 
purple corolla obovate. — Ann. Mus. ix. 268; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474; Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 125. Justicia serangularis, Cav. Ic. iii. 2, t. 203. J. resupinata, Vahl, Enum. i. 114. 
Dicliptera thiasproides, Nees, 1. c.? §. Arizona (and California ? Coulter), Thurber, Schott, 
Wright, &ce. (Mex.) 

D. brachiata, Spreng. A foot or two high, from almost glabrous to pilose-pubescent: 
stem G6-angled, rather slender, with numerous spreading branches: leaves oblong-ovate, 
mostly acuminate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled: involucres clus- 
tered in the axils and more or less paniculate, short-peduncled and subsessile, somewhat 
convex, or at length ventricose, its valves narrowed at base, 3 to 5 lines long, from broadly 
obovate with rounded summit to spatulate-oblong, often unequal, frequently mucronate or 
mucronulate: lobes of the purple or flesh-colored corolla clongated-oblong, half inch or 
less long, about the length of the slender curved tube. — Syst. i. 86; Nees, 1]. c.; Chapm. 
Fl. 305. D. resupinata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 183, not Vahl. D. glandulosa, 
Scheele in Linn. xxi. 765, a villous-pubescent form.— Shady and moist ground, N. Caro- 
lina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. attenuata, a form with the involucral valves narrower, spatulate or oblong, and 
cuspidate-acuminate ; and attenuate-acuminate leaves on long (sometimes 2 inch) petioles. 
—E. Texas, Wright. Also Arkansas, Nuttall: therefore his D. resupinata, in part; but not 
according to his character “ bracteis bivalvibus subcordatis.” 

§ 2. DactyLostéaium. Bractlets 2 and narrow, and at base supplemented by 
and sometimes partially concreted with a smaller and alternate pair, being the 
outer and larger of the internal bractlets: anthers oblong-sagittate, the cells 
usually parallel and equal: flowers loosely secund-spicate or paniculate : primary 
bracts small and subulate. — Dactylostegium, Nees in Fl. Bras., Oersted. § Dac- 
tylostegie, Nees in DC. Prodr. 

D. asstrgens, Juss. 1.c. Glabrous or puberulent: stem 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate 
branches: leaves ovate, acuminate, or the smaller upper ones oblong and obtuse: invol- 
ucres chiefly sessile and rather sparse in the slender simple or paniculate spikes: principal 
bractlets of the involucre linear-spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long, 1-nerved, mucronate, nearly 
twice the length of the slender-subulate interior ones: corolla much exserted, an inch long, 
red or crimson, arcuate; the nearly entire lanccolate-oblong lips shorter than the upwardly 
ampliate tube. — Nees in DC. 1.c. 489; Chapm. Fl. 305. Justicia assurgens, L. (P. Browne, 
Jam. 110, t. 2, fig. 1.) — Eastern S. Florida. (W. Ind., Centr. Am.) 


8382 SELAGINACEZ. Gymnandra. 


Orper CII. SELAGINACEA. 


Shrubs or herbs, of various habit, confined to the southern hemisphere, except 
two anomalous northern genera of dubious association, in character most like 
Verbenacee, but.the solitary ovules anatropous and suspended, and the radicle 
of the terete straight embryo superior. 


1. GYMNANDRA, Pall. (Tuprog, naked, évjo, man ; stamens somewhat 
protruding.) — Calyx spathaceous, cleft anteriorly, entire or 2~-3-toothed pos- 
teriorly. Corolla tubular, ampliate at the throat; limb 2-labiate; upper lip 
entire, erose- 2-3-crenulate, or 2-cleft; lower usually longer, 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, 
inserted in the throat of the corolla, not surpassing its lobes: anthers versatile, 
confluently 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovulate: style filiform and elongated: 
stigma subcapitate or 2-lobed. Fruit dry or slightly drupaceous, small, included 
in the calyx and marcescent corolla, separating into two akene-like nutlets, or one 
of them often abortive. Seed suspended: embryo a little shorter than the fleshy 
albumen. — Perennial and subcaulescent glabrous herbs; with the aspect of Syn- 
thyris in Scrophulariacee (p. 285) ; rootstock somewhat creeping: leaves alter- 
nate; the radical obovate or oblong and petioled; those of the scapiform and 
simple flowering stem sessile: flowers in a dense terminal spike, each solitary 
and sessile in the axil of a bract: corolla bluish. A few montane and arctic 
Asiatic species, two of them reaching N. America. — Pall. It. iii. 710; Choisy in 
DC. Prodr. xii. 24; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1130. 


G. Gmélini, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat robust, a span to a foot high: radical leaves 
ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends, repand-crenate (2 to 4 inches long): cauline 
smaller, passing into bracts of the dense and thick oblong spike: stamens much shorter 
than the upper lip of the corolla, exceeding the style. — Linn. ii. 561; Hook. FI. ii. 102. 
G. borealis, var., Pall. l.c. G. ovata & reniformis, Willd. Lagolis glauca, Geertn. in Nov. Comm. 
Petrop. xiv. 533, t. 18, fig. 2. (Bartsia gynnandra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 480, referred here as to 
plant of Columbia River, is probably Synthyris rubra.) — Unalaska, Popoff Islands, &c., 
recently coll. by Harrington and Elliott. (Kamts., &c.) 


G. Stélleri, Cham. & Schl, |. c. Slender and smaller: radical leaves oblong, acute, 
more attenuate at base, unequally and obtusely serrate: stamens about equalling the 
upper lip of the corolla, shorter than the style. — Hook. 1. ¢. G. minor, dentata, & gracils, 
Willd. — Kotzebue Sound, Lay & Collie. Arctic coast, Richardson. Perhaps Island of St. 
Lawrence, Chamisso. St. Paul’s Island, Elliott. (Arctic Asia.) 


Orver CII]. VERBENACE. 


Herbs or shrubs (in tropical regions some are trees), with chiefly opposite or 
verticillate leaves, no stipules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, with lobes 
imbricated in the bud, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two 
stigmas, an undivided mostly 2-carpellary but. more or less completely 2—4-celled 
(rarely 8-locellate) ovary, a pair of ovules to each carpel (one to each locellus or 
half-carpel) ; the fruit either drupaceous and 2—4-pyrenous, or dry and separating 
at maturity into as many nutlets; embryo straight, and in true Verbenacee with 
the radicle inferior. Phryma, appended to this order for lack of other affinity, 
is a notable exception. Albumen in our genera scanty or none. Inflorescence 
various. Foliage sometimes aromatic. 


VERBENACE. 333 


Trine I. PHRYMEZ. Ovary one-celled, and with a single erect or ascending 
orthotropous ovule. Seed without albumen. Radicle superior: cotyledons broad, 
convolute round their axis. Inflorescence centripetal. 


. PHRYMA. Calyx cylindraceous, bilabiate; upper lip of 8 setaceous-subulate teeth ; 
lower of 2 short subulate teeth. Corolla with cylindrical tube equalling the upper lip of 
the calyx, and a bilabiate limb: upper lip almost erect, emarginate; lower much larger, 
spreading, 3lobed. Stamens didynamous, included : anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
Style slender: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a dry akene in the bottom of the calyx. Calyx 
abruptly reflexed on the axis of the spike in fruit, strongly ribbed, and closed by the 
narrowing of the orifice: the long slender teeth hooked at the tip. 


~ 


Tribe TI. VERBENE.Z. Ovary, or at least the fruit, with 2 to 8 cells or nutlets: 
ovules anatropous or nearly so, erect. Radicle accordingly inferior. Inflorescence 
centripetal and simple; the flowers in the spike commonly alternate: bractlets 
none. Leaves simple, sometimes divided, but not compound. Stamens in our 
genera included and distinctly didynamous. 

* Flowers spicate or capitate. 
+ Calyx ampliate-globular and closed over the fruit. 

2. PRIVA. Flowers slender-spicate. Calyx at first cylindraceous, with 5 ribs produced 
into short teeth, membranaceous and enlarging with and closely investing the dry indu- 
rated fruit, which splits into a pair of 2-locellate or by abortion 1-locellate nutlets. 
Corolla salverform, 5-lobed, obscurely bilabiate. 

+ + Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit : 
corolla salverform; limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed: akene-like nutlets 
1-celled, 1-seeded. 

38. STACHYTARPHETA. Perfect stamens 2 (the anterior pair) and with divaricate 
vertical anther-cells: posterior reduced to sterile filaments. Stigma terminal, orbicular, 
subcapitate. Fruit separating into 2 oblong-lincar nutlets. 

4, BOUCHEA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate, the cells parallel. Stigma 2-lobed, 
one lobe abortive, the other subclavate-stigmatose. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. 
Seed linear. 

5. VERBENA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate; the cells nearly parallel. Stigma mostly 
2-lobed ; anterior lobe larger; posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets. 
+ + + Calyx small and short: anthers short, the cells parallel: cells of the ovary and 

nutlets of the fruit 2, one-seeded: style mostly short: stigma thickish, mostly oblique. 

6. LIPPIA. Calyx 2-4-cleft or toothed, ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and 
bicarinate, enclosing the dry fruit, which separates into 2 nutlets. Limb of corolla 
oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed. 

7. LANTANA. Calyx very small and membranaceous, truncate or sinuate-toothed. 
Limb of the corolla not bilabiate, obscurely irregular, 4-5-parted; the broad lobes obtuse 
or retuse; tube slender. Fruit drupaceous, merely girt at base by the calyx, fleshy or 
juicy ; its nutlets bony, mostly roughened. 

* #* Flowers in open racemes, minutely bracteate: calyx tubular-campanulate, with trun- 
cate minutely 5-toothed border: corolla salverform ; the 5-parted limb somewhat oblique 
or unequal: anther-cells parallel: ovules amphitropous: drupe juicy, containing 2 to 4 
bilocellate 2-seeded bony nutlets: subtropical and tropical shrubs or trees. 

8. CITHAREXYLUM. Calyx in fruit girting the base of the drupe. Stigmas 2. Nut- 
lets 2.° Sterile fifth stamen present, rarely antherifcrous. 

9. DURANTA. Calyx in fruit ampliate and enclosing the drupe. Corolla commonly 
curved. Stigma unequally 4-lobed. Nutlets 4: seeds therefore 8. 


Tripe III. VITICEZ. Ovary, embryo, &c., of the preceding tribe. Ovules later- 
ally affixed, amphitropous. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose. 
10. CALLICARPA. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous in calyx and corolla), nearly regu- 
lar. Calyx short, sinuately toothed. Corolla with short or campanulate tube. Stamens 
4, equal, exserted: anthers short; cells parallel. Style elongated: stigma capitate or 
2-lobed. Baccate drupe small, the base subtended by the calyx, containing 4 small 
1-seeded nutlets or by abortion fewer. Cymes axillary. 


Trine IV. AVICENNIEZ. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with a central 4-winged 
columella bearing 4 pendulous amphitropous ovules, these and the solitary seed des- 


334 VERBENACEZ. Phryma. 


titute of any coats. Fruit fleshy-capsular. Seed consisting solely of a large 
embryo, which begins germination at or before dehiscence: radicle villous, inferior: 
cotyledons large, amygdaloid, conduplicate longitudinally: plumule conspicuous. 
Flowers glomerate (inflorescence contaliugal); the capituliform clusters variously 
disposed. 

11. AVICENNIA. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla with short campan- 


ulate tube, and slightly irregular 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal 
and exserted. Style short or none. Stigmas 2. Fruit compressed, 2-valved. 


1. PHRYMA, L. Lopseep. (An unexplained name, substituted by Lin- 
neus for Leptostachya, Mitch. in Act. Phys.-Med. Nat. Cur. viii. 212, 1748.) — 
Single species. 

P. Leptostachya, L. Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, somewhat pubescent: 
leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; lower ones long-petioled: flowers small and 
inconspicuous, sessile in slender and filiform at length much elongated terminal spikes, 
purplish, each in the axil of a setaceous bract and subtended by a pair of minute bractlets, 
at length strictly reflexed; the fructiferous calyx, detaching at maturity, apt to adhere to 
fleece and clothing by the hooked tips of the awn-like teeth in the manner of a bur. — 
Geertn. Fr. t. 75; Lam. Ill. t. 516; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 520.— Moist and open woods, 
Canada to Florida and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan to Nepal.) 


2. PRIVA, Adans. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Homely perennial 
herbs of warm climates; with petioled coarsely serrate leaves, and terminal spikes 
of small dull flowers, in summer. 

P. echinata, Juss. Somewhat pubescent: leaves ovate, somewhat cordate: flowers 
alternate in the slender spike: fruiting calyx hirsute with small hooked hairs: fruit ovate, 


4-angled, splitting into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded, spiny-toothed on the back. — Jacq. Obs. 
t. 24; Sloane, Jam. t. 110; Chapm. Fl. 206.—S. Florida. (Trop. Amer.) 


8. STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl. (Name formed of ordyus, spike, and 
tappeds, dense, therefore Stachytarpheia, originally misprinted by mistaking the 
penultimate letter. Abbreviated to Stachytarpha by Link and some succeeding 
authors.) — Tropical herbs or undershrubs, chiefly American; with mostly ser- 
rate and sometimes alternate leaves, and dense terminal spikes; the flowers, or 
at least the fruiting calyx, often half immersed in longitudinal excavations of the 
stout rhachis, subtended each by a small and usually paleaceous bract. 

S. Jamaicénsis, Vahl. Annual, but suffrutescent, glabrate: leaves oval or oblong, 
coarsely serrate, tapering into the petiole: spike as thick as a goose-quill, 6 to 10 inches 
long: bracts appressed, striate, aristulate-acuminate: flowers sunk in deep excavations of 
the thickening rhachis: calyx becoming compressed and 2-cleft: corolla blue, its border 
4 lines broad.— Enum. i. 206 (Sloane, Jam. t. 107; Desc. Ant. vi. t. 692); Chapm. Fl. 
308. Verbena Jamaicensis, L.—S§. Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.) 


4. BOUCHEA, Cham. (Charles and Peter Bouché, Berlin gardeners.) — 
Between the preceding and following genera, American, African, and Indian: 
flowers not immersed in the slender rhachis of the spike ; in summer. 


§ 1. Leaves petioled and serrate (as in the genus generally) : flowers small. 


B. Ehrenbérgii, Cham. Annual, a span to 2 feet high, barely puberulent, brachiately 
branched: leaves ovate or oval: spikes short: flowers crowded: corolla little exserted, 
bluish, 3 lines long: tip of fruit exserted from the shortish tube of calyx.— Linn. vii. 253; 
Schauer in NC. Prodr. xi. 558; Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 126. Verbena prismatica, Jacq. 
Ic. Rar. t. 208.—S. Arizona, Diavber, Wright. (Mex. & W. Ind. to Venezuela.) 


Verbena. VERBENACE. 335 


§ 2. Leaves sessile or nearly so and entire: spikes lax : tube of (purple or white) 
corolla exserted, and limb 6 to 9 lines broad: fruit somewhat shorter than the 
narrow cylindrical calyx-tube. Peculiar species. 


B. spatulata, Torr. Suffrutescent, puberulent: branches terete, very leafy: leaves 
thickish, obovate, entire, obtuse, mucronate (9 lines long); upper ones passing into similar 
foliaceous bracts; uppermost lanceolate, about equalling the calyx.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 
126. —S. W. Texas, cafion of the Rio Grande, near Mount Carmel, Parry. 

B. linifélia, Gray. Fastigiately and alternately branched from a perennial or suffrutes- 
cent base, a foot or two high, glabrous and smooth: branches rigid, striate-angled and 
sulcate, very leafy: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, 1-nerved; upper- 
most passing into bracts of the loose spike: upper bracts subulate, much shorter than the 
slightly pedicellate striate calyx: throat of corolla funnelform.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 
xvi. 98; Torr. 1. c.— Dry bed or banks of the San Pedro and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, 
Wright, Schott. 


8. VERBENA, Tourn. Vervarn. (Roman name of a sacred herb, of 
Celtic derivation.) — A large genus of herbs (or a few S. American species suf- 
fruticose), chiefly American, some mere weeds, some ornamental; fl. summer. 
Spontaneous hybrids abound, not here to be described; many are noted by En- 
gelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. (1843) 99. 


§ 1. Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes: anthers unappen- 
daged. 
%* Spikes filiform, with the flowers or at least the fruits scattered, naked, and the inconspicuous 
bracts shorter than the calyx. 
+— Leaves 1-2-pinnately cleft or incised, sessile or nearly so. 

V. orricinAuis, L. Annual, slender: stem glabrous or nearly so: leaves minutely strigu- 
lose-pubescent, chiefly once or twice pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft ; lower obovate, sometimes only 
incised, narrowed below into a tapering base ; uppermost lanceolate: spikes very slender, 
solitary or panicled: bracts shorter than calyx: lobes of the small purplish corolla usually 
less than a line long.—Fl. Dan. t. 628; Lam. Ill. t.17. V. officinalis & V. spuria, L. 
Spec. i. 18.— Road-sides and old fields, New Jersey to Texas, Arizona, and S. California. 
(Nat. from Eu., &c.) 

V. xttha, Lehm. Stouter and taller (2 or 3 feet high, from a perennial root ?), hirsute- 
pubescent: leaves more or less canescent, incisely pinnatifid or laciniate, or some of the 
lower 3-parted; lobes coarsely toothed: flowers more crowded in the strict spikes, larger: 
bracts equalling the calyx: lobes of the purple or blue corolla commonly a line and a half 
long. — Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1834, & Linn. x. Literb. 115. V. strigosa, Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bot. 
Mag. i.176, not Cham. V. Luceana, Walp. Rep. iv. 23; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 547. 
V. cerulea, Vatke in App. Ind. Sem. hort. Berol. 1876, 1. V. sororia, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 
104, & Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 202, is perhaps the same species. — Louisiana and Texas, southern 
borders of California. (Mex.) 

+— + Leaves merely serrate, or sometimes sparingly incised: root perennial. 

V. urticeefolia, L. From minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous, 3 to 5 feet 
high: leaves thin, petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or 
doubly serrate: spikes slender-filiform, panicled, more or less sparsely flowered: bracts 
ovate, acuminate, shorter than the short calyx: corolla a line or two, and lobes only half 
a line long, white, sometimes bluish or purplish. — Waste or open grounds, Canada to 
Texas, &c. (Trop. Am.) 

V. polystachya, HBK. Less tall, more scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, panicu- 
lately branched: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), sessile by a 
narrowed base or short-petioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, occasionally somewhat 
lobed: spikes thicker and denser than in the preceding. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 608. V. poly- 
stachya, biserrata, & veronicceefolia? HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. ii. 274, &e. V. Caroliniensis, 
Dill. Elth. ii. 407, t. 301, fig. 888: therefore V. Curolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 29, but not in 
Carolina. V. Caroliniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 748; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156; Schauer 
in DC. 1. c. 546. California and Arizona: rare. (Mex.) 


336 VERBEN ACE. Verbena. 


V. Carolinidna, Michx. Cinereous-puberulent and scabrous-pubescent: stems mostly 
simple, ascending, from 6 inches to 2 feet high, including the commonly solitary long and 
virgate spike: leaves oblong and the lowest obovate, obtuse, sessile, finely and often doubly 
serrate : flowers in the upper part of the spike crowded : bracts subulate, equalling the calyx: 
corolla flesh-color; the lower lobe a line long, the others shorter. — Fl. ii. 18; Ell. Sk. ii. 99. 
Phryma Carolimensis, Walt. Car. 166. Verbena Caroliniana, Ray, and as to this at least 
V. Carolina, L., but seemingly not V. Carolinensis, Dill. Elth. V. carnea, Med. ex Schauer 
in DC. lc. 545.— Pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

* * Spikes thicker or densely-flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other or 
imbricated: bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers: root perennial. 

+— Pubescence short, sparse and hirsute or scabrous: spikes dense, strict, naked at base or more 
or less peduncled: stem erect. 

V. angustifdlia, Michx. 1.c. Stem and spikes often simple, a foot or two high: leaves 
linear or lanceolate, coarsely rugose-veiny, serrate, tapering into nearly sessile base: 
corolla purple or lilac (3 lines long). — V. rugosa, Willd. Enum. 633. V. simplex, Lehm. 
Pugill. i. 87.— Dry or sandy ground, Massachusetts (Amherst) to Wisconsin and Florida. 

V. hastata, L. Tall, 8 to 6 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 
coarsely or incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate-3-lobed at 
base: spikes numerous in a panicle: corolla blue. — V. paniculata, Lam.; Bot. Mag. t. 1102; 
name applied to the form which wants the 3-lobed leaves; the better but the later name 
for the species. — Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, New Mexico, and (according to 
Torrey in Wilkes Exped. Bot.) California: chiefly waste grounds and road-sides. — Var. 
pinnatifida, Schauer ( V. pinnatifida, Lam.), is a probable hybrid, of occasional occurrence. 
+— + Pubescence softer and denser, commonly cinereous or canescent: spikes mostly sessile or 

leafy-bracted at base. 

V. stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high: leaves cinereous with dense 
soft-hirsute-villous pubescence, thickish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, very 
sharply and densely mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised: spikes comparatively thick, 
dense both in flower and fruit, canescent: bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calyx: 
corolla blue (4 or 5 lines long): nutlets linear.— Hort. Cels, t. 53. V. rigens, Michx. FI. 
ii. 14. V. cuneifolia, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y. xi. 260?— Barrens and prairies, Ohio to 
Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico, where a hybrid occurs between it and V. bracteosa. 
V. lanceolata, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 118, may be one of the hybrids between 
V. stricta and V. angustifolia which occur at St. Louis. 

V. prostrata, R. Br. Diffusely spreading, at length much branched, from soft-villous 
to hirsute: leaves obovate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, 
veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3—-5-cleft: spikes solitary or somewhat clustered, 
elongated, hirsute or villous, dense when in flower: bracts subulate, shorter than the 
calyx: corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long: nutlets oblong.— Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41; 
Schauer, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 609. V. lasiostachys, Link; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
156. — Plains and open grounds, throughout W. California. Very variable. 

* % Spikes (either thickish or slender) sessile and bracteose, i.e. the rigid and somewhat foliaceous 
bracts, or some of them, surpassing the flowers: root annual or becoming lignescent-perennial. 

V. bracteésa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, hirsute: 
leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a short margined petiole, 
pinnately incised or 3-cleft, and coarsely dentate: spikes terminating the branches, thick: 
lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid, 
sparsely hispid, all exceeding the flowers: corolla purplish or blue, very small: nutlets 
with a broad and strongly convex or 2-facetted granulate-scabrous commissure. — FL. ii. 
18; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. V. squarrosa, Roth, Catal. Bot. iii. 3. V. canescens? Chapm. 
Fl. 307, not HBK. — Prairies and open waste grounds, Wisconsin to W. Florida, and west 
to Oregon, California, and Arizona. 

Var. brevibractedta, a peculiar form, with dense spikes, most of the bracts little 
longer than the flowers, and the uppermost barely equalling them, in fruit all ascending or 
appressed. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

V. canéscens, HBK. Much branched from the base, ascending or erect, canescent- 
hirsute: leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate-obovate, contracted into a margined base, 
rigid, sharply toothed, incised, or some of them pinnatifid: spikes solitary, filiform, 
mostly loosely-flowered: bracts subulate, the lower almost foliifarm and more or less ex- 


Verbena. VERBENACE.E. 337 


ceeding the flowers, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and only equalling them: corolla 
bluish (about 2 lines long): nutlets with a narrower almost smooth commissure. — IIBK. 
Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 274, t. 136. V. gracilis, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 303. V. remota, Benth. 
Hartw. 21. V. Remeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755? — Dry open grounds, W. Texas to 
S. California. (Mex.) i 

Var. Neo-Mexicana. Stems rather strict and slender: leaves bipinnately cleft or 
almost parted: bracts not longer than the calyx.— V. officinalis, var. hirsuta, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 28. — Borders of thickets near the Coppermines, New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow. 
Appears as if a hybrid between V. canescens and V. officinalis. §, Arizona, similar in foliage 
but with long bracts, Rothrock. 


§ 2. Flowers more showy, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit: 
anthers of the longer stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective: tube of 
corolla at the upper part lined with reflexed bristly hairs, especially the anterior 
side: anther-cells slightly oblique or unequal. — Glanduwlaria, Gmelin, Nutt. 
Billardiera, Meench. Shuttleworthia, Meissner. Uwarowia, Bunge. 


%* Gland of the anthers small and short, sometimes inconspicuous, on the middle of the back: 
mainly fibrous-rooted perennials; but seedlings flowering as annuals: nutlets reticulate-rugulose, 
mostly scabrous on the commissure. Species difficult to distinguish, apparently passing into 
each other. 

V. ciliata, Benth. Low or depressed, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 3 to 10 inches high, 
diffusely spreading from an apparently annual root; the branches not creeping nor rooting 
at base: leaves once or twice 3-cleft or parted and variously incisely lobed, 6 to 12 lines 
long, with cuneate base contracted into a margined petiole; lobes from linear to oblong: 
spikes short-peduncled or sessile, dense, at most oblong: fructiferous calyx oblong, 24 or 3 
lines long, with short subulate teeth: limb of the purple or bluish corolla 2 to 4 lines 
broad: gland of the anthers usually very small. — Pl. Hartw. 21; Schauer in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 555; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 608.— Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona and the southern 
border of California. (Mex.) 

V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. A span toa foot high, hispid-hirsute, perennial, rooting from 
subterranean branches: leaves (14 to 4 inches long), bipinnately parted, or 5-parted into 
more or less bipinnatifid divisions ; the lobes commonly linear or rather broader: spikes 
in age elongated. bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostly surpassing the calyx: teeth of the 
latter slender, subulate-setaceous from a broader base, unequal: limb of the bluish-pur- 
ple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines broad; lobes obcordate: nutlets at maturity usually 
retrorsely muriculate-scabrous or hispidulous on the commissure. —Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 
123; Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 233; Schauer in DC. 1. ¢. 553. Glandularia bipinnatifida, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 184. — Plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas to 
the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, &c. Cult. as “V. montana.” 

V. Aublétia, L. <A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or root- 
ing base, perennial (as rightly said by Jacquin), slender, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or gla- 
brate: leaves (1 or 2 inches long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly 
cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 
3-cleft: spikes pedunculate, elongated in fruit: bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter 
than or equalling the similar slender and unequal teeth of the narrow calyx: limb of the 
reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla half or two-thirds inch broad: commissure of 
the nutlets minutely white-dotted or nearly smooth. —Jacq. Vind. ii. 82, t.176; L.f. Suppl. 
86; Bot. Mag. t. 308; Michx. Fl. ii. 13; Bot. Reg. t.294, t. 1925 (var. Drummondi) ; Schauer 
in DC. lc. 554. V. Obletia, Retz. V. longiflora, Lam. Buchnera Canadensis, L. Mant. 88. 
Glandularia Carolinensis, Gmel. Bulardiera explanata, Mench. V. Lamberti, Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 2200; Schauer, 1. c.; form with narrower and more incised leaves. V. Lamberti, var. 
rosea, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 363, with large and light-colored corolla (three-fourths 
inch wide, fragrant). — Open woods and prairies, Florida to Illinois, Arkansas, and New 
Mexico. (Mex.) Cult., variously mixed. 

* * Gland of the anthers oval, as high and almost as large as one of the cells: stem erect from an 
annual root. 

V. Wrightii. Hispidulous-pubescent: stem simple below, 2 feet high: leaves pinnately 
3-7-parted or deeply cleft, contracted at base into a margined petiole; lobes mostly lan- 


22 


338 VERBENACES. Verbena. 


ceolate, acute: fructiferous pedunculate spikes dense, oblong: fructiferous calyx with teeth 

very much shorter than the oblong tube: corolla light purple: nutlets, &c., of V. Aubletia. 

—Near Frontera, on the borders of Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, and Chihuahua, 

Wright (no. 1504). 

V. vendsa, Gillies & Hook., of 8S. America, one of the species cultivated for ornament, has 
escaped into prairies in the vicinity of Houston, Texas. 


6. LIPPIA, L. (Dr. A. Lippi, killed in Abyssinia early in the 18th cen- 
tury.) — Herbs or shrubs (American, mainly southern, a few African, &c., and one 
or two widely dispersed species) ; with spikes or heads of small flowers, in summer. 
Leaves often verticillate. 

§ 1. Axdéysta, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers in slender and naked spikes, 
with small and narrow bracts:.calyx about equally 4-cleft, herbaceous, often 
densely hirsute, the tube not compressed: nutlets thin-walled: shrubs, with foliage 
commonly sweet-aromatic. — Aloysia, Ortega. ‘(L. eitriodora, of Uruguay, with 
smooth calyx, &c., is the Lemon Verbena shrub, of cultivation.) 


L. lycioides, Steud. Shrub4to 10 feet high, with long and slender branches, sometimes 
spinescent, minutely puberulent: leaves (3 to 12 lines long) lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 
1-nerved, scabrous above, pale beneath, veinless, small and entire on flowering branches, 
larger and incised or few-toothed on strong sterile shoots: spikes axillary, racemose- 
panicled, filiform: flowers white or tinged violet (fragrance of vanilla). — Schauer in Fl. 
Bras. ix. t.86 & DC. Prodr. xi. 574. Verbena ligustrina, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 18. — Texas 
to Arizona and “California,” Coulter. (Mex., Uruguay, &c.) 

L. Wrightii, Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with many spreading slender branches, 
minutely canescent-tomentose: leaves (4 to 8 lines long) orbicular-ovate, crenate, rugose, 
abruptly short-petioled: spikes short-peduncled, densely flowered: calyx-teeth triangular: 
corolla white, glakrous within: “odor of Sage.” — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 98; Torr. in 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 126:— 8. W. Texas to Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Palmer, &c. (Adjacent 
Mex., where var. macrostachya, Torr. 1. c., approaches L. scorodonioides, HBK., of S. Am.) 


§.2. Zapdnia, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers capitate or in short and 
dense spikes, subtended and imbricated by broad bracts. 


* Bracts decussately 4-ranked, complicate-carinate, persistent: flowers very small. 


L. gravéolens, HBK. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high, cinereous with close pubescence : leaves 
ovate-oblong or oval, crenate reticulate-rugose, hirsute-pubescent above, canescent beneath, 
petioled: umbellate peduncles 3 to 6 in each axil, shorter than the leaves: bracts thin, 
ovate, acute, silky, shorter than the yellowish-white salverform corolla. — Nov. Gen. & 
Spec. ii. 266; Schauer, l.c. LZ. Berlandieri, Torr. 1. c., not Schauer. — Texas, along and 
near the Rio Grande. (Mex., &c.) 

* * Bracts several-ranked. concave or flattish: calyx thin, more or less compressed fore and aft 
and the sides carinate. — § Zapania, Schauer. u 
+— More or less shrubby, erect: heads on short axillary peduncles. 


L. geminata, HBK. 1.c. Pubescent leaves ovate or oblong, closely serrate, triplinerved, 
pinnately veined, and with rugose-reticulated veinlets, minutcly strigose above, canescently 
tomentose-pubescent beneath, petioled: peduncles mostly solitary in the axils, hardly 
longer than the petiole: head globular, at length cylindraceous: bracts broadly ovate, 
abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, villous-canescent, a little shorter than the purple or violet 
corolla. (Foliage with odor of citron.) — Verbena lantanoldes, L.—S. Texas on the Rio 
Grande. (Mex. to Uruguay.) 


% %* Herbaceous, procumbent or creeping: pubescence of fine and close hairs fixed by their middle 
and both ends acute: peduncles chiefly axillary and slender: bracts closely imbricated: calyx 
strongly flattened fore and aft, with carinate margins, and cleft into 2 lateral more or less con- 
duplicate lobes: limb of corolla manifestly bilabiate; the smaller upper one retuse or emarginate: 
pericarp crustaceous or corky, not readily separating into the two nutlets. 


L. cuneifdlia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a lignescent perennial base, procumbent 
(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, incisely 


Lantana. VERBENACES. 339 


2-6-toothed above the middle, nearly veinless, the midrib prominent: peduncles mostly 
shorter than the leaves: heads at length cylindraceous, almost half inch thick: bracts 
rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated summit: 
calyx deeply 2-cleft ; the lobes oblong and emarginate, shorter than the tube of the (white?) 
corolla: fruit oblong-oval.— Torr. in Marcy, Rep. 293, t. 17. Zapania cuneifolia, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 234.— Plains, Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona. 

L. nodiflodra, Michx. Creeping extensively, some branches ascending, “annual” or 
probably perennial, cinereous or greenish: leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile 
or nearly so, obscurely veiny or almost veinless, the long tapering base entire, sharply ser- 
rate from above the middle to the apex: peduncles filiform (1 to 4 inches long), much 
exceeding the leaves: heads cylindraccous in age, quarter inch thick: bracts mucronate or 
pointless : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate: corolla rose-purple or nearly white, short: 
fruit globose or didymous. — Fl. ii.15.  Zapania nodiflora, Lam. Ill. t.17. Verbena nodiflora, 
L.; Sibth. Fl. Greee. t. 553.— Low grounds, Georgia to Texas and southward : also Cali-. 
fornia. (Cosmopolite in torrid zone.) 

L. lanceolata, Michx. l.c. Like the preceding, and perhaps passes into it, but greener, 
minutely and sparsely strigulose: leaves thinner, mostly broader (name therefore inapt), 
varying from obovate and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a 
petiole, above sharply serrate, pinnately straight-veined; veins ending in the sinuses: 
corolla bluish-white.— Gray, Man. ed. 5, 341. Z. reptans, HBK. 1. c.2  Zapania lanceolata, 
Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 284. — River banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and Missouri, south to 
Florida and Texas. (Mex.) 


7. LANTANA, L. (An old name of a Viburnwm, transferred by Linneus, 
in view of some resemblance to this genus, which should have retained Plumier’s 
name of Camara).— Shrubs or undershrubby plants of warm regions; with 
mostly rugose and somewhat glandular-odorous pinnately veined petioled leaves 
(not rarely in threes), and axillary pedunculate heads of rather showy small 
flowers; in summer. Several species common in gardens, two or three indigenous 
to our southern borders. 


§ 1. Drupe thin-fleshed or somewhat dry, at least with nutlets contiguous and 
usually cohering more or less into a 2-celled putamen: stems never prickly. 
(Transition to Lippra.) 

L. involucrata, L. Canescent, much branched: leaves obovate-oval or ovate, rounded 
at the apex, crenate, rugulose and veiny, scabrous above, soft-tomentose beneath, cuneate 
at base, rather slender-petioled: peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaf: head hemi- 
spherical or at length globose, not elongating: bracts silky, ovate, or the outermost some- 
times oblong, these as long as the (white or lilac) flowers, and forming an involucre. — 
S. Florida (L. involucrata, var. Floriduna, Chapm.; a form with long peduncles and white 
flowers). S. borders of Texas (L. odorata, var. Berlandieri, Torr. Mex. Bound. and L. parvi- 
folia, Raf.?): a form with less obtuse leaves and white flowers. JL. odorata, L. Syst., seems 
not distinct. (Trop. Am.) 

L. canéscens, HBK. Cinereous-canescent throughout with fine and soft strigose pu- 
bescence : branches slender: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually 
acuminate, with cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate, lincate-veined and minutely 
rugose, about the length of the slender peduncles: heads ovoid, small, in age short-oblong : 
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lax; the exterior larger, spreading and in- 
volucrate : corolla small, white. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 259. Lippia pallescens, Benth. Hartw. 
245. As yet collected only on the Coahuila (Mexican) side of the Rio Grande, Berlandier, 
Bigelow. (Trop. Am.) 

L. macropoda, Torr. Cinereous with minute strigulose pubescence: stems slender, 
1 to 3 feet high, herbaceous almost or quite to the base: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute, coarsely and sharply serrate, obtuse or somewhat cuneate at base, petioled, usually 
scabrous above and slightly canescent beneath, not at all rugose-reticulated, the primary 
veins conspicuous and running straight to the sinuses : peduncles twice or thrice the length 


340 VERBENACES. Lantana. 


of the leaf (2 to 5 inches long): heads globular, at length oblong: bracts ovate, cuspidate- 
acuminate, nearly equalling the white or purple corolla; the outermost gradually larger 
but hardly forming an involucre.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 127.—S. W. borders of Texas 
(Wright, &c.), and adjacent parts of Mexico, Gregg, Palmer. 


§ 2. Drupe juicy; the 2 nutlets separated, at least at base. Stems sometimes 
prickly or hispid, but this very variable. 

L. Camara, L. Scabrous and more or less hirsute, 1 to 4 feet high: prickles on the stem 
short and hooked: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often subcordate, crenate-serrate, very 
scabrous above, scabrous-hirsute or softer-pubescent beneath (about 2 inches long): pe- 
duncles rigid, about the length of the leaf: head flat-topped in anthesis; the rhachis not 
elongating: bracts lanceolate, strigose-hirsute, about half the length of the yellow at 
length orange or even flame-colored corolla. — Plum. Ie. t. 71; Dill. Elth. t. 56. Z. horrida, 
var. parviflora, Schauer in DC. 1. c.; Torr. l.c.—S. Georgia and Florida, 8. Texas and 
southward. (Trop. Am.) 


8. CITHAREXYLUM, L. (Name composed of xAdga, guitar or lyre, 
and vor, wood, a translation into Greek of the colonial-English Fiddle-wood ; 
but this name, unfortunately for the etymology, is an English corruption of the 
earlier French-colonial name, bois fidéle, meaning a wood trustworthy for strength.) 
— Tropical American shrubs or trees ; with somewhat coriaceous leaves, and small 
flowers on a filiform rhachis, each subtended by a minute bract. 

C. vill6sum, Jacq. Soft-pubescent or glabrate: leaves oblong-obovate or oblong, entire 
or occasionally few-toothed above the middle, veiny and with finely reticulated veinlets, 
shining and barely scabrous above, pale and sometimes soft-canescent beneath, biglandular 
at the narrowed base, tapering into the petiole: racemes declining, loose, but spike-like: 


flowers very short-pedicelled: corolla white, glabrous externally. — Coll. i. 72, & Ic. Rar. 
t. 118; Chapm. Fl. 309. — Key West, S. Florida ; perhaps S. Texas. (W. Ind., Mex.) 


9. DURANTA, L. (Castor Durantes, wrote upon W. Indian plants in the 
16th century.) —W. Indian and S. American shrubs, often armed with axillary 
spines; one has reached our borders. 


D. Plumiéri, Jacq. Minutely pubescent or glabrate: branches 4-angled : leaves obovate, 
oblong, or ovate, mostly entire, contracted at base into a short petiole: racemes panicled, 
loose: lower bracts often leafy: calyx-teeth subulate from a broad base: corolla lilac: 
drupe yellow; the enclosing persistent calyx also yellowish, closed into a straight or con- 
torted beak. —Jacq. Stirp. t. 176, fig. 76, & Ic. Rar. t. 502; Bot. Reg. t. 244; Chapm. 1.c. 
D. spinosa & D. inermis, L.; the branches sometimes spiny, sometimes unarmed. D. Ellisia, 
Jacq. Amer. t. 176, f. 77, & Hort. Scheenb. iii. t. 99; Bot. Mag. t. 1759. Ellisia acuta, L. — 
Key West, S. Florida, Blodgett. (Trop. Am.) 


10. CALLICARPA, L. (KéAdos, beauty, and xeondg, fruit: the berry- 
like drupes ornamental.) — A rather large E. Asiatic and American genus, chiefly 
of the warmer regions, one in the Atlantic States; fl. late summer. Pubescence 
stellular-branched or scurfy. 

C. Americana, L. (Frexcn Mutterry.) Shrub low, with scurfy-stellate down and 
glandular-dotted : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtusely serrate, greenish above, whitish 
or rusty beneath, acute or cuneate at base: cymes shorter than the petiole, many-flowered : 
corolla bluish, hardly 2 lines long: fruit violet-colored. — Catesb. Car. t.47; Lam. IIL t. 69. 
Spondylococcus, Mitchell, Nov. Gen. Burchardia Americana, Duham. Arb. ed. 1, i. t. 44.— 
Rich or moist grounds, Virginia to Texas. (W. Ind.) 


11. AVICENNIA, L. Wnire Manerove. (Dedicated to Avicenna, 
the Latinized name of /éusina, most illustrious of Arabian physicians; died in 


\ 


LABIATAE. 341 


1037.) — Maritime evergreen trees, of tropical regions, spreading from creeping 
shoots ; their opposite entire and mostly canescent coriaceous leaves connected at 
base by an interpetiolar line, giving the branchlets the appearance of being articu- 
lated: peduncles axillary and terminal, commonly cymosely trichotomous : flowers 
small, white or whitish, in late summer. 

A. nitida, Jacq. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical, glabrate and at length sometimes 
shining above.: peduncles ternate or trichotomous: lobes of corolla minutely sericeous or 
tomentulose both sides: style as long as stamens. —Jacq. Amer. t. 112, fig. 1; Schauer in 
ne. Prodr. xi. 699 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 502. A. tomentosa, Meyer, Essequib. ; Nutt. Sylv. 
iii. 79, t. 105, exscrted style shown. A. oblongifolia, “Nutt.?” Chapm. Fl. 310: name not 
mentioned by Nuttall in Sylv. 1. c.— Keys and coasts of S. Florida, and mouth of the 
Mississippi. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 

A. tomentosa, Jacq. lc. fig. 2, with hardly any style, and corolla-lobes glabrous above, is 
in the Prodromus and in Chapman’s Flora attributed to “ Florida, Nuttall.” But Nuttall’s 
species figured under this name in the Sylva is clearly the A. nitida, and that is probably our 
only species. 


ORDER CIV. LABIATAE. 


Herbs or low shrubs, with aromatic herbage (usually dotted with small im- 
mersed glands replete with volatile oil), with square stems, opposite simple leaves 
and no stipules; the perfect flowers with irregular more or less bilabiate corolla, 
didynamous or diandrous ; filiform style mostly 2-cleft and 2-stigmatose at apex, 
and around its base the divisions of a 4-parted (sometimes only 4-lobed) ovary, 
which are uniovulate and ripen into akene-like nutlets, in the bottom of a gamo- 
sepalous calyx. Ovule and seed mostly amphitropous or anatropous, and erect. 
Embryo straight except in the Scutellarinee, with plane or plano-convex coty- 
ledons and inferior radicle: albumen usually none or hardly any. Lobes of the 
corolla imbricated in the bud, the posterior or the upper lip exterior and the 
middle lobe of the lower lip innermost. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla. 
distinct or rarely monadelphous ; the fifth (posterior) stamen, and in diandrous 
flowers the adjacent pair also, not rarely represented by sterile filaments or rudi- 
ments: rarely the 4 fertile stamens equal. Hypogynous disk generally present, 
sometimes as (one to four) gland-like lobes. Pistil as in all the related orders 
dimerous, each carpel deeply 2-parted or 2-lobed. Inflorescence thyrsoidal ; the 
general evolution of the clusters in the axils of leaves or primary bracts (these 
occasionally reduced to single flowers) centripetal; that of the clusters (cymes or 
glomerules) centrifugal. The pair of sessile clusters, one to each axil, having 
the appearance of a whorl (verticil) form what has been termed a verticillaster. 
Bracts or bractlets various. Leaves occasionally verticillate. Seed transverse 
and the radicle incurved in Scutellarinee. (The Ajugoidee connect with the 
tribe Viticee of the preceding order, and therefore are placed foremost. A 
larger proportion of our Labiate are Old World naturalized plants than of 
any other order.) — Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodg. xii. 26; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 


ii. 1160. 
I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, with introrsely very oblique or even ventral and 


comparatively large areola (scar of the attachment): ovary merely 4-lobed or not 
deeply 4-parted. (Seeds in the tribe here represented, as in most of the order, 


exalbuminous.) 


342 ‘LABIATS. 


Trine I. AJUGOIDEZ. Stamens ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side 


1, 


2. 


3. 


of the corolla, 4 in all our genera. Nutlets obovoid, dry. Ovule and seed more 
or less amphitropous: calyx 5-10-nerved. 


* Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 somewhat equal and similar lobes, 
therefore obscurely if at all bilabiate. . 


TETRACLEA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, regular; the lanceolate lobes twice the length 
of the short turbinate tube. Corolla nearly salverform in anthesis, with narrow tube sur. 
passing the calyx ; limb globular and erect (not oblique) in the bud; lobes oval or oblong- 
obovate, similar and equally spreading, the three lower obscurely more united at base. 
Filaments filiform, involute in bud, exserted: anthers cordate-oblong ; cells permanently 
parallel and distinct. Ovary barely 4lobed. Ovule and seed descending-amphitropous, 
i.e. attached above its middle, rostellate at the micropyle. Areola of the nutlet very 
large and ventral. 

TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx barely 5-cleft, either oblique or almost regular. Corolla 
with narrow tube and morc or less oblique limb; the somewhat similar lobes oblong, more 
or less declined. Filaments spirally coiled in the oblique unopened limb, curved in an- 
thesis, capillary, very long-exserted, didynamous, sometimes monadelphous at base: 
anther-cells divaricate or divergent, at length often confluent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. 
Amphitropous ovule and seed ascending, being attached below the middle. 
ISANTHUS. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, campanulate; lobes lanceolate. Corolla 
short; tube included in the calyx; throat somewhat campanulate ; limb almost regularly 
5-parted; lobes obovate, not declined. Stamens slightly incurved-ascending, not longer 
than the corolla, didynamous: anther-cells at length divergent. Ovary deeply 5-lobed. 
Ovule and seed nearly anatropous and erect. Areola of nutlet introrsely basal. 


* * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate ; the upper lip being either split down 
or very short: stamens exserted from the cleft. 


4, TEUCRIUM. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip, 


5. 


which are united one on each side with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip; middle 
lobe much larger. Anthers confluently one-celled. Nutlets with a broad introrse areola. 
AJUGA. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; the large and spreading 
lower lip with middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Anther-cells less confluent. 


II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; areola basal, small: ovary deeply 4-parted. 


Trize II, OCIMOIDE. Stamens declined toward or resting on the lower lip of 


6. 


7. 


the corolla, didynamous, all fertile. Corolla declined; lower lip apparently formed 
of the anterior lobe only, which is unlike the other somewhat equal four lobes. 


OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed after flowering; its posterior tooth broad, orbicular or 
obovate, and with decurrent often’ wing-like margins; the 4 others narrower. Corolla 
with short tube, and flat or concave declined lower lobe. Disk enlarging into glands. 
HYPTIS. Calyx mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the lower lobe saccate, 
abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous base. Disk entire or with a gland on the 
anterior side. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. 


Tribe II. SATUREINEZA. Stamens not declined; the posterior pair shorter or 


8. 


wanting: anthers (in ours) 2-celled; the cells distinct or more or less confluent, 
short. Corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flatter than in succeeding tribes; 
upper lip not galeate or concave, except in Acanthomintha. 


* Corolla with lower lobe larger and pendent, fimbriate or lacerate-toothed, very unlike 
the 4 shorter and nearly equal lobes, which in appearance form the upper lip: stamens 
straight and long, divergent: anther-cells divaricate and contiguous, or at length some- 
what confluent: flowers in terminal racemes. 


COLLINSONIA, Calyx short, small in flower, enlarging and declined in fruit, about 
10-nerved, mostly somewhat hirsute in the throat, bilabiate; the broader and at length 
flattish upper lip 3-toothed ; the lower 2-parted. Corolla elongated, somewhat funnelform, 
with a bearded ring inside at the insertion of the stamens. Stamens 2 or 4, much exserted, 
spirally coiled in the bud. ; 


* * Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe 
often broader than the others and emarginate: stamens erect, straight and distant: 
anther-cells parallel, destitute of any thickish connective: flowers capitate-glomerate, 
and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked. 


. MENTHA. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 


and 6-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emarginate. 


LABIATA. 343 


10. LYCOPUS. Stamens only 2 with anthers; the upper pair sterile rudiments or else 
wanting. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla 
entire. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate at top, narrow at base, thickened-margined. 


%* * * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, 
or in .\onardella 2-cleft ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, destitute of bearded ring within, 
except in Poliomintha. Calyx striate-nerved or costate, not much changed after 
flowering. 

+- Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved. 
++ Antheriferous stamens only 2; with or without abortive rudiments of the upper pair. 


11.CUNILA. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very villous in the throat, 10-13- 
nerved. Upper lip of corolla emarginate; the lower somewhat equally 3-cleft. Stamens 
long-exserted. Nutlets smooth. 


++ ++ Antherifcrous stamens 4, didynamous: calyx 15-nerved. 


12. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Tube of corolla 
short : upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 
exserted, divergent: anther-cells linear, divaricate. 


++ ++ ++ Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous: calyx 10-13-(in Afonardella 15-)nerved, 
= Naked in the throat: flowers capitate-verticillastrate, or sometimes sparser. 


13. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 5 teeth equal, or the 3 
upper more or less united. Corolla short, with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and 
ua oe one ; the lobes all short, ovate, obtuse. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells 
parallel. 

14. MONARDELLA. Calyx tubular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla 
glabrous within; the 2-cleft upper lip and lobes of the 3-parted lower one all linear or 
narrowly oblong, plane. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted: anther- 
cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate-verticillastrate in the man- 
ner of Monarda. 


= = Calyx villous or hirsute-bearded in the throat: corolla short. 


15. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-campanulate, in our (introduced) species equally 5-toothed. 
Stamens exserted. Flowers spicate- or capitate-verticillastrate, imbricated with broad 
colored bracts. 

16. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, declined in fruit, villous in the throat, distinctly bilabiate ; 
upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; lower 2-cleft, its divisions subulate and ciliate. Flowers 
scattered or crowded, the bracts inconspicuous. 


+ + Stamens ascending (at least the lower part) or arcuate, often more or less con- 
verging and sometimes ascending parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla: con- 
nective of the anther commonly more or less thickened, sometimes separating the 
oblique or divaricate cells. 


++ Calyx only about 10-nerved, naked in the throat, not declined nor gibbous: fertile 
stamens 4. 


17. SATUREIA. Calyx campanulate or short. Tube of the corolla short, or not ex- 
ceeding the bracts. 


++ ++ Calyx 12-15nerved: upper lip of the corolla plane or slightly concave and straight, 
as in the tribe generally. : 
= Style beardless: anthers muticous. 


au, Stamens 4, all antheriferous. 


18. MICROMERIA. Calyx oblong or tubular, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about 
equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, its straight tube usually shorter or hardly longer than 
the calyx. Stamens arcuate, shorter than the corolla. : 

19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate; the upper lip 
3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly exceeding 
the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens ascending parallel under or 
beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs. 

20. MELISSA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, bilabiate as in the preceding, but the broad 
upper lip becoming flatter. Corolla rather short ; its tube at base declined, then ascend- 
ing, included in the calyx. Otherwise like Calamintha. Leaves ovate, serrate, veiny. 

21. CONRADINA. Calyx, &c., of Calamintha. Corolla with a narrow and straight tube 
rather shorter than the calyx, abruptly bent backwards at the throat, deeply bilabiate, 
ringent; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved, emarginate or retuse ; the lower 
dependent, contracted at the base, deeply 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes roundish, the dilated 


344 LABIATA. 


middle one emarginate-2-lobed. Stamens arcuate-ascending under the upper lip, parallel : 
cells of the anther at length separated on a transversely dilated connective, their base 
bearing a small tuft of delicate villous hairs. Leaves linear, with entire revolute margins, 
one-ribbed. 


b. Stamens 2 antheriferous, ascending parallel under the upper lip ; the posterior pair either 
wanting or rudimentary, or with imperfect (rarely perfect and polliniferous) anthers : 
calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, more or less villous-bearded in the throat. 


22. POLIOMINTHA. Calyx cylindraceous or cylindrical, terete and regular, 13-15- 
striate, bearded in the throat, equally 5-toothed or nearly so. Corolla mostly with a hairy 
ring within the throat or tube; upper lip erect, emarginate ; lower 3-cleft and spreading, 
the broader middle lobe emarginate. Posterior filaments mere subulate rudiments. 
Fruticulose and canescent. 

23. HEDEOMA. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate 
or unequally 5-toothed (the two lower teeth different and longer), mostly 13-striate, hairy 
or villous-bearded in the throat, which is commonly contracted in fruit. Tube of corolla 
naked: upper lip erect, entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Posterior stamens 
either none, or stcrile, or in the original species sometimes antheriferous! Low herbs. 


== = Style bearded or villous, sometimes sparingly so: antheriferous stamens 4 or some- 
times 2. 


24. POGOGYNE. Calyx very deeply and unequally 5-cleft, at least the two longer (lower) 
lobes much longer than the campanulate or turbinate 15-nerved tube; throat naked. 
Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips; the erect entire upper lip and the 
spreading lobes of the lower one oval and somewhat similar. Stamens ascending. and 
above somewhat approximate in pairs: anther-cells parallel and muticous: posterior fila- 
ments much shorter and sometimes sterile. Style more or less hirsute-bearded above. 
Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and spicate: bracts and calyx strongly ciliate. 

25. CERANTHERA, Calyx tubulose-campanulate, 13-nerved, nearly terete, villous in 
the throat, bilabiate; lips short; the upper recurved-spreading ‘and entire or slightly 
3-toothed ; the lower scarcely longer and 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight narrow tube 
barely exceeding the calyx, an abruptly much-dilated short throat, and rather short and 
spreading lips; the upper one nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 4: filaments 
capillary, somewhat ascending, exserted, and above diverging : cells of the anther divari- 
eate on a broad connective, aristate or pointed! Style long-exserted, pubescent. Leaves 
linear, entire. 
++ ++ ++ Calyx 13-nerved : upper lip of corolla concave, erect, straight, or a little incurved 
or fornicate, after the manner of the succeding tribes: bracteal leaves aristate-spinulose. 

26. ACANTHOMINTHA. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, 
strongly bilabiate; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower 2-cleft, shorter; teeth all acerose-spinulose 
from a broader base, Corolla with tube exceeding the calyx, naked within ; upper lip nar- 
row, oblong; lower broad and spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes short and rounded, middle one 
deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate, or all entire. Stamens 4, inserted high in the 
ampliate throat: anterior pair fertile, ascending under the upper lip, bearing 2-celled an- 
thers, the cells divaricate : posterior pair much shorter, with filiform filaments, and either 
abortive or smaller anthers. Style 2-lobed at apex; lobes or stigmas subulate, the posterior 
shorter. Nutlets smooth. 

* * * * Corolla obscurely bilabiate: a hairy ring at base of the tube within: calyx 
irregularly about 10-nerved, reticulate-veiny, enlarging and commonly inflated after 
flowering. 

27. SPHACELE. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membra- 
naceous at least in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a broad tube, and 5 broad or 
roundish and plane rather erect lobes, the lower one longest. Stamens 4, distant, some- 
what ascending: filaments naked: anthers somewhat approximate, the cells diverging. 
Leaves veiny. 

Tring IV. MONARDEZ. Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the posterior pair rudi- 
mentary or wanting), straight or commonly parallel-ascending; the anther with nar- 
row usually oblong-linear cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and 
lower ends of a linear or filiform commonly filament-like connective (which is usually 
longer than the filament itself and articulated with it), or the lower cell wanting or 
difformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell. Corolla bilabiate. 


% Anther dimidiate on the elongated filament-like connective, which is articulated with 
the filament, a fertile anther-cell at the ascending end, and sometimes one at the lower. 
Calyx bilabiate ; its lower lip 2-cleft. 


LABIATA. 345 


23. SALVIA. Corolla with upper lip erect (entire, emarginate, or rarely 2-lobed above), 
straight or falcate, usually concave; the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emar- 
ginate. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla: connective commonly linear or fili- 
form, transverse on the short (sometimes very short) and mostly horizontal filament, its 
descending or porrect portion continued beyond the articulation and either more or less 
dilated and naked, or bearing an abortive rudiment of the second anther-cell, or some- 
times one which is polliniferous but unlike the upper one. Nutlets commonly developing 
mucilage and long spiricles when wetted. 

29. AUDIBERTIA. Corolla with upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate ; lower 
spreading and 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginate. Filaments slender, exserted, 
seemingly simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articulation, showing 
that the portion above the joint answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which 
sometimes obliquely projects into a subulate point, but never bears even a trace of an 
anther-cell. Otherwise as Salvia, but the calyx (always naked in the throat) more deeply 
cleft ‘ front, or oblique, or as it were spathaceous. Nutlets smooth, unchanged when 
wetted. 


* * Anther with both cells fertile and similar, contiguous and divaricate, more or less 
connate or confluent at their junction, so as to become or to imitate a single linear 
cell, on a very small and inconspicuous dorsal connective: corolla with slender tube, 
and lips of somewhat equal length; the upper erect, linear or oblong, entire or barely 
emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe retuse or emarginate : stamens 
inserted in the throat of the corolla, ascending, usually more or less projecting from 
the upper lip: calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved: inflorescence verticillastrate-capitate, 
dense, many-flowered, multi-bracteate: outer bracts and bractlets broad; inner from 
lanceolate to setaceous. 


30. MONARDA. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost 
equally 5-toothed, more or less villous-bearded or hirsute at the orifice. Corolla narrow 
or dilated at the throat; middle lobe of lower lip larger or longer than the lateral. 

31. BLEPHILIA. Calyx shorter, naked in the throat, bilabiate; upper lip 3- and the 
shorter lower one 2-toothed; tecth aristiform or subulate. Corolla dilated at, the throat; 
lower lip broader; its linear-oblong middle narrower than the roundish lateral lobes. 


TrisE V. NEPETEZ. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile; the posterior (inner or upper) 
pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate. Calyx usually 15-nerved; 
the upper teeth or lip commonly larger or longer. 


* Anthers separated or distant (not approximate in pairs) ; their cells parallel or nearly so. 


32. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted; the upper pair usually 
declined; the lower or shorter pair ascending. Calyx tubular-campanulate, more or less 
oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with tube not exceeding the calyx; upper lip nearly erect, 
2lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate. 

33. CEDRONELLA. Stamens parallel, ascending. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 
5-toothed, the throat little oblique. Corolla with short lips; the flattish erect upper one 
2-lobed ; middle lobe of lower lip largest, commonly crenulate-erose and more or less 
2-lobed. 


* * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent: fila- 
ments ascending, not exserted. 


34, NEPETA. Calyx more or less oblique at the throat, equally (or somewhat unequally ) 
5-toothed. Corolla with tube narrow at base; throat dilated ; upper lip somewhat con- 
cave, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower spreading, with middle lobe large. 


35. DRACOCEPHALUM. Calyx cqual at the throat, 5toothed; the upper tooth (at 
least in ours) very much larger than the others, sometimes the 3 upper partly united. 
Corolla, &c., of Nepeta. 


Trine VI. SCUTELLARINEAZ, Visiani. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; both 
pairs fertile; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer and with anthers mostly one- 
celled by abortion (the other cell rudimentary or wanting); those of the posterior 
pair 2-celled. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral lobes more connected 
with the galeate upper lip; lower lip therefore of a single lobe. Calyx bilabiate, 
closed in fruit; the lips entire. Upper fork of the style very short or none. Ovule 
campylotropous or amphitropous. Nutlets depressed or globular, rough-granulate 
or tuberculate: seed transverse. Embryo curved; the short radicle incumbent on 
one of the cotyledons! Herbage bitterish, little or not at all aromatic. 


346 | LABIATA. 


36. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx in anthesis campanulate, gibbous, with a crestlike or 
casque-shaped projection (answering to the upper sepal) on the back, closcd after the 
corolla falls, not inflated, at maturity of the fruit splitting to the base; upper part not 
rarely falling away ; the lower persistent. Corolla with long exserted tube, naked within ; 
its anterior lobe or lower lip with the sides recurved. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Nutlets very 
rarely wing-margined. 

37. SALIZARIA. Calyx globular or at first oblong, barely repand-bilabiate, not appen- 
daged or gibbous on the back, much enlarged after anthesis, becoming vesicular-inflated 
ca yo alte Nutlets depressed, tuberculate-roughened, marginless. Corolla, &c., of 

cutellaria. 


Trise VII. STACHYDEZ, Benth. (Lab., with part of Scutellarinee.) Stamens 4; 
both pairs fertile, parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate 
upper lip of the bilabiate corolla (or in Marrubium included in the throat); the an- 
terior (lower or outer) pair longer (except in a Phlomis): anthers 2-celled or con- 
fluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5-10-nerved, or veiny. Bitter-aromatic or with 
hardly aromatic herbage. 


* Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, more or less inflated, deeply 
bilabiate ; the lips flattened and closed in fruit; upper lip plane and broad: corolla 
with inflated throat from a more or less exserted tube. 


88. BRUNELLA. Calyx oblong, somewhat 10-nerved; upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, its 
teeth very broad and short; lower 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla with assurgent 
tube, ringent lips, and slightly contracted orifice ; upper lip galeate, entire ; lower 3-lobed ; 
its middle lobe dependent, rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments, at least of the upper 
pair, 2-toothed at the apex, one tooth naked, the other bearing the 2-celled anther, the 
cells of which are divaricate. Nutlets smooth and glabrous. Inflorescence verticillas- 
trate-capitate or spicate. 

839. BRAZORIA. Calyx short-campanulate, indistinctly nerved, mostly declined in fruit ; 
both lips broad ; the upper 3-lobed and somewhat recurved; the lower 2-lobed and sur- 
rected in fruit. Corolla with inflated throat, broad and barely concave upper lip, and 
spreading 3-lobed lower one; its lobes short and roundish. Filaments simple: anthers with 
soniewhat divergent cells. Nutlets smooth, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence race- 
mose-spicate. 

* * Calyx more or less membranaceous and inflated or enlarged after flowering, obscurely 
nerved, but somewhat veiny, 3-5-lobed, not bilabiate, open: corolla showy; throat in- 
flated; upper lip more or less concave, not galeate: filaments more or less villous. 


40. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanu- 
late or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately turgid in fruit. Corolla gradually 
inflated upward ; lips short ; the upper erect,rounded, entire; lower somewhat spreading, 
3-parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Anthers uniform; the cells nearly parallel, 
denticulate or slightly spinulose along the edges of the valves. Style almost equally 
2-cleft at apex. Nutlets triquetrous, smooth and even. Flowers simply opposite in the 
spikes, one under each bract. 

41. MACBRIDEA. Calyx tubular-campanulate or funnelform, 3-lobed ; upper lobe nar- 
rower, oblong, entire, obtuse; the two others broad (each of two combined sepals) and 
2-lobed or entire. Corolla much inflated above, rather deeply bilabiate; upper lip round- 
ish and fornicate, entire or nearly so; lower spreading, with 3 roundish lobes, middle one 
larger. Anthers unconnected, hairy on the face; cells divergent. Style equally 2-toothed 
at apex. Nutlets oblong, nervose. Inflorescence terminal and capitate, 2 or 3 flowers 
under each bract. 

42, SYNANDRA. Calyx campanulate, inflated, membranaceous, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes 
lanceolate-subulate, somewhat equal; the 2 lower slightly smaller, the fifth or uppermost 
wanting. Corolla with narrow tube, inflated above into a very ventricose throat ; upper 
lip somewhat fornicate, entire; lower widely spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emar- 
ginate. Filaments very villous above: anthers nearly glabrous; the cells divergent, the 
contiguous ones of the upper stamens sterile and connate! Upper fork of the style very 
short. Nutlets smooth, ovate-compressed, with lateral angles almost winged. Inflores- 
cence simply and loosely leafy-spicate. 


* %* * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5-10-toothed. 
++ Stamens included in the short tube of the corolla, the upper lip of which is merely 
concave. 
43. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular-cylindraceous, strongly ribbed, and with 5 or 10 sub- 
ulate or spinulose teeth. Tube of ‘corolla included in the calyx; lips short; the upper 


Trichostema. LABIATA. 347 


erect and narrow, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells more or less confluent. 
Nutlets ovoid, smooth, obtuse. Leaves rugose. 


+ + Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla. 
++ Introduced and naturalized from the Old World: stamens not deflexed after anthesis. 

44, BALLOTA,. Calyx funnelform-dilated at the throat or border, 10-nerved, 5-toothed in 
ours. Corolla nearly as in Stachys. Filaments not appendaged. 

45. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed in ours. Upper lip of the corolla 
strongly galeate; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens (in our species 
rather longer) furnished with a subulate or hooked appendage at base ! 

46. LEONOTIS. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, at length incurved above, oblique at the 
orifice, and with 5 or more unequal spinulose-tipped teeth, the upper one largest. Corolla 
slender; the upper lip erect or incurved and elongated, entire ; lower short and spreading, 
3-cleft, its middle lobe not larger. Filaments not appendaged at base: anthers approxi- 
ee in pairs. Upper fork of the style very short. Flowers densely capitate-verticil- 
astrate. 

47. LEONURUS. Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with nearly equal truncate orifice, and 5 
rigid and at length spreading subulate-spinescent teeth. Corolla short ; upper lip oblong, 
entire. Filaments not appendaged : anther-cells parallel or sometimes divergent; valves 
naked. Nutlets smooth, truncate at apex. Leaves cleft or incised, veiny, all longer than 
the capitate-verticillastrate flowers. 

48. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular- or turbinate-campanulate, somewhat 5-nerved, commonly 
oblique at the orifice; the 5 teeth subulate but not spinescent. Corolla dilated at the 
throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, fornicate, narrowed at base; lower lip spreading, its 
lateral lobes truncate down to the throat, or sometimes oblong, and with or without a 
tooth-like appendage ; middle one broad, emarginate, contracted and as it were stipitate 
at base. Filaments not appendaged: anthers approximate in pairs; their cells oblong, 
divaricate, sometimes hairy; valves not ciliate. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves 
mostly cordate. 

49. GALEOPSIS, Resembles Lamium in habit-and Stachys generally in flowers. But 
anthers transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell hirsute-ciliate, the outer and 
larger one naked. 
++ ++ Indigenous (chiefly): stamens all or the lower pair sometimes deflexed to the sides 

of the throat or contorted after anthesis. 

50. STACHYS. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, 
sometimes the upper teeth larger and more or less united. Corolla with cylindrical or 
cylindraceous tube, not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect, more or less fornicate or 
concave, sometimes rather thrown back, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, 3-lobed, 
its middle lobe larger. Filaments naked: anthers approximate in pairs; the cells either 
parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse at the apex, not truncate. 


1. TETRACLEA, Gray. (From zézpa, four, and xeiw, to close, referring 
to the four distinct or closed nutlets of the fruit: first described as a Verbenaceous 
genus.) — Single species. 

T. Cotlteri, Gray. Herb a foot or more high from a perennial root or suffrutescent base, 
minutely puberulent: leaves petioled, ovate, nearly entire: flowers 2 or 3 on the short 
axillary peduncles, short-pedicelled, cream-colored, in summer. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 
98; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154, t.41; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1220.— Rocky hills, 8. W. 
Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


2. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronov. (Tricnostemma of some.) Brue-Curzs. 
(From 6yi§, hair, gnd otjuc, for stamen, referring to the capillary filaments.) — 
Herbs or suffrutescent plants, sweet-aromatic or strong-scented, mostly low; with 
entire leaves, and commonly blue or violet corolla and stamens: fl. summer: all 
belonging to the U. S. 

§ 1. Calyx very oblique and bilabiate ; its 3 upper divisions twice or thrice the 
length of the lower two and united to above the middle: tube of the corolla 
shorter than the limb: flowers loose, 1 to 3 on slender bibracteate peduncles, or 
scattered on paniculate branches; the alar ones, becoming lateral and secund or 


348 LABIATE. Trichostema. 


decurved, appear as if resupinate, and have the two short teeth of the calyx 
uppermost: cismontane, low and paniculately branched annuals. — § Strepto- 
podium, Benth. 


T. diché6tomum, L. Viscid with rather minute pubescence: leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse, short-petioled: corolla blue or pink, sometimes white: stamens half 
inch long. — Spec. ii. 598; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. 93. TZ. pilosum, Roth. — Sandy fields, 
E. Massachusetts to Kentucky, Texas, and Florida. 

T. linedre, Nutt. Puberulent: leaves linear, sometimes nearly glabrous: stems more 
slender: corolla rather larger: otherwise similar. — 7. dichotomum, Roth. T. brachiatum, 
Lam., not L. 7’. linaricefolium, Bertoloni, Misc. xiii. t.2.— Connecticut to Alabama and 
Louisiana, near the coast, in sandy ground. 


§ 2. Calyx campanulate, regular, almost equally 5-cleft (as in Jsanthus): far 
western species. —§ Orthopodium, Benth. : 
* Tube of corolla not exceeding the calyx. 
a Peduncles (in the manner of the preceding) loosely 1-5-flowered and much longer than the 
leaves. 

T. Arizonicum, Gray. Puberulent, a foot or less high from a ligneous perennial root : 
leaves ovate or oval, half inch long, short-petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx: bracts 
minute: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, sometimes irregularly united: lobes of the blue or 
whitish corolla 8 to 5 lines long, oblong-spatulate, very much longer than the tube, much 
shorter than the filaments. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. J. dichotomum, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 134, not L. —S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 
+— + Peduncles and pedicels short; the inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are similar to 

the summit of the stem, and are narrowed at base into short petioles: corolla small and inconspic- 
uous: branching annuals. 

T. micranthum. A span high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, not costate-veiny : 
peduncles about the length of the 3-7-flowered cymule: calyx-lobes little longer than the 
tube, nearly equalling the (only line long) corolla: stamens moderately exserted. — San 
Bernardino Co., California, in Bear Valley, Parry & Lemmon. 

T. obl6ngum, Benth. A span toa foot high, soft-villous: leaves oblong or oval with 
narrowed base, membranaceous, costate-veined: glomerate cymules many-flowered, sub- 
sessile, villous: calyx-lobes narrow, much longer than the tube, nearly equalling the (8 line) 
corolla: filaments 4 or 5 lines long. — Lab. 659; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 606. — Oregon and 
California to Mariposa Co. 

* %* Tube of the corolla slender and exserted, longer than the limb: nutlets sometimes tuberculate. 

+ Annuals, a span- to two feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves nervose-costate: cymes several- 
many-flowered, when fully dev eloped the pedicels becoming secund-racemose in age: calyx-lobes 
ovate or tr’ jangular-lanceolate : tube of blue corolla about 3 and limb 2 lines long: stamens half 
an inch longer. 

T. ld4xum, Gray. Diffusely branched, minutely soft-pubescent, rather sparsely leafy: 
leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-obtusish (2 or 3 inches long), rather 
slender-petioled: cymes pedunculate, loose.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. l.c. 
— California, from Sonoma Co. northward. 

T. lanceoladtum, Benth. 1.c. More strict and simple, with ascending branches from the 
base: leaves crowded, sessile, lanceolate or the upper almost ovate-lanceolate, gradually 
tapering from near the broad base to a very acute tip, strongly 3-6-nervose (an inch or 
more long): cymes subsessile or short-peduncled, dense, mostly undivided: calyx villous : 
corolla somewhat pubescent. — California, throughout the whole western part of the State, 
and north to Oregon. 

+— + Shrubby, taller: cymes in a naked terminal thyrsus:; leaves Rosemary-like. 

T. lanatum, Benth. lc. Very leafy: leaves thickish, narrowly linear and with revolute 
margins, l-nerved, glabrate and shining above, canescent-tomentulose beneath, sessile, many 
fascicled in the axils; uppermost reduced to bracts: thyrsus racemiform, interrupted ; 
cymules short-peduncled or subsessile ; whole inflorescence with calyx and even corolla 
clothed with dense violet or purple wool: corolla half inch long and filaments an inch 
or more longer. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t. 40; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 607.— Rocky 
places, California, from Santa Barbara southward. 


Ajuga. LABIATAE. 349 


8. ISANTHUS, Michx. (From (og, equal, and ér6og, flower : calyx and 
corolla nearly regular.) — Single species. 


I. ceertleus, Michx. Low and erect annual, somewhat viscid-pubescent, pungently 
aromatic, copiously branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute at both ends, 
somewhat petioled: peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered: corolla blue, 2 or 8 lines long, 
little exceeding the calyx.— Fl. ii. 3, t. 30. Trichostema brachiatum, L. lec. (Dill. Elth. 
t. 285.)— Dry or sterile ground, common from Canada to Georgia, Kentucky, and Texas: 
fl. all summer. 


4, TEUCRIUM, L. Gerwanver. (Teucer, first king of Troy.) — Less 
aromatic herbs or undershrubs, mainly of the Old World: fl. summer. 


¥ Erect perennial herbs: leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes, short- 
pedicelled, 1 to 3 to each bract: calyx campanulate, moderately 5-lobed; two lower teeth tri- 
angular-subulate; three upper ovate: nutlets globular and with a roundish scar. 

T. Canadénse, L. Soft-pubescent to canescent-tomentose, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, short-petioled: spike at length 6 to 12 
inches long: flowers short-pedicelled : corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color, half 
inch long: calyx canescent, sometimes distinctly short-pubescent; the 3 upper lobes very 
obtuse. — Spec. ii. 564. 7. Virginicum, L. 1.c. (pl. Gronov. Virg.) ; Schk. Handb. t. 155. — 
Low grounds, Canada to Texas. (Mex.) 

Var. angustatum. Leaves lanceolate, very acutely serrate (2 inches long, 3 to 6 
lines wide) : pubescence all minute. — Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. 

T. occidentale. Loosely pubescent, more branched, a foot or two high: leaves smaller 
(1 or 2 inches long), ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate: corolla 4 or 5 lines long: calyx 
villous with viscid hairs; upper lobes acute or the middle one acuminate. — Nebraska, 
(Hayden, &c,) to New Mexico (Fendler, Wright), Arizona (Palmer), amd on the Sacramento, 
California (7. Canadense, Torr. in Bot. Wilkes), collected there only by the Wilkes Expe- 
dition. (7. inflatum, Swartz, has a globular fructiferous calyx, with upper lobes obtuse, 
nutlets angulate ventrally, &c.) 

% * Low and diffuse herbs: leaves multifid or incised, having solitary pedicellate flowers in their 
axils; the uppermost more or less reduced or bract-like: calyx almost 5-parted into subulate- 
lanceolate equal lobes. 

T. Cubénse, L. Glabrous or nearly so, branched from the annual root, about a foot 
high: leaves cuneate; the lower obovate-cuneate or rhomboidal and short-petioled, cre- 
nately incised, sometimes 3-5-cleft to the middle; upper sessile, palmately 3-cleft or 3-5- 
toothed, exceeding the flowers: corolla (pale blue or white, 3 or 4 lines long) hardly 
exceeding the calyx: nutlets suberous-thickened, obscurely few-ribbed lengthwise and 
punctate-impressed between the ribs. — Mant. 80; Jacq. Stirp. t. 183, f. 74, & Obs. t. 30. 
T. levigatum, Vahl, Symb. i. 40.— Texas to S. E. California. (W. Ind., Mex. to Buenos- 
Ayres.) 

T. lacinidtum, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched from a lignescent 
perennial root, a span or so high: leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into narrow linear entire or 
2-3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid; the floral much crowded, 3-parted ; upper 
equalling the flowers: corolla (pale blue or lilac, 6 to 10 lines long) with spatulate lower 
lobe much surpassing the calyx: nutlets not obviously costate. — Amn. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 231; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 579. 7’. Cubense, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. — Plains 
of Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


5. AJUGA, L. (Formed of « privative, and tvyov, a yoke, from the seeming 
absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) — Low herbs of the Old 
‘World (Europe to Japan and Australia), one scantily naturalized in a few stations : 
fl. summer. 


A. réprans, L. Perennial, a span or so high, with copious creeping stolons : leaves obovate 
or spatulate, sometimes repand-sinuate ; cauline sessile ; lowest and radical with long taper- 
ing base; floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. — Fields, Montreal, 
Canada, Maclagan. Saco, Maine, Goodale. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


350 LABIATA. Ocimum. 


6. OCIMUM, Tourn. (Ocymum of some authors.) Basi. (‘Qumor, the 
ancient Greek name.) — Sweet-aromatic herbs or suffrutescent plants, of warm 
regions, largely African and Brazilian, 

O. Basiticum, L., of the Old World, the Sweet Basil, is one of the sweet herbs of the 
gardens. 

O. micranthum, Willd. Glabrate or nearly glabrous low annual: leaves long-petioled, 
ovate, more or less serrate: flowers in terminal racemes, about 3 to each early deciduous 
small bract : calyx with large and roundish upper tooth, in fruit the decurrent wing ex- 
tending down to the short pedicel: corolla white, 2 lines long: filaments separate, naked, 
toothless. — Enum. 6380. O. Campechianum, Chapm. FI., not Mill. — 8. Florida, Key West. 
(W. lnd., 8. Am.) 


7. HYPTIS, Jacq. ("Yar0g, resupinate, or turned back, referring to the 
lower lobe of the corolla.) — A large genus in South America, a few species 
within our borders. FJ. summer. 

x Herbs, minutely pubescent or smoothish, not canescent or white-woolly: flowers capitate or 

spicate: leaves slender-petivled. : 

H. radiata, Willd. Stems tall, mostly simple from a perennial root: leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, toothed, and with entire long-tapering base: axillary peduncles usually shorter 
than the leaf, bearing a many-flowered soft-puberulent capitate glomerule which is mostly 
shorter than its involucre of several lanceolate obtuse whitish bracts: calyx campanulate : 
its teeth lanceolate-subulate and rigid: corolla white, purple-dotted. — Spec. iii. 84; Poit. 
Ann. Mus. vii. t. 27. Clinopodium rugosum, L.— Low ground, from North Carolina towards 
the coast to Texas. : 

H. pectinata, Poit. Stem tall, commonly rough on the angles, branching: leaves long- 
petioled, ovate, serrate: flowers sessile in small capitate glomerules which become unilateral 
in age, these subulate-bracteate and crowded in a spiciform interrupted thyrsus: fruiting 
calyx with short-oblong tube a line in length, densely short-villous in the throat, longer than 
the erect setaceons teeth : corolla very small. — Ann. Mus. vii. 474, t.30; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
xii.127. H. spicigera, Chapm. & ed. 1.— S. Florida, Garber, Curtiss. (Nat.? from §. Amer.) 

H. spicata, Poit. Stem tall from an annual root, branching, rough-angled : leaves ovate, 
acuminate, unequally serrate: flowers in small capitate glomerules, which are short- 
peduncled or sessile, and form interrupted and often paniculate terminal racemes or spikes : 
calyx cylindrical, with base somewhat inflated in fruit, then much exceeding the bracts ; 
teeth subulate-setaceous, short, strict. —S. Florida. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 474, t. 28, fig. 2; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 121.— (Mex., S. Am.) 

H. votysrAcnya, HBK., allied to this, is said in Bot. Beechey, 156, but doubtfully, to have 
been collected in California. \ 

% %* Shrubby, at least the calyx and short pedicels white-woolly with many-branched implexed 

hairs: bracts inconspicuous. 

H. Emoryi, Torr. Shrub 5 feet high, lavender-scented, furfuraceous-canescent: leaves 
ovate, crenate (inch or less long), rather slender-petioled: flowers on pedicels about the 
length of the lanate-furfuraceous calyx, in axillary short-peduncled cymes, and in denser 
somewhat paniculate clusters at the end of the branchlets: corolla violet, only 2 lines 
long. — Bot. Ives Colorad. Exped. 20; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 591. ZH. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 129, excl. syn. — Arid region, S. E. California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

H. Arpipa, HBK. of Mexico, not yet found within our borders (although a form of H. 
Emoryi has been mistaken for it), has more oblong leaves, and sessile glomerules crowded in 
terminal naked spikes. 

H. panrriéra, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 20, a remarkable species, with rotund and angulate- - 
dentate glabrous leaves on slender petioles, open cymes on filiform peduncles, and very 
densely long-woolly calyx (the wool dendritic-branched), is known only from Cape San Lucas, 
in Lower California. 

H. repnropes, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 164, from the same place, collected by Xantus, 
is minutely canescent, except the furfuraceous calyx, and has subsessile lanceolate leaves, 


and paniculate inflorescence. 


Mentha. LABIATA. 351 


8. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Batm, Cirronenia. (Peter Coilin- 
son of London, who somespendell with Linnzus and John Bartram, and received 
from the latter the original species.) — Odorous and large-leaved perennials (of 
Atlantic North America) ; with thickened roots or rootstocks, ovate and serrate 
veiny leaves, mostly on long petioles, and simple or panicled naked terminal 
racemes of yellow or whitish flowers; mostly only a single naked pedicel to each 
small bract. 

* Fertile stamens 2; upper pair rudimentary or obsolete: calyx-teeth all subulate-acute: flowers 

in late summer or autumn, on slender pedicels, solitary from the axil of each small subulate bract. 

C. scabriuscula, Ait. Glabrate or minutely pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high from a tuberous 
stock, commonly leafless below : leaves small for the genus (2 or 3 inches long), broadly 
ovate, often rather scabrous above: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or purple-spotted. 
— Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 47 (1789); Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 253. C. precor, Walt. Car. 
65% (1788), but not early flowering. C. tuberosa, Michx. FL i. 17. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. 
1.29; Pursh, Fl. i. 20; Ell Sk. i.35.  C.: ovalis, Pursh, 1. ¢., from the char.? — Open 
woods, 8. Carolina to Florida and E. Arkansas. 

Cc. Canadénsis, L. (Horse-weup, Sroyz-roor, &c.) Glabrous, or the inflorescence 
glandular-puberulent, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy: leaves ample (4 to 9 inches long), from 
broadly ovate to oblong, rarely subcordate: racemes amply paniculate: calyx in flower a 
line, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long: corolla lemon yellow, lemon-scented, 5 or 6 lines long. — 
Hort. Cliff. t. 5, & Spee. i. 28; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 75. C. decussuta, Mench, Meth. 879. C. 
ovalis, Pursh, 1. c. & herb., ex Benth. — Rich woods, Canada to. Wisconsin and south to 
Florida, chiefly in the upper country. 

Var. punctata. Inflorescence more puberulent and glandular: leaves minutely 
tomentose-pubescent beneath and more obviously punctate. — C. serotina, Walt. Car. 65. 
C. punctata, Ell. Sk. i. 36.— Rich soil, Carolina and Georgia, towards the coast. 

%* * Fertile stamens 4, usually 2 ascending and 2 descending: corolla rather broader, about half 

inch long, viscid- pubescent : Howers earlier. 

C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem a foot high, leafless and glabrous below, at summit 
bearing two approximate pairs or a seeming whorl of thin and large (3 to 7 inch) ovate 
coarsely serrate and glabrous leaves: peduncle mostly simple and slender, viscid-pubes- 
cent, supporting a single raceme: bracts minute: lower pedicels often in pairs or threes: 
calyx-teeth all attenuate-subulate: corolla yellow or purplish, Ell. Sk. i. 57; Benth. Lab. 
& in DC. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 316. — Rich woods, western part of S. Carolina and Georgia to 
Tennessee and Mississippi: fl. May. 

C. anisdta, Sims. (Cirroyevya, Frencn Tra.) Copiously viscid-pubescent, or the 
foliage glabrate, sweet-scented: stem 2 or 3 fect high, leafy : leaves ovate, rarely subcord- 
ate, obtusely serrate, veiny, somewhat rugose, 3 to 8 inches long: racemes paniculate ; 
bracts ovate, conspicuous, mostly subtending sinele short pedicels: upper lip of calyx with 
very broad and ovate mostly obtuse teeth; those of the lower lanceolate: corolla yellow- 
ish or cream-color. — Bot. Mag. t. 1213; Pursh, FL. i. 21; Ell. Sk. i. 37. —8. Carolina to 
Alabama and Florida, chiefly in the middle country : fl. summer. 


9. MENTHA, Tourn. Mint. (Miréy, the ancient Greek name.) — Odorous 
perennial herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : calyx naked at 
the throat in our species. Flowers small, whitish or purplish, glomerate (in 
summer), not rarely gynodicccious, i.e. some individuals produce female flowers 
with impotent stamens instead of perfect ones. 

* Introduced from the Old World, to which most of the species belong. Many hybrids. 
+ Inflorescence terminal. 


++ Densely capitate glomerules all much crowded in leafless narrow spikes: leaves either sessile or 
very short petioled. 
M. syivéstris, L. (Horse Mint of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent: leaves from 
 ovate-oblong to oblong-lanccolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above: spikes 
rather slender, canescently pubescent or cinereous.— Spec. ed. 2, if 804; Engl. Bot. ed. 


352 LABIATA. Mentha. 


Syme, t. 1022. — Road-sides, &¢., Pennsylvania, Porter. Also a seeming hybrid between it 
and Af, viridis. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. avorrcurofpres, Baker. Intermediate between the above and the next species: 
leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely and 
sharply serrate, more veiny, but not rugose: spikes usually thicker; bracts broader. — 
Baker in Seem. Jour. Bot. iii. 288; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 279. MM. alopecurvides, Hull, ex 
Smith; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1021. M. rotundifolia, Sole, Menth. Brit. t. 4, not L.— 
Penn. and New Jersey, Porter, Parker, Leggett. (Nat. from Eu.) 

M. rorunpiréuia, L. Tomentose-canescent: stem strict: leaves from broadly elliptical to 
roundish-subcordate, sessile, rugose, rather finely serrate: spikes slerider, not canescent. — 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1282; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1020. M. sylvestris, Sole, 1. ¢. t. 8, not 
L.— Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Texas: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

M. viripis, L. (Srearmint.) Glabrous or nearly so: leaves oblong-lanccolate or oblong, 
sparsely and sharply serrate: bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous. — Wet 
ground, in cultivated districts. (Nat. from Eu.) 
++ ++ Less capitate glomerules in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the axils of upper leaves: 

flowers distinctly pedicellate: leaves distinctly petioled: stems less erect. 

M. rierrfra, L. (Peprermint.) Glabrous, or in one variety somewhat hairy, very pun- 
gent-tasted: leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate: spikes nar- 
row, of numerous glomerules. — Along brooks, escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.) 

M. aquArica, L. Soft-pubescent or glabrate, the stem with reflexed hairs: leaves ovate, 
roundish, or subcordate: spikes oblong and interrupted or capitate, thick: calyx and 
usually the pedicels hairy. —J/. citrata, Ehrh.; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1029 (Bercamor 
Mint), a more glabrous and swect- odorous astiots, — Wet places, New England to Penn- 
sylvania, &c.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. crispa, Benth. A glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and. crisped 
leaves. — Af. crispu, L.; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1028. — Wet ditches, New Jersey, &c. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

+ + Inflorescence axillary, in dense verticillastrate glomerules, on stems leafy to the top: leaves 
more or less petioled, ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent or glabrate. 

M. arvensis, L. Leaves obtusely serrate: calyx-teeth deltoid, acute or obtuse, about one- 
third the length of the campanulate tube: otherwise same as forms of the next, which 
passes into it. — Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1038. — New England, &c., at a few stations. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

M. sativa, L. Taller, generally more pubescent, the stem with reflexed soft hairs: leaves 
sharply serrate: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, half the length of the cylindraceous 
tube, commonly hairy. — Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1031, 1032. AM. gentilis, Smith in Linn. 
Trans. v. 208, & Engl. Bot. t. 2118, a glabrate variety with only calyx-teeth hairy, and 
these longer. — Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn.; uncommon. (Nat. from Eu.) 

% x Indigenous: inflorescence axillary, consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerules 
in the axils of leaves, as in the preceding species, the uppermost axils flowerless. 

M. Canadénsis, L. Stem often simple: leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally tapering into the petiole: calyx hairy; the 
short teeth triangular-subulate. — Spec. ii. 577. — Wet places, through the Northern U. S. 
from Atlantic to Pacific, and Canada and Saskatchewan to New Mexico and California. 
Villous-hairy, with Pennyroyal odor: passes into 

Var. glabrata, Benth., with leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes 
very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of Afonarda. — M. borealis, Michx. FI. ii. 2.— 
Similar range. 


10. LYCOPUS, Tourn. Water Horenounp, BuGir-weEp, Grpsy- 
wort. (4vzos, wolf, zovg, foot, wolf’s-foot.) — Perennials, of wet or low ground 
(northern temperate and Australian), Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly 
aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers 
in their axils, in sessile capitate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils 
flowerless. Fl. summer.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285. 


Cunila. LABIATA. 353 


* Stoloniferous: long filiform runners produced in summer from the base of the stem, often tuberi- 
ferous at their apex. 


+ Calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, obtuse or barely acutish, as also the very short bracts, in fruit 
shorter than the nutlets. 


L. Virginicus, L. (Bueie-werp.) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem obtusely 
angled, 6 to 24 inches high: leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate in the 
middle, acuminate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole: calyx-teeth ovate or lanceo- 
late-ovate: sterile stamens minute rudiments. — Spee. i. 21; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 61. L. uni- 
florus, Michx, i. 14 (Z. pumilus, Vahl, L. Virg. var. pauciflorus, Benth.), a diminutive and 
northern few-flowered form, a span high. ZL. macrophyllus, Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. 
xii. 177 (var. macrophyllus, Gray, 1. c.), a tall and large-leaved form of Northern Pacific 
coast. — Labrador to Florida, Missouri, and north-westward to Brit. Columbia and Oregon. 

+— + Calyx-teeth 5, or occasionally 4, very acute, in fruit longer than the nutlets. 

++ Bracts minute: corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx: rudiments of posterior stamens 
very short, oval or lingulate: herbage glabrous or puberulent: stems 6 to 20 inches high. 

L. sessilifolius, Gray, 1. c. Stem ascending, rather acutely 4-angled: leaves all closely 
sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (inch or two long), sparsely sharply serrate: calyx-teeth 
subulate, rigid. — L. Europeus, var. sessilifolius, Grayy Man. ed. 5, 345. — New Jersey, in pine 
barrens, late-flowering, Canby, Parker. 

L. rubéllus, Mench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled, erect or ascending: leaves ovate- 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both 
ends (3 inches long), petioled: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. — Meench, 
Meth. Suppl. 446; Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842; Benth. in DC. lc. L. obtusifolius, 
Vahl? not Benth. JZ. Arkansanus, Fresenius, l.c.: puberulent form, with rather broader 
triangular-lanceolate less pointed calyx-teeth, the rudiments of sterile stamens varying 
from lingulate to linear-spatulate. L. Europreus, var. integrifolius, Gray, Man. 1. c.—Penn.? 
and Ohio to S. Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas. 
++ ++ Outer bracts conspicuous, very acute, often equalling the flowers: corolla hardly exceeding 

the calyx: rudiments of sterile stamens slender and capitellate or clavate-tipped. 

L. licidus, Turez. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, 
acutely angled above: leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute 
or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth, 
sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely punctate: calyx-teeth attenuate- 
subulate. (Siberia, Japan.) 

Var. Americanus, Gray, 1.c. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides : 
calyx-teeth less rigid. — Bot. Calif. i. 592. LZ. oblusifolius, Benth. in DC. 1. c. ? — Saskatche- 
wan to Kansas, Arizona, and California. 

* * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping: calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate or spinulose- 
tipped, rigid, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit surpassing the nutlets: subulate outer bracts 
often equalling the flowers. 

L. sinudtus, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous, roughish, or 
minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate (14 or 2 inches long), acuminate, irregu- 
larly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or incisely toothed, 
tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and short- 
cuspidate : rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, and with a globular or sub- 
clavate tip. — Sk. i. 187. LZ. Europeus, Walt. &e.  L. sinuatus, eraltatus & angustifolius, Ell. 
lie. L. vulgaris & L. angustifolius, Nutt. Gen., without char. L. Europeus, var. sinuatus, 
Gray, Man. 1. c.—N. Canada to Florida, Texas, and west to Oregon and N. California. 

L. Evrorzius, L., has less acutely angled stems, mostly broader and shorter subsessile leaves 
with less unequal teeth or lobes, subulate-spinulose calyx-teeth, and rudiments of sterile 
stamens obsolete or minute. — Occurs as a ballast-weed at Norfolk and Philadelphia, Durand, 
Parker. (Probably not yet nat. from Eu.) 


11. CUNILA, L. Dirrayy. (An ancient Latin name of some Labiate 
plant, applied by Linneus to a small American genus.) — Perennials, with small 
purplish flowers, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8, 365.) 

C. Mariana, lL. Herbaceous, cymosely much branched, a foot high, glabrous except the 


nodes: leaves nearly sessile, ovate with subcordate or rounded base, serrate, much punc- 
23 


354 LABIATA. Hyssopus. 


tate: flowers in peduncled loose cymes, rudiments of the upper pair of stamens generally 
apparent. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 80; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 42; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1205; Sweet, Brit. 
Fl. Gard. t. 243; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 76.  Satureia origanoides, L., ed. 1.— Dry soil, S. New 
York and Ohio to Georgia. 


12. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. Hyssop. (The ancient name, from a Hebrew 
word.) Only one species. 

H. orricinAuis, L. Perennial herb, with somewhat woody base, virgate branches, lanceo- 
late or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small spiked clusters, in summer. — 
Sparingly on roadsides eastward, and in California, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from 
Eu. and Asia.) 


13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mounrarn Mint or Bastt. (From 
Ilvzv0g, dense, éGenor, blossom: glomerate inflorescence.) — Perennial ‘erect 
herbs (all N. American, and all but one eastern), pleasantly pungent-aromatic, 
branching above; with capitate-verticillastrate glomerules or dense cymes (com- 
monly multibracteate) in the upper axils, or mainly cymosely terminal; flowers 
small, whitish or purplish, often purple-dotted, in summer. — Michx. FI. ii. 7, with 
Brachystemum, 1. c. 5; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii, 44. 


§ 1. Flower-clusters naked in a terminal corymbose cyme, small, rather dense ; 
the proper bracts minute and loose: calyx short-tubular; the teeth equal: leaves 
sessile and small. ; 

P. nudum, Nutt. Nearly glabrous; stem strict, 2 feet high: leaves oval, nearly entire, 

less than inch long, shorter than the internodes: calyx-teeth triangular, villous. — Gen. ii. 

34. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina? to Florida, Alabama, &c. 


§ 2. Flowers densely verticillastrate-cymose or glomerate, usually conspicuously 
much bracted: calyx oblong or short-tubular. (Many of the species difficult of 
discrimination, perhaps on account of hybridizing.) 

* Bracts and equal calyx-teeth aristate-tipped, rigid, naked, equalling the corolla: leaves slightly 

petioled, rather rigid. 

P. aristétum, Michx. Minutely soft-puberulent, mostly canescent: leaves ovate- and 
lanceolate-oblong, sparingly denticulate; flower-clusters dense or capitate, terminal. — Fl. 
ii. 8, t. 383. BP. verticillatum, Pursh, not Michx. P. setosum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 100. Origanum incanum, Walt. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 

Var. hyssopifdélium, Gray, 1. c. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.): leaves narrowly 
oblong or almost linear, nearly entire, obtuse. — Virginia to Florida. 
%* * Bracts and equal (or later species nearly equal) and similar calyx-teeth not aristate. 

+ Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, mostly glabrous, very numerous throughout 
the stems and copious branchlets: capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely fastigiate- 
cymose, copiously imbricated with short appressed rigid and subulate-pointed or acute bracts, 
which do not exceed the equally 5-toothed calyx: lips of the corolla very short. (Brachystemum 
Virginicum, Michx.) 

P. linifélium, Pursh. Glabrous up to the canescent inflorescence, 2 feet high, slender : 
leaves linear, somewhat 3-nerved : bracts subulate or cuspidate-tipped from a broad base: 
calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid-pointed. — Fl. ii. 409. Satureia Virginiana, L., as to 
syn. Pluk. Aaellia capitata, Meench, Meth. 408. Brachystemum linifolium, Willd. Enum. 623. 
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Schrad. Hort. Gott. 10, t.4.— Dry ground, Massachusetts to 
Illinois, Florida, and Texas. 

P. lanceoldtum, Pursh, 1.c. Stem stouter and somewhat pubescent: inflorescence 
villous-canescent: leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at base: 
bracts ovate or lanceolate: calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid, merely acute. — Satureia Virginiana, 
Herm. Parad. t. 218; L. Spee. ii. 567. Thymus Virginicus, L. Mant. 409. J. lanceolatus, 
Poir. Suppl. v. 305. Nepeta Virginica, Willd. Spec. iii.56. Brachystemum lanceolatum, Willd. 
Enum. 623. Pycnanthemum Virginicum, Pers. Syn. ii. 128. — Dry ground, Mass. and Canada 
to Nebraska and Georgia. 


Pycnanthemum. LABIATAE, 355 


+ + Leaves from lanceolate to ovate sessile, or almost so, denticulate or sometimes entire, pin- 
nately veined: flowers in larger and fewer less dense heads: verticillastrate glomerules subtended 
by fewer and looser bracts. 

P. Californicum, Torr. Usually tomentose-canescent, rather stout: leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or almost ovate, with rounded or subcordate sessile base; glomerules terminal 
and in the axils of 2 or 3 uppermost pairs of leaves, at first very dense (6 to 12 lines in 
diameter) : bracts setaceous, lax: teeth of the calyx lanccolate-triangular, villous, 3 or 4 
times shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99, & Pacif. R. 
Rep. iv. 122; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 592. California and borders of Nevada. Passes into 

Var. glabéllum, not canescent : leaves and stems from pubescent to almost glabrous : 
inflorescence less dense. — Torr. ]. c.— Upper Sacramento, Bigelow, Brewer, &e. 

P. muticum, Pers. lc. Puberulent, cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate but pale, much 
branched: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, subsessile, rather rigid, commonly obtuse at 
base; those subtending the (sometimes proliferous) dense capitate glomerules canescent : 
calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, acute. — Brachystemum muticum, Michx. 
FI. ii. 6, t. 32. Pye. Arkansanum, Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842, 825. — Maine to Flor- 
ida and Arkansas. — Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx. 1. ¢. t. 81 (coll. at Pittsburgh, Penn.), 
is intermediate between the typical (eastern) plant, with short bracts, shorter and broader 
calyx-teeth, and leaves glabrate or minutely cinereous, and 

Var. pilédsum. Cinereous with looser pubescence: leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly acute or acutish at base, sometimes ovate (Memphis, /’endler) : bracts and especially 
the rather narrower calyx-teeth canescent with more copious often villous pubescence. — 
P. pilosum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 33; Gray, l. c.— Ohio to Illinois and Arkansas. — Calyx often 
(but inconstantly) somewhat unequal, two or three of the teeth more united. 

P.léptodon. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched, tall: leaves mem- 
branaceous, green (14 or 2 inches long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile: glom- 
erules larger and looser than in the preceding, canescent-hirsute: long-acuminate bracts 
and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute.— P. pilosum, var.? leptodon, Gray in Am. 
Jour. Sci. 1.c.— North-western N. Carolina and S. Missouri, Gray & Carey, Geyer. — Per- 
haps a hybrid between P. muticum, var. pilosum, apd P, Tullia, var. dubium. 
+— + + Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not even the uppermost canescent: 

flowers in mostly terminal capitate glomerules, which are dense even in fruit: calyx almost or quite 

equally 5-toothed, canescently pubescent, the teeth subulate. (Ambiguous species. ) 

P. Torréyi, Benth. Puberulent: stem strict, corymbose at summit; leaves narrowly 
lanceolate, green, glabrate, entire or slightly and sparingly denticulate: heads cymose- 
corymbed, small; the bracts subulate, mostly appressed: corolla rather large. — Prodr. 
lc. 188. P. Virginicum, Nutt. Gen. 1. c. 4 — Dry ground, 8. New York to Pennsylvania. 

P. clinopodioides, Gray, l.c. Pubescent: leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply 
denticulate or sometimes entire: heads fewer and larger: bracts loose. — Dry soil, 8S. New 
York to E. Pennsylvania. 

% * * Calyx distinctly bilabiate through the union of three teeth to form the upper lip: the teeth 
and the tips of the loose bracts if slender not rigid: flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes, 
which are usually expanded with age: leaves membranaceous, mostly serrate, distinctly petioled, 
the uppermost more or less canescent: stems loosely branching. ; ; 

P. Tullia, Benth. Rather stout, loosely more or less pubescent: leaves ovate- or lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate, obtuse or acutish at base, somewhat serrate, thin (2 to 4 inches 
long), pale green both sides, only the uppermost tomentulose-whitened: calyx-teeth aristi- 
form-subulate, equalling the tube in length, above and the long-attenuate tips of the bracts 
setose-barbate. — Lab. 328, & in DC. l.c. i. 87. Tullia Pycnanthemoides, Leavenworth in 
Am. Jour. Sci. xx. 243, t.5.—S. Virginia and N. Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia, 
chiefly in and near the mountains. 

Var. dubium. Greener, not canescent, except the setose-villous bracts and calyx; 
the teeth of the latter shorter than the tube: leaves lanceolate. — P. dubium, Gray, 1. c. — 
Ashe Co., N. Carolina, Gray & Carey. Perhaps a hybrid between P. Tullia and P. leptodon, 
or even P. muticum, var. pilosum. 

P. incdnum, Michx. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong, with obtuse or 
rounded base, serrate (2 to 4 inches long), the lower surface or both surfaces of the upper- 
most canescent, at least when young, and with more or less loose or villous pubescence : 
calyx-teeth subulate or triangular-lanceolate and cuspidate or pointed, not exceeding half 


356 LABIATZ. Pycnanthemum. 


the length of the tube, often bearing one or two bristle-like hairs. — Clinopodium incanum, 
L. Spee. ii. 588. Origanum punctatum, Poir. Pycnanthemum Loomisii, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 100; form approaching the next.— New England and W. Canada to Ohio, and 
south to Florida and Louisiana. 

P. albéscens, Torr. & Gray, |. c. Stems slender, puberulent, all the parts smaller 
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, small (inch or so long), canescent 
beneath and the uppermost on both sides with a minute close pubescence, as also are the 
short and beardless calyx and bracts; teeth of the former short, triangular-ovate, obtuse. 
—Am. Jour. Sci. Lc. P. incanum, var. albescens, Chapm. Fl. 816.— Alabama and Florida 
to Texas. 


§ 3. Flowers densely verticillastrate-capitate ; the globose glomerules sessile 
and solitary at the summit of the stem and in some of the upper axils, copiously 
and conspicuously bracteate: calyx tubular; the short teeth nearly equal: aspect 
somewhat of Monarda. 


. 

P. montanum, Michx. Sweet-aromatic, glabrous or nearly so: leaves ovate- or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), short- 
petioled: bracts thin, lanceolate, long-acuminate, villous-ciliate: calyx-teeth triangular- 
subulate, naked, very much shorter than the narrow tube.—F. ii. 8; Gray, lc. Monar- 
della montana, Benth. Lab. 331. Monarda gracilis, Pursh, Fl. i. 17%2— Moist woods, Alle- 
ghany Mountains, S. Virginia and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 


14. MONARDELLA, Benth. (Diminutive of Monarda, which this 
wholly western American genus resembles in aspect, inflorescence, and calyx; 
while in the rest of the flower it is near Pyenanthemum.) — Flowers in terminal 
and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or involucrate by broad often mem- 
branaceous and colored bracts: corolla red, rose, purple, or rarely white. Pleas- 
antly aromatic fragrant herbs, mostly entire-leaved. — Benth. Lab. 331, & in DC. 
Prodr. xii. 190; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. 


§ 1. Flowers large and comparatively few, rather loosely glomerate: tube of 
corolla much longer than the limb: anther-cells oval-oblong, divaricate: root 
perennial. 


M. macradntha, Gray. A span high from creeping suffrutescent rootstocks, puberulent 
or pubescent: leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, obtuse, glabrate, 5 to 10 lines long, slender- 
petioled: heads 10-25-flowered, with lax and thin ovate or oblong obtuse bracts: calyx- 
teeth lanceolate, acute: corolla very much exserted, inch and a half long, scdrlet, with 
tube slightly trumpet-shaped, and comparatively small lanceolate lobes only 3 or 4 lines 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i593; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6270.— San Diego 
Co., California, Cleveland, Palmer. Also, in a more foliaceous and less showy form (taller, 
more hirsute-pubescent, with leaves thinner and a full inch long, and flowers rather 
smaller), San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon. 

M. nana, Gray, l.c. Hirsute-pubescent, a span high: leaves and heads nearly of the 
preceding: corolla slender, less than an inch long, white tinged with rose ; pubescent tube 
little exceeding the calyx. — S. California, in mountains behind San Diego, Cleveland. 


§ 2. Flowers smaller, more numerous, and densely capitate: calyx only a 
quarter or a third of an inch long: tube of the corolla little exserted and little 
longer than the limb: anther-cells shorter and less divaricate. 


* Perennials, in tufts, often slightly lignescent at base: corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose- 
purple; the lobes linear: calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, merely or hardly acute, 
soft. (Seemingly transitional forms occur between all but the tirst species. ) 


++ Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, petioled, more or less obviously pinnately veined: bracts 
obtuse and pointless. 


M. hypoletica. Pubescent, a foot or two high: leaves densely tomentose-canescent 
beneath, silvery-white when young, glabrate and green above, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, 


Monardella. LABIATE. 357 


an inch or two long, all distinctly petioled ; veins conspicuous, impressed above: heads 
large: bracts orbicular and ovate, nervose. — 8. E. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry 
& Lemmon. 

M. villésa, Benth. Soft-pubescent, or the heads and lower face of leaves villous, or 
sometimes the whole herbage glabrate, a span to a foot high: leaves ovate, 5 to 14 lines 
long, all petioled, from sparsely crenate-dentate to nearly entire: veins conspicuous, widely 
spreading: bracts ovate, foliaceous, more or less pinnately veined. — Lab. 332, Bot. Sulph. 
t. 21, & DC. 1. c. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 592. Woods and banks, nearly throughout the 
western part of California, especially along the coast. Leaves in the typical form often 
tomentose beneath. 

Var. leptésiphon, Torr. A rather large-flowered form, cincreous with a finer 
pubescence, and ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire leaves. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 
129. — In the central part of the State. 

Var. glabélla, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate, 
except the head: leaves oblong, entire or barely and sparingly denticulate ; upper ones 
sometimes subsessile: veins much less conspicuous. — Bot. Calif. lc. Al. Shelton’, Torr. in 
Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99.— Pine woods, through the Sierra Nevada and valley of 
the Sacramento. There are transitions to the next. 

M. odoratissima, Benth. 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomentulose, or 
nearly glabrous, but pale; a span to a foot high: leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly 
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the upper subsessile, firm in texture, both 
sides alike; the veins inconspicuous or obscure: bracts thin-membranaceous and colored 
(whitish or purple), nervose: calyx-teeth (as in the preceding) hirsute without and within: 
odor of Pennyroyal.—Dry hills, Washington Terr., Oregon, and through the higher 
mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. 
+— + Leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire, thickish and nearly veinless, half to two-thirds inch 

long, subsessile, or the lower oblong and petioled and with a few veins. 

M. linoides, Gray. Canescent or cinereous with an almost imperceptible puberulence : 
stems a span to 18 inches high, strict and rigid: bracts ovate, mucronate-acute, scarious- 
membranaceous and white with pinkish, pinnately nervose: calyx-teeth narrowly lanceo- 
late, merely pubescent: odor of Bergamot. — Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Southern 
California, in mountains of San Diego Co. and on the Mohave, Cleveland, Palmer, Parry & 
Lemmon, &c. 

M. Palmeri. Glabrous and green, or obscurely puberulent up to the pubescent and pro- 
portionally large head, a span high: bracts ovate, very obtuse, more nervose, otherwise 
as in the preceding: calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. — San Luis Obispo Co., California, under 
Redwoods in the Santa Lucia mountains, Palmer. 

* x Annuals: from a span to a foot or more high, Joosely branching: leaves entire or merely 


undulate, more distant, narrowed at base into a petiole: calyx-teeth mostly with rather strong 
marginal nerves. 


+— Bracts rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, white and transparent-scarious, except the nerves or veins: 
corolla bright rose or purple. 

M. Douglasii, Benth. 1.c. Pubescent: leaves lanceolate: bracts ovate and ovate-lan- 
ceolate, tapering gradually into the cusp, more or less hirsute, fenestrate, the pinnate 
spreading greenish veins running from midrib to stout marginal nerves, forming a firm 
frame for the hyaline and silvery interspaces: teeth of the hirsute calyx rigid and subu- 
late: scent strong. — M. candicans, var. venosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 123. — California, 
through the valley and westward. 

M. Bréweri, Gray, Puberulent: leaves ovate-oblong: bracts broadly ovate, abruptly 
cuspidate-pointed, less translucent, and with slender more nervose and whitish veins, only 
those of the outermost bracts strongly pinnate, destitute of strong marginal nerves: calyx- 
teeth triangular-subulate, merely acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 886, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 594. — California, in Corral-Hollow, Contra-Costa Co. 
+— + Bracts acute or obtuse: nervose, less translucent or the outer herbaceous: corolla rose-color 

or purple: calyx-teeth not subulate, short. 

M. lanceolata, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, or the stem puberulent: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering into a slender petiole; the uppermost and the 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts acute; the latter with cross-veinlets between the nerves or 


358 LABIAT ZA. Monardella. 


primary veins: calyx-teeth acutish, glabrate outside, densely hirsute within. — Proc. Am. 

Acad. xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, common nearly through the State except on 

mountains. 

M. undulata, Benth. 1.c. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves spatulate-oblong to 
oblanceolate or linear with tapering base, obtuse, undulate-margined: heads mostly villous 
or pubescent: bracts broadly ovate, thin, whitish-scarious, obtuse, no cross-veinlets be- 
tween the parallel nerves: calyx-teeth villous, obtuse: “odor of peppermint.” — Gray, 1. c. 
— California, near the coast. 

+ + + Bracts obtuse or obtusely and slightly acuminate, broadly ovate, more or less white- 
scarious, nervose, and with some cross-veinlets between the nerves: corolla white or nearly so, 
small and short, not over 8 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth villous and with white-scarious tips: 
herbage cinereous or canescent. 

M. candicans, Benth. Soft-puberulent, cinereous, but hardly canescent: leaves lan- 
ceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole: bracts minutely pubes- 
cent outside, ovate, greenish along the numerous nerves, at least the tip and margins 
white-scarious, shorter than the flowers: calyx-teeth short, rather broad and obtuse, villous 
both sides. — Pl. Hartw. 330; Gray, 1. c.— California, valley of the Sacramento and foot- 
hills of the neighboring Sierra Nevada. 

Var. exilis. Smaller: bracts mostly with a short scarious acumination: calyx-teeth 
acute. — S. E. California or adjacent Arizona, Palmer. 

M. leucocéphala, Gray. Low, much branched, cinereous-pubescent: leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate, short-petioled: bracts ovate-orbicular with slight acumination, wholly 
thin-scarious and bright white, lightly nervose and with very sparing cross-veinlets (about 
4 lines long and broad): calyx hirsute; the teeth attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 385, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, on the plains near Merced, in sandy soil, 
Brewer. 


15. ORIGANUM, Tourn. Witp Manrsgoram. (Ancient Greek name, 
from 6gog, a mountain, and yavog, delight.) — Old World plants, one introduced. 
QO. vutcAre, L. Branching erect perennial, villous: leaves ovate, petioled: short spiciform 


branches of the cymes densely panicled, crowded with ovate and obtuse purplish-colored 
bracts : corolla purple. — Roadsides, Atlantic States: fl. summer. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


16. THYMUS, Tourn. Tuyme. (Classical name, perhaps from iw, to 
burn perfume, Thyme having been used for incense.) — Low and small-leaved 
and small-flowered perennials, with persistent often somewhat woody base; fl. 
summer. Old World genus, one species introduced. 

T, Serpytitum, L. (Cresrinc Tuyrme.) Prostrate-tufted: leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, 
veiny, more or less ciliate, short-petioled, 2 to 4 lines long, the floral ones similar: flowers 


crowded at the end of the ascending branches, purplish. — Old fields, E. Massachusetts and 
Pennsylvania. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


17. SATUREIA, Tourn. Savory. (Ancient Latin name.) — Small- 
leaved and low plants, sweet aromatic ; the genuine species all of the Old World; 
the single American one almost generically distinct. 


§ 1. Satureia proper. Bracts of the loose inflorescence small or none: calyx 
mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fl. summer. : 

S. norrénsis, L. (Summer Savory.) Annual, much branched, minutely pubescent: leaves 
oblong-linear or lanceolate, tapering at base: flowers in axillary clusters, above becoming 
interruptedly spicate: corolla short, pale purplish: stamens short. — Cult. as a sweet-herb ; 
escaping from gardens is sparingly wild in Ohio, Illinois, Nevada, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. PycnotuyYmus, Benth. Flower-clusters crowded in a terminal oblong 
head or spike, conspicuously bracteate: bracts as long as the corolla: calyx very 
small, thin, much shorter than the slender tube of the corolla: fl. spring. 


Calamintha. LABIATAE. 359 


S. rigida, Bartram. Cespitose-procumbent, suffrutescent: leaves crowded, rigid, subu- 
latelanceoiate, with strongly revolute margins, obtuse, quarter inch long. scabrous or 
becoming smooth, above passing into the broader and flatter villous-hirsute bracts: calyx 
equally and deeply 5-cleft, membranaceous: corolla light purple; the tube (3 lines long) 
much shorter than the lips: filaments at length exserted. — Benth. Lab. 354, & DC. Prodr. 
xi. 211. — E. Florida, in sand. 


18. MICROMERIA, Benth. (Mizoey, small, and péoog, a part, from small 
size of flowers, &c.) — Chiefly of the Old World. Our two species, of the section 
Hesreroriiymus, are diffusely spreading or creeping perennial herbs, with slender 
stems, rounded and petioled veiny thin leaves, and 1 to 3 slender-pedicelled purplish 
flowers in their axils; in summer. ‘To these an anomalous Californian species is 
added. 

M. Bréwnei, Benth. Glabrous, or nearly so: leaves roundish, obscurely crenate: pedi- 
cels bractless : calyx villous in the throat; teeth lanceolate-ovate. — Lab. 372; Schmidt in 
Fl. Bras. viii. t.32. Thymus Browne’, Swartz. — River-banks, Florida. (W. Ind., S$. Am.) 

Var. pilosiuscula, with leaves (perhaps shorter-petioled) and sometimes stem and 
calyx sparsely pilose-pubescent : passes into Jf. Nulapensis, Benth., and as such is enume- 
rated in Bot. Mex. Bound. 129. —Texas, near San Antonio (7'hurber), and southward. (Mata- 

moras, Berlundier, Mex., &c.) 

M. Douglasii, Benth. 1.c. (Yersa Buenas.) Somewhat pubescent: trailing and creep- 
ing stem elongated : leaves broadly ovate or roundish : pedicels 2-bracteolate below : calyx 
naked in the throat; the teeth subulate.— J/. barbata, Fisch. & Meyer. Thymus Douglasii 
& T. Chamissonis, Benth. in Linn. vi. 80.— Woods, Vancouver’s Island to Los Angeles Co., 
California. 

M. purpurea, Gray. Erect, much branched, probably from an annual root, minutely 
and loosely pubescent: leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch 
long), with dense umbelliform cymules subsessile in their axils : calyx oblong-campanulate, 
a line and a half long, about equalling the pedicels, naked in the throat; teeth slender- 
subulate, almost equalling the small “ purple-blue” corolla. — Bot. Calif. i. 595. IZedeoma 
purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 52. (All 4 stamens antheriferous.) — Webb’s 
Landing on an island in the San Joaquin River, California, Aellogy. 

M. eracreordta, Benth. 1. c., founded on “ Hedceoma bracteolata. Pubescent, stem simple, 
slender: leaves linear-sublanceolate, acute at cach extremity, entire: pedicels setaceously 
bracteolate, 3-5-flowered: calyx oblong, equal: corolla minute? In Carolina.’ — Nutt. 
Gen. Addend. This is wholly obscure. 


19. CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Mench. Catamint. (Old Greek name 
of some plant of this order.) — Ierbs or undershrubs, chiefly of warm-temperate 
regions, of various habit, flowering all summer. Ours are perennials, and are 
various in habit. 

C. PAtmert, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, an annual, of the Acinos section and the habit 
and odor of Hedeoma, belongs to Lower California, much beyond our limits. 

§ 1. Flowers loose, and without long-subulate bracts: calyx in ours usually 
villous in the throat: anthers naked. 

* Herbaceous, small-flowered: corolla pale purple or nearly white. 

+— Introduced, pubescent: peduncles short but mostly distinct, several-flowered: calyx conspicu- 

ously villous in the throat. 

C. Névera, Link. (Bastyr Tuyme.) Villous- or cinereous-pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
roundish-ovate, crenate (half inch long), short-petioled ; uppermost reduced to bracts: 
bractlets minute : corolla 4 lines long. — Benth. Lab. & in DC. xii. 228. Melissa Nepeta, L. 
Thymus Nepeta, Smith, Eng]. Bot. t.1414.— Dry waste grounds, from Maryland to Arkansas. 
(Nat. from Eu.) : 

C. orricrxAtis, Mench, Meth. 409, the common Calamint of Europe, is inclined to escape 
from cultivation in a few places. 


360 LABIATA. Calamintha. 


+ + Indigenous on wet limestone river-banks, glabrous or nearly so, except a villous ring in the 
throat of the calyx: common peduncles in the axils hardly any: pedicels 1 to 5: conspicuous 
bracts at their base subulate-acuminate : petioles short or none. 

C. glabélla, Benth. Stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate with tapering base ; the larger ones serrate: axils 3-5-flowered: calyx- 
teeth of both lips attenuate-subulate: corolla nearly half inch long, barely twice the length 
of the calyx. — DC. Prodr. xii. 230. Cunila glabella, Michx. Fl. i. 18. Zizophora glabella, 
Reem. & Sch. Syst. i. 209. — Banks of the Cumberland near Nashville (Michaux) and of the 
Kentucky River near Frankfort, Short & Peter. 

C. Nuttallii, Benth. 1.c. Stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, a span or two 
high, copiously stoloniferous at base: leaves entire, thickish and veinless, with slightly 
revolute margins; cauline linear or the lower spatulate, sessile, 5 to 9 lines long; those of 
the creeping stolons ovate and orbicular, short-petioled, 2 or 3 lines long: flowers 1 to 
8 in the axils: corolla a third of an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx.— 
Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 325. Hedeoma glabra, Nutt. Gen. i. 16. H. Arkansana, Nutt. in 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186. Cunila glabra, Torr. Fl. 28.  Micromeria glabella 
(mainly) & Jf. Arkansana, Benth. Lab. 730, 871. M. glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr. FI. 
N. Y. ii. 67. Calamintha glabella, var. Nuttallii, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 307, ed. 5, 349. — Niagara 
Falls to Lake Superior, S. Missouri to Texas. 

% % More or less woody or shrubby at base: a foot or two high: lips of the calyx-teeth more un- 
equal; the broader upper one barely and mostly obtusely 3-toothed. 

C. Carolinidna, Sweet. Nearly glabrous: leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat crenate 
(6 to 14 lines long), abruptly narrowed into a short petiole: flowers few or several in the 
axils, in a crowded subsessile cyme: bracts foliaceous: calyx oblong, strongly striate, very 
villous in the throat, scarcely gibbous: corolla pink-purple or whitish and purple-spotted, 
half inch long; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved. — Hort. Brit. 809; Benth. 
in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 229. Thymus Carolinianus, Michx. ii. 9. TJ. grandiflorus, Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 997. Melissa Caroliniana, Benth. Lab. 388.— Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida. 

C. coccinea, Benth. 1. c. Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, bushy : 
branches virgate: leaves obovate or cuncate-oblong, obtuse, subsessile, entire or obscurely 
crenate, with somewhat revolute margins, thickish, veinless, about half inch long: short 
peduncles 1-3-flowered: corolla scarlet, narrow, inch and a half long; the lips much 
shorter than the tube. — Melissa coccinea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 224. Cunila coccinea, Nutt. ; Hook. 
Exot. Fl. t. 163. — Gardoquia Hookeri, Benth. Lab. 401; Bot. Reg. t. 1747; Brit. Fl. Gard. 
ser. 2, t. 271. Satureia coccinea, Bertol. Misc. viii. 28.— Sandy soil, W. Florida to Mobile, 
Alabama, near the shore; flowering late. 

C. dentata, Chapm. Tomentulose-cinereous, diffusely branched: leaves obovate or 
somewhat cuneate, few-toothed at the rounded apex, subsessile, canescent and obscurely 
veined beneath: flowers solitary or in threes, short-pedicelled: calyx shorter than in the 
preceding; the short obscurely 3-toothed upper lip tinged with purple; subulate teeth of 
the lower lip hairy: “upper stamens abbreviated, sterile.” — Fl. 118. — Sand ridges near 
Aspalaga, W. Florida, Chapman. In foliage, &c. much resembles C’. coccinea, apparently 
smaller-flowered: no perfect corolla seen. 

%* % % Herbaceous to the base? and large-flowered: calyx less bilabiate; the teeth of the upper 

lip very like those of the lower: corolla orange. 

C. mimuloides, Benth. Tall, somewhat viscidly hirsute: leaves ovate, coarsely ser- 
rate, membranaceous, on slender petioles: flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on slender 
pedicels foliaceous-bracteate at base: calyx tubular (8 lines long), nearly naked in the 
throat; the teeth cuspidate from a broad ovate or triangular base, equal in length, those 
of the upper lip spreading: corolla inch and a half long, with a narrow tube twice the 
length of the calyx.— Pl. Hartw. 33. — California, on shady banks of Carmel River, near 
Monterey, Hartweg. 


§ 2. Ciinorép1um, Benth. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and as it were 
involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts: calyx nearly naked 
in the throat: anthers naked. 


C. Clinopédiuny Benth. (Basir.) Herbaceous, hirsute: leaves ovate, obtuse, almost 
entire, petioled: verticillastrate heads globular, many-flowered: teeth of the narrow tubu- 


Hedeoma. LABIATAE. 361 


lar and gibbous calyx and the bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple nar- 
row corolla. — Clinopodium vulgare, L.; Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1401. — Borders of thickets and 
fields, common northward, and seemingly introduced : indigenous from the Great Lakes to 
the Rocky Mountains. (Eu., Asia.) 


20. MELISSA, Tourn. Bam. (Greek name of the honey-bee, trans- 
ferred to a plant the blossoms of which are sought by bees.) — Herbs, of the Old 
World, only one common species. 

M. orricixitis, L, (Common Batu.) Upright or spreading and branching perennial, 
pubescent ; with broadly ovate or cordate crenate-toothed lemon-scented leaves, and loose 


axillary cymes of white or whitish flowers; in summer. — Escaped from gardens to waste 
grounds, eastward. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


21. CONRADINA, Gray. (Named in memory of Solomon W. Conrad, of 
Philadelphia, botanist, and publisher of his friend Muhlenberg’s works.) — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 244. — Founded on a single species; with leaves resembling Rose- 
mary. 

C. canéscens, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat shrubby, much branched, minutely canescent, 
leafy: the leaves also fascicled in the axils, narrowly linear, obtuse, with revolute mar- 
gins: flowers solitary or in threes in the upper axils, short-pedicelled: teeth of the calyx 
and sometimes the tube villous with long spreading hairs: corolla pink or white, dotted in 
the throat, hairy outside, half inch long. — Calamintha canescens, Torr. & Gray in DC. 
Prodr. xii. 229; Chapm. Fl. 818.— Sandy sea-shore and adjacent pine woods, Alabama and 
Florida, from Mobile to Tampa Bay (Hulse), and Indian River on the east (Palmer): fl. 
summer. 


22. POLIOMINTHA, Gray. (JTodtés, hoary-white, and pivda, Mint.) — 
Texano-Mexican low suffrutescent plants, canescent throughout or nearly so; 
with entire leaves, and few-several-flowered cymes or glomerules in their axils, 
the uppermost sometimes diminished and bract-like. Corolla rose-color or purple, 
with tube either equalling or much surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
295, 365; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1189. (Genus too near Gardoquia, of the 
Andes from Mexico to Chili, not to be distinguished if that becomes really 
diandrous.) 

P. incana, Gray, 1.c. A foot or so high, very much branched, silvery with very close 
and minute tomentum: branches virgate: leaves linear or the lower oblong (8 to 9 lines 
long), sessile, veinless and the midrib obscure; the upper floral shorter than the 1 to 3 sub- 
sessile flowers in their axils: calyx oblong or cylindraceous, 15-nerved, white-villous 
(3 lines long), with conspicuous subulate teeth, half the length of the corolla, equalling its 
tube, which is pilose-annulate at the summit. — Hedeoma incana, Torr. Mex. Bound. 130.— 
Western Texas to 8. Utah, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, Brandegee, Mrs. Thompson, &c. 

P. mollis, Gray, 1.c. A foot or more high, more tomentose, herbaceous nearly to the 
base: leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a short petiole, 3-5-plinerved: calyx-teeth 
minute, unequally spreading, one-fifth the length of the 13-striate tube, which is hardly 
half the length of the corolla: tube of the latter not annulate but sparsely pilose within. 
— Hedeoma mollis, Torr. 1. c. 129.— Borders of Mexico and Texas, on cliffs of the Rio 
Grande at Puerto de Paysano, Bigelow. 


23. HEDEOMA, Pers. (Name altered from the Greek ‘Hévocpuor, a sweet- 
smelling herb, probably of this family. The plants have the scent and taste of 
the European Pennyroyal, Mentha Pulegium.) — Low herbs, all American, chiefly 
of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico; with small flowers, in summer. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 866; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1188. 


362 LABIATA. Hedeoma. 


§ 1. Evnepréma, Gray, 1.c. Flowers pedicellate, cymulose or rarely sub- 
solitary in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of.which are sometimes dimin- 
ished and bract-like: corolla with an even open throat: throat of the calyx in 
fruit closed with a ring of villous hairs (except in H. acinotdes): low and diffuse 
or much branched herbs, of dry soil, pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and 
whitish or purplish flowers: pubescence of the stem usually retrorse. 


* Filaments of the posterior stamens manifest, bearing a capitate rudiment or sometimes a polli- 
niferous anther: calyx rather short, conspicuously bilabiate; its upper and lower lips very 
dissimilar. 

H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyau.) Annual, erect, minutely pubes- 
cent: leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat serrate, narrowed at base into a slender petiole; 
floral similar or the upper merely smaller: calyx in fruit ovate-campanulate or oblong, 
strongly gibbous; upper lip broad and spreading, with 8 triangular teeth, about equalling 
the two setaceous-subulate and hispid-ciliate teeth: corolla hardly exserted, 2 or 3 lines 
long. — Syn. ii. 181; Bart. Med. t.41. Melissa & Cunila pulegioides, L. Canada to Iowa 
and southward; common. 

* * Filaments of the posterior stamens minute subulate rudiments, or sometimes obsolete: teeth 
of both lips of the calyx subulate, 

+— About equal in length, all erect or in fruit curved upward: bracts linear or acerose-subulate, 
spreading or at length reflexed: erect annuals, with the upper flowers somewhat capitately or 
spicately crowded. 

H. acinoides, Scheele. Minutely pubescent, slender: leaves nearly glabrous, thinnish, 
slender-petioled, obscurely denticulate ; the lower ovate, upper oblong, or the upper floral 
oblong-linear: bracts equalling the slender pedicels: calyx tubular, gibbous at base (8 lines 
long), barely hairy in the throat; limb slightly bilabiate; the teeth setaceous-subulate, 
minutely ciliate, barely one-third the length of the tube: tube of the purple corolla 
exserted, slender (4 lines long) ; its lower lip much larger than the upper, and middle lobe 
deeply emarginate. — Linn. xxii. 592; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366. — Arkansas, Leaven- 
worth. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 

H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leaves all similar, linear, entire, thickish, somewhat 
nervose-veined, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but their margins at least towards 
the base hispid-ciliate: bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid: limb of the calyx bilabi- 
ate; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube; the teeth of the 
upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform and hispid, equalling the (3 lines long) bluish 
corolla. —Fl. ii. 414. H. hirta, Nutt. Gen. i.16. Cunila hispida, Spreng. Syst. i. 54.— 
Plains west of the Mississippi, from Dakota to Louisiana and Arkansas; also Illinois, 
there apparently lately introduced. 
+- + Two lower calyx-teeth decidedly longer than the three upper: bracts mostly erect and 

subulate. 

++ Leaves entire, or in the first species with rare and obscure denticulations or crenulations, into 
which the few and inconspicuous veins do not run: root either indurated and perduring-annual or 
perennial. 

H. thymoides. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, about a span high, at length diffusely 
branched from the base: leaves ovate, obtuse (8 to 5 lines long), petioled ; the lower little 
exceeding and the upper shorter than the flowers: bracts mostly subulate and shorter than 
the pedicels: calyx oblong-tubular and at length rather strongly gibbous (the tube 1} or 2 
lines and the setaceous lower teeth a line or sometimes more in length); teeth of the upper 
lip recurved away from the straightish and moderately longer lower ones: corolla little ex- 
serted, only 3 lines long. — H. dentata, var. nana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 130. JH. piperita? 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366, not Benth., which must have much larger calyx, flat pedicels, 
and more crenate leaves. — E. New Mexico to Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer, &e. 

Var. oblongifdlia. Stems erect, even strict, sometimes a foot high: leaves oblong, 
or the lower ovate, shorter-petioled; the reduced floral ones subsessile and acute. —H. 
piperita, var. oblongifolia, Gray, 1. c. — New Mexico and Arizona; same collectors. 

H. Drumméndi, Benth. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high, 
copiously branched: leaves from oblong (or the lowest oval) to linear, obtuse, subsessile, 
or narrowed at base into a very short petiole, thickish; the upper mostly rather shorter 
than the few flowers in their axils: small subulate bracts not longer than the pedicels: 


Hedeoma. LABIATA. 363 


calyx hirsute or hispid, from cylindraceous to at length ovate-tubular, slightly gibbous, in 
age more or less curved, not obviously bilabiate; the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all 
connivent and slightly curved upward; the lower nearly twice the length of the upper: 
corolla from 38 or 4 lines long, and little exserted, to 6 lines and double the length of the 
calyx. — Lab. 308, & DC. 1. ¢. 245; Gray, Le. H. ciliata, Nutt. Gamb. 183, not Benth. — 
Common from Texas to Arizona, and north to the plains of Colorado and even Nebraska. 
(Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. Reverchoni. Rigid: leaves greener, coriaceous, elliptical (half inch long, 3 
lines or more broad), or the floral oblong, hirsute-pubescent or at least ciliate, the few 
veins more prominent beneath. — Rocks, Brown Co., Texas, Reverchon. 

H. hyssopifélia, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout: stems slender, erect and simple 
from a lignescent perennial base, 8 to 12 inches high: leaves all sessile and entire, nervose 
veined (especially beneath), narrowly linear-lanceolate and about half inch long, or the 
lowest much shorter and oblong or oval: short peduncles linear-bracteate, 1-5-flowered : 
calyx obscurely pubescent, narrowly cylindrical, not gibbous (the tube 2} lines long), not. 
bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous lower teeth nearly twice the length of the similar upper 
ones, all straightish: corolla much exserted, 7 or 8 lines long, purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xi. 96; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. ined. t. 17. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock. 
++ ++ Leaves serrate with salient acute and callous teeth in which the veins terminate, all sub- 

sessile or the lower short-petioled: many-stemmed perennials: cymes few-flowered: calyx nar- 

row, at length somewhat gibbous or curved, 2 or 3 lines long, minutely hirsute. 

H. dentata, Torr. Hirsute-pubescent: stems erect and slender, a foot high: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate (4 to 6 lines long), coarsely few-dentate ; veins ascending, rather indis- 
tinct: calyx-tube slender; limb hardly bilabiate; subulate-setaceous lower teeth erect and 
moderately longer than the recurved-spreading upper ones: corolla pink, nearly twice the 
length of the calyx, 4 lines long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 130, in part; Gray, l.c. —S. Arizona, 
near Santa Cruz, Thurber, Rothrock. 

H. plicata, Torr. lc. Minutely soft-pubescent, a span or more high, at length diffuse: 
leaves approximate, rigid, rhombic-ovate or the lower roundish-ovate and the uppermost 
floral oblong (3 or 4 lines long), numerously and coarsely callous-serrate, conspicuously: 
lineate with the copious strong and straight mostly simple veins, which are very prominent 
beneath and extend from the midrib through the acute teeth: calyx of the preceding, but 
less slender and more gibbous or curved, also more evidently bilabiate: corolla shorter, 2 
or 3 lines long. — Mountains along the Rio Limpio and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, Wright, 
Bigelow. (There is a similar, but larger flowered and villous species, ZZ. custuta, S. Mex., 
Ghiesbreyht, no. 815.) 


§ 2. StracuypE6mA, Gray, lc. Flowers sessile or subsessile, verticillastrate 
in a terminal interrupted spike, the floral leaves diminished to bracts, except 
sometimes the lowermost: throat of the pink or purple corolla with a pair of 
longitudinal projecting folds under the lower lip: calyx hardly at all gibbous, 
rather short, long-hirsute : stem erect: leaves all sessile or nearly so, glabrous or 
glabrate, with at least the uppermost hirsute-ciliate. 


H. cilidta, Benth. A span or two high from an annual root: stem retrorsely puberu- 
lent and above mostly hirsute with some spreading hairs: leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, 
veinless (inch or less long) : flowers several in the clusters of the spike: calyx moderately 
bilabiate ; its 15-nerved tube and the subulate-linear bractlets conspicuously white-hirsute ; 
throat villous-bearded; teeth more naked, similar and of equal length, slender-subulate 
ciliolate, connivent after anthesis: tube of the rose-purple corolla not exserted ; upper lip 
2lobed; throat hairy at the insertion of the short included stamens: sterile filaments 
wanting. —DC. Prodr. xii. 245; Gray, 1. v. 867. — Sandy ground, Texas, Berlundier (ex 
Benth.), Drummond, E. Hall. 

H. gravéolens, Chapm. Stems numerous, a foot or more high from a perennial base 
or root, strict, often simple, soft-hirsute or pubescent: leaves round-ovate, subcordate, 
obscurely pinnately veined (the larger half inch long) ; lower short-petioled and sparingly 
dentate; upper passing into similar bracts, which are shorter than the usually solitary 
flowers they subtend: bractlets oblong, foliaceous: tube of the 12-13-nerved and conspic- 


364 LABIATA. Pogogyne. 


uously bilabiate calyx oblong-campanulate; the teeth especially hispid or hirsute with 
long whitish hairs ; those of the broad upper lip short and deltoid; the two of the lower 
aristiform subulate, equalling the tube of the purple and spotted corolla: fertile stamens 
equalling the emarginate upper lip of the corolla; sterile filaments subulate, sometimes 
with small rudiments of anthers. —Gray, l. c.; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. (1878), 10.— 
Low pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. From the name the species apparently is not 
sweet-scented. 


24. POGOGYNE, Benth. (Iyer, beard, v7}, female ; the style bearded.) 
— Californian annuals, of low stature, sweet-aromatic; with oblong-ovate or ob- 
lanceolate mostly entire leaves, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper 
diminished into bracts, these and the calyx usually conspicuously ciliate-bearded 
with hirsute or hispid hairs. Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and sessile, at least 
the upper glomerules spicate or capitate. Calyx-teeth mostly 3-nerved. Corolla 
blue or violet purple, sometimes paler. Fl. spring and summer. — Benth. Lab. 
414, & DC. l.c. 243; Gray in Bot. Calif. i. 596. 

§ 1. Stamens all four with perfect anthers: style conspicuously bearded above ; 
its subulate lobes or stigmas almost equal: corolla 6 to 9 lines long, with funnel- 
form tube, and throat surpassing the (variable) calyx. 

* Inflorescence oblong- or cylindrical-spicate and nearly continuous, conspicuously white-hirsute or 

hispid with the long and rigid marginal hairs of the bracts and calyx. 

P. Douglasii, Benth. l.c. Rather stout, a span to a foot high: leaves spatulate-oblong 
or narrower, veiny, rarely dentate: bracts linear, acute: flowers comparatively large, blue 
or violet; lower calyx-lobes twice the length of the tube, much longer and narrower than 
the others. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5886; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 597. P. multiflora, Benth. 1. c., 
is merely a smaller form, with rather shorter bracts. — California, through the foothills of 
the Sierra and westward. 

P. parvifi6ra, Benth. 1.c. More slender and lower: leaves narrower: spike shorter: 
bracts mostly obtuse: corolla barely half inch long: lower calyx-lobes hardly longer and 
the upper ones shorter than the tube.— From San Francisco Bay northward, Douglas, 
Bolander, &c. 

* * Verticillastrate clusters more or less distant: bracts and calyx inconspicuously hirsute-ciliate: 

anthers of posterior stamens smaller but polliniferous. 

P. nuditscula, Gray. A span to a foot high: branches slender, puberulent: leaves 
spatulate or narrower, obtuse, not over an inch long, glabrous: bracts lincar-subulate and 
cuspidate: corolla only half inch long, about twice the length of the calyx: lobes of the 
latter lanceolate- or linear-subulate and cuspidate. — Bot. Calif. i. 597.—Near San Diego, 
D. Cleveland. 


§ 2. Hepeomoipes, Gray, 1. c. Posterior stamens sterile: style sparingly 
hairy, its lobes very unequal: flowers smaller, some of the lower ones often dis- 
tant and solitary or nearly so in the axils of ordinary leaves. 


P. renuirLora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, of Guadalupe Island off Lower California, 
has the tube of corolla longer than the calyx, as in the preceding section. In the following 
species the corolla is only 2 lines long, and at least its tube included. 

P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stem 2 to 6 inches high: leaves ovate or oval, thickish ; 
uppermost, with the rigid narrow bracts and calyx, hirsute-ciliate with strong and white 
bristly hairs: inflorescence capitate or short-spicate: calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly 
lanceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer about equalling 
the corolla: posterior filaments as large as the anterior, but their anthers abortive. — 
PL Hartw. 330; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. — Valley of the Sacramento River, Hurtweg, Andrews, 
Bolander. 

P. serpylloides, Gray. Stems slender, branched from the base, ascending or at length 
diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long; the lower 
distant, most of them single- or few-flowered in the axils; upper more floriferous, approxi- 
mate and becoming bracts to the oblong or often longer and much interrupted spike; the 


Sphacele. LABIATA. 365 


base of these and the calyx hirsute: lobes of the latter unequal, all much longer than the 
tube, the longer fully equalling the violet or bluish corolla: sterile filaments small, with 
small capitellate rudiment of anthers: style bearded above with very few coarse hairs. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386, & Bot. Calif. 1.598. ZZedeoma? serpylloides, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 123. — Monterey to Humboldt Co.; common. 


25. CERANTHERA, Ell. (Aégag, a horn, and erfjgu, anther: cells of 
the anther cornute.) — Peculiar to the southern Atlantic States, nearly glabrous 
and slender erect annuals, a foot high, sweet-aromatic; with broadly or narrowly 
linear and obtuse entire leaves ; the uppermost on the virgate branches diminished 
to similar bracts of the thyrsoid-racemose inflorescence. Flowers autumnal, 
handsome: corolla pink-purple and spotted, the calyx commonly purplish. — 
Sk. ii. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1191. Dicerandra, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 
1300, Lab. 413, & DC. Prodr. xii. 242. 


C. linearifolia, Ell. 1.c. Inflorescence loose: cymes short-peduncled, few-flowered : calyx- 
teeth obscurely ciliolate, hardly equalling the tube of the (about half inch) corolla: anther- 
cells slender-aristate. — Dicerandra linearis, Benth. Lab. lc. D. lmearifolia, Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 818. — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. 

C. densiflora. Inflorescence dense; the pedicels shorter and peduncle hardly any: 
calyx-teeth appressed-ciliate, equalling the tube of the corolla: anther-cells conical-cor- 
nute: leaves mostly shorter and broader. — Dicerandra densiflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 
—E. Florida, J. Reed, &e. 


26. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray. (Axara, a prickle or thorn, and pird«, 
mint.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1192. Calamintha? § Acanthomintha, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368, & Bot. Calif. i. 596. — Single species. 


A. ilicifélia, Gray, |.c. Low and nearly glabrous annual, slightly aromatic (rather 
heayy-scented), branching from the base, leafy to the top: leaves coriaceous, rotund or 
broadly cuneate, coarsely crenate-dentate (half inch or more long, the blunt teeth of the 
upper ones mostly mucronate or cuspidate), contracted at base into a slender petiole: 
axils nearly all verticillastrate-floriferous: bracts a pair in each axil, almost as large as the 
Icaves, but sessile, equally coriaceous and more rigid, orbicular or dilated-subcordate, pin- 
nately few-veined and with fine reticulated veinlets, the callous margin armed with a few 
distant and long slender prickles, each pair subtending 3 to 5 sessile flowers: corolla white 
and rose-color, half inch long. — Southern borders of California, San Diego Co., Win. Rich, 
Cleveland. Allied to Glechon of Brazil, which is also referred to this tribe, rather than to 
the Stachydece. 


27. SPHACELE, Benth. (Sgdzog is the Greek name of Sage, which 
these plants resemble in foliage.) — Shrubby or suffrutescent plants (chiefly S. 
American) ; with the floral leaves gradually reduced in size, and the flowers single 
in their axils, above forming a leafy raceme. 


S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby at base, 2 to 5 feet high, tomentulose-villous or glabrate : 
branches leafy: leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate or oblong, obtuse, from crenate or 
obtusely serrate to entire, obtuse or rarely subcordate at base, rugose-veiny, more or less 
petioled; uppermost and bracts of the short raceme sessile: lobes of the very loose calyx 
triangular-lanceolate, rather shorter than the purplish or lead-colored (inch long) corolla : 
anthers short. — Lab. 564, & DC. Prodr. xii. 255; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, t.37; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 598. — Hillsides, common throughout the western part of California, especially 
from San Francisco southward. 

Var. glabélla, Gray, l.c. A minutely tomentulose and soon glabrate form, prob- 
ably of shady places. — Santa Barbara Co., and southward. 

Var. Walldcei. Copiously villous: lower cauline leaves with truncate or hastate- 
subcordate base: calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a narrower base, over half inch 
long. —Probably near Los Angeles, Wallace. 


366 LABIATZE. Salvia. 


28. SALVIA, L. Sacer. (The old Latin name, from salveo, to save.) — A 
vast genus, widely dispersed, comparatively few species N. American, and those 
mainly southward: fl. chiefly in summer. 


8. orricinALis, L., Common Sage, of the Old World, represents the genus .in the gardens. 
S. SPLENDENS, Sellow, of Brazil, and S. rULGxNs, Cav., of Mexico, are the two commoner 
red-flowered species of ornamental cultivation. 


§ 1. Sarvifstrum, Gray. Throat of the calyx conspicuously bearded and in 
fruit closed by a ring of long and dense villous hairs : upper lip with 3 broad and 
short teeth, lower 2-parted into lanceolate teeth, all cuspidate: corolla ringent 
(blue or purple), pilose-annulate within : upper emarginate—2-lobed ; lower ample, 
with 38 roundish spreading lobes, middle one 2-lobed: stamens separate: lower 
anther-cells porrect, shorter, more or less polliniferous: nutlets abundantly spiril- 
liferous: —Texan low perennials, simple-stemmed, with copious mostly narrow 
and entire leaves; the diminished floral or bracts persistent, subtending 1 to 3 
flowers; these racemose or spicate.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 308. Salviastrum, 
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1196. § Zrichosphace, 
Engelm. in Bot. Zeit. ix. 45. 


S. Texana, Torr. Stems (a span or two high) with margins of the leaves and the calyx 
hirsute with long and spreading bristly hairs: flowers spicate, the upper floral leaves not 
exceeding the calyx, which equals the dilated throat of the widely ringent blue corolla. — 
Mex. Bound. 152; Gray, 1l.c. Salviastrum Texanum, Scheele, 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. 
Rep. ii. t. 6. — Open rocky soil, W. Texas to the borders of New Mexico. 

Var. canéscens, Gray, |. c., a form with leaves hoary-white with fine tomentum, 
all narrowly linear, with strongly revolute margins, and fewer flowers in the axils of the 
upper ones. — Hills of the Pecos and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, Wright, Schott. 

S. Engelm4nni, Gray, 1c. Minutely puberulent and glabrate, the setose hairs few 
and scattered or nearly wanting: leaves thinner; lower sometimes denticulate; floral 
mostly equalling the more scattered flowers: corolla (an inch or more long) with narrower 
tube and throat twice the length of the calyx, light purple. — W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer. 


$2. Ecuinéspuace. (§ Echinosphace & § Pyenosphace, Benth. Lab.) Throat 
oi the calyx villous-hairy or naked: upper lip much longer than the lower, more 
or less incurved, 3-2-toothed; the lower 2-parted; teeth all spinulose-aristate : 
corolla ringent (blue or purple); tube pilose-annulate inside; upper lip 2-lobed: 
stamens separate, remote from the upper lip; lower fork of the long filiform 
connective bearing a polliniferous anther-cell: Californian winter-annuals; with 
pinnatifid leaves, and densely capitate-verticillastrate inflorescence: globular heads 
many-flowered, involucrate with the persistent bract-like floral leaves. (Called 
Cu1A: nutlets abundantly mucilaginous in water, infused for drink.) 


S. cardudcea, Benth. White-woolly with lax cobwebby hairs: stem stout, simple, a 
foot or two high, naked and scape-like, only at base subtended by a cluster of oblong sin- 
uate-pinnatifid and spinulose-toothed Thistle-like leaves: verticillastrate heads 1 to 4 (an 
inch or more in diameter), equalled or somewhat surpassed by the involucrate whorl of 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate bracts, which are oftener pectinate with spinescent teeth: 
calyx long-lanate ; the tube multi-nervulose between the principal nerves ; the large upper 
lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the lateral distant, mostly sur- 
passing those of the lower lip: throat villous: corolla lavender-color (an inch long); its 
tube slightly exserted; upper lip erose-dentate or fimbriate and 2-cleft; lower with small 
lateral erose lobes, and a larger flabelliform and deeply fimbriately multifid middle one: 
proper filament hardly any: anther-cells pubescent. — Lab. 302, & Prodr. 1.c. 349; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4874; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 599. S. (Echinosphace) gossypina, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 
330.— Dry grounds through the lower parts of California, especially southward. 


Salvia. LABIATAE. 367 


S. Columbariz, Benth. Soft-puberulent: stems slender, branching and leafy below, 
6 to 20 inches high, naked and pedunculiform above, terminated by solitary or two pro- 
liferous heads: leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong crenately 
toothed or incised obtuse divisions, muticous, rugose: involucrate floral leaves or bracts 
not exceeding the head, broadly ovate, entire, resembling the more membranaceous some- 
times purplish abruptly acuminate-aristate inner bracts: flowers small: calyx naked with- 
in; its large upper lip arcuate-concave, hispid at base outside, tipped with a pair of con- 
nivent and partly connate short aristiform teeth (the third or middle tooth apparently 
always wanting), very much surpassing the two small at length porrect teeth of the 
lower lip: corolla blue, hardly exceeding the calyx; its upper lip emarginate-2-lobed at 
apex, the lower with small lateral lobes and a much larger transversely oval short- 
unguiculate somewhat 2-lobed but otherwise entire or merely crenulate middle one: fila- 
ments slender. — Common through California, and in adjacent Arizona and Nevada. 


§ 3. Hererdspuace, Benth. Throat of the calyx naked (or ina single species 
ciliate-hirsute) ; the upper lip broadly truncate and remotely 3-toothed; the lower 
2-cleft: corolla elongated, mostly pilose-annulate inside; upper lip emarginate or 
entire: stamens separate: connective shorter than the slender often exserted fila- 
ment; the porrected lower fork also bearing a polliniferous anther-cell: herbs, 
ours Atlantic-American perennials, with mostly lyrately-lobed or toothed or pin- 
nately divided leaves; inflorescence loosely racemose, the small bract-like floral 
leaves persistent. 

* Corolla blue or violet, thrice the length of the calyx: leaves at most pinnatifid; the cauline, 

if any, sessile or narrowed at base into wing-margined petioles. 

S. lyrata, L. Perennial from a somewhat tuberous root, pilose or hirsute: stem com- 
monly scapiform, a foot or more high: radical leaves obovate, sinuate- or repand-dentate, or 
lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline of one or two somewhat similar pairs, or none; floral oblong or 
lanceolate and mostly shorter than the calyx: raceme of few or several at length dis- 
tant about 6-flowered loose clusters, rarely branching : calyx campanulatc, membranaceous ; 
the broad and truncate upper lip with short or very short widely separated aristulate 
teeth; lower with 2 longer lanceolate cuspidate-pointed teeth: corolla (almost an inch 
long) ampliate-funnelform beyond the calyx; its erect upper lip much shorter and smaller 
than the lower. — Spec. i. 23 (Dill. Elth. t. 175; Moris. Hist. &c.); Michx. Fl. i. 14. 
S. lyrata & S. obovata, Ell. Sk. i. 33; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 353; the latter merely a form with 
thin and barely dentate leaves; calyx-teeth variable in length. — Sandy woodlands, New 
Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas; flowering early. 

* * Corolla scarlet-red, four times the length of the calyx: herbage softly and often canescently 

pubescent: ca&tline leaves all slender-petioled, at least the lower ones 3-5-foliolate. 

S. Roemeriana, Scheele. Stems (a foot or two high) and petioles below often sparsely 
hirsute with long spreading hairs ; leaves or terminal leaflet roundish or reniform-cordate, 
coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised (an inch or two broad), membranaccous; the 
lower usually with 2 or 3 similar but smaller (subsessile or slender-petiolulate) lateral 
leaflets, these occasionally reduced to dentiform appendages on the petiole: raceme loose 
and elongated: floral leaves mostly shorter than the pedicels: calyx somewhat pubescent, 
naked within; its upper lip 3-aristulate or with the middle tooth obsolete; the 2-parted 
lower one of triangular-lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate teeth: corolla (an inch or more 
long) deep scarlet, puberulent, narrowly tubular-funnelform, somewhat arcuate ; its 
spreading lower lip with rounded and obcordate-2-cleft middle lobe, hardly longer than the 
erect strongly emarginate upper lip; lobes of the style more or less unequal. — Scheele in 
Linn. xxii. 586; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 132. S. porphyrantha (or porphyrata), Decaisne in 
Rev. Hort. 1854, t. 16; Fl. Serres, t. 1080; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4939.—In light fertile soil, 
W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &. (Adjacent Mex.) 

S. Hénryi, Gray. More slender, less soft-pubescent: leaves or mostly leaflets smaller, 
seldom cordate, angulate-lobed ; lower floral ones often similar, all as long as the pedicels: 
calyx hirsute, ciliate-bearded or villous in the sinuses and throat: corolla apparently nar- 
rower and with shorter less notched lips; the bearded ring at base within obsolete. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii, 368. .S. Rameriana, Torr. 1. c., in part. —New Mexico, on the Mimbres, 


368 LABIAT&. Salvia. 


Dr. Henry, Thurber ; Florence Mountains, Bigelow. Adjacent borders of Texas, Wright. — 
Throat of the calyx rather sparsely but not inconspicuously bearded! 


§ 4. CaLéspHace, Benth. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not pilose- 
annulate: anterior portion of the connective deflexed, linear or gradually some- 
what dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an 
anther-cell: all American species, with upper lip of corolla erect and concave. 


* Corolla crimson, its tube villous-annulate towards the base inside ; upper lip conspicuously 
larger and longer than the lower: antcrior fork of connectives free and spatulate-dilated down- 
wards, obscurely one-toothed at base, longer than the filament. 

8S. pentstemonoides, Kunth. * Perennial, nearly glabrous, or below sparsely hirsute: 
stems 2 to 5 feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
mucronate, entire or obscurely denticulate and with ciliolate-scabrous margins, the lower 
(8 to 5 inches long) on long margined petioles; upper gradually much smaller and sessile; 
the floral and the similar persistent bracts and bractlets of the elongated racemiform or 
narrowly thyrsoidal infloréscence ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuspidate: cymules subses- 
sile, 3-5-flowered: calyx equalled by the pedicels, campanulate, strongly bilabiate (half 
inch long), glandular-puberulent; upper lip broad, truncate, with 3 short and broad cuspi- 
date-mucronate teeth; lower 2-parted, its teeth lanceolate and cuspidate: corolla inch and 
a half long, slightly pubescent; its large and nearly straight upper lip half the length of 
the gradually enlarged exserted tube ; middle lobe of the small lower lip concave and entire: 
style glabrous. — Ind. Sem. Berol. 1848, 13. — W. Texas, on the Cibolo and Pierdenales and 
towards the Rio Grande, Lindheimer, Wright. 

* * Lower and sterile forks of the connectives mostly united with each other longitudinally, linear, 
oblong, or semihastate: corolla naked within throughout, 

+— Red or scarlet, with tube exserted; the spreading lower lip longer than the erect upper one, its 
broad middle lobe 2-cleft: upper lip of tubular-campanulate calyx and teeth of the 2-parted lower 
lip ovate, mucronate-acute: inflorescence naked-racemose; the small floral leaves or bracts more 
or less deciduous or caducous. 

S. Gréggii, Gray. Shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or obscurely farinaceous-puberu- 
lent: branches slender, leafy: leaves coriaceous (3 to 9 lines long), 1-ribbed, almost vein- 
less, oblong, very obtuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole: flowers rather few 
in the raceme: calyx slightly pubescent or glandular (barely half inch long), with at 
length spreading lips fully half the length of the tube: corolla (inch long, “red” or “ pur- 
plish-red”’) glabrous; its tube enlarging and strongly ventricose-gibbous; throat abruptly 
contracted under the lower lip, which nearly equals the slightly glandular-puberulent upper 
one: lower fork of connective oblong-linear: style hairy along the upper side. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 369. S. microphylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not IIBK.—S. borders of 
Texas, on the Rio Grande, Parry, Schott. (Near Saltillo, Mex., Gregg.) 

S. coccinea, Li. Perennial or annual, canescently pubescent or glabrate, or hirsute tow- 
ards the base with long spreading hairs: leaves membranaceous, veiny, cordate or ovate, 
mostly acute, crenate, slender-petioled, mostly soft-tomentulose beneath: raceme virgate ; 
the clusters few-several-flowered and rather distant: lips of the calyx hardly half the 
length of its tube: corolla (inch or less long, pubescent or puberulent outside) deep scar- 
let-red, twice or thrice the length of the calyx; its narrow tube moderately enlarging 
above; lower lip twice the length of the upper, from which the stamens protrude: lower 
forks of the connective long and narrowly linear: style glabrous.— Mant. 88; Murr. 
Comm. Gott. 1778, t. 1.— Var. pseudo-coccinea is « commonly tall form of this species, 
with stem, petioles, and often margins of floral leaves conspicuously beset with hirsute 
hairs. S. pseudo-coceinea, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 209; Bot. Mag. t. 2864. S. ciliata, Benth. Lab. 
286. — S. Carolina to Florida (but probably introduced), S. Texas. (Mex., &c.) 


+— + Corolla blue or purplish, sometimes white, never red. 
++ Herbs. 
= Flowers from near an inch to over half inch and calyx fully quarter inch long: inflorescence 
virgate-racemose or spiciform, sometimes paniculate: small floral leaves or bracts mostly decidu- 
ous: corolla with prominently exserted tube, erect and very concave or galeate and pubescent 
upper lip; the lower longer and much larger: style bearded above: perennials, 1 to 5 feet high. 


S. farindcea, Benth. Minutely and canescently puberulent, or below glabrous: stems 
numerous in a cluster: lower leaves ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, with obtuse or cuneate 


Salvia. LABIAT. 369 


or rarely subcordate base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, on slender petioles ; upper lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes entire; floral subulate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 
caducous: spiciform inflorescence on a long naked peduncle, interrupted, of densely many- 
flowered clusters, finely and the calyx very densely and softly white-tomentose (often 
tinged with violet); the latter oblong-vylindraceous and in age striate-sulcate, as it were 
truncate; the teeth 3, very broad and obtuse, exceedingly short: lower lip of the violet- 
blue corolla with middle division obcordate-two-lobed. — Lab. 274; Braun in Bot. Zeit. 

ix. 44. S. trichostyla, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. Heidelb. 1847. 0S. amabilis, Kunth, Ind. Sem. 

Berol. 1848. S. cwsia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 588. — Texas, in rich soil; common. 

S. azurea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent: lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 
denticulate or serrate, tapering into a slight petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire ; 
floral or bracts subulate, somewhat persistent: spiciform inflorescence looser, more inter- 
rupted, and fewer flowers in the clusters, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched : 
pedicels short: calyx oblong-campanulate, usually minutely pubcrulent, obscurely bila- 
biate; the very broad and obtuse upper lip and the two similar but acutish lobes of the 2- 
parted lower lip distinct but short: corolla deep blue (sometimes varying to white) ; lower 
lip sinuately 3-lobed and emarginate. —“ Diar. Hist. Nat. i. 409,” & Dict. vi. 625; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 19; Bot. Mag. t. 1728. S. Mexicana, Walt. Car. 65, not L. S. acuminatissima, Vent. 
Cels, t. 50. S. angustifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 18, not Cav. S. acuminata, Pers. Syn. i. 24. S. 
elata, Poir, Dict. vi. 625. 8. coriifolia, Scheele in Linn. 1. c. —S. Carolina to Florida and 
Texas. Westward varies insensibly into 

Var. grandifléra, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent: denser inflorescence and calyx 
tomentulose-sericeous. — DC. Prodr. xii. 302. S. Pitcher’, Torr. in Benth. Lab. & DC. 1. ¢. 
S. elongata, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 231, not HBK. S. longifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185. — Mississippi to Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. 

S. angustifolia, Cav. Slender, usually glabrous, except usually some scattered spread- 
ing bristly hairs, especially at the nodes: leaves linear (13 to 3 inches long, 1 or 2 lines 
wide), entire or obscurely denticulate, acute, somewhat petioled: inflorescence virgate, 
slender, of distant few-flowered clusters: pedicels very short: calyx narrowly oblong or 
cylindraceous, with lips half the length of the tube; upper ovate, entire, acute; lower of 2 
similar but more pointed lobes: lower lip of the blue corolla as wide as long; the middle 
lobe emarginate or undulate. —Ic. iv. 9, t. 317; Benth. l.c.; Bot. Reg. t. 1554; Brit. Fl. 
Gard. n. ser. t. 219. S. reptuns, Jacq. Schenbr. t. 319. S. virgata, Ort. — (Mex.) 

Var. glabra. Wholly glabrous, even the hairy ring at the nodes wanting or obsolete. 
— S. azurea, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, in part: that including these three species. — S. W. 
Texas, Wright, &e. (Mex., Hurtwey.) 
== = Flowers barely half inch long or shorter, and bilabiate calyx a quarter inch long: corolla- 

tube hardly at all exserted: style glabrous or nearly so. 

a. Annuals: leaves from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into the slender petiole: inflorescence 
virgate-spiciform, interrupted, naked, the floral leaves or bracts very small: upper lip of calyx 
ovate and entire. 

S. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to 
12 inches high: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregularly serrate with obtuse 
appressed teeth or nearly entire: the inconspicuous floral ones lanceolate or subulate, 
somewhat persistent, seldom exceeding the pedicels: calyx minutely hairy on the nerves, 
deeply bilabiate; its lower lip 2-cleft, the teeth ovate and mucronate-acute : corolla small 
(4 lines long), little exceeding the calyx, its lower lip little prolonged: lower fork of the con- 
nective narrowly linear, bearing its lateral lobe nearer the insertion. — Enum. 57 ; Jacq. f. 
Ecl. i. t. 13. S. trichostemoides, Pursh, Fl. i. 19. — Plains, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and 
southward. Also E. Florida, Leavenworth. (Mex.) 

S. subincisa, Benth. More pubescent above, a foot or more high: leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate, inciscly dentate (inch or two long) ; the floral minute, ovate, caducous: calyx gland- 
ular-pilose, hardly equalling the throat of the (half inch) corolla; the broad lower lip 
merely 2-toothed: lower fork of the connective bearing its lateral lobe at the middle. — PI. 
Hartw. 20.— New Mexico and Adjacent Texas, Fendler, Wright, Bigelow. (Mex.) 

b. Perennials, or the Arizonian species uncertain: leaves ovate, serrate, mostly slender-petioled ; 
those of the interrupted spiciform or racemiform inflorescence small and caducous. 

S. serdtina, L. A span to 2 feet high, much branched, pubescent: leaves ovate and 
with truncate or subcordate base, obtuse, crenate-serrate (9 to 20 lines long) ; floral minute: 

24 


370 LABIATZ. Salvia. 


racemes simple, at first oblong, and the flowers crowded: calyx glandular-hirsute, with 
oblong-campanulate tube (3 lines long in fruit) of nearly thrice the length of the lips ; 
upper lip broadly ovate, acutish; lower deltoid-ovate, mucronate-acute: corolla 8 to 5 
lines long, the whole tube included: style beardless.— Mant. 25; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t.8; 
Chapm. FI. 319. S. Dominica, Vahl, Enum. i. 233; Swartz, Obs. 18, t. 1, fig. 1, not L. — 
8. Florida. (W. Ind.) 

S. albiflora, Mart. & Gal. Glabrous throughout, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched : 
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch or two long); 
floral abruptly reduced to minute lanceolate and subulate bracts: clusters of rather loose 
raceme approximate: calyx (often amethystine-tinged) with campanulate tube (2 lines 
long), twice the length of the lips; upper lip broadly ovate and entire; lower 2-toothed 
or parted into broad acute lobes: corolla (probably bluish) 4 or 5 lines long, with tube 
almost included: style bearded along the base of the much longer upper lobe. — (Bull. 
Acad. Brux., ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 3077) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131.—S. Arizona 
or Mexican border near it, Thurber, Schott. (Mex.) 

8S. Arizonica. Glabrous, except 2 puberulent lines down the stem, a foot or more high: 
leaves deltoid-ovate or with abruptly cuneate base, acute, coarsely and obtusely serrate (an 
inch long besides the slender petiole) : inflorescence spiciform and interrupted ; clusters sev- 
eral-flowered : pedicels short (a line long) : floral leaves abruptly reduced to membranaceous 
ovate-lanceolate and caudate bracts, which equal the flowers and are caducous: calyx 
4 lines long, bilabiate to the middle or nearly; its upper lip subulately 3-toothed and 
lower more strongly 2-toothed: corolla (blue) fully half inch long, with tube a little 
exserted: style beardless.—S. Arizona, on Mount Graham, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock. 

S. urticifélia, L. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate : 
leaves coarsely and obtusely serrate, ovate, acute, with truncate or sometimes cuneate 
base decurrent into a winged petiole, pale beneath, 2 to 4 inches long; floral all reduced to 
small ovate and slender-acuminate very caducous bracts: inflorescence racemose-spiciform, 
of numerous and several-flowered distant clusters: pedicels as long as the tube of the 
oblong-campanulate calyx; the broad lips of which are divergent and half the length of 
the tube, the upper mucronately (often minutely) 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, its teeth broadly 
triangular-ovate and mucronate: corolla blue and white (5 or 6 lines long), twice the . 
length of the calyx, its ample sinuately 3-lobed lower lip about twice the length of the 
upper, its broad middle lobe emarginate: connective ciliate opposite the insertion; its 
subulate antheriferous fork obtusely toothed toward the base, and lower fork semihastate : 
style strongly villous-bearded along the base of its much longer upper fork. — Spec. i. 24. 
S. Claytoni, M. A. Curtis, Cat. Pl. N. Car., not Ell. ? — Maryland and Kentucky to Georgia 
and Louisiana. 
== = = Flowers only a third or a quarter inch long: corolla tube not exserted: inflorescence 

slendcr-spicate ; the flowers or small clusters mostly distant. 
a. Style-lobes or stigmas one or both subulate. 

S. Chapmani. Tall and erect perennial, tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent: leaves 
thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with short cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate or 
crenulate (2 or 8 inches long); the floral all reduced to small and membranaceous ovate 
cordate-acuminate caducous bracts: calyx campanulate, in fruit 2 lines long; teeth short 
and broad, mucronate: corolla 4 lines long and with the ample lower lip of the preceding 
species. —S, urticifolia, var. major, Chapm. Fl. 319. — Middle Florida, Chapman. Alabama, 
Buckley. 

S. Blodgéttii, Chapm. FI. 319, founded on incomplete specimens from S. Florida (Key 
West), Blodyett, apparently an annual, with indurated base; thin ovate leaves obtuse at 
both ends, about half inch long, on filiform petioles of equal length; bracts of filiform 
racemes lanceolate or subulate, rather persistent, shorter than the pedicels; these a line 
long; calyx 2 lines, very like that of S. serotina. It may prove to be cither S. tenella, 
Swartz, or S. micrantha, Vahl (referred to it by Grisebach), weedy and insignificant W. 
Indian species, likely to stray to Key West. i 

6. fc or stigmas both broad and thin, roundish, very obtuse or truncate: calyx glandular- 
hirsute. 

S. occidentdlis, Swartz. Diffuse annual, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous up to 
the very slender inflorescence (which has the aspect of that of Verbena officinalis) : stems 2 


Salvia. LABIATAE. 371 


to 6 feet long: leaves ovate, with rounded or cuneate base, serrate; floral or bracts 
minute, ovate, acuminate, persistent: flowers few in the clusters, subsessile. seldom 2 lines 
long including the slightly exserted corolla: calyx oblong, with very short pointless or 
mucronate teeth, nearly closed in fruit, then only 2 lines long. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 43; Benth. 
in DC. I. ¢. 296.— 8. Florida, Garber. (Trop. Am., &e.) 

S. privoides, Benth. l.c. Resembles the preceding (and both stigmas in our specimens 
obtuse): but flowers more pedicellate, larger; with fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long, 
rather deeply bilabiate; the upper lip and the lobes of the lower abruptly aristulate. — 
Bot. Sulph. 150 & in DC. Lc. S. oecidentahs, var.? Garberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10. 
— Manatee, Southern Florida, Garber. A much less hairy form than the original, and more 
resembling the West Indian S. micrantha, Vahl, except in the style and the awn-tipped 
calyx-lobes. (Trop. Am.) 

te ++ Shrubby. 
= Leaves oblong or elliptical, short-petioled : calyx cylindraceous or campanulate. 


S. chameedryoides, Cav. Low, much branched, canescent and scabrous: leaves 
thickish, more or less crenulate, obtuse (less than inch long); bract-like floral ones cadu- 
cous: flowers geminate or few in the clusters of the raceme: calyx cylindraceous-campan- 
ulate (4 lines long), striate, hispidulous on the nerves; ovate upper lip and teeth of the 
2-parted lower lip acute or acuminate, not half the length of the tube: corolla blue, over 
half inch long ; middle lobe of lower lip broader than long, obcordate-lobed. —Ic. ii. 77, 
t. 197; Bot. Mag. t.808. S. Chameedrys, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 29.—$. W. borders of 
Texas, in cafions of the Rio Grande, &c., Wright, Parry. Specimens insufficient, probably 
of this species. (Mex.) 

S. Parryi, Gray. Low, much branched: leaves ovate-oblong, mostly with truncate 
base, obtuse, crenate, short-petioled, tomentulose-canescent, as are the branchlets: bract- 
like floral leaves ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous above, apparently persistent, 
longer than the interruptedly spicate flowers: these several in each cluster: calyx campan- 
ulate, densely lanate with white dendritic-branched hairs; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2- 
cleft, equalling the tube of the short and small (blue?) slightly dendritic-pubescent 
corolla: upper lip of the latter emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower ample, 3-lobed, with 
its middle portion much larger, rounded, and emarginate: connectives free; lower fork 
semihastate, as long as the subulate antheriferous one.—Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 569. 
S. spicata? Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not Rem. & Sch.— Apache Springs on the Rio 
Grande, on the borders of Texas. Lower leaves not seen, upper 9 to 5 and floral 3 or 4 
lines long. 
== = Leaves mostly ovate, slender-petioled: calyx short-funnelform, in fruit with ampliate reti- 


culate-veiny 2-3-lobed limb exceeding the tube of the short corolla: lower fork of the connective 
linear-oblong: style ciliate-bearded above. 


S. ballotefidra, Benth. (Masorano of the Mexicans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet high, 
tomentulose-canescent: leaves ovate or somewhat oblong, truncate-cuneate or subcordate 
at base, crenate, reticulate-veiny, mostly rugose, glabrate and green above, white beneath 
(4 to 12 lines long): flowers in short and rather dense simple racemes and in axils of upper 
ordinary leaves, 4 lines long: calyx twice the length of the pedicel, in flower 2 or barely 3 
and in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, then pendulous; narrow tube striate-nerved; its 3 lobes 
broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, almost equal: conncctive hairy opposite its insertion: throat 
of small bluish or purple corolla ventricose-gibbous. — Benth. Lab. 270; Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 131. S. balloteflora & S. laxa, Benth. in DC. 1. ec. 313.— Southern and Western 
Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 

S. pratycuefia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, from Carmen Island in the Gulf of 

California resembles the preceding, but has the lower lip of the calyx similar to the upper, 

except that the apex is 2-toothed. 


§ 5. Scrkrea, Benth. & Hook. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not 
pilose-annulate: anterior’ portion of the connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated 
and connected by the callose lower extremity, destitute of an anther-cell, or with 
a sterile rudiment: upper lip of corolla erect and concave, or falcate-compressed. 
Old World ‘species, sparingly introduced. 


Be LABIATS. Salvia. 


’ 


S. ScrArza, L. (Crary.) Biennial, villous-pubescent, viscid: stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high: 
leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; floral forming bracts of 
the cylindrical or interrupted spike, ovate, acuminate, tinged with white and rose-color: 
calyx campanulate; teeth spinulose-acuminate: corolla white and bluish, rather large, 
widely ringent; its short tube included; long upper lip falcate and compressed. — Penn- 
sylvania, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) 

S. verpendcea, L., Muhl. Perennial, pubescent or villous, a foot or two high: leaves ovate 
or oblong, often cordate at base, obtuse, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid 
and the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose, almost‘glabrous; the few cauline mostly sessile; 
the floral inconspicuous, rounded-ovate: raceme interrupted: calyx reflexed after flower- 
ing; its broad and rounded upper lip recurved-spreading, with 38 minute connivent teeth ; 
the lower of 2 longer triangular-subulate and cuspidate teeth, equalling the throat of the 
small bluish corolla, the upper lip of which is nearly straight.—S. Clayton’, Ell, excl. 
reference to Clayton, whose plant is S. lyrata?— Dry sandy pastures around Beaufort, 
8. Carolina, Elliott. Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.) 


29. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. (J. Audibert of Tarascon, Provence.) — 
W. North American (all Californian, one species of wider range), fruticose or 
perennial-herbaceous, mostly canescent-tomentose ; with crenate or crenulate and 
reticulated leaves, and flowers resembling those of Salvia of the S. officinalis 
type: fl. spring and summer. (Noted bee-plants in S. California.) 


§ 1. Inflorescence densely verticillastrate-glomerate and interrupted-spicate, 
much bracteate: corolla with tube longer than the limb. 
* Large-flowered: corolla fully inch and a half long, crimson-purple; upper lip rather erect and 
short, emarginate: lower leaves cordate or hastate at base. 

A. grandifil6ra, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, suffrutescent, 2 or 3 feet 
high:. leaves very rugose, tomentose beneath, sinuate-crenate; lower mostly hastate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles; upper oblong and sessile; floral 
and bracts of the large heads broadly ovate, membranaceous: calyx spathaceous, deeply 
cleft between the two small anterior cuspidate-tipped teeth; ample concave upper lip 
3-denticulate : stamens much exserted: a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower 
fork of the connective. — Lab. 312, & DC. Prodr. xii. 859; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t. 38 
(sterile filaments wrongly represented) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 600. — California Coast Ranges, 
&c., from San Mateo Co. southward. 


* * Smaller-flowered: corolla less than an inch long, violet or bluish: leaves not cordate. 

+ Bracts, upper floral leaves, and bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, usually 
colored, obtuse and muticous (or at most mucronate); the former large and roundish, half inch or 
more iong, imbricating the close heads: corolla only half inch long, narrow, and with short limb: 
low suffruticose species-of the interior arid region. 

A. incdna, Benth. 1. c. Closely tomentose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate, 
obtuse or retuse, not rugose, entire (or sparsely crenulate), seldom inch long: bracts 
obovate or oval, pubescent and ciliate, purple-tinged: calyx turbinate; anterior teeth 
ovate or oblong, rather shorter than the truncate and emarginate very broad upper lip: 
stamens much exserted: connective with or without a dentiform appendage. — Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t. 1469; Gray, ].c. — From interior of Washington Terr. and Idaho south to Arizona, 
and along the eastern borders of California. 

A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent: leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenu- 
late, slender-petioled: bracts of solitary head ovate or oval, apparently whitish: flowers, 
&c., of the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 887, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Providence Moun- 
tains, San Bernardino Co., 8. E. California, Cooper. 
+— + Bracts more or less herbaceous, at least not colored: leaves minutely rugose, crenulate: 

species restricted to California. 
++ Corolla barely half inch long: all the calyx-teeth and bracts subulate or aristate-tipped. 


A. humilis, Benth. 1.c. Stems simple and only a span high from a thickened suffruti- 
cose base, almost leafless and scapiform: leaves crowded at the base, lanceolate or spatu- 
late-oblong, very obtuse, finely rugose, densely crenulate, canescent, an inch or more long, 


Audibertia. LABIATA. 373 


tapering into a slender petiole; the mostly inconspicuous: floral ones and the bracts vil- 
lous, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate: calyx distinctly bilabiate but 
rather more deeply cleft between the anterior teeth; these and the 3 teeth of the ample 
concave upper lip subulate but not rigid; lower lip of the corolla crenulate-crose : stamens 
and style long-exserted: connective continuous with the filament.— From the Yuba River 
to San Diego Co., but rare. 

A. stachyoides, Benth. 1.c. Shrubby, branching and leafy, a yard or more high, 
cinereous-tomentulose or glabrate, rigid: leaves somewhat less rugose than in the last, 
more crenate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-petioled; the floral and ovate 
or oblong bracts with the teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acuminate or spinulose- 
aristulate (rarely almost muticous) : style and especially the stamens little exserted : sub- 
ulate appendage of connective often manifest. — From San Francisco Bay to the southern 
borders of the State: forming thickets. 
++ ++ Corolla from two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with tube much surpassing the calyx and 

short more or less pointed thinnish bracts: upper lip of the calyx 1-3-mucronate; teeth of the 
lower cuspidate: stamens and style moderately exserted: stems woody below, 4 to 8 feet high, 
with herbaceous Jong and virgate branches: glomerules rather large, scattered or rather distant: 
foliage minutely tomentose-canescent. 

A. Palmeri, Gray. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute (not unlike those of the preceding 
species), the larger 2 or 3 inches long: verticillastrate heads several (4 to 8) and remote in 
the elongated virgate spike: bracts oblong or lanceolate, slender-cuspidate or acuminate: 
lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. — Bot. Calif. i. 601. — Near Tighe’s Ranch, mountains 
north-east of San Diego, Palmer. 

A. Clevelandi, Gray. Leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuse, sel- 
dom over an inch or so in length: heads fewer, often solitary or terminating short axillary 
branches: bracts ovate or oblong, mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid-pubescent, 
as is the calyx; the lower teeth of which are short and subulate, the upper lip entire and 
cuspidate-tipped.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Mountains behind San 
Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. 
++ ++ ++ Corolla barely half inch long; its tube hardly exceeding the herbaceous obtuse and 

muticous bracts and calyx teeth: whole plant hoary-white. 

A. nivea, Benth. Canescent with a close white-farinose tomentum, 3 or 4 feet high, 
shrubby below, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, obtuse; upper with 
truncate base, very short-petioled: bracts oval or oblong: calyx splitting down anteriorly, 
at length emarginate posteriorly : corolla light-purple: stamens and style much exserted : 
connective almost continuous with the filament.— Lab. 313 & DC. lL. c.—Dry hills, from 
Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. 


§ 2. Inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate: floral leaves, bracts, and bractlets small 
and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped: corolla with 
aniple lower lip twice the length of the upper; the tube very short. 

A. polystachya, Benth. |.c. Shrubby, 8 to 10 feet high, minutely tomentose-canes- 
cent: branches and elongated naked thyrsus virgate : leaves mostly very white, oblong-lan- 
ceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 2 or 3 inches long: flowers subsessile, loose: upper 
lip of the calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than the trian- 
gular-subulate lower teeth: corolla pale or white; lower lip half inch and tube quarter 
inch long: style and divergent stamens long-exserted : filiform connective continuous with 
the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth. — Arid hills, Santa Bar- 
bara to San Diego Co. One of the shrubs called Grease-wood, . 


80. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mintr. (Meolas Monardes, early writer upon 
American medicinal plants.) — Aromatic erect herbs (of Atlantic N. America, 
reaching to the Rocky Mountains), usually tall; with the large verticillastrate-capi- 
tate glomerules single, or as if proliferous-spicate, or in upper axils, and involu- 
crate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves: flowers rather 
large, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.) 


874 LABIATE. Monarda. 


§ 1. Eumondrpa, Benth. Heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3, as 
if proliferous: stamens and style conspicuously exserted from the linear and mostly 
acute upper lip of the (red, purple, or white) corolla: leaves acutely more or less 
serrate, pinnately veiny: root perennial. 

* Leaves distinctly petioled: calyx-teeth little if at all longer than the width-of the tube: corolla 
with middle lobe of lower lip longer and narrower, emarginate. 

M. didyma, L. (Oswzeo Tea, Ber-Batm.) Villous-hirsute to glabrate: stem acutely 
4-angled: leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: bracts, &c., tinged with red: calyx 
slightly hirsute in the throat; teeth narrowly subulate: corolla nearly glabrous, scarlet- 
red (14 or 2 inches long).— Spec. i. 22; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 546; Schk. Handb. t.2. M. 
purpurea, Lam. Dict. iv. 256. M. fistulosa, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 145. MM. coccinea, Michx. Fl. 
1.16; Desc. Ant. v. t. 369. MM. Kalmiana, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, t.1. 44. Oswegoensis, Bart. Prodr. 
Penn. i. 84.— Wet banks of streamlets, Canada to Michigan, and south to Georgia in the 
mountains; also in gardens. 


M. clinopdédia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent: stem rather acutely angled : 
leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely and sharply serrate: 
bracts whitish: calyx moderately hirsute in the throat: corolla slightly pubescent, dull 
white or flesh-colored, an inch long. — Spec. i. 22, excl. syn. Groby. W. glabra, Lam. 
Dict. iv. 256. AZ. rugosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 36. M. altissima, Willd. Enum. 33; Reichenb. 
Ic. Exot. ii, t. 182. Pycnanthemum Monardella, Michx. Fl. ii. 8, t. 84. Aonardella Carolin- 
tana, Benth. Lab. 332.— Shady places, ravines, &c., W. Canada to Illinois, and along the 
mountains to Georgia. 

M. fistulosa, L.1.c. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate: 
stem mostly with obtuse angles: leaves commonly of firmer texture than in the preceding: 
bracts whitish or rarely purplish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate: calyx conspicuously and 
densely bearded at the throat: corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple or pur- 
plish-dotted, an inch or more long. — Origanum jfistulosum Canadense, Cornuti, Canad. 13, 
t. 14. Monarda oblongata, Ait. 1. c., narrow-leaved form. IM. longifolia, Lam. 1. c., narrow- 
leaved form. MM. allophylla, Michx. Fl. i.16. Jf. varians, Bart. 1.c. MM. involucrata, and 
many others, Wenderoth, Sem. hort. Marb. JZ. altissima, mollis (Willd.), undulata (Tausch), 
& affinis (Link), Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 170, 171, 181, 182. —Dry soil, Canada and Vermont 
to Florida and Texas, west to Brit. Columbia and Arizona. The following are the more 
marked forms of this polymorphous species. 

Var. rubra. Corolla bright crimson- or rose-red: habit of Af. didyma, but upper lip 
of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip: throat of calyx conspicuously hirsute, with 
external bristly hairs widely spreading. — A. purpurea, Pursh, 1. c., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.? 
— Alleghany Mountains, in moist ground. 

Var. média. Corolla deep purple. — Af. media, Willd. Enum. 82; Sweet, Brit. Fl. 
Gard. t.98. AZ. purpurea, Lodd. Cab. t.1896.— Alleghany and southern Rocky Mountains. 

Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip 
hairy outside or more bearded at the tip: leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath, often 
shorter-petioled; throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with or without an 
external ring of more bristly widely spreading hairs. — Jf. mollis, L. Ameen. Acad. iii. 399; 
Reichenb. l.¢.t.171. As. scabra, Beck (in Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260), & AL. menthefolia, 
Graham, in Bot. Mag. t. 2958; form with smaller firmer leaves and stem roughish-hirsute 
on the angles. Af. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 20.— This extends to Sas- 
katchewan, Brit. Columbia, interior of Oregon and Arizona. 

* %* Leaves subsessile or very short-petioled; floral ones often purplish or whitish: corolla flesh- 
color or whitish, its lower lip usually spotted with purple: calyx-teeth loose or stellate-spreading 
after flowering: stem slender: head solitary. 

M. Bradburidna, Beck. Pubescent with slender hairs or glabrate: leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate from a broad roundish or subcordate base, acuminate: calyx hirsute and 
somewhat contracted at the orifice ; its teeth elongated and aristiform: tube of the corolla 
not exceeding the long and narrow pubescent upper lip; the middle lobe of its broad 
lower lip much longer than the lateral ones. —Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260; Benth. Lab. 317. 
M. fistulosa, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8310, excl. syn. Jf. amplexicaulis, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. 
Heidelb. 1838. AZ, villosa, Martens; Walp. Repert. iii. 683. — Thickets, Illinois to Tennes- 
see and Kansas. 


Monarda. LABIATE. 375 


M. Russelliana, Nutt. Slender, sparingly pubescent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly 
ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate base: calyx naked at orifice; its slender- 
subulate teeth muricate-glandular: corolla nearly glabrous, slender, with long and much 
exserted tube; lower lip shorter, obscurely 3-lobed at the extremity. — Trav. Arkans. & 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. ». 185; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2513 & Exot. FL t. 130; Sweet, 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 166.— Arkansas, Nuttall, T. L. Harvey. 


§ 2. Curityctis, Benth. Heads (i. e. verticillastrate glomerules) commonly 
in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted-spicate, foliose-brac- 
teate: upper face of the floral leaves and larger bracts often canescent and some- 
times purple-tinged : corolla with shorter almost included tube, more dilated throat, 
and oblong lips; the upper arching, emarginate or cleft at apex (either sparsely 
bearded or glabrous in the same species), seldom at all surpassed by the stamens ; 
lower with middle lobe often broadest: leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely ser- 
rate or denticulate, tapering into the petiole: minute pubescence more or less 
cinereous. — Cheilyctis, Raf. Monarda § Coryanthus, Nutt. 

* Corolla yellowis® with copious brown-purple spots: calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate : 

floral leaves and involucrate bracts mostly muticous: root perennial. 

M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mixr.) Stem commonly 2 feet high: floral leaves and bracts 
(either whitened or purplish or both) often slender-acuminate : calyx-teeth rigid, soon stellate- 
spreading, hardly longer than the width of the villous orifice of the tube.— Spec. i. 22; 
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 546; Bot. Reg. t. 87. A/. lutea, Michx. Fl. i. 16.— Sandy ground, New 
York to Wisconsin, and south to Florida and Texas. Varies in foliage, pubescence, &c., 
passing into : 

Var. lasioddénta, Gray, 1. c¢., with throat and teeth of calyx densely villous: plant 
sometimes robust, often smaller, and narrow-leaved. — Texas, Drummond. New Mexico and 
Arizona, Wislizenus, Wooodhouse, Rothrock. 5 
* * Corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punctate: calvx-teeth aristiform or 

subulate-setaceous: involucral bracts conspicuously aristate-tipped: root annual. 

M. pectinata, Nutt. Rather low and slender: floral leaves and bracts of the compara- 
tively small heads mostly green; the latter oblong, short-aristate, obscurely 3-nerved, hir- 
sute-ciliate : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous from a broad base, soon spreading, villous-hir- 
sute within, twice the length of the width of the very villous orifice. — Pl. Gamb. 182. 
M. citriodora, var. aristulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369, in part, where Nuttall’s name 
was inadvertently written “Jf. penicillata.” —New Mexico, near Santa Fé, Gambel. Not 
since seen. Seemingly a hybrid between M. punctata and Af. citriodora. 

M. clinopodioides. Slender, a foot or more high: bracts of the rather small heads 
mostly green or greenish, erect, oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, rigid, strongly 5-5 
nerved, hispid-ciliate: calyx-teeth always erect, rigid, aristiform-attenuate (tapering grad- 
ually from the base), fully two-thirds the length of the hirsute tube, purplish, sparsely 
hispid; throat densely short-villous. — J/. aristata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3526, not Nutt. 7. 
citriodora, var. aristulata, Gray, 1. c., in part. — Texas, Drummond, Wright, Reverchon. . 

M. citriodéra, Cerv. Usually more robust, the larger forms (2 or 3 feet high) with the 
aspect of M. punctata: bracts narrowly oblong, similarly whitened or purple-tinged, at 
least their spreading or recurving and abruptly aristulate or slender aristate tips: throat 
of the calyx densely villous; the teeth slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading, 
half or two-thirds the length of the mostly glabrous tube, from sparsely hirsute-plumose 
with long soft hairs to naked. — Cervantes in Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 2 (1816); Gray, l.c., 
the var. tenui-aristata. M. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186; Benth. 
Lab. 318, & DC. I. ¢. 863: excl. the char. of the calyx-teeth at the close, which was taken 
from M. punctata, var. lasiodonta.— Plains of Nebraska to Texas, Eastern Colorado, and 
Arizona, (Mex.) 

M. crAciuis, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, described from a specimen in Lyon’s herbarium, said to 
come from the mountains of South Carolina (to which Virginia and the accustomed v. v. are 
added by Pursh), is not identified by the description. It may not improbably be Pycnanthe- 
mum montanum, Michx. 


376 LABIAT&. Blephilia. 


31. BLEPHILIA, Raf. (From Bieagis, the eye-lash, suggested by the 
conspicuously ciliate bracts, &c.) — Perennial herbs, of the Atlantic United 
States, resembling Monarda in foliage, &c., but with smaller verticillastrate-capi- 
tate glomerules, the upper more spicate; and small purple or bluish-white corolla, 
with the lower lip darker-spotted: fl. summer. 


B. ciliata, Raf. Stem a foot or two high, often simple, downy with short soft pubes- 
cence: leaves short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate; the upper sessile and 
mostly narrowed at base; lower floral similar, uppermost and outer bracts of the mostly 
spicate-approximate heads ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, chartaceo-membranaceous, some- 
what colored, strongly ciliate, conspicuously many-nerved from a stout midrib, about 
equalling the calyx: corolla villous-pubescent outside, purple. — Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 98; 
Benth. Lab. 819 & DC. Prodr. xii. 864. Monarda ciliata, L. Spec. i. 23 (Pluk. Alm. t. 164, 
fig. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 11, t. 8, fig. 6.) —- Dry ground, Penn. (and recently at Hadley, 
Mass.), to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Missouri. Varies westward with more villous pubescence. 

B. hirstta, Benth. 1.c. Taller, loosely branching, villous-hirsute: leaves slender-peti- 
oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or subcordate base; lower floral 
similar, subtending remote heads; upper floral and the bracts lanceolate and linear, subu- 
late or aristate, few-nerved, hirsute with long hairs, as is the calyx: corolla less pubes- 
cent, pale, with some conspicuous dark spots. — B. nepetoides, Raf. 1. c. AfLonarda hirsuta, 
Pursh, Fl. 1.19. M. ciliata, Michx. Fl. i. 16, not L.— Moist shady places, Canada and 
Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Missouri and E. Texas, and through the Alleghanies to 
Georgia. 


32. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. (4dgog, crest, and érOoc, flower: appli- 
cation not evident.) — Perennial erect herbs (of N. America and N. E. Asia), 
mostly tall and coarse; with serrate and veiny petioled leaves, the lower usually 
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticillas- 
trate glomerules, which are congested into a terminal spike, either continuous or 
interrupted below: floral leaves reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts. 
Nutlets minutely hairy or glandular at the top. Fl. summer. — Bot. Reg. xv. & 
Lab. 462. Agastache, Clayt., Gronov. Virg. ed. 2, 88. 


* Calyx-teeth green and herbaceous, ovate, obtuse: corolla greenish-yellow, almost included. 


L. nepetoides, Benth. l.c. Glabrous or barely puberulent: stem 2} to 5 feet high, 
acute-angled: leaves ovate, acute: spike cylindrical, linear, nearly continuous. — Hyssopus 
nepetoides, L. Spee. ii. 569; Jacq. Vind. t. 69.— Borders of woods, Vermont and Connecti- 
cut to Wisconsin, and south to mountains of Carolina and Texas. 

* %* Calyx-teeth acute, membranaceous, more or less colored: corolla purplish or bluish, more con- 
spicuous. 

L. scrophularizfélius, Benth. l.c. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout : leaves ovate or the 
lower cordate, acuminate, more or less pubescent or glabrous: spikes thickish, mostly 
interrupted, 4 to 16 inches long: calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish : corolla dull 
purplish. — H. scrophularicefolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 48. — Borders of thickets, New York to 
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and mountains of N. Carolina. 

L. anisatus, Benth. l.c. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scented when crushed: spike short and 
narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate: calyx canescerttly puberu- 
lent; the teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet: corolla 
blue. — Bot. Reg. t. 1282. Hyssopus anisatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 27. H. discolor, Desf. Cat. Par. 
Stachys feniculum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407.— Plains, Wisconsin to Saskatchewan, the northern 
Rocky Mountains, and Nebraska. : 

L. urticifélius, Benth. l.c. Like the last, but leaves green both sides, mostly crenate 
and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic: calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate : 
corolla light violet or purplish. — Western slopes of Rocky Mountains to Oregon, Nevada, 
and California. 


Nepeta. LABIATAE. 377 


38. CEDRONELLA, Mench. (Diminutive of Cedrus, the Cedar tree,. 
from the sweet-scented leaves of C. triphylla of the Canaries and Madeira, the 
Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) — The following are the other species ; 
sweet-odorous perennials; with petioled leaves, and flesh-colored or purplish 
flowers, in summer. -—— Meth. 411; Benth. Lab. 501. 


§ 1. Tube of corolla little exserted beyond the ample calyx, its throat inflated : 
stamens shorter than the upper lip: flowers rather few, loosely and almost simply 
spicate. 


C. cordata, Benth. 1.c. Low, hirsute-pubescent, producing long leafy runners: leaves 
long-petioled, cordate, crenate; the floral reduced to ovate bracts, each subtending 1 to 3 
short-pedicelled minutely bracteolate flowers: calyx campanulate: corolla purplish, hairy 
inside, over an inch long. — Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 35.— Moist shady banks, 
W. Penn. to Kentucky and mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessce. 


§ 2. Corolla slender, with tube exserted beyond the narrow calyx: stamens 
exserted: erect herbs of the Mexican region; with the verticillastrate glomerules 
or condensed cymes interrupted-spicate in the manner of Lophanthus, but less 
condensed. 


C. Mexicana, Benth. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stems 1 to 8 feet high: leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate and cordate, crenate-dentate; lower floral sessile and 
often entire; upper ones lanceolate and reduced to short bracts of the many-flowered 
spicate clusters: teeth of the purplish calyx subulate: corolla bright pink (an inch or 
more long), thrice the length of the calyx. — Dracocephalum Mexicanum, HBK. Nov. Gen. 
& Spee. ii. 322, t. 160. Gardoquia betonicoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. misc. 86; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 3860.— Mountains of S. Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Wright. A form with mainly 
ovate and obtuse coarsely crenate leaves, resembling C. pallida, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 29, 
but with (inch long) much exserted corolla. (Mex.) 

Var. cana, Gray. Pale and very minutely cinereous, or inclined to be so: leaves 
smaller (half to inch and a half long), less toothed: corolla an inch long or sometimes 
much smaller. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. C. cana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4618; Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 133, chiefly. — New Mexico, IWright, Bigelow, &. A form with much smaller 
(seemingly not well-developed) flowers is C’. pallida, var., Torr. l.c. and Hyptis spicata? Torr. 
1. cv. 129.—S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber. (Adjacent Mex.) 

C. micrantha, Gray, l.c. Puberulent: stems slender, branching above: leaves thin, 
slender-petioled, coarsely crenate-dentate ; the lower cordate-ovate, obtuse; upper ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong; upper floral reduced to minute bracts and shorter than the calyx: 
capitate clusters sessile, many-flowered, mostly approximate in a cylindrical naked spike : 
calyx ovate-campanulate, less than 2 lines long, greenish; the triangular-subulate teeth 
about half the length of the tube: corolla (whitish, barely 2 lines long) and stamens little 
exserted. — S. W. Texas, towards the border of New Mexico (station not recorded), Wright. 
Spikes 2 inches long. 


384. NEPETA, L. Car-Mint. (Probably from the Etrurian city Mepete.) — 
A large genus in the Old World; two are naturalized weeds in the New, repre- 
senting distinct sections, differing in habit and inflorescence, rather than in the 
flowers, which are produced all summer. 


N. Cardria, L. (Carnip.) Erect, branched, tall, minutely tomentose: leaves ovate or 
oblong and cordate, coarsely crenate, green above, canescent beneath: glomerate cymes 
many-flowered, spicate-crowded at the extremity of the branches, subtended by small 
floral leaves: bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, soft: corolla whitish with some 
dark dots; the middle lobe of lower lip crenate-dentate. —Common eastward, especially 
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

N. Guecuéma, Benth. Procumbent or creeping, slender, somewhat pubescent, equally leafy 
throughout : leaves long-petioled, reniform or round-cordate, coarsely crenate: flowers 2 or 


378 LABIATZ. Dracocephalum. 


3 together in the axils of the leaves, short-pedicelled: bracts setaceous: calyx-teeth seta- 
ceous-acuminate from a broad base, soon spreading: corolla light blue, inch or less long: 
pairs of stamens very unequal: anthers in perfect flowers closely approximate in pairs; 
the anther-cells diverging at a right angle, and each pair forming a cross: but the plant is 
gynodiccious, i. e. some produce only female flowers with abortive stamens. — Lab. 485. 
Glechoma hederacea, L. — Damp or shady places east of the Mississippi, in woods as well as 
near dwellings. Popularly named Gill-over-the-Ground. (Nat. from Eu.) 


35. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. Dracon-neap (as the name, com- 
posed of doazxwrv and xzegady, denotes). — Herbs, chiefly of North Asia, one 
North American, peculiar for its small and included corolla. 


D. parvifl6rum, Nutt. Annual or biennial, 6 to 20 inches high, rather stout, some- 
what pubescent: leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pin- 
natifid-incised ; the lower floral similar: flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in 
a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike interrupted at base: bracts pectinate- 
laciniate and the teeth aristate: upper tooth of the calyx ovate, the others lanceolate and 
subulate-acuminate: corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx.—Gen. ii. 35; 
Benth. in DC. xii. 400. Rocky or gravelly soil, N. New York (shore of Lake Ontario) and 
L. Superior, to Brit. Columbia, and along the mountains to Utah and New Mexico: fi. spring. 


86. SCUTELLARIA, L. Sxuricap. (Seutella, a dish or platter, from 
the form of the fruiting calyx.) — Large and widely diffused genus, of bitter 
(not aromatic) chiefly perennial herbs, rarely undershrubby ; with single (mostly 
blue or bluish) flowers in the axils of leaves, or when the floral leaves are reduced 
to bracts then in (commonly secund) spikes or racemes: fl. spring and summer. 
Corolla arrect. All but two of our species are perennial, and the flowers in all 
are opposite, one in each axil. 


§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low or slightly elevated gynobase. 
%* Flowers small (only a quarter inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes. 

S. laterifléra, L. (Mav-poe Sxuttcar.) Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves 
thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, 
slender-petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar: lips of the corolla 
short, equal in length. — Spee. ii. 598; Lam. Dict. t. 515; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 84; Bart. Fi. 
Ain. Sept. i. t. 21.— Wet borders of streams, Canada to Florida, New Mexico, and north- 
wardly to Oregon and Brit. Columbia. 


* % Flowers larger (half to full inch long), in terminal single or panicled racemes, which are 
commonly more or less leafy below, the floral leaves being gradually reduced to bracts. 


+— Cauline leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, and slender-petioled: lateral lobes of the corolla 
almost equalling the short upper lip: anthers minutely ciliate. 

S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: stem rather stout, erect, 1 to 8 feet high: leaves 
rugosely very veiny, broadly cordate, mostly obtuse (3 or 4 inches long); the floral ovate, 
entire (half inch long), crowded: racemes glandular-pubescent: corolla bright blue with 
lower side and lip whitish. — Gen. ii. 38. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 163% S. cordifolia, 
Muhl. Cat. — Banks of streams, Penn. and Wisconsin to Florida and Texas. 

Var. bracteata, Benth. Robust, with larger and firmer floral leaves, many of the 
lower occasionally longer than the flowers, which thus appear to be axillary rather than 
racemose. — Lab. 433. — Texas. 

Var. minor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved: floral leaves small. — Fl. 823. 
S. rugosa, Wood, Class-Book. — Mountains of Virginia, &c. 

S. saxatilis, Riddell. Slightly and sparsely pubescent, or glabrous: stems slender, weak, 
ascending (a span or two high), stoloniferous from the base: leaves thin, moderately 
veiny, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate (inch or two long); floral ovate or oblong, 
entire: raceme simple, loose: corolla light blue. — Cat. Pl. Ohio, Suppl. (1836) 14; Benth. 
in DC. Prodr. xii. 422; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 827.—Shaded moist banks, Delaware to Ohio 
and Tennessee. 


Scutellaria. LABIATA, 379 


Var. arguta. Pilose-pubescent: thin leaves narrower, acutish, more deeply crenate- 
dentate. — 8. arguta, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv.175; Chapm. Fl. 323. 3S. sazatilis, 
var. ? pilosior, Benth. 1. c., at least in part. S. Chamedrys, Shuttleworth in Ind. Sem. Lips., 
on char. — Mountains of Carolina and Georgia. 


+— + Cauline leaves crenate-dentate or serrate, only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or 


less petioled: lateral lobes of the blue a shor’ ‘ yi : ~ 
tee ee ue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip and more con 


++ Corolla a full inch long, nearly glabrous: stem (a foot or two high) and loosely flowered some- 
what leafy erect raceme simple, or rarely a pair of racemes at the base of the terminal one: 
leaves (3 to 5 pairs) coarsely and shar ly serrate, acute or acuminate, mostly acute at base, 2 to 4 
inches long; the lowest floral usually large and similar; upper entire and lanceolate. 

S. montana, Chapm. Soft-pubescent: leaves oblong-ovate or the lowest subcordate : 
calyx velvety-pubescent: tube of the corolla ampliate upward, and the lips very broad, 
the upper emarginate. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. — Dry woods and fields, in the mountains of 
the north-western part of Georgia, Chapman.: 

S. serrata, Andr. Glabrous, or obscurely pubescent: leaves thin, ovate or ovate-ob- 
long: corolla with narrow tube, moderately ampliate throat, and rather narrow upper lip. 
— Bot. Rep. t. 494; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 422. — Woods, Penn. to Illinois and N. Carolina. 


++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, canescently puberulent: racemes numerous, 
thyrsoid-paniculate, many-flowered. 


S. canéscens, Nutt. Minutely and canescently pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
leafy : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, crenate-serrate, acute (3 or 4 inches 
long), the base obtuse or rounded, or of the uppermost acute, and lowest occasionally sub- 
cordate, the upper surface green and glabrous, the lower canescent, as also the racemes 
and especially the calyx: upper lip of corolla considerably surpassing the lower. — Gen. 
ii. 88; Benth. Lc. S. pubescens & S. incana, Muhl. Cat. S. serrata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 703, 
not Andr. — River-banks, W. Canada and Penn. to Illinois, and the mountains of Carolina 
and N. Alabama. Varies with the foliage greener, only a little paler beneath, and in 

Var. punctata, Chapm., glabrate and minutely punctate beneath. — Georgia and 

Florida, Chapman. 

++ ++ ++ Corolla half inch long, nearly glabrous: raceme simple and terminal, or also from the 

axils of one or two pairs of leaves. 

S. pil6sa, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves rather 
remote, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, veiny (inch or two long); the lower subcordate and 
slender-petioled ; upper cuneate at base and subsessile; floral oblong: bracts of the oblong 
raceme spatulate.— Fl. ii-11; Benth. l.e. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 1637?  S. elliptica, 
Muhl. Cat.? SS. polymorpha, C. Hamilton, Monogr. 39, in part, ex Benth. — Dry or sterile 
ground, S. New York and Michigan to Florida and Texas. 

Var. hirstta, a large form, sometimes nearly 3 feet high, more hirsute: larger leaves 

2 or 3 inches long, very coarsely crenate. — S. hirsuta, Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky. — Richer 

soil, Kentucky, Short. 

Var. ovalifélia, Benth., a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower 
less veiny leaves. — S. ovalifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 136. —New Jersey to Virginia. 

S. vitLosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 90, from upper part of Georgia (villous, and with lanceolate leaves 

3 or 44 inches long, coarsely dentate and acute at both ends, brachiate racemes, but flowers 

not seen), is not identified. 

+ + + Cauline leaves entire (except in the first species), obtuse, narrowed at base: racemes 
mastly simple and terminal, leafy below: corolla blue, upwardly much ampliate and with large 
ips. 

++ These much shorter than the downwardly attenuate tubular portion: pubescence wholly soft 
or cinereous. 

S. integrifolia, L. Manifestly pubescent or puberulent: stems mostly simple from a 
fibrous root, 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves thinnish, from oblong to nearly linear, an 
inch or more long; the upper narrowed at base and subsessile or short-petioled; lowest 
varying to ovate or even cordate and slender-petioled, often with a few coarse crenatures 
or obtuse teeth: corolla slightly pubescent, near an inch long; lower lip about equalling 
the upper: anthers long-ciliate: nutlets tuberculate. — (Pluk. Alm. t. 818, fig. 4.) S. inte- 
grifolia & S. hyssopifolia, L. Spec. ii. 599, the latter a narrow-leaved form. S. Caroliniana, 
Lam. Ill. t. 515, fig. 8. S. polymorpha, A. Hamilton, Monogr. 38, in part. — Dry ground, 
Wew England to Florida and Texas. 


380 LABIATZ. Scutellaria. 


S. brevifélia. Cinereous-puberulent throughout: stems numerous from a suffrutescent 
base, rigid, a foot or less high, very leafy: leaves thickish, narrowly oblong, 6 to 8 lines 
long by 2 or 3 wide, all subsessile; the floral similar, gradually smaller: corolla soft- 
pubescent, three-fourths inch long; lower lip rather longer than the upper: anthers short- 
ciliate: nutlets granulate. — S. integrifolia, var. brevifolia, Gray in Cat. Coll. Tex. Hall, no. 
458. — Dry banks, Dallas, Texas, E. Hall, Reverchon. 

++ ++ Lips of the corolla about the length of the broad tube and throat. 

S. Floridana, Chapm. Obscurely puberulent : stems slender, a foot or more high, rather 
remotely leafy and with some axillary fascicles: leaves very narrowly linear (8 to 12 lines 
long, seldom a line wide), with somewhat revolute margins; the lowest minute and scale- 
like: raceme rather loose: corolla nearly inch long: anthers long-ciliate. — Fl. 324. — Pine- 
barren swamps, Apalachicola, Florida. 

* * * Flowers solitary in the axils of cauline leaves, or some occasionally imperfectly racemose 
through the reduction in size of the upper leaves of the stem or branches. 

+ Annuals, loosely branched from the base: corolla pubescent, half inch or less long: nutlets 
muriculate. 

S. cardiophylla, Engelm. & Gray. Puberulent, slender, a foot or two high, with 
virgate branches: leaves cordate-ovate or deltoid-subcordate, mostly obtuse, thin, veiny ; 
principal cauline inch long, coarsely crenate, slender-petioled ; floral gradually smaller and 
less toothed, the uppermost entire and subsessile (3 lines long, barely exceeding the calyx) : 
corolla slender, blue. — Pl. Lindh. i. 19; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 429. — Open woods, Arkansas 
and Texas. 


S. Drummondii, Benth. Villous-pubescent, a span or more high, soon diffuse, leafy : 
leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, half inch or more long, contracted at base, 
the lower into distinct petioles; floral subsessile and about equalling the flowers; all entire 
or nearly so (rarely suberenulate): corolla violet purple or blue (3 to 5 lines long), com- 
monly with the calyx villous-pubescent, at least when young; lower lip longer than the 
upper, violet-spotted.— Lab. 441, & DC. Prodr. xii. 428.—Damp or rich soil, Texas; 
common. (Mex.) 
+— + Perennials, from a firm or ligneous stock, neither stoloniferous nor tuberiferous: nutlets 

granulate. 

8S. Wrightii, Gray. A span or so high, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous- 
puberulent, very leafy: leaves ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile, about 
half an inch long; upper floral shorter than the flowers: corolla pubescent, half an inch 
long, usually violet; lips nearly equal in length; tube rather slender.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 370. — Texas, quite to the western borders, Wright, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c. Kansas, 
Gordon, L. Watson, with a white-flowered variety. 

+ + + Perennials, completely herbaceous and fibrous-rooted, mostly producing filiform stolon- 


like rootstocks: : ; 
++ These more or less moniliform-tuberiferous. 


= Flower 2 to 4 lines long: leaves broadest at base and all but the lower sessile; primary veins 
prominent underneath. 

S. paérvula, Michx. Minutely (sometimes more conspicuously) pubescent, branching 
from the base, commonly erect, 4 to 10 inches high: filiform subterranean shoots bearing 
a long moniliform string of small tubers: leaves ovate or the uppermost ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile by a truncate or slightly cordate base, about half inch long; some of the lower with 
one or two coarse teeth, the lowest slender-petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx: corolla 
violet, pubescent, twice or thrice the length of the calyx: nutlets strongly muricate, girt 
with a thickish ring or border, which is conspicuous when young. — FI. ii. 12; Hook. Exot. 
t. 106. S. ambigua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 37. — Sandy banks, W. New England and along the Great 
Lakes to Wisconsin, South Florida, and Texas. 

Var. mollis, Gray. More spreading, softly pubescent throughout (the pubescence 
somewhat viscid): leaves larger, less firm. — Sandy banks of the Mississippi, at Oquawka, 
S. Illinois, &c., H. N. Patterson. A remarkable form, with somewhat the aspect of S. 
Drummondit. 
== = Flower half or two-thirds inch long: leaves narrowed at base or petioled: plants depressed 

or weak and diffuse. 

S. nana, Gray. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, 2 inches high, much branched: filiform 
subterranean shoots copiously moniliform-tuberiferous: leaves crowded, from ovate to 


s 


a 


Scutellaria, LABIATAE. 381 


spatulate-obovate, entire, thickish, nearly veinless, half inch long, tapering into a petiole: 
corolla white, rather broad and with dilated throat, hardly exceeding the leaves; lips of 


equal length. — Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 100, & Bot. Calif. i, 604.—N. W. Nevada, near Pyra- 
mid Lake, Lemmon. 


S. tuberdésa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous: stems slender, rather sparsely leafy, 


1 to 4 inches high and erect, or sometimes reaching a foot in length and trailing: leaves 
mostly ovate, either truncate or cuneate at base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed, or 
rarely entire (a quarter to inch and a half long), nearly all petioled; floral about equalling 
or longer than the violet or blue narrow corolla: nutlets strongly muricate. — Lab. 441; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 601. — Hills, &c., nearly throughout California. 


= = = Flower larger, violet-blue: stems erect, equally leafy: leaves from oblong to linear, all 
but the lower sessile and entire: moniliform tubers more rare or obscure, except in the first species. 


S. resindsa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, minutely pubescent and 


resinous-atomiferous, somewhat viscid: leaves uniform, oval and oblong, or uppermost 
narrower, obtuse, mostly sessile (5 to 10 lines long), nervose-veined: pedicels shorter than the 
calyx: corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat; lower lip 
glabrous inside: nutlets tuberculate.— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 232; Benth. l. c.— Plains of 
Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. 


S. angustifolia, Pursh. A span to a foot high, minutely puberulent or almost glabrous : 


stems or branches often simple and slender: leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (6 to 12 


- lines long), all but the lower acute or contracted at base; lower more petioled and some- 


times few-toothed ; radical orbicular or cordate and small: pedicels as long as the calyx: 
corolla three-fourths to nearly inch long, puberulent, with slender tube and moderately 
ampliate throat; lower lip villous inside: nutlets minutely granulate. — Fl. ii. 412; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 603. — Moist ground, British Columbia and Montana to California, even as 
far south as San Bernardino Co. 

Var. canéscens, Gray, l.c. More branching, tomentulose-canescent: corolla more 
arrect by the curvature of the base of the tube. — S. siphocampylo.des, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. 
xxx. 717. — Western part of California, in cafions, &ec. 


S. antirrhinoides, Benth. Resembles broader leaved forms of the preceding: stems 


more branching, diffuse or ascending: leaves oblong (6 to 9 lines long), mostly obtuse at 

base as well as apex, more petioled: corolla shorter and broader, 7 to 10 lines long; the 

tube shorter and less slender. —Bot. Reg. xviii. under 1493, & DC. 1. ¢. 428; Gray, Proc. 

Am. Acad. viii. 396. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King, 237.— Moist shady ground, Oregon, 

northern part of California, and mountains of Nevada. 

sa ++ Filiform rootstocks or subterranean stolons not tuberiferous: corolla half to two-thirds inch 
ong, 

== Dull yellow or whitish, with ampliate-inflated throat, villous within (at least the lower lip), and 
short proper tube: all the upper leaves entire, obtuse. 


S. Califérnica. Puberulent: stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves from lanceolate- 


oblong to oval-ovate, mostly roundish at base, short-pctioled ; the lower an inch or more 
long, often somewhat serrate; upper gradually reduced to half inch or less; uppermost 
shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla about equal: nutlets obscurely rugose-granu- 
late. — S. antirrhinoides, var. Californica, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 396, & Bot. Calif. 
1. ¢., mainly. —Banks of streams, California, from Tehama Co. southward, and in the 
Sicrra Nevada. Narrow-leaved forms resemble the preceding ; broader-leaved forms are 
more like the following species. 


S. Bolanderi, Gray. Pubescent: stem simple or branched from the base, a foot high, 


equably and very leafy to the summit: leaves ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile 
by an obscurely cordate base, an inch or less long, veiny from the base: flpwers very short- 
pedicelled, seldom equalling the leaf: lower lip of the corolla rather longer. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 887, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Sierra Nevada, California, in Mariposa and Plumas Co., 
Bolander, Lemmon. 


== = Corolla violet-blue, with slender tube and less ampliate throat, naked within. 


S. galericuldta, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 to 3 feet high, 


simple or paniculately branched above: leaves membranaceous, ovate-lanccolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile or very short-petioled subcordate base (2 inches or 
less long), all but the upper and more reduced ones appressed-serrate : pedicels shorter than 


382 LABIATA. Scutellaria. 


the calyx: corolla puberulent ; lower lip nearly erect and surpassing the upper: nutlets 
densely muriculate-scabrous. — Spec. ii. 599; Engl. Bot. t. 593; Schk. Handb. t. 167. — Wet 
soil, Atlantic States, from mountains of Carolina to Newfoundland, Mackenzie River, and 
westward from mountains of Arizona to Brit. Columbia. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


§ 2. Nutlets raised on a slender gynobase, each surrounded by a conspicuous 
membranaceous wing in the manner of Perdlomia, the faces muricatey (Here 
also a Japanese species, S. Guilielmi.) 

S. nervosa, Pursh. Glabrous: rootstocks or stolons filiform: stems slender, rather sim- 
ple, 4-quetrous (10 to 20 inches high): leaves membranaceous, coarsely few-toothed, rather 
prominently quintuple-ribbed from near the base; the lowest cordate and short-petioled ; 
the others sessile or nearly so; middle ones ovate; floral ovate-lanceolate, gradually 
smaller and more entire, much surpassing the axillary secund flowers: corolla bluish, 4 
lines long, with lower lip exceeding the straightish merely concave upper one. — Pursh, FI. 
ii. 412; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. S. teucrifolia, Smith. S. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 
37. — Moist thickets, New York to Virginia, Ohio, and Missouri. 


87. SALAZARIA, Torr. (In honor of Don José Salazar y Larrequi, 
the Mexican Commissioner of the U. 8. and Mex. Boundary Survey.) — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 138, t. 39. — Single species of a remarkable genus. 

S. Mexicana, Torr. 1.c. Shrubby, 2 or 8 feet high, with diffuse or sarmentose slender 
soft-canescent branches: leaves remote, glabrate, small, oblong or broadly lanceolate, 
short-petioled, mostly entire; floral reduced to bracts of the short and loose terminal 
racemes: flowers less than inch long: corolla purplish, or the spreading lower lip deep 
purple: fructiferous vesicular calyx half inch or more in diameter. — Bot. Calif. i. 604. — 
Ravines, S. E. California in the Mohave desert, S. Nevada and Utah, Arizona, Fremont, 
Parry, Cooper, Palmer. (Adjacent Mex.) 


388. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Setr-weat, or Heat-Att. (Commonly 
written Prunella, but said to come from the old German word Breune or Braune, 
an affection of the throat, which the plant was thought to cure.) — Low peren- 
nials; with nearly simple stems, terminated by a short verticillastrate-spicate or 
capitate inflorescence, with imbricated round-ovate and nervose bracts or floral 
leaves of about the length of the calyx, each subtending 3 subsessile flowers: fl. 
all summer. 


B. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, slender-petioled, commonly pubes- 
cent: corolla not twice the length of the purplish calyx, violet, purplish, &c., rarely white. 
— Fields and borders of copses, Newfoundland to Florida, and west to California and 
northward; evidently indigenous in some of the cooler districts. (Eu., Asia, Mex.) 


39. BRAZORIA, Engelm. & Gray. (Discovered on the Rio Brazos, 
Texas.) — A genus of two annuals, of rather low stature: leaves oblong, mostly 
sessile, denticulate; lowest tapering into a petiole; floral diminished to small 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate bracts to the single flowers of the virgate racemes or 
spikes : corolla rose-purple: fl. summer. — P]. Lindh. i. 47; Gray, Chloris, 34, 
t.5; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 484. 

B. truncata, Engelm. & Gray, l.c. Somewhat pubescent, at least the raceme and 
calyx viscid-hairy: spike dense and strict, simple or sometimes branching: calyx much 
reticulated, truncate, its broad lips of equal length, obscurely lobed, mucronately denticu- 
late (8 or 4 lines in fruit): corolla three-fourths inch long; upper lip and middle lobe 
of lower deeply emarginate, all the lobes denticulate; palate somewhat prominent; tube 
pilose-annulate near the base: anthers somewhat hairy: nutlets puberulent. — Chloris, l. c. 
t. 5. Physostegia truncata, Benth. Lab. 805; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8494.— Sandy soil, in 
plains and prairies of E. Texas, Berlundier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. 


Macbridea. LABIATA. 383 


B. scutellarioides, Engelm. & Gray, l.c. Almost glabrous: spikes or racemes 
loose, mostly panicled : lips of the calyx unequal; the upper with 3 ovate-rounded, lower 
with 2 triangular-lanceolate lobes, all but the uppermost cuspidate: corolla (a third inch 
long) not pilose-annulate ; its lobes entire or merely retuse: anthers barely ciliolate : nut- 
lets glabrous. — Physostegia truncatu, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494 (wrongly cited in DC. under 
preceding species). — Richer prairie soil, Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 


40. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Fatss Dracon-neap. (Pioa, bladder, 
and otéyy, covering; from the turgid fruiting calyx, but more applicable to the 
inflated corolla.) — Perennial erect N. American herbs, almost glabrous ; with 
lanceolate or oblong and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves; the upper ones 
sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to small subulate bracts of 
the simple or panicled spikes, most of them shorter than the calyx. Flowers 
cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned on the short 
pedicel, either right or left of the normal position). Corolla showy, rose or flesh- 
color, often variegated : in summer. 


P, Virginidna, Benth. 1.c. Stem in larger forms 3 or 4, in smaller 1 or 2 feet high, 
terminated by a simple virgate or sometimes several panicled spikes: leaves thickish : 
calyx tubular-campanulate or somewhat turbinate-campanulate, in fruit broader and with a 
narrowed base; its teeth ovate-triangular and very acute, only half the length of the tube: 
corolla commonly an inch long. — Dracocephalum Virginianum, L. Spec. ii. 594; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 467. D. lancifolium, Moench, Meth. 410. D. variegatum, Vent. Cels, t. 44. Prasium 
purpureum & P. coccineum, Walt. Car. 166.— Wet grounds, N. Vermont, W. Canada and 
Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas: common in gardens. Varies greatly ; the extremes are 

Var. speciosa, a tall form, with very acutely serrate lanceolate leaves, and dense and 
panicled spikes. — Dracocephalum speciosum, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 93, with horizontal 
flowers. Physostegia imbricata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3386 (not Benth.), a Texan form, with 
erect imbricated flowers. 

Var. denticulata, a more slender and commonly low form, with crenulate-denticu- 
late or obscurely serrate leaves, and more slender or loosely-flowered spike. — Dracocepha- 
lum denticulutum, Ait. Kew. ii. 317; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 214. — Middle Atlantic States. 

Var. obovata, with oblong or obovate and often obtuse leaves. — Dracocephalum 
obovatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 86. — Georgia to Arizona. 

P. intermédia, Gray. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, remotely leaved: leaves linear- 
lanceolate, repand-denticulate : spikes filiform, commonly rather remotely flowered: calyx 
short and broadly campanulate; the triangular acute teeth about as long as the tube: 
corolla 5 or 6 lines long, much dilated upwards. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 871. Dracocephalum 
intermedium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 187.— Barrens, W. Kentucky and 
Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. 

P. parvifidra, Nutt. Stem rather slender, leafy, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes short (1 to 4 inches long): calyx short-campanulate, 
inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse tecth: corolla rather narrow, half 
inch long. — Nutt. (ex Benth., under P. imbricata, Benth. 1. c., not Hook. Bot. Mag.); Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371.—Banks of streams, Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Brit. 
Columbia, and Oregon. 


41, MACBRIDEA, Ell. (In memory of Dr. James Macbride.)  Gla- 
brous or sparsely hirsute perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with simple stems, a 
foot or more high, lanceolate or spatulate-oblong repand-toothed or entire minutely 
punctate leaves; the floral becoming thickish and rounded imbricated bracts of 
a terminal and rather few-flowered capitate inflorescence. Flowers showy (corolla 
over an inch long), in late summer. (Anthers not pilose within the cell, as stated, 
but mainly on the inner face.) — Ell. Sk. ii. 56; Chapm. Fl. 324. 


M. putlchra, Hil. 1. c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends, tapering into 
a petiole, thinnish ; floral ones or bracts ovate, acute : lateral lobes of the calyx entire or 


384 LABIATAE. Macbridea. 


emarginate: corolla rose-purple (streaked with a deeper hue and white); its upper lip 
entire. — AM. pulchella, Benth. Lab. 505, & DC. Prodr. xii435. Thymbra Caroliniana & Pra- 
sium incarnatum, Walt. Car. ex Benth. Melittis Caroliniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 700. — Pine- 
barren swamps, southern borders of N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. 

M. alba, Chapm. 1.c. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, thickish, all but 
the lowest sessile ; floral ones round-ovate or orbicular: lateral lobes of the calyx strongly 
emarginate or 2-cleft: corolla white; its upper lip emarginate. — Low pine-barrens, W. 
Florida near the coast, Chapman. 


42, SYNANDRA, Nutt. (Sv, together, and vio, for anther, the pos- 
terior and sterile anthers connate.) — Single species, large-flowered, and with the 
aspect of Lamium. 


S. grandifléra, Nutt. Fibrous-rooted biennial, a foot or two high, hirsute: leaves mem- 
branaceous, cordate, coarsely crenate, all but the floral long-petioled; these reduced to 
ovate sessile bracts, each subtending a single flower: corolla inch and a half long, white or 
nearly so: filaments bearded. — Gen. ii. 29; Benth. 1. c.— Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio 
to Illinois and Tennessee : in spring. 


43. MARRUBIUM, Tourn. Horenounp. (From Hebrew word, mean- 
ing bitter.) — Perennials; all natives of the Old World, but one species widely 
dispersed and naturalized, viz. 

M. vutcdre, L. Hoary-woolly, branched from the base, aromatic-bitter (hence used in 
popular medicine): leaves roundish, crenate, very rugose-veiny: flowers verticillastrate- 
capitate in the upper axils: calyx with 10 short recurving teeth, these and the bracts at 
length hooked at the tip.— Escaped from gardens into waste or open ground: fl. late 
summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 


44, BALLOTA, L. Brack Horenounp. (Greek name, of obscure 
derivation.) —Weedy perennials of the Old World; with bitter and unpleasant- 
scented herbage; fl. summer. 

B. nfera, L. Soft-pubescent, but not hoary, spreading: leaves ovate, crenate or toothed, 
slightly rugose, slender-petioled: flowers numerous in rather loose axillary verticillastrate 
cymes: bracts setaceous: calyx with dilated somewhat foliaceous miucronate-tipped teeth, 
equalling the purplish corolla.—Sparingly in waste places, New England, Penn., &c. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 


45. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerusatem Sacre. (Ancient Greek name of a 
woolly plant, perhaps of this genus.) — Perennials, of the Old World, one spar- 
ingly introduced, viz. 

P. ruserdsa, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, from a thick tuberous root, somewhat glabrous : 
lower leaves ovate and cordate, crenate, slender-petioled, rugose-veiny ; floral oblong-lan- 
ceolate and mostly sessile, subtending dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters: bracts seta- 
ceous, hirsute: calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate from a short and dilated truncate-emargi- 
nate base, divaricate: corolla pale purple, its upper lip densely white-bearded. — 8S. shore of 
Lake Ontario, New York: fl. early summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 


46. LEONOTIS, R. Br. (Aéwy, lion, and ots, &zég ear, from the corolla.) 
— African plants; with dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters of showy scarlet or 
orange flowers ; sparingly naturalized on our southern borders: fl. summer. 

L. nerete£rouia, R. Br. Tall annual, minutely soft-pubescent: leaves long-petioled, ovate, 
coarsely serrate or crenate, veiny ; upper floral lanceolate: verticillastrate heads large and 


dense: calyx about 8-toothed: corolla an inch long, orange-red, densely hirsute. — Bot. Reg. 
t. 281.— Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. (Nat. from Afr.) 


Galeopsis. LABIATA. 385 


47. LEONURUS, L. Motnerworr. (4é09, @ lion, and odgd, tail ) — 
Herbs of the Old World, weeds or escapes from gardens in the New: herbage 
bitter: flowers small, in summer. 


L. Carpfaca, L. (Commoy Moruserworr.) Tall perennial, more or less pubescent: leaves 
long-petioled, palmately cleft; the lower rounded; floral rhombic-lanceolate, 3-cleft ; 
lobes lanceolate: flowers much shorter than the petioles; corolla pale purple ; its upper lip 
very villous outside, narrowed at base, hardly galeate, at length often recurved; lower 
deflexed, spotted: stamens often recurving outwards after anthesis: anther-cells parallel. 
— Waste and cult. ground, in manured soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Marrvunidsrrom, L. Tall biennial, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or 
the floral lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised: calyx-teeth slender, rather aristiform 
than spinescent: corolla minute, whitish, almost glabrous ; its lips less divergent: stamens 
little exserted beyond the throat: anther-cells diverging. — Chaiturus Marrubiastrum, Ehrh. 
— Waste grounds, New Jersey to Delaware, and southward; rare. Related as much to 
Sideritis as to Leonurus ; might be placed next to Marrubium. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Srsfricvs, L. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves 3-parted ; 
the divisions 2—5-cleft, or deeply 3-7-cleft and incised: corolla purplish, twice the length of 
the calyx; upper lip fornicate, lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Pennsylvania 
(near Philadelphia, J/artindale), New Mexico, &c. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. & Asia.) 


48. LAMIUM, Tourn. Deap-Nerrie. (From damdc, the throat, alluding 
to the ringent corolla.) ——Spreading or decumbent herbs, with mostly cordate 
incised or doubly toothed leaves ; the lower long-petioled ; upper becoming sessile 
or roundish at base, subtending sessile and loose or capitate clusters of purple or 
sometimes white flowers. Anthers in our species hirsute. Natives of the Old 
World, some naturalized in waste places or fields, eastward. 

L, AMPLEXICAULE, L. Biennial or winter annual, weak and slender, low : leaves distant ; lowest 
small, roundish-cordate, coarsely crenate, long-petioled; upper subsessile or clasping, cre- 
nately lobed and incised : corolla slender, purple, with spotted lower lip, truncate lateral lobes, 
and upper lip villous on the back. — Rather common, Canada to Florida. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. purrvtreum, L. Resembles the.last, but with leaves (even the upper floral) all petioled 
and only crenate-serrate: calyx-teeth more slender: small lateral teeth to the orifice of the 
corolla. — Penn. and New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 

L. Atsum, L. Stouter, a foot or two high, more leafy and hirsute-pubescent: root peren- 
nial: leaves ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, mostly peti- 
oled: corolla white, an inch long, with tube curved upwards and throat rather narrow ; 
upper lip oblong; a long slender appendage at each side of the throat. — E. New England. 
(Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


49. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettre. (Mehéy, a weasel, and owie, re- 
semblance, * very like a weasel” to a lively imagination only. The popular name 
is little less natural.) — Annual weeds of Europe: naturalized in waste places 
and garden soil: fl. late summer. 


G. TetrAuitr, L. Hispid: stem swollen below the joints: leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
serrate: corolla light purple, variegated, 6 to 10 lines long. — Common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
G. LApanum, L. Pubescent, lower and smaller: leaves oblong-lanceolate : corolla red or rose- 

color. — E. New England, in few places. (Barely nat. from Eu.) 


50. STACHYS, Tourn. Wounnwort. (2téyvs, a spike, primarily a 
spike or ear of corn, and the ancient Greek name of this genus or of some similar 
plants, from the spicate inflorescence.) —A large genus, widely dispersed ; ours 
all herbs, with the towers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few 

25 


386 LABIATE. Stachys. 


or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate 
inflorescence ; in summer. 


% Root annual: corolla with short tube, mostly purplish or reddish. 
+— Even the lower lip hardly exceeding the subulate or aristulate tips of the calyx-teeth: leaves 
obtuse, crenate, an inch or less long; lower subcordate and slender-petioled: upper subsessile ; 
stems a span or two high: lower flower-clusters remote. 

S, arvénsis, L. Hirsute, often decumbent: upper leaves ovate with cuneate base: verti- 
cillastrate clusters in their axils few-flowered : calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines or more 
long, almost hispid, in fruit declined; the lanceolate teeth aristulate.— Waste grounds, 
E. Mass. (Locally nat. from Eu.) 

S. agrdria, Cham. & Schl. Hirsute pubescence finer and softer: stems scieee erect: 
upper leaves subcordate or oval; upper floral shorter than the small and several-flowered 
clusters: calyx even in fruit not over 2 lines long and not declined, short-campanulate ; 
the subulate teeth cuspidate-aristulate. —. Linn. v. 100; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 479. 
S. Grahami, Benth. Lab. 551. — Moist or shady places, common in Texas. (Mex.) 
+— Lips of the corolla surpassing the slender-subulate and aristulate calyx-teeth: fructiferous 

calyx 4 lines long: stem a foot or two high. 

S. Drummondii, Benth. Soft-hirsute: leaves ovate and oval, obtuse, crenate, all the 
lower cordate: upper pairs distant; floral with narrowed base, the uppermost lanceolate 
or subulate and shorter than the flowers: these mostly in sixes: calyx-tube in fruit glob- 
ular-campanulate and rather shorter than the setaceous-attenuate teeth: upper lip of the 
corolla nearly 2, and lower 3 or 4 lines long.— Lab. 551, & DC. 1. c.— Moist ground, 
Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer. (Mex.) 

S. Annus, L., an Old-World species, with glabrous leaves not cordate, and whitish flowers 
only four lines long, sparingly occurs as a ballast weed, near Philadelphia. 


* %* Root perennial. 
+— Corolla white or whitish, with tube shorter or hardly longer than the calyx-teeth ; lips only 2 
or 8 lines long; the upper villous-bearded or woolly on the back: flowers sessile or nearly so: 
herbage from soft-hirsute to white-tomentose. (Californian and one New Mexican species.) 

S. Rothréckii, Gray. A span high, branched from the base, canescently lanate-pubes- 
cent throughout: leaves all sessile and lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire (inch long) ; floral 
gradually smaller and oblong, subtending about 3 flowers: spike rather dense and short: 
calyx campanulate; the teeth ovate- or gubulate-deltoid, with very acute but soft tips: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long; the tube included. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.— Zuni village, 
New Mexico, Rothrock. 

S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous with very soft white hairs: leaves 
oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 8 inches long, roundish or acutish at base; the 
lower petioled; upper sessile; even the upper floral as long as the (about 8) subtended 
flowers: clusters mainly distant: calyx short-campanulate or in fruit turbinate, very silky- 
villous; the teeth triangular-ovate, aristulate-acuminate, barely equalling the tube of the 
corolla. — Linn. vi. 80,& DC. 1. c. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 605. — California, common in moist 
ground. Also (in a dubious form) Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock. 

S. albens, Gray. Tall (1 to 5 feet high), soft-tomentose or lanate with white or whitish 
wool, leafy: leaves oblong or ovate, usually with more or less cordate base, acutish, cre- 
nate, 2 or 3 inches long; lower short-petioled; upper nearly sessile; most of the floral 
shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spike: calyx turbinate- 
campanulate; the teeth triangular and aristulate, nearly equalling the tube of the corolla. 
—Proe. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. pyenostachya (meaning S. pycnantha, 
Benth.), Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 408.— Wet ground, mountains and foot-hills of 
California, from Shasta to Kern Co. 

S. pycnantha, Benth. Soft-hirsute with somewhat fulvous hairs, leafy, 2 or 3 feet 
high: leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, obtuse, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly rather 
long-petioled ; floral all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or cylindraceous spike 
(of 1 to 3 inches long), each subtending about 8 flowers: calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronulate, 
very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla: upper lip of the latter strongly 
bearded. — Pl. Hartweg. 331; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 605. — California, in the Coast Range, 
from Monterey to above San Francisco, Hartweq, Kellogg. 


Stachys. LABIAT&. 387 


+— + Corolla purple or rose-red (not scarlet-red), with tube equalling or longer than the calyx: 
flowers sessile or subsessile, . 


++ Not over half inch long: tube of the corolla not exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth: spike 
mostly much interrupted: stems erect from filiform and sometimes tubcriferous rootstocks. (At- 
lantic species, one extending north-west ward to the Pacific.) 


== Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short petioled. 


S. hyssopifélia, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, or sometimes a hirsute 
ring at the nodes: stems slender, about a foot high: leaves linear, sometimes oblong-linear 
(1 or 2 inches long, 1} to 3 lines wide), entire or merely denticulate, even the lowest nar- 
rowed at base and sessile: spike rather short and slender; the clusters 2-6-flowered : calyx 
2 or 3 lines long, occasionally with a few bristly long hairs; teeth broadly subulate: 
corolla glabrous. — Fl. ii. 4; Benth. l.c.; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 317, ed. 5, 3858. S. palustris, 
Walt. Car. 162, not L.— Wet and sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Michigan and Florida. 

Var. ambigua. Stouter, 1 or 2 feet high, sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles 
on the angles of the stem: leaves broader, 3 to 6 lines wide, serrulate. — Georgia, Le Conte. 
Kentucky and Illinois, Short, Buckley, E. Hall, &c. 

S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy: stem 1 to 8 
feet high, hirsute or hispid: leaves from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, mostly 
acute or acuminate (1} to 3 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad and abrupt or 
obscurely subcordate base; the lowest little petioled; all sometimes almost velvety- 
tomentose beneath: clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6-10-flowered : calyx pubes- 
cent or hirsute; the teeth subulate, nearly the length of the tube: upper lip of corolla 
distinctly pubescent. — Spec. ii. 580; Fl. Dan. t. 1103; Engl. Bot. t. 1675; Benth. 1. ¢. — 
Wet ground, Newfoundland to the Pacific in Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, and in the 
Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, north to Mackenzie River. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

S. aspera, Michx.1.c. Taller, 2 to 4 feet high, usually less leafy, sparsely hirsute or 
hispidulous-pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem mostly retrorse-hispid on the angles: 
leaves thinner, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (14 to 44 inches long), acute or 
acuminate, rather obtusely serrate, nearly all distinctly petioled and with truncate or 
merely subcordate base: calyx glabrous or glabrate, or with some scattered bristles; the 
tube obscurely striate when dry: corolla glabrous throughout. — Benth. lc. S. arvensis, 
Walt. Car. 162, not L. SS. hispida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray, 1. e. 
— Wet ground, Canada to Florida and W. Louisiana. Too near S. palustris. (Japan.) 

Var. glabra. Even the angles of the stem smooth and naked or nearly so: leaves 
more conspicuously petioled, acuminate, and serrate.— S. annua, Walt. Car. 161, not L. 
S. tenuifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 100. 5S. glabra, Riddell, Cat. Ohio Pl. Suppl. (1836), 16. S. 
aspera, var. glabrata, Benth. 1. c.  S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray, Man. 1. c. — W. New York 
to Illinois and southward. Filiform stolon-like rootstocks more or less tuberifcrous. 
== = Most of the leaves distinctly petioled; lower all long-petioled and cordate: corolla glabrous 

or nearly so throughout, barely 5 lines long. 

S. Floridana, Shuttlew. Barely a foot high, with filiform stolon-like rootstocks termi- 
nated by a moniliform tuber (of 2 or 3 inches in length), nearly glabrous, or the slender 
stem minutely hirsute, at least the angles: lower leaves cordate-oblong, very obtuse, cre- 
nate-dentate (three-fourths to 3 inches long), slender-petioled ; floral small and with cune- 
ate subsessile base, hardly surpassing or shorter than the rather remote clusters of the 
short spike: calyx-teeth aristulate-subulate, little shorter than the oblong-campanulate 
tube. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 478; Chapm. Fl. 827, but root not annual. — E. Florida, 
Rugel, Buckley, Canby, Palmer, Curtiss. 

S. cordata, Riddell. Two or three fect high, rather weak, hirsute: leaves all ovate- or 
oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2 to 5 inches long), nearly all long-petioled; the floral 
mostly minute: spikes slender, of numerous and small few-flowered clusters : calyx (only 
2 lines long) with broadly subulate teeth much shorter than the campanulate tube. — Cat. 
Ohio Pl. Suppl. (1836), 15. S. sylvatica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 80, not L., but near it. S. Nuttallii, 
Shuttlw. in DC. 1. c. 469. S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray, Man. 1. c.— Thickets, 8. Ohio to 
Virginia and Tennessee. — Not rarcly leaves as broad at the base as in S. sylvatica. 


+ + Flowers half inch long: tube of corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. (Pacific species.) 


S. bulldta, Benth. A foot or two high from a slender rootstock, hirsute-pubescent, 
varying to villous or to somewhat hispid: leaves mostly petioled, ovate to oblong, usually 


388 LABIATE. Stachys, 


obtuse, cordate or roundish-truncate at base, crenate, sometimes bullate-rugulose, not 
rarely villous-canescent, especially beneath: spike naked, interrupted: teeth of the 
calyx deltoid-subulate and aristulate-acuminate, fully half the length of the campanulate 
tube: corolla with the little or more manifestly exserted tube about 4 lines long, nearly 
equalled by the widely spreading lower lip; the short upper lip villous or pubescent on 
the back. — Lab. 547, & DC. lc. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i606. S. Californica, & S. Nuttallii, 
var.? occidentalis, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 469. S. Nuttallii, var. leptostachya, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 
331. S. rigida, Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. 472. S. coccinea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156, 
ex Benth. S. sylvatica & S. agraria, Torr. in Wilkes’s Exped. xvii. 408. — California to 
Oregon, near the coast, and south-eastward to the Mohave.— A variable species : leaves 
thinner and not rugose when growing in shade. 
++ ++ ++ Flowers ample: tube of the rose-red corolla over half inch Jong, fully twice the length 
of the lower lip and of the cylindraceous-campanulate calyx: leaves mostly ample (3 to 5 inches 
long), petioled, oblong-ovate and subcordate, crenate, veiny: stems 2 to 6 feet high, almost 
always retrorsely hispid on the angles: verticillastrate clusters of the spike mostly 6-flowered. 

S. Chamissonis, Benth. Leaves softly villous-canescent beneath, sericeous-hirsute 
above, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, rugose-veiny ; petioles retrorsely hispid: short spike 
mostly naked; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers: calyx 
densely hirsute-pubescent ; teeth deltoid and cuspidate: tube of corolla commonly three- 
fourths inch long; outside of the lips (at least of the upper) hirsute-pubescent. — Linn. vi. 
80; & DC. 1. c. 468; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 155; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 606. — California, 
in swamps along San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, &e. 

S. cilidta, Doug]. Green and glabrate, or sparsely pilose-pubescent : leaves thin, ovate, 
mostly acute or acuminate: petioles and angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : 
lower floral leaves often similar to the cauline and much surpassing the flowers ; upper- 
most reduced to small bracts, merely equalling the calyx, which is more tubular than in 
the preceding, either nearly glabrous or pilose-pubescent, and the teeth narrower: corolla 
rather smaller, nearly glabrous. — Benth. Lab. 539, & DC. 1. c. 467.— Oregon to Brit. 
Columbia along the coast, in damp and shady places. 

Var. pubens. Soft-pilose-pubescent or villous-hirsute, especially the calyx and lower 
face of the leaves: flowers commonly rather smaller or shorter.— S. Riederi, Cham. & 
Benth. le. ? 8S. palustris, var., Torr. in Wilkes Exped. 1. c. — Washington Terr. to Fraser 
River, &c. Connects S. ciliata with SS. Chamissonis. 

+ + + Corolla scarlet-red, with narrow cylindrical tube much exceeding the calyx and the lips: 
flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile: cauline leaves slender-petioled : pubescence short and soft. 

S. coccinea, Jacq. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate with 
cordate base, or oblong-deltoid, obtuse, crenate (inch or two long); floral sessile; the upper 
very small: spike interrupted: flowers generally distinctly pedicelled: calyx in flower 
cylindraceous, with tube twice the length of the slender-subulate teeth (in fruit more cam- 
panulate), a third to nearly half the length of the (9 to 12 lines long) corolla. — Hort 
Scheenb. iii. 18, t. 284; Bot. Mag. t. 666; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 310; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 467. 
S. cardinalis, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. ii. 645, ex Benth.— W. Texas to S. Arizona. (Mex.) 

S. Bigelévii, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, slender: foliage, &c., nearly of the 
preceding: flowers fewer in the clusters, almost sessile: calyx (only 3 lines long) oblong- 
campanulate ; its teeth broader: tube of the (red?) corolla only half inch long; lower 
lip 3 lines long, much larger than the upper. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 871.—S. W. Texas, 
in crevices of basaltic rocks, Wright, Bigelow. 

Beroyica orFicinAuis, L., or Stracuys Brronrca, Benth., Wood Betony, of Europe, has 
been found in thickets near Boston, an escape from gardens. 


OrpDER CV. PLANTAGINACE. 


An anomalous order of Gamopetale, chiefly acaulescent herbs with one-several- 
ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous 
flowers having a free ovary, a filiform and entire long-stigmatose style, amphi- 
tropous and peltate ovules and seeds, a- mostly straight embryo in firm-fleshy 
albumen, the cotyledons little broader than the radicle, and the corolla searious 


Plantago. PLANTAGINACEA. 389 


and veinless, mostly marcescent-persistent. Consists chiefly of the two following 
genera; the principal genus of many species and widely dispersed over the 
world, but most largely European and Asiatic; the other of a single species 
widely dissevered in habitation. 


1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. Pranrary, Riswort. (The Latin name.) — 
Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract. Calyx of 
4 imbricated sepals, persistent. Corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly 
rotate; limb 4-parted; lobes imbricated in the bud, two lateral exterior. Stamens 
4, or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla: filaments commonly capillary : 
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely falsely 3—4-celled), with one 
or more ovules in each cell. Style or stigma mostly hairy. Capsule (pyxidium) 
cireumscissile toward the base, and with a loose partition falling away with the 
lid; the seeds attached to its face. Seed-coat developing copious mucilage 
when wetted. Scape from the axils of the radical or subradical leaves, mostly 


bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers, in 
summer. 


§ 1. Stamens 4: flowers all perfect: corolla not closed over the fruit. 


* Flowers dichogamous, proterogynous; the style projecting from the apex of the unopened 
corolla; the anthers long-exserted on capillary filaments after the corolla has expanded. 


+— Corolla glabrous (as also the whole inflorescence, except in P. macrocarpa): seeds not hollowed 
(or barely concave) on the inner face: leaves 3-8-nerved or ribbed, plane: root perennial. 


++ Ribs or nerves of the broad leaves mainly confluent with the thick and dilated lower portion of 
the midrib: ovules only 2 in each cell: seeds by abortion sometimes solitary. 

P. cordata, Lam. Very smooth: leaves cordate or ovate (3 to 8 inches long), sometimes 
repand-~lentate, long-petioled, 7-9-ribbed : scape fistulous, stout, a foot or two high, includ- 
ing the narrow spike: bracts rotund-ovate, very obtuse, as are the ovate and obovate sepals 
and the corolla-lobes: capsules broadly ovoid, twice the length of the calyx: seeds 4 to 2, 
large, oblong. — Il. i. 338; Jacq. Eclog. t. 72. P. Kentuckensis, Michx. FI. i. 94. — Along 
streams (Canada? Pursh), New York to Wisconsin and Louisiana, common only westward. 

++ ++ Ribs or nerves of the leaf free quite to the contracted base. 
== Leaves ovate or oval, or in small forms oblong, rarely subcordate, several-ribbed, base abruptly 
contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy, glabrous or pubescent, from entire to sparingly re- 
pand-dentate: ovules and seeds at least 2 in each cell: scapes with the spike a span to 2 feet high. 

P, major, L. (Common Puaytaiy.) Spike commonly dense. obtuse at apex: sepals 
rotund-ovate or obovate, scarious-margined ; the exterior and the bract more or less cari- 
nate: ovules 8 to 18: seeds as many or by abortion fewer, small, angled by mutual press- 
ure, usually light brown, minutely reticulated: capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile 
near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. — Waysides and near 
dwellings throughout the country, doubtless introduced from Europe, but also native from 
Lake Superior far northward. Runs into some monstrosities and several varieties, an 
extreme in saline soil being var. minima, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii. 695 (P. minima, DC.), 
with scapes 2 to 5 inches high, and leaves proportionally small. (Cosmop.) 

Var. Asidtica, Decaisne. Capsule usually more broadly ovoid, circumscissile 
near the base and much within the calyx.— P. Asiatica, L. Spec. i. 113; Franchet & 
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 384. (Includes perhaps P. Aamtschatica, Cham. and Link, or 
plants cultivated as such, with 4, 5, or 6 seeds.) — A very large indigenous form, coast of 
California near San Francisco (capsule globose-ovoid) to the borders of British Columbia; 
Saskatchewan to the Arctic Sea. Perhaps a distinct species. (N. Asia, Himalaya.) 

P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves paler, commonly thinner: spikes long and thin, atten- 
uate at the apex: sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate: cap- 
gules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth 


390 PLANTAGINACEA. : Plantago. 


inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, circumscissile much below the 
middle; ovules 6 to 10: seeds 4 to 9, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull 
brown, not reticulated. — Prodr. 1. c. 700, founded on a small and slender 4-seeded form. 
P. major, Ell. Sk. i. 201; Torr. Fl. 183, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 14; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 110. 
P. Kamischatica, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 61; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311, not Cham. — Can- 
ada, Vermont to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas : truly indigenous. 


== == Leaves mostly narrower, 3-7-ribbed, entire or barely denticulate, tapering at base into 
more or less of a petiole: ovules and seeds never over 2 in each cell. 


uw. Not maritime nor montane, thin-leaved: ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. 


P. sparsifléra, Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate (4 to 9 inches long), villous-pubescent 
or glabrous: scape with the filiform sparsely-flowered spike 8 to 20 inches long: bracts 
ovate, shorter than the oval rather rigid coriaceous sepals: capsule oblong, umbilicate, fully 
twice the length of the calyx. — Fl. i. 94; Decaisne, 1. c. 721. P. Virginica, Walt. Car. 85? 
P, interrupta, Poir. Dict. v. 375. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98, not Walt. — Low pine 
barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. 


&. Montane, thin-leaved: ovules and mostly seeds a pair in each cell. 


P. Tweédyi. A span or two high from a slender root or rootstock, destitute of wool at the 
crown: leaves membranaceous, lanceolate-spatulate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, ob- 
scurely 3-5-nerved, 1 to 3 inches long, attenuate into a shorter margined petiole: spike 
slender but densely flowered, an inch or more long: bracts and sepals short (only a line 
long), pale with greenish midrib, little over half the length of the oblong capsule. —N. W. 
Wyoming, on grassy slopes of the East Fork of the Yellowstone River, Frank Tweedy, Aug., 
1885, in fruit. 


c. Maritime or in saline soil: leaves thickish and somewhat fleshy: ovules a pair in each cell. 


P. eridpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the crown: leaves oblanceolate 
to oval-obovate, 3 to 6 inches long and with short or stout petiole, mostly glabrous : scapes 
pubescent or glabrate, and with the dense or sparsely-flowered spike a span to a foot high; 
bracts broadly ovate or roundish, convex, scarious-margined, sometimes pubescent-ciliate : 
sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the fuscous or greenish midrib: corolla-lobes 
broadly oval or ovate: capsule (2 lines long) ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. — Ann. 
Lyc. N. Y. ii, 237; Watson, Bot. King, 212. P. attenuata, James in Long Exped. i. 445, 
not Wall. P. glabra, Nutt. Gen. i. 100? but no specimen extant. P. lanceoluta, var. y & B 
in part, Hook. Fl. ii. 123. P. virescens, Barneoud, Monogr. 33; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 721. 
P. Richardsonii, Decaisne, 1. c. 698. — Moist and saline soil, Colorado, N. California, and 
north to Mackenzie River. Also on the Lower St. Lawrence and the Gulf (Pringle, Allen, 
Macoun), where a large form emulating P. Cornuti is probably P. cucullata, Pursh. 


P. macrocarpa, Cham. & Schl. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 4 to 15 inches long, 4 to 12 
lines wide, gradually tapering into long margined petioles: scapes equalling or surpassing 
the leaves, bearing an oblong dense spike (in fruit 2 inches long) ; the rhachis, &c., tomen- 
tose or pubescent: bracts round-ovate or oval, fleshy-herbaceous and scarious-margined : 
sepals similar: corolla-lobes oval: mature capsule ovoid-oblong (3 or 4 lines long), sepa- 
rating from the base and then fissile: seeds narrowly oblong. — Linn. i. 106; Bong. Veg. 
Sitk. 42. P. macrocarpa & P. longifolia, Decaisne, 1. v.— Coast of Washington Terr. to 
Alaska and the farthest Aleutian Islands. 

+ + Corolla with tube externally pubescent: capsule 2-4-seeded (in ours seldom incompletely 
8-4-celled): seeds not excavated nor concave on the face: leaves linear or filiform, fleshy; 
ribs usually indistinct: commonly some wool developed from bases of leaves. (Maritime 
species.) 

P. maritima, L. Root perennial: leaves mostly obtuse: spike dense, oblong or cylin- 
drical: bracts mostly rotund and shorter than the calyx: sepals oval, more or less acutely 
carinate : corolla-lobes obtuse or hardly acute. — P. juncoides, Lam. Ill. i. 342 (Magellan) ; 
Decaisne in DC. 1. cv. 731, partly. P. pauciflora, Pursh, Fl. i. 99; a dwarf form, with short 
and few-flowered spike, from Labrador; therefore P. oliganthos, Rem. & Sch. Svst. iii. 122. 
P. borealis, Lange in Bot. Not. 1873, 129, & FI. Dan. t. 2707, a similar few-flowered form. — 
Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the abbreviated form. Pacific coast 
from California to the Aleutian Islands and Behring Straits. (Eu., Asia, Patagonia.) 


Plantago. PLANTAGINACES. 391 


P. decipiens, Barneoud. Root annual (perhaps sometimes biennial) : leaves from fili- 
form to rather broadly linear and plane, attenuate-acute: spike slender, with flowers either 
sparse or dense (with the scape from 3 to 15 inches high): lower bracts commonly ovate- 
subulate and equalling or exceeding the calyx: sepals ovate-orbicular : corolla-lobes very 
acute. — Monogr. 16, poorly characterized on a specimen from Labrador, but marked as 
an annual. “P. juncotdes, Decaisne, 1. v.in part. P. maritima, of U. 8. authors generally. 
P. paucifiora, Pursh, 1. ¢c. in part. P. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311. — Salt 
marshes, Atlantic coast from Labrador and New Brunswick to New Jersey ; flowering late. 
+ + + Corolla glabrous, nearly rotate: ovules and seeds 2, solitary in each cell; the latter 

hollowed on the face: leaves strongly 3-5-ribbed, not fleshy. 

P. tanceorAta, L. (Rrppie- or Riperass, Exerisn Pranrarn.) Root biennial or short- 
lived perennial: herbage villous or glabrate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a 
slender petiole, usually much shorter than the (foot or two long) slender deeply sulcate and 
angled scape: spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense: bract and sepals broadly 
ovate, scarious, brownish ; two of the latter usually united into one. — Commonly natural- 
ized in fields, from Eu. (Varieties said in Hook. Fl. ii. 123, to be indigenous far north- 
ward ; but some or all of these plants belong to P. ériopoda.) 

% x Flowers heterogonous, in the greater number of individuals cleistogamous, but with normal 
corolla: this with broad cordate or ovate widely expanding lobes nearly equalling the tube: 
ovules solitary in the two cells: seed cymbiform, deeply excavated on the face: inflorescence 
and commonly the narrow leaves silky-pubescent or lanate. 

P. Patagénica, Jacq. Annual, silky-lanate or glabrate: leaves from narrowly linear to 
oblanceolate, acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly 
denticulate, 1-3-nerved: scape terete, 3-12 inches high including the dense cylindrical or 
oblong spike: sepals very obtuse, scariously margined from a thickish and firm central 
herbaceous portion ; the anterior oblong, posterior oval: lobes of the corolla usually a line 
Jong, roundish: seeds oblong-oval. (Filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary 
and much exserted, and the anthers of usual ample size; style less exserted; apparently 
not proterogynous. Stamens and style in the other and more fruitful form short, included, 
or ‘the effete anthers barely protruded from the throat; these very small, in the cleisto- 
gamous manner.) — Gray, Man. ed. 2, 269, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif. i. 661. P. 
Patagonica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 306, & Coll. Suppl. 35; Barneoud, Monogr. 38; Decaisne in 
DC. 1. c. 713; to which add most of the dozen species of this subdivision in the Prodromus, 
and their synonyms. — Prairies and dry plains, from Kentucky, Illinois, and Saskatchewan, 
south to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (Mex., S. Am.) 

Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, may be taken as the commoner N. American type, 
canescently villous; but the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear 
or spatulate-lanceolate to nearly filiform: spike very dense, 1 to 4 inches long, varying to 
capitate and few-flowered, lanate: bracts oblong or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid- 
ovate, hardly surpassing the calyx.— P. Lagopus, Pursh, Fl. i. 99, not L. P. Purshii, 
Rem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 120. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt. Gen. i. 100. £. Hookeriana, Fisch. & 
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 39. — Runs through 

Var. spinuldsa, Gray, 1. v. (P. spinulosa, Decaisne, 1. c.), a canescent form with 
aristately prolonged and rigid bracts, and 

Var. ntida, Gray, 1. c. (P. Wrightiana, Decaisne, 1. c.), with sparse and loose pubes- 
cence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts, to 

Var. aristata, Gray, 1. c. Loosely villous and glabrate: leaves green: bracts 
attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. — P. aristata, Michx. F1. 
i. 95. P. gnaphalioides, var. aristata, Hook. Fl. ].c. A slender and depauperate form is 
P. squarrosa, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 178, and P. Nuttallii, Rapin ex 
Barneoud, 1. c., also P. filiformis, Decaisne, 1. c. — All the forms most abound west of the 
Mississippi. 

§ 2. Stamens 4 or 2: flowers subdicecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the 

corolla in the fertile or mainly fertile plant remaining closed or early closing 


over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted : 
seeds flat or barely concave on the face. (American species.) 


392 PLANTAGINACEZ. Plantago. 


* Ss a aaa broad, short-petioled ‘or subsessile: stamens 4: ovules and seeds.1 or 2 in 
ch Geil. 

P, Virginica, L. Small winter-annual or fibrous-rooted biennial, soft-pubescent or more 
villous with spreading articulated hairs: leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, entire or 
repand-denticulate, thin, obsurely 3-5-nerved: scapes 2 to 6 inches’ high, slender: spike 
mostly dense, and an inch: or two long: bracts equalling or shorter than the calyx: sepals 
ovate or oblong, more or less hairy on the back: corolla-lobes subcordate-ovate : substerile 
flowers widely open, with capillary filaments, style long-exserted (the style commonly ear- 
lier), and large oval anthers: flowers of the fully fertile spikes with corolla, remaining 
closed, small anthers on short filaments, and short style not protruded. — Spec. i. 113 
(Gronoy. Virg. 16; Moris. Hist. iii. 259, sect. 8, t. 15, fig. 8) ; Michx. Fl. i. 94 ; Gray in 
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117. P. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 84. P. purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; the staminate and substerile plant. — Sandy fields, &c., S. New Eng- 
land and S. Illinois to Florida and Arizona. A depauperate form (perpusilla) has a filiform 
scape an inch high, from an annual root, much exceeding the leaves, and 2-5-flowered : 
Florida, Chapman. 

Var. longifolia. Coarser: leaves oblong-spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, 
often with strong salient teeth: scapes with the spike 5 to 12 inches long: flowers larger. — 
P. purpurascens, Nutt. 1.¢. P. occidentalis, Decaisne in DC. 1. c.— Arkansas to S. Arizona. 
(Adjacent Mex.) . 


P. hirtélla, HBK. Root perennial, thick: leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-spatulate, gla- 
brate, rather fleshy, efitire or sparsely denticulate, 5-7-nerved, 4-10 inches long: scape and 
long dense spike a foot or two high, stout, hirsute: flowers longer than in the preceding 
(3 lines long), with corolla-lobes ovate, acute; those of the fertile closed form with apex of 
slender style commonly protruding and the anthers perhaps sterile. (Staminate and open- 
flowered form, not yet seen from California.) — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 229, t. 127; Decaisne, 
in DC. 1. c. 723. P. Hartwegi, Decaisne, 1. c. 724. P. Urvillei, Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp. ? 
& P. Candollei, Rapin? P. Durvillei, var. Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 
P. Kamtschatica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156% P. Virginica, var. maxima, Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 611.—Coast of California, from San Francisco Bay southward. (Mex., 
Chili.) 

» x Leaves linear or filiform: flowers very small: stamens only 2: small and slender annuals, 
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: the individuals having exserted stamens and style and 
open corolla not rarely fully fruitful. 


+— Spike short, thick, and dense, in fruit an inch long: mature capsule 2 lines long. 


P. Bigelévii, Gray. Mostly glabrons and green: leaves 1} to 4 inches long, rather 
fleshy, obtuse, entire, shorter than the scapes: mature capsule ovoid-oblong, half longer 
than the calyx, 4-seeded: only form known fully fertile, with style conspicuously and the 
two stamens slightly exserted from the open corolla. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 612. — Saline marshes, W. California and Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Bigelow. 

+ + Spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-flowered, and half-inch to three inches long: 
capsule about a line long: leaves occasionally with a few denticulations or divergent lobes. 

P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent: leaves about an inch long and half- 
line wide: capsule short-ovoid, little exceeding the bract and calyx, 4-seeded: seeds elon- 
gated-oblong. —Gen. i. 110, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (excl. syn.) ;, Torr. FI. 184, & Fi. 
N. Y. ii. 16. P. elongata, Pursh, FI. ii. 729, proves to be this, a bad name. P. linearifolia, 
Muhl. Cat. 15? P. hybrida, Bart. F). Philad. & Fl. Am. Sept. ili. t. 98, fig. 1. P. Bigelovii, 
Watson, Bot. King, 212, not. Gray, a rather larger-flowered form. — Sandy or gravelly soil, 
S. New York to Virginia, Utah, and Oregon. 

P. heterophylla, Nutt. Greener or nearly glabrous, often taller, and with spikes 2 to 5 
inches long: leaves sometimes 4 inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide: capsule conoidal-oblong 
and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10-28-seeded: seeds oblong, 
usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. 
ser. v. 177 (char. imperfect); Gray, Man. ].¢.; Chapm. Fl. 278. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fi. 
1.98% not Walt. “P. perpusilla, Necaisne, in DC. 1. c. 697. P. Californica, Greene, Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 123. — Low sandy ground, Penn. to Florida, Texas, and California. 


Littorella. PLANTAGINACEA. 3923 


P. mepia, L., enumerated by Muhlenberg as of the United States, has once been found by 
Underwood, in the streets of Syracuse, New York. 
P. Cordénorvs, L., is a rare and fugitive ballast plant. 


2. LITTORELLA, L. (Litus or littus, shore, from place of growth.) — 
Flowers moneecious ; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape: calyx 
4-parted, membranaceous, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; stamens 
exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at 
base of scape; calyx of 38 or 4 unequal sepals: corolla urceolate, with a 3-4- 
toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally 
stigmatic rigid style, maturing as an akene. Single species. 


L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless little perennial: leaves terete, linear- 
subulate, an inch or two long. — In water on gravelly shores, Upper Canada, Macoun, Lake 
Champlain, Vermont, Pringle, Nova Scotia, rs. Britton, and Lake Utopia, St. George, New 
Brunswick, J. Vroom. All recent discoveries. (Eu., Antarc. Amer.) 


SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. II. PART I. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


LOBELIACEA. 


The following are additions and currections to the generic characters of this 
order, on p. 2: — 


1. NEMACLADUS. Filaments either partly or almost wholly monadelphous. Seeds oval 
or globular, obscurely costate or striate longitudinally and somewhat favose or transversely 
reticulate between the ribs. 

11, PARISHELLA. Calyx. 5-cleft, with campanulate tube wholly adnate to the ovary and 
shorter than the spatulate foliaceous lobes. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the calyx, 
deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens free from the corolla: filaments distinct at base 
only, above connate into a slender tube with inflexed summit. Style filiform: stigma de- 
pressed-capitate, 2-lobed, not annulate. Capsule turbinate, inferior, except the low-conical 
apex, which is circumscissile close to the base of the calyx-lobes and falls off as a lid. Seeds 
globose, smooth and nearly even. Otherwise nearly as Nemacladus. 

12, HOWELLIA. (Under tribe Lobeliew.) Flowers of two forms; the emersed corolliferous, 
submersed with undeveloped corolla. Calyx with linear-clavate tube adnate for its whole 
length to the ovary, and a limb of five nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments. 
Corolla even in emersed flowers not surpassing the calyx ; its very short tube divided nearly 
to base on the (apparently) upper side; lobes oblong, almost equal, three united higher. 
Stamen-tube nearly free, and with the included style slightly incurved: anthers oval; two 
smaller trisetulose, three larger naked. Ovary strictly one-celled, with two filiform parietal 
placente, each 3-5-ovulate. Upper ovules ascending; lower pendulous. Capsule clavate- 
oblong or fusiform, with contracted apex, membranaceous at maturity and bursting irregu- 
larly on one side. Seeds few and large, linear-oblong, smooth, callous-apiculate at the 
chalaza. Aquatic herb. 


1. NEMACLADUS, Nutt. Genus now increased in number of species 
and forms. 


N. ramosissimus, Norr., p.3. Rarely a little puberulent: filaments usually monadel- 
phous for most of their length, sometimes separating below in age. Nuttall’s original is 
the more slender and very diffuse form, most abundant in Lower California, W. Arizona, 
and S. W. Utah, with very smal] white corolla little surpassing the calyx, and roundish seeds. 
—N. tenuissimus and N. capillaris, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 198, 196. 

Var. pinnatifidus (XN. pinnatifidus, Greene, 1. c.) is less diffuse and has the (glabrous) 
radical leaves irregularly pinnatifid, and their small lobes commonly 1-2-toothed.— 
Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles Co., 0. D. Allen. (All Saints’ Bay, Lower Cali- 
fornia, Greene.) 

Var. monténus (N. montanus and N. rubescens, Greene, |. c.). More erect, a span or 
two high, with larger flowers and fruit, on less divaricate or ascending pedicels: column more 


394 SUPPLEMENT, 


elongated and protruded in age (carried up by the enlarging capsule): seeds from short-oval 
to oblong-oval. — N. ramosissimus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t. 35, is one of the forms of this. 
— From Middle and through S. E. California to the S. W. border of Texas. 

N. longifiorus, Gray, p. 3. Habit of the last preceding form, well marked by its longer 
corolla and elongated free capsule. 

N. rigidus, Curran. Stout and coarse for the genus, rather fleshy and thickish-leaved, 
purplish: calyx with triangular-subulate lobes somewhat surpassing the short corolla, and 
tube adnate quite to the middle of the remarkably large (2 lines wide) globular capsule : 
seeds (nearly half-line long) oval, under a good lens broadly costate and the ribs cross-barred 
as in N. ramosissimus, var. montanus. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 154. — Nevada, on Geiger’s Grade, 
near Virginia City, Mrs. Layne-Curran. This might throw some doubt on the following 
genus; but it has the bivalvular dehiscence of Nemacladus. 


1. PARISHELLA, Gray. (The discoverers, Samuel B. and William 
Ff, Parish, of San Bernardino, California.) — Bot. Gazette, vii. 94, & Proc. Am. 
Acad, xix. 83. — Single species. 


P. Californica, Gray, 1.c. A very small and depressed winter annual, almost glabrous, 

with leaves and flowers glomerate in a radical tuft, whence proceed radiately spreading and 

. naked branches bearing similar tufts: leaves spatulate, the primary ones 3 to 5 and the later 

only 2 lines long: flowers short-peduncled : corolla white. — Rabbit Springs, in the Mohave 
Desert, California, May, 1882, the brothers Parish. 


12, HOWELLIA, Gray. (The discoverers, Joseph and Thomas T. Howell.) 
— Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 43.— Single species. 


H. aquatilis, Gray,].c. Aquatic herb, with Naias-like foliage, submersed, or summit of the 
stem and uppermost flowers emersed, with some scattered or verticillate branches: submersed 
leaves linear-setaceous and elongated, mostly alternate, entire; emersed ones shorter and 
broader, sometimes 1-2-toothed : flowers axillary, short-peduncled: only submersed capsules 
known, these half-inch long. — In stagnant ponds on Sauvies Island, Columbia River, at tbe 
mouth of the Willamette, Oregon, J. ¢ T. T. Howell. 


2. LOBELIA, L. 


L. paluddsa, Nurt., p.5. Exclude the statement, “even four feet high,” and add : — 
Var. Floridana. The larger form, 2 to 5 feet high: tube of corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 
— L. Floridana, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 9.— Common in Florida, also Louisiana accord- 
ing to coll. Drummond. 

L. Gattingeri, Gray. (Next to L. appendiculata.) Flowers smaller than in LZ. appendicu- 
lata: lobes of the calyx attenuate-subulate, not at all ciliate, obscurely appendaged at base 
only by a minute callus on each side, in fruit equalling or longer than the mature capsule 
(not “shorter”): pedicels often bracteolate. — Proc. Am. Aead. xvii. 221. — Cedar barrens 
of Middle Tennessee, Gattinger. 

L. Cliffortiana, L. Transfer the reference “Michx. Fl.,” and therefore the syn. LZ. Mi- 
chaucxii, to the var. Xalapensis. 


3. PALMERELLA, Gray. 


P. débilis, Gray, p. 8. Not rare from mountains near Santa Barbara (Mrs. Cooper, 1878) 
and San Bernardino Co. to Lower California. An interesting addition to the generic char- 
acter, detected by Mr. Nevin, is that the throat of the corolla on the (apparently) upper side 
bears a nectary, as if an adnate spur, forming a narrow imperfectly tubular cavity, reaching 
down to the insertion of the filament-tube on that side. 


CAMPANULACES, 395 


5. DOWNINGIA, Torr. P. 9, add: — 


D. bicorntta. Most like D. pulchella, more ascending or erect, short-leaved: corolla 
intensely blue with white centre; lip with short lobes, and a strong constriction above the 
auriculate base, the face of which bears a pair of conspicuous conical hollow appendages. — 
Not rare in northern part of California, coll. by Mrs. Bidwell in 1879, and in 1885 by Rattan, 
who indicated the characters. 


CAMPANULACEA. 


2. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. P. 10, add: — 


G. diffasa, Gray. Slender and diffusely much branched, small-leaved, glabrous and 
smooth: calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate from a broad base, about equalling the small corolla 
and half the length of the linear closely sessile capsule: seeds short-oblong. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvii. 221.— Cucamonga Mountain, San Bernardino Co., California, Parish. 


4, CAMPANULA, Tourn. After C untflora, p. 12, add : — 


C. scabrélla, Excety. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely scabrous to nearly or quite gla- 
brous: numerous stems from the multicipital caudex 2 to 5 inches high; larger ones 
2-4-flowered: leaves thickish ; radical spatulate, upper cauline linear: flowers more erect 
and rather larger than in C. uniflora: lobes of corolla ovate-lanceolate, as long as its cam- 
panulate tube: capsule oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 237, — 
Higher mountains of N. California and Washington Terr., Engelmann (1880), Pringle, Suks- 
dorf, Howell, Brandegee. 

C. Parryi. . A span to a foot high from elongated and creeping filiform rootstocks, mainly 
smooth and glabrous: stem slender, erect, simple and with slender-peduncled flower, or with 
some lateral leafy branches: leaves thinnish, entire or sparingly callous-denticulate, some- 
what veiny; radical and lower spatulate or lanceolate with tapering base hirsute-ciliate ; 
upper linear-lanceolate from a sessile base, attenuate-acute: flower erect in anthesis: corolla 
almost crateriform, 5-lobed to middle, spreading to a full inch in diameter, violet-blue or even 
purplish, little surpassing the linear-subulate often callous-denticulate calyx-lobes: ovary 
turbinate: capsule nearly obovate, opening close under the base of the erect calyx-lobes. — 
C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 254, not Fischer. C. Scheuchzeri, Gray, 
Syn. FI. ed. 1, excl. var., not Vill. C. planiflora, Engelm. in Bot. Gazette, vii. 5, not Lam. — 
Mountains of Colorado, especially southward, subalpine and along lower streams, common, 
first coll. by Parry, then by Hall & Harbour. Also S. Utah mountains, Siler, and near 
Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Matthews. 


C. pLranirLOra, Lam., on p. 14, a species long ago in cultivation, was wrongly guessed to be 
American. It is very near C. pyramidalis, L., of S. E. Europe, perhaps a variety of it. 


C. rotundifélia, L. To this polymorphous species refer all the forms assembled under 
“©. Scheuchzeri” (not Vill.), excepting what belongs to C’. Parry?, and (to avoid the ques- 
tion as to what is truly C. linifolia, Lam., and C. Scheuchzeri, Vill.) adopt the nomenclature 
of Lange, viz. : — 

Var. Arctica, Lange, Fl. Dan. xvi. 8, t. 7211 (C. linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, A. DC., 
and probably his C. dubia and C. pratensis, also C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 
244, not Wahl. Fl. Lapp.), for the more rigid and one-few-flowered form, with corolla 
usually inch long, and very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed. — Common from 
Canada and Labrador to the arctic regions. 

Var. Alaskdna. Leafy to the top: radical leaves cordate; lowest cauline ovate, the 
succeeding ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, nearly all petiolate: calyx-lobes attenuate, soon 
deflexed : corolla an inch to nearly an inch and a half long. — C. heterodora, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 
144, not of Vest, by the character. C. linifolia, var. heterodoxa, Ledeb., and C. Scheuchzeri, 


396 S. SUPPLEMENT. 


var. heterodoxa, Syn. Fl. 12, chiefly. — From the northern Aleutian Islands, Harrington, 
Dail, &c., to Sitka, Mertens, and Kodiak, Kellogg, —the latter most broad-leaved and peculiar ; 
the narrower-leaved passing into the preceding variety. 

Var. velutina, DC. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 432, with whole herbage canescently pubescent. -_ 
Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Michigan, E. J. Hill. 

C. Reverchoni. (In a separate subdivision before C. aparinoides.) Annual, hirsutulous 
below, glabrous above: stem a span high, slender, erect, cymosely and effusely much- 
branched : leaves sparingly dentate, half-inch long; radical spatulate, lower cauline lanceo- 
late, those of the upper branches almost filiform and entire: flower and fruit erect on almost 
capillary peduncles: corolla blue, oblong-campanulate, with ovate-lanceolate lobes rather 
shorter than the tube: capsule obovate, crowned with the somewhat shorter narrowly linear- 
lanceolate erect calyx-lobes, opening near the base?— On granite rocks, House Mountain, 
Llano and Burnet Co., Texas, Reverchon, May, 1885. 


5. HETEROCODON, Nutt. P. 14, add: — 


H. mfnrmum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 111, by the character is clearly Alchemilla 
arvensis. 


ERICACEA. 
1, GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. 


G. frondésa, Torr. & Gray, p.19. To this is to be added : — 

Var. nana. Stems lower and strict, only a foot or so high: leaves more reticulated in 
age and smaller than in the ordinary plant: racemes and their pedicels shorter. — Pine bar- 
rens of Florida, &c. Apparently there the commoner form, of which the var. tomentosa 
is a downy-leaved state. 


2. VACCINIUM, L. 


V. Oxycéccus, L., p. 25. To the slender and chiefly high-northern form of this belongs 
Oxycoccos microcarpa, Turcz. Fl. Baic.-Dahur. ii. 195. To this (as being the original 
species), rather than to V. macrocarpon, is referred the connecting form of the Pacific 
coasts, viz. : — 

Var. intermédium. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, « third to half 
inch long: flowers strictly umbellate from the scaly bud, but this not rarely proliferous into 
a leafy shoot (in the original of the species very rarely so): berry 4 or 5 lines in diameter. — 
Washington Territory and N. Oregon, Suksdorf, Henderson. Also, doubtless, Douglas, in 
Hook. FI. ii. 35, referred to V. macrocarpon, very naturally, as leaves of the specimen are 
elliptical, oblong, very obtuse, even more so at apex than base, obviously veiny beneath, and 
margins hardly at all revolute. (N. E. Asia, Sachalin, Japan, &c.) 

V. macrocarpon, Ait., p. 26. Pedicels becoming scattered along the base of a leafy shoot 
proliferous from the scaly bud, either squamaceous- or leafy-bracted. 


4, ARBUTUS, Tourn. P. 27, add: — 


A. Lavriréxia L.f. The original of this is probably a specimen of A. Unedo (doubtless 
of the Old World), in the herbarium of Linneus, on which Smith has written this name. 
The A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 67, is surely A. Xalapensis, HBK., a variable Mexican 
species. The North American forms, other than the A. Menziesii of the Pacific coast, are very 
difficult, but seem to be best disposed as follows : — : 

A. Xalapénsis, HBK., var. Arizénica. Tree 20 to 40 feet high, with a whitish and 
thickish scaly bark on the main trunk, but with the reddish close and thin bark of A. Men- 


: ERICACER. 397 


ziesii on the branches: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, rather pale or 
thinnish, entire or minutely denticulate: ovary (as in A. Menziesii) glabrous. — A. Xalapen- 
sis, Sargent, Census Rep. Forest Trees, 97. A. Menziesii, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 
183, &c. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Thurber, Rothrock, Sargent & Engelmann, Pringle. 

Var. Texana. Low tree, with older bark mostly deciduous in the manner of A. Men- 
ziesti: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to oval or ovate, more coriaceous, 2 or 3 inches 
long: ovary pubescent. — A. Texrana, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460; Sargent, 1. c. 
A. Menziesii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108. A. Xalapensis in part, Watson, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xviii, 111.— Limestone hills of W. Texas, first coll. by Wright. Passes into similar 
Mexican forms on one hand, and is too like A. J/enziesiz on the other. 


5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. 


A. nummularia, Gray, p. 28. This grows 2 to 6 feet high, has been collected on the 
Mendocino plains by Pringle, and near Santa Cruz by Anderson, by the latter with fruit ; an 
oblong drupe, only 2 lines long, the thin pulp dry at maturity, and the whole splitting 
up into the (mostly 4) thin-shelled nutlets. On this account, Parry, in monograph of 
Arctostaphylos, in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 30, makes this the type of a new 
section, Jficrococcus. 

A. bicolor, Gray, p. 29. Add syn.. A. Veatchii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19. Also 
A. Clevelandi, p. 29, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61, appears to be an abnormal and autumn- 
flowering state of this species. 

A. POLIFOLIA, in § 4. Comaristaphylis, to be replaced by 

A. diversif6lia, Parry, in herb. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high: herbage minutely canescent- 
tomentose when young, the inflorescence sometimes hirsute-pubescent and with some small 
glandular bristles: leaves glabrate, firm-coriaceous, short-petioled ; those of flowering 
branches mostly spatulate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose-serrulate ; of sterile shoots oblong or 
oval, either finely or coarsely spinulose-dentate: racemes solitary or clustered, loose: bracts 
Janceolate-subulate: calyx 5-parted into subulate divisions: corolla ovate: filaments long- 
bearded at base: drupe only 2 lines in diameter and with solid 5-celled putamen. — A. arguta, 
var. diversifolia, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 35, not A. arguta, Zuce., which 
has a different calyx.— Southern borders of California, below San Diego and adjacent 
Lower California, O. V. Sanford, Parry, Orcutt. 

A. oppositifélia, Parry. An anomalous species: leaves opposite or in threes, linear, 
entire, with revolute margins, much resembling those of Andromeda polifolia: flowers pa- 
niculate: corolla globular, a line or two long: ovary canescent: drupe smooth, depressed- 
globose; the putamen separable at maturity into five perfectly or incompletely 2-celled nutlets. 
— Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 36. A. polifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108, not 
HBK.— On or very near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower California, and 
southward, Parry, Oreutt, Pringle, &c. 


7. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. 


G. Myrsinites, Hoox., p. 30. Strike out the last sentence, and add: Glabrous: leaves 
oval or rounded, not ovate, mostly only half-inch long: corolla depressed-campanulate, little 
surpassing the calyx. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 84. 

G. ovatifolia, Gray, 1.c. Larger, with ascending branches; and with some at length 
rusty-colored hairs, at least on the calyx: leaves broadly ovate or even subcordate, the lar- 
gest an inch and a half long, more serrulate : corolla campanulate, double the length of the 
calyx-lobes. — Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon, Lyall, E. Hall, S. Watson, 
Suksdorf, the last of whom indicated the characters. 


10. LEUCOTHOE, Don. 


L. Catesb&i, Gray, p. 34. The words “ (4 to 7 inches long)” in line 3, are misplaced : 
they relate to the leaves. To this, and not to L. acuminata, belongs Andromeda acuminata, 


Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. 


398 SUPPLEMENT. 


17. RHODODENDRON, L. P. 41, after R. Rhodora, add: — 


R. Vaséyi, Gray. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, nearly glabrous: branchlets wholly destitute of 
Sstrigose bristles: flowers rather preceding the leaves, from few-scaled buds: leaves oblong, 
acute or acuminate at both ends, sparsely hirsute, at least the midrib and margins when 
young, when adult 3 to 5 inches long and 1 or 2 wide: corolla pale rose-color, rotate- 
campanulate, but irregular, somewhat unequally 5-parted ; upper lobes shorter and overlap- 
ping, somewhat spotted, three lower diverging and widely spreading, all” broadly obovate: 
stamens 5 to 7, commonly 7: capsule minutely glandular, oblong, acutish.— Proc. Am. 
Acad. xv. 48. — Mountains of Jackson Co., N. Carolina, “seven miles southwest of Webster,” 
George R. Vasey, and Chimneytop Gap, Donnell Smith, flowering in May. Nearest R. Al- 
brechtit of Japan. Requires some extension of the Rhodora subsection. 

R. Califérnicum, Hoox., p. 41. Extends north to Brit. Columbia; and the syn. &. 
maximum, Hook. Fl., as to the Pacific coast plant, belongs in part, if not wholly, here. 

R. macrophyllum, Don, p. 42. This is not yet well made out; but it was originally 
described (from the collection of Menzies) as having corolla smaller than of R. maximum, 
and white, and leaves large. It should therefore be to R. Californicum what R. maximum is 
to R. Catawbiense. But it is doubtful if there are two true species on the Pacific coast. 


31. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Two species, characterized thus : — 


S. odorata, Exx., p. 49. Scales of the stem broadly ovate, imbricating : flowers in a short 
spike, hardly nodding: sepals oblong, about equalling the flesh-colored corolla. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301. 

S. Reynoldsize, Gray, l.c. More slender, with smaller and remoter scales: flowers more 
numerous and smaller, slightly fragrant, soon nodding and mostly secund in the narrow 
spike: sepals ovate or lanceolate, half the length of the white corolla.—E. Florida 
near the coast, on Indian River, &c, first found by Miss Mary C. Reynolds, flowering in 
winter. 


ae 


33. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. P. 50 and 18, add: No hypogynous 
disk-glands. Placente apparently double the petals in number, commonly 8. 
Seed-coat close and alveolate. 


P. fimbrioladta, Gray. Extends to Oregon: coll. at Waldo by Howell, and on the Colum- 
bia at Hood River by Mrs. Barrett. 


34, NEWBERRYQA, Torr. P. 50 and 18, add: Bract-like sepals 2 or 4, 
linear. Disk of short and deflexed glands alternating with the stamens. Now 
two species: 


N. congésta, Torr., p. 50. Flowers densely crowded in a corymbiform glomerule: lobes of 
the corolla ovate, one third the length of the cylindraceous or slightly urceolate tube: fila- 
ments equalling the slender style: anthers narrowly oblong, the line of dehiscence close to 
the connective: cauline scales ovate, obtuse, only slightly erose.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xv. 44. Besides Dr. Newberry’s original specimens in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, 
now found in coniferous forests of Mad River, N. W. California, Rattan. 

WN. spicata, Gray, l.c. Flowers spicately crowded: corolla more campanulate, with oblong 
lobes half the length of the tube: filaments not equalling the short style: anthers short- 
oblong, the line of dehiscence somewhat remote from the connective: cauline scales narrowly 
oblong, acutish, fimbriate-erose.— Woods, in the mountains of Humboldt Co., California, 
Rattan. 


PRIMULACES. 399 


DIAPENSIACE. 
3. SHORTIA, Torr. & Gray. 


S. galacifolia, Torr. & Gray, p. 53. Add: Leaves oval-orbicular, the base slightly and 
vecasionally cordate: corolla white ; the lobes lightly erose-crenulate at the rounded apex : 
anther horizontally inflexed on the filament. — Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvi. 483, & Ann. 
Sci. Nat. ser. 6, vii. 171, t.15; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers of Amer. 107, t. 24; 
Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xv. 596, f. 109.— Rediscovered near Marion, N. Carolina 
(very local), by G. M. Hyams. 


PRIMULACEA. 
3. PRIMULA, L. 


P. borealis, Dusy, p. 58. Strike out the closing sentence in parentheses, and add the 
following species : — 

P. Egaliksénsis, Horyex. Slender, not at all mealy: leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 
entire or margins merely undulate, mostly slender-petioled : umbel 3-6-flowered : pedicels in 
fruit elongated and strict: calyx narrow, in fruit oblong-cylindraceous, with short teeth: 
limb of the corolla very small; the lobes only a line or two long, much shorter than the tube, 
cleft nearly to the middle into oblong-linear segments. — Fl. Dan. t. 1511; Lehm. Prim. 
63, t. 7; Lange, Medd. Green]. 71. — Northern Labrador, Lieut. Turner. (Greenland.) 

P. angustifolia, Torr., p. 58. Strictly 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-flowered in largest 
plants: involucre a single minute or small bract, sometimes the rudiment of a second bract: 
calyx green. Add the following nearly related species : — 

P. Cusicki4na. Larger: leaves oblong-spatulate or narrower, 2 inches long, entire, or 
rarely a denticulation : scapes 3 to 6 inches high, 2~4-flowered: involucre of 2 or 3 conspicu- 
ous unequal bracts: calyx green and with a whitish line down from the sinuses of the cam- 
panulate tube ; its lobes from lanceolate to subulate, about the length of the tube and nearly 
equalling the tube of the violet (rarely white) corolla; lobes of the latter retuse. — P. angus- 
tifolia, var. Cusickiana, ed. 1, 393. — Rocky hills, Union Co., E. Oregon, flowering in earliest 
spring, Cusick. 

P. Rusbyi, Greene. Still larger: leaves 2 to 5 inches long (including the margined 
petiole), thinner, oblong-spatulate, mostly callous-denticulate : scapes 5 to 10 inches high, 
6-10-flowered : involucre of 3 or more small subulate or ovate bracts: calyx-tube white and 
as if farinose at base, campanulate, longer than the ovate-triangular lobes: corolla “deep 
purple, with yellow eye”; its tube longer than the calyx; lobes obcordate. — Bull. Torr. 
Club, viii. 122. —- Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby, and summit of Mount Wright- 
son, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Pringle. 


4. DOUGLASIA, Lindl., p. 59. — Species re-characterized and augmented. 
Pubescence (when there is any) of the pedicels and stems of 3—4-forked or stel- 
late short hairs. Flowers in most species occasionally unibracteolate under the 
calyx. 


D. nivalis, Linpt. Leaves, &c. canescent with minute and dense 2-3-forked pubescence, 
not ciliate, linear, mostly quite entire, mainly in rosulate clusters, from which the stems are 
repeatedly and commonly umbellately proliferous: flowers in 3-7-rayed umbels, with 
involucre resembling a leaf-cluster or reduced to ovate or subulate bracts: corolla-tube 
hardly exceeding the calyx.— To references add: Hook. Ic. Pl. ii. 130. — Montana, 
Brandegee, &c. 

Var. dentdta. A coarser form, with larger (4 to 6 lines long) and broader leaves 
often spatulate, either entire, or with a few denticulations or coarse teeth. — D. dentata, 


400 SUPPLEMENT. 


Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 375.— Higher Cascade Mountains, on the eastern side, 
Washington Terr., Watson, Brandegee. 

D. levigdta, Gray. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes with a few minute and scurfy decidu- 
ous branched hairs, not at all ciliate, quite entire, thick, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mainly in 
rosulate radical or simply proliferous clusters: flowers in 2-5-rayed pedunculate umbels: 
bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, short: corolla-tube almost twice the length of 
the calyx.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 105.— Mountains of Oregon, Howell, Mrs. Barrett, 
Suksdorf. 

D. montana, Gray, p. 60. Leaves wholly destitute of forked hairs, glabrous or nearly so, 
but margins ciliolate with short simple bristles, linear or lanceolate, small (1 to 3 lines long), 
very crowded on the crowns of the pulvinate-cespitose branches, or in the larger and looser 
plants in successively proliferous tufts: peduncles solitary and simple (or rarely in pairs 
from the rosulate tuft), naked and 1-flowered, and the calyx often unibracteolate (in one case 
a second flower sessile in the axil of the bract): tube of the corolla barely or hardly equal- 
ling the calyx. — Common in N. Montana, recently coll. by Canby, Brandegee, Scribner, &c., 
both in pulvinate-depressed and in rather open and proliferous forms. 

D. arctica, Hoor., p. 59. Like the preceding in the ciliate leaves, but said to have the 
habit (of inflorescence ?) of D. nivalis. 


5. ANDROSACKE, Tourn. P. 60, before A. occidentalis, add : — 


A. Arizénica, Gray. Exiguous: scapes filiform, some erect, some decumbent and as if 
stoloniform, bearing few or several elongated capillary pedicels: radical leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, thin: calyx-lobes foliaceous and much accrescent in fruit, ovate, longer than the 
short-campanulate whitish tube: corolla minute: seeds 5 or 6, comparatively large. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 222. — Mountains of S, Arizona, Pringle, along with A. occidentalis, its near 
relative. 


8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. After L. Fraseri, p. 62, add: — 


L. vote Aris, L.,—a coarse and tall European species of this section, pubescent and branching, 
with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, leafy panicle, and glandular filaments united to 
near the middle, — has escaped from gardens and become naturalized in one or two places in 
Eastern Massachusetts. 


11. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. P. 64, add: — 


C. pentandrus, R. Br. Pedicels equalling or surpassing the ovate leaves: flowers com- 
monly 5-merous. — Prodr, 427; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 390. C. tenellus, Duby in DC. Prodr. 
viii. 72; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, & Fl ed. 2, 634. Anagallis pumila, Swartz, Fl: 
Ind. Oce. i. 345. Micropyxis pumila, Duby, l.c.—S8. Florida, Chapman, &c. (Trop. Am., 
E. Ind., Australia.) 


SAPOTACEA. 


For changes in Bumelia, see on p. 68. 


APOCYNACEA. 


6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. 


C. humilis, Bewru., p. 83. An intermediate form, found in Southern Utah, by Siler, shows 
that the pubescence is inconstant, and requires 
Var. tomentdsa to take the place of the second species, C. tomentosa, Gray. 


ASCLEPIADACEA. 401 


8. ECHITES, P. Browne. P. 84, before Z. Andrewsti, add : — 


E. paludosa, Vaux. Habit of the succeeding: peduncle elongated, 1-3-flowered : corolla 
white, 2 inches long or more; tube slender, as long as the obconical-campanulate throat, 
about thrice the length of the oblong and mucronate spreading calyx-lobes: anthers oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, not appendaged : beak of the seeds plumose to the base. — Ecl. Am. 
11.19, & Ic. t.5; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415. Rhabdadenia paludosa, Muell. Arg.— Mangrove 
swamps, 8. Florida, Chapman (published in Bot. Gazette as EL. biflora), Garber, Curtiss. 


ASCLEPIADACEA. 


The synoptical characters of the genera, on p. 85 and p. 87, to be augmented 
as follows : — 


5. ASCLEPIODORA. To character of hoods, add: At the sinuses between them are 
auriculate lobes, alternate with the anthers, simulating an inner corona. 

141. ROTHROCKIA. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft; the lobes oblong, dextrorsely over- 
lapping in the bud. Crown simple, inserted at the junction of corolla and stamen-tube, 
5-parted; the lobes opposite the anthers, thick, slightly cuneate, barely concave. Anthers 
short : pollinia oval, affixed just below their apex to a short caudicle, pendulous. Stigma 
abruptly produced from the top into a column having a 3-crested apex ; namely, two divari- 
cate and muricate-papillose crests, with a small central emarginate crest interposed. 

142, HIMANTOSTEMMA., (In Tribe Gonolobew?) Corolla deeply 5-parted, soon re- 
flexed, the broadly lanceolate lobes slightly overlapping dextrorsely, the face (especially 
toward the base) conspicuously adorned with spatulate and stipitate corolline processes, dis- 
posed without order. Crown stamineal, borne on the summit of the short column, simple, 
with membranaceous margin bearing 10 elongated narrowly linear and stipitate liguliform 
divisions, which are geminately alternate with the anthers and nearly equal the unex- 
panded corolla; also 5 subulate and short processes, which are opposite the anthers. 
Anthers short, inappendiculate in the manner of (Gonolobee, applied to the sinuses of the 
somewhat dilated and flat-topped stigma: cells opening at summit. Pollinia oval, affixed 
by the pellucid apex to a very short caudicle, introrsely somewhat pendulous. Follicles 
echinate. 

143. LACHNOSTOMA. Corolla between rotate and salverform, with tube about the 
length of the (in bud) dextrorsely convolute lobes, retrorsely villous-barbate in the throat. 
Crown belonging to the corolla, adnate to its tube, with free margin 5-10-crenate or 
lobed. Otherwise near Gonolobus. 


6. ASCLEPIAS, L. 


A. Corntti, Decaisye, p. 91.— A. grandifolia, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xii. 47, t. 3, 4, 5, raised 
from seed from North America, by its flowers and follicles can be no other than this com- 
mon Milkweed. Pods in this species are sometimes found with hardly a trace of the soft 
spinous processes, sometimes with very long and shaggy ones. 

A. obtusifélia, Micux., p. 91, occasionally bears a second umbel at the base of the long 
terminal peduncle. 

A. Meadii, Torr., p. 91, has leaves undulate in the living plant, the upper sometimes 
broadly ovate and subcordate : umbel nodding on the peduncle. 

A. glaucéscens, HBK., p. 92.—A. elata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 290, is not different.—S. 
Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. 

A. brachystéphana, Excxrrm., p. 94. To this belongs Asclepiodora circinalis, Fournier 
in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, xiv. 369, as to Palmer’s 815, & Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 114, 
excl. syn. Acerates circinalis, Decaisne. — Between this and the next add : — 

A. uncidlis, Greens. Intermediate between the preceding and the following, dwarf and 
depressed, glabrate : leaves linear-lanceolate, or small lowest ones ovate : umbel sessile, few- 

26 


402 SUPPLEMENT. 


flowered, overtopped by the leaves: corolla dull purple: hoods paler, little shorter than the 
anthers, the thickish body almost orbicular, equalled or slightly surpassed by the thin and 
ovate-triangular auricles or lateral appendages, the horn a semi-oval and shorter lamella of 
similar texture. — Bot. Gazette, v.64.— Near Silver City, New. Mexico, Greene, Colorado, 
Hall & Harbour, no, 418, and Green River, Wyoming, Parry. These had been referred to 
A. brachystephana. 


A. involucrata, Exezum., p. 94. The leaves which usually subtend the umbel, like an 
involucre, are sometimes below it and scattered. 


The succeeding subsection c. on p. 95 to be altered as follows, the added species all having 
the follicles arrect on the decurved pedicels. 


ce. Leaves very narrow and slender, sessile: hoods equalling or surpassing the anthers. 
1. Leaves opposite. 


A. macrotis, Torr., p. 95. Filiform branches often a foot or more long, numerous in 
diffuse tufts from lignescent stem: hoods with very long acumination. The larger speci- 
mens coll. in §, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 


A. quinquedentata, Gray; transfer from p. 97. Follicle slender-fusiform, 4 inches long, 
barely puberulent.— New Mexico and Arizona, Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, some with rather 
smaller flowers, var. Neo-Mexicana, Greene in Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 103, but not needing a 
varietal name. There is really no dorsal tooth to the horn in the original specimen, that 
so called in the original description being only the middle tooth of the hood, up to which 
the horn is adnate. 

2. Leaves alternate. 

A. Lindria, Cav.; transfer from p. 97. Habit nearly of A. verticillata, but with frutescent 
and branching stems, thickly beset with almost filiform irregularly alternate or at most im- 
perfectly verticillate leaves: column hardly any: horn included: arrect follicles ovate and 
acuminate.—Ic. Pl. i. 42, t. 57; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. pinifolia, Greene, 
Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 5. — Mountains in the southern part. of Arizona, Greene, Pringle, 
Lemmon, Parish. (Mex.) 

A. Curtissii, Gray. To follow A. obovata, p. 95. Merely puberulent, glabrate: leaves 
oval, more petiolate than in A. obovata, and distinctly lineate by the ascending-transverse 
primary veins: umbels few or solitary, short-peduncled, rather few-flowered : flowers yellow- 
ish green: hoods somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, much surpassing the anthers, the thin 
auriculate supra-basal margins inflexed ; horn faleate-incurved, broad, the tip assurgent: an- 
ther-wings short, broad, acute-angled: column very short.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85; 
Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 643. —S. E. Florida, A. H. Curtiss. —To follow this, although requiring 
a new subdivision : — 

A. Lemmo6ni, Gray. Tall and robust, leafy, villous-hirsute, but the foliage glabrate: 
leaves large (5 to 10 inches long), oval or oblong, with rounded or retuse apex and emar- 
ginate almost sessile base, transversely veiny: umbels conspicuously peduncled, many- 
flowered: petals 4 or 5 lines long, ovate, glabrous, yellowish green: stamineal column as 
broad as high: hoods apparently white, 4 lines long, very much surpassing the anthers, 
ovate-sublanceolate, spreading towards the summit, angulate-toothed on each side at base; 
horn broad and falcate, acutish: follicles 4 inches long, pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 
85. — Mountains of 8. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. 

A. nyctaginifolia, Gray, p.95. Char. partly corrected on the page. Add: Follicles short, 
ovate, cinereous-puberulent..— A. Wrightii, Greene, ined.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102. 
In Wright’s collection partly confounded with A. longicornu, which it approaches.— W. 
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and borders of California, Wright, Reverchon, Palmer, Greene, 
Pringle, Lemmon. 

A. vircAta, Lag., mentioned p. 96. Name gives place to A. aneustTirézia, Schweigger, 
Enum. Pl. Hort. Regiomont. 1812, 13; Reem. & Schult., &e. (A. virguta, Balbi, &c., A. linifolia, 
HBK., &c.), a Mexican species. Consequently 
A. Michatixii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 569, is the proper name for the A. anyustifolia, 

Ell. on p. 97. 


ASCLEPIADACEA. 403 


7. ACERATES, Ell. An extension of the generic character, as to the 
hoods, is needed to include the following, which in other respects falls under the 
second division, p. 99. : 


A. bifida, Russy. Generally resembling A. viridiflora, a foot. or two high, tomentose- 
puberulent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into short petioles: pedicels rather slender: 
hoods of the crown paler, rather shorter than the anthers, two-parted, the divisions lanceolate. 
—Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296.— Arizona, probably in Yavapai Co., Rusby, 1883. 


9. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Br. 


G. tomentésus, Gray, p. 100. Hoods dark brown-purple, the solid part not much smaller 
than the valves: the structure not to be confounded with that of Schizonotus, for the 2-valved 
portion is only apparently dorsal, the whole organ being pendulous or resupinate. It is 
similar in G. lanatus of S. Africa, except that the hood is ascending. 

G. hypoleticus, Gray. Tomentulose: stem robust, 2 feet high, leafy: leaves all opposite, 
oval or oblong, short-petioled, green and glabrate above, canescently tomentose beneath: 
umbels long-petioled, many-flowered: corolla greenish with the upper face dull purple: 
hoods brown-purple, erect, much surpassing the anthers, lingulate, fleshy, nearly solid and 
entire, except a pair of triangular and acute strictly inflexed lobes at base. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvii. 222. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 


12. METASTELMA, R. Br., § Eumerasterma. P. 101, add: — 


M. Palmeri, Warson. Glabrous: leaves lanceolate, acutish or obtuse at base, about an 
inch long : cymes loosely 2-6-flowered, subsessile or short-peduncled : calyx-lobes ovate, ob- 
tuse: corolla not over a line and a half long, 5-parted ; its lobes oblong or narrower, merely 
puberulent within: scales of the crown lanceolate and acuminate or ovate-subulate, inserted 
at base of extremely short column, a little surpassing the stigma. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvili. 
115, as to pl. Palmer only; Gray, Rev. Metastelma in Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. — W. and S. 
borders of Texas, Palmer, Reverchon. (Adj. Mex.) 

M. Arizoénicum, Gray. Puberulent, lignescent at base: leaves thickish, narrowly linear 
or some linear-oblong, veinless: flowers fascicled and short-pedicelled: calyx-lobes subulate : 
corolla 2 lines long, thickish, deeply 5-parted; lobes linear-lanceolate, densely villous- 
pubescent inside; scales of the crown linear-subulate, inserted at base of very short col- 
umn, surpassing the stigma. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85.— Hills near Tucson, Arizona, 
Pringle. 


14. VINCETOXICUM, Mench. (Derivation doubtless from vincere, to 

overcome, toxicum, poison, as has been well shown.) 

V. palustre, p. 102. Add. syn.: Cynanchum maritimum, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. 
ix. 800. 

V. scoparium, p. 102. Leafy plants not rarely bear leaves an inch or two long, a line or 
two wide. 


141. ROTHROCKIA, Gray. (Professor Joseph Trimble Rothrock, author 
of the Botanical Part (vol. vi.) of Wheeler’s U. S. Geographical Surveys of the 
region in which the plant was discovered.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 295. — Single 
species. 

R. cordifélia, Gray, ].c. Perennial herb, lignescent at base, spreading and twining, pu- 


bescent and more or less hirsute: leaves opposite, slender-petioled, cordate, acutely acumi- 
nate: flowers in simple or compound racemiform loose racemes in the axils of the leaves: 


404 SUPPLEMENT. 


pedicels bracteate : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla white or whitish; the lobes 3 or 4 
lines long, thin, glabrous, indistinctly nervose and reticulated: follicles fusiform, glabrous, 
4 or 5 inches long. — By water-courses, in mountains of N. W. Sonora, near the borders of 
Arizona, Pringle. 


142, HIMANTOSTEMMA, Gray. (Name composed of iudyros, strap, 
and oréupa, crown.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 294. — Single species. 


H. Pringlei, Gray, 1.c. Diffusely spreading perennial herb, with branches a foot or so in 
length, hardly at all twining, puberulent: leaves opposite, small, sagittate-cordate, half-inch 
to inch long, on petioles of nearly same length: peduncles axillary, 2-flowered : pedicels 
slender: calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate : corolla-lobes lanceolate, thickish, veinless, 3 lines 
long, the upper face dark brown-purple, its ramentaceous sete whitish, or those toward the 
throat purplish and flatter, more spatulate and stipitate: strap-shaped lobes of the crown 2 
lines long, erect, purplish: follicles fusiform, armed with rather rigid processes: seeds co- 
mose. — Water-courses in rocky hills, N. W. Sonora, south of Altar, therefore not very 
near the Arizona boundary, yet may reach it, Pringle, 1884. 


143, LACHNOSTOMA, HBK. (Adyvos, wool, oréua, mouth, referring 
to the throat of the corolla.) —HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 198, t. 232 ; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 74; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. ii. 885.— Three good 
species now known, two of them south of the Isthmus. 


L. Arizénicum, Gray. Pubescent herb, freely twining: leaves thin, cordate-sagittate, 
long-petioled : peduncles slender, umbellately few-flowered: corolla white, externally gla- 
brous, with narrow tube almost as long as the ovate-oblong lobes, these lightly green-reticu- 
lated ; throat retrorsely villous: crown simple, its thickish free margin 10-crenate : follicles 
ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, acutely 8-5-costate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296.— 
Santa Catalina Mountains, 8. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. One specimen from Lemmon, in 
flower, was mistaken for Gonolobus reticulatus, another (in fruit only) for Rothrockia, in Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1. c. 295. 


15. GONOLOBUS, Michx. 


G. obliquus, R. Br., p. 104. The flowers of this are said to have the scent of Calycanthus. 
The var. Shorti is to be excluded. 

G. hirstitus, Micux., p. 104. Crown nearly as in G. obliquus, that is, with the intermediate 
crenatures more or less bidentate, all very short. Varies freely, as shown by Dr. Melli- 
champ, into : 

Var. flavidulus. Corolla from dingy brown-purplish to greenish and dull straw-color, 
the reticulated veins more evident as the hue is lighter. — G. flavidulus, Chapm. F1. 368, & 
Bot. Gazette, iii. 12; Gray, in ed. 1, 394. G. macrophyllus, El. Sk. i. 827.— Common with 
the darker-flowered plants, from S. Carolina to Florida. 

G. Shortii, Gray. (To come before G. Carolinensis, in the same subdivision.) Resembles 
G. obliquus, but commonly larger-leaved, and the flowers also said to have the scent of Caly- 
canthus blossoms; the bud conical-oblong: corolla dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate, 
fully halfanch long: crown with about 10-dentate margin, the narrow intermediate tecth 
thinnish, cither emarginate or two-parted, a little exserted beyond the alternate broader and 
thicker ones. — Bot. Gazette, viii. 191. G. obliquus, var. Shortii, Syn. Fl. 104.— Along the 
mountains, E. Kentucky, Short, N. W. Georgia, Chapman. Probably common. 

G. Carolinénsis, R. Br., p. 104. Flowers said by Engelmann to have a cimicine odor: 
crown with more exserted subulate bifid teeth, but these variable. — From near Washington 
and 8. Missouri, southward. 

G. Baldwinianus, Sweer, p. 104. Corolla clear white, accordmg to Chapman. Where- 
fore the G. hirsutus, Lodd. Cab., may be the var. flavidulus of that species. 


GENTIANACEA, 405 


LOGANIACEA. 


5. BUDDLEIA, Houston. After B. racemosa, p- 109, add: — 


B. Pringlei, Gray. Nearly glabrous and green, partly herbaceous, much branched: leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, acutish, nearly entire (inch or two long), tapering at base into a short 
margined petiole: flowers in globular and sessile interruptedly spicate glomerules, the upper 
naked and approximate, the lower remoter in the axils, some short-peduncled: corolla 
slightly exserted out of the white-tomentulose calyx, a little hairy in the throat: stigma 
thickish.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86.— Arizona, in fields near Tucson, Pringle. Inter- 
mediate between the Globose and the Verticlate. 


GENTIANACE. 


To characters of genera add, on p. 111:— 


—1. VOYRIA. Corolla salverform, bearing the stamens below the throat. Anthers short. 
Stigma undivided. Seeds very numerous, tailed at both ends. 


—1. VOYRIA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) —Leafless and colorless 
(white) little herbs, of Tropical America, parasitic on decaying trunks, &c., 
bearing small subulate scales for leaves, in the manner of Bartonia. 


V. Mexicana, Grises. Stems aspan to a foot high, slender, bearing a cyme of several 
flowers: corolla white or flesh-color, a quarter of an inch long. — Gent. 208, Prodr. ix. 84, & 
Cat. Cub. 181. — No-name Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (Cuba, Mex.) 


2. ERYTHRAA, Renealm. P. 113, before HZ. Douglasii, add: — 


E. nudicatlis, Exceru. A span or two high, cymosely branched from the conspicuous 
tuft of rather large roundish radical leaves: cauline leaves few, linear: flowers long- 
peduncled: tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx; lobes a little shorter, oblong, obtuse : 
anthers linear-oblong: style much shorter than the ovary: seeds subglobose, reticulated. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222.— Along streams in Santa Catalina Mountains, 8. Arizona, 
Pringle. 

B. ventista, Gray. Add: Bot. Mag. t. 6396.— This and all the larger-flowered American 
species are dichogamous in the manner of Sabbatia, the style in the earlier anthesis declined 
to one side. 


4, EUSTOMA, Salish. 


E. silenifélium, Satisz. (Parad. Lond. t. 34), is the name which should have been retained 
for E. exaltatum, Griseb. In S. California this certainly becomes perennial, according to 
Parry and W. G. Wright. 


5. GENTIANA, Tourn. Add on p. 116:— 


G. cracfLuma, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xiv. 19, t. 8, is Apteria setacea, Nutt. — Add on p.119:— 


G. micrécalyx, Lemmon. Near G. Wislizeni, but taller (sometimes almost 2 feet high), 
thinner-leaved, and wholly destitute of crown to the corolla, in this and the habit approach- 
ing G. quinqueflora, freely branched : leaves ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate sessile base: 


406 SUPPLEMENT. 


flowers mostly numerous and crowded in the clusters, slender-pedicelled: calyx small, 
5-parted, only one line and the whitish or violet-tinged corolla 5 lines long: ovary subses- 
sile: seeds globose, smoothish. — Pacif. Rural Press, 1882, with figure; Engelm. in Proc. 
Am. Acad. xvii. 222.— Chirricahua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. 

G. nivalis, L. In asubsection, Cyclostigma, of Pneumonanthe, with stigmas surmounting a dis- 
tinct style, much dilated, forming together a circular disk. A low annual, branching. leaves 
ovate, quarter-inch long : flower half-inch long: calyx lobes subulate: corolla deep blue, its 
lobes ovate, acute: ovary sessile: seeds favose.— Fl. Dan. t. 17; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 
103. — Labrador, coll. by Moravian missionaries. (Greenland, Iceland, Eu.) 

To p. 122, add: — 

G. Forwoddii, Gray. Very near G. affinis, smooth throughout: stems numerous in the 
cluster, diffusely ascending, 6 to 16 inches high, equally leafy to the summit: leaves oblong 
or lowest ovate, and upper narrowly lanceolate, about inch long: calyx short (2 or 3 lines 
long), spathaceous and toothless (rarely one or two small subulate teeth), cleft more or less on 
one or both sides, or the sphacelate margin undulate-truncate: corolla more narrowly fun- 
nelform and smaller than in G. affinis.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86.— Rocky Mountains in 
Dakota and Montana, Dr. Forwood, Canby, sc. 

G. Bigelévii, Gray,l.c. Near G. affims, very leafy: leaves thicker; lower lanceolate- 
oblong, upper linear: stems a foot or less high, minutely scabrous: flowers densely spicate: . 
calyx-teeth filiform or slender-subulate, as long as the tube: corolla hardly inch long, cylin.” 
draceous, minutely scabrous outside, especially so along the salient lines which in the bud 
border the infolded plicz ; lobes short, broadly ovate, mostly erect, double the length of 
the bifid appendages of the plicw: stipe of the capsule short and fistulous: seeds with a 
narrow and thickish wing.—C. affinis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157, &«. — Mountains of 
S. Colorado and New Mexico, Bigelow, Hall & Harbour, Greene. Also those of S. W. 
Arizona, Lemmon. 

G. Rusbyi, Greens. Between the preceding and the Mexican G. spathacea, HBK.: stem 
robust, a foot high, scabrous, few-flowered at the summit: leaves thickish, narrowly oblong 
and upper ones lanceolate; uppermost subtending and equalling the flowers: calyx-lobes 
slender-subulate or linear, about the length of the tube: corolla apparently white, over an 
inch long, campanulate-funnelform, smooth ; the short and broad lobes very obtuse, twice 
the length of the short teeth of the plicas. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. 


POLEMONIACEA. 


The genera are very difficult to define. Even Phlox has a species with prevail- 
ingly alternate leaves and four or five ovules in each cell. The character of 
unequally inserted stamens, by which to distinguish Collomia, breaks down com- 
pletely (Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223); the declination of the filaments does not 
hold through Polemonium, and they are much more declinate and curved in sev- 
eral species of Gulia of different sections. Some, of more than one group, have 
an obviously but variably irregular limb to the corolla, quite as much so as in any 
species of Leselia. So it has become necessary to incorporate Collomia into 
Gilia, along with certain bractless species which had been taken to form an 
anomalous section of Leselia. The principal characters now relied upon for the 
genera are indicated below. 


4. (to be 2.) GILIA, Ruiz & Pav.— Flowers naked, not involucellate. 
Calyx partly herbaceous, scarious below the sinuses; lobes narrow and acute. 
Corolla from salverform or funnelform to campanulate or almost rotate. Fila 
ments not bearded at base. Seeds wingless. — Herbs or a few suffruticose. 


POLEMONIACER. 407 


§ 1. DactryLopHyiioum, p. 137. The last of the following species connects 
with § Leptosiphon. 


G. Harknéssii, Curran. A span or two high, smooth, extremely like the most slender 
and depauperate form of G. liniflora, var. pharnaceoides, but still smaller-flowered : flower 
and mature capsule only a line long: corolla hardly exceeding the calyx: capsule short- 
oval and equalling the calyx: ovules and oblong seeds solitary in each cell. — Bull. Calif. 
Acad. i. 12.— Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, Parry, Lemmon, Harkness 
(the latter coll. at Summit Station), and the mountains of Washington Terr., Howell, Suks- 
dorf. Has been confounded with the above-mentioned variety of G. liniflora, aud with 
G. pusilla. 

G atrea, Nourrt., p. 138, not rarely has pedicels nearly twice the length of the flower. — Next 
to this the following : — 

G. bélla, Gray. Stems diffuse from the base. simple or sparingly branched, filiform, few- 
leaved, glabrous and smooth : leaves very short (2 or 3 lines long), 3-parted, villous at base, 
thickish, the broadly linear lobes carinate: flowers sessile or short-pedicelled in axils of 
uppermost bract-like leaves and in the forks: calyx-lobes strongly carinate and hyaline- 
margined: corolla rotate-campanulate, with yellow tube, purple-spotted throat, and ample 
violet-colored limb (half-inch in diameter when expanded), the lobes almost flabelliform, 
entire: filaments a little hairy at base: ovules several in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
301. — Hanson’s Ranch, below the boundary of S. California, Orcutt. 

G. Lemm6ni, Gray. Diffusely branching, a span or two high, hirsutely pubescent (at least 
the foliage): leaves 3-5-parted into acerose-linear lobes: flowers sometimes solitary and 
pedicelled in the lower forks, sessile and glomerate in the upper and at the ends of the 
branches, hardly surpassing the subtending leaves: calyx narrow, 5-costate; its acerose lobes 
resembling those of the leaves: corolla mostly white or yellowish, short-funnelform, with 
throat and tube included in the calyx, and obovate lobes only 2 lines long: capsule narrow, 
its cells several-seeded. — Ed. 1, 394. —S. California, on the Mohave Desert, Parry & Lem- 
mon, San Bernardino Co., Parish, Nevin, and below the Mexican boundary, Orcutt. (Guada- 
lupe Island, Palmer, mixed with G. pusilla.) 

G. Rattdni. Intermediate between G. Bolunderi, of which it has the foliage and habit, and 
the section Leptosiphon, from which it is excluded by its scattered and naked flowers on elon- 
gated and filiform peduncles: stems a span or two high, erect, sparingly branched and pu- 
berulent above: calyx cylindraceous: corolla salverform, white or whitish with yellow 
throat; the slender tube a third to half inch long and much exserted, yet sometimes 
shorter and less so. (Possibly a hybrid.) — On a mountain north of Clear Lake, California, 
growing in company with G. Bolanderi, June, 1884, Rattan. 


§ 2. LinAntuvs, p. 138. 


G. Jonésii. Near G. Bigelovii (and seeds similar), smaller, only a span high, more slender 
and diffuse: leaves filiform, almost capillary; the upper and especially the oblong (3 lines 
long) calyx beset with rather stout stipitate glands: corolla (withered) only 3 lines long. — 
S. E. California, on the Colorado, at The Needles, M. E. Jones, 1884. 


§ 8. LeprésipHon, p. 139. The following species again connects this section 
with Dactylophyllum. 


G. Orctttii, Parry. A span high, sparingly branched, nearly glabrous: leaves only 2 or 3 
pairs up to the very few-flowered terminal cluster, small (barely quarter-inch long); the 
lobes filiform: corolla with well-exserted tube only 4 lines long, little longer than the limb 
with its obconical dark-purple throat, its ovate lobes purplish: stamens and style not sur- 
passing the throat.— Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 40.— Guadalupe Mountains be- 
low the boundary of S. California, but probably extending to the border, Orcutt. 


§ 54. Corzémia, under Series II. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliose- 
bracteate or scattered: stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the sal- 


408 SUPPLEMENT. 


verform corolla, neither exserted nor declined: ovules solitary in the cells: 
seed-coat with abundant spiracles except in one species: annuals, with neither 
foliage nor calyx-lobes rigid or spinescent; the leaves sessile and entire (except 
some laciniation in G. coccinea, Collomia, Lehm., of Chili), the lower sometimes 
opposite. — Collomia, Nutt.; Benth. excl. spec. 


G. grandifléra, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, not Steud. Collomia grandiflora, 
Dougl., &c.; Syn. Fl. ed. 1, 135. 

G. linearis, Gray,1.c. Collomia linearis, Nutt., &c.— Passes by many gradations, and 
equally viscid herbage, into 

Var. subulata, G. tinctoria, Kellogg in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. Collomia linearis, 
var. subulata, Gray, in part, of p. 135. 

G. aristélla. A span high, with almost filiform and few-leaved stem and lax branches, mi- 
nutely pubescent above and viscid: leaves lancevlate-linear and tapering to both ends (inch or 
less long, a line or two wide): flowers 1 to 3 in the forks and upper axils: corolla purple, 
with filiform tube 4 to 6 lines long and small lobes: calyx-lobes (2 lines long) aristiform 
from a triangular base: capsule obovate-3-lobed with attenuate base. —Collomia linearis, var. 
subulata, p. 185, as to an attenuate form.— Northern part of California, Greene, &c., and 
Oregon, Kronkite, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf, on bare hillsides. Habit of the 
following, and of the most diminutive variety of the preceding: calyx-lobes truly attenuate 
into an awn. 

G. leptétes, Gray, l.c. Collomia tenella, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 259, &c.— Known 
only from Parley’s Park, Utah, coll. Watson. The Western plants which have been wrongly 
referred to it belong to the preceding. 

G. gracilis, Hoox. Collomia gracilis, Dougl., Benth., &c.— Peculiar in having so many of 
the leaves opposite, and in the absence of spiracles in the seed-coat, as mentioned on 
p- 135. 


§ 5% Covrrofs1a. Flowers of § Collomia (and as in that either scattered or 
in foliose-bracteate clusters) ; foliage of Hugilia, the leaves from pinnately com- 
pound to entire, the larger petioled: ovules from solitary to several in the cells. 
—Collomia § Giliotdes, Benth. in DC. excl. spec., and one Navarretia. 


G. heterophylla, Dover. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2895. Collomia heterophylla, Hook. 1. ¢. 
Gilia Sessei, Don, Syst. iv. 245, fide Benth., but not Mexican. 

G. glutindésa. Collomia glutinosa and C. gilioides, Benth. Bot. Reg. 1833, & DC., &c. 
C. gilioides, ed. 1, 185.— Very variable in size, form and division of leaves, and degree of 
viscidity, but apparently all of one species. 


G. capilldris, Ke.uoce, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. Collomia leptalea, Gray, 1. c. & Syn. FI. 
ed. 1, 186. — Varies extremely in size, some of it answering well to the specific name, some 
more rigid and smaller-flowered; the corolla from pink to almost white. Extends north- 


ward to Washington Terr. 


§ 6. Navarréria, p.141. Limb of corolla sometimes slightly irregular and 
stamens somewhat unequally inserted: filaments straight, or in the last two 
species incurved in the bud and somewhat so in anthesis. 


G. cotulefélia, Sruvp., p. 141. Color of the corolla various, sometimes yellow and 
purple. 

G. leucocéphala, Gray, p. 142. Wholly erect, or with procumbent branches from base of 
primary stem, on which the first capitulum-like glomerule is more or less elevated: calyx- 
tube nearly glabrous, except the ciliate fringe at the sinuses.— Add the following closely 
similar species : — 


POLEMONIACEA, 409 


G. prostrata, Gray. Wholly depressed and humifuse: primary capitulum-like glomerule 
sessile and as if radical, soon proliferous into prostrate similar flowering branches: calyx- 
tube sparsely hirsute: corollas (white) only half the size of the preceding: ovules 4 in each 
cell. — Proc, Am. Acad. xvii. 223. — Low ground, S. California, especially Los Angeles and 
San Diego Co., Nevin, Parry, Orcutt. 

G,. divaricata, Torr., p. 142. Corolla very small, not surpassing the calyx-lobes: stamens 
not exserted. — Mariposa Co., California to Washington ‘Terr. ‘ 


G. filicatilis, Torr., p. 142. Stamens much exserted. 


G. viscidula, Gray, p. 142. Varies from obscurely to very viscid, and the corolla from 
violet to whitish : stamens at length fully as long as the corolla-lobes, incurved in the bud: 
ovules commonly 4 in each cell. — Common in California. 

Var. heterodéxa, G. heterodoxa, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10, is a branching form, 
with more naked and spreading branchlets, broader bracts, and the stamens, according to 
Greene, “strongly declined.” Some indications of this are to be seen in dried specimens of 
the present and the following species. — Calistoga, Parry, Greene, and elsewhere. 


G. atractyloides, Srevp., p. 142. From Santa Cruz to San Diego and southward. Corolla 
smaller than in the foregoing, from wholly violet to purplish or white, with or without 
a purple throat: stamens shorter than the lobes. According to Orcutt, a form with white 
flowers is scentless, while one with deep-colored corollas has a strong scent like that of 
Pennyroyal or of Pogogyne. 


§ 6. Cuarocitia. Flowers short-peduncled or subsessile in the forks of the 
leafy-congested dwarf and at length depressed stem and branches, not bracteolate : 
corolla salverform ; limb comparatively large, either regular or bilabiately irregu- 
lar: stamens inserted close to the sinuses; the filiform filaments either straight or 
strikingly declined-incurved: ovules 3 to 10 in each cell: winter annuals, with 
pinnately lobed or toothed leaves, their teeth and the sepals and mostly the leaf- 
margins bearing long and slender white bristles. 


* Corolla regular and stamens straight, or nearly so. 


G. setosissima, Gray, p. 142. Slightly pubescent, glabrate: leaves all broader upward, 
those of the branches cuneate and 3-5-lobed at summit: corolla light violet; its lobes often 
dotted with purple (conspicuously so only in dried specimens), obovate, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines 
long, and with the short throat almost equalling the tube: anthers oblong-oval: ovules 6 to 
10 in each cell. — Exclude the syn. relating to the following. 


x «* Corolla bilabiately more or less irregular (3 and 2), and the stamens declined-incurved : 
anthers short. — Leselia, Gray in Bot. Calif. ii. 466. 


G. Schottii, Warsox. Roughish-pubescent or below quite glabrous: cauline leaves linear ; 
those of the branches and terminal clusters slightly and gradually dilated upward and rather 
3-toothed than lobed at the truncate apex: corolla “ white” or “ pinkish ”; its lobes small (at 
most 2 lines long), oblong or lanceolate, acute, not half the length of the tube: stamens 
moderately incurved: ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Bot. King Exp. 267. G. setosissima, var. 
exigua, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 271. Navarretia Schottii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145. 
Leselia Schottii, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. v.— Desert region of W. Arizona, 8. E. California, 
and S. W. Utah; first coll. by Coulter, then by Schott, in very exiguous specimens, which, 
hardly show the characters, later and better by Parry, Lemmon, Parish, &c. Also loose 
and slender specimens, from Sonora near the Gulf of California, are in the 1884 distribution 
of Pringle, under the name of G. polycladon. 


G. Matthéwsii. Pubescent or hirsute with crisped hairs, somewhat robust, at length form- 
ing tufts a span to a foot in diameter: leaves nearly of the preceding: corolla purple or 
whitish with violet throat or stripes, strongly irregular; its lobes spatulate or cuneate, with 
obtuse or retuse or tridentate apex, 3 or 4 lines long, nearly equalling the tube: stamens 
conspicuously incurved: ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. — Leselia Matthewsii, Gray, Bot. Calif. 


410 SUPPLEMENT. 


1. c. Has been distributed as G. Schottii.—§. California, from Inyo Co., Dr. Matthews 
(1877), to the Mohave Desert, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish, Pringle, and near Newhall, 
Nevin. 


§ 8. EvapHocera, p. 144. 


G. Wrightii, Gray, and G. Gunnis6ni, are between § Hugelia and § Ipomopsis, and 
might well be referred to the latter: their filaments are obscurely declined. The following 
may be appended to the present section, after G. polycladon. 

G. depréssa, M. E. Jonzs. Small winter annual, divergently branched from the base, 
depressed-spreading, minutely hirsute-pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late or narrower (half-inch or more long), entire or with one or two teeth or short lobes, 
acute at both ends,.nearly sessile, cuspidate-mucronate: flowers solitary in the forks, short- 
peduncled or subsessile: calyx comparatively large (23 to 3 lines long) ; its lobes broadly 
subulate and attenuate-cuspidate, nearly equalling the small salverform (whitish) corolla: 
limb of the latter sometimes deeper cleft at one sinus; its lobes about one third the length 
of the tube, equalling the stamens: seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, the coat mucilaginous but not 
spirilliferous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 106. — Arid districts of S. Utah, Nevada, and 
adjacent borders of California, M. E. Jones, Parry, Shockley. 


§ 9. Ipomopsis, p. 145.— Char. revised. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and 
either glomerate or open (rarely diffuse), with narrow if any bracts: these and 
the calyx-teeth not pungent-tipped: corolla salverform or by gradual dilatation 
of the tube trumpet-shaped, mostly elongated: stamens inserted in or below the 
throat, either equally or unequally: filaments not rarely declined-incurved: 
ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells.-— Includes Collomia § Phlogan- 
thea, and Leselia § Giliopsis, pp. 185, 136, also Gilia § Giliandra, p. 146. 


G. coronopifolia, Prrs., p. 145.— Although the thickened cellular seed-coat does “ not 
develop mucilage nor spiral threads when wet,” yet there are such threads in the cells, 
which can be drawn out. 

G. aggregata, Sprene., p. 145. Stamens in some plants equally inserted and of equal 
length, in others unequally inserted, either slightly or excessively. —Collomia aggregata, 
T. C. Porter, in ed. 1, 394; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 198. 


The following are additions to this section : — 


x Transferred from Collomia § Phloganthea. 


G. longifléra, Don, Collomia longiflora, Don, & p. 136. 


G. Thirberi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, & p. 136. Collomia Thurberi, Gray, p. 
136.— Seemingly a perennial: corolla commonly an inch and a half long: stamens more 
or less unequal, either very unequally or almost equally inserted, some or all of them ex- 
serted from the throat, but all shorter than the lobes of the corolla. — Not rare in the moun- 
tains of S. Arizona, coll. Buckminster, Lemmon, Pringle. 


G. Macoémbii, Torr. in herb. Seemingly a suffrutescent-based many-stemmed perennial, 
puberulent, a foot or two high: leaves rather rigid pinnately 3-7-parted into lobes not wider 
than the rhachis, or entire and nearly filiform: glomerules of flowers in a narrow virgate 
thyrsus : corolla violet-purple, salverform, with tube half-inch and the obovate mucronulate 
lobes 2 lines long: stamens unequally inserted, 2 to 4 of them barely exserted from the 
throat, with straight filaments: ovules 5 or 6 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301.— 
G. multiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part. Collomia Cavanillesiana, Gray, Syn. F. 
ed. 1, 136, in part.— Mountains of Arizona, Newberry in Macomb’s Exped., Wright (no. 
1647), Lemmon, Pringle. 

G. multifléra, Nurr. Many-stemmed from a biennial or perhaps perennial root, a foot or 
two high,. with paniculate or virgate branches ; these cinereous-puberulent and the calyx 
usually hirsute: inflorescence nearly of the preceding: corolla salverform, purplish with 


POLEMONIACE. 411 


slender tube less than half-inch and oblong lobes barely 2 lines long, one or two sinuses com- 
monly deeper than the others: stamens equally or unequally inserted, conspicuously exserted, 
and the upper part of the filaments incurved: ovules 2 to 4 in each cell.— Pl. Gamb. 154; 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Collomia Cavanillesiana, 
ed. 1, in part, not the Mexican Gilia glomeriflora, Benth.— Common in New Mexico and 
Arizona. 

G. Havardi. Many-stemmed from a perennial root, low, much branched, villous-pubescent : 
leaves mostly pinnately parted (or even those subtending the flowers 3-parted) into filiform 
rigid lobes no broader than the rhachis: flowers scattered, mostly short-peduncled: calyx 
hirsute ; its lobes slender-subulate and almost spinulose, nearly twice the length of the cap- 
sule: tube of the nearly salverform corolla barely twice the length of the calyx (a quarter- 
inch long) and hardly longer than the somewhat irregular or oblique limb; its lobes oval, 
obtuse, mucronulate: filaments equally inserted, as long as the corolla-lobes, conspicuously 
declined-incurved: ovules several in each cell. ~ Laselia Havardi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 87.— Near Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, W. Texas, Havard. Probably most 
allied to G. Wrightii, of the same district. 


* * Transferred from Laselia § Giliopsis, p. 136: corolla with manifestly irregular limb, one of 
the lobes being separated from the others by deeper sinuses; corolla-lobes more or less cuneate 
and erose-truncate or 8-denticulate: filaments capillary, incurved-declined toward the apex in 
anthesis, but mostly straightening: low perennials with suffrutescent base. 


+— Red-flowered: stamens and style longer than the corolla-lobes. 


G. tenuifolia, Leselia tenuifolia, p. 136.— Since coll. in southern parts of San Diego and 
San Bernardino Co., by W. G. Wright, Parish, G. R. Vasey. 


+— +- Purplish-flowered: stamens and style equalling in length but not exceeding the corolla- 
lobes. 

G. guttdta. Herbaceous flowering branches « span or two long from a woody base, 
glabrous, leafy, paniculately several-flowered: leaves nearly filiform or acerose, all entire: 
corolla violet or purplish and commonly spotted with deep-colored dots; its slender tube 
(half-inch or less long) very much surpassing the small calyx, and longer than the narrowly 
cuneate 3-dentate lobes. — Leselia guttata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302.— Extra-limital, 
in Lower California, but not far below the border, Orcutt. 


G. Dannii, Kellogg in Pacif. Rural Press, 1879, & Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. Leselia effusa, 
p- 136. — Cantillas Mountains, near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower Cali- 
fornia, Palmer, and farther south, Orcutt. 


§ 12. Eueiria, p. 146. 


G. débilis, Watson, p. 147. G. Larseni, Gray, of the preceding page, is only a smaller and 
more condensed state of this, growing in loose volcanic ashes, there only with long and 
filiform root-stocks, instead of a stouter stock: well-developed stems a span or more high, 
equably leafy to the top. — Extends northward to the mountains of Washington Territory 
and N. W. Montana, coll. Cusick, Suksdorf, Watson, Canby, Brandegee. 

G. Nevinii. Next to G. multicaulis, p. 147, much more pubescent with short and above with 
viscid hairs: leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into more numerous lobes which are not broader 
than the rhachis: flowers several and subsessile in the terminal glomerules: corolla violet, 
with narrow tube and little dilated throat together 4 or 5 lines long and double the length 
of the calyx, the limb comparatively small: capsule oblong, with 10 or 12 seeds in each cell. 
—G. multicaulis, var. millefolia, Gray in Watson Fl. Guadalupe, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118, 
form with rather small corolla. — San Clemente Island, off San Diego Co., California, 
Nevin & Lyon. First found on Guadalupe, off Lower California, Palmer, in a form which 
approaches G. laciniata, Ruiz & Pav. 

G. latifléra, p. 147. Foliage often lightly tomentulose, when young glabrate : calyx very 
scarious below the sinuses to the base, glabrous or minutely glandular. Varies in size of 
flowers, &c., down to 

Var. exilis, Slender, effusely paniculate: flowers nearly all on elongated almost 
capillary peduncles: corolla only 3 to 5 lines in length and of equal breadth of limb. — 


412 ‘SUPPLEMENT. 


Common in §. California and east to Nevada: has mostly been referred to G. inconspicua, 
var. sinuata, p. 148. 

G. tenuifléra, Benru., p. 147. Radical leaves often cottony-tomentose when young, soon 
glabrate: calyx at most 2 lines long: corolla from half-inch to inch and a quarter long 
(including the lobes); the slender tube dilated into the somewhat narrowly funnelform 
throat. — 8. California to 8. Utah. 

G. inconspicua, Dovet., p. 148. The panicles or flowering branches when well developed 
are rather rigidly erect; at least not effuse ; the lateral peduncles short and erect, at least in 
fruit. The figures of Smith and of Hooker (from weak plants raised in England, and from 
which Bentham has mainly drawn the character) do not very well represent the species, 
although the whole tube of the small corolla is often thus included. Yet it is very commonly 
more exserted (as in var. sinuata), even before the fructified ovary enlarges, but always sal- 
verform, having a small and narrow throat, and limb only 2 to 4 lines in diameter. The 
effusely-flowered plants with ampliate throat, which were included in var. sinuata, are now 
taken for a small-flowered variety of G. latiflora. Apparently there are connecting forms 
between all these species. 

G. Brandegéi, Gray, p. 149. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6378. 


8. LGASELIA, L.— Flowers involucrate or involucellate; both bracts and 
calyx wholly or mainly scarious. Corolla funnelform, either regular or one or 
two sinuses deeper. Seeds winged or margined, the surface becoming mucilagi- 
nous when wetted. — Suffruticose, rarely annual, with spinulose-toothed leaves. 


L. glanduldsa, Don. Low, merely suffrutescent, roughish-pubescent with short and partly 
gland-tipped hairs: leaves mainly alternate, short-petioled or subsessile, lanceolate or nar- 
rowly oblong, those next the 1-2-flowered clusters similar but small, few-toothed, not scarious 
nor reticulated, nearly enclosing the involucre of wholly scarious oblong-lanceolate almost 
entire bracts: corolla violet or bluish, 6 or 8 lines long: filaments more or less declined- 
incurved: seeds broadly winged. — Syst. iv. 248; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 319, in part (i. e. 
Hoitzia conglomerata, HBK., H. capitata, Willd., & H. nepeteefolia, Cham.). Hoitzia glan- 
dulosa, Cay. Ic. Rar. iv. 45, t. 867. HH. Cervuntesii, HBK., Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 164. H. 
spicata, Willd. ex Rem. & Schult. Syst. iv. 370.— Santa Rita Mountains, 8. Arizona, 
Pringle. (Mex.) 


5. (to be 4.) POLEMONIUM, Tovry.— Flowers naked. Calyx herba- 
ceous throughout, soft, usually accrescent. Corolla from rotate to funnelform. 
Filaments pilose-bearded at base. ‘Leaves simply pinnate, muticous. 


P. ceertileum, L. p. 151, only recently known at one or two stations in the Atlantic States, 
has now been detected also at Bethlehem, New Hampshire, by #’. S. Beane, and on the moun- 
tains in Garrett Co., Maryland, by J. Donnell Smith. 

P. flavum, Greenz. Like P. foliosissimum, but with flowers somewhat more paniculate and 
larger: corolla fully as large as in P. cwruleum, “ yellow with tawny red outside,” with broadly 
obeonical throat and ovate acuminate lobes !— Bot. Gazette, vi. 217. — Highest slopes of the 
Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. 

P. pectinatum, Grernz. Glabrous and glandless up to the minutely glandular and pu: 
bescent inflorescence: leaflets very narrowly linear, hardly wider than the rhachis: corolla 
probably white: otherwise not unlike narrow-leaved P. foliosiss’mum, of which it may be an 
extreme variety. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10.— Eastern part of Washington Terr., EZ. W. 
Hilgard, fide Greene. 

P. cArneum, Gray, p. 151. Extends to the southwestern part of Oregon, where it was 
collected at Chetco by Howell. 

Var. luteum. Corolla yellow, the lobes (as in the species) broadly obovate, with 
rounded or retuse apex. — Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell, 1885. 

P. foliosissimum, Gray, p.151. To this probably belongs P. Mexicanum, Nutt. Jour. 

Acad. Philad. vii. 41, from the northern Rocky Mountains. 


HYDROPHYLLACEA. 413 


HYDROPHYLLACEA. 


2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. 


N. Menziésii, Hoox. & Arn., p. 156. Apparently this produces either cleistogamous or 
small and self-fertilized flowers at certain seasons. N. modesta, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 
vii. 93 (1877), by the description, should be this species. 


8, WEL ISIA; 1, 


E. chrysanthemifolia, Benru., p. 158. Add syn.: Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia, Greene, 
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 200. Originals of Nuttall’s two species, of coll. Gambel (ticketed 
“ Angeles”’), are quite alike, with finely dissected leaves. Exclude the syn. of Torr. in Ives 
Colorado Exp., which belongs to the following. 

E. Torréyi, Gray. Weak and diffuse, with long internodes: leaves pinnately parted into 
oblong sinuate-pinnatifid divisions (half or full inch long), the upper usually sessile by a con- 
spicuously auriculate-dilated insertion : racemes sparsely few-flowered: calyx eyualling the 
small corolla and surpassing the capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Phacelia micrantha? 
var. bipinnatifida, Torr. in Ives Colorado Exp. Bot. 21.—S. Arizona, Yampai Valley near 
the Colorado, Vewberry. Mountains near Tucson, in shade of rocks, Pringle. 

Var. Orctittii. Coarser and taller: upper leaves merely pinnatifid with incised or, 
toothed lobes: calyx in fruit still more ampliate, becoming four lines in diameter. — Lucrypta 
paniculata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 c.— Northern borders of Lower California, 


Orcutt. 


5. PHACELIA, Juss. 


§ 1. EupHackria, p. 158. 


P. Pringlei, Gray. Next after P. namatoides, p. 158. More slender and widely branched, 
glandular-pubescent, little over a span high: leaves linear with tapering base, the lower 
opposite, all shorter than the slender and strict racemiform inflorescence: sepals linear, about 
half the length of the rotate-campanulate blue corolla, longer than the globose capsule: 
seeds angled and not hollowed ventrally. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223.— Mountains of 
N. California, near the sources of the Sacramento, Pringle, and (in the same district ?) 
Parry. 

P. malvefolia, Cuam., has now been detected at various points from the coast of Oregon 
to Monterey. Next to this, 

P. Rattani, Gray. Smaller throughout, beset with slender but almost equally stinging 
bristles : leaves ovate or oval, with base truncate or barely subcordate, incisely somewhat 
lobed and crenate, only the lower palmately veined at base : spikes slender : calyx of four spatu- 
late and one larger obovate sepals: corolla hardly over 2 lines long, whitish: stamens and 
style included : seeds not unlike those of P. malvefolia but only half the size, less carinate 
ventrally. — Along streams, N. W. California, Lake Co., and Russian River, Rattan, Mrs. 
Curran, to S. W. Oregon, Howell. — Seeds, as in all the preceding species, pp. 158, 159, des- 
titute of ventral excavation with median ridge, which is common in the following. 


The subdivision + + +, beginning at foot of p. 159, and ending near the foot of p. 161, 
is here revised and augmented. 


+ + + Leaves from simple (ovate-oblong or narrower) and pinnately dentate or lobed to pin- 
nately compound: flowers crowded in the scorpioid inflorescence. 


++ Seeds cymbiform and the concave face divided by a strong and salient longitudinal ridge: sepals 
uniform, entire. 


414 SUPPLEMENT. 


== Flowers racemose and much crowded (even in age) on the short axis or branches of the scor- 
pioid cymes on which the slender and densely long-villous pedicels are spreading at right 
angles: sepals linear-spatulate, much longer than the globular capsule. 


P. pedicellata, Gray, p. 160. Collected in flower, with rounded or mostly subcordate 
and petiolulate lobes to the leaves, in 1884, at Yucca, Arizona, by Marcus E. Jones. (Lower 
California, as supposed, Dr. Streets.) 
== = Flowers spicately disposed, being sessile or short-pedicelled, and the fruit crect on the axis 
or branches of the inflorescence: sepals equalling or moderately surpassing the capsule: ail but - 
the later species more or less viscid or glandular, and heavy-scented, commonly more or less 
pubescent or somewhat hirsute, not setose-hispid nor long-villous. 

a. Leaves all undivided, at most crenate-pinnatifid: stem strictly erect: seeds oblong-elliptical, 
thickly papillose-roughened on the back, but without distinct reticulation. 


P. integrifdlia, Torr., with var. Palmeri, p. 160. 
&, At least some of the leaves pinnately parted or lyrate: sepals not manifestly surpassing the 
globular capsule: seeds roughish with obscure reticulations on the back, the ventral ridge or the 
incurved margins, or both, becoming corrugate-tuberculate at maturity. 


P. crenulata, Torr., p. 160. A foot or less high: leaves variable, from elongated-oblong 
to roundish in outline, from crenately pinnatifid or incised to pinnately parted into roundish 
or oblong lobes, the lower pair often detached and even petiolulate: corolla from deep 
violet-blue to “ pale purple,” with expanded limb commonly half-inch broad: stamens and 
style exserted: seeds elliptical, the largest almost 2 lines long, at maturity corrugate-tuber- 
culate on the ventral ridge and usually on the incurved margins. 

P. czertilea, GRrENE. A span to a foot high, with the foliage and viscidity of the preceding, 
less or not at all unpleasantly scented, much smaller-flowered : corolla only 2 lines high, pale 
blue to purplish: stamens and style not exserted: seeds about a line and a half long, ob- 
long-oval, nearly like those of P. crenulata.— Torr. Bull. viii. 122 (but seeds not “almost 
linear,” &c.). P. invenusta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. —Common both in N. and S. 
Arizona, in dry ground ; first coll. by Wright, &e. 

P. Arizonica, Gray, p.394 of ed.1. Depressed-diffuse, with ascending stems a span or two 
long, cinereous-puberulent, very slightly viscid: leaves from deeply pinnatifid into closely 
approximate and regular oblong and entire lobes (of 3 or 4 lines in length) to pinnately 
divided and the segments pinnatifid: cyme naked-pedunculate, crowded: corolla white (or 
at most with some blue lines), barely 3 lines high and broad: stamens and style well ex- 
serted : seeds short-oval, a line or more long, thickly transversely corrugate-tuberculate down 
the incurved margins and ventral ridge. — Plains of S. Arizona (and adj. Sonora), Greene, 
Lemmon, Pringle, Parish. 

c. Leaves mostly pinnately parted, and below divided and the segments pinnatifid or incised: 
sepals hardly longer than the capsule: seeds oblong or elliptical, flatter and thinner, not at all 
corrugated or thickened on the margins, the whole surface conspicuously favose-reticulated with 
smooth and even meshes. 

P. glanduldsa, Nutr. <A span to a foot high, rather stout, viscidly pubescent or in the 
inflorescence hirsute: primary segments of the leaves few-lobed or incised, or some entire: 
flowers comparatively large: corolla violet or blue, 4 or 5 lines high, with ample rounded 
lobes quite entire : stamens and style much exserted : capsule short-oval. — P. glandulosa in 
part, p. 160.— Rocky Mountains of Wyoming at the head-waters of the Colorado, Nuttall, 
Geyer, and of S. W. Montana, Watson. Also at the head of the Rio Grande, subalpine, 


Brandegee. 

P. Neo-Mexicana, Tuurzer. A span to 2 feet high, erect and strict, very leafy, viscid- 
pubescent, sometimes also hirsute: leaves interruptedly twice pinnately parted into small 
and short lobes: corolla comparatively small, 2 or 3 lines long, bluish or purplish, the short 
lobes from minutely crenulate to erose-denticulate: stamens and style often no longer than 
the corolla-lobes, sometimes rather conspicuously exserted.— Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. 
P. glandulosa, var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, p. 160. — Common on the plains, from N. Colorado 
to New Mexico. A peculiar state of a short-stamened form, with much less dissected 
leaves and almost oblong capsule, coll. in central part of Colorado by Brandegee, needs 


further inquiry. 


HYDROPHYLLACER. 415 


d. Leaves, &c., as of last preceding, but destitute of glands or viscidity: sepals a little or moder- 
ately surpassing the capsule: seeds with a scabrous reticulation, the uneven meshes being sume- 
what muriculate at the junctions, the ventral ridge and margins not tuberculate nor corrugate. 


P. Pépei, Torr. & Gray. Habit and dissected foliage of P. Neo-Mericana (with which it 
has been confounded) : corolla-lobes entire, little surpassed by the stamens: sepals spatulate : 
capsule globose.— Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. On 
p. 160 wrongly referred to P. glandulosa.— High plains of W. Texas (first coll. by Gen. 
Pope) to New Mexico and the Mexican borders, coll. Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, Reverchon 
(in Curtiss distrib. as P. glandulosa), Havard. 


P. congésta, Hook., p. 160, Calyx-lobes from linear to oblanceolate: capsule ovoid. The 
common form, with comparatively few and broad lobes to the leaves, passes through that 
referred by A. DC. to P. tanacetifvlia, into 

Var. dissécta. Leaves more finely once or twice pinnately divided or parted into 
more numerous segments and lobes, with small interposed lobelets. — P. glandulosa, var. 
Neo-Mexicana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118. — Dallas, Texas, Reverchon (the extreme 
form in distrib. Curtiss, 2128), to the Rio Grande, Palmer, &c., and adj. Mex. 


++ ++ Seed commonly solitary (the other cell and the companion of the fertile ovule aborting), 
nearly terete and with a closed ventral groove: sepals heteromorphous, surpassing the small cap- 
sule: pedicels short, ascending or erect when fructiferous: annual, not setose-hispid. 


P. platyloba, Gray. Minutely pubescent, or the inflorescence sparsely hirsute, obscurely 
viscidulous: stem slender, a foot or two high, sparsely leafy : leaves pinnately divided; the 
oblong or lanceolate divisions either crenately lobed and toothed or once or twice pinnatifid, 
small: fructiferous spikes becoming loose and slender: calyx only 2 lines long when in 
fruit; sepals all with narrow or petiole-like base, one or two dilated into a rounded or 
obovate entire or 2—5-cleft lamina, the others narrowly or broadly spatulate : corolla some- 
what rotate, bluish, little surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, now extended. 
— California, in Fresno Co., Parry, and Mariposa Co., Congdon. 
++ ++ ++ Seeds rounded on the back, acute-angled or obtuse ventrally, the two sides slightly 

when at all concave. (Those of P. phyllomanica unknown.) 
== Herbage soft-pubescent and partly villous or soft-hirsute, not hispid, and with little or no vis- 
cidity: sepals or most of them pinnately 3-5-parted or cleft: cymes crowded: insular species. 


P. floribinda, Greexe. Annual, a foot or two high, freely branched, a little glandular : 
leaves green, pinnately divided into 6 or 8 pairs of linear-oblong segments (with some inter- 
posed lobelets), and these nearly bipinnatifid : lobes of the sepals narrowly spatulate, nearly 
equalling the violet-blue open-campanulate (2 or 3 lines long) corolla: stamens little ex- 
serted : seeds scrobiculate and somewhat tuberculate, less than a line long. — Bull. Calif. 
Acad. i. 200. P. phyllomanica, var. interrupta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & p..161.— 
Island of San Clemente, off San Diego, Nevin & Lyon, 1885. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer, 
Greene.) 

P. phyllomanica, Gray, p. 160. Perennial, with suffrutescent base, 3 to 6 feet high, very 
leafy, tomentulose-canescent: flowers nearly double the size of those of P. floribunda. — 
Still extra-limital, again collected, just coming into blossom, on Guadalupe, by Greene, 1885. 
== = Roughish-pubescent, at least the inflorescence beset with some strong-hirsute or setose- 

hispid hairs: sepals entire (with rare exceptions), longer than the capsule. 

a. Annual, with coarsely lobed foliage: pedicels (either short or slender) in the at length elongated 
and, fruiting inflorescence horizontal: sepals very narrow, filiformly attenuate downward, soft- 
hispid or barbate with very long hairs, very much surpassing the small globose capsule. 

P. hispida, Gray, p. 161. Common through S. California, extending to Arizona. Corolla 
purplish or pale rose-color. Seeds roughish-scrobiculate. 

6. Perennial, with spreading or decumbent stems and rather coarsely lobed foliage: short pedicels 
ascending in the dense and not much elongated fruiting spikes: sepals spatulate or broader, one 
or two often much dilated, all fully twice the length of the ovoid or subglobose capsule: corolla~ 
appendages narrowly quadrate-oblong, adnate up to the throat and truncate. 

P, ramosissima, Douc.., p.161. A species of considerable diversity in foliage, vis- 
cidity, &c., and of wide geographical range, now pretty well defined. Capsule in the Northern 


416 SUPPLEMENT, 


typical form short-ovoid, and seeds oblong. The prevalent Southern form, hardly or not at 

all more indurated or lignescent at base, is 
Var. suffrutéscens, Parry, in herb. (P. suffrutescens, Parry in Proc. Davenp. Acad. 

Nat. Sci. iv. 38), has capsule globose-ovoid and seeds oval: no other tangible difference. — 

P. tanacetifolia, var. latifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. 

ce. Annual: calyx mostly sessile or nearly so, erect or ascending in the fructiferous spikes, con- 
siderably longer than the capsule: corolla-appendages short and broad, at or near the base of 
the tube. 

1. Leaves finely and compoundly dissected: calyx not manifestly accrescent nor veiny: seeds 
rather rugose-tuberculate than scrobiculate. 

P. distans, Benru. Mostly slender and smaller than the next, but sometimes tall, with 
similar but usually more finely dissected leaves: sepals unequal, from nearly linear to spatu- 
late, or one or two more dilated upward (rarely incised or lobed): corolla 3 or 4 lines long, 
rotate-campanulate, from sordid-whitish or ochroleucous to violet ; the internal appendages 
broadly semi-ovate with a free pointed tip : stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla- 
lobes: capsule globular.— Bot. Sulph. 37, since wholly overlooked. P. tanacetifolia (var. 
tenuifolia, Harvey, Thurber, in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143), and P. ciliata, in part, p. 161. — The 
original from Bodegas Bay, Hinds, common thence to the southern border of California, 
mostly near the coast, but reaching Arizona. A form with incised sepals, San Clemente 
Island, Nevin & Lyon. 

P. tanacetifolia, Benrn., p.161. Stouter and larger: sepals linear, beset with more rigid 
bristles, in fruit seldom much longer than the oval capsule: corolla open-campanulate, 
4 lines long, vivlet or bluish, its appendages very wide, and with inner margin wholly 
adnate: stamens much exserted. 

2. Leaves less dissected, usually once pinnately parted, or below divided into oblong pinnately in- 
cised segments: inflorescence less scorpioid: calyx strikingly accrescent and transversely veiny 
in fruit, the sepals becoming oblong- or ovate-lanceolate and bristly-ciliate: stamens not surpassing 
the corolla-lobes: seeds scrobiculate but smoothish. 

P. ciliata, Benru., p. 161. Extends from East Oregon to Lower California. 


§ 5. WauitLfvia, p. 114. 


P. campanularia, Gray. Add: Rolfe in Gard. Chron. n. ser. xx. 135, with figure; 
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6735. Now established in cultivation: corolla deep blue. 

P. Parryi, Torr. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6842. P. glandulosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. 
Acad. vii. 92. Commonly (not always) with five bright yellow spots in the throat, opposite 
to the lobes; these figured and described as staminodes in Bot. Mag.1.c. This and the 
foregoing species are choice introductions to the gardens. 

P. léngipes, Torr. Not rare in caiions in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Co., S. Cali- 
fornia. 


§ 6. Etroca, p. 164. 


P. précera, Gray, p. 166. Extends northward to Washington Territory, Howell, Suks- 
dorf. Corolla ochroleucous. 

P. Menziésii, Torr., p. 166. Appendages of the corolla conniving in pairs opposite the 
lobes, forming five nectariferous grooves alternate with the stamens. 


The two following species come on p. 167, after P. infundibuliformis, to which the first is 
most related, but the seeds of both are of the usual form in Eutoca, not excavated and ridged 
on the ventral face. 

P, Lyoni, Gray. Viscid-pubescent and heavy-scented, a foot or more high, robust : leaves 
pinnately divided into narrowly oblong and deeply pinnatifid divisions; their short lobes 
oval and crenate: spikes dense: corolla (pale or ochroleucous) 2 or 3 lines long, broadly 
campanulate; the appendages semi-oval, their base united to the filament: stamens and 
style not exserted: capsule narrowly oblong, many-seeded, nearly equalling the linear- 
spatulate hispid and viscid sepals: seeds oval, scrobiculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. — 
Santa Catalina, off Los Angeles, Nevin & Lyon, 1884. 


HYDROPHYLLACEA. 417 


P. ixédes, Kettoce. Viscid and villous, heavy-scented, tall and stout: leaves pinnately 
parted or below divided, and the coarse divisions sinuate-pinnatifid or merely incised : spikes 
dense: flowers considerably larger than in the foregoing: corolla open-campanulate, 4 or 5 
lines in length and breadth of limb, bluish ; its appendages semi-orbicular, wholly adnate, 
oblique, and united with the base of the filament: stamens and style not exserted : sepals in 
fruit 5 lines long, spatulate, a little longer than the oblong many-seeded capsule: seeds 
oblong, angulate, scrobiculate. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i.6; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ]. c.— Ex- 
tra-limital, first collected on Cedros Island, Lower California, but now found so near the 
boundary as All Saints’ Bay, Oreutt. 

P. brachyloba, Gray, p. 167. Ovules often as many as 20 in each cell: appendages of 
the corolla sometimes obsolete. 

P. circinatif6rmis, Gray, p. 167. This has been collected on Mount Hamilton, Santa 
Clara Co., but is still very little known. 

P. Parishii, Gray. Very like P. pulchella, p. 168, in foliage and habit: peduncles fully as 
long as the fruiting spike, the primary ones scape-like: flowers almost sessile, crowded : 
corolla (2 lines long) blue or bluish, hardly at all surpassing the calyx, the appendages ob- 
scure or none: fructiferous sepals broadly spatulate, equalling the oblong about 20-seeded 
capsule: seeds over half-line in length (twice the size of those of P. pulchella), narrowly 
oblong, scrobiculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 88. — 8S. E. California, near Rabbit Springs, 
on the borders of the Mohave Desert, May, 1882, Parish. 

P. Lemmoni. Near to P. pulchella and the preceding, more leafy and taller: leaves thin- 
ner and rounder, coarsely angulate-dentate or crenate, lower ones subcordate : spikes short- 
peduncled, in fruit rather loose and with short pedicels erect: corolla white (2 or 3 lines 
long), hardly twice the length of the calyx, the appendages semi-oblong ; fructiferous sepals 
spatulate, viscidulous, hardly puberulent, a little longer than the ovoid about 30-seeded cap- 
sule: seeds short-oval, a third of a line long, minutely scrobiculate. —N. W. Arizona, on 
plains, at Mineral Park, 1884, Lemmon, coll. no. 3350. 

P. saxicola, Gray. Near P. pusilla, p. 169, more hirsutely pubescent, a span or less high, 
diffusely branched from the annual root : leaves narrowly spatulate, the base narrowed into 
a slender petiole, entire: flowers few and sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled : sepals spatu- 
late-linear, 2 to 4 lines long, either moderately or very much surpassing the oblong-campanu- 
late blue corolla; internal appendages vcry narrow: capsule small, oval-oblong: seeds 
globular, smoothish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. — N. W. Arizona, at Kingsman’s Station, 
April, 1884, Lemmon, on rocks, which the insinuating roots cleave off in thin scales. 

P. glechomeefolia. Next to P. rotundifolia, p. 169, larger, merely viscidulous-puberulent 
(no hirsute pubescence): stem a foot or less high, paniculately much branched: leaves 
slender-petioled, all but the uppermost cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate, an inch wide: 
flowers loosely racemose, on slender and mostly filiform pedicels of half to a quarter inch in 
length, spreading in anthesis and mostly so in fruit: corolla funnelform, 4 or 5 lines long, 
lilac-purple, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; internal appendages narrow: fructiferous 
sepals spatulate, a little longer than the oval and obtuse many-seeded capsule: seeds globose- 
oval, deeply scrobiculate, hardly a quarter of a line long. — Between Peach Springs and the 
Grand Cajion of the Colorado, May, 1885, A. Gray. 


§ 7. MicroG£NETES, p. 169. 


P. Ivesiana, Torr. Extends northward in the dry region to the interior of Oregon and 
Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell. — Near this and P. Fremontii come the following : — 

P. Orcuttidna, Gray. Viscid, puberulent, about a foot high: leaves pinnatifid, somewhat 
lyrate, the lobes short-oblong and entire: flowers sessile in the at length elongated dense 
spikes: corolla rotate-campanulate, double the length of the calyx, with limb 3 or 4 lines 
broad, white with yellow eye, nearly or quite destitute of internal appendages: capsule oval, 
nearly equalling the narrowly spatulate (barely 2 lines long) sepals, 12-14-seeded: seeds 
oval, obscurely favose-reticulated between the transverse corrugations. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 88. — Mountains of Lower California not far below the U. S. boundary, Orcutt. 

P. affinis. Between the foregoing and P. Fremontii, viscid and puberulent, less than a foot 
high: leaves pinnately parted mostly into linear-oblong entire or incisely toothed lobes: 


27 


418 SUPPLEMENT. 


flowers short-pedicelled, less crowded or sparse in the fruiting spikes: corolla rotate-cam- 
panulate, about half as large as in the preceding, light blue, a little exceeding the calyx: 
capsule oblong, shorter than the spatulate-dilated (3 or 4 lines long) fructiferous sepals, 
20-30-seeded: seeds oval-oblong, strongly favose-reticulated between the corrugations. — 
With or near the preceding, Orcutt. 

P. Fremontii, Torr. p. 170. Add syn.: P. Brannani, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 
vii. 90. 

P. bicolor, Torx., p. 170. Extends northward as far as to the plains of Eastern Ore- 
gon, Howell. 

P. gymnoclada, Torr., p.170. Specific name not significant. P. Cooperee, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xv. 49, of which only a single specimen is known, sent by Mrs. Ellwood Cooper 
from Santa Barbara, may well be only a form of this, perhaps not collected in that district. 
— A wholly peculiar species of this section is the following :— . 

P. pachyphylla, Gray. Stout, a foot or less high, with widely spreading branches, pu- 
bescent and very viscid : leaves thick, large (inch or two in diameter), roundish and subcor- 
date, repand or entire, on stout petioles usually of equal length, uppermost subsessile: spikes 
dense, pedunculate: corolla campanulate, about 3 lines long, probably blue or purple, a little 
longer than the calyx: capsule globular, many-seeded, equalling the oblong-linear sepals: 
seeds oval-oblong, half a line in length.— Proc. Am. Acad. ‘xix. 88.— Alkaline soil in the 
Mohave Desert, 8. E. California, Palmer, Parish, Lemmon, Jones. 


9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. 


R. Unalaschkénsis, Cuam., p. 172.— This has been collected, quite out of supposed 
range, at Big Flat, Del Norte Co., N. California, by W. H. Shockley and Mrs. Ames, 1880. 

R. Sitchénsis, Bone., is commonly white-flowered, and with slight pubescence of calyx 
and capsule. 


12. NAMA, L. P.173,add: Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.Am. Bot. ii. 360, 
for the most recent revision of the genus. Stamens not rarely with adnate por- 
tion of the filaments dilated into more or less free membranaceous margins, which 
answer to the internal appendages of the Phaceliee, those in one or two species 
extended above into a free tooth on each side of filament! No hypogynous 
disk, but base of calyx obscurely adnate to base of ovary in the original WV. Jamai- 
cense and some others, in JV. stenocarpum calyx-tube and capsule much united! 
Styles sometimes united below. Valves of capsule either membranaceous or 
coriaceous, sometimes becoming bifid, as in VV. Jamaicense. 


N. stenocdrpum, Gray, p.174. (Biol. Centr-Am. etce., & Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118.) 
Calyx adherent to the base of the capsule, more or less firmly, sometimes for nearly half the 
length of the latter! Styles united at base or even higher, occasionally 3. — Extends to the 
southeastern border of California. 

N. depréssum, Lemmon. After N. Coulteri, p. 174. Depressed, repeatedly divaricate- 
dichotomous and with long naked internodes, cinereous-puberulent: leaves crowded at the 
summit of the branches, spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole: flowers short- 
pedicelled in the forks: corolla narrow and small (2 lines long), purplish, little longer than 
the calyx: sepals some linear, some spatulate-dilated at apex, equalling or moderately 
exceeding the oval-oblong membranaceous torose capsule: seeds (quarter of a line long) 
oval, with obscurely undulate thin and smooth coat.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. — 
S. E. California, in the Mohave District near Calico, Lemmon. 

N. pusillum, Lemmon. Next the preceding, exiguous, depressed, soft-pubescent : leaves 
obovate-spatulate or ovate, abruptly contracted into a petiole of nearly same length (both 
together only a quarter or half inch long) : flowers subsessile in the forks: corolla salverform 
and narrow (barely a line and a half long), light rose-color, a little longer than the at length 


HYDROPHYLLACES. 419 


spatulate sepals, the limb minute: capsule oval, erect: seeds globular, obsoletely rugulose, 
and with a very smooth thin coat.— Gray, 1. c. — With the foregoing, Lemniwn. 


N. dichotomum, Cuors., not Ruiz & Pav., who have it as Hydrolea dichotoma. The re- 
markable var. angustifolium extends well into Mexico. — Next to this species is 


N. origanifolium, HBK. Perennial, herbaceous from a lignescent base, or suffruticulose, 
low and small: leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, sessile by a narrowed base or short- 
petioled, soft-pubescent, a quarter to half inch long, the margins somewhat revolute: flowers 
short-peduncled : corolla 3 lines long, surpassing the calyx : sepals linear, moderately dilated 
upward, nearly twice the length of the ovoid capsule: seeds about 20, oblong, smooth. — 
Noy. Gen. & Spec. iii. 130, t. 218; Gray in Hemsl. ]. c. 362.— Crevices of rocks, Guadalupe 
Mountains, S. W. Texas, near the Rio Grande, H/avard. (Mex.) 


N. Loébbii, Gray, p. 175.—Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr..Am. Bot. ii. 362. Eriodictyon 
Lobbii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202. Ovules about 8, pendulous. Capsule obovate- 
globose, thin-coriaceous; valves tardily bifid, the narrow placentz breaking up. Seeds 
broadly oval or roundish, half a line long, large for the capsule, with a smooth minutely 
cellular-reticulate coat. 


N. Havardi, Gray. Near .V. Palmeri and the next, a foot or more high, herbaceous from 
a lignescent probably perennial root, more. or less cinereous with soft pubescence : stem erect 
and stout, freely branching : leaves oblong or uppermost lanceolate, acutish, with tapering 
base, lower somewhat petioled, veins very obscure: flowers cymulose, short-pedicelled : 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, salverform, apparently purplish, a little longer than the calyx: 
filaments adnate to the middle and below membranaceous margined, toothless: capsule 
oblong-ovoid, membranaceous, much shorter than the narrow-linear slightly dilated sepals: 
seeds 16 or more, globular or short-oval, with a firm faintly scrobiculate coat. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xx. 304. —8. W. borders of Texas, on alkaline bank of Tornillo Creek, Havard. 


N. stenophyllum, Gray. Suffruticose, a foot or less high, rather stout, strigulose- 
cinereous or more loosely hirsute: stems very leafy throughout: leaves from narrowly linear 
to almost filiform, about an inch long: flowers densely cymulose at the summit of the 
branches: corolla nearly salverform (4 or 5 lines long), more or less surpassing the calyx : 
margin of the filaments on each side terminating above in a free short denticulation : cap- 
sule ovoid-oblong, thinnish, much shorter than the narrow linear obtuse sepals: seeds about 
40, globular and angulate, a third of a line long, muricate! — Biol. Centr.-Am. 1. c. (exclud- 
ing the last line of the character, the printer’s error: it belongs to N. stenocarpum), & 
Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118. —S. W. border of Texas, on bluffs of Delaware Creek, east of 
Guadalupe Mountains, 1882, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 

N. Rothréckii, Gray, p.175. Valves of the ovate capsule not splitting in age. 

N. Parryi, Gray, p.175. Valves of the short oval capsule splitting into two after dehis- 
cence, the placentz breaking up: stem 3 to 6 feet high, at base “ pithy and only soft-woody ” ; 
perennial: “tube and throat of corolla white, lobes light purple,” Parish. Collected also in 
the Sierra Madre of Los Angeles Co. by son of J. C. Nevin, 1884. 


13. ERIODICTYON, Benth. P. 175, 176, add: — 


E. sessilifélium, Greens. Very leafy: pubescence partly villous and hirsute: leaves ob- 
long or upper ones lanceolate, all closely sessile by a broad and truncate or subcordate base, 
acutely and closely dentate (in age becoming glabrate and glutinous above): otherwise 
nearly like the E. crassifolium form of E. tomentosum.— Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 201. — Guada- 
lupe Cajfion, and elsewhere in Lower California, not far below the U. S. boundary to All 
Saints’ Bay, Parry, Orcutt, and recently Greene. The seeds (with delicate striae and trans- 
verse reticulation) appear to be quite alike, as far as seen, in all the species and forms, which 
are very difficult to define. 

E. tomentésum, Bexru., p. 176, is founded on a plant with pannose tomentum and no 
villous or hirsute pubescence until the inflorescence is reached, such as Greene in Bull. 
Calif. Acad. 1. c., describes from Monterey Co., but with the corollas seemingly in the same 
imperfectly developed or deformed condition which Bentham had in his E. crassifolium, in 


420 SUPPLEMENT. 


this state “hardly surpassing the calyx (2 lines long),” and its lobes “very small, erect- 
spreading.” But well-developed flowers of LE. crassifolium we know to be even half an inch 
long and much surpassing the calyx. On Santa Catalina, Lyon got a narrower-leaved 
form of the true £. tomentosum, with finer tomentum not pannose on the stem, and normally 
developed salverform corollas. 

A multitude of forms from Lower and Southern California (including E. angustifolium, 
var. pubens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224), with and without villous or hirsute inflores- 
cence, now connect E. angustifolium with E. glutinusum. This extends northward to Oregon, 
coll, Howell. 


BORRAGINACEA.  -. 


The following changes in the synopsis of the genera are, for brevity and con- 
venience, based on the North American representatives. 


++ (P. 178, line 86.) Nutlets attached above the middle, wholly flat and thin, horizontally 
divergent, in pairs or radiate; margins pectinately and uncinately setiferous. 
8. PECTOCARYA. 
++ ++ Nutlets thicker, with ventral or introrse-basa] attachment. 
== Glochidiate-armed: corolla short, with fornicate throat: calyx spreading or reflexed in fruit. 
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets horizontally radiate or barely ascending, much produced 
below the high ventral insertion upon the low gynobase, on separation each pendulous by a 
portion of the style which is torn away from below upward. 
10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets erect or much ascending; the insertion supra-basal, 
central, or from the inside of base to apex. 
= = Not glochidiate, nor with loose or fleshy pericarp. 
u. Corolla short, white or blue (only in an anomalous species elongated and yellow), usually with 
more or less fornicate throat. 


11. OMPHALODES. Nuitlets obliquely ascending (or in typical species depressed and 
nearly horizontal), with depressed or truncate-complanate back bordered by an acute mar- 
gin or an at length revolute (entire or dentate or spinulose) wing: scar short, from supra- 
basal to supra-median. 

111. KRYNITZKIA. Nutlets erect and straight, with wing or border, if any, unarmed and 
plane, with introrse-basal or also ventral attachment from the base upward, the scar or 
groove of attachment wholly naked. Fructiferous calyx erect or little spreading. (Includes 
also no. 14, p. 179.) 

12. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Nutlets crustaceous or rarely coriaceous, ovate or trigonous, 
oblique or incurved, and often incumbent over the low gynobase, to the depressed areola of 
which they are attached by a median and either perforated or solid (sessile or short stipi- 
tate) false caruncle. 

13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Nutlets ovate-pyramidal, with ventral keel produced at base into 
a conspicuous indurated stipe; the stipes united in pairs below and inserted by a common 
excavated base to the low gynobase. Otherwise as Plagiobothrys. 


b. Corolla yellow, with usually more elongated tube and naked open throat. 


14. AMSINCKIA. As on p. 179. 
= == = Not glochidiate nor appendaged, with loose pericarp soft and thin or fleshy: corolla 
from campanulate to trumpet-shaped, with open throat. 
15. MERTENSIA. As on p. 179. 
‘ee +r ++ (in place of == =, p.179.) Nutlets erect, with direct and centrally basal attachment 
to the depressed gynobase. (16- 21.) 

Aspéruco proctmpBens, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged mem- 
branaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds around New 
York and Philadelphia, and at the red pipestone quarry in Minnesota. 

Corpia Grier, Torr., p. 180, remarkable for its large flowers and small leaves, has been 
found by Pringle not far below the boundary in Sonora, near the Gulf of California. 


BORRAGINACES. 421 


2. BOURRERIA, P. Browne. 


B. Havanénsis, var. radula, p. 181. Add syn.: Cordia Floridana, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 83, 
t. 107, the corolla depicted in the figure and described in letterpress as “yellow.” Probably 
a mistake. 


8. EHRETIA, L. 


E. elliptica, DC., p. 181. Add syn.: £. exusperata and E. ciliata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii. 
229, 230, founded on Lindheimer’s specimens. 


5. TOURNEFORTIA, L. 


T. mollis, Gray, p. 183. Rediscovered on the arid plains of S. W. Texas, by Havard. 
T. Monclovana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 120, of adjacent Coahuila, appears to be a 
form of this. 


6. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. 


H. convolvulaceum, Gray, p. 183. H. Californicum, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202, 
a form of the Mohave plant (coll. Cooper, Parish, Lemmon, which is hispid rather than stri- 
gose, and dwarf), remarkable for its glabrous nutlets (coll. Mfrs. Layne-Curran). They are 
not so in Cooper’s specimens ; those of Parish and Lemmon are not in fruit, nor are those 
of Palmer of 8S. W. Utah, which are more strigose in pubescence. 


8. PECTOCARYA, DC. 


P. setésa and P. pusilla, p. 187, both occur northward as far as to Washington Territory ; 
the former collected by Brandegee, the latter by Howell and by Suksdorf: 


9, CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. 


C. grande, Dovet., p. 188. — Forms of this pass freely into the smooth and glabrous form, 
Var. leve. — C. leve,1.c. Not rare from Tamalpais northward. 
The two dubious species forming the third division, now known in fruit, are to be excluded: 
see p. 422, 423. 


10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm., rather than Swartz. 


§ 1. Lhppura, p. 188. The first division of this section (*) is here re- 


elaborated. 
Biennials, perhaps sometimes annuals. 
++ Very small-flowered and loosely racemed: corolla and nutlets not over 2 lines long: leaves 
thin and green. : 

E. Virginicum, Lerm., p. 189. Nutlets of the globose fruit equably short-glochidiate over 
the whole back: racemes spreading. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224. 

BE. pinetérum, Greene. Nutlets of the hemispherical-subpyramidal fruit marginally 
glochidiate with flattened prickles, and the depressed ovate dorsal disk only glochidiate- 
muriculate : racemes erect: leaves small (cauline an inch or two long), narrowly oblong, 
radical all acute at base. — Gray, 1. v.— Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, and of Arizona, 
Pringle, Lemmon. 

EH. defléxum, Lenm., var. Americanum, Gray, 1.c., p. 189. Nutlets of the globular- 
pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate, the flattened dorsal disk unarmed and granu- 
late-scabrous, rarely a few small prickles on an obscure midnerve. — Extends southward to 
Iowa on the Mississippi, G. H. Butler. 


422 SUPPLEMENT. 


++ ++ Larger- and less sparsely-flowered, erect: dorsal disk of the nutlets flat, ovate or deltoid, 
unarmed, granulate-scabrous, 2 lines or more in length; marginal prickles flat and subulate. 

E. ursinum, Greeve. Nutlets with ovate disk nearly plane ; the marginal prickles short, 
unequal, sometimes confluent into a wing-like border: stem and leaves hirsute or hispid : 
fruiting pedicels sparse, longer than the fruit. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224.— Moun- 
tains of New Mexico, Fendler (633), Greene, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. Also S. Utah, 
Parry, without fruit, 


E. floribindum, Luu. Noutlets with dorsal disk deltoid and with a strong midnerve or 
keel; margin armed with long flat prickles: herbage soft-pubescent or the stem soft-hir- 
sute; pedicels mostly shorter than the fruit: corolla (blue, sometimes white) with limb 
only 2 or 8 lines in diameter. — Gray, l.c. £. floribundum in part, p. 189. — Saskatchewan 
to Colorado and Northern New Mexico, Utah, and Washington Terr. 

+— + Perennials, usually larger-flowered: pedicels mostly longer than the fruit. 
++ Corolla rotate: nutlets with some glochidiate prickles or processes on the flattish or convex 
ovate dorsal disk, but these shorter than the flattened subulate and sometimes confluent ones of 
the margin: leaves usually lanceolate. 

E. diffasum, Leu. (not of p. 189). Soft-pubescent, or at most soft-hirsute (occasionally 
some papillosities on the leaves): corolla bright blue, varying to white, one-third to two- 
thirds of an inch in ‘diameter: marginal prickles of the nutlets subulate and very flat, nearly 
as long as the width of the dorsal disk, this beset with a few small glochidiate processes : 
scar nearly central.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. EF. floribundum, p. 189, in part. 
E. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenp. Acad. i. 48. Rochelia patens, Nutt. Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 44, in descr. of which the last two sentences obviously belong elsewhere. — 
Common from the mountains of Utah to those of California, also North Montana and 
British Columbia. 


E. hispidum, Gray. Hispid with spreading papillose-based hairs: leaves green; lowest 
broadly lanceolate; upper ones short and small: racemes lax: corolla “ greenish white,” 
2 or 3 lines in diameter: marginal prickles of the obcompressed nutlets small and narrow, 
much shorter than the width of the oval or ovate and either sparsely or copiously glochidi- 
ate dorsal disk, their bases confluent into a thin margin or distinct wing (which is some- 
times reflexed or cup-like); inner face smooth and lucid, with scar almost central. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xx. 259. E. diffusum, var. hispidum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. — Rocky 
hillsides, E. Oregon, Cusick, S. W. Idaho, Wilcox, and probably Montana, Watson. 


EB. cilidtum, Gray. Cinereous with a much appressed pubescence, and bristly-hirsute, 
especially along the margins of the linear or narrowly lanceolate leaves: stems strict, a foot 
or more high: corolla rather large, blue or violet : fruit unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., 
excl. what relates to Cynoglossum Howardi. Cynoglossum ciliatum, Dougl. in herb. Hook., 
TLehm. Pag. & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85.— Mountains of Idaho; “near the head-springs of the 
Columbia,” and near the narrows above Kettle Falls on the Columbia and banks of the 
Spokan River, 1826,” Douglas. Not since seen. 
++ ++ Corolla short-salverform, i. e. with tube (surpassing the calyx) about the length of the 

ample lobes: nutlets armed all over the back with long glochidiate prickles quite like those of 
the margins: leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, thickish in age, 
with prominent midrib but no obvious veins or nerves. 

E. Califérnicum, Gray,l.c. £. diffusum, of p 189, notof Lehm. £. nervosum, Kellogg, . 
Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, £42, according to specimen; but the leaves in the species are 
remarkably nerveless and veinless. 


B. Redéwskii, var. occidentdle, Warson, p. 190. Add syn.: EZ. Fremontit, Torr. 
Pacif. R. Rep. xii.? 46. 


11. OMPHALODES, Touwrn., § Errrricntum. (Opudadddns, navel-shaped: 
unhappily for the name, the navel is on the back of the nutlet.) — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xx. 262. The plants of this subgenus are low or depressed perenni- 
als, of arctic and alpine or subalpine regions in the Northern hemisphere. 


BORRAGINACEA. 423 


. 

O. nana, Gray, lc. Eritrichium nanum, Schrad., &c., p- 190, with its varieties. To syn. 
add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5853, which well exhibits the oblique position of the forming 
nutlets. 

O. Howardi, Gray, 1. c. Depressed-cespitose, silky-canescent and silvery: leaves linear- 
spatulate in the dense tufts, linear on the few-flowered sparsely bracteate (barely span high) 
flowering stems, half-inch or more long: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bright blue, 
4 or 5 lines in diameter: nutlets very smooth, obliquely truncate on the back, wingless, but 
the margin of the ovate acutish and flat or slightly depressed dorsal disk with a sharp mar- 
gin, and its face either smooth or minutely papillose and puberulent. — Cynoglossum How- 
ardi, Gray, p. 188.— Rocky Mountains in Montana, Winslow J. Howard, about 1866. 
Montana, on Mount St. Helena, Canby, 1883, -with fruit! Cascade Mountains, Washington 
Terr., Tweedy, 1882. 

O. aviéva and 0. carpIopHYLuA, Gray, are Northern Mexican representatives, with a 
difference, of the typical Omphalodes. 


117}. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer, extended. (Prof. J. Krynitzki, 
of Cracow.) — Chiefly North American herbs, annuals and some perennials ; 
with small white flowers, an anomalous species yellow-flowered. — Fisch. & 
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. vii. 52 (1841); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
264. Krynitzkia & Eritrichium, sect. 5-7, A. DC. Prodr. x. 128,134. Eri- 
trichium § Krynitzkia, & § Eueritrichium Myosotidea, & Antiphytum, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 55, & Syn. Fl. ed. 1, 191-197, 199. 


§ 1. Ampiyrnotus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 264. Nutlets cartilaginous or 
crustaceous (almost as in Lithospermum), ovate, with rounded back (mostly not 
carinate), attached next the base to the low and convex or depressed pyramidal 
gynobase. 

K. PArryt, Gray, 1. c., is doubtless North Mexican rather than a Texan species. 

K. heliotropioides, Gray, 1. v. 265, is Antiphytum heliotropioides, A.DC., & p. 199. 

K. floribtinda, Gray, 1. c., is A. floribundum, p. 199. 

K. lithocdrya, Greexz. Low and slender annual, resembling species of the following 
section, somewhat pubescent: leaves linear: racemes or spike simple, sparsely-flowered, 
partly bracteate: corolla white, not surpassing the ferruginous-pubescent calyx: nutlets 
turgid-ovate, rather over a line long, very smooth and shining, lightly carinate down the 
rounded back and sulcate down the ventral side, attached by a short line or grooved scar 
from the base up a quarter of the length. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 265.— Lakeport, 
Lake Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. Anomalous species, perhaps to be placed in the 
vicinity of K. leiocarpa. 


§ 2. Myosortipea, Gray, ].c. Nutlets less indurated, ovate, opaque, coarsely 
somewhat rugose, ventrally carinate, with short and merely intrabasal attach- 
ment to a low gynobase: low and slender Western species. — Eritrichium § Hu- 
erttrichium Myosotidea, p. 191. 

%* Small-flowered annuals, diffuse, with corolla only a line or two broad and little surpassing the 

calyx, which usually becomes foliose-ampliate. 

K. plebéia, Gray, 1. c. 266, is Eritrichium plebeium, A.DC., p. 191. 

K. Califérnica, Gray, 1. ¢., is E. Californicum, DC., p. 191. The var. subglochidiata 
includes most of the interior forms of the species, but is also in the valley of California, 
where also it becomes succulent in alkaline soil. The little bristles of the fruit are com- 
monly penicillate-tipped, sometimes truly glochidiate, thus making a kind of transition to 
Echinoglochin of Echinospermum. 


K. trachycarpa, Gray, l.c. Less spreading than the preceding, lax: nutlets broadly 
ovate-trigonous, acute, finely reticulate-rugose and granulate or muriculate: scar oblong. — 


424 SUPPLEMENT. 


California, Sonoma Co., Brewer, and valley of the Joaquin, Greene. (Chili, Evritrichium 

uliginosum, Philippi, & EZ. muricatum, A.DC. ?) 

* * Larger-flowered annuals, erect or diffuse: rotate limb of the corolla 8 to 5 lines in diameter, 
bright white, with the yellow fornicate appendages of the throat conspicuous: nutlets rugulose. 


K. Chorisiana, Gray, 1. c. 267, is Eritrichium Chorisianum, DC., p. 191. 

K. Scotileri, Gray, 1. c., is Eritrichium Scouleri, A.DC. . 

K. Codperi, Gray, 1. c. More diffuse or depressed-spreading, hispid throughout with 
spreading short bristles: pedicels very short or none: fruiting calyx less than 2 lines and 
nutlets hardly a line long. — Eritrichium Cooperi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89.— Wet 
places in the Mohave Desert, Cooper, Parish. 


%* * &* Perennial by creeping and rooting stems, leafy, and with flowers of moderate size. 


K. mollis, Gray, 1. c. Copiously soft-villous, even to the calyx: stems rather stout, 
spreading or ascending, at length a foot or more long: leaves linear-lingulate, 2 inches or 
more in length and 8 or 4 lines wide, obtuse : spikes at length elongated, bractless : limb of 
the corolla 3 or 4 lines broad: nutlets trigonous-ovate, slightly obcompressed, hardly at all 
carinate on the back, coarsely rugose-areolate, attached by a quarter or a third of their 
length to the oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the scar ovate-lanceolate. — Eritrichium molle, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89.— Alkaline borders of ponds, Sierra Valley, E. California, 
Lemmon. Also apparently near Visalia, Congdon. 


§ 3, Eugrynirzgia, Gray, l.c. Nutlets (never rugose, but sometimes papil- 
lose) attached by the ventral angle or groove from the base up at least one third 
or half way or for the whole length to an’ elevated gynobase, the back convex 
and not carinate, the sides wingless, and mostly obtuse or rounded, but several 
in the later subdivisions acute-angled: fruiting calyx erect or closed: corolla 
small and white, with tube not surpassing the calyx: annuals with the flowers 
almost always sessile and scorpioid-spicate. 

* Ho.ocayx, i.e. the fructiferous calyx not circumscissile, but not uncommonly articulated 

with the rhachis and falling away at maturity with the nutlets included. — Gray, Proc. Am. 

+ Acad. xx. 268. 

+ Sepals lanceolate or linear, traversed by a rigid and stout midrib: nutlets thick-walled, opaque 

or dull: diffusely branched and rough-hispid. ; 

++ Nutlets either dissimilar or only one maturing, strictly enclosed in the rigid fructiferous calyx, 

the midribs of which are much thickened and indurated. 

K. crassisépala, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 268, is Eritrichium crassisepalum, Torr. & 
Gray, p. 195. One of the nutlets larger and more persistent. 

K. Texdna, Gray, l.c., is E. Texanum, A.DC., p. 195. Matures a single nutlet, which 
never separates by a clean scar, but at length tears away. 
++ ++ Nutlets all four maturing and alike, smooth, ovate-acuminate, hardly a line long, attached 

to a narrow gynobase, the ventral groove abruptly dilated at the very base into the triangular 
scar: fractiferous calyx (about 2 lines long) less closed and less rigid than in the preceding, and 
midrib less prominent, hispid with pungent bristles: spikes often bracteate at base. 

K. Pattersdéni, Gray, 1c. A span or so high, branched from the base and spreading: 
leaves narrowly spatulate or linear, seldom an inch long: sepals linear-lanceolate: nutlets 
attached up to the middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase, one of them disposed to be 
more persistent than the rest.— Base of the Rocky Mountains, probably near Denver, 
Patterson, and on the plains westward, to 8. E. Oregon, Howell. 


K. Féndleri, Gray, 1.c. Erect and paniculately branched, rigid, a foot or less high: leaves 
linear, an inch or more long: fructiferous sepals narrowly linear: nutlets more tapering 
upward, affixed nearly their whole length to the narrow subulate gynobase. (Has been 
much confounded with K. leiocarpa.) — Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico or 
Arizona, chiefly along the base of the Rocky Mountains, but northwestward to the borders 
of Washington Terr. ; perhaps first coll. by Fendler. 


BORRAGINACEA, 425 


+ + Typical species, slender-stemmed, bractless in all well-developed spikes; with midrib of 
narrow setose-hispid sepals not conspicuously if at all thickened: nutlets very smooth and 
mostly shining, acute or acuminate, with rounded sides and rather thin or brittle pericarp, at- 
tached by a part or even the whole of the slender ventral groove (with or without some areolar 
dilatation at base) to a narrow gynobase. 

++ Nutlet solitary (very rarely two maturing, the others early abortive), conspicuously acuminate, 
attached for not more than the lower third to the short and narrow gynobase, which it very much 
surpasses: spikes commonly in twos or threes, slender in fruit. 

= Sepals narrowly lanceolate, evenly beset with short and ascending hooked bristles: nutlet 
ovate, plano-convex, equalling the sepals: anomalous in the subdivision. 

K. sparsiflora, Greens. Small, slender, with diffuse branches, bearing simple or forked 
and sparsely few-fruited filiform spikes, strigulose-pubescent and the narrow linear leaves 
minutely hispid: calyx in fruit a line and a half to almost two lines long, ascending, equalled 
by the nutlet, which is attached by a line hardly over one fourth of its length and furcate 
at base. — Bull. i. 203. — Lake Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 
== = Sepals narrowly linear or verging to filiform in age, armed with long and rigid spreading 

or deflexed bristles, which are more copious and stronger towards the base, their attenuate tips 
straight or disposed to be hooked: nutlet subterete, ovate-lanceolate and rostellate-acuminate, 
shorter than the sepals: flowers numerous in the spikes. 

K. oxycarya, Gray. Commonly a foot or two high and strict, strigulose with minute 
close pubescence, and the linear leaves minutely more or less strigulose-hispid: calyx in 
fruit erect, appressed to the rhachis, 2 to 24 lines long; the sepals filiform-linear and thickish 
below, their base very hispid with deflexed and strong but not pungent bristles: nutlet hardly 
flattened ventrally, the groove of attachment enlarged at base but not furcate. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xx. 269, where the syn. J/yosotis flaccida, Doug. is verified, the “ nuces 4” of Hook. 
FL, &c., being a mistake. Lritrichium oxycaryum, Gray, p. 193.— Washington Terr. to Cali- 
fornia, more common northward, first coll. by Douglas. 

K. micréstachys, Grernxe. Rarely over a foot high, more spreading,*hispidulous or 
hispid: fructiferous calyx ascending or erect but hardly appressed to the rhachis, from 
barely a line to nearly 2 lines in length, with mostly less attenuate and less rigid sepals, 
hispid with widely spreading (but not deflexed) and somewhat pungent bristles: nutlet 
flatter ventrally, the groove of attachment divaricately forked and somewhat open at 
base. — Gray, ].c. K. leiocarpa & Eritrichium sp., Gray, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vii. 147. 
K. rostellata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 203, the largest-flowered form, the original of 
K. microstachys being of the most depauperate.— California, from Colusa Co. southward ; 
first coll. by Xantus at Tejon. 
4+ ++ Nutlets usually all four maturing, and all alike (not over a line long), either flattish or 

angled ventrally, ovate in outline and acute or short-acuminate, attached for half or nearly whole 
length to the subulate gynobase; the slender groove not dilated at base into an open areola or 
scar,’ 

= But simple and continuous to the very base of the nutlet: spikes simple or occasionally in 
pairs, very often leafy at base and as it were interrupted and glomerate, the lower part of the 
inflorescence being reduced to sessile clusters or even to single flowers seemingly axillary to a 
leaf, but the well-developed spikes bractless: stems or branches diffuse, a span to a foot long. 

K. leiocarpa, Fiscu. & Meyer. Nutlets attached by the straight ventral groove nearly 
its whole length to the subulate gynubase. —Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1835, 36; A.DC. 
Prodr. x. 1385; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 270. Eritrichium leiocarpum, Watson, p. 194, 
contains this and the three following. — Washington Terr. to California near the coast. 

K. affinis, Gray, l.c. Nutlets commonly more turgid and thinner-walled, attached only up 
to the middle to the slender-pyramidal gynohase, the free apical portion a little diverging. 
— Interior of Washington Terr. and Oregon to the Sierra Nevada in California, and east to 
Idaho. Perhaps passes into the preceding. ‘5 
= == Groove of the more or less trigonous nutlets divergently forked at base, but no open areola: 

spikes naked and more pedunculate, not rarely in pairs. 

K. Torreyana, Gray, l.c. Hirsute-hispid, and the calyx very setose : fructiferous sepals 
attenuate upward: nutlets ovate, acute, attached barely up to the middle to the subulate- 
pyramidal gynobase. — Eritrichium leiocarpum, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 244, in large part. 
— Not rare from the coast districts of California to S. Idaho and Nevada. 


‘426 SUPPLEMENT, 


Var. calycésa, Gray, lc. A larger form, with flowers crowded in the short spikes: 
fructiferous calyx elongated and attenuate (2 or 3 lines long), becoming rigid and with 
stouter midrib. — Eritrichium leiocarpum, Watson, 1. ¢., as to “ calyx-lobes linear, becoming 
much elongated.” — E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson, &c., and Lake Co., Cali- 
fornia, Rattan. 

K. Watso6ni, Gray, 1.c. Hispidulous and the calyx and the canescently pubescent calyx 
sparsely hispid: fructiferous sepals barely 2 lines long, lanceolate, hardly at all attenuate : 
nutlets narrow, somewhat triquetrous, oblong-lanceolate in outline, attached by their whole 
length to the filiform-subulate gynobase. — Eritrichium leiocarpum, in part, Watson, 1. c.— 
Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Watson. 
+— + + Asperulous-fruited species, with nutlets disposed to be heteromorphous, i. e. one or two 

of them larger than the others, all with ventral groove widening below and by this attached for 

nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase: diffuse, very small-flowered, with the spikes 
bractless when well evolute: fructiferous calyx only a line or two long, armed with strong and 
pungent divaricate bristles. 


K. angustifdlia, Gray, is Eritrichium angustifolium, Torr., p. 194. Low, forming broad 
tufts, the herbage thickly soft-hispid and grayish: leaves narrowly linear: fruiting spikes 
dense: sepals narrowly linear, beset with rigid bristles of nearly their own length: nutlets 
small, somewhat trigonous, minutely scabrous by elevated points, with ventral groove del- 
toid-ampliate either below the middle or next the base, sometimes all four alike, or one or 
two longer and of ovate-lanceolate circumscription, while the others are triangular-ovate 
and shorter, or these occasionally abortive. — Proce. Am. Acad. xx. 272 (where the word 
“semilineam ” in the char. of section is a slip for “‘ sesquilineam.” — Belongs to the interior 
dry region of Arizona and 8. E. California. 

K. dumetérum, Greewnx. Loosely branching, and among low bushes said to be almost 
climbing, a foot or more high: only branches seen (those in fruit); with oblong or lanceolate 
and papillose-hispid leaves: fructiferous sepals lanceolate: nutlets narrow, acuminate, 
minutely hirtellous-scabrous, three of them oblong-lanceolate in outline and almost terete, 
with open ventral groove wider below the middle; one much larger, fully a line long, 
ovate-lanceolate, persistent on the subulate gynobase and fulcrate or half enclosed by a por- 
tion of the then gibbous calyx, i. e. by two of the sepals united to the middle. (Possibly a 
monstrosity.) — Gray, 1. c. — Tehachapi Pass, Kern Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 

+ + + + Muriculate- or rough-papillose-fruited, with bractless spikes, and calyx hispid with 
spreading commonly pungent bristles: nutlets all four alike (occasionally only one or two ma- 
turing), ovate-trigonous, more or less roughened by papilla or tubercles on the convex back, at 
least in age, and with sides or lateral angles rounded or obtuse (or more acute-angled in two 
species), attached up to apex or nearly to the subulate gynobase by the ventral groove, with or 
without areola at its base: erect and mostly coarse herbs, the herbage more or less hispid. 

++ Calyx (and mostly herbage) very villous-hispid or barbate with long and rather soft bristles; 
sepals narrowly linear and not tapering upward, with rather strong midrib, in fruit 3 to 5 lines 
long, loose above, usually thrice the length of the ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate very 
rough-muricate and gray nutlets, the open groove of which 1s a little dilated at base. 


K. barbigera, Gray, 1. c., is Eritrichium barbigerum, p. 194. — Common through the arid 
region of 8. E. California, Arizona, and Nevada, to adjacent borders of Oregon. 
++ ++ Calyx (not over 3 lines long) armed with more rigid and pungent bristles, these either 
whitish or rusty-yellowish, 

= In fruit at least double the length of the more or less acuminate nutlets; the narrow linear or 
more attenuate sepals with rather strong midrib, open above, at least not connivent over the 
fruit. 

K. intermédia, Gray. Nutlets thickly rough-muricate, the papille usually sharp-pointed ; 
the groove wholly or partly open and with an open areola at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
273. LEritrichium intermedium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225.— Common through all the 
southern part of California, and to the borders of Arizona, 

K. ambigua, Gray. Nutlets minutely papillose-scabrous, moderately or hardly open at the 
basal bifurcation of the mostly close groove. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 278. Lritrichium 
muriculatam, var. ambiguum, p. 194, with syn. (The £. muriculatum, of Torr. in Wilkes Exp. 
represents the calyx rather too short.) — Common in California, Nevada, and north to 


BORRAGINACES. 427 


Washington Terr. and even W. Montana. A maritime form on San Clemente, off San 

Diego, Nevin & Lyon. 

K. roridésa, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 205, extra-limital, on Guadalupe Island, is very 
near the foregoing, probably a stout maritime form of it. 


= = Fructiferous calyx shorter, of lanceolate and obscurely unicostate sepals, less surpassing 
and more or less connivent over the more acute-angled and hardly at ali acuminate nutlets. 

K. muriculata, Gray, l.c., is Eritrichium muriculatum, A.DC., & p.194. K. denticulata, 
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 205. Plant commonly robust, with well-developed spikes in 
age apt to be sparsely flowered: calyx 2 lines long: nutlets usually a line long, deltoid- 
ovate in outline, sharply scabrous-muricate over the back, which is hardly convex except by 
a slight dorsal ridge, and with distinct and thickish but acutish lateral angles, these muri- 
cate-papillose like the back; ventral groove and its fork mostly closed. — Common in Cali- 
fornia, extending into Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon. 

K. Jonésii, Gray, 1. c., 274. More slender and smaller than the preceding, a foot high, 
with more paniculate and lateral spikes: leaves narrowly linear, half-inch to inch long : 
fructiferous calyx hardly over a line long: nutlets of A. muriculata, but smaller and the 
angles perhaps less acute. — California, near Monterey Bay, Jones. Southern border of the 
State, in San Diego Co., Orcutt. May be only a form of the preceding. 

K. micrémeres, Gray, lc. Slender and diffusely branched, less than a foot high: leaves 
a quarter to half inch long: spikes filiform, simple or occasionally in pairs: flowers minute : 
fructiferous calyx a line or half-line long: nutlets ovate-trigonous, acutish, rather shining, 
but muriculate-scabrous on the back, lateral angles acute, and inner faces commonly con- 
cave; ventral groove abruptly dilated below. — Eritrichium micromeres, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 90. E. angustifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, not Torr. — California, 
near Santa Cruz, Jones, and Mokelumne Hill, Rattan. (Lower Calif., Xantus.) 


+ + + + Acute-angled-fruited and bractless-spiked annuals, erect from a somewhat in- 
durated root, linear-leaved: sepals lanceolate, sparsely or not at all hispid: fruiting spikes of 
the commonly 2-3-radiate cyme short and spreading, closely flowered: nutlets lanceolate-ovate 
in outline, tapering from near the broad base, either very smooth or with scattered papilla, and 
with sharp lateral edges, the inner faces plane or slightly convex, attached by the whole length 
to the slender almost filiform gynobase by the ventral groove and its forked or areolate-dilated 
base. (Allied by the fruit to § Pseudokrynitzkia, but only annual.) 


K. oxygona, Gray. Less than a foot high, freely branched from the base, papillose-his- 
pidulous: leaves an inch or less long, less than a line wide: cymes naked-pedunculate, the 
fruiting spikes seldom over half-inch long: limb of corolla 2 lines in diameter : fructiferous 
calyx 2 lines long, hirsute with erect hairs and sparsely hispid with some spreading rigid 
bristles: nutlets fully a line long, obcompressed-trigonous, somewhat lucid, the back and 
commonly the ventral faces sprinkled with small papillx ; the slender groove divaricately 
forked and open or closed at base.— Proc. Am, Acad. xx. 277. Eritrichium orygonum, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89. — S. E. California, on hills bordering the Mohave Desert, 
Pringle. The following was referred to this. 

K. Mohavénsis, Greene. Quite like (and probably not permanently distinct from) the 
preceding species: but calyx with hardly any hispid spreading bristles, and nutlets smooth 
and lucid. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 207.—S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert, J/rs. 
Layne-Curran. 

K. Utahénsis. Paniculately branched, a foot or less high: stem and branches strigulose- 
pubescent or below merely hirsute: larger leaves 2 lines broad, papillose-hispidulous : cymes 
irregular: limb of corolla hardly over a line in diameter: fructiferous calyx only a line 
long, of more obtuse sepals, somewhat canescently silky-pubescent, not obviously hispid : 
nutlets smaller and thicker and of narrower outline than in the two preceding species, less 
acute-angled, somewhat lucid, the back sparsely beset with minute papillw ; ventral groove 
gradually widening downward to the open base. —St. George, S. W. Utah, Palmer (referred 
to under K. holoptera in Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 276, and as var. submolle, p. 394 of Ist ed.), and 
Yucca, Arizona, Jones. 


— + + + + + Bracteate-spiked (more or less) and mostly with nutlets acute-angled, small- 
flowered, the fructiferous calyx a line or less long. 


428 SUPPLEMENT. 


++ Nutlets short, broadly trigonous, attached at the lower half by a triangular impressed areola 
or scar to the acute-pyramidal gynobase, the groove above obscure and free, the convex back 
coarsely papillose: calyx of lanceolate sepals, hirsute or hispid with short but not pungent bris- 
tles: Texano-Mexican species, with partly bracted spikes. 

K. pusilla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 274, is Eritrichium pusillum, Torr..& Gray, p. 194. 
Small: nutlets not half a line long, lucidulous, the lateral angles acute and the ventral 
faces concave, and the angle carinate-acute down to the deltoid hardly excavated areola of 
insertion. 

K. ramosa, Gray, l.c. Larger and stouter, less than a foot high, much branched, roughish- 
hispid: nutlets dull, with rounded sides, no angles, and a large and deep areola or scar. — 
Lithospermum ramosum, Lehm. Asperif. 328. Myosotis albida, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 
91. Eritrichium ramosum, A. DC. Prody. x. 132. E, hispidum, Buckley, & p. 195. — Texas 
and New Mexico to Arizona. (Mex.) 
++ ++ Nutlets ovate-lanceolate and more or less obcgmpressed, the ventral face traversed its 

whole length by a narrow, groove (which is hardly at all forked and little areolate-dilated at 
base) to the nearly filiform gynobase: inflorescence tardily and incompletely evolute into secund 
spikes. 

= Rongh-hispid with rigid and mostly pungent bristles, low and coarse, with much branched 
rigid stems: fructiferous calyx or its very short pedicel readily disarticulating from its insertion 
at maturity, as in most preceding species: nutlets wholly smooth and lucid, only one or two 
maturing. 

K. ramosissima, Grernr. Hispid with rather long whitish bristles: leaves thickish, 
linear or lanceolate, half-inch or less long: mature nutlets with roundish or at least not 
acute margins. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 203, not of Gray, which was essentially founded on 
the perennial and roughish-fruited species. — S. California ; on Santa Catalina Island, Lyon, 
Mohave Desert, Mrs. Layne-Curran, and The Needles on the Colorado, Jones. 

K. maritima, Greens. Hispid with more rigid and usually shorter bristles: leaves lin- 
ear, not broader at base, the longer an inch long: nutlets with acute margins. — K. maritima 
& K. Cedrosensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 204. Eritrichium angustifolium, Watson, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118, not Torr. —S. California on Point Loma, San Diego, Orcutt, 
probably of this species, but no mature fruit seen. (Lower California at Cedros and Gua- 
dalupe Islands.) 
== = Canescently strigulose-pubescent on the slender and diffuse low stems and branches, and 

the small leaves and copious bracts more or less hirsute or hispid, also hispid-ciliate: fructiferous 
calyxes tardily disarticulating: style in age commonly thicker than the gynobase: nutlets with 
roundish margins, sometimes smooth and lucid, sometimes minutely papillose-scabrous and 
grayish. 

K. micrantha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 275, & var. lepida, is Eritrichium micrantkum, 
Torr. & var., p. 275. — Western border of Texas to S. W. California. Roots red and giv- 
ing a red stain. 

*  Prprocatyx. Fructiferous calyx (5-cleft and villous-hispid) circumscissile above the base, 
which persists around the nutlets: these ovate-celtoid and trigonous and somewhat acuminate, 
very smooth, or in some specimens puncticulate with minute projecting points, acutish at the 
lateral angles, the ventral angle traversed by the narrow groove of attachinent, this forked at 
base and closed: anthers mucronulate: depressed much branched annuals, with crowded leafy 
inflorescence, floriferous almost from base, hirsute-hispid. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 275. 
Piptocalyx, Torr. 

K. circumscissa, Gray, l., is Eritrichium circumscissum, Gray, p. 193, with syn. — 
Extends from Lower California and Arizona through the dry region to borders of Brit. 
Columbia. Nutlets half to two thirds of a line long. 

K. dichétoma, Greenn. Larger, coarser, more open in inflorescence, very hirsute-hispid 
with widely spreading hairs: lower leaves opposite: calyx at length 2 lines long: nutlets 
from three fourths to fully a line long, smooth and somewhat lucid. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 
206. — W. border of Nevada, between Boca and Verdi, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 


§ 4. Prerfcium. Nutlets all four or all but one scarious-winged at the 
margins, attached by the whole length of the ventral groove: spikes bractless. — 


BORRAGINACEA. 429 


Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 276. Subsect. Pterygiwm and winged species of Pseudo- 
Myosotis in Eritrichium, p. 195. 


K. pterocarya, Gray, l.c., is Eritrichium pterocaryum, Torr., p. 195. The variety pecti- 
natum too inconstant and variable to separate. ‘The same of A’. cycloptera, Greene, Bull. Calif. 
Acad. i. 207, proposed for specimens with the four nutlets winged all round the base and 
inner faces not muricate; characters which do not hold out. 

K. holéptera, Gray, 1. ¢., is E. holopterum, Gray, p. 196. This and the following have 
the habit of the coarser species of the next section. (The plant referred to under this spe- 
cies in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. . is A. Utahensis.) 

K. setosissima, Gray, ].c., is Eritrichium setosissimum, Gray, p. 196. —S. Utah, Ward, 
Palmer, and N. Arizona, Rusby, Lemmon. ; 


§ 5. PsEvupOKRYNiTzZKIA. Perennials or biennials, of coarse habit: nutlets 
triquetrous or trigonous, with lateral angles acute but not wing-margined, at- 
tached for most of their length to a commonly subulate gynobase: corolla with 
prominent fornicate scales or folds in the throat, and at base within usually 10- 
squamellate or annulate-glandular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 276, excluding an 
annual species, Eritrichium § Arynitzkia Pseudo-Myosotis (excluding the two 
winged species), p. 196. 


x Ambiguous species, small-flowered, of Eukrynitzkia habit, but suffrutescent-perennial and with 
sharp-margined nutlets. 

K. racemosa, Greene. Excessively branched from the persistent base, hispid with 
spreading bristles, a foot or two high: branches slender: leaves narrowly linear, half-inch 
to inch long: flowers very numerous, loosely racemose-paniculate and with only occasional 
bracts; the lower commonly on spreading pedicels which nearly equal or exceed the calyx, 
upper subsessile: limb of the corolla only a line broad: fructiferous calyx a line or two 
long, setose-hispid: nutlets (usually only one or two maturing, a line and a half long) tri- 
gonous, with ovate-lanceolate outline of the back, and narrow acute margins, all the faces 
sparsely papillose, the ventral groove open and gradually widening to the base. — Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 208. K. ramosissima, GRAY, 1. c. 277, as to all the char. and the Parish plant. 
Eritrichium racemosum, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 226.— Desert regions, in cafions, 
S. E. California, Parish, and Cantillas Mountains on the borders of Lower California, Orcutt. 
Arizona, in the Grand Cafion of the Colorado, A. Gray. 

* %* Genuine species, more robust, larger-flowered, broader-leaved, and with mostly thyrsoid- 
glomerate inflorescence; the spikes more or less evolute in age, here and there bracteate: flow- 
ers in some heterogone-dimorphous, in the last (anomalous) species yellow ! 

+— Nutlets (smooth) each a quadrant of an oblate sphere: perennial, short-flowered. 

K. Jamésii, Gray, l.c., is Eritrichium Jamesii, Torr., p. 196. Extends even to S. E. 
California. And K. Palmeri, Gray, |. c., already mentioned, is an allied species of Coahuila, 
Mexico, with opaque and rugulose (instead of smooth and polished) nutlets. 

+— + Nutlets flat or barely convex on the back, the four together pyramidal. 

++ Short-flowered, that is, tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx and shorter than its (2 or 3 lines 
wide) limb; faucial appendages semiglobose and little exserted: sepals lanceolate: anthers ob- 
long: nutlets ovate, more or less obcompressed, scabrous or tuberculate on the back, very acute- 
margined, the slightly elevated ventral face traversed by a slender groove terminating below in 
an areolar dilatation. 

== Biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, very hispid with widely spreading long bristles. 

K. virgata, Gray, 1. ¢., 279, is Eritrichium glomeratum, var. virgatum, Porter, p. 196, 
with syn. 

K. glomerdata, Gray, 1. c. 279, is E. glomeratum, DC., p. 196, the type, with syn. Only 
radical leaves somewhat canescent by a fine pubescence between the papillose-based bristles : 
nutlets thicker than in the preceding, more corrugate and carinate on the back, and nar- 
rower at the obtusish apex. — Plains along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, from 
Saskatchewan to New Mexico, and N. Arizona to Washington Terr. 


‘ 


430 SUPPLEMENT. 


== = Perennial, many-stemmed from a strong root, less hispid with incumbent bristles and 
canescent with strigose-sericeous pubescence, at least the leaves. 


K. sericea, Gray, l¢., is EZ. glomeratum, var. humile, Gray, p. 196. Nutlets oblong-ovate, 
somewhat rugose-tuberculate on the back. 


++ ++ Long-flowered, the corolla-tube longer than the calyx and its owf limb, with faucial crests 
elongated and exserted: heterogone-dimorphous, sericeous-canescent, perennial. Vide p. 197. 
K. fulvocanéscens, Gray, l. c. 280, is E. fulvocanescens, Gray, p. 197. 


K. leucophéa, Gray, l.c., is E. leucophceeum, A. DC., p. 197, with syn., &c. The remarkably 
long corollas are really yellow, and the polished ovate-triquetrous nutlets are peculiar, 
rendering this an anomalous species. 


12. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, Fischer & Meyer, extended. (ITAdytos, side- 
ways, Bd8pos, pit or hollow; so the name should have been written Plagto- 
bothrus.) — Western American annuals, low, commonly diffuse, with small and 
short-pedicellate or subsessile flowers ; the short corolla white: nutlets rugose or 
roughened, rarely smooth, ventrally carinate above the insertion, which is median 
or supra-basal, or rarely supra-median, only one or two commonly maturing, and 
then succumbent-horizontal upon the globular or depressed gynobase, tardily 
detached, leaving a kind of caruncle at the insertion (either projecting and solid 
or else annular and hollow), and corresponding depressed concavities on the gyno- 
base. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 281. Plagiobothrys, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. 
Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. (1855) 46, & A.DC. Prodr. x. 134, a single species. 
Eritrichium § Plagiobothrys, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57, & xvii. 226. 


§ 1. Ambiguous species: gynobase ovate-pyramidal, commonly bearing all 
four nutlets, and when they are detached deeply 4-sulcate, or as it were 4-lobed 
by protuberant thickening between the imbedded bases of the nutlets, leaving 
ovate-ublong or narrower depressions: nutlets tuberculate-roughened, incurved, 
carinate on the back; the caruncle longitudinal, narrow, and confluent with the 
ventral keel above: coarse and comparatively robust plants, erect or merely 
spreading, 8 or 10 inches high, unusually hispid for the genus; the inflorescence 
evolute in fruit into mostly bractless racemiform spikes: calyx lax in fruit. 


P. Kingii, Gray. Hirsute and somewhat hispid: radical leaves spatulate; upper cauline 
oblong or lanceolate, half-inch long: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter (the largest of the 
genus): fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 lines long, its lobes linear-lanceolate: nutlets roughened 
with rather acute and scattered papillae. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 281. Eritrichium Kingii, 
Watson, Bot. King Exp. 243, t. 23; also p. 192, in part. — Truckee Pass, Nevada, Watson, 
in flower, and in same district by J/rs. Layne-Curran, in fruit. (The narrower-leaved and 
smaller-flowered specimens of Lemmon, without fruit, are wholly uncertain.) 

P. Jonésii. Hispid with long and widely spreading and pungent bristles, divergently 
branching : leaves narrowly lanceolate, inch or two long (truly radical ones not seen): limb 
of corolla only a line or so in diameter: fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines long, divided to 
the base into narrowly linear sepals: nutlets (a line and a half long) densely tuberculate 
with mostly obtuse papille.—S. E. California on the Colorado near The Needles, M7. £. 
Jones, 1884. 


§ 2. Genuine species: gynobase subglobose or merely convex, with orbicular 
depressions left by the fall of the nutlets: these crustaceous or nearly so, very 
seldom more than one or two ripening, therefore horizontally incumbent at 
maturity, the caruncle short and broad, not stipitiform : slender or diffuse plants, 


BORRAGINACE. 43] 


little or not at all hispid, or papillose-hispidulous on some of the lower leaves: 
small-flowered. 


«* Typical, with an annular caruncle merely bordering a deep circular excavation, which is a kind 
of false umbilicus: this suggested the name for the genus. 


P. ruféscens, Fiscuer & Meyer, l.c. Often a foot high, with slender stems from the tuft 
of spatulate-lanceolate radical leaves, only the young hirsute pubescence of the inflorescence 
and calyx rufescent: spikes elongated and sparsely flowered at maturity, naked, or with a 
leaf or two at base: fructiferous calyx lax, 3 lines long, of linear-lanceolate nearly distinct 
sepals: nutlets (a line long) little incurved, broadly ovate and short-acuminate, rather ob- 
compressed, lightly carinate on the back and margined, reticulate-rugose and muriculate, the 
circular carunculate-bordered ventral pit about half a line in diameter. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xx. 282. Myosotis alba, Colla (PI. Bertero, 88), fide A.DC. AV. fulva, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 38, not of 369. Lritrichium fulvum, A. DC. Prody. x. 132; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xvii. 226.— W. California, from near the Oregon line, Howell, to Colusa and E1 
Dorado Co., Mrs. Layne-Curran, and Sacramento Co., Nevin, perhaps not very uncommon, 
and perchance introduced (from Chili). 

* * Solid-carunculate, that is, the caruncle of the more incurved and ventrally concave nutlets 
forming a broadish (commonly transverse) wen-shaped or short tongue-shaped caruncle: gyno- 
base small and depressed. 

+— Mature nutlets abruptly contracted at base and apex, so as to become cruciately 4-lobed, 
vitreous-crustaceous and more-or less lucid, transversely lineate-rugose on the back with straight 
and broadish wrinkles separated by very narrow impressed lines, and running from the low 
median crest to the somewhat crested margins: calyx deeply 5-cleft, persistent, or at length im- 
perfectly circumscissile; lobes broadly lanceolate, villous with rufescent or soon pale or fulvous 
pubescence: plants smal] and erect, a span high or little more. 

P. tenéllus, Gray, 1. ¢., is Eritrichium tenellum, p. 192, with syn. and habitat. Nutlets a 
line long, muriculate-roughened. Herbage gives a violet stain to paper. — Extends from 
Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho to 8. California. 


P. Shasténsis, Greeve. Perhaps only a larger-flowered form of the foregoing, with calyx 
(3 lines long) more closed over the fruit, and nutlets (a line and a half long) smooth or 
barely the margins muriculate-roughened. — Gray, I. v. 284. 

+— + Nutlets broadly ovate and not at all cruciform, 
++ Vitreous-crustaceous but rather dull, lineate-rugose in the manner of the preceding, but the 
flatter back hardly at all carinate: calyx not circumscissile: plant diffusely procumbent, hispidu- 
lous, with short oblong leaves which commonly extend through the irregular spikes. 

P. Torréyi, Gray, 1.c., is Eritrichium Torreyi, p. 192. Herbage gives an abundant violet 
stain to paper. 
++ ++ Nutlets opaque, not vitreous nor much indurated, the back slightly carinate, rugose with 

sparse and somewhat reticulated lines, which are elevated above the general surface, this often 

minutely granulate. 

== Calyx divided to near the base: spikes irregular or simple, commonly leafy below: limb of 
corolla only a line or two in diameter: plants diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot 
high. 

P. Arizénicus, Greene. Hirsute or even hispid with widely spreading hairs, not canes- ’ 
cent: leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate: fructiferous calyx not over 2 lines long, usually con- 
nivent over the acutely rugose and sparingly roughened nutlets, at length circumscissile at 
base. — Gray, Le. Eritrichium canescens, var. Arizonicum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 
227. Common in Arizona, S. Utah, and adjacent parts of California, Palmer, Greene, Lem- 
mon, Parish, Pringle. 

Var. Catalinénsis has fructiferous calyx open and the broader lobes somewhat 
accrescent; also duller as well as rougher nutlets — Santa Catalina Island, off Los Angeles, 
California, Lyon. 

P. canéscens, Bentn., is Eritrichium canescens, p. 192. Villous-pubescent and somewhat 
cinereous or canescent, especially the calyx, which when young may be fulvous or even 
somewhat rufescent : this 2 or 3 lines long in fruit, loosely erect or sometimes more open 


432 SUPPLEMENT. 


and accrescent, persistent, rarely disposed to be circumscissile at base: nutlets with obtuser 
wrinkles. — Common in California from Sacramento southward, first coll. by Hartweg. 


== = Calyx cleft only to the middle, silky-villous, rufescent only when young, soon fulvous or 
whitish, only a line and a half long; in fruit little accrescent, connivent over the nutlets, soon 
circumscissile, leaving a persistent base which surrounds the lower half of the nutlets: plants 
erect and slender, sometimes attaining 2 feet in height: fruiting spikes slender, elongated and 
sparsely flowered, simple or geminate, or as if paniculate, bractless: pubescence of the herbage 
soft and minute, or soft-hirsute or hispidulous on the lower leaves. 


P. nothoftlvus, Gray, l.c.285. Myosotis fulva, Hook. FL, in part, & Bot. Beech. 369, only. 
Eritrichium fidvum, A. DC., 1. ¢. as to Calif. pl.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57, & p. 192, in 
part. E. nothofulvum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 227. Bothriospermum spec., Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. no. 1873. — Common from Washington Terr. to 8. California. 


§ 3. Stipitate-fruited species: nutlets straightish but very oblique, carinate on 
the back ; caruncle continuous with the ventral crest, projecting into a short in- 
durated stipe: otherwise much as § 2. 


P. ursinus, Gray, |. c. 285. Habit rather of P. Torreyi, but imparting no violet stain to 
paper, depressed and tufted, very leafy, hirsute and hispid with short bristles: leaves short, 
spatulate or upper lanceolate; uppermost oblong, accompanying the clustered or at length 
more scattered flowers and equalling or surpassing them: corolla very small, hardly exceed- 
ing the calyx: lobes of the latter in fruit only a line long, lanceolate: nutlets delicately 
rugose-reticulate, smooth, the caruncle little projecting. — Lchidiocarya ursina, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xix. 90. —S. California, in Bear Valley of the San Bernardino Mountains, Parish. 
Adj. Lower California, Orcutt. 

P. Codperi, Grar,1.c. Diffusely branched from the base, with sparsely-leaved ascending 
flowering stems a span to a foot long, more slender, hispidulous: leaves spatulate-linear to 
oblong-lanceolate: spikes at length sparsely flowered, sparingly bracteate or above bractless : 
corolla more conspicuons, with limb 2 or 3 lines broad: nutlets more trigonous and reticu- 
late-rugose, dentate-muriculate on the reticulations: caruncle more stalk-like and porrect. 
— Echidiocarya Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164, & p. 199. — Lower California, 
from San Diego to San Bernardino and southward, first coll. by Dr. Cooper. 


§ 4. Hypsotia. Nutlets (as the name denotes) inserted by a high scar, 
i. e. between the middle and the apex, ovoid, obliquely incumbent, little obcom- 
pressed but rather turgid, nearly straight, rounded laterally, neither rugose nor 
muricate, ventrally carinate only above the round scar, which is attached to the 
depressed gynobase by a small and soft (when dry rather fragile) false caruncle: 
coarse and rough-hispid low annuals, much branched; with oblong or lanceolate 
leaves, the upper subtending and equalling or exceeding the flower-clusters, 
which apparently never extend into naked spikes; the 5-parted calyx open in 
fruit. — § Anomali, Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. xx. 286. Almost congeneric with 
Microula of Tibet. 


P. hispidus, Gray, l.c. Half a foot high: lower leaves linear-spatulate, upper oblong : 
nutlets turgid, acute at apex, obscurely carinate on the back, opaque, papillose-granulate, 
the scar hardly above the middle.— Truckee, on the eastern border of California, Mrs. 
Layne-Curran. 


P. glomerdtus, Gray, 1. c. Stouter: leaves mostly ovate-oblong: nutlets larger (a line 
and a half long), less turgid, more oval and obtuse, flatter and not carinate on the back, 
smooth and somewhat shining, but with obscurely undulate-rugulose surface, the scar be- 
tween the middle and the apex. — Western part of Nevada, between Carson and Virginia 
City, Mrs. Layne-Curran. 


CONVOLVULACEA. 433 


13. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. : 


H. Arizonica, Gray, p.199. The genus now restricted to this species, and characterized 
accordingly. Collected in Arizona, also in adjacent Sonora, Mexico, by Pringle. 


12. (now 14.) AMSINCKIA, Lehm. 


A. intermédia, Fiscu. & Murmnr, p.198. To this belongs Echium Menziesii, Lehm., Pugill. 
& Hook. Fl. ii. 89. Probably this most common species and A. spectabilis are one, differing 
only in the size and length of the corolla. 


17. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. P. 203, to first section add : — 


L. glabrum, Gray. <A low species of an Old World type, somewhat like ZL. incrassatum, 
branched from the annual root, smooth and very glabrous, except some minute appressed 
pubescence : leaves spatulate-linear : spikes of the inflorescence when evolute dense, bract- 
less: flowers nearly sessile: calyx with spatulate-linear segments as long as the white 
corolla, in fruit appressed to the axis, accrescent, upper portion foliaceous, the base indu- 
rated, with midribs greatly thickened : nutlets oblong-ovate, somewhat triquetrous, opaque, 
nearly smooth, the basilar areola rather small.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 227,— Apache 
Pass, S. Arizona, Lemmon. 

L. viride, GreENe. (Of the group with habit of Onosmodium to which belongs L. discolor, 
L. Palmeri, Watson, &c.) A foot or two high, paniculately branched, finely sericeous- 
pubescent, not at all hispid: leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat canescent beneath : 
corolla salverform (three fourths inch long), pale green, sericeous-pubescent outside, with 
tube nearly twice the length of the linear sericeous-hirsute sepals, slightly contracted orifice, 
and rounded oval lobes (only a line long) widely spreading: nutlets smooth and ivory- 
white, not angled, an acute expanded margin around the scar. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 158. — 
Mimbres Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. 

L. tuberésum, Rucet, p. 203. Exclude the Texan plants referred here (fruiting speci- 
mens only). They belong apparently to Onosmodium Bejariense. 

L. multifidrum, Torr., p. 204. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous, both forms now known, 
as also of the following species, which ranks next to it. 

L. Cobrénse, Greens, 1. c. 157. Many-stemmed from w tap-root and a rosulate tuft of 
radical leaves, canescently strigulose (greener in age) or appressed-hirsute, and the spatu- 
late lower leaves hispid: cauline leaves linear, obtuse, short: corolla half-inch high and 
with ample equally broad limb.— Common from western border of Texas through New 
Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright, and wrongly referred to L. canescens, — from the 
range of which this southwestern district is to be excluded. 


CONVOLVULACEA. 


1. IPOMGA, L. 


I. hederacea, Jaca., p. 210. A remarkable form, seemingly of this species, perhaps a 

hybrid with I. purpurea, is 

Var. integritiscula, with ample leaves candately acuminate, either entire or some 
with salient lateral teeth. — Shell Islands, at the mouth of St. John’s River, East Florida, 
Curtiss. 

I. Thurberi, Grav, p. 212, should be removed to the foot of p. 210: for it proves to be of 
the Pharbitis section, and normally with a 3-lobed stigma and 3-celled ovary (only by varia- 
tion 4-celled) : corolla 2 inches long, with slender tube much longer than the funnelform limb 
and throat, purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 90. — Coll. in flower in 8. Arizona, Lemmon, 

28 


434 — SUPPLEMENT. 


I. carnoésa, R. Br. Prodr. 485. This proves to be the oldest name in the genus for J. aceto- 
seefolia, Rem. & Schult., and p. 211, and has been taken up as such. 

I. capillacea, Doy, Syst. iv. 267. Takes the place of the preoccupied name J. muricata, 
Cav., p. 214. I. armata, Rem. & Schult., is still earlier, but is obviously false. The genuine 
species has an oblong tuber, erect stems and branches a foot or more in height, leaves of 
such slender divisions as to justify the present specific name, and peduncles hardly longer 
than the calyx. The commonest form in Mexico, extending to Venezuela: in Arizona 
forms occur between this and 

Var. patens. Stem and branches short and diffusely spreading: divisions of the 
leaves from filiform to narrowly linear and obtuse. — Not rare in Arizona and New Mexico. 
In Northern Mexico, Parry & Palmer’s 626 and Palmer’s 910 are characteristic, and of the 
broader-leaved kind. 

I. Plummeree. Tuber globose (not half-inch in diameter): stem declined-trailing or even 
disposed to twine, a foot or so long: divisions of the mostly pedate leaves from narrowly 
spatulate-linear to nearly filiform: peduncle hardly shorter than the (inch long) corolla: 
otherwise like the preceding, with which it has been confounded in the collections. — §. 
Arizona, Wright, Loew, and Mr. & Mrs. Lemmon (no. 2839), who pointed out the characters. 
Wherefore Mrs. Lemmon’s maiden name is given to it. 

I. cuneifélia, Gray. Tuber, peduncles, flowers, and habit of the preceding: leaves simple, 
cuneate, laciniate-dentate at the broad apex, tapering into a short petiole, coriaceous in 
texture, nervose.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 90.—S. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, 
Lemmon. 

I. Lemmoni, Gray, l.c. Very like I. leptotoma, p. 214, but perennial from a thick oblong 
tuber, smooth and glabrous throughout, even to the calyx: stem feebly turning: divisions 
of the pedate leaves narrowly linear, elongated (often 2 inches long): peduncle filiform, as 
long as the slender petiole, one-flowered ; the pedicel above the linear-subulate bracts very 
short: sepals oblong, acute, thin, with midrib slightly muriculate: corolla long and narrow 
(2 inches long), rose-color. — §. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon. 

I. tenuiloba, Torr.. Needs a separate subdivision at end of the genus: slender stems 
freely twining : root unknown: plant glabrous and smooth: leaves pedately parted; the 
divisions 5 or 7, filiform, entire (inch and a half long), much longer but hardly broader 
than the petiole: peduncle stouter and longer than the petiole, one-flowered : calyx-lobes 
oblong, thinnish, mucronate-acuminate : corolla, &c., apparently nearly as in J. sagittata. — 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 148 (excl. the remark on no. 1617, which was accidentally transposed 
from the account of I. longifolia): by oversight omitted from the Flora. — Hills near Puerto 
de Paysano, W. Texas, Bigelow. 


e 


3. JACQUEMONTIA, Choisy. (Genus too near Convolvulus.) 


J. tamnifolia, Grises., p. 214. Add syn.: Convolvulus condensatus, Bertol. Misc. Bot. 
xiv. 18, t. 2. 

J. Pringlei, Gray. Of the J. violacea type, near J. abutiloides, Benth., of Lower California, 
equally of Abutilon aspect, erect and diffuse from a woody base, not at all twining : leaves 
cordate, mostly acute or short-acuminate, entire, an inch or half-inch long, canescent- 
tomentose, also a glabrescent form: peduncles longer than the leaves, loosely 2-4-flowered : 
pedicels short: sepals ovate, the two inner thin and much smaller: corolla white, with 
limb nearly an inch broad.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228.— Santa Catalina Mountains, 
S. Arizona, Pringle. 


4. CONVOLVULUE, L. 


CALYSTEGIA PARADOXA, Pursh, referred to on p. 215, is to be absolutely excluded from 
our flora. The original, identified in Sherard’s herbarium, is Convolvulus sagittatus of Sib- 
thorp, C. hirsutus, Bieb., of Greece. See Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228, 

C. Caressrr4n, Parsh, is one of the ambiguous forms between C. sepum, var. repens, and 
C. spithamcus, as seen in the Sherardian herbarium. 


CONVOLVULACE. 436 


ConvoLtvuLus SuERARDI, Pursh, FL ii. 780, does not belong to our flora. It was founded 
on an incomplete fruiting specimen, West Indian (not from “ Carolina ”), of C. micranthus, 
Rem. & Schult. Vide Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; 


In the first edition the character of § Catysrecra has “ stigmas very flat”: but in living 
plants, those of C’. sepium are thick, papillose, hardly flattish, or even terete, as some authors 
have stated. But they are soft and flatter in drying. Asa genus Calystegia entirely fails in 
North America, as is seen in a series of species which now, with better material, are here 
reconstructed. 

C. sépium, L., var. Americdnus, p.215. Stigmas in dried specimens from broadly 
oval (as in the Old World) to narrowly oblong: flower always solitary. — Here doubtless 
C. Maximiliani, Nees, Pl. Neuwied Trav. 17.— Extends to the Pacific coast in Oregon and 
California. Some of it has been referred to C. occidentalis. 


C. macrostégius, Greexe. Like C. sepium, but “suffrutescent” and large (leaves 4 
inches long and little narrower): peduncles 6 to 8 inches Jong, bearing 2 or 3 flowers within 
the ample (inch or more long) bracts, and lateral flowers similarly bracteate : corolla short 
and broad, cream-color (or “pale yellow,” Greene): stigmas rather broadly linear.— Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 208. C. occidentalis, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118.— The original is of 
Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. Also San Clemente, off San Diego, Lower 
California, Nevin & Lyon. 

C. Califérnicus, Cnorsy, p. 215. This depressed and never twining species extends to 
the coast ranges of Oregon (Howell, Henderson) in u glabrous form, some flowers with 
broader stigmas, bearing a certain likeness to C’. Soldanella. 


C. villésus, Gray, p. 216. Not at all or only feebly twining : the tomentose bracts to the 
flower, although more commonly entire and erect, are occasionally, in the most white-vel- 
vety plants, one or both of them, hastate and short-petioled, so passing directly into 

Var. fulcratus. Greener, the soft pubescence short and fine: leaves either broadly 
hastate (as in the type) or narrow and more sagittate; the bracteal pair similar but small, 
either a little below the flower, or at the base of the calyx, occasionally one or both of them 
entire: corolla (according to Cooper) pale yellow, probably only cream-color: stigmas 
linear. — C. luteolus, var. fulcratus, Gray, p. 216, and the only C. luteolus of which there 
is good evidence of yellow or yellowish corolla! C. fulcratus, Greene, Bull. Calif. 
Acad. i. 208. 

C. occidentalis, Gray, p. 215. Character needs emendation only in reference to the ex- 
treme variability of the bracts: these either Calystegia-like and covering (but rarely sur- 
passing) the calyx, or variously smaller and shorter, or lanceolate or linear and more 
foliaceous in texture, then at a little distance below the calyx, always in a pair, except on 
the 2-3-flowered peduncles, when they may be disjoined. Whenever, as in the original of the 
species, there is more than a single flower, the bracts are small and narrow. Specimens with 
solitary flower and ample bracts referred here belong to C. sepium. Generally herbaceous or 
with barely suffrutescent base, but Mr. Greene finds stems woody to a considerable height. 
The form with diminished bracts is C. luteolus, Gray, p. 216 (excl. var.), but everywhero 
with white corolla, or roseate in fading. So that this last name happily disappears. 

Var. tenuissimus, Geary, p. 215. The commoner form, throughout S. California, in 
the drier regions usually reaching only a foot or a yard in height: leaves from Janceolate- to 
linear- or even filiform-hastate: bracts Calystegia-like, either acuminate and surpassing the 
calyx, or oblong and barely equalling it. This may pass into 

C. longipes, Warson, p. 217, which was described from mere branches. It has no bracts, 
the uppermost reduced subulate leaves are scattered and always alternate. 

C. Havanénsis, Jace. Suffruticose, prostrate or feebly twining, canescently puberulent 
and glabrate: leaves thick, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sometimes orbicular, obtuse or re- 
tuse and mucronate, entire (6 to 12 lines long), abruptly contracted into a short petiole: 
peduncles one-several-flowered : pedicels longer than the calyx: corolla white, not over half- 
inch long, deeply 5-cleft : lobes acute: stigmas oblong: capsule splitting into several valves. 
— Obs. ii. 25, t. 45, fig. 3 (flower and leaf); Griseb. Cat. Cub. 207. C. ruderarius, HBK. Nov. 
Gen. & Spec. iii. 96. C. Garber’, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. Zpomea Havanensis, 
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 368, referred to that genus at a mere venture. C. Jamaicensis, of 


436 SUPPLEMENT. 


some authors, hardly of Jacquin, but if they run together this (in Obs. iii. 5) is a later 
name. C’. Valenzuelanus, A. Rich., ex Griseb. Cub. — S. E. Florida, on the Keys and near the 
coast, Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba, Bahamas, &c.) 

C, arvensis, L. Now well naturalized in California. 

C. PenTaPeTaLofves, L. Diffusely branched and slender annual, with spatulate-lanceolate 
mostly entire leaves: peduncles bearing a single small flower, with purplish corolla only 3 
lines long and deeply 5-cleft. — Cav. Ic. ii. 20, t. 123; Sibth. Fl. Graca, t. 197. Breweria 
minima, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228.—JIn. grain-fields and on hills, through W. 
California. (Nat. from S, Eu.) 


5. BREWERIA, R. Br. 


The first division, containing B. ovalifolia, p. 217, which is probably large-flowered, needs 
slight alteration, as to length of peduncle, for the following related and remarkable species, 

B. grandifi6ra, Gray. Minutely sericeous-puberulent : root tuberous: stems procumbent, 
2 or 3 feet long: leaves broadly oval or some orbicular, an inch or two long, very short- 
petioled: peduncles rather shorter than the leaf, one-flowered, bearing two subulate bracts at 
base of a stout pedicel: sepals broadly lanceolate, the two outer a little shorter than the 
inner (these in fruit an inch long, surpassing the capsule): corolla funnelform from a rather 
long tube, blue, 3 inches in length: styles capillary, distinct nearly to base: stigmas globose, 
—Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 51,— Coast of S. Florida, at Manatee, &c., Garber. 

B. humistrata, p. 217. The syn. Convolvolvulus and Evolvulus? Sherardi to be erased; the 
plant in herb. Sherard being Convolvulus micranthus and W. Indian. 


6. EVOLVULUS, L. Next to £. Arizonicus, p. 218, add: — 


H. leétus, Gray. Sericeous-canescent throughout, and with some soft villous pubescence, 
much branched from a suffrutescent base, ereet or barely spreading, 6 to 10 inches high, 
leafy : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, half-inch long: peduncles 1-3-flowered, surpassing 
the leaves: corolla bright blue, with limb fully half-inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 288. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 

E. sericeus, Swarrz, p. 218. The stouter varieties which prevail in W. Texas, Arizona, 
and adjacent Mexico, pass freely into 

Var. discolor (£. discolor, Benth. Pl. Hartw.), a more depressed form, with the lower 
leaves, or those of abbreviated stems, all of them oblong or lanceolate-oblong and obtuse. — 
Arizona and New Mexico, Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, &c. 


SOLANACEA. 


Wirtnanta Morison, Dunal, p. 224. The original is W. somnifera, and Morison does not 
say that he had it, but only something like it, from Virginia. 


2. SOLANUM, Tourn. 


S. Douglasii, Dunar (S. nigrum, var. Douglasii, p. 228), common through California and 
in Arizona, and clearly indigenous, is a woody-stemmed perennial, and should rank as 4 


species. 


6. CHAM HSARACHA, Gray. Add to char.: Corolla with roundish 
and tomentose twin elevations at the throat, alternate with the stamens. 
C. Corénopus, p. 232. Corolla greenish-white (not “ yellowish”), the appendages in the 
throat large and protuberant. 


SOLANACEA, 437 


CHAMHSARACHA PHYSALOIDES, Greene, in Torr. Bull. ix. 122, is Physalis lobata, Torr. 

BELLINIA UMBELLATA, Reem. & Schult. (Saracha wnbellata, Don; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xix. 91),a common Mexican species, was collected by Lemmon in 8. Arizona, on thé Mexican 
frontier, perhaps only adventive. The genus is known from the present and from Physalis by 
the enlargement and rotate expansion of the fructiferous calyx under the berry into a membrana- 
ceous 5-angled plate. 


8 MARGARANTHUS, Schlecht. P. 237, add a second species, — 


M. Lemmo6ni, Gray. Very much branched and decumbent, more leafy : leaves all quite 
entire: calyx more deeply 5-dentate; the teeth at length half the length of the tube: corolla 
white, campanulate-urceolate above the very short tube ; orifice obtusely 5-lobed. (It might 
be Physalis minutiflora, Moc. & Sesse, but leaves not at all repand, as they are in MZ. solana- 
ceus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 91. — Cave Cajion, 8. W. Arizona, Lemmon. 


10. LYCIUM, L. 


L. Richii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 46. Name to take the place of the later LZ. Palmeri, 
Gray, p. 238 (Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292); abundant at All Saints’ Bay, Lower California. 
L. quadrifidum, Dunal, founded on a rude figure, might be the same, except for larger size 
and much shorter tube of corolla, so that it is with more probability referred to L. Carolinia- 
num by Miers. 

L. macrodon, Gray, p. 238. Rediscovered by Pringle, beyond the border of S. W. 
Arizona, on the Altar River; has remarkably long and uarrow calyx-lobes, white corolla 
tinged with green, and a very large hypogynous disk of a deep orange color. 

L. Califérnicum, Norvr., p. 238. Distinguished by its fleshy leaves, and limb of the small 
tetramerous corolla nearly as long as the tube. — Common on the coast of S. California from 
Santa Monica to San Diego. 

Var. Arizénicum. Leaves bright green, extremely fleshy, the small ones of the 
fascicles on the branchlets pyriform or globular!— Desert of Arizona, Parry (imperfect 
specimen was referred to L. parviflorum), at Lowell, Parish, and Maricopa, A. Gray. 

L. parvifil6rum, Gray, p. 239. S. Arizona, Thurber, Pringle. May pass into L. barbino- 
dum (which is not within our limits), but does not show the tomentulose nodes of the 
fascicles. 

L. Freménti, Gray, p. 239, is not uncommon in Arizona, (coll. Parry, Vasey, &c.), and it 
passes into the equally abundant 

Var. gracilipes, L. gracilipes, Gray, p. 239, with pedicels from a third to half an inch 
long, often quite as long as the flower. — 8. Arizona, Parish, Pringle, &c. 

Other puberulent species, the first two more or less extra-limital, are : — 

L. exsértum, Gray. Very much like the last preceding: leaves spatulate (not over half- 
inch long): pedicels hardly half-inch long, about the length of the corolla: lobes of the 
calyx acute, shorter than the tube: corolla-lobes very short, triangular-ovate, reflexed : 
stamens much exserted.— Proc. Am, Acad. xx. 305.— Near Altar, in N. W. Sonora, 
Pringle. 

L. Pringlei, Gray, ].¢. Cinereous-puberulent : branches slender: leaves spatulate and ob-' 
lanceolate (about quarter-inch long): pedicels 2 or 3 lines long: calyx with oblong and 
obtuse foliaceous lobes equalling or longer than the tube and almost equalling the tube of the 
corolla, which is barely 3 lines long, and longer than its own 5 roundish lobes: stamens 
shorter than the corolla lobes ; filaments densely bearded at base. —In stream-beds, N. W. 
Sonora, near the boundary, Pringle. 

L. Parishii, Gray, l.c. Resembling the preceding, equally small-leaved and puberulent : 
pedicels 2 or 3 lines long: corolla narrowly funnelform (5-lines long), thrice the length of 
the obtusely and rather short-lobed calyx, with short 5-lobed limb; the lobes a line long, 
ovate, obtuse, at length equalled by the stamens. — Mesas in the San Bernardino Valley, 
S. California, Parish. 


438 SUPPLEMENT. 


13. CESTRUM, L. 


e 
C. PArqut, L’Her., of Chili and Buenos Ayres, cultivated in many warm countries, appears 
to have become spontaneous at San Antonio, Texas, coll. Dr. Ball, Palmer. Palmer’s plant is 
C. multinervium, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 128: so probably is that of Dunal. 


14, NICOTIANA, Tourn. Append to genus, on p. 243: — 


N. Guatca, Granam. Arborescent, soft-woody below, glaucous and glabrous: leaves long- 
petioled, ovate and subcordate, entire or repand : flowers loosely paniculate: corolla greenish 
becoming yellow, inch or two ‘ong, tubular, contracted at throat, and with erect 5-crenate 
limb not longer than the orifice. — Bot. Mag. t. 2837. — Native of Buenos Ayres, not rare in 
cultivation, rather widely naturalized in 8. California and §. Texas. 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 


DiciraLis PURPUREA, L., the Foxciove, the type of the tribe Digitalee, p. 248, is locally 
naturalized in British Columbia, on the Pacific coast. 


4. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. 


A. virga, Gray, p. 252, is a perennial, the larger plants branched from the base and becom- 
ing 6 or 7 feet high: corolla purple. Recently collected in Lake Co., Cleveland, Rattan. 


The Californian species (of +- +), which are prehensile by lateral shoots acting as tendrils, 
now augmented, may be defined as follows : — 


A. Coulteridnum, Bentn., p. 252. Marked by its truly spicate iniflonedeaniaes and com- 
paratively large corolla, with very protuberant palate greatly exceeding the short upper lip. 

A. Orcuttidnum, Gray. Nearest the preceding, more slender, smaller-flowered, glabrous 
up to the loosely spicate inflorescence, which is more disposed to bear tortile branchlets : 
corolla about 4 lines long; lower lip not much larger than the upper: leaves linear or lower- 
most spatulate-lanceolate: seeds tuberculate-favose.— Bot. Gazette, ix. 53.—Near San 
Diego and adjacent Lower California, Orcutt. 

A. Nevinidnum, Gray, l.c. Much resembles the foregoing: seeds longitudinally cris- 
tate-costate, as in A. Nuttallianum.— Los Angeles Co., at San Juan Capistrano, Nevin, 
and near San Diego, Orcutt. 

A. Nuttallidnum, Benrn., p. 253. Well marked by the scattered slender-pedicelled flow- 
ers (with short conmpanatively equal-lipped corolla not over 4 lines long), all subtended 
by ovate leaves or leaf-like bracts, and principal leaves distinctly petiolate: seeds acutely 
cristate-costate. Extends well into Arizona, &c. 

A. subséssile, Gray. Erect and less diffuse than the foregoing, which it most resembles, 
extremely glandular-viscid: flowers more racemose, longer than the pedicels or even sub- 
sessile ; lower lip of corolla large in proportion: leaves ovate, all sessile or nearly so: seeds 
of the preceding. — Bot. Gazette, ix. 53.— San Diego, &c., Cleveland, Orcutt, and Santa 
Catalina Island, Schumacher. 

A. subcordatum, Gray. Of the group with flowers sessile or subsessile in the axils of 
sessile leaves, and very unequal calyx, to which belong A. vagans and A. Breweri: rather 
large and stout, pubescent or below hirsute: lower leaves unknown ; upper closely sessile, 
ovate, subcordate, thickish : flowers half-inch long: upper sepal large and oval, longer than 
the rest, which are linear-lanceolate: corolla half-inch long, with ample throat and almort 
equal lips, ochroleucous: longer filaments dilated at apex: seeds favose and the edges 
of the pits muriculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 306. —- Stony Creek, Colusa Co., California, 
Rattan. 


SCROPHULARIACE. 439 


A. vagans, Gray, p. 253. Add syn.: A. vezillo-calyculatum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 
27, fide Layne-Curran. ; 

A. Kingii, Warson, p. 253. Extends from Arizona and the eastern border of California 
to S. E. Oregon. — A. Aelloggii, Greene, in Torr. Bull. x. 126. 


In § MavranpeELta, p. 253. 


A. strictum, Gray, p. 253, was badly named. It becomes weak, lax, and climbs by its 
tortile peduncles, often to a yard in height. — Santa Barbara to San Diego. 

A. filipes, Gray, p. 354. With hardly a doubt this was founded on a depauperate-flowered 
and very attenuate form of the A. Cooperi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 376, which has the 
fully developed flowers. The characters should be combined under the former and older 
name. — In cafions, from N. W. Arizona to San Diego, where apparently it also pro- 
duces small corollas. 


In § GamBELIA, p. 354. 


A. speciésum, Gray, p. 354. Corolla has short or small, but not “narrow ” lips, and the 
palate closes the throat: so that the character of the section needs correction. — Inhabits 
also San Clemente Island, Nevin & Lyon. i 

A. janceum, Gray, p. 354. This is Saccularia Veatchii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 17, 
& Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 144, with colored plate, reproduced from ‘The Hesperian,” July, 
1860. The plate shows a plane lip, with no palate at all. The dried flowers show the pal- 
ate, which, seemingly, cannot close the orifice. It has not been found very near the U. 8. 
boundary. 


6. MOHAVEA, Gray. 


M. viscida, Gray, p. 255. Add syn.: Antirrhinum confertiflorum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 
592. 


7. COLLINSIA, Nutt. 


C. linearis, Gray. (To stand near C. grandiflora, p. 256, but peculiar.) A foot or two 
high, paniculately branched. glabrous or inflorescence minutely glandular-puberulent: leaves 
elongated linear (14 to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), entire, or the radical ones lanceo- 
late-spatulate and obscurely dentate ; uppermost reduced to small bracts: pedicels 3 to 6 
in the whorls, filiform, about equalling the flowers: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute: 
corolla much declined, gibbose-saccate, half-inch long, light blue, with lips longer than the 
tube and throat, upper with a slightly prominent and 2-lobed callus: rudiment of sterile 
stamen filiform-subulate : ovules 3 in each cell: seeds meniscoidal. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 
50. — Northern part of California, Greene, Rattan, and adjacent part of Oregon, Howell. 

C. Rattani, Gray, 1c. (Between C. parviflora and C. Parryi.) A foot or less high, 
barely puberulent, and inflorescence obscurely glandular: stem strict, nearly simple: cau- 
line leaves narrowly linear and entire (inch or two long), or lowest short and oblong, some- 
what dentate; lowest or radical spatulate and very small: pedicels 2 to 4 (8 lines long), 
about the length of the flower: calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, rather obtuse: corolla violet 
or purple, small, little declined, with lips only a line or two long, the upper with a double 
callosity : rudiment of sterile stamen subulate: ovules not more than two in each cell: cap- 
sule equalling the calyx : seeds meniscoidal, margined. —N. California from Mendocino Co. 
northward (Rattan) to Oregon, Howell, and Washington Terr., Suksdorf. 


11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. 


P. Menziésii, Hoox., var ScodGleri, Gray, p. 260. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6834.— 
The two following must needs be taken as good species of this section. Both have a quite 
naked sterile filament, and very long-woolly anthers. 


440. SUPPLEMENT, 


“P. Barréttce. A foot or two high, and glabrous throughout, very glaucous, rigid: flower- 
ing stems leafy up to the thyrsoid inflorescence: leaves ovate and oval, entire or serrulate, 
an inch or two long; cauline closely sessile by a broad base: sepals short, scarious-coria- 
ceous, oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate: corolla an inch and a half long, rose- 
purple. — Mountains of Hood River, Oregon, near its confluence with the Columbia, Mrs. 
Barrett. Here may belong an insufficient specimen from the northern side of the Columbia, 
collected by Suksdorf. 

P. Lyalli. Puberulent or nearly glabrous up to the racemiform inflorescence: flowering 
stems 2 feet high and herbaceous (the base unknown): leaves elongated linear or linear- 
lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, sparsely serrulate : sepals linear-lanceolate 
and attenuate-acuminate : corolla inch and a half long. — P. Menziesii, vars? Lyalli, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 26, referred to on p. 260, under var. Scouleri. —N. W. Montana, on the 
borders of Brit. Columbia, Lyall in 1861, and Missoula Caiion, Watson, 1880; also Wigwam 
River, British Columbia, Macoun, 1884. 

P. ternatus, Torr., p. 260. Corolla equally 4-cleft at summit, and the lobes equally as- 
cending, upper lobe or lip sometimes a little shorter and 2-lobed at summit. 

P. Rothroéckii, Gray, p. 260. San Jacinto Mountains, S. E. California, at 8,000 feet, . 
Parish. A foot or two high, woody below : corolla reddish, half-inch long. 

P. baccharifolius, Gray. Not Mexican: for P. coriaceus, Schaffner in herb. (referred 
{n Hemsl. Biol. Centr-Am. Bot. ii. 443, to this species as var. Schaffneri), differs not only in 
the smoothness and entire leaves, but in the shape of corolla and dehiscence of the anthers. 

P. labrésus, Hoox. f. Next P. barbatus, p. 261, and much like it, narrower leaved : inflo- 
rescence almost simply racemose: corolla more slender, light scarlet, destitute of beard ; 
limb longer ; lobes of the 3-parted lower lip linear, equalling the upper, spreading, fully half 
the length of the tube. — Bot. Mag. t. 6738, & Gard. Chron. 1883, ii. 536, fig. 91. P. bar- 
batus, var. labrosus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 622. —S. E. California, on Mount Pinos, Kern Co., 
Rothrock, and Grayback, San Bernandino Co., Parry & Lemmon, H. G. Wright. Also Can- 
tillas Mountains over the Mexican boundary, Orcutt. 

P. nudifiérus, Gray. Ambiguous hetween the Speciosi and the Genuini: anther-cells 
strictly divaricate, elongated oblong, dehiscent through the whole length, but not explanate: 
glabrous and glaucescent: stems simple, strict, 2 feet or more high, bearing below 2 or 3 
pairs of ovate-lanceolate partly clasping leaves, above bearing a long and loose naked thyr- 
sus: peduncles subtended by minute subulate bracts, elongated, about 2-flowered : sepals 
short, broadly ovate: corolla inch long (purple ?), with much ‘ampliate throat from a nar- 
row tube of double the length of the calyx; lips short and spreading: stamens slightly 
exserted from the throat: sterile filament pilose-bearded for nearly its whole length. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 206. — Northern Arizona, near Flagstaff, Lemmon. 


P. Havardi, Gray. After P. Wrightii, p. 264, which it resembles in herbage, but long- 
flowered, wholly smooth and glabrous, glaucescent, 2 feet high: leaves coriaceous, entire, 
oval or oblong ; lower long-petioled ; upper smaller aud half-clasping; those of the elon- 
gated and virgate racemiform thyrsus reduced to small or minute bracts: peduncles very 
short, 3-5-flowered, but pedicels slender: sepals short, oval, obtuse: corolla (apparently 
violet or blue) tubular, inch long (throat not over 3 lines wide), and lips only 2 lines long; 
upper erect, 2-lobed; lower spreading and 3-lobed; lobes roundish : sterile filament filiform, 
naked. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 306.— Guadalupe Mountains on southwest frontier of 
‘Texas, Havard. (Mex. *) 

P. centranthifolius, Benru., p. 264. Flowers occasionally yellow, near San Bernardino, 
S. California, Purish. 

P. Clevelandi, Gray, p. 265, where it is partly mixed with the next. Leaves rigid, ob- 
long or ovate, acutely and rigidly dentate, uppermost usually connate into a disk: thyrsus 
narrow: corolla crimson, three-fourths inch long, with narrow throat: sterile filament 
bearded above: stem lignescent at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229, — Exclude the 
Cucamonga habitat. 

*P. Parishii, Gray. Wholly herbaceous: leaves less coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, entire or minutely denticulate; upper half-clasping by subcordate base, but not con- 
nate: thyrsus more paniculate, sometimes effuse: corolla red, an inch long, with throat 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 441 


more dilated: sterile filament wholly naked.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 228, —S. California, 
near San Bernardino, to San Diego Cu., Wallace, Parish, W. G. Wright. 


P. stenophyllus, Gray, p. 266. P. rubescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 92, belongs to 
this species, the discolored flowers having been taken for red instead of purple or violet. — 
Common through 8S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, and Northern Mex., Palmer, Schaffner. 

Var. dasyphyllus, P. dasyphyllus, Gray, p. 266, a form with leaves aud lower part 
of stem thickly beset with short retrorse pubescence (New Mexico and adjacent ‘Texas as 
well as Arizona), varies into the glabrous state of the species. . 


P. lanceolatus, Benrtu., p. 266. Habit of the Elmigera section : stem a foot or two high, 
herbaceous to the base or nearly, minutely puberulent or glabrate and the simpler inflo- 
rescence glandular: leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear : corolla scarletaed, an inch 
and more long, narrowly funnelform; upper lip erect and 2-lobed, lower 3-parted and 
spreading: sterile filament glabrous: anther-cells short-oval, explanate in age. — Pl. Hartw. 
22. P. pauciflorus, Greene, Bot. Gazette, vi. 218, narrow-leaved form. — Bluffs of the Gila, 
S. W. border of New Mexico, Greene. Rucker Valley, S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Mex.) 


P. pinifdlius, Greens, ].c. Next to the preceding, glabrous throughout: stems a foot or 
two high, decidedly shrubby, ntuch branched, with the herbaceous flowering branches short 
and slender, racemosely few-flowered. leaves much crowded on the sterile stems, linear- 
acerose (inch or less long, hardly half a line wide): sepals broadly lanceolate and acumi- 
nate, puberulent: corolla an inch or more long, light scarlet, narrowly tubular, not enlarged 
at the throat; upper lip 2-lobed and erect; lower 3-parted and spreading ; lobes nearly 
linear, slightly bearded at base: anther-cells short-oval: sterile filament dilated and bearded 
above. — S. Arizona, in the San Francisco and Mogollon Mountains, Circene, and Rucker 
Valley, Lemmon. 


P. miser. Next to P. cristatus, p. 266, every way smaller, only a span or two high, pruinose- 
puberulent, and the contracted inflorescence glandular-viscid but not villous : radical leaves 
spatulate or obovate; cauline lanceolate, an inch or less long: sepals lanceolate, merely acute : 
corolla violet or bluish, only half-inch long, rather tubular than funnelform, the throat little 
dilated, spreading lobes short, base of lower lip moderately villous: sterile filament with 
dilated and curved tip hardly projecting from the throat, densely yellow-bearded down one 
side, the beard stronger and shorter than in P. cristatus. — Eastern Oregon, along the Mal-, 
heur Rivar, Cusick. 

P. Rattani, Gray. Between P. glaucus and P. Whippleanus: afoot to a yard high, gla- 
brous below, minutely viscidulous-pubescent above: leaves membranaceous, broadly elon- 
gated-lanceolate, 3 to 8 inches long, thickly denticulate ; radical and lowest cauline attenuate 
at base into a margined petiole; the others half-clasping by a subcordate base: flowers 
glomerate in the interrupted thyrsus: cymes from the lower axils long-peduncled, upper 
short-peduncled or subsessile: pedicels short or hardly any: sepals oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, soft-membranaceous, loose: corolla curved in the bud, slightly oblique in anthesis, 
pale purple, inch long, campanulate-ampliate above the short tube ; lips short, lower villous- 
bearded within: anthers and filaments glabrous: sterile filament at length exserted, bearded 
with some sparse and long hairs: seeds of the genus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 50.—In 
forests of N. W. California, in Humboldt Co., 1878-79, Rattan. Except for the wingless 
seeds, this is most nearly related to Chelone nemorosa, p. 259. 

Var. minor, Gray,1.c. Slender, with oblong leaves only an inch or two long, ob- 
scurely denticulate: thyrsus simple: flowers one half smaller: sepals attenuate: corolla 
6 or 7 lines long. — Indian Creek, Del Norte Co., California, Rattan. 

Var. Kléei. Intermediate in foliage, inflorescence, and size of flowers between the fore- 
going variety and the type: sepals oblong, short-acuminate or obtuse. — P. A/eci, Greene 
in Torr. Bull. x. 127.—Summit of Ben Lomond, the highest peak of the coast ranges 
behind Santa Cruz, California, W. C. Klee. 

P. Gairdneri, Hoox., p. 270. The character of alternate leaves (specially noted by Hooker) 
was overlooked. This holds generally, as to most of the leaves in Washington Terr., coll. 
Lyall, Howell, Suksdorf, Brandegee.. Stems vary from a span to near a foot high. 

Var. Oreganus. Strict: leaves (narrow) even the bracteal ones and most of the pe- 
duncles opposite. — Mountains of E. Oregon, Cusick, Howell. 


442 SUPPLEMENT. 


P. létus, Gray, p. 272, Sepals oblong to ovate-lanceolate, and from hardly acute to 
acuminate. 
Var. leptosépalus, Green, in herb. Sepals long-acuminate from u broadish base, 
or linear-attenuate (4 or 5 lines long), loose: occurs both with narrow linear-lanceolate and 
with broader lanceolate leaves. — Butte Co., California, Mrs. Austin. 


P. ceesius, Gray. Next to P. Roeeli. Low, a span to a foot high from a cespitose lignes- 
cent base, glabrous up to the peduncles, glaucescent or glaucous: leaves coriaceous, vein- 
less; radical and lower cauline orbicular or subcordate or spatulate-obovate (half or two- 

‘thirds inch long), abruptly contracted into an equal or longer petiole ; upper cauline one or 
two pairs, narrow and sessile: thyrsus loose and few-flowered: sepals oblong, pruinose- 
glandular, as also the short pedicels and occasionally the longer peduncles: corolla violet or 
purple, barely three-fourths inch long, tubular with slight cnlargement upward, and with 
very short lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 92.— Rocks in the San Bernardino Mountains, 

8. E. California, Parry & Lemmon, W. G. Wright, Parish. 

P. Cusickii, Gray. Of the Saccanthera section, before P. Kingii, p. 272. A foot or less 
high, many-stemmed from a barely lignescent caudex, strict, palo and very minutely prui- 
nose-puberulent, equably leafy up to the racemiform loose thyrsus: leaves very narrowly 
linear (an inch or two long, little over a line wide), or some of the lower broader and spatu- 
late: peduncles 1-2-flowered: sepals ovate, acuminate, glabrous, not glandular: corolla 
barely three-fourths inch long, bright blue with a purple tube, a moderately cnlarged throat, 
and short lobes: sterile filament spatulate-dilated at tip, very glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvi. 106. —N. E. Oregon, on the slopes of Powder River or Eagle Creek, Cusick. 

P. Cerrosénsis (which should have been Cedrosensis), Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19, & 
Bull. i. 145, with plate (see p. 273), from Cedros Island, off Lower California, proves to be a 
good species, and P. brevilabris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229, is a synonym. Color of corolla 
uncertain, but surely not “ yellow.” 

P. cAnoso-BARBATUM, Kellogg, has been identified by Mrs. Curran (in Bull. Calif, Acad. i. 
145) with P. breviflorus, Lindl., and P. rostrirLorumM with P. Bridgesii: but in the description 
the color of the flowers of the two has been exchanged. 

P. revevius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56, is by the same authority said to be P. azw 
reus, Benth., probably depauperate. 


13. M{MULUS, L. P. 273. 


Revised in the light of E. L. Greene’s new arrangement in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 94-123 
(Mimulus, Eunanus, Diplacus), of recent personal observations, and of the original types of 
Bentham, Hooker, &c., in the Kew Herbarium. Polymorphous, but better retained entire under 
five subgenera than divided into as many genera. Diplacus is placed first, as having the best 
claims to generic distinction, being shrubby. 


§ 1. Dirtacus, p. 275. Add char.: Capsule firm-coriaceous, narrow, sym- 
metrical, tardily dehiscent down the upper suture, only after seed-shedding, also 
later by the lower suture into the two placentiferous valves: yet in some plants 
simultaneously dehiscent into the two valves. Seeds elongated-oblong. Pubes- 
cence when developed partly of branching or somewhat aspergilliform downy: 
hairs. 


M. glutindsus, Weypt. Corolla from orange or salmon-color to pale buff. Var. linearis 
is the most narrow-leaved form; in arid exposures, as Diplacus latifolius is the broader- 
leaved and luxuriant extreme. Var. brachypus is the best-marked form, on account of the 
villous (but deciduous) hairs of the calyx and generally pale corolla. 

M. puniceus, Srzvp. (D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, and part of var. linearis, p. 275), com- 
monly tall and narrow-leaved, with brick-red or blood-red rather than scarlet corolla, and 
only in Southern California, may be regarded as a species until intermediate colors are 
met with. ~ 


* 


SCROPHULARIACES. 443 


§ 2. Genox, Gray. Corolla (with one exception) large for the plant, and with 
a long-exserted and slender (even filiform) tube, expanded throat, and obscurely 
bilabiate limb ; the lower lip sometimes small or obsolete: style pubescent above : 
capsule cartilaginous, unequal-sided, sulcate at the dissepimental sutures, and 
sharp-edged at the posterior dorsal one, enclosed at first in the narrow prismatic 
and gibbous-based calyx, long persistent, indeed never detached, very tardily de- 
hiscent, mainly by the posterior suture: placenta connate in the ovary but early 
separating in the fruit: purple-flowered and low winter annuals, mostly blossom- 
ing from near the root. -— (Pl. Hartw. 329) Bot. Calif. i. 563. Hunanus § Ginoe 
and part of Hunanus proper, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 98, 100. 


* Capsule small and ovate or oblong-oval, much indurated: pygmy plants, flowering from the 
ground and remaining very low, the stems in age seldom equalling or much Jonger than the 
long-tubed (inch or two long) corollas, barely pubescent, neither glandular nor viscid, vernal. 


M. tricolor, Lixpt. Leaves mostly lanceolate: corolla (when well developed 2 inches 
long) with ample somewhat regular limb, pink or lilac with a dark crimson blotch on each 
of the rounded lobes, the 3 lobes of the lower lip about the length of the two-lobed upper ; 
the throat yellow and brown-crimson, commonly spotted, open funnelform, about half the 
length of the slender tube: anther-cells bearded at base: stigma of semi-orbicular and 
slightly unequal lobes united by their edges at base: seeds very numerous, small, oblong, or 
obovate-oblong minutely scaberulous, becoming smooth in age. — Common in the great 
valley of California, especially on the Sacramento. To the synonymy on p. 274, add Eunanus 
tricolor, Greene, ]. c. 99. The former character of the fruit and seeds was taken from a 
fruiting specimen of J/. Douglasii, through mismatching. 


M. angustatus. Exiguous, commonly acaulescent: leaves linear and linear-spatulate : 
corulla of the preceding species, except that the filiform tube is 4 to 8 times the length of 
the short funnelform throat, and the lower lip rather shorter than the upper: lobes of the 
stigma broadly cuneate: seeds (not here seen) according to Greene “few, large, favose- 
pitted or favose-reticulate.” — M. tricolor, var. angustatus, Gray, 1.¢. Eunanus angustatus, 
Greene, 1. c. — Mountains of the northern part of California; first coll. by Bolander. 


M. Douglasii, Gray. Leaves obovate or oblong: corolla with crimson-purple 2-lobed 
upper lip forming the principal limb, the lower lip reduced to a truncate sinuately 3-crenate 
border, or with a more conspicuous dentiform middle lobe ; the throat brown-purplish, rather 
narrowly campanulate, about one third the length of the tube: capsule somewhat flattened 
and with one very sharp-edged dorsal suture : seeds only 20 to 40 in each cell, comparatively 
large, scurfy-muriculate, becoming smooth in age. — Part of 37. Douglasii, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 95, Bot. Calif. i. 563, & Syn. Fl, p. 274. JL nanus, var. subuniflorus, Hook. & 
Arn. Bot. Beech. 378, coll. Douglas. 

M. atropurptreus, Ke'logg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 59, partly, fide Curran & Greene. 
Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 374 (not Pl. Hartw.); Greene, Bull. Calif. 
Acad. i. 98. — Chiefly in the central and northern parts of California, blooming very early. 
Mixed first by Bentham (in P]. Hartw.) with the following species as to the flowering plant, 
with which mature fruit of M. tricolor was distributed; hence a confusion to which the Syn. 
FI. added, and also increased by taking fruit of Af. Douglasii for that of AS. tricolor. 


* %* Capsule short-linear, at length arcuate: caulescent, flowering later and*longer, viscidulous- 
pubescent. 
+— With long-exserted filiform tube to the corolla, as of the section. 

M. Kelléggii, Curran. Erect, a span or two or becoming a foot high, with internodes 
longer than leaves: these ovate to obovate or spatulate-lanceolate: corolla crimson-purple ; 
its tube inch long, expanding into a short-funnelform throat and oblique limb; short lobes 
of lower lip only half the length of the upper and more spreading: stigma with ovate and 
obtuse unequal lobes, or by their union obliquely peltate: capsule narrow, obtuse (4 or 5 
lines long and a line thick), rather terete, moderately unequal-sided : seeds comparatively 
few and large, obovate. — Curran in herb. Gray. M. Douglasii, partly, Gray, Bot. Calif., &., 
as to descr. of fruit. . Mf. atropurpureus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 59, mainly, as to char. 


444 SUPPLEMENT. 


Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. Pl. Hartw. no. 1894 (excl. ripe fruit described, which is of M. 
tricolor); Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, mainly, not Benth.in DC. £. Kelloggit, Curran, in 
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 100.— Common through middle parts of California. Mis- 
taken by Bentham and myself for a later and caulescent form of M. Douglasii, first and 
well discriminated by Mfrs. Layne-Curran. 


+— + Ambiguous species, with corolla of § Zunanus, and little exserted, but with oblique late- 
dehiscent capsule of § Ginoe. : 


M. latifdlius, Gray, p. 274. Extra-limital. The capsule in plant raised from Palmer’s 
seeds appears to be only moderately oblique, linear-oblong, obtuse, and not indurated; but 
as now received from Mr. Greene, from its native habitat, and fully mature, it is lanceolate, 
strongly oblique, and as if bent on its broad base; the upper carpel much larger than the 
other, very gibbous and sharp-edged dorsally, and there very tardily dehiscent. 


§ 8. Eun4nus, Gray, Bot. Calif. Corolla from tubular-funnelform to nearly 
campanulate, with either obscurely or manifestly bilabiate limb, the proper tube 
either moderately exserted or included in the campanulate or oblong calyx: style 
glandular-pubescent above: stigma usually peltate-funnelform, obscurely 2-lobed 
or entire: capsule symmetrical, from firm-chartaceous to membranaceous, dehis- 
cent by both sutures into two valves, which bear the separated placente: low or 
occasionally taller annuals, most of them glandular- or viscid-pubescent and 
heavy-scented. 


* Corolla only a quarter-inch long, slender, only slightly exserted out of the broad and ventricose 
calyx until elevated on the growing capsule: valves thin-chartaceous. 

M. Rattdni, Gray. Viscid-pubescent, a span or two high: leaves oblong; upper about 
equalling the sessile flowers: calyx very viscid, when fructiferous little higher than broad, 
a little oblique at orifice, and with short ovate teeth: corolla rose-purple, its lobes barely a 
line long, equal except that the upper are united to near the middle: capsule narrowly 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly half exserted: seeds oblong-oval.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307. 
Eunanus Rattani, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 105.— Lake and Colusa Co., California, 
Rattan, Layne-Curran. 

% % Corolla a quarter to three-fourths inch long, funnelform or narrower, well exserted beyond 
the campanulate or oblong calyx: capsule-valves membranaceous or chartaceous: plants a span 
or two high and branching when luxuriant, when depauperate dwarf and simple, beginning to 
blossom from near the root. 

+ Calyx not manifestly oblique at orifice, but lower teeth usually a little shorter. (Species of 
difficult discrimination. ) 

M. mephiticus, Greenr. Very viscid-pubescent and strong-scented : leaves from ob- 
ovate-oblong to nearly linear: calyx-teeth short, broadly lanceolate, acutish : corolla half to 
two-thirds inch long and with somewhat bilabiate limb 4 or 5 lines broad, bright yellow, 
often purple-dotted in the throat, sometimes whole throat or even the limb turning reddish : 
seeds oval. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9. Eunanus mephiticus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 102. 
— Common in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward. 

M. naénus, Hoox. & Ary. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, or low and early-flowering 
plants almost glabrous: leaves obovate and spatulate-oblong, all with tapering base: calyx- 
teeth broadly lanceolate or triangular, acutish or when outspread obtuse, but acute when 
the tips are conduplicate, a quarter or a third the length of the oblong tube : corolla rose- 
purple with darker or yellow throat, mostly two-thirds or three-fourths inch long ; the limb 
half-inch or less wide, evidently bilabiate and the lower lip a little shorter than the upper: 
seeds oval-oblong. — (Supra, p. 274, excl. the yellow-flowered form and the var.) California 
to interior of Washington Terr. and Wyoming, first coll. by Tolmie. 

M. Bigelovii, Gray, p.274. Viscid-pubescent, sometimes viscidly villous : leaves nearly of 
the preceding or more acute, the upper ovate and acuminate: calyx-teeth triangular and 
acuminate or subulate-acute, about half the length of the tube: corolla crimson, sometimes 
with a yellow eye, three-fourths inch long when well developed, narrow up to the abruptly 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 445 


much dilated throat and expanded slightly bilabiate limb, this half to three-fourths inch in 
diameter and rotately expanding : seeds oval to oblong. — Belongs mainly to the southern 
and eastern parts of the Sierra Nevada, and extends from the borders of Arizona to the 
interior of Washington Terr. 

Var. ovatus. More rigid, a span to near a foot high, at length spicately flowered, all 
the floral and even most of the lower cauline leaves ovate from a broad base, closely sessile, 
acutely apiculate-acuminate. — Partly referred to A/. nanus, partly to M. Bigelovii, on p. 274. 
W. Nevada (Torrey) and northward to the tpper Columbia River, Nevius, Hall, Howell. 


M. Whitnéyi. An inch or two high, in pubescence and foliage resembling the dwarf state 
of M. nanus: calyx about 2 lines long, campanulate, with uarrow lanceolate and acutish 
teeth half the length of the tube: corolla with narrow tube (3 lines long) abruptly dilated 
into the broadly obconical throat and seemingly regular spreading limb (together 4 lines 
high), the latter “yellow ” or probably nearly white, the throat dark purple in 8 or 10 lon- 
gitudinal blotches. — Jf. nanus, var. bicolor, Gray, p. 275. Eunanus bicolor, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 381; Greene, 1. c. 103. Too scantily known only by specimens gathered on high 
sierras in Fresno Co., by Brewer, in the Geological Survey under Whitney, whose name it 
may bear. 


M. Fremonti, Gray, p. 275. At length a span or two high, from glabrate to soft-villous or 
tomentulose, not glandular and little viscid : leaves from narrowly oblong to spatulate or lan- 
ceolate : calyx-teeth short and broadly triangular or ovate, obtuse to acutish : corolla crimson, 
comparatively large, trumpet-shaped, being narrowly tubular-funnelform up to the abruptly 
spreading almost regular limb, this half to three-fourths inch in diameter: seeds oval. — 
Common only in Southern California. Parish finds a white-flowered variation. 


+ + Calyx decidedly oblique at orifice, ovate in outline, at least in fruit, and strongly plicate- 
angled: corolla narrow. 

M. subsectindus. Viscid-pubescent, diffusely branched from the base, the at length 
elongated branches bearing spicately disposed flowers chiefly turned to one side: leaves 
oblong, short ; lower less than inch long, upper shorter than the ample (4 lines long and 3 
broad) fruiting calyx: teeth of the latter all similar, deltoid-ovate, acute, about a line long: 
corolla “deep red,” half-inch long, with narrow tube and throat abruptly dilated into the 
nearly regular limb of 4 or 5 lines in diameter: capsule not exserted beyond the somewhat 
contracted oblique orifice of the calyx: seeds ovate-oblong. — In middle and western part 
of California, near Mt. San Carlos in Fresno Co., Brewer, and on Pine Mountain back of 
San Simeon Bay, Palmer. ‘ 
+-— + + Calyx more or less oblique at orifice, or two lower teeth manifestly shorter and smaller, 

the tube open-campanulate or short-oblong: leaves all entire: flowers short-pedicelled or sub- 
sessile. 

M. leptdleus, Gray, p. 274. Small, an inch to a span high, viscid-puberulent or pubescent : 
leaves spatulate-oblong to nearly linear: calyx 2 or 3 lines long ; the short teeth triangular- 
subulate, lower narrower and moderately shorter, at length spreading: corolla crimson, 2 to 
4 lines long and slender in depauperate plants, half-inch long when well grown, with gradu- 
ally widening throat (in withering becoming filiform) and small moderately bilabiate limb : 
capsule ovate to ovate lanceolate. — Described originally from depauperate form of arid 
places, with withering attenuate corollas, now known in other conditions along the whole 
drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, coll. also in Lake Co. (Curran) and Humboldt Co. (Rattan) 
in more luxuriant state, with comparatively large flowers, the Eunanus Layne, Greene, 
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 104. 

M. Parryi, Gray, p. 275. Nothing to add, except a habitat, Mokiak Pass, S. Utah, Palmer, 
and syn. Hunanus Parryi, Greene, 1. c. 

M. Torréyi, Gray, p. 275. Eunanus Torreyi, Greene, 1. c. There are small forms of 
M. Bolanderi which have been referred to this, in which the calyx-teeth are always short, 
broad, and obtuse or rounded. , 

% # * Corolla larger, more bilabiate, and ampliate in the throat: calyx (half-inch to inch 
long), with strongly plicate-angled tube, unequal and oblique; upper tooth much larger than 
lower, all acute: very viscid, with erect and commonly simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, and salient- 
denticulate leaves. 


446 SUPPLEMENT, 


M. Bolanderi, Gray, p. 275. Hunanus Bolanderi, Greene, 1. c. 105. Depauperate plants 
often bear flowers little larger than those of the foregoing. 

M. brévipes, Bewru, p. 275. Eunanus brevipes, Greene, 1.c. Habit and corolla of a true 
Afimulus. Besides the very viscid pubescencé has when young some branching long hairs. 


§ 4. MimuLfstrum, Gray. Corolla salverform; the tube and throat (which 
do not surpass the very unequal calyx) cylindrical, and the orifice not at all di- 
lated, but rather contracted; the abruptly and rotately expanded 5-lobed limb 
almost regular but oblique, the rounded lobes picturate-veined with crimson : 
viscid-pubescent annuals, of S. E. California; with the habit and other char- 
acters of the section Hunanus, especially of the last preceding species. — Bot. 
Gazette, ix. 141. 


M. Mohavénsis, Lemmon. Dwarf, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, branching: leaves 
(reddish) oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire: calyx (half-inch long) oblong- 
campanulate, somewhat ventricose, strongly angulate-plicate; the teeth deltoid and acumi- 
nate or very acute, upper and longer one nearly half the length of the tube: corolla some- 
what gibbous towards the base ; the widely spreading or refracted limb (5 lines in diameter) 
whitish with a dark crimson eye: immature capsule chartaceous, acute. — Bot. Gazette, 
lc. 142. Eunanus (Mimulasirum) Mohavensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 106. — Sandy 
banks of the Mohave River, coll. by the Lemmons, May, 1884. 

M. pictus. Viscid-pubescent: simple stems or basal branches erect, often a foot high: 
leaves obovate or ovate to oblong ; lower obtuse, contracted at base, sometimes few-tuothed ; 
upper shorter than the internodes: calyx elongated oblong, prismatic, in fruit filled by the 
oblong-linear mucronate-pointed firm-coriaceous capsule; the very unequal teeth all broad 
and obtuse: corolla with rather larger limb, strongly picturate-veined with crimson on a 
nearly white ground. — Eunanus (Mimulastrum) pictus, Curran, in herb.; Greene, Bull. 
Calif. Acad., 1. c.— Mountains of Kern Co., about Keene and Tehachapi stations, Mrs. 
Curran, June, 1884. Plant with habit of Mf. Bolanderi, calyx of an Gnoe, and nearly the 
capsule of M. Kelloggii. 


§ 5. Evumimurvs. Char. as on p. 276. The perennial species are so either 
by stoloniform rootstocks or by rooting from decumbent base of stems. 


M. cardinalis, Dovc.., p. 276. Add syn.: Erythranthe cardinalis, Spach, Suites Buff. ix. 
813. Type of § Erythranthe, Greene, 1. c. 

M. ringens, L., extends northward to the Hudson’s Bay district. This and the allied 
M. alatus are perennial by stoloniform rootstocks, produced rather late in the season. The 
corolla is not really ringeut, although the lips are widely open, for the throat is personately 
closed. 

The remaining Western species, i.e. all after M/. alatus, p. 276, are re-elaborated as fol- 

lows : — 

* * * Large-flowered to small-flowered Western species: corolla yellow and with or without 
dark blotches or dots, or in a few rose-colored or dark crimson: seeds mostly smooth or with slight 
reticulation or striation. 

+ Filiform-scapigerous and stoloniferous perennial, the stolons often producing scaly bulblets 
after the season's growth: scattered and long hairs viscous: leaves 3-nerved. 

M. primuloides, Beyru., p. 279. Add. fig. 138 in Gard. Chron., June 11, 1881, 765.— 
Extends from San Bernardino Mountains to those of Washington Terr. 

+ + Leafy-stemmed and perennial by thickish-filiform creeping rootstocks, villous pubescence 
slimy-viscous, commonly much so, musk-scented: leaves piunately veined: calyx-teeth narrow 
and acute: capsule acute and not stipitate: seeds globular. 

M. moschatus, Douet., p. 278. Weak stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet long. Runs into two 
extreme forms: 


SCROPHULARIACER. 447 


Var. longifiérus, Gray. <A form growing in drier soil, less viscid-villous, and with 
elongated corolla. — Jf. moniliformis, in part (the villous- and more or less viscous- 
pubescent plant), Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 119. Common especially in the Sierra 
Nevada. 

Var. sessilifélius. Leaves all sessile on upright or ascending stems (these some- 
times a foot or two high, very slimy), but those on decumbent shoots from the rootstocks 
of the same plant not rarely well-petioled.— Jf. inodorus, Greene, 1. ¢., but the plant as 
strongly musk-scented as the ordinary species, at least in some cases. — Not rare in wet 
places, from San Bernardino Co., California, northward, and passing into the ordinary form 
in Oregon. Calyx-teeth in all the forms variable in length and width. 

+ + + Leafy-stemmed and slender, perennial by filiform rootstocks, scentless, the minute 
pubescence (if any) not viscous: leaves essentially pinnately veined, the peduncles seldom sur- 
passing them: calyx-teeth acute, rather narrow and little unequal: corolla open, about inch 
long: capsule acute, not stipitate-contracted at base. 

M. moniliférmis, Greeve, in part. Filiform rootstocks ending in small moniliform 
tubers: stems a span or two high, simple and erect or with spreading branches: leaves ovate 
or oblong, acute or obtuse, half-inch to inch long, sparingly denticulate: calyx-teeth trian- 
gular, a quarter of the length of the tube: corolla barely inch long or less, light yellow, 
narrowly funnelform, short-bearded in the throat, the obscurely bilabiate limb half-inch in 
diameter. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 119, excl. the villous plant, on which, as to herbage, the 
species was founded. M. dentatus, var. gracilis, Gray, Bot. Gazette, vii. 112. M]. luteus, 
var. alpinus, Gray, ed. 1, ii. 8377. — Rocky soil in the Sierra Nevada, from Alpine Co. to 
Lassen, Greene, Lemmon, Jones, Mrs. Austin, &c.; the moniliferous rootstocks detected by 


Greene. 

M. dentatus, Norr. Copious rootstocks filiform: simple stems a foot or less high: leaves 
ovate to oblong, acute, one to three inches long, serrate with numerous commonly coarse 
and salient teeth : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, half the length of the tube: corolla ven- 
tricose-funnelform, fully inch long, deep golden yellow, with widely open throat and com- 
paratively short moderately bilabiate limb, the two conspicuous lines of yellow beard ex. 
tending from the lower sinuses to near the base. — Herb. Hook., &e.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
x. 372; Gray in Bot. Gazette, vii. 112; Greene, 1. c. 109. — In woods, Columbia River west 
of the Cascades, Nuttall, Howell, and western borders of California, Rattan. Nearly related 
are M. Orizabe, Benth., of Mexico, M. sessilifolius, Maxim., of Japan, which has closely 
sessile leaves and shorter and broader calyx-teeth; also MZ. Nepalensis, in the erect and 
larger-flowered form, which has broad and short abruptly pointed calyx-teeth. 

-— -— + + Leafy-stemmed, perennial by stoloniferous or creeping basal branches, or sometimes 
by filiform rootstocks, but seedlings flowering the first year, and precocious depauperate ones 
dying at maturity of fruit, glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent (but never clammy-hairy 
or mucilaginous): leaves several-nerved from the base or near it: peduncles in fruit spreading or 
else the apex nodding: calyx at least in fruit oblique-sided and more or Jess inflated, also oblique 
at orifice; the teeth all obtuse and broad (sometimes mucronulate, but never acute except when 
folded); uppermost sarger ; lower turned upward toward the upper at maturity of fruit: corolla 
more or less personate: capsule obtuse or retuse, mostly contracted or short-stipitate at base. 

a+ Small-flowered for the size of the leaves and (leafy) branches; the light yellow corolla (at most 
half-inch long) not twice the length of the calyx: capsule short-oval, very obtuse or retuse. 

M. glabradtus, HBK. Diffuse or ascending from a creeping base : stems somewhat quad- 
rangular : leaves round-oval or ovate, mostly denticulate or dentate ; lower with margined 
petioles, upper sessile by broad base: flowers mostly subtended by undiminished or little 
diminished leaves : upper calyx-tooth much larger than the lower. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 
370; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 371; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. A. Jamesii, var. Texensis, 
Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 277. AM. propinquus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1330; Benth. 1. c., but not from 
“N. W. America.” — Texas, New Mexico, &e. (Mex. and southward.) . ; 

Var. Jamésii. Diffusely procumbent, rooting extensively : leaves mainly orbicular 
and almost entire, some approaching reniform, upper ones hardly diminished and equalling 
the subtended peduncles. — J/. Geyeri, Torr. in Nicollet Rep., 1843 (157), 237. M. Jamesii, 

Torr. & Gray, & p. 276. The most northeastern in its range, and extends well into Mexico, 

if not to Guatemala. M. Madrensis, Seem. Bot. Herald, 322, t. 58, seems to be a diminu- 


tive form of it. 


448 SUPPLEMENT. 


Var. adscéndens. A large and robust form (as sometimes in Mexico), rising a foot 
or two high from the creeping base: branches freely racemosely flowered at summit; the 
upper and sometimes connate rounded leaves being much reduced and bracteiform. — 
M. glabratus (chiefly), Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. Af. Hallii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 
113, but species not truly annual, nor calyx-teeth acute. The specimen of Hall described 
from was a cultivated one. — Colorado and west to the Grand Cafion in N. W. Arizona, 
south to Mexico. Comes nearest to the following. 
++ ++ Large-flowered for the size of the plant; the golden yellow and sometimes crimson-dotted 

corolla ample compared with the calyx, the larger even an inch and a half long: capsule oval or 

slightly obovate, short-stipitate. 

M. luteus, L., p. 277. Exclude the syn. M. Scouler’, and from the var. alpinus exclude the 
syn. Af. dentatus, Nutt. (which see above); and also M. cupreus, Regel (J. luteus, var. 
cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag.), which belongs to a distinct Chilian species. The original Chilian 
AM. luteus, as Bentham decided, although usually distinguishable, cannot be specifically sena- 
rated from the Northern coast form, M/. guttatus, DC. Cat., and of Greene, 1. c., &c., to which 
pertain M. luteus, Bot. Mag. t. 1501, Bot. Rep. t. 661, and Jacq. f. Ecl. t. 92. The slender 
shoots from the base of the stem either root and form stolons, or not rarely rise and bear 
small leaves and flowers. 

Var. alpinus, Gray, p. 277 (excl. syn. as above). Includes w series of mountain 
forms, varying from two inches to near a foot high, clearly perennial, proportionally large- 
flowered. Small forms with round and nearly entire leaves answer exactly to AL, Tilingii, 
Regel, Gartenfl. xviii. 321, t. 631, plants of which, from the same sowing, developed next 
year into the typical N. American species, shown in xix. 290, t. 665; also in the gardens 
under this name and as “ M. Rezli,” the latter answering to d/. Tilingii, Greene, 1. c., from 
near Summit Station. 

Var. depauperatus, Gray, 1.c. partly. I. microphyllus, Benth.!in DC. Growing 
with the larger or ordinary plants, evidently an extreme depauperate form, either seedling 
or showing the creeping stolons; with filiform stem 2 to 7 inches high, 1-4-flowered ; leaves 
a quarter-inch or so long, and corolla 6 or 7 lines long. Grows with the larger forms on 
Columbia River: specimens exactly like those of Douglas from same district (except that 
some show the stoloniferous base) were received from Mrs. Barrett. 

M. Scotileri, Hoox. Erect, from a stoloniferous base,-a foot or two high: leaves thick, 
very smooth and shining, oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long, 4 to 6 lines wide), obtuse, 
evenly callous-denticulate; lower tapering into petioles of equal length; floral ones short 
and small, ovate and amplexicaul: flowers apparently of the preceding, but corolla shorter. 
—Fl. ii. 100; Benth. in DC. 1. c.--On the Columbia River, Scouler, in fruit only. Now 
rediscovered, in flower, in the mud on the south shore of the river (sometimes covered at 
high tide) about four miles above Astoria, by 7. Meehan, probably near Scouler’s original 
station. 

+ + + + + Pure annuals, leafy-stemmed, various in habit and size: no mucilaginous- 
clammy hairs: seeds oval or oblong, mostly with a smooth close coat. 

++ Comparatively large-flowered, the yellow corolla inch long and broad: upper cauline leaves 
connate into orbicular disks, glaucous: calyx less oblique than in succeeding. 

M. glaucéscens, Greeve. Erect, often tall, glabrous and glaucous, except the radical 
and lower cauline leaves, which are sometimes villous-pubescent ; these cordate-orbicular, 
crenate-dentate or incised, sometimes almost lyrate, slender-petioled ; the perfoliate disks 
denticulate or entire : inflorescence at length racemiform: corolla with ample throat: style 
minutely pubescent: calyx campanulate, slightly arachnoid-villous at the throat within, 
appearing repand-truncate, the teeth being very short and broad, in fruit nodding on the 
ascending peduncles, the two lower tedth incurving in the manner of the following. — Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 118. — California, along streams in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from 
Lassen to Butte Co., Fremont, Mrs. Austin, A. Gray. 
++ ++ Middle-sized to small-flowered (even in same species): herbage not glaucous: corolla vel- 

low: calyx especially when fructiferous and ventricose oblique-sided and oblique at orifice, 

strongly plaited-angled, mostly with acute or acutish teeth, the lower at maturity turned toward 
the larger uppermost: fructiferous peduncles mostly spreading or the apex nodding: capsule 
distinctly short-stipitate. 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 449 


= Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base, from denticulate to saliently and irregularly or doubly dentate, 
sometimes incised, mostly petioled. 

M, nastitus, Greexe. Quite glabrous, or herbage minutely pubescent; larger forms a 
foot or two high, erect, with 4-angled stout stem, corolla and fruiting calyx each half to two- 
thirds inch long, and rounded leaves one or two inches in diameter; exiguous forms abound- 
ing with the same (mostly flowering earlier or when drier), diffuse, delicate, thin-leaved, 
reduced to a span or so or even an inch or two high, with rounded leaves from half-inch to 
a line or two broad, fruiting calyx from 5 to 3 lines long, and very small hardly exserted 
corolla: leaves chiefly orbicular or round-ovate and lower subcordate: calyx broadly ven- 
tricose-ovate in fruit, conspicuously pointed by the triangular-lanceolate projecting upper 
tooth : corolla commonly with a crimson-purple spot on the lower lip. — AZ. nasutus & M. 
microphyllus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 111, 112, excl. syn. A/. lyratus, &c. 1. luteus, var. 
depauperatus, in part, of p. 277.— Common from 8. California to Brit. Columbia, and east- 
ward into Nevada, along streams and in cafions, often growing with JZ. luteus. 

M. nudatus, Curran. Minutely pubescent and viscidulous, glabrate in age, diffusely 
branched from the very base, a span or two high, with stems and sometimes foliage purple- 
tinged: leaves ovate to lanceolate, from denticulate to strongly and acutely dentate, taper- 
ing into a margined petiole (both together seldom inch long), upper much surpassed by the 
filiform at length divergent peduncles: corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample 
limb (bright yellow) : fructiferous calyx oblong-ovoid in fruit, then half-inch long or more 
and gibbous, with closed mouth; the short triangular teeth nearly equal and alike, but four 
closely inflexed upon the slightly projecting uppermost. — Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 114, 
name not well chosen, except for the (chiefly fruiting) specimens described. AL. dentatus, 
Gray, in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, partly (leafy and floriferous), not Nutt. — California in the 
Sierra Nevada, near Murphy’s, Bige/ow, and on Table Mountain, Mrs. Ames. Also Kelsey 
Mountain in Lake Co., Mrs. Layne-Curran. 

== = Leaves not nervose but laciniately dissected, narrow. 

M. laciniatus, Gray, p.277.  Glabrous or nearly so, a span to a foot high, slender: leaves 
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower in outline, from 3-5-cleft to irregularly once or twice pin- 
nately parted into narrow small lobes: corolla 2 to 4 lines long, narrow, hardly twice the 
length of the calyx, pale yellow: fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 lines long, gibbous-campanulate 
with acute base, little inflated; the triangular short teeth only slightly unequal. — Jf. 
Eisenii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 89. — Sierra Nevada, in Mariposa Co., California, 
recently collected by Congdon, Mrs. Layne-Curran, Meehan, &c. 
++ ++ ++ Small-flowered, very minutely glandular-puberulent or glabrous, but viscidulous, and 

when much so musk-scented: calyx campanulate-oblong, hardly at all unequal-sided at maturity 
or ventricose, but nearly filled by the oblong capsule; the short-toothed orifice as if truncate and 
moderately oblique; the upper and two lateral at length triangular-subulate teeth a little shorter 
than the two larger and rounded-obtuse more united lower ones! 

M. alsinoides, Doveu., p. 277.— British Columbia to N. California, first coll. by Menzies. 
Runs down to the exceedingly tiny specimens of Scouler, &c. (var. minimus}, while the 
larger are even a foot long, and some of the (5-nerved at base) leaves are two inches long, 
including the petiole. Nuttall distributed this species under the name of M. tenellus. Now 
that its peculiar characters are indicated it cannot be mistaken. Yet it had been confounded 
with some other species, and with Mf. Pulsifer, Greene, ].c. Suksdorf remarks that the 
peduncles carry the capsules as closely as possible to the rocks. 
ae te ee ++ Small-flowered, or sometimes rather large-flowered for a small plant: calyx not gib- 

bous nor manifestly oblique at orifice; the teeth equal or nearly so, and erect in fruit: corolla 
from yellow or rarely white to rose or crimson-red. 

= Fructiferous calyx more or less ovoid and ventricose, somewhat narrowed at the orifice, the 
short teeth disposed to connive: plants Jow and erect or ascending, glabrous or barely viscidu- 
lous-puberulent, with erect or ascending fructiferous peduncles, 

a. Leaves all or all but the lowermost sessile by a broad obscurely 3-nerved base, entire or occa- 
sionally denticulate: mature fructiferous calyx much ventricose and plaited-angled, 4 to 6 lines 
long: corolla rose-purple or pink, sometimes ‘ white.” ; 

M. inconspicuus, Grav, p. 278. Occurs here and there from middle to southern parts 
of California. Well-developed plants a span to a foot high, essentially glabrous; corolla in 

29 


450 4 SUPPLEMENT. 


best developed specimens half-inch long; the orifice of the calyx repandly 5-toothed, the 

broad teeth with or without a small apiculation; in 

Var. actittidens (Af. acutidens, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 117), the calyx-teeth more 
salient and narrowly subulate, and leaves mostly denticulate. — Southern part of the Sierra 
Nevada in King’s River Mountains, Dr. Liisen. 

Var. latidens has the triangular-ovate and acute calyx-teeth rather conspicuous in 
anthesis, and more so in fruit.— On the flanks of Monte Diablo, Brewer, Greene, and Chollas 
Valley, San Diego Co., Orcutt. 

b. Leaves all contracted below into a petiole or petiole-like base, more or less 3-nerved, sparingly 
denticulate: fructiferous calyx less ventricose and plaited, 3 or 4 ines long, and with more dis- 
tinct ovate-triangular teeth : corolla yellow, or rarely the limb pinkish. 

M. Pulsifere, Gray, p. 277.— California, from Sierra Co. to Washington Terr. Varies 
from obscurely to distinctly viscidulous-puberulent. Corolla light yellow. 

= = Fructiferous calyx campanulate to cylindraceous, little ventricose. 

u. Leaves ovate and slender-petioled, mostly denticulate, hardly at all nervose: corolla yellow: 
low plants, either viscidulous or clammy-haired. 

M. peduncularis, Dover. Erect, slender, viscid-puberulent or pubescent (not at all vil- 
lous), a span or two high: leaves with blade only quarter or half inch long, usually much 
surpassed by the filiform (inch or two long) spreading or divaricate peduncles: teeth of the 
narrow and nearly glabrous calyx very shorf: corolla golden yellow, half-inch long and its 
limb as broad. —~ Benth. Scroph. Ind. 49, in Prodr. wrongly referred to the next species. — 
Sandy banks of the Columbia River, Washington Terr. and Oregon, Douglas, Suksdorf (who 
indicated the excellent characters of the species), Mrs. Barrett. Also on the Kooskooskie, 
Geyer (part of his 474), and John Day River, Howell. 

M. floribtindus, Douce t., p. 278. Erect or soon diffuse and spreading, villous with slimy- 
viscid hairs, somewhat musk-scented : leaves mostly dentate, little surpassed by the (half or 
three-fourths inch long) ascending or spreading peduncles: calyx-teeth triangular, acute, a 
third or a quarter of the length of the campanulate tube: corolla light yellow, small. 

b. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, with several-nerved base, closely sessile: corolla light rose-color. 

M. Parishii, Greens. Erect and stout, a foot or two high, very villous with slimy viscid 
hairs, leafy to the top: leaves an inch or two long, dentate or denticulate with salient teeth : 
flowers mostly short-peduncled : corolla small, little surpassing the short triangular teeth of 
the cylindraceous calyx (this when fructiferous 5 or 6 lines long) : seeds oblong-oval, with a 
smooth close coat.— Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 108. — Southern California, from San Bernardino 
and Los Angeles Co. to below San Diego, Parish, Nevin, Oliver, Orcutt. 

c. Leaves narrow or small, sessile or nearly so by a tapering base; lateral ribs or nerves obscure 
or none: low or slender plants, erect. 

1. Corolla rather large (half-inch long), conspicuously bilabiate, lower lip more or less bearded. 

M. bicolor, Harrwes, p. 278. Viscid-pubescent : stems a span to a foot high, several- 
flowered : corolla golden yellow with the upper lip white (not the lower as stated in the 
original and in our description): calyx rather strongly ribbed or angled, the teeth acute: 
leaves dentate or denticulate. 

M. montioides, Grav, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, mainly. Glabrous, hardly viscidulous, 
half-inch to a span high, simple or at length much branched from base: flowers few on fili- 
form peduncles: corolla with narrow and well-exserted tube, ample throat and limb yellow 
and purple-spotted: teeth of the narrow calyx very short and obtuse: leaves thickish, 
spatulate to linear, obtuse. — M. rubellus, var. /atiflorus, Watson, Bot. King Exp. & p. 278. 
M. barbatus, Greene, in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9, who has well taken up the species under 
its original name in Bull. 1. c. 115.— Known only in W. Nevada and adjacent border of 
California. 

2. Corolla small even for the small plants, little exserted, only 2 or 3 lines long, and limb not over 
2 lines wide: throat beardless or nearly so: calyx-teeth short, triangular, mostly obtuse: pla- 
cente of the thin-membranaceous capsule in age disposed to split in two at apex or to be 
bipartible. 

M. Suksd6rfii. An inch to barely a span high, at length much branched at base, ob- 
scurely puberulent-viscidulous, the whole herbage and especially the fruiting calyx often 


SCROPHULARIACES. 45] 


reddish-hued : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, quarter to half-inch long, thickish, entire : 
corolla yellow, all five lobes of the small limb obcordate-emarginate ! — A/. montioides, as to 
the form “corolla parva calyce paullo longiore,” Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, later 
merged in Jf. rubellus. — Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, Mono Pass, Brewer and Bo- 
lander, and near Carson, Anderson, Torrey, &c., east to Utah, Watson, (and perhaps to Colo- 
rado,) and north to Mount Paddo, &c., Cusick, Suksdorf. Named for the latter, who first 
indicated the character of the corolla, and sent specimens which verify it. 


M. rubéllus, Gray, p. 278, mainly. A span or more high, simple or loosely branched, 
from obscurely to manifestly viscid-puberulent: leaves lanceolate, half-inch to inch and a half 
long, entire or denticulate: corolla rose-color or sometimes yellow and purplish-tinged or 
changing to purple, upper lip 2-lobed, the lower entire. — J/. rubellus & Eunanus Breweri, 
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 116, 101, the latter the more viscid form. — Rather common, 
from the mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, to California and Washington 
Terr. 

38. Corolla crimson, hardly at all bilabiate, the limb almost rotately spreading: plants slender, a 
span or two high, commonly effusely branched and with filiform peduncles, barely viscidulous- 
puberulent or glabrous. 

M. Palmeri, Grir, p. 278. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, sparsely dentate or en- 
tire, a quarter to three-fourths inch long: calyx oblong or cylindraceous-campanulate, 4 or 
5 lines long, with short and broad mostly obtuse teeth: corolla showy, crimson-purple, the 
larger three-fourths inch long, with ample open-funnelform throat: capsule oblong, a little 
shorter than the calyx. — Additions to the localities cited above are San Bernardino Co., 
Parish, Mariposa Co., Congdon (with larger and acutish calyx-teeth, also diminutive and 
smaller-flowered), and 25 miles from San Diego, Cleveland. 

Var. androsaceus. Very much branched, smaller-flowered: corolla barely half- 
inch and in depauperate plants only quarter-inch long. — /. androsaceus, Curran in Greene, 
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 121.— Tehachapi, 8S. California, Mfrs. Layne-Curran. Mountains on 
the borders of Lower California, Orcutt. 

M. exiguus, Gray. Effusely paniculate, with filiform stem and branches: leaves linear- 
spatulate, a line or two long, 3 or 4 times shorter than the peduncles: calyx short-campanu- 
late, a line long, or in fruit barely 2 lines long, with short obtuse teeth, obscurely 5-nerved, 
completely filled and slightly surpassed by the broadly ovate capsule: corolla (as far as 
seen) only a line or two in length and with minute limb.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307; 
Greene, 1. c. — Hanson’s Ranch, over the border in Lower California, Orcutt. Possibly a 
form of the preceding. 


§ 6. Mimcroipes, Gray. Char. of § 5, except that the calyx is short-cam- 
panulate, deeply 5-cleft ; its tube 5-sulcate, not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, 
and almost nerveless: placente tardily or incompletely dividing in the manner 
of § 3. 

M. exilis, Duranp. Older name than MW. pilosus, Watson, and according to the rules to be 

adopted for that, on p. 279. 


16. HERPESTIS, Gertn. f. 


H. rotundifolia, Pursn, p. 280. Corolla not rarely white. — Coll., out of ordinary range, 
in Fresno Co., California, Dr. Eisen, Lemmon. Published as Ranupalus Eiseni, Kellogg, 
Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 113. 


26. BUCHNERA, L. P. 289, add 


B. pilésa, Benru. Leafy up to the inflorescence: radical leaves obovate or oblong ; upper 
lanceolate to linear, the larger not rarely few-toothed : calyx-teeth subulate, equal or nearly 
so, in fruit surpassing the straight but somewhat oblique capsule: tube of the corolla barely 


452 SUPPLEMENT, 


twice the length of the calyx, appressed-hairy outside. — Bot. Sulph. 144; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xix. 93. (Mexico, &c.) 

Var. Arizonica, Gray, l.c. 92. Hispidulous, sometimes paniculately branched. — 
S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Leminon. 


29. GHERARDIA, L. 


G. tenuifodlia, Vaut, p. 294. Add: Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 9, t. 2. 

Var. aspérula, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform, and upper face hispidulous-sca- 
drous: inflorescence more paniculate, with pedicels ascending: corolla small, the expanded 
limb only half-inch in diameter. — Bot. Gazette, iv. 153. — Dry and bare hills, Michigan to 
Minnesota and Missouri, a rather common Western form. 


30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. 


C. indivisa, Encrrm., p. 295. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6376; the galea represented too 
short and thick. The only species which has yet succeeded in cultivation. 

C. viscidula, Gray, p. 297. Eagle Creek Mountains, E. Oregon, along alpine streamlets, 
Cusick. — Next to this, but nearer C. Lemmon?, comes the following : 

C. cinérea, Gray. Many-stemmed from a tap-root, 8 inches high, cinereous with a short 
and soft but somewhat hirsute pubescence, very leafy up to the short and dense cylindra- 
ceous spike: leaves nearly erect, linear (half-inch long, a line or more wide), entire, or 
upper 3-cleft; floral spatulate-dilated, viscid-glanduiar, tinged yellow: calyx-segments two- 
parted into linear lobes: galea short-oblong, truncate, a quarter of the length of the tube, 
and about as much longer than the obtusely 3-crenate lip: stigma large and disciform. — 
Proce. Am. Acad. xix. 98. — Rocky hills of Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, S. E. 
California, Parish. 

C. sessiliflora, Pursu, p. 298. Extends even to Montana, Canby, and the Mohave Des- 
ert, California, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

At the end of the genus a peculiar section is to be added : — 


+ + + + Calyx normally bilabiate, i.e. cleft at the sides deeper than before or behind, upper 
lip emarginate, lower obcordately 2-cleft. 


C. plagiédtoma, Gray. Puberulent: stem 2 feet high from a thick perennial root, branch- 
ing: leaves narrowly linear, or upper trifid with linear lobes; floral 3-5-cleft with the her- 
baceous lobes linear-spatulate, cinereous-pubescent: spikes sparsely-flowered below: calyx 
oblong, with the lips a little shorter than the tube and about equalling the yellow corolla: 
galea straight, as long as its tube; lip very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 94.—S. E. Cali- 
fornia, on the Mohave Desert, Pringle. 


31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. 


There are three (instead of two) species in the first division of § 2, p.300, to be distinguished 
as follows. See Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 94. 


O. imbricatus, Torr. Slender, branching: stem and narrow linear leaves minutely pu- 
berulent : bracts chartaceo-scarious and reticulated in age, purplish, oval, entire or a pair of 
small basal lobes, naked or sparsely ciliate at base, loosely imbricated in the spike: calyx 
very short, its broad lobes with a pair of short and small subulate teeth: corolla rose-purple, 
hardly half-inch long; lip and galea equal in length, the latter usually without uncinate 
apex: anther-cells oval.— Watson, Bot. King Exp. 458. 0. tenusfolius, “a Bot. Calif. i. 
577, & p. 800, mainly, not Pursh. — Mountains of N. and E. California and S. Oregon, first 
coll. by Newbers Ys 

O. pachystachyus, Gray. Low and stout, above slightly hirsute: bracts imbricated in 
the thick spike, large (inch or more in length), chartaceo-scarious and purplish in age, ob- 


SCROPHULARIACE. 453 


long, with one or two pairs of elongated ateral lobes : calyx half the length of the corolla, 
deeply 2-cleft, and divisions cleft to the middle into subulate-lanceolate lobes: corolla roge- 
purple, over an inch long; galea with uncinate tip surpassing the lip: anther-cells linear- 
lunate, acute at base. — Near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., N. California, Greene. 

O. tenuifolius, Bextu. Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hirsute, especially the 
bracts; of which the lower are leaf-like and 3-5-cleft, and only the oblong middle lobe of 
the enlarged upper ones purple: calyx half the length of the corolla, its lobes bearing a pair 
of elongated-subulate teeth: corolla yellow, narrow, two-thirds inch long, with small uncinate 
tip surpassing the lip: auther-cells oval. — Mountains of Montana and Oregon, first coll. by 
Lewis & Clark. Tn Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95, misprinted O. linearifolius. 

O. purpureo-albus, Gray, p. 301. Extends to Arizona, Lemmon. Corolla at first white, 
soon becoming rose-purple. 

To § 3 there are some additions and corrections, viz. : — 

O. pusillus, Benrn., p. 301. The seed-coat is close, indeed, but cellular-appendaged at the 
chalaza or partly down the rhaphe. 

O. floribindus, Bent, p. 301. Exclude syn. Chloropyron palustre, Behr, which belongs 
to Cordylanthus maritimus. Seed-coat close. Corolla cream-color. 

O. erianthus, Beytu., p. 301. Corolla sulphur-yellow, or cream-color: seed-coat wholly 
close. Described from the form with pubescent foliage, which is low. — Apparently con- 
fined to the Californian coast district. 

Var. levis. Not rarely a foot high, glabrous or nearly so up to the inflorescence: 
corolla sulphur-yellow, paler in fading; the galea generally pale. —O. fuucibarbatus, Gray, 
p. 302. Pubescence of the lip and throat variable. 

Var. réseus, Gray. Either glabrous or pubescent: corolla rose-color, apparently so 
from the first, or ‘‘ white.” —Triphysaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 
ii. 52, according to original specimens: the indigenous ones rose-color, and the herbage below 
glabrous (but similar pubescent plants with rose-colored corollas in an early distribution, 
unnamed), in the plant raised in St. Petersburgh Garden “white ” or cream-color. 

O. Bidwélliz, Gray. Resembles the preceding, more slender, smaller and looser-flowered, 
puberulent : divisions of the leaves almost filiform : lip of the corolla light golden-yellow, 
not over about 2 lines broad, prominently surpassed by the brown-purple subulate galea: 
seed-coat loose and cellular, arilliform. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 51.—On the Sacramento and 
its tributaries in Butte and Placer Co., California, first coll. by Afrs. Ames and Mrs. 
Bidwell. 

Var. micranthus. Depauperate and few-flowered, with corolla barcly half the 
usual size. — Plains of Fresno Co., Greene, distributed as a species under this name. 

O. Parishii, Gray. Next to 0. campestris, p. 302, a span or more high, nearly glabrous: 
leaves 3-5-cleft into linear-filiform divisions, or the lower entire; floral ones very similar, the 
3-5 lobes purple-tipped: flowers in a dense short spike: calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, half 
the length of the tube: corolla rose-purple, little pubescent in the throat; sacs of the lip as 
broad as long ; galea lanceolate, rather obtuse, puberulent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229.— 
S. California, on the San Jacinto Mountains, Parish. Adjacent Lower Calif., Jones, Orcutt. 

O. lithospermoides, Brnru., p. 302. Extends to 8. W. Oregon. 

O. hispidus, Benru., p. 302. Extends south to the southern part of California. 


32. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. 


C. Wrightii, Gray, p. 303. A form apparently of this species with smaller and less ex- 
serted (yellow) corolla. only three-fourths inch long, and anther-cells glabrous except an 
apical fascicle of hairs, coll near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Matthews, also Arizona, Lem- 
mon, Jones. The original has the anther-cells only villous-ciliate. 

C. Pringlei, Gray. Of the section Adenostegia, and the division with four stamens and 
two-celled anthers, tall, nearly glabrous, diffusely much branched : leaves all linear-filiform, 
entire; lowest an inch and a half long, pubescent; uppermost very short and small, quite 
glabrous; bracteal leaves short, flabelliform, obtusely 3-5-lobed, crowded in the capitate 


454 SUPPLEMENT. 


cluster of 2 to 5 flowers : sepals nearly equal, oblong, sparsely scaberulous-glandular, hardly 
equalling the short-oblong pale yellow (4 or 5 lines long) corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 
94.— Dry hills, Lake Co., California, Pringle. 

C. Nevinii, Gray. Next to C. tenuis, p. 304, anomalous in the division by its essentially 
one-celled anthers: loosely much branched, villous-pubescent : leaves either 3-parted or en- 
tire, narrowly linear, not callose-apiculate: flowers scattered along the slender branchlets, 
nearly naked, much exceeding the subtending floral leaves: corolla yellowish and purplish: 
four stamens alike, with villous filaments, sometimes a rudimentary second cell to the an- 
thers but commonly none: seeds smooth, scarious-apiculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229.— 
San Bernardino Mountains, 8. E. California, Nevin, Parish. Also San Diego Co., Orcutt. 

C. maritimus, Nurt., p.304. Add syn.: Chloropyron palustre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 
61, fide Mrs. Curran in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 145. Extends north to Humboldt Co., Rattan, 
and east to San Bernardino Co., in saline soil, Parish. 


§ 4. Dicranosrigia. Calyx monophyllous, posterior, 2-parted, the segments 
ovate, acuminate, one-nerved. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95. 


C, Orcuttidnus, Gray,1.c. Hirsute or hispidulous, a span to a foot high, very leafy : 
leaves all pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes: flowers capitate-crowded : 
corolla yellowish, with broad and equal lips: filaments glabrous ; anthers of the longer pair 
2-celled, but lower cell remote and hardly polliniferous; of the shorter pair abortive, reduced 
to a 2-parted yellow-hirsute rudiment. — Tijuana, a little within the border of Lower 
California, Orcutt. 


36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. 


To division +- +- +, p. 306, but needing a new subdivision, add : — 


P. Howeéllii, Gray. A foot high, with herbage glabrous: stem stout, simple, naked or 
with some small scales below, above leafy up to the dense cylindraceous spike: leaves 
oblong (2 inches long) ; some simple and undulate-serrate or entire, on margined petioles, 
others pinnately 3—7-parted or upper lobes more confluent: bracts foliaceous, ovate, mostly 
acuminate, more or less lanate-ciliate, shorter than the flowers: calyx campanulate, sparsely 
villous, 5-dentate; teeth ovate, nearly entire, the posterior and lateral more connate: corolla 
white or whitish, with exserted tube and a rather long much incurved somewhat rose-colored 
beak, much like that of P. compacta, but its truncate tip rather broader; lip small. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xx. 307.—N. California, in the Siskiyou Mountains, Howell. 

P. CAénbyi. Near the Siberian P. compacta, but with very short-beaked galea: glabrous up 
to the inflorescence: stem sparsely leafy, 7 to 10 inches high: leaves pinnately divided or 
parted into 11 or more linear-lanceolate and laciniate-serrate divisions (of about half-inch in 
length): spike cylindraceous, dense: ovate bracts and irregularly 4-5-cleft calyx sparsely 
villous : corolla (half-inch long) yellowish, with exserted tube, and galea with a distinct but 
short and thickish (line long) porrect truncate beak ; lip very short, almost flabellifurm, its 
three short lobes erose-crenulate. — Rocky Mountains of Montana, on McDonald’s Peak of 
Mission Range, at 8,400 feet, Canby, 1883. 

P. Furbishize, Warson. Next to P. lanceolata, p. 307, but more allied to the Siberian 
P. striata; tall (2 or 8 feet high) and rather slender, pubescent or glabrate, sparsely 
leafy to the rather dense spike: leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong 
divisions pinnatifid-incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate ; uppermost 
passing into the foliaceous and ovate laciniate-dentate bracts, which are shorter than the 
flowers: lobes of the calyx 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or with 2 or 3 teeth, 
about the length of the narrow campanulate tube: corolla ochroleucous, two-thirds inch 
long, narrow; galea straight, one third the length of the tube, beakless, the introrse truncate 
apex bicuspidate, the front almost rectilinear, nearly equalled by the erect truncately 3-lobed 
lip, which when outspread is nearly flabelliform: capsule broadly ovate: seeds oval, com- 
pressed, with the thin striate and cellular-reticulate coat wing-like, very much broader than 
nucleus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 375.— Banks of the St. John’s River, Aroostook Co., 
Maine, Miss Furbish, and adjacent New Brunswick, Wetmore, Vroom. 


OROBANCHACER. 455 


OROBANCHACEA. 


2, APHYLLON, Mitchell. 


A. Ludovicténum, Gray, p. 313. Exclude the habitat “California,” which belongs to 
the following. 

A. Codperi, Gray. A span toa foot high from a very thick ligneous-fleshy tuberous cau- 
dex, puberulent, usually with some loose flowering branches: flowers pedicellate or the 
upper sessile : calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the capsule : corolla violet or purple, three- 
fourths inch long, rather deeply bilabiate; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted ; lobes all lan- 
ceolate and acute: anthers glabrous before dehiscence: stigma funnelform-dilated, nearly 
orbicular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307; distributed by Pringle as A. Ludovicianum, var. 
Cooper’. — Common in S. Arizona to the borders of California ; first coll. by Cooper. 


8. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. There are two species of this genus, 


viz.:— 


C. Americana, Wattr., p. 313, excl. reference to Endl. Iconogr. Cauline and bracteal 
scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish: corolla barely half-inch long. —Orobanche 
Americana, L. Mant. (not “Suppl.”) 88. Apparently also Mexican, coll. Botteri. 

C. Mexicana, Gray. Cauline (except the lowest) and bracteal scales lanceolate, mostly 
attenuate-acute; corolla larger.— Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 131.—C. Americana, 
Endl. Iconogr. t. 81, but scales rather broad.— Mountains of E. New Mexico, Wright, G. R. 
Vasey, and Arizona, Rusby. (Mex., Parry & Palmer, &c.) 


4, BOSCHNIAKIA, ©. A. Meyer. 


B. strobilacea, Gray, p. 313. Seed-coat deeply favose.— Extends northward into 
Oregon, Howell. 


LENTIBULARIACE A. 


1. UTRICULARIA, L. See Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 287-289. 


U. minor, L., p. 315. Add syn.: U. gibba, LeConte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 76, t. 6, £. 5, not L. 
— Next to this, although somewhat resembling U. intermedia, comes the following. 

U. occidentalis, Gray. Stems and foliage of the preceding: scape a span long, 
3-5-flowered: pedicels somewhat spreading after anthesis: corolla with rounded palate 
(3 or 4 lines in length and breadth) a little shorter than the upper lip: spur broadly conical, 
acutish (2 lines long), ascending. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95.— Falcon Valley, Washington 
Terr., Suksdorf. 

U. bifléra, Lam., p. 315. Add syn.: U. longirostris, LeConte, 1. c., and exclude the same 
from U. fibrosa. 

U. purptrea, Watr., p. 316. The smaller-flowered plant, with corolla only 3 or 4 lines 
wide, which proves to be the commoner form in the Atlantic Southern States, is probably 
Walter’s, with “floribus parvis.” Probably it passes into the larger-flowered 

U. corntita, Mrcnx., p. 317. Correct char.: stem 1-5-flowered at summit: lips of the 
corolla half-inch long, lower with the two sides fully as broad as the ample palate: spur 
subulate, as long as the lower lip, porrect or descending. — A common Northern as well as 
Southern species. ; 

U. jancea, Vanr. Resembles the preceding: stem racemosely or rather spicately 4~10- 
flowered ; lower flowers more or less distant: lips of the corolla 3 or 4 lines long, the lower 


456 SUPPLEMENT. 


mainly consisting of the high-arched palate. spur slender-subulate, soon deflexed. — Enum. 
i. 302; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 287, 288. U. personata, LeConte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 77, 
t. 6, £.10, as shown by original drawing. U- cornuta in part, of authors; Benjamin in Linn. 
xx. 805, & Fl. Bras. x. 240, — E. North Carolina to Texas. (Cuba to Brazil.) 

U. longecilidta, A.DC. Filiform stem a span or more high, 2-7-flowered : ovate bracts 
and bractlets and the calyx fringed with long bristles: lips of the yellow corolla 2 or 3 
lines long. — Prodr. viii. 23. — Tampa and Manatee, Florida, Garber. (Cuba to Brazil.) 

U. simplex, C. Wricut. A span or two high, very slender, strict, spicately 2-6-flowered : 
bracts minute, ovate, bractlets subulate: sepals ovate, the larger acute or acuminate: 
corolla shorter than the calyx, the erect lips and obtuse spur only a line or so in length : 
seeds oval, coarsely favose-reticulated.— Wright & Sauvalle, Fl. Cubana, 91.— Near 
St. Augustine, Florida, Miss Reynolds. Probably sometimes with larger corolla. (Cuba.) 


2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. 


P. ptimila, Micax., p. 317. P. Floridensis, Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 635, appears to be the same, 
as also the wrongly described P. australis, Nutt., while the P. australis, Chapm. Fl. 284, is 
P. elatior, Michx. 


BIGNONIACEA. 


8. CATALPA, Scop. Two North American species are now distinguished, 
not very definitely, viz.: — 


C. bignonioides, Watr., p. 319. “Low and much-branched tree, with thin bark: leaves 
(unpleasantly scented) moderately acuminate, and not rarely a pair of lateral salient teeth : 
corolla hardly inch and a half long, thickly spotted within, the tube campanulate, limb 
oblique, lower lobe entire: capsule very slender. — Exclude from the syn. the figure in 
Duhamel. —S. W. Georgia, Alabama, &c.; and widely cultivated. 

C. speciésa, Warper. Large and tall tree, with thick bark: leaves (inodorous) caudate- 
acuminate: corolla larger (2 inches high), nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, and with 
broader little oblique limb, the tube obconical, lower lobe emarginate: capsule equally long 
but nearly twice as thick: flowering earlier (May). — Engelm. Bot. Gazette, v. 1; Sargent, 
Forest Trees, 10th Census, 115. C. cordifolia, “Jaume” in Duham. ed. nov. ii. t. 5, as to 
the plate. — S. Illinois and adjacent States. A more showy as well as larger and more val- 
uable tree. First discriminated by the late Dr. J. A. Warder, and scientifically published by 
Engelmann under Dr. Warder’s name. 

CrescenTia cucursitTina, L. (see p. 320), was collected by the late Dr. Garber in S. Flor- 
ida: probably not indigenous. 


ACANTHACEA. 
38. CALOPHANES, Don. 


C. oblongifélia, Doy, p. 324. The sepals much surpass the capsule, and sometimes nearly 
equal the corolla. The var. angusta should give place to 

C. angusta. A span or two high, erect or ascending from a creeping base, only minutely 
puberulent, usually very leafy: leaves half to three-fourths inch long, from oblong to al- 
most linear, obscurely veined: flower small: corolla barely half-inch long, rather narrow: 
sepals distinct to near the base, subulate-setaceous, hardly surpassing the capsule. — C. ob- 
longifolia, var. angusta, p. 324. Dipteracanthus linearis, Chapm. Fl. 303, not Torr. & Gray. 
—S. Florida, Chapman, Palmer, Garber, Curtiss. 
DipreracAntTuus uiseipus, Berto]. Misc. Bot. xvii. 17, t 1, is Gratiola pilosa, Michx. 

On the other hand, Nicotiana humilis, Bertol. 1. c. xiii. t. 1, is Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. 


ACANTHACES. 457 


&. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. Species rearranged, as follows: — 


x Calyx-lobes attenuate, longer than the stipe and mostly about equalling the body of the capsule 
(a third to half an inch long): corolla dull red, funnelform above, with lobes much shorter than 
the tubular portion: flowers distinctly pedicellate, chiefly in axillary and mostly leafy fascicles. 

A. Thurberi, Gray, p. 328. From mountains of W. Texas (IZavard) to those of S. W. 
Arizona, Pringle, Parish, &c. Here belong the U. 8. portion of Drejera puberula, Torr., 
and A. pumilus, p. 328, not Nees. 

%* %* Calyx shorter, not surpassing and only in A. virgularis ever equalling the stipe of the 
capsule: flowers usually, at least the upper ones, spicately or racemosely disposed along the 
branchlets and secund, the upper subtending leaves reduced to subulate bracts. 

A. insignis. Puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to linear : 
flowers pedicellate, in lateral clusters from axils of fallen leaves and short-racemose on 
evolute small-bracted branchlets: calyx puberulent-glandular ; the almost distinct sepals 
linear-subulate, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla rose-red or even salmon-color, 2 inches long; the 
linear lobes shorter than the upwardly enlarged tubular portion: stipe when well developed 
longer than the body of the capsule. — A. pumilus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 133. 
Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, as to pl. Gregg. — Chisos Mountains on the 
border of W. Texas, Havard, a linear-leaved form, with stipe to capsule a third of an inch 
long. (Adj. Mex. Between Parras and Chihuahua, Gregg. Palmer, with stipe as long as 
capsule, and in the State of Chihuahua, Pringle, with stipe half-inch long ) 

A. Wrightii, Gray, p. 328. Calyx glabrous or nearly so, remarkably short, barely 2 lines 
long, and the lobes rather obtuse, seldom half the length of the stipe: corolla with throat 
very little dilated. 

A. pUmitus, Nees, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 522, includes A. Gregqii, p. 328, and 
has tomentulose-pubescent and short calyx, the scarlet-red corolla of the next, but with its 
ligulate-linear lobes longer than the narrow tube. ; 

A. virguLAris, Nees, has a nearly glabrous calyx with slender-subulate lobes, a scarlet-red 
corolla with lobes shorter than the slender tube, and stipe shorter or not longer than the body 
of the capsule. To this belongs the plant of Berlandier referred to Drejera puberula, Torr. 
Also the l. pumilus, Girst. Pl. Liebm. Palmer’s Mexican no. 1016 has the leaves and corolla 
of the most narrow-leaved A. virgularis, but the calyx of A. Wrightii. A. junceus, Hemsl., the 
Drejera juncea, Torr. 1. c., is founded on a leafless branch of a slender and junciform A. vir- 
gularis, like one recently collected in Chihuahua by, Pringle. 


12. DIANTHERA, Gronov. At end of the genus, p. 330, add: — 


JacoBfNIA NEGLECTA, Sericographis neglecta, Oersted, a native of the Mexican coast-region, 
has been received, through P. J. Berckmans, in living specimens from Florida, where it is said 
to be spontaneous, — probably through some mistake. It is somewhat shrubby, with oblong- 
lanceolate or broader and acuminate leaves, flowers (inch and a half long) secund, in naked 
triple spikes on a slender axillary peduncle: calyx and bracts short: corolla light brick-red 
and narrowly tubular: connective of the anthers broad enough to refer the plant to Dianthera, 
the slightly higher and larger cell (or rather the connective) apiculate. 


15. DICLIPTERA, Juss. 


D. resupinata, Juss., p. 331, covers two species. The true one is annual, with a loosely 
branched stem: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rather long-petioled: involucral 
bracts cordate-rotund: seeds muricate with subulate minutely setuliferous processes. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 308.—On the borders of S$. W. Arizona and Sonora, coll. 
Coulter (557), Thurber, &c. (Trop. Mex., &c.) 

D. Torréyi, Gray, l.c. Low, many-stemmed from a stout lignescent perennial caudex : 
leaves lanceolate, not over inch and a half Jong (including the short petiole) : involucral 
bracts cordate-orbicular, usually emarginate, all more or less pedunculate: seeds scabrous 
with acute and naked papille. — D. resupinata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125, and mainly of 


458 SUPPLEMENT. 


p. 331. (Probably not at all D. thlaspioides, Nees, of Central America.) — Arizona, by 
nearly all collectors. 

D. pseudoverticillaris, Gray. Intermediate between the Platystegie and the Spheho- 
stegie, annual, a foot high, branching and flowering from the base, nearly glabrous: lower 
leaves ovate, acuminate (over an inch long), long-petioled; upper much smaller, ovate- 
elliptical, short-petioled, equalling the axillary subsessile leaf-like involucral bracts: these 
at first spreading, deltoid-roundish, very obtuse or retuse, rarely mucronulate, abruptly con- 
tracted at base, there commonly coalescent into a narrow cup: corolla not surpassing the 
involucre: seeds muricate with minutely setuliferous processes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 308. 
— Valley of the Altar, N. W. Sonora, Mexico, not far below the boundary of Arizona, 
Pringle. Apparently also collected, long ago, in the same district, by Thurber. 


SELAGINACE AI. 


1. LAGOTIS, Gertn. (Aaz0ic, a hare, ove, ear.) The earlier name for 
Gymnandra, Pall., p. 382. Only one Northern species, viz. : — 


L. glatica, Garrry.; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov. Asiat. iv. 1881, 296. Gymnandra Gmelini 
and G. Steller’, Cham. & Schlecht., and p. 332: these specific names taken by Maximowicz 
as varieties. 


VERBENACE. 


3. VERBENA, Tourn. 


V. Bonanrténsis, L. Before V. angustifolia, p. 336. A peculiar species, mostly tall, puberu- 
lent, somewhat scabrous: stem square: leaves partly clasping, lanceolate, acutely serrate, 
entire toward the base, reticulate-veiny and rugose: spikes dense and short, sessile and 
crowded in dense pedunculate cymes: corolla small. — Dill. Hort. Elth. 406, t. 300.— Road- 
sides near Charleston, S. Carolina. (Widely dispersed through warm countries; nat. from 
S. Am.) 

V. littoralis, HBK. Next to V. angustifolia. Nearly smooth and glabrous, a foot or two 
high, fastigiately branched above: branches terminating in single and rather slender spikes 
of small purple or blue flowers : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, more or less serrate, 
rugose-veiny. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 276, t. 137. — Lower California, near the border of 
San Diego Co., Orcutt. (Variable and wide-spread species of Mex. and S. Am.) 

V. remota, Bentu. After V. canescens, p. 336, from which exclude the syn. Procumbent 
from a perennial or perhaps annual root: leaves mostly obovate in outline, once or twice 
8-5-parted into short and narrow lobes : lower flowers sparse and in the axil of leaves (as in 
the nearly related species), and most of the upper exceeded by the linear or subulate bracts : 
fruit shorter; nutlets granulose-scabrous at the commissure. — P]. Hartw. 21; Watson, Proc. 
Am. Acad. xviii. 136. V. Arizonica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 96.— 8. Arizona, Lemmon, 
Pringle, the latter distributed as V. canescens. (Mex.) 


8. CITHAREXYLUM, L. Nutlets occasionally one-celled, the seed 
filling the cell. 

§ Lycrfstrum. Flowers solitary or subsolitary in the centre of axillary fas- 
cicles of leaves: these remarkably small. 
C. brachyanthum. Slender, very much branched, puberulent : branchlets quadrangular: 

leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, quarter to half inch long, veinless, subsessile ; pri- 


mary ones articulated (in the manner of the genus) with the pulvinus or very short persistent 
petiole, which after their fall often becomes spinescent (but barely a line long): calyx 


LABIATA. 459 


5-dentate, pubescent: tube of the white corolla campanulate (hardly 2 lines long) and barely 
surpassing the calyx, somewhat longer than the rounded lobes: fifth stamen sometimes an- 
theriferous: drupes 3 lines in diameter, apparently yellow: endocarp of two 2-celled nutlets : 
ovules amphitropous, borne at about the middle of the cell: seed pendulous from near the 
summit of the cell, becoming orthotropous, with hollowed face, undulate-rugose on the back. 
— Lycium brachyanthum, Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 426 ; Watson, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 127.—S. borders of Texas, at Laredo, on the Rio Grande, Parry, Palmer. 
(Coahuila, Mex., Palmer, and long ago coll. by Gregg.) C. lycioides, Don in Edinb. New 
Phil. Jour. x. 237, coll. by Sesse & Mocino in Mexico, must be near this, and may be the 
same. Habit very unlike the ordinary types of the genus. 


LABIAT A. 


2. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronov. 


T. ovatum, Curran. Next T. lanceolatum, p.348. Densely villous: leaves ovate, apiculate- 
acuminate, subsessile, 3-5-nervose; those of the branches crowded, half-inch long: tube of 
the villous corolla little exserted. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 154.— Near Bakersfield, Kern Co., 
California, J/rs. Layne-Curran. 

T. landtum, Beyrn., p. 348. Varies much in the length and hue of the wool, passing ap- 
parently into 

Var. denuddtum, with the wool remarkably short.— 7. Parishii, Vasey in Bot. 
Gazette, vi. 173. — S. California, in San Bernardino Co., and adjacent San Diego Co., G. R. 
Vasey, Parish, W. G. Wright. 


4, TEUCRIUM, L. 


T. occidentale, Gray, p. 349. Extends eastward to Upper Canada (Ontario), Macoun, 
and to near Philadelphia, Martindale. Probably passes into T. Canadense. 


14. MONARDELLA, Benth. 


M. macrantha, Gray, p. 356. This varies through specimens with corolla only an inch 

long (such as figured in Bot. Mag. t. 6270, with deep red corolla) into 

Var. nana (Jf. nana, Gray, 1. c.), with tube of the more slender and pale rose-colored 
corolla little exserted from the calyx; and 

Var. tenuifléra, with corolla full inch long and much exserted, pale rose-color, the 
tube very slender and lobes narrow. — Jf. tenuiflora, Watson, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 230. — San Diego Co., at San Jacinto, Parish, and Lower California, Oreutt. 

M. hypoletica, Gray, p. 356. Between Los Angeles and San Diego, Nevin, and moun- 
tains behind San Diego, Orcutt, with narrower leaves, becoming revolute and verging to 
linear: corolla white. 

M. lanceolata, Grav, p. 357. Heads fully two-thirds inch high and broad, or broader: 
but on the southern frontier varying into 

Var. microcéphala. Much branched: heads much smaller: involucral bracts 
small, not over quarter-inch long. — Potrero, near San Diego, Orcutt. 

M. Pringlei, Gray. Near M. lanceolata, and might pass for a variety of it: but the 
broadly ovate and abruptly acuminate bracts are nearly destitute of veinlets between the 
numerous nerves, and are villous, as also bractlets and calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 96. — 
Sandy ridges, Colton, San Bernardino Co., Pringle. Also Parry, earlier collected, probably 
in same place. 

M. ruymir6é.i1a, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 211, the only extra-limital species, of the 
islands of Lower California, Veatch, Greene, is dwarf and suffruticose, with small ovate leaves. 


460 SUPPLEMENT. 


22. POLIOMINTHA, Gray. P. 361, add a third species : — 


P. glabréscens, Gray. Frutescent, a foot or two high, canescently puberulent, at length 
somewhat glabrate, paniculate, very leafy: leaves linear-oblong, 3-5 lines long, obtuse, 
veinless and glabrate above, conspicuously punctate: calyx-teeth short, erect, ovate or tri- 
angular: corolla white, with purple dots on the lower lip, villous outside, hardly thrice the 
length of the calyx, which equals the tube; this pilose-annulate within; rudiments of the 
sterile filaments minute. — Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 549; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xviii. 137. — At Maxon Spring, W. Texas, near the Rio Grande, Havard. (Adj. Coahuila, 
Mex., Palmer.) 


23. HEDEOMA, Pers. P. 363, in place of the variety substitute the 
species, 


H. Reverchéni. A rigid suffruticulose perennial, a span to a foot high, equably and 
closely leafy to the top, puberulent: leaves elliptical, coriaceous, half-inch long or less, the 
floral hirsute beneath and on the margins: flowers half-inch long: corolla almost twice the 
length of the strongly hirsute or hispid calyx. — H. Drummondi, var. Reverchoni, p. 863. — 
Common in the mountains of Kendall Co., as well as of Brown Co., W. Texas, 1877, 1885, 
Reverchon. 


26. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray. A second species, with similar aspect 
and bracteal leaves, differs remarkably in the flowers, most so in the upper lip of 
the corolla. The shorter and smaller lower lip of the calyx in both species is 
erect and appressed to the upper in fruit. 


A. ilicifélia, Gray, p. 365. Add: Cusps of the oblong calyx short, not longer than the 
teeth: upper lip of corolla straight and erect, entire; lower much larger, saccate at base, 
its lobes roundish, lateral ones recurved, middle one broad and deeply 2-lobed: anther-cells 
of fertile stamens confluent at dehiscence; posterior stamens abortive, reduced to small fila- 
ments with rudimentary anthers. — Add: Hook f. bot. Mag. t. 6750. — This singular plant 
abounds near San Diego and southward, and has been distributed by Pringle, Orcutt, &. 


A. lanceolata, Curran. Stouter, pubescent: cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong, spar- 
ingly spinulose-dentate; teeth of the bracteal ones long-aristate: calyx more elongated ; 
the teeth long-aristate; middle one of the upper lip erect and the lateral turned forward in 
fruit; lower lip 2-parted, its lanceolate segments tipped with shorter awns: corolla with 
narrow and longer upper lip somewhat falcate-incurved (in the bud strongly incurved over 
the lower), 2-cleft at apex; lower nearly one half shorter, less saccate at base; its lobes ob- 
long and entire, the middle one longer and narrower: all four anthers polliniferous and 
their cells distinct, but those of the posterior stamens smaller: style sparsely pilose. — Bull. 
Calif. Acad. i. 13. — California, a single specimen found in Alameda Co., by E. Brooks, 1878. 
Collected abundantly in Slack’s Cafion, Monterey Co., 1885, by Mrs. Layne-Curran herself. 


28. SALVIA, L. P. 366, add: — 


S. Bernarpfna, Parish, fide Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 211, is to all appearance a hybrid 
between S. Columbarie and Audibertia stachyoides, a single plant collected at San Bernardino, 
Parish. Both the parents were growing in the vicinity, and the species are much visited by 
bees. 

S. Grégegii, Gray, p. 368. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6812. Corolla with crimson lower 
lip. — To § 4 add the following, which need separate subdivisions. 

S. Régla, Cav. Shrubby, minutely scabrous-puberulent; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate or 
subcordate, inch long, serrate, slender-petioled, those subtending the flowers similar: calyx 
short-tubular or campanulate, becoming inflated and tinged with red; the lips short and 


LABIATA. 461 


broad: corolla near 2 inches long, scarlet; lips of equal length, narrow, little shorter than 
the tube, the spreading lower one almost entire. — Ic. v. 33, t. 455; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. 
t. 14. — Chisos Mountains, W. Texas, on the Mexican border, Havard. (Mex.) 

S. Lemmoni, Gray. Belongs to the S. fulgens group, near S. Grahami. A foot or two 
high from a barely lignescent base, puberulent: stems strict, rather simple, leafy: leaves 
oblong- or deltoid-ovate, crenulate (about inch long), with cither truncate or subeuneate 
base, rather slender-petioled: bracts small and canescent: calyx narrowly oblong, atom- 
iferous: corolla an inch long, rose-red; lower part of the throat moderately gibbous-ven- 
tricose; lips only a third the length of the throat and tube: style bearded above. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xx. 309. — Huachuca Mountains, 8. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. 

8. albiflora, Marr. & Gav. To the species doubtfully so determined, on p. 370, append :— 

Var. Pringlei. Canescently puberulent, or lower face of the leaves tomentulose, as in 
S. polystachya, but inflorescence lax : corolla glabrous, 4 or 5 lines long, twice the length of 
the pubcrulent-canescent calyx.—S. Arizona, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon, 
Pringle, distributed by the latter as S. pycnostachya (meaning polystachya), Ort., var. Pringlei. 

S. spicata, Ron. & Scnutr. Shrubby, canescent with minute and dense pubescence 
(which on the leaves may turn reddish or ferruginous), very leafy: leaves small, lanceolate- 
oblong, obtuse, minutely and closely crenulate, subsessile, upper face soon glabrate and 
rugose-venulose ; bracts of the short spike ovate, acute, rather shorter than the flowers, de- 
ciduous: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, nearly twice the length of the lanate-tomentose calyx, 
blue or purple. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 315. S. pulchella, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 
288, t. 140, not DC. 8S. breviflora, Mocino & Sesse, ex Benth. Lab. 274. — Huachuca 
Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Mex.) 

8. HispAyica, L., a spicately and blue-flowered species (Mexican, not Spanish), was col- 
lected by Havard, ‘near a garden” in Presidio Co., Texas, on the Mexican border. 


29. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. 


A. incadna, Bentu., p. 372. At the southern part of its range this species exhibits two 
remarkable varieties : — 
Var. pildsa, with upper part of stem and whole inflorescence villous-pubescent. — 
Northern base of San Bernardino Mountains, on the border of the Mohave Desert, Parish. 
Var. pachystachya. Large, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely puberulent, hardly cine- 
reous: spiciform thyrsus over an inch in diameter: bracts over half-inch long. — Bear Valley 
in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parish. Southern border of San Diego Co., Palmer. 
A. Vaséyi, T. C. Porrer. In the division with A. Palmeri, the inflorescence and corolla 
of that species, but the herbage whiter, and only lower leaves rugose-venulose: bracts and 
calyx-teeth aristate.— Bot. Gazette, vi. 207.—S. California, at Mountain Springs, San 
Diego Co., G. R. Vasey, 1880. Also San Bernardino Co., W. G. Wright, 1880, a form with 
bracts and all the calyx-teeth tipped with very slender and even capillary awns. In Vasey’s, 
less attenuate and less prolonged, those of the bracts and upper calyx-tooth more rigid, or 
as a cusp rather than an awn. Flower (with the exserted stamens) about an inch long. 


‘30. MONARDA, L. 


M. pectinata, Nourt., p. 375. No specimen was found in Nuttall’s own herbarium, now at 
the British Museum, and what he gave to herb. Kew under this name is J/. c/triodora. 

M. citriodora, Cerv. in Lag.! 1.c. The calyx-teeth are usually spreading from the first. 
The species is becoming naturalized in Tennessee and eastward. 


83. CEDRONELLA, Mench. To § 2, p. 377, add: — 


C. pallida, Lixpr. Green and nearly glabrous: leaves broadly cordate-ovate or sub- 
cordate, mostly obtuse (an inch or so in length), crenate, slender-petioled : inflorescence 
compact: corolla dull rose-color, half-inch or rather more long, the tube very little exserted 
from the small calyx. — Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 29. C. breviflora, var. Havardi (flowers half- 
inch long, smaller than in Lindley’s figure, but evidently of same species), and C. breviflora, 


462 SUPPLEMENT. 


Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 309, a form with depauperate corollas, probably abnormal. — 
Base of cliffs in the Chisos Mountains, W. Texas, on the frontier of Mexico, Havard. 
Also, Santa Rita Mountains, 8. Arizona, Pringle, distributed as C. breviflora. (Mex.} 

C. cana, Hoon. Bot. Mag. t. 4618. C. Mexicana, var. cana, Gray, p. 377. This must be 
separated from C. Mexicana, though hard to define. Here belongs C. hastifolia, Regel, 
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1868, 85. It passes into an extreme form in 

Var. lanceolata. Leaves from broadly to linear-lanceolate (an inch or half-inch: 
long), aud from sparingly dentate to entire: corolla from two-thirds to full inch long. —~ 
Mountains of New Mexico, Wright, G. R. Vasey, Rusby. 


386. SCUTELLARIA, L. 


S. versicolor, Nurt., p.378. Addsyn.: S. Mississippiana, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. 1841, 
S. integrifolia, L., p. 379. Add syn.: S. hyssopifolia, Bart. Fl. i. t. 2. 

Var. major, Cuarm. A very striking and peculiar form, two feet or more high: 
lower leaves ovate and sometimes cordate, coarsely crenate-dentate, obtuse, long-petioled ; 
upper oblong to linear-lanceolate, mostly entire. — Fl. 323.— Rich soil in low grounds, 
Florida, Chapman, Curtiss, distrib. no. 2060. 


42. SYNANDRA, Nutt. 
S. grandifléra, Nurr., p. 384. Add syn.: Lamium hispidulum, Michx. Fl. ii. 4. 


50. STACHYS, Tourn. 


S. palustris, L., p. 387. Add syn.: S. velutina, Schweinitz, in Keating, Narr. Long’s 
Exped. App. 114, a downy form. 


To p. 401 and p. 404 add: — 


14+, PHEROTRICHIS. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; lobes ovate, densely bearded inside 
with long introrse and retrorse hairs. Crown at junction of corolla with the extremely short 
column, of 5 quadrate excisely truncate scales, surpassing the prominent and hyaline-tipped 
anthers. Stigma surmounted by a very large globular or conical appendage. Habit of 
Asclepias. : 


144, PHEROTRICHIS, Decaisne. (Mow, to bear, toric, used for 
coma.) — Two erect and rather stout Mexican herbs, perennial from thick root, 
hirsutely pubescent, leafy: leaves oblong and lowest subcordate, petioled: flowers 
crowded in sessile or subsessile umbels at the axils: follicles hirsute, glabres- 
cent. — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ix. 8322; Endl. Gen. 1798; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xxi. ined. 

P. Batsfsi1 (Asclepias villosa, Balbi, Lachnostoma Balbisii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 
602, Gonolobus pogonanthus, Hemsl. in part) is fuscous-hirsute : corolla-lobes venose-reticulate : 
crown-scales somewhat 2-horned, equalling the narrow-conical boss of the stigma. — Chiapas, 
&c., S. Mexico. 

P. Schaffneri. Less hirsute: corolla-lobes lineate-veined : crown-scales shorter and more 
truncate than the globular very large boss of the stigma. — Gonolobus pogonanthus, Hemsl. 
Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 333, partly. —S. Arizona, Lemmon. (San Luis, Mex., Schaffner, Parry 
& Palmer.) 


ENUMERATION OF THE GAMOPETALOUS GENERA 
AND SPECIES. 


*,* The figures in parentheses tepresent the introduced species. 


VOL. I. PART II. 


Orper CAPRIFOLIACEA, p. 7. 


DA OR AK ay sed oat ag) 4. Triosteum. . . . 2 7. Lonicera . . . . 15 
2. Sambucus. . . . 5 5. Linnea. . 2... 1 8. Diervila . . .. 2 
3. Viburnum ... 14 6. Symphoricarpos. . 7 
Genera, 8. Indigenous species, 47. 
Orpver RUBIACEZ, p. 19, 445. 

1. Exostema. ... 1 10. Genipa . . 1 19. Mitchella 1 
2. Pinckneya. . . . 1 11. Cephalanthus 1 20. Kelloggia . . . 1 
38. Bouvardia. . . . 2 12. Morinda . 1 21. Mitracarpus. . . 1 
4. Houstonia. . . . 18 13. Guettarda e128 22. Richardia . . (1) 1 
5. Oldenlandia . . . 38 14. Erithalis. . . . 1 23. Crusea . . . . 8 
6. Pentodon. . .. 1 15. Chiococca 1 24. Spermacoce . 5 
7. Hamelia . . .. 1 16. Psychotria 2 25. Diodia. ie Be te WED. 
8. Catesbea . . .. 1 17. Strumpfia . 1 26. Galium . . . (4) 87 
9. Randia. . ... 1 18. Ernodea . 1 


Genera, 26. Indigenous species, 81; Naturalized,5 = 86. 


Orpver VALERIANACEY, p. 42. 


1. Valeriana. . . . & 2. Valerianella . . (1) 13 
Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 20; Naturalized, 1 = 21. 


Orper DIPSACACEA, p. 47. 


1. Dipsacus . . . (2) 2 
Indigenous species, none; Naturalized, 2. 


464 ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Orper COMPOSITA, p. 48, 445. 


Triprt I. VERNONIACE. 


1, Stokesia. . 2... 1 2. Elephantopus. . . 3 3. Vernonia. . . . 10 
Tribe II, Evpatortacen. 
4. Stevia . . . . . 6 9. Mikania. . . . 2 14. Carphochete . . 1 
5. Sclerolepis . 1 10. Eupatorium. . . 389 15. Liatris . é 15 
6. Trichocoronis . 2 11. Carminatia. . . 1 16. Garberia . ea a 
7. Ageratum . . (1) 3 12. Kuhnia . ... 2 17. Carphephorus . . 4 
8. Hofmeisteria 1 18. Brickellia . . . 31 18. Trilisia . Sra nce 
‘Tripe ITI. AsTEROIDEA. 
19. Gymnosperma 1 30. Aplopappus. . . 45 41. Dichetophora. . 1 
20. Xanthocephalum . 2 81. Bigelovia. . . . 381 42. Boltonia. . 3 
21. Gutierrezia . 5 82. Solidago. . . . 78 43. Townsendia. . . 16 
22, Amphiachyris . 2 83. Brachycheta . . 1 44. Corethrogyne . 3 
23. Grindelia. 12 34. Lessingia. - 6 45. Psilactis . cae 72 
24. Pentacheta . 4 35. Bellis . . ‘ 7 46. Eremiastrum . . (1 
25. Bradburia 1 86. Aphanostephus. 4 47. Sericocarpus . . 4 
26. ILeterotheca . 2 37. Greenella 2 48. Aster. . . - 124 
27. Chrysopsis 13 38. Keerlia 2 49. Erigeron. . . (1) 72 
28. Acamptopappus 2 39. Chaetopappa 3 50. Conyza . ... 21 
2y. Xanthisma . e 40. Monoptilon . 1 51. Baccharis 5 19 
Trise IV. InvuLoipEs. 
52. Pluchea . . 3 56. Psilocarphus 5 60. Anaphalis . . . 1 
53. Pterocaulon . 2 57. Evax . .... #£ 61. Gnaphalium . 15 
54. Micropus . - 2 58. Filago. . . . (2) 5 62. Inula . » (1) 1 
55. Stylocline. . . . 3 59. Antennaria. . . 12 63. Adenocaulon » 1 
631, Dimeresia 1 
Tripe V. HELIANTHOIDER. 
64. Plummera a | 86. Heliopsis 4 107. Helianthella 10 
65. Dicranocarpus . 1 87. Tetragonotheca . 3 108. Zexmenia . - 38 
66. Guardiola 1 88. Sclerocarpus . 1 109. Verbesina . 9 
67. Polymnia 2 89. Eclipta. . . 1 110. Actinomeris » 2 
68. Melampodium 5 90. Melanthera . 38 111. Synedrella. . . 1 
69. Acanthospermum (2) 2 91. Varilla. . .. 2 112. Coreopsis ‘ 28 
70. Silphium . . 92. Isocarpha . 1 113, Bidens . . . . 14 
71. Berlandiera . 4 93. Spilanthes. . 1 114. Cosmos . - (2) 3 
72. Chrysogonum . 1 94. Echinacea . 2 115. Heterospermum . 1 
73. Lindheimera 1 95. Rudbeckia . 21 116. Leptosyne . 7 
74. Engelmannia 1 96. Lepachys . 4 117. Thelesperma . . 6 
75. Parthenium . 6 97. Wedelia. . 1 118. Baldwinia . 2 
76. Parthenice a 98. Borrichia . 2 119. Marshallia . 4 
77. Iva. . 6 e 11 99. Balsamorrhiza 8 120. Galinsoga . x I 
78. Oxytenia. . 1 100. Wyethia . . . 12 121. Blepharipappus . 1 
79. Dicoria . 2 101. Gymnolomia . . 4 122. Madia x of 
80. Hymenoclea. 2 102. Viguiera 6 123 Hemizonella . 2 
81. Ambrosia 8 103. Tithonia 1 124. Hemizonia. . 27 
82. Franseria 13 104. Helianthus . 42 125. Achyrachena. . 1 
83. Xanthium . . (2) 3 105. Flourensia . 1 126. Lagophylla . 5 
84. Zinnia. a ee) 106. Encelia. . . . 9 127. Layia . . . . 18 
85. Sanvitalia 2 


ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


128. Clappia. . . . 
129. Jaumea . x-% 
130. Venegasia. . . 
131. Riddellia . . , 
132. Bailevra. . . . 
133. Whitneya . 

134. Laphamia . 

135. Perityle . 

136. Pericome . 

137. Eatonella 

1378. Crockeria 

138. Monolopia . 

139. Lasthenia . 

140. Burriellia . 
141. Baeria 


~ 
Oe Noe DH DOF NW ee 


~ 


170. Leucampyx . . 1 
171. Anthemis . . (2) 2 
172, Achillea . . . 38 


1781. Bebbia. » 
179, Tussilago . . (1) 1 
180. Petasites . . (1) 4 
181. Cacaliopsis 2. OT 
182. Luina 3 1 
183. Peucephyllum 1 
195. Saussurea. . . 2 
196. Arctium « (1): Ir 
197. Carduus . .(1) 1 
202. Hecastocleis . . 1 


203. Gochnatia . . . 1 


207. Phalacroseris . 
208. Atrichoseris 

209. Lampsana. . (1) 
210. Apogon. . . . 
211. Krigia. 2... 
212. Cichorium. . (1) 
213, Stephanomeria 
214. Cheetadelpha 

215. Rafinesquia 

216. Tragopogon . (2) 


mo 
wpe Fe Uw 


Genera, 239. 


TRIBE VII. 


Tribe VIIL. 


Tribe VI. 


142. Syntrichopappus. 2 
143. Eriophylum . . 12 
144. Bahia... . (10 
145. Amblyopappus . 1 


146. Schkuhria 2 
147. Hymenothrix . 2 
148. Hymenopappus . 7 
149, Florestina . . 1 
150. Polypteris . . 4 
151. Palafoxia . . 2 
152. Rigiopappus . 1 
153. Chenactis. . . 20 


154. Hulsea . . . . 6 
155. Trichoptilium . 1 


173. Matricaria . (1) 3 
174. Chrysanthemum (3) 6 
175. Soliva « (1) 2 


184. Psathyrotes . 4 
185. Bartlettia . 
186. Crocidium . 
187. Haploesthes 
188. Lepidospartum 
189. Tetradymia 


Amen e 


TRIBE IX. CyYNAROIDEA. 


198. Cnicus 
199. Onopordon . 


. (2) 37 
e cme 


TRIBE X. MOoTISTACEA. 


204. Chaptalia. . . 2 
205. Perezia. . . . 5 


Tripe XI. CICHORIACEA, 


217. Anisocoma . a 
218. Hvpocheeris . (1) 1 
219. Microseris. . . 20 
220. Leontodon. .(1) 1 
2204, Picris . . . . I 
221. Pinaropappus . 1 
222, Calycoseris 2 
223. Malacothrix . . 13 
224. Glyptopleura. . 2 
225. Apargidium . . 1 


380 


HELENIOIDEA. 


ANTHEMIDE. 


SENECIONIDEA. 


156. 
157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 


176. 
177. 
178. 


190. 
191. 
192. 
193, 
194. 


200. 
202. 


206. 


226. 
227. 


228, 


229, 
230. 
231, 
232. 
233, 
234. 
235. 


465 
Blennosperma 1 
Actinella 15 
Helenium . 20 
Amblyolepis . 1 
Gaillardia . 9 
Sartwellia . . 1 
Flaveria  . 5 
Porophyllum . 3 
Chrysactinia . 1 
Nicolletia . 2 
Dysodia . . . 8 
Hymenatherum = 14 
Tagetes. . . 2 
Pectis . . . 12 


Cotula . . . (2) 2 
Tanacetum . (1) 8 
Artemisia . (2) 43 


Raillardella . . 
Arnica... . 15 


Senecio . (3) 58 
Cacalia. . . . 9 
Erechtites . . 1 
Silybum (1) 1 
Centaurea. . (7) 8 


Trixis . . = 


Hieracium . 
Crepis . . 
Prenanthes . , 10 
Lygodesmia . . 6 
Troximon. . . 13 
Taraxacum . . 1 
Pyrrhopappus . 4 
Chondrilla. .(1) 1 
Lactuca. . . (1) 10 
Sonchus . . (4) 4 


Indigenous species, 1576 ; Naturalized, 60 = 1€36, 


466 ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


VOL. II. PART I. 
Orpver GOODENIACEA,, p. 1. 


1. Scrvola . . .. 1 


Orper LOBELIACESA, p. 1, 398. 


1. Nemacladus. . . 8 2. Lobelia fhe Be 5. Downingia 
11, Parishella . .. 1 8. Palmerella . ar. bak 
12. Howellia. . oe | 4. Laurentia. . « 1 


Genera, 7. Indigenous species, 34. 


OrpeR CAMPANULACEA, p. 9, 395. 


1. Sphenoclea . .(1) 1 8. Specularia . . . 4 5. Heterocodon . 
2. Githopsis. . . . 2 4. Campanula . . (2) 16 


Genera, 5. Indigenous species, 21; Naturalized, 3 = 24. 


Orver ERICACEA, p. 14, 396. 


1. Gaylussacia . 5 13. Calluna . 1 24. Clethra . 
2. Vaccinium. . . 25 14. Bryanthus 5 25. Chimaphila . 
3. Chiogenes 1 15. Kalmia 5 26. Moneses . 
4. Arbutus . ~ 32 16. Menziesia 3 27. Pyrola 

5. Arctostaphylos 14 17. Rhododendron . 16 28. Allotropa 
6. Epigea . . 1 18. Ledum 3 29. Pterospora . 
7. Gaultheria . 4 19. Bejaria ] 30. Sarcodes . 
8. Andromeda 8 20. Leiophyllum 1 31. Schweinitzia 
9. Oxydendrum 1 21. Loiseleuria . 1 32. Monotropa . 
10. Leucothoe . 6 22. Elliottia . 1 33. Pleuricospora . 
11. Cassandra 1 23. Cladothamnus . 1 34. Newberrya . 
12. Cassiope . 4 

Genera, 34. Indigenous species, 136. 
Orprr LENNOACES, p. 50. 
1. Pholisma . “a | 2. Ammobroma 5% 1 
Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 2. 
Orper DIAPENSIACE4Z, p. 51, 399. 
1. Pyxidanthera. . . 1 8 Shortia. . . .. 1 4, Galax . . , 
2. Diapensia . . . . 1 
Genera, 4. Indigenous species, 4. 
Orper PLUMBAGINACEA, p. 53. 
1. Statice . . . . . 2 2. Armeria . . .. 1 3. Plumbago . 


Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 4. 


pnNnwn = = = worm wh 


Pp Co Pet 


_ 


oe 


NOT PR © DY AS 


ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


OrprrR PRIMULACEAZ, p. 55, 399. 


. Hottonia. . . . 1 5. Androsace . 5 9. Glaux . 

. Dodecatheon. . . 1 6. Trientalis . 2 10. Anagallis . 

. Primula . . . 12 7. Steironema . . 4 11. Centunculus . 
- Douglasia . . 4 8. Lysimachia . (2) 7 12. Samolus 


Gena, 12, Indigenous species, 39; Naturalized, 3 = 42. 


OrpvER MYRSINEACES, p. 64. 


. Myrsine «. . . . 1 2. Ardisia. 2... 1 38. Jacquinia 


Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 4, 


Orprr SAPOTACEZ, p. 66. 


. Chrysophyllum . (1) 2 8. Dipholis. . . a 5. Mimusops . 
. Sideroxylon . sn 4. Bumelia. . a) 


Genera, 5. Indigenous species, 9; Naturalized, 1 = 10. 


Orprr EBENACE, p. 69. 


1. Diospyros . . . . 2 
Genera, 1. Indigenous species, 2. 


Orper STYRACACEA, p. 70. 


. Symplocos. . . . 1 2. Halesia. . . .. 8 3. Styrax 


Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 9. 


Orver OLEACE, p. 72. 


Fraxinus. .. . 12 8. Chionanthus . . . 1 5. Osmanthus . 
. Forestiera . . . 8 4. Hesperelea . . . 1 6. Menodora . 


Genera, 6. Indigenous species, 29. 


Orper APOCYNACEA, p. 79, 400. 


Vallesia. . . . . 1 4. Haplophyton . . 1 7. Macrosiphonia 
Amsonia ... . 6 5. Apocynum .. . 2 8. Echites . 
Vinea . - 2. . 1 6. Cycladenia. . . 1 9. Trachelospermum 


Genera, 9. Indigenous species, 20. 


Orper ASCLEPIADACEA, p. 85, 401. 


Genera, 19. Indigenous species, 97 ; Naturalized, 1= 98. 


(1) 


(1) 


. Astephanus 1 8. Schizonotus . 1 14. Vincetoxicum . 

. Philibertia 5 9. Gomphocarpus . 4 141. Rothrockia 

. Podostigma 1 10. Enslenia . 1 142, Himantostemma . 
. Anantherix . 1 11. Roulinia . 1 14%, Lachnostoma . 

. Asclepiodora 2 12. Metastelma 5 144. Pherotrichis . 

. Asclepias 47 13. Melinia 1 15. Gonolobus . 

. Acerates . 5 


467 


none 


_ 


m oO 


“ 


Ones ao 


468 ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Orprr LOGANIACEA, p. 106, 405. 


1. Gelsemium ... 1 8. Mitreola . . . . 2 5. Buddleia . . . . 38 
2. Spigelia. . . 2. . 5 4, Polypremum . . . 1 6, Emorya . Sere | 
Genera, 6. Indigenous species, 15. 


Orver GENTIANACEA, p. 110, 405. 


19, Voyria . 2 . . 1 5. Gentiana . . . . 42 10. Bartonia . . ... 2 
1. Microcala . ee aR 6. Pleurogyne x. 2 11. Obolaria . i 
2. Erythrea. . . (3) 13 7. Swertia . . . . I 12. Menyanthes . 2 
8. Sabbatia ic 2 23 8. Frasera Ze 8 13. Limnanthemum 2 
4. Eustoma . . 2 9. Halenia . ... 2 


Genera, 14. Indigenous species, 89; Naturalized, 3 = 92. 


Orper POLEMONIACEA, p. 128, 406. 


T Phlox’ ve us a a DBF 8. Leselia. . . . . 1 4. Polemonium. . . 10 
2. Gilia bo ee on OS 
Genera, 4. Indigenous species, 133. 


Orver HYDROPHYLLACEA, p. 152, 413. 


1. Hydrophylum . 6 6. Emmenanthe 6 11. Lemmonia 1 
2. Nemophila . . 9 7. Conanthus 1 12, Nama. . os TO 
3. Ellisia. . . 4 8. Tricardia . gee 13. Eriodictyon . . 4 
4. Draperia e 4 1 9. Romanzofiia . 2 14. Hydrolea . . . 4 
5. Phacelia . . . . | 78 10. Hesperochiron 2 
; Genera, 14. Indigenous species, 129. 
OrpeR BORRAGINACEA, p. 177, 420. 
1. Cordia . 4 9. Cynoglossum . (1) 4 15. Mertensia » @ 
2. Bourreria . ] 10. Echinospermum (1) 12 16. Myosotis. . . (2) 6 
3, Ehretia 1 11. Omphalodes . . 2 17. Lithospermum (2) 14. 
4. Coldenia . eo @ & 111. Krynitzskia . 49 18. Onosmodium . . 4 
5. Tournefortia. . 3 12. Plagiobothiys. . 13 19. Symphytum . (2) 2 
6. Heliotropium . (3) 14 13. Echidiocarya - i 20. Lycopsis. . (1) 1 
7. Harpagonella 1 14. Amsinckia. . . 6 21. Echium -(1) 1 
8. Pectocarya 4 
Genera, 22. Indigenous species, 142; Naturalized, 13 = 155. 
Orper CONVOLVULACEA, p. 207, 433. 
1. Dichondra . . . 2 4. Convolvulus . (2) 14 7. Cressa . eet 
2. Ipomea . . . (1) 31 5. Brewerla . . . 5 8. Cuscuta . . . (2) 23 
3. Jacquemontia . . 3 6. Evolvulus. . . 7 
Genera, 8. Indigenous species, 81; Naturalized, 5 = 86. 
Orper SOLANACEA, p- 224, 436. 

1. Lycopersicum . (1) 1 7. Physalis . ong SEF 13. Cestrum . (2) 2 
2. Solanum ~ a o (6) 21, 8. Margaranthus. . 2 14. Nicotiana . (3) 11 
3. Capsicum . 1) 2 9. Nicandra . . (1) 1 15. Petunia . s% FT 
4. Salpichroa 1 10. Lycium . (1) 19 16. Bouchetia 1 
5. Oryctes a ll ll. Datura . . . (4) 5 17. Leptoglossis 1 
6. Chamesaracha. . 3 12. Hyoscyamus (1) 1 


Genera, 17. Indigenous species, 71 ; Naturalized, 19 = 90. 


ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Orpver SCROPHULARIACE4, p. 244, 


1. Leucophyllum . 2 
2. Verbascum. . (4) 4+ 
8. Linaria . . . (4) 6 
4, Antirrhinum . (2) 23 
5. Maurandia . . 1 
6. Mohavea . s 1 
7. Collinsia . aca 15 
8. Tonella . . 2 
9. Scrophularia . 8 
10. Chelone. . . . 4 
11. Pentstemon. . 83 
12. Chionophila so IL 
13. Mimulus. . » SL 

Genera, 38. 


14, 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24, 
25. 
26. 
Indigenous species, 367 ; Naturalized, 16 = 383. 


Stemodia 
Conobea . 
Herpestis . . 
Gratiola . 
Lysanthes 
Micranthemum 
Amphianthus 
Limosella 
Scoparia . 
Capraria . 
Synthyris 
Veronica 
Buchnera 


~ 
ae ewe REP WN wWwWans = 


=~ 
ou 
=_ 
Cn 


27, 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


438. 


Seymeria 
Macranthera 
Gerardia . 
Castilleia 
Orthocarpus 
. Cordylanthus 
. Schwalbea . 
. Euphrasia . 
. Bartsia 


. Pedicularis . 


. Rhinanthus . 


. Melampyrum . 


OrpER OROBANCHACEA, p. 310, 455. 


1. Orobanche. . (1) 1 
2. Aphyllon . . 9 
Genera, 


3. Conopholis —. 2 2 
4. Boschniakia . . 3 
5. Indigenous species, 15 ; Naturalized, 1 = 16. 


a: 


Epiphegus . 


Orver LENTIBULARIACEA, p. 314, 455. 


1. Utricularia 


17 
Genera, 2. 


2. Pinguicula. . . . 6 


Indigenous species, 23. 


OrpvEer BIGNONIACES, p. 318, 456. 


1. Bignonia oo es A 
2. Tecoma. . 2 


1. Sesamum 


3. Catalpa oo... 32 


Genera, 4. 


Indigenous species, 6. 


4. 


Orper PEDALIACEZ, p. 320. 


/(1) 1 


2. Martynia 


Chilopsis . . 


23 


Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 3; Naturalized, 1 = 4. 


Orper ACANTHACEA, p. 321, 456. 


1. Elytraria 2 
2. Hygrophila 1 
3. Calophanes pen BS 
4. Ruellia . 7 
5. Stenandrium . 2 


6. Berginia . 1 

7. Carlowrightia 2 

8. Anisacanthus . 4 

9. Siphonoglossa 2 

10. Beloperone . me | 
Genera, 15. Indigenous species, 41. 


. Justicia 


12. Dianthera 
13. Gatesia 

14, Tetramerium 
15. Dicliptera 


Orper SELAGINACEA, p. 332, 458. 


1. Lagotis . . . . 1 


469 


aon = om 


470 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 


. Tetraclea 
. Trichostema 
. Isanthus . 


. Ocimum .« 

. Hyptis 

. Collinsonia . 
. Mentha . 

. Lycopus . 

. Cunila 

. Hyssopus 

. Pycnanthemum 
. Monardella . 

. Origanum 

. Thymus . 

. Satureia. . (1) 


Genera, 50. 


CHIAMPHONHe 


ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Orprr VERBENACEA, p. 332, 458. 


Phryma. 
Priva. . . . 
Stachytarpheta 
Bouchea 


om ma 


5. Verbena » (2) 18 
6. Lippia. . - - - 7 
7. Lantana... . 4 
8. Citharexylum .. 2 


9. 


Duranta 


10. Callicarpa 


11. 


Orver LABIATA, p. 341, 469. 


Teucrium 


Ajuga . (1) 


(1) 


=~ 
~ 
7 
Cian 
Ne eB WWE KH OOh RR RK PR Oe 


Orper PLANTAGINACEA, p. 388. 


2. Littorella 


1. Plantago . 


Genera, 2. 


18, 
19. 
20. 
21. 
. Poliomintha 

. Hedeoma 

. Pogogyne 

. Ceranthera . 

. Acanthomintha 
. Sphacele 

. Salvia 

. Audibertia . 
. Monarda 

. Blephilia 

. Lophanthus 
. Cedronella . 
34. 


ie 4 
.(2) 9 
- (1) 


Micromeria. 
Calamintha . 
Melissa . 

Conradina . 


nH 


" (2) 


- wo 
oR WD OOF RP NN ORY WP 


Nepeta i (2) 2 


Avicennia 


Genera, 11. Indigenous species, 38 ; Naturalized, 2 = 40. 


. Dracocephalum 
. Scutellaria . 

. Salazaria 

. Brunella . 

. Brazoria . 

. Physostegia 

. Macbridea . 

. Synandra . . 
. Marrubium . 
. Ballota . 

. Phlomis. . 
. Leonotis . 

. Leonurus 

. Lamium . 

. Galeopsis 

. Stachys . 


‘Indigenous species, 202; Naturalized, 33 = 235. 


. (1) 16 


ae A 


Indigenous species, 16; Naturalized, 1 = 17. 


Genera of the Gamopetale of the North American Flora 
Represented by indigenous species . 
Represented only by introduced species 


Species 


Indigenous 


Introduced, mainly fro 


m the Old World 


567 
625 
42 


. 8621 
. 8859 
162 


[This slip to replace corresponding portion of page 470, Fiona or N. America, II.] 


INDEX. 


Names of orders are in CAPITALS}; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted 
genera and species, in ordinary Roman type; of synonyms, as also of subgenera, sections, and all species 


merely referred to, in Italic type. 


ACANTHACEA, 321, 456. 
Acanthomintha, 344, 365, 460. 
ilicifolia, 365, 460. 
lanceolata, 460. 
Acerates, 86, 98, 403. 
atropurpurea, 100. 
auriculata, 99. 
bifida, 403. 
connivens, 88. 
cordifolia, 100. 
decumbens, 89. 
lanuginosa, 99. 
latifolia, 92. 
longifolia, 99. 
paniculata, 89. 
tomentosa, 100. 
viridiflora, 79. 
Achras, 69. 
mammosa, 69. 
salicifolia, 67. 
Sapota, 69. 
Zapotila, 69. 
Actinocyclus, 46. 
Adelia, 76. 
acuminata, 76. 
ligustrina, 76. 
porulosa, 77. 
Adenostegia, 303. 
rigida, 303. 
Adhatoda dipteracantha, 328. 
longiflora, 329. 
igochtoa cotulefolia, 141. 
atractyloides, 142. 
pubescens, 141. 
‘pungens, 141. 
Torreyi, 141. 
feels cassioides, 289. 
gerista, 33. 
Agastache, 376. 
Agauria, 33. 
Ajuga, 342, 349. 
reptans, 349. 
AJUGOIDE, 342. 
Aldea circinata, 159. 
Allotropa, 18, 48. 
virgata, 48. 
Aloysia, 338. 
Alnifolia Americana, 45. 
Amarella, 117. 
Amblyanthera, 84. 
Amblynotus, 428. 
Amelia, 46. 
minor, 46. 


American Cowslip, 57. 

Ammobroma, 51. 
Sonore, 51. 

Ammyrsine buxifolia, 43. 

Amphianthus, 247, 284. 
pusillus, 284. 

Amphistelma ephedroides, 102. 

Jiliforme, 102. 
graminifolium, 102. 
salinarum, 102. 

Amsinckia, 179, 197, 420. 
echinata, 178. 
Douglasiana, 198. 
intermedia, 198, 433. 
lycopsoides, 198. 
lycopsoides, 198. 
spectabilis, 198. 

~ tessellata, 198. 
vernicosa, 197. 

Amsonia, 79, 81. 
angustifolia, 81. 
brevifolia, 81. 
ciliata, 81. 
latifolia, 81. 
longiflora. 82. 
Palmeri, 82. 
salicifolia, 81. 
Tabernemontana, 81. 
tomentosa, 81. 
tristis, 81. 

Anagallis, 56, 63. 
arvensis, 64. 
lutea, 62. 

Anantherix, 86, 88. 
connivens, 88. 
decumbens, 89. 
Nuttallianus, 89. 

paniculatus, 89. 
Torreyanus, 89. 
viridis, 88. 

Anchusa canescens, 204. 
hirta, 205. 
Virginica, 204. 

Andrewsia autumnalis, 127. 
verna, 127. 

Androcera, 231. 
lobata, 231. 

Andromeda, 15, 30. 
acuminata, 34, 397. 
anata 35. 
arborea, 33. 
axillaris, 34. 
axillaris, 34. 


baccata, 20. 
bracteosa, 28. 
calyculata, 35, 
cerulea, 37, 
cassinefolia, 29. 
Catesbeei, 34. 
coriacea, 32. 
crispa, 85. 
cupressina, 36. 
Davisia, 34. 
dealbata, 31. 
ferruginea, 33. 
floribunda, 31. 
JSrondosa, 33. 
glaucophylla, 31, 
ypnoides, 36. 
lacustris, 32. 
lanceolata, 34. 
laurina, 34. 
ligustrina, 33. 
lucida, 32, 34. 
lycopodialis, 36. 
marginata, 32. 
Mariana, 32. 
Mariana, 82. 
Mertensiana, 36. 
montana, 31. 
myrlifolia, 32. 
nitida, 32. : 
nitida, 31. 
obovata, 32. 
paniculata, 33, 35. 
phillyreifolia, 31. 
polifolia, 31. 
populifolia, 34. 
pulchella, 32. 
pulverulenta, 31. 
racemosa, 35. 
racemosa, 33. 
reticulata, 34. 
rhomboidatis, 33, 
rigida, 33. 
rosmarinifolia, 31. 
speciosa, 31. 
spicata, 35. 
spinulosa, 34. 
Stelleriana, 35. 
tawifolia, 37. 
tetragona, 36. 
venulosa, 28. 
Walteri, 34. 
ANDROMEDEA, 15. 
Androsace, 56, 60 


472 


Arizonica, 400. 
carinata, 60. 
Chamejasme, 60. 
filiformis, 60. 
linearis, 59, 60. 
occidentalis, 60. 
septentrionalis, 60. 
vitlosa, 60. 
Anisacanthus, 323, 328, 457. 
Greggii, (328), 457. 
junceus, 457. 
pumilus, 328, 457. 
virgularis, 457. 
Wrightii, 328. 
Aniseia aurea, 209. 
azurea, 214, 
Anisucheila, 303. 
Anonymos aquatica, 128. 
Carolinensis, 324. 
cassioides, 289. 
petiolata, 108. 
sempervirens, 107. 
Anoplanthus, 312. 
comosus, 312. 
JSasciculatus, 312. 
uniflorus, 812. 
Anoplon, 312. 
biflorum, 312. 
comosa, 312, 
Antiphytum, 179, 199. 
floribundum, 199, (423). 


heliotropioides, 199, (423). 


Antirrhinastrum, 251. 
ANTIRRHINIDE.E, 245. 
Antirrhinum, 245, 251, 438. 
Canadense, 250. 
chytrospermum, 251. 
confertiflorum, 439. 
Cooperi, 253, (439). 
cornutum, 252. 
Coulterianum, 252, 438. 
Coulterianum, 253. 
cyathiferum, 251. 
reweri, 253. 
filipes, 254, 439. 
glandulosum, 252. 
junceum, 254, 439. 
Kelloggii, 439. 
Kingii, 253, 439. 
leptaleum, 252. 
majus, 252. 
maurandioides, 254. 
Nevinianum, 438. 
Nuttallianum, 253, 438. 
Orcuttianum, 438. 
speciosum, 254, 439. 
strictum, 253, 439. 
subcordatum, 438. 
subsessile, 438. 
vagans, 253, 439, 
virga, 252, 438. 
Aphyllon, 311, 312, 455. 
Californicum, 312. 
comosum, 312. 
Cooperi, 455. 
fasciculatum, 312. 
Ludovicianum, 313, 455. 
multiflorum, 313. 
pinetorum, 313. 
tuberosum, 313. 
APOCYNACEA, 79. 
Apocynum, 80, 82. 
androsemifolium, 82. 
cannabinum, 83. 
hirsutum, 104. 


INDEX. 


genial fotsuit, 83. 
pubescens, 83. 
Sibiricum, 83. 
Apple of Peru, 237. 
ARBUTEA, 15. 
Arbutus, 15, 26. 
Acadiensis, 27. 
cipes, 27. 
Jiliformis, 26. 
lanceolata, 27. 
laurifolia, 27, 396. 
Menziesii, 27, 397. 
procera, 27. 
pungens, 28. 
Texana, 27, 397. 
thymifolia, 26. 
tomentosa, 28. 
Xalapensis, 396. 
Arctophila, 117, 119. 
Arctostaphylos, 15, 27, 397. 
acuta, 28. 
alpina, 27. 
Andersonii, 28. 
arguta, 3897. 
bicolor, 29, 397. 
Clevelandi, 29. 
Clevelandi, 397. 
cordifolia, 28. 
diversifolia, 397. 
glauca, 28. 
glauca, 28. 
Hookeri, 28. 
Nevadensis, 27. 
nummularia, 28, 397. 
officinalis, 27. 
oppositifolia, 397. 
polifolia, 29. 
polifolia, 397. 
pumila, 28. 
pungens, 28. 
pungens, 27, 28. 
tomentosa, 28. 
Uva-ursi, 27. 
Veatchit, 397. 
Arctous, 27. 
Ardisia, 65. 
Pickeringia, 65. 
Armeria, 54. 
alpina, 55. 
andina, 55. 
arctica, 55. 
Labradorica, 55. 
maritima, 55. 
sanguinolenta, 55. 
vulgaris, 55. 
ASCLEPIADACEA, 85, 401. 
ASCLEPIADES, 85. 
Asclepias, 86. 
aceratoides, 92. 
acuminata, 90. 
amena, 90. 
amplexicaulis, 92. 
angustifolia, 96, 402. 
arenaria, 93. 
brachystephana, 94, 401. 
brevicornu, 89. 
cinerea. 98. 
citrifolia, 93. 
connivens, 88. 
cordata, 90. 
cornuta, 190. 
Cornuti, 91, 401. 
cryptoceras, 92. 
Curassavica, 90. 
Curtissii, 402. 


decumbens, 90. 
Douglasii, 91. 
elata, 401. 
eriocarpa, 94. 
eriocarpa, 94. 


~erosa, 94. 


exaltata, 93. 
fascicularis, 97. 
Feayi, 98. 
Floridana, 99. 
Fremonti, 93. 
galioides, 97. 
glaucescens, 92, 401. 
grandifolia, 401. 
Hallii, 95. 
hybrida, 93. 
incarnata, 90. 
incarnata, 99. 
involucrata, 94, 402. 
Jamesii, 92. 
lanceolata, 90, 99. 
lanuginosa, 99. 
laurrfolia, 90. 
TLemmoni, 402. 
leucophylla, 94. 
Linaria, 97, 402. 
Lindheimeri, 98. 
linearis, 96, 97. 
linifolia, 96, 402. 
longicornu, 98. 
longifolia, 97. 
longipetala, 89, 99. 
macrophylla, 97. 
macrotis, 95, 402. 
Meadii, 91, 401. 
Mexicana. 96. 
Michauxii, 402. 
monocephala, 99. 
nivea, 93, 96. 
nummularia, 92. 
Nuttalliana, 95, 99. 
nyctaginifolia, 95, 402. 
obovata, 95. 
obtusifolia, 91, 401. 
obtusifolia, 92. 
ovalitolia, 95. 
ovalifolia, 95. 
parviflora, 96. 
paupercula, 90. 
pedicellata, 88. 
perennis, 96. 
periplocifolia, 90. 
phytolaccoides, 92. 
polystachia, 90. 
pulchra, 91. 
purpurascens, 90. 
purpurascens, $1. 
quadrifolia, 96. 
quinquedentata, 97, 402. 
rubra, 90. 
speciosa, 91. 
stenophylla, 98. 
subulata, 96. 
Sullivantii, 91. 
Sullivantii, 92. 
Syriaca, 91, 93. 
tomentosa, 93. 
tuberosa, 89. 
tuberosa, 91. 
uncialis, 401. 
vanilla, 96. 
variegata, 93. 
varieqata, 95. 
verticillata, 97. 
vestita, 94. 


villosa, 462. 
viminalis, 88. 
virgata, 96, 402. 
viridiflora, 99. 
viridis, 89. 
viridula, 97. 
Wrightii, 402. 
Asclepiodora, 86, 88, 401. 
circinalis, 401. 
decumbens, 89. 
viridis, 89. 
Ash, 73. 
Asperugo procumbens, 420. 
Astephanus, 85, 87. 
Utahensis, 87. 
Atropa physaloides, 237. 
ATROPE.-E, 225. 
Audibertia, 345, 872, 461. 
capitata, 372. 
citriodora, 375. 
Clevelandi, 373. 
glabra, 374. 
grandiflora, 372. 
humilis, 372. 
incana, 372, 461. 
nivea, 373. 
Palmeri, 373. 
polystachya, 373. 
stachyoides, 373. 
Vaseyi, 461. 
Avicennia, 334, 340. 
nitida, 341. 
oblongifolia, 341. 
tomentosa, 341 
AVICENNIE.E, 333. 
Azalea, 39, 40. 
arborescens, 40. 
bicolor, 41. 
calendulacea, 41. 
canescens, 41. 
Sragrans, 40. 
glauer, 41. 
hispida, 41. 
Lapponica, 42. 
lutea, 41. 
nitida, 41. 
nudiflora, 41. 
occidentalis, 40. 
parvifolium, 42. 
periclymenoides, 41. 
pilosa, 39. 
procumbens, 44. 
scabra, 41. 
viscos, 40. 
Azaleastrum, 40. 


Ballota, 347, 384. 
nigra, 384. 

Balm, 360. 

Balmony, 258. 

Bartonia, 111, 127. 
tenella, 127. 
verna, 127. 

Bartsia, 249. 
acuminata, 297. 
alpina, 305. 
coccinea, 295. 
gymnandra, 332. 
Odontites, 305. 
pallida, 297. 
tenuifolia, 300. 

Basil, 350, 354. 

Basil Thyme, 359. 

Bassovia hebepodu, 224. 

Batatas acetosefolia, 211. 


INDEX. 


Jalapa, 211. 
littoralis, 211. 
Batodendron, 20. 
arboreum, 21. 
Batschia, 204. 
canescens, 204. 
Carolinensis, 205. 
decumbens, 205. 
Gmelini, 205. 
longiflora, 205. 
Bearberry, 27. 
Beard-tongue, 259. 
Bear Huckleberry, 20, 23. 
Bee-Balm, 374. 
Beech-drops, 313. 
Befaria paniculata, 43. 
Bejaria, 17, 43. 
paniculata, 43. 
racemosa, 43. 
Bell-flower, 11. 
Bellinia umbellata, 437. 
Beloperone, 323, 829. 
Californica, 329. 
Belvidere, 53. 
Bene, 320. 
Benthamia lycopsoides, 198. 
Bergamot Mint, 352. 
Berginia, 322, 327. 
virgata, 327. 
Betonica officinalis, 388. 
Beurreria, 180. 
Bigelovia, 76. 
Bignonia, 318, 319, 456. 
capreolata, 319. 
Catalpa, 320. 
crucigera, 319. 
linearis, 320. 
radicans, 319. 
sempervirens, 107. 
stans, 319. 
BIGNONIACE&, 318. 
Bilberry, 20, 23. 
Billardiera, 337. 
explanata, 337. 
Bindweed, 214. 
Bird Pepper, 231. 
Bittersweet, 228. 
Black Ash, 76. 
Black Henbane, 240. 
Black Horehound, 384. 
Black Huckleberry, 20. 
Bladderwort, 314. 
Blanfordia cordata, 53. 
Blephilia, 345, 376. 
ciliata, 376. 
hirsuta, 376. 
nepetoides, 376. 
Blue Ash, 75. 
Blueberry, 20, 21. 
Blue-curls, 347. 
Blue Huckleberry, 19, 22. 
Blue Tangle, 19. 
Blueweed, 207. 
Bolivaria, 78. 
Grisebachii, 79. 
Bonamia aquatica, 217. 
humistrata, 217. 
Pickeringii, 218. 
BorraGe.£, 178. 
BORRAGINACEA, 177, 420. 
Borrago officinalis, 180. 
Boryn, 76. 
acuminata, 76. 
ligustrina, 76. 
porulosa, 77. 


473 


Boschniakia, 311, 313, 455. 
glabra, 313. 
Hookeri, 313. 
strobilacea, 313, 455. 

Bothriospermum, 432. 

Bouchea, 3338, 334. 
Ehrenbergii, 334. 
linifolia, 335. 
spathulata, 335. 

Bouchetia, 226, 244. 
erecta, 244. 

Bourreria, 177, 180, 421. 
Havanensis, 181, 421. 
vradula, 181. 
recurva, 181. 
succulenta, 181. 
tomentosa, 181. 
virgata, 181. 

Boxberry, 30. 

Box-Thorn, 287. 

Brachyglossis, 244. 

Brachygyne, 290. 

Brachystemum, 354. 
lanceolatum, 354. 
linifolium, 354. 
muticum, 355. 
verticillatum, 355. 
Virginicum, 354. 

Bramia, 281. 

Brazoria, 346, 382. 
scutellarioides, 382. 
truncata, 382, 

Breweria, 208, 217. 
aquatica, 217. 
humistrata, 217, 436. 
minima, 436. 
ovalifolia, 217. 
Pickeringii, 217. 

Brooklime, 286. 

Brookweed, 64. 

Broom-Rape, 311. 

Browallia Teaana, 244. 

Brugmansia, 240. 

Brunella, 346, 382. 
vulgaris, 382. 

Bryanthus, 16, 36. 
Aleuticus, 37. 
Breweri, 37. 
empetriformis, 87. 
glanduliflorus, 37. 
Gmelini, 37. 
Stelleri, 35. 
taxifolius, 37. 

Buchnera, 248, 289, 451. 
Americana, 289. 
Canadensis, 337. 
elongata, 289. 

Buckbean, 128. 

Buckthorn, 68. 

Buddleia, 107, 109. 
acuminata, 109. 
crotonvides, 109. 
Humboldtiana, 109. 
lanceoluta, 109. 
marrubiifolia, 109. 
Pringlei, 405. 
racemosa, 109. 
scordioides, 109. 

Bugle-weed, 352, 353. 

Bumelia, 67. 
angustifolia, 68. 
arborea, 68. 
chrysophylloides, 68. 
cuneata, 68. 
JSerruginea, 68. 


474 


lanuginosa, 68. 
lycioides, 68. 
macrocarpa, 68. 
oblongifclia, 68. 
parvifolia, 68. 
pauciflora, 68. 
reclinata, 68. 
reclinata, 68. 
salicifolia, 67. 
Spinosa, 68. 
tenax, 68. 
Texana, 68. 
tomentosa, 68. 
Burchardia Americana, 340. 
Butter-and-Eges, 251. 
Butterfly-weed, 89. 
Butterwort, 317. 


Calamint, 359. 
Calamintha, 343, 359. 
canescens, 361. 
Caroliniana, 360. 
Clinopodium, 360. 
coccinea, 360. 
dentata, 860. 
glabella, 360. 
glabella, 360. 
mimuloides, 360. 
Nepeta, 359. 
Nuttallii, 360. 
officinalis, 359. 
Palmeri, 359. 
Calibash-tree, 320. 
Calico-bush, 38. 


Callibrachoa procumbens, 243. 


Callicarpa, 383, 340. 
Americana, 340. 
Callistachya Virginica, 287. 
Calluna, 16, 36. 
Atlantica, 36. 
vulgaris, 36. 
Calonyction, 209. 
speciosum, 209. 
Calophanes, 322, 456. 
angusta, 456. 
decumbens, 3825. 
humistrata, 324. 
linearis, 824. 
oblongifolia, 324. 
oblongifulia, 325, 456. 
ovata, 325. 
Calosphace, 368. 
Calyptrospermum, 78. 
Calystegia, 214, 435. 
Catesbeiana, 215, 433. 
paradoxa, 215, 483. 
reniformis, 215. 
sepium, 215. 
Soldanella, 215. 
spithamea, 215. 
subacaulis, 216. 
tomentosa, 215. 
villosa, 216. 
Campanula, 10, 11, 395. 
acuminata, 14. 
algida, 12. 
Altaica, 11. 
Americana, 14. 
amplexicuulis, 11. 
aparinoides, 13. 
biflora, 11. 
Coloradoense, 11. 
dasyantha, 11. 
declinata, 14. 
divaricata, 13. 


INDEX. 


dubia, 395. 
ee. 13. 
liflora, 13. 
sihokee 14. 
Floridana, 13. 
glcnemala, 12. 
eterodoxa, 395. 
Iilinoensis, 14. 
intermedia, 11. 


Langsdorfiana, 12, 395. 


lasiocarpa, 12. 
linifolia, 12, 395. 
linnzeifolia, 13. 
Ludoviciana, 11. 
Medium, 11. 
Montevidensis, 11. 
nitida, 14. 
obliqua, 14. 
Pallasiana, 11. 
Parryi, 395. 
perfoliata, 11. 
petiolata, 13. 
planiflora, 14, 895. 
planifiora, 395. 
pilosa, 11. 
pratensis, 12, 395. 
prenanthoides, 13. 
rapunculoides, 12. 
Reverchoni, 395. 
rotundifolia, 12, 395. 
Roezli, 13. 
scabrella, 395. 
Scheuchzeri, 12. 
Scheuchzeri, 395. 
Scouleri, 13. 
uniflora, 12. 


CAMPANULACES, 9, 395. 


CAMPANULEA, 9. 
Campsis radicans, 319. 
Campylocera, 10. 
leptocarpa, 10. 
Cancer-root, 312, 314. 
Canchalagua, 112. 
Canterbury Bells, 11. 
Cantua aggregata, 145. 
coronopifolia, 145. 
elegans, 145. 
Floridana, 145. 
lumeriflora, 136. 
ongiflora, 136. 
parviflora, 148. 
pinnatifida, 145. 
pungens, 141. 
thyrsoidea, 145. 
Capraria, 248, 284.: 
biflora, 284. 
durantifolia, 279. 
gratioloides, 283, 
multifida, 279. 
pusilla, 278. 
Capsicum, 224, 231. 
baccatum, 231. 
frutescens, 231. 
microphyllum, 231. 
Carlowrightia, 322, 327. 
Arizonica, 328. 
linearifolia, 327. 
Cassandra, 16, 35. 
calyculata, 35. 
racemosa, 35. 
Cassandra, 62. 
Cassiope, 16, 35. 
hypnoides, 36 
lycopodioides, 86. 
Mertensiana, 36. 


Stelleriana, 35. 
tetragona, 36. 
Castilleia, 249, 295, 452. 
acuminata, 297. 
affinis, 296. 
affinis, 295. 
angustifolia, 298. 
breviflora, 299, 
candens, 296. 
cinerea, 452. 
coccinea, 295. 
coccinea, 296. 
desertorum, 296. 
Douglasii, 296. 
flava, 299. 
foliolosa, 298. 
grandiflora, 298. 
hispida, 296. 
indivisa, 295, 452. 
integra, 298. 
Janata, 298. 
latifolia, 296. 
laxa, 296. 
Lemmoni, 297. 
linarizfolia, 296. 
Lindheimeri, 298. 
linoides, 299. 
miniata, 297. 
minor, 295. 
oblongifolia, 296. 
occidentalis, 297. 
pallida, 297. 
pallida, 297. 
parviflora, 296. 
plagiotoma, 452. 
purpurea, 298. 
purpurea, 298. 
septentrionalis, 297. 
sessiliflora, 298, 452. 
Sibirica, 297. 
stenantha, 295. 
Tolucensis, 296. 
tomentosa, 298. 
viscidula, 297, 452. 
Castilletoides, 299. 
Catalpa, 319, 456. 
bignonioides, 319, 456. 
cordifolia, 319, 456. 
speciosa, 456. 
syringefolia, 319. 
Cat-Mint, 377. 
Catnip, 377. 
Cayenne Pepper, 231. 
Cedronella, 845, 377, 461. 
breviflora, 462. 
cana, (377), 462. 
cordata, 377. 
hastifolia, 462. 
Mexicana, 377. 
Mexicana, 462. 
micrantha, 377, 
pallida, (877), 461. 
triphylla, 877. 
Centaurella estivalis, 127. 
autumnalis, 127. 
Moseri, 127. 
paniculata, 127. 
vernd, 127. 
vernalis, 127. 
Centaurium autumnale, 127. 
vernum, 127. 
Centaury, 112. 
Centunculus, 56, 64, 400. 
lanceolatus, G4. 
minimus, 64, 


pentandrus, 400. 

Ceranthera, 844, 365. 
densiflora, 3865. 
linearifolia, 365. 

Ceropegia palustris, 102. 

CESTRINE-E, 225. 

Cestrum, 226, 241. 
diurnum, 241. 
multinervium, 438. 
Parqui, 438. 

Chetodiscus, 280. 

Chetogilia, 409. 

Chaff-seed, 305. 

Chaffweed, 64. 

Chaiturus Marrubiastrum, 385. 

Chamedaphne calyculata, 35. 

Chameledon procumbens, 44. 

Chamephysalis, 233. 

Chameesaracha, 225, 232, 436, 
Coronopus, 232, 436. 
nana, 233. 
physnloides, 487. 
sordida, 232. 

Checkerberry, 30. 

Cheilyctis, 375. 

Chelone, 246, 258. 
barbata, 261. 
centranthifolia, 264. 
Digitalis, 268. 
slabs 258. 

alifulia, 259. 
Lyoni, 259. 
major, 259. 
nemorosa, 259. 
obliqua, 258. 
Penitstemon, 268. 
purpurea, 259. 
ruellioides, 261. 

CHELONES, 246. 

Chia, 366. 

Chickweed-Wintergreen, 60. 

Chilopsis, 319, 320. 
linearis, 320. 
saligna, 320. 

Chimaphila, 17, 45. 
corymbosa, 45. 
maculata, 45. 
Menziesii, 45. 
umbellata, 45. 

Chiogenes, 15, 26. 
hispidula, 26. 
Japonica, 26. 
serpyllifolia, 26. 

Chionanthus, 73, 77. 
Sraxinifolius, 73. 
Virginica, 77. 

Chionophila, 246, 273. 
Jamesii, 273. 

Chironia angularis, 114. 
calycosa, 114. 
campanulata, 115, 
chloroides, 115. 
cymosa, 114. 

achotoma, 114. 
dodecandra, 115. 

racilis, 115. 
cela, 114. 
paniculata, 114. 
pulchella, 112. 
spicata, 112. 
stellata, 115. 

Chlora dodecandra, 115. 

Chloropyron palustre, 301, 453, 

Chondrophylla, 120. (454. 

Chrysophyllum, 66, 67. 


INDEX. 


Cainito, 67. 
Carolinense, 68. 
monopyrenum, 67. 
oliviforme, 67. 
Chthamalia, 104. 
biflora, 105. 
pubiflora, 105. 
Cicendia exaltata, 113. 
quadrangularis, 112. 


Citharexylum, 333, 340, 458. 


brachvantbum, 458. 
lycioides, 459. 
villosum, 340. 

Citronella, 351. . 

Cladothamnus, 17, 44. 
pyroleefolius, 44. 

Clary, 372. 

Clethra, 17, 44. 
acuminata, 44. 
alnifolia, 45. 
dentata, 45. 
montana, 45. 
paniculata, 45. 
pubescens, 45. 
scabra, 45. 
tomentosa, 45. 

CLETHRE4, 17. 

Clinopodium, 360. 
incanum, 356. 
rugosum, 350. 
vulgare, 861. 

Clintonia corymbosa, 8. 
elegans, 8. 
pulchella, 9. 

Clistogrammica, 220. 

Cobea, 129. 

Cochranea, 186. 

Celanthe, 120. 

Celostylis loganioides, 108. 
Texana, 108. 

Coldenia, 177, 181. 
canescens, 181. 
Greggii, 182. 
hispidissima, 182. 
Nuttallii, 182. 
Palmeri, 182. 

Collinsia, 246, 255, 489. 
barbata, 255. 
bartsizfolia, 255. 
bicolor, 255. 
Childii, 257. 
corymbosa, 255. 
grandiflora, 256. 
Greenii, 256. 
heteroppylla, 255. 
hirsuta, 255. 
linearis, 439. 
minima, 257. 
Parryi, 257. 
parviflora, 256. 
paucifiora, 257. 
Rattani, 439. 
septemnervia, 255. 
solitaria, 256. 
sparsiflora, 256. 
tenella, 257. 
tinctoria, 255. 
Torreyi, 257. 
verna, 256. 
violacea, 256. 

Collinsonia, 342, 351. 
anisata, 351. 
Canadensis, 351. 
decussata, 351, 
ovalis, 351. 


475 


precox, 351. 
punctata, 351. 
scabra, 351. 
scabriuscula, 351. 
serotina, 351. 
tuberosa, 351. 
verticillata, 351. 
Collomia, 129, 134, (407). 
aggregata, 410. 
Cavanillesiana, 186, (410, 
coccinea, 408. 411). 
gilioides, 135, (408). 
glutinosa, 135, 408. 
gracilis, 135, (408). 
Saad 135, (408). 
eterophylla, 135, 408. 
leptalea, 136, (408). 
linearis, 135, (408). 
linoides, 146. 
longiflora, 136, (410). 
micrantha, 135. 
nudicaulis, 140. 
tenella, 135, (408). 
Thurberi, 136, (410). 
tinctoria, 135. 
Collomioides, 143. 
Comarostaphylis, 29. 
Comfrey, 206. 
Conanthus, 153, 171. 
aretioides, 171. 
Conobea, 247, 279. 
borealis, 282. 
intermedia, 279. 
multifida, 279. 
Conopholis, 311, 313, 455. 
Americana, 313, 455. 
Mexicana, 455. 
Conradia fuchsioides, 290. 
Conradina, 343, 361. 
canescens, 36]. 
CONVOLVULACE.E, 207, 433. 
CoNVOLVULE&, 208. 
Convolvulus, 208, 434. 
acetosefolius, 211. 
aquaticus, 217. 
arvensis, 216. 
arvensis, 216, 436. 
Bonariensis, 217. 
Brasiliensis, 211. 
Caddoensis, 213. 
Californicus, 215, 435. 
Californicus, 216. 
candicans, 211. 
capillaceus, 213. 
Carolinus, 218. 
ciliatus, 214. 
ciliolatus, 212. 
commutata, 213. 
commutata, 212. 
condensatus, 434. 
dissectus, 212, 217. 
equitans, 217. 
erianthus, 217. 
fastigiata, 212. 
JSuleratus, 435. 
Garberi, 435. 
ginue folly 217. 
hastatus, 217. 
Havanensis, 435. 
hederaceus, 210. 
Hermannie, 216. 
hermanioides, 216. 
hirsutus, 434. 
humistrata, 217. 
incanus, 216. 


476 


Jalapa, 211. 
Jamaicensis, 435. 
littoralis, 211. 
lobatus, 217. 
longipes, 217, 485. 
luteolus, (216), 435. 
macrorhizus, 211. 
macrostegius, 435. 
Maximiliani, 435. 
micranthus, 218, 435, 436. 
Nil, 210. 
obtusilcbus, 211. 
occidentalis; 215, 435. 
occidentalis, 435. 
panduratus, 211. 
patens, 217. 
pentanthus, 214. 
pentapers Wider, 436. 
es-capre, 211. 
Pickeringii, 218. 
Pringlei, 434. 
pudibundus, 210. 
purpureus, 210. 
repens, 215. 
ruderarius, 435. 
sagittatus, 434, 
sagittifolius, 212, 
sepium, 215, 435. 
Sherardi, 217, 435, 436. 
Soldanella, 215. 
speciusus, 212. 
spithameus, 215. 
stans, 215. 
stoloniferus, 211. 
tamnifolius, 214. 
tenellus, 217. 
trichosanthes, 217. 
trifidus, 212. 
Valenzwelanus, 436. 
villosus, 216, 435. 
violaceus, 214. 
Corallophyllum, 51. 
Cordia, 177, 180. 
Boissieri, 180. 
bullata, 180. 
Floridana, 421. 
globosa, 180. 
Greggii, 180, 420. 
podocephala, 180. 
Sebestena, 180. 
CorpDiE#, 177. 
Cordylanthus, 249, 302, 453. 
canescens, 304. 
capitatus, 304. 
tilifolius, 303. 
Kingii, 304. 
Jaxiflorus, 303. 
maritimus, 304, 454. 
mollis, 304. 
Nevinii, 454. 
Oreuttianus, 454. 
Parryt, 304. 
pilosus, 304. 
Pringlei, 453. 
ramosus, 303. 
tenuis, 304. 
Wrightii, 303, 453. 
Coryanthus, 375. 
Cosmanthoides, 162. 
Cosmanthus, 162. 
Jimbriatus, 162. 
grandiflorus, 164. 
parviflorus, 163. 
viscidus, 163. 
Courtoisia, 408. 


INDEX.. 


bipinnatifida, 135. 

Cowberry, 25. 

Cow-Wheat, 310. 

Cranberry, 20, 25. 

Creeping Snowberry, 26. 

Crematomia, 181. 

Crescentia cucurbitina, 456. 
Cujete, 320. 

Cressa, 208, 219. 
Cretica, 219. 
Truzillensis, 219. 

Crossopetalum, 116. 

Cross-vine, 319. 

Cryuphiacanthus Barbadensis, 325. 

Culver’s Physic, 286. 

Cunila, 343, 353. 
coccinea, 360. 
glabella, 360. 
eats 360. 

ispida, 362. 

Mariana, 353. 
pulegioides, 362. 

Cuscuta, 208, 219. 
acaulis, 222. 
Americana, 222, 228. 
applanata, 223. 
arvensis, 220. 
Californica, 220. 
Californica, 221. 
Cephalanthi, 220. 
chlorocarpa, 220. 
compacta, 222. 
Coryli, 221. 
corymbosa, 221. 
cuspidata, 222. 
decora, 221. 
denticulata, 221. 
densiflora, 224, 
epilinum, 223. 
exaltata, 223. 
Sruticum, 222. 
glomerata, 222. 
Gronovii, 221. 
Hassiaca, 221. 
hispidula, 221. 
indecora, 221. 
inflexa, 221. 
leptantha, 223. 
neuropetala, 221. 
obtusiflora, 220. 
odontolepis, 223. 
paradoxa, 223. 
pentagona, 220. 
Polygonorum, 220. 
pulcherrima, 221. 
racemosa, 221. 
remoliflora, 222, 
rostrata, 222, 
salina, 220. 
Saururi, 222. 
squamata, 222. 
suaveolens, 221. 
subinclusa, 221. 
subinclusa, 221. 
tenuiflora, 220. 
umbellata, 223. 
umbrosa, 221, 222. 
verrucosa, 220, 221. 
vulyivaga, 222. 

CuscuTEes, 208. 

Cyanococcus, 21. 

Cycladenia, 80, 83. 
humilis, 83. 
tomentosa, 83, 400. 

Cyclostigma, 406. 


CYNANCHE®, 85. 

Cynanchum ries agai 102. 
Carolinense, 104 
discolor, 104. 
hirtum, 104. 
obliquum, 104. 
scoparium, 102. 
suberosum, 108. 

Cynoctonum petiolatum, 108. 
scoparium, 102. 
sessilifolium, 108. 

Cynoglossum, 178, 187, 420. 
amplexicaule, 188. 
Californicum, 422, 
ciliatum, 188, (422). 
glomeratum, 196. 
grande, 188, 421. 
Howardi, (188), 423. 
leve, (188), 421. 
lineare, 187. 
Morisoni, 189. 
nervosum, 189, 422. 
occidentale, 188. 
officinale, 187. 
officinale, 188. 
penicillatum, 187. 
pilosum, 190. 
Virginicum, 188. 

CYPHiIE#, 2. 

Cyrilla paniculata, 65. 


Dactylophyllum, 137, 407. 
Dactylostegium, 331. 
Daphnidostaphylis, 27. 
Fendleriana, 27. 
pumila, 28. 
pungens, 28. 
Dasymorpha, 192. 
Dasystoma, 291. 
Drummondii, 291. 
patula, 292. 
pectinata, 291. 
pedicularia, 291. 
pubescens, 291. 
quercifolia, 291. 
tubulosa, 291. 
Date-Plum, 69. 
Datura, 225, 239. 
arborea, 240. 
discolor, 240. 
inermis, 240. 
Detel, 240. 
meteloides, 240. 
quercifolia, 240. 
Stramonium, 240. 
Tatula, 240. 
Thomasit, 240. 
Wrightit, 240. 
Dead-Nettle, 385. 
Decachena, 19. 
Decamerium, 19. 
dumosum, 19. 
Srondosum, 19. 
resinusum, 20. 
Decemium, 155. 
hirtum, 155. 
Deerberry, 21. 
Devil-wood, 79. 
Dendrium buaifolium, 43. 
Dianthera, 323, 829, 457. 
Americana, 329. 
crassifolia, 329. 
ensiformis, 329. 
humilis, 329, 
ovata, 329. 


parviflora, 330. 
parvifolia, 330. 
Dianthus Carolinianus, 57. 
Diapensia, 52. 
cuneifolia, 52. 
Lapponica, 53. 
DIAPENSIACE.E, 51, 399. 
DIAPENSIE, 52. 
Dicerandra densiflora, 365. 
linearifolia, 365. 
linearis, 365. 
Dichondra, 207, 208. 
argentea, 208. 
Carolinensis, 208. 
macrocalyx, 208. 
repens, 208. 
sericert, 208. 
DicnonpRE&, 207. 
Dicliptera, 323, 331. 
assurgens, 331. 
brachiata, 331. 
glandulosa, 331. 
Halei, 330. 
pseudoverticillaris, 458. 
resupinata, 331, 457. 
resupinata, 331, 458. 
thlaspioides, 331, 458. 
Torreyi, 458. 
Dicranostegia, 454. 
Dictyolobus, 103. 
DIciTaLE.®, 248. 
Digitalis purpurea, 438. 
Diospyros, 69. 
concolor, 69. 
pubescens, 69. 
Texana, 70. 
Virginiana, 69. 
Dipholis, 67. 
salicifolia, 67. 
Diplucus, 275, 442. 
glutinosus, 275, 442. 
atifolius, 275, 442. 
leptanthus, 275. 
longiflorus, 276. 
puniceus, 275. 
stellatus, 275. 


Dipteracanthus biflorus, 324. 


ciliosus, 326. 
Drummondimus, 326. 
Drummondii, 326. 
hispidus, 457. 
Lindheimerianus, 326. 
linearis, 324, 325, 457. 
micranthus, 327. 
Mitchillianus, 326. 
noctiflorus, 326. 
nudiflorus, 325. 
oblongifvlius, 324. 
riparius, 324. 
strepens, 327. 

sia ane, 326. 

Dittany, 353. 

Dodder, 219.° 

Dodecatheon, 56, 57. 
dentatum, 58. 
ellipticum, 57. 
Srigidum, 58. 
integrifolium, 57. 

Ji ap A 57. 
Meadia, 57. 

Dogbane, 82. 

Douglasia, 56, 59, 399 
arctica, 59, 400. 
dentata, 399. 
leevigata, 400. 


INDEX. 


montana, 60. 
nivalis, 59, 399. 
Vitaliana, 399. 


Downingia, 2, 8. 


bicornuta, 395. 
corymbosa, 8. 
elegans, 8. 
pulchella, 9. 
Dracocephalum, 345, 3878. 
denticulatum, 383. 
parviflorum, 378. 
cordatum, 377. 
intermedium, 383, 
luncifolium, 383. 
VUericanum, 377. 
obovatum, 383. 
speciosum, 383. 
variegatum, 383, 
Virginianum, 383. 
Dragon-head, 378, 383. 
Draperia, 153, 158. 
systyla, 158. 
Drejerau Greggit, 328. 
Jjunced, 457. 
puberula, 457. 
Thurberi, 328. 
Wrightii, 328. 
Duranta, 333, 340. 
Ellisia, 340. 
inermis, 340. 
Plumieri, 340. 
spinosa, 340. 
Dysmicodon, 11. 
Californicum, 11. 
ovatum, 11. 
perfoliatum, 11. 


EBEN ACE, 69. 
Echidiocarya, 179, 198, 420. 
Arizonica, 199, 433. 

Californica, 199. 

Californica, 432. 

ursina, 432. 
Echinoglochin, 190. 


Echinospermum, 179, 188, 420. 


ciliatum, 422. 
deflexum, 189, 421. 
deflecum, 189. 
diffusum, (189), 422. 
diffusum, 422. 
fluribundum, 189, 422. 
Fremontir, 422. 
Greenei, 190. 
hispidum, 422. 
intermedium, 189. 
Lappula, 189. 
Lappula, 190. 
leiocarpum, 194. 
nervosum, 189. 
patulum, 190. 
pilosum, 190. 
pinetorum, 421. 
Redowskii, 189, 422. 
scabrosum, 190. 
strictum, 190. 
subdecumbens, 189, 422. 
Texanum, 190 
ursinum, 422. 
Virginicum, 189, 421. 
Echinosphace, 366. 
Echites, 80, 84. 
Andrewsii, 84. 
biflora, 401. 
brachysiphon, 84. 
Catesbez, 84. 


477 


difformis, 85. 
muacrosiphon, 83. 
neriandra, 84, 
paludosa, 401. 
puberula, 85, 
Sagrai, 84. 
suberecta, 84. 
unbellata, 84. 
Ecuitipea, 80. 
Echium, 180, 207. 
Wenziesti, 433, 
vulgare, 207. 
Eddya hispidissima, 182. 
Ehretia, 177, 181, 421. 
Beurreria, 181. 
ciliata, 421. 
elliptica, 181, 421. 
exasperata, 421 
Havanensis, 181. 
radula, 181. 
tomentosa, 181. 
EnRETIE.E, 177. 
Elaphocera, 144, 410. 
Elisia, 152, 157, 413. 
acuta, 340. 
ambigua, 157. 


chrysanthemifolia, 158, 413. 


membranacea, 157. 
microcalyx, 157. 
Nyctelea, 157. 
ranunculacea, 157. 
Torreyi, 413. 

Elliottia, 17, 44. 
racemosa, 44. 

Elmigera barbata, 261. 

Elytraria, 322, 323. 
cupressineu, 324, 
JSusciculata, 824. 
Srondosa, 324. 
ramosa, 324. 
tridentata, 324. 
Vahliana, 324 
virgata, 324. 

Emmenanthe, 153, 170. 
glaberrima, 171. 
glandulifera, 171. 
lutea, 170. 
parviflora, 170. 
parviflora, 171. 
penduliflora, 171. 
pusilla, 171, 

Emorya, 107, 110. 
suaveolens, 110. 

Endotricha, 117. 

Enslenia, 86, 100. 
albida, 100. 

Epicion, 101. 

Lpifagus, 314. 

Epigza, 15, 29. 
repens, 29, 

Epiphegus, 311. 
Americanus, 314. 
Virginiana, 314. 

Epixiphium, 254. 

Erianthera, 259. 

Erica carnea, 36. 
Stelleriana, 35. 
Tetralix, 35. 
vulgaris, 86. 

ERICACEAE, 14, 396. 

Enice#, 16. 

Lvinus procumbens, 280. 

Eriodictyon, 153, 175. 
angustifolium, 176, 420. 
crassifulium, 176, 420. 


478 


oe 176. 
obbii, 419. 
sessilifolium, 419. 
tomentosum, 176, 419. 


Eritrichium, 179, 190, (422). 


Ery 


ambiguum, 426. 
angustifolium, 194, (426). 
angustifolium, 194, 427, 428. 
aretioides, 191. 
barbigerum, 194, (426). 
Californicum, 191, (423). 
canescens, (192), 431. 
Chamissonis, 191. 
Chorisianum, 191, (424). 
Chorisianum, 191. 
circumscissum, 198, (428). 
connatifolium, 191. 
Coopert, 424. 
crassisepalum, 195, (424). 
floribundum, 199. 
fulvocanescens, 197, (480). 
fulvum, 192, (481). 
fulvum, 192, 432. 
glomeratum, 196. 
glomeratum, 197, 429, 430. 
heliotropioides, 194, 199. 
hispidum, 195, (428). 
holopterum, 196, (429). 
intermedium, 426. 
Jamesii, 196, (429). 
Kingii, 192, (430). 
leiocarpum, 194, (425). 
leiocarpum, 425, 426. 
leucopheum, 197, (430). 
micranthum, 198, (428). 
micromeres, 427. 

molle, 424. 

multicaule, 196. 
muricatum, 424, 
muriculatum, 194, (426, 427). 
muricuiatum, 194. 
nanum, 196, (428). 
nothofulvum, 432. 
oxycaryum, 193, (425). 
oxygonum, 427. 
plebeium, 191. 

plebeium, 191. 
pterocaryum, 195, (429). 
pusillum, 194, (428). 
racemosum, 429, 
Scouleri, 191, (424). 
setosissimum, 196, (429). 
tenellum, 192, (431). 
Texanum, 195, (424). 
Torreyi, 192, (431). 
uliginosum, 424, 

villosum, 191. 

virgatum, 197. 

threa, 110. 

Beyrichii, 113. 

calycosa, 113. 
Centaurium, 112. 
chironioides, 112, 113. 
Douglasii, 113. 
floribunda, 112. 
Muhlenbergii, 112. 
Muhlenbergii, 112. 
nudicaulis, 405. 

Nuttallii, 113. 

Nuttalliz, 113. 
Pickheringii, 112. 
pulchella, 112. 
ramosissima, 112. 
speciosa, 112. 

spicata, 112. 


INDEX. 


Texensis, 112. 
tricantha, 113. 
tricantha, 118. 
venusta, 113, 405. 
Erythranthe cardinalis, 446. 
Erythrorhiza rotundifolia, 53. 
Eubotrys, 34. 
racemosa, 35. 
Euchroma, 295. 
angustifolia, 296. 
Bradburii, 296. 
coccinea, 295. 
grandiflora, 298. 
pallescens, 299. 
purpurea, 298. 
Hisense, 157. 
chrysanthemifolia, 418. 
foliosa, 158. 
paniculata, 158, 413. 
Euglypta, 169. 
Eunanus, 273, 444. 
angustatus, 443. 
bicolor, 275, 445. 
Bigelovii, 274. 
Bolanderi, 446. 
brevipes, 446. 
Brewer, 451. 
Coulteri, 274. 
Douglusii, 274, 443, 444. 
Fremonti, 274, 275. 
Kelloggii, 444. 
Layne, 446, 
mephiticus, 444. 
Mohavensis, 446. 
Parryi, 446. 
pictus, 446. 
Rattani, 444, 
Tolmiei, 274. 
Torreyi, 446. 
tricolor, 443. 
Euphrasia, 249, 305. 
latifulra, 305. 
Odontites, 305. 
officinalis, 305. 
EuPHRASIE®, 249. 
Euploca, 183. 
convolvulacea, 183. 
grandiflora, 183. 
Eustachya alba, 287. 
purpurea, 287. 
Eustoma, 111, 116. 
exaltatum, 116. 
gracile, 116. 
Russellianum, 116. 
silenifolium, 116, 405. 
Eutoca, 164, 416. 
albiflora, 163. 
aretiotdes, 172. 
brachylota, 167. 
divaricata, 168. 
Douglasii, 167. 
Franklinw, 166. 
glandulosa, 160. 
randifiora, 164. 
Neteropin ils 166. 
loasefolia, 165. 
lutea, 171. 
Menzies, 166. 
multiflora, 166. 
porn fiona, 163. 
patuliflora, 163. 
phacelioides, 167. 
pusilla, 166. 
sericea, 166. 
speciosa, 164. 


strictiflora, 163. 
viscida, 163. 
Wrangeliana, 168. 
Evolvulus, 208, 218. 
alsinoides, 218. 
argenteus, 219. 
Arizonicus, 218. 
diffusus, 218, 
discolor, 219, 436. 
labriusculus, 218. 
olosericeus, 218, 219. 
letus, 486. 
linifolius, 218. 
mucronatus, 218. 
Muhlenbergii, 218. 
nummularius, 218. 
Nuttallinus, 219. 
ovalifolius, 217. 
pilosus, 219. 
sericeus, 218, 436. 
Sherardi, 217, 486. 
Ezxacum inflatum, 112. 
pulchellum, 112. 
quadrangulare, 112. 
Eyebright, 305. 


Featherfoil, 57. 

Fenzlia concinna, 188. 
dianthiflora, 188. 
speciosa, 138. 

Fetterbush, 32. 

Figwort, 258. 

Fischeria buxifolia, 48. 

Floating Heart, 128. 

Flowering Moss 52. 

Forestiera. 73, 76. 
acuminata, 76. 
angustifolia, 77. 
Jacquiniana, 77. 
ligustrina, 76. 
ligustrina, 76, 77. 
Neo-Mexicana, 76. 
phillyreioides, 77. 
porulosa, 77. 
reticulata, 77. 
spheerocarpa, 77. 

Forget-me-not, 202. 

Forsteronia difformis, 85. 

Forsythia suspensa, 72. 
viridissima, 72. 

Fraxinaster, 73. 

FRAXINE&, 72. 

Fraxinus, 72, 73. 
acuminata, 75. 
alba, 75. 
albicans, 75. 
Americana, 74. 
Americana, 75. 
anomala, 74. 
Berlandieriana, 75. 
Canadensis, 75. 
Carolinensis, 75. 
Caroliniana, 75. 
concolor, 75. 
coriacea, 74, 75. 
Curtissii, 75. 
cuspidata. 74. 
dipetala, 73. 
discolor, 75. 
epiplera, 75. 
excelsior, 75. 
expansa, 75. 
Greggii, 74. 
juglandifolia, 75. 
latifolia, 76. 


rate dy van, 


nigra, 75, 76. 
nigrescens, 75. 
Nove-Anglie, 75. 
Nuttallit, 75. 
oblongocarpa, 75. 
Oregana, 76. 


Ornus, 73. 


pallida, 75. 
pauciflora, T5. 


Pennsylvanica, 75. 


pistaciefolia, 74. 


pistaciefolia, 75. 


platycarpa, 75. 
pubescens, 75. 


pubescens, 76. 


quadrangulata, 75. 


sambucifolia, 76. 
Schiedeana, T4. 
tomentosa, Td. 
trialata, 75. 
triptera, 75. 
velutina, T4. 
viridis, 75. 


ne a odie Frasera, 111, 125. 


albicaulis, 126. 


albomarginata, 126. 


Carolinensis, 125. 
Carolinensis, 125. 
nitida, 126. 
paniculata, 126. 
Parryi, 126. 
speciosa, 127. 
thyrsiflora, 125. 
Walteri, 127. 


Fringe-tree, 77. 


GAL 


ACINES, 52. 


Galapagoa, 182. 
Galax, 52, 53. 


aphylla, 53. 


Galeopsis, 347, 885. 


Ladanum, 385. 
Tetrahit, 385. 


Gambelia, 254. 


Gardoquia betonicoides, 377. 


speciosa, 254. 
Hookeri, 360. 


Gatesia, 323, 330. 


lete-virens, 330. 


Gaultheria, 15, 29. 


hispidula, 26. 


Myrsinites, 30, 397. 


ee ovatifolia, 397. 


Gautiera procumbens, 30. 


procumbens, 30. 
Shallon, 30. 


Gaylussacia, 15, 19. 


brachycera, 19. 
dumosa, 19. 
frondosa, 19, 396. 


hirtella, 19. 
resinosa, 20. 
ursina, 20. 
GELSEMIE#, 106. 
Gelsemium, 106, 107. 
nitidum, 107. 


sempervirens, 107. 


Gentian, 116. 


Gentiana, 111, 116, 405. 


acuta, 118. 
affinis, 122. 
alba, 123. 
Aleuticn, 119. 
algida, 120. 
Amarella, 118. 


INDEX. 


amarelloides, 119. 
Andrewsii, 123. 
angustifolia, 124. 
aquatica, 120. 
arctophila, 119. 
aurea, 119. 
auriculata, 118, 
barbata, 117. 
barbellata, 117. 
Bigelovii, 406. 
borealis, 118. 
brachypetala, 117. 
calycina, 114. 
calycosa, 121. 
calycosa, 121. 
Catesbai, 122, 123. 
ciliata, 117. 
crinita, 117. 
detonsa, 117. 
dichotoma, 118. 
Douglasiana, 120, 
Elliottii, 122. 
exaltata, 116. 
Jimbriata, 117. 
flavida, 123. 
Forwoodii, 406. 
Fremontii, 120. 
frigida, 120. 
Srigida, 124. 
glacialis, 118. 
glauca, 120. 
gracillima, 405. 
heterosepala, 118. 
humilis, 120. 
incarnata, 124. 
intermedia, 124, 
Kenigii, 118. 
linearis, 123. 
Menziesii, 121. 
microcalyx, 405. 
Newberryi, 120. 
nivalis, 406. 
nutans, 120. 
ochroleuca, i23. 
ochroleuca, 123. 


propinqua, 119. 
prostrata, 120. 
pseudo-pneumonanthe, 123. 
puberula, 122. 
purpurea, 124. 
quinqueflera, 119. 
Gale eyeli ts 119. 
omanzovit, 120. 
rotata, 124. 
Rurikiana, 119. 
Rusbyi, 406. 
Saponaria, 122. 
Saponaria, 123, 124. 
sceptrum, 122. 
serpentaria, 124. 
serrata, 117. 
setigera, 121, 
setiflora, 119. 
simplex, 117. 
Stelleriana, 124. 
sulcata, 124, 
tenella, 117, 
tenuis, 118. 


479 


Unalaschkensis, 119. 
ventricosa, 116. 
villosa, 124. 
Virginiana, 124. 
Wislizeni, 119. 
Wrightii, 118, 
GENTIANACEAE, 110, 405. 
GENTIANES, 110. 
Gentianella crinita, 117. 
Gerardia, 248, 290, 482. 
Afzelia, 289. 
aphylla, 295. 
aphylla, 298, 295. 
aspera, 292, 
auriculata, 292. 
cunetfolia, 280, 
densiflora, 292. 
divaricata, 294. 
JSasciculata, 293. 
filicaulis, 295, 
filifolia, 293. 
Jilifolia, 293, 294, 
flava, 291. 
Sruticosa, 259. 
glauca, 291. 
grandiflora, 291. 
heterophylla, 292. 
integrifolia, 291. 
intermedia, 293. 
levigata, 291. 
linifolia, 292. 
linifolia, 293. 
longifolia, 293. 
macrophylla, 290. 
maritima, 293. 
Mettaucri, 294, 295. 
nuda, 295. 
pues 294, 
patula, 291. 
pectinata, 291. 
edicularia, 291. 
lukenctii, 293, 
purpurea, 293. 
purpurea, 293, 294, 
quercifolia, 291. 
serrata, 291. 
setacea, 294, 
setacea, 294. 
Skinneriana, 294. 
spiciflora, 293. 
strictiflora, 294. 
tenuifolia, 294, 452. 
Wrightii, 292. 
GERARDIE#, 248. 
Germander, 349. 
Gilia, 129. 
achillesfolia, 147. 
achilleefolia, 147. 
aggregata, 145, 410. 
androsacea, 139, 
arenaria, 148. 
aristella, 408. 
atractyloides, 142, 409. 
aurea, 138, 407. 
bella, 407. 
Beyrichiana, 145. 
Bigelovii, 138. 
Bolanderi, 138. 
Brandegei, 149, 412. 
brevicula, 139. 
Breweri, 142. 
caspitosa, 149. 
Californica, 140. 
campanulata, 148. 
capillaris, (136), 408. 


480 


capitata, 147. 
cihata, 139. 
coccinea, 408. 
congesta, 144. 
coronopifolia, 145, 410. 
cotulatolia, 141, 408. 
crebrifolia, 144. 
debilis, 147, 411. 
demissa, 137. 
densiflora, 139. 
densifolia, 143. 
depressa, 410. 
dianthoides, 138. 
dichotoma, 138. 
dichotoma, 138. 
divaricata, 142, 409. 
ga 135. 
unnii, 411. 
elongata, 143. 
filicaulis, 142, 409. 
filifolia, 143. 
filiformis, 148. 
Jilipes, 138. , 
floccosa, 143. 
floribunda, 140. 
Floridana, 145. 
glomeriflora, (136), 408. 
glutinosa, 408. 
grandiflora, 408. 
grandiflora, 139. 
gracilis, 408._ 
gracilis, 135. 
Gunnisoni, 144, 410. 
guttata, 411 
Harknessii, 407. ! 
Havyardi, 411.. 
Haydeni, 145. 
heterodozxa, 409. 
heterophylla, 408. 
Hookeri, 141. 
iberidifolia, 144, 
incisa, 149. 
inconspicua, 148, 412. 
intertexta, 141. 
Jonesii, 407. 
Kennedyi, 137. 
Larseni, 146, (411). 
latiflora, 147, 411. 
latifolia, 148. 
Lemmoni, 407. 
leptomeria, 148. 
Leptosiphon, 139. 
leptotes, 408. 
leucocephala, 142, 408. 
Linanthus, 188. 
Lindheimeriana, 149. 
linearis, 408, 
liniflora, 137. 
Jongiflora, (136), 410. 
longituba, 189, 
lutea, 139. 
lutescens, 143. 
Macombii, 410. 
Matthewsii, 409. 
micrantha, 139. 
micromeria, 148. 
millefoliata, 147. 
minima, 142 
minutiflora, 146. 
multicaulis, 147. 
multicaulis, 411. 
multiflora, (136, £10), 410. 
Nevinii, 411. 
nudicaulis, 140. 
Nuttallii, 140. 


INDEX. 


Orcuttii, 407. 
Parrye, 137. 
parviflora, 148. 
pharnaceoides, 187. 
pinnatifida, 146. 
polycladon, 144. 
prostrata, 409. 
pulchella, 145. 
pumila, 144. 
pungens, 140, 
pungens, 141. 
usilla, 137. 
attani, 407. 
rigidula, 149. 
Schottii, (142), 409. 
Sessez, 135, 408. 
setosissima, 142, 409. 
sinuata, 148. 
spicata, 144. 
squarrosa, 141. 
stenothyrsa, 146. 
stricta, 147. 
subnuda, 145. 
tenella, 139, 
tenerrima, 146. 
tenuiflora, 147, 412. 
tenuifolia, 411. 
Thurberi, 410. 
tinctoria, 408. 
tricolor, 147. 
trifida, 144. 
virgata, 143. 
viscidula, 142, 409. 
Watsoni, 140. 
Wrightii, 144, 410. 
Giliandra, 146, 410. 
Githopsis, 9, 10. 
calycina, 10. 
pulchella, 10. 
specularioides, 10. 
Glandulavia, 387. 
bipinnatifida, 337. 
Carolinensis, 337. 
Glaux, 56, 63. 
maritima, 63. 
Glechoma hederacea, 378. 
Glyciphylla hispidula, 26. 
Gomphecarpus, 86. 100. 
cordifolius, 100. 
hypoleucus, 403. 
purpurascens, 100. 
tomentosus, 100, 403. 
Goxo.LoBE®, 87. 
Gonolobium hirsutum, 104. 
Gonolobus, 87, 103, 404. 
Baldwinianus, 104, 404. 
biflorus, 105. 
Carolinensis, 104, 404. 
Carolinensis, 104. 
cynanchoides, 105. 
Jflavidulus, 404. 
granulatus, 103. 
hastulatus, 105. 
hirsutus, 104, 404. 
hirsutus, 104. 
levis, 103. 
macrophyllus, 103, 104, 404. 
Nuttallii, 103. 
obliquus, 104, 404. 
parviflorus, 106. 
parvifolius, 105. 
pogonanthus, 462. 
productus, 106. 
prostratus, 105. 
pubiflorus, 105. 


reticulatus, 103. 
sagittifolius, 104. 
Shortii, 404. 
suberosus, 103, 
teliefclius, 103. 
unifarius, 101, 
viridiflorus, 88, 103. 
GOODENIACEA, 1. 
Grammica, 219, 
Gratiola, 247. 
acuminata, 280, 282. 
anayallidea, 288. 
attenuata, 283. 
aurea, 282, 
Carolinensis, 282. 
dilatata, 283. 
Drummondii, 282. 
ebracteata, 281. 
Floridana, 281. 
racilis, 281. 
inequalis, 280. 
megalocarpa, 283. 
micrantha, 283, 284, 
Missouriana, 282. 
Afonniera, 281. 
neglecta, 282. 
officinalis, 282. 
apenas, 282. 
eruviand, 283. 
pilosa, 283. 
pusilla, 281. 
uadridentata, 282. 
Tamosa, 282. 
repens, 280. 
spherocarpa, 282. 
subulata, 283, 
tetragona, 283. 
Virginiana, 281. 
Virginica, 282. 
viscosa, 282, 
Gratiolaria, 281. 
GRATIOLE.X, 246. 
Greek Valerian, 149. 
Green Ash, 75. 
Gregoria, 399. 
Gromwel], 203. 
Ground Cherry, 233, 
Ground Laurel, 29. 
Gruvelia pusilla, 187. 
Gualtheria, 29. 
Gymnandra, 332, (458). 
borealis, 332. 
dentata, 332. 
Gmelini, 332, (458). 
gracilis, 332, 
minor, 332. 
ovata, 332. 
reniformis, 382. 
rubra, 286. 
Stelleri, 332, (458). 
Gymnobythus, 163. 
Gymnocaulis, 312. 
Gypsywort, 352. 


Halenia, 111, 127. 
Brentoniana, 127. 
deflexa, 127. 
heteranthu, 127. 
Rothrockii, 127. 

Halesia, 70, 71. 
diptera, 71. 
parviflora, 71. 
parviflora, 72. 
reticulata, 71. 
tetraptera, 71. 


Haplophyton, 80, 82. 
cimicidum, 82. 

Harebell, 11. 

Harpagonella, 178, 186. 
Palmeri, 186. 

FTeal-all, 382. 

Heath, 36. 

Heather, 36. 

Hedeoma, 344, 361. 
acinoides, 362. 
Arkansana, 360. 
bracteolata, 359. 
ciliata, 363. 
ciliata, 363. 
costata, 363. 
dentata, 363. 
Drummondii, 362. 
glabra, 360. 
ererenlens; 363. 

irta, 362. 
hispida, 362. 
hyssopifolia, 363. 
incana, 361. 
mollis, 361. 
piperita, 362. 
plicata, 363. 
pulegioides, 362. 
purpurea, 359. 
Reverchoni, 460. 
serpylloides, 365. 
thymoides, 362. 

Hedeomoides, 364. 

Hedge Hyssop, 281. 

Heliophytum, 186. 
glabriusculuim, 186. 
gnaphaloides, 183. 
Indicum, 185. 
molle, 183. 
parviflorum, 186. 
sidefolium, 186. 

Heliotrope, 183. 

HELIOTROPIE.E, 177. 

Heliotropium, 178, 183. 
anchusefolium, 186. 
angustifolium, 184. 
bursiferum, 185. 
Californicum, 421. 
canescens, 185. 
cinerewm. 185. 
confertiflorum, 184. 
convolvulaceum, 183, 421. 
Curassavicum, 185. 
Europeum, 185. 
glabriusculum, 186. 
glomeratum, 185. 
Greggii, 184. 
hispidum, 185. 
inundatum, 185, 
Leavenworthii, 185. 
limbatum, 184. 
myosotoides, 185. 
ake 185. 

eruvianum, 186. 
phyllostachyum, 185. 
polyphyllum, 185. 
procumbens, 185. 
tenellum, 184. 

Hemianthus, 284. 
micranthemoides, 284. 

Hemipogon, 3. 

Hemistegia, 304. 

Hemp-Nettle, 385. 

Henbane, 240. 

Henrya, 330. 

Herpestis, 246, 280. 


INDEX. 


amplexicaulis, 280. 
Brownei, 281. 
callitrichoides, 283, 
chamredrioides, 280. 
cuneifolia, 281. 
micrantha, 280, 284. 
Monniera, 281. 
nigrescens, 280. 
peduncularis, 280. 
pilosa, 279. 
repens, 280. 
rotundifolia, 280, 451. 
Hesperelea, 73, 77. 
Palmeri, 77. 
Hesperochiron, 153, 172. 
Californicus, 173. 
latifolius, 172. 
pumilus, 173. 
Heterocodon, 10, 14, 396. 
minimum, 896. 
rariflorum, 14. 
Heterosphace, 367. 
Himantostemma, 401, 404. 
Pringlei, 404. 
Hippoglossum maritimum, 200. 
Hoitzta capitata, 412. 
Cervantesii, 412.' 
conglomeratau, 412. 
glandulosa, 412. 
spicata, 412. 
squarrosa, 141. 
Holocalyx, 424. 
Holopogon, 3. . 
Homalocaryum, 188. 
Homochilus, 3. 
Hopea tinctoria, 71. 
Horehound, 384. 
Horse-Balm, 351. 
Horse-Mint, 375. 
Horse-Sugar, 71. 
Hottonia, 55. 
inflata, 57. 
palustris, 57. 
Hottonte.£, 55. 
Houndstongue, 187. 
Howellia, 393, 394. 
aquatilis, 394. 
Huckleberry, 19, 20. 
Hugelia, 143. 
densifolia, 143. 
lutea, 143. 
virgata, 143. 
Hydranthelium £gense, 281. 
Hydrolea, 154. 
affinis, 176. 
Caroliniana, 176. 
corymbosa, 176. 
leptocaulis, 176. 
Lurloviciana, 176. 
ovata, 176. 
ovatifolia, 176. 
paniculata, 176. 
quadrivalvis, 176. 
HYDROLEES, 153. 
anuee Camu 152, 
3. . 
HYDROPHYLLE®, 152. 
Hydrophyllum, 152, 154. 
appendiculatum, 155. 
Canadense, 155. 
capitatum, 154. 
capitatum, 154. 
lineare, 166. 
macrophyllum, 154, 
macrophyllum, 154, 


31 


481 


occidentale, 154. 
trilobum, 155. 
Virginicum, 154. 
Hygrophila, 322, 324. 
Illinotiensis, 327. 
lacustris, 324. 
HyoscyaMe.k, 225. 
THyoscyamus, 225, 240, 
niger, 240 
Hypopitys, 49. 
Europea, 50. 
lanuginosa, 50. 
lutea, 50. 
multiflora, 50. 
ypsvula, 432. 
Hyptis, 342, 350. 
albida, 350. 
Emoryi, 350. 
lanata, 350. 
laniflora, 350. 
pectinata, 350. 
polystachya, 350. 
radiata, 350. 
spicata, 350. 
spicigera, 350. 
tephrodes, 350. 
Hyssop, 354. 
Hyssopus, 343, 354. 
anisatus, 376. 
discolor, 376. 
nepetoides, 376. 
officinalis, 354. 
scrophulariesolius, 376. 


Ilysanthes, 247, 283. 
grandiflora, 283. 
gratioloides, 283. 
refracta, 283. 
riparia, 283. 
saxicola, 283. 

Indian Hemp, 82. 

Indian Pink, 108. 

Indian Pipe, 49. 

Ipomeea, 208. 
acetosiefolia, 211. 
armata, 434. 
barbata, 210. 
barbatisepala, 212. 
Batatas, 211. 
Bona-nox, 209. 
capillacea, 434. 
cardiophylla, 213. 
carnosa, (211), 434. 
Carolina, 209, 213. 
eathartica, 210. 
coccinen, 209. 
costellata, 214. 
cuneifolia, 434. 
dissecta, 212. 
fastigiata, 210. 
Havanensis, 435. 
hederacea, 210, 433. 
hederifolia, 209. 
heterophylla, 210. 
Jalapa, 211. 
lacunosa, 213. 
Lemmoni, 434. 
leptophylla, 213. 
leptotoma, 214. 
leucantha, 209. 
Lindheimeri, 210. 
longifolia, 211. 
macrorhiza, 211. 
maritima, 211. 
Mechoacan, 211. 


482 


Mexicana, 210. 
Michauaii, 211. 
muricata, 214. 
wil, 210. 
orbicularis, 211. 
pandurata, 211. 
Pes-capre, 211. 
Plummer, 434, 
purpurea, 210. 
Purshii, 211. 
Quamoclit, 209. 
rubra, 145. 
sagittata, 212. 
sagittifolia, 212, 216. 
sanguinea, 209. 
Shumardi, 211. 
sinuata, 212. 
sinuata, 209. 
tamnifolia, 214. 
tenuiloba, 484. 
Thurberi, 212, 433. 
trichocarpa, 218. 
trifida, 212. 
triloba, 213. 
Wrightii, 213. 
Ipomeria aggregata, 145. 
coronopifolia, 145. 
Ipomopsis, 145, 410. 
elegans, 145. 
inconspicua, 148, 
Isanthus, 842, 349. 
ceruleus, 349. 


Jacobinia Californica, 329. 


neglecta, 457. 
Jacob’s Ladder, 149. 
Jacquemontia, 208, 214. 

abutiloides, 214. 

tamnifolia, 214, 434. 

Violacea, 214. 
Jacquinia, 65, 66. 

armillaris, 66. 

ungens, 65. 
Tarte Weed, 240. 
JASMINE, 73. 
Jerusalem Cherry, 228. 
Jerusalem Sage, 384. 
Jessamine, 107. 
Justicia, 323, 329. 

Americana, 829. 

assurgens, 331. 

humilis, 380. 

lete-virens, 330. 

pedunculosa, 329. 

resupinata, 331. 

sexangularis, 331. 

Wrightii, 329. 
JUSTICIEA, 322. 


Kalmia, 16, 37. 
angustifolia, 38. 
ciliata, 39 
cuneata, 38. 
ericoides, 38. 
glauca, 38. 
hirsuta, 39. 
latifolia, 38. 

olifolia, 38. 

Kellia capitata, 354. 


Krynitzkia, (190, 193), 420, 423. 


ambigua, 426. 
angustifolia, 426. 
barbigera, 426. 
Californica, 423. 
Cedrosensis, 428. 


INDEX. 


Chorisiana, 424. 
circumscissa, 428. 
Covuperi, 424. 
crassisepala, 424. 
cycluptera, 429. 
enticulata, 427. 
dichotoma, 428. 
dumetorum, 426. 
Fendleri, 424. 
floribunda, 423. 
foliosa, 427. 
fulvocanescens, 480. 
heliotropioides, 423. 
holoptera, 429. 
intermedia, 426. 
Jamesii, 429. 
Jonesii, 427. 
leiocarpa, 425. 
leiocarpa, 198, 194. 
lithocarya, 423. 
leucophza, 430. 
maritima, 428. 
micrantha, 428. 
micromeres, 427. 
microstachys, 425. 
Mohavensis, 427. 
mollis, 424. 
muriculata, 427. 
oxycarya, 425. 
oxygona, 427. 
Palmeri, 429. 
Parryi, 423, 
Pattersoni, 424. 
plebeia, 423. 
‘pterocarya, 429. 
pusilla, 428. 
racemosa, 429. 
ramosa, 428. 
ramosissima, 428, (429). 
rostellata, 425. 
Scouleri, 424. 
sericea, 430. 
setosissima, 429. 
sparsiflora, 425. 
Texana, 424. 
Torreyana, 425. 
trachycarpa, 423. 
Utahensis, 427. 
virgata, 429. 
Watsoni, 426. 
Ktenospermum, 187. 


LABIATZ, 341, 459. 
Labrador Tea, 43. 
Lachnostoma, 401, 404. 
Arizonicum, 404. 
Balbisii, 462. 
hastulatum, 105. 
arviflorum, 106. 
Lachnostoma, 104. 
Lagotis, 458. 
glauca, (832), 458. 
Lambkill, 38. 
Lamium, 347, 385. 
album, 385. 
amplexicaule, 385. 
hispidulum, 462. 
purpureum, 385. 
Lantana, 333. 339. 
Camara, 340. 
canescens, 339. 
horrida, 340. 
involucrata, 339. 
macropoda, 339. 
odorata, 339. 


parvifolia, 339. 
Lapithea gentianoides, 115. 
Lappula, 188. 

Laurel, 87, 38, 42. 
Laurentia, 2, 8. 

carnosula, 8. 
Leadwort, 55. 
Leather-leaf, 35. 
Ledum, 16, 43. 

buaxifolium, 43. 

Canadense, 43. 

glandulosum, 43. 

Grenlandicum, 43. 

Jatifolium, 43. 

palustre, 48. 

thymifolium, 48. 
Leiophyllum, 17, 438. 

buxifolium, 43. 

prostratum, 48. 

serpyllifolium, 43, 

thymifolium, 43. 
Lemmonia, 153, 173. 

Californica, 1738. 
Lemon Verbena, 338. 
Lennoa, 51. 
LENNOACESA, 50. 
Lentibularia, 314. 
TESTE USACE, 314, 

55. 


Leonotis, 347, 384. 
nepeteefolia, 384. 

Leonurus, 847, 385. 
Cardiaca, 385. 
Marrubiasti um, 385. 
Sibiricus, 885. 

Lepidanche adpressa, 222. 
compositarum, 223. 


Leptamnium Virginianum, 314. 


Leptandra, 286. 
angustifolia, 286. 
purpurea, 287. 
Virginica, 287. 

Leptodactylon, 140. 
ceespitosum, 141. 
Californicum, 140. 

Leptoglossis, 226, 244. 
Coulterz, 224. 
Texana, 244, 


Leptophragma prostrata, 248. 


Leptosiphon, 139, 407. 
androsaceus, 139. 
bicolor, 139. 
densiflorus, 139. 

randiflorus, 139. 
uteus, 189. 
parviflorus, 139. 

Leptostachya, 334. 

Leucanthea Remeriana, 244. 

LEUCOPHYLLES, 245. 

Leucophyllum, 245, 250. 
minus, 250. 
Texanum, 250. 

Leucospora multifida, 279. 

Leucothoe, 16, 33, 397. 
acuminata, 34. 
axillaris, 34. 
Catesbzei, 34, 397. 
coriacea, 82. 
floribunda, 31. 
Mariana, 82. 
racemosa, 35. 
recurva, 35. 
rhomboidalis, 33. 
spicata, 35. 
spinulosa, 34. 


‘3 dave 


Ligustrum vulgare, 72. 
Limnanthemun, 111, 128. 
lacunosum, 128, 

trachyspermum, 128. 

Limosella, 247, 284, 
aquatica, 284. 
australis, 284. 
subulata, 284. 
tenuifolia, 284. 

Linanthus, 138, 407. 
dichotomus, 188. 

Linaria, 245, 250. 
Canadensis, 250. 
Cymbalaria, 251. 
Elatine, 251. 
Floridana, 250. 
genistifolia, 251. 
spuria, 251. 
Texann, 250. 
vulgaris, 251. 

Linderina attenuata, 283. 
dianthera, 280. 
dilatata, 283. 
grandiflora, 283. 
Montevidensis, 243. 
monticola, 283. 
pycidaria, 283. 
refracta, 283. 
sazicola, 283, 

Ling, 36. 

Lippia, 333, 338. 
Berlandieri, 338. 
citriodora, 338. 
cuneifolia, 338. 
geminata, 338. 

raveolens, 338. 
ycivides, 338. 
nodiflora, 339. 
pallescens, 339. 
reptans, 339. 
scorodonioides, 338. 
Wrightii, 338. 

Lisianthus exaltatus, 116. 
glaucifolius, 116. 
‘Russellianus, 116. 

Lithospermum, 179, 203. 
angustifolium, 205. 
angustifolium, 182. 
arvense, 203. 
Bejariense, 205. 
breviflorum, 205. 
Californicum, 204. 
canescens, 204. 
canescens, 204. 
Carolinianum, 206. 
circumscissum, 193. 
Cobrense, 433. 
corymbosum, 201. 
decumbens, 205. 
Drummondii, 201. 
glabrum, 433. 
hirtum, 205. 
incisum, 205. 
Kamtschaticum, 201. 
latifolium, 203. 
linearifoluum, 205, 
longiflorum, 205. 
lutescens, 203. 
lycopsoides, 198. 

andanense, 205. 
marginatum, 200, 201. 
maruimum, 200. 
Matamorense, 203. 
multiflorum, 204, 433. 
officinale, 203. 


INDEX. 


pilosum, 204. 
pilosum, 204. 
plebeium, 191. 
prostratum, 203, 
ramosum, 428, 
sericeum, 204. 
ruderale, 204, 
tenellum, 184. 
Torreyi, 204. 
tuberosum, 203, 433. 
Virginianum, 206. 
viride, 433. 

Littorella, 392. 
lacustris, 392. 

Lobelia, 1. 

Lobelia, 2, 3, 394. 
ameena, 4. 
appendiculata, 5. 
Berlandieri, 7. 
Boykini, 6. 
brevifolia, 3. 
Canbyi, 6. 
cardinalis, 3. 
carnosula, 8, 
Caranillesii, 3. 
Claytoniana, 6. 
Cliffortiana, 7, 394. 
colorata, 4. 
crassiuscula, 4, 5. 
Dortmanna, 5. 
Feayana, 7. 
fenestralis, 6. 
Floridana, 394. 
Gattingeri, 394. 
glandulosa, 5. 
glandulosa, 4. 
goodenioides, 6. 
gracilis, 7. 

uina, 6. 

ortensis, 4. 
Kalmii, 7. 
inflata, 7. 
‘laxiflora, 3. 
leptostachys, 6. 
Ludoviciana, 5. 
Michausxii, 7. 
nived, 6. 
Nuttallii, 7. 
pallida, 6. 
paludosa, 5, 394. 
pectinata, 6. 
persicefolia, 3. 
puberula, 4. 
puberula, 4. 
spicata, 6. 
splendens, 3. 
svphilitica, 4. 
Texensis, 3. 
Xalapensis, 7. 

LOBELIACES, 1, 393. 

LoBeE.iz&, 2. 

Lochnera, 82. 
vincoides, 82. 

Leeselia, 129, 136, 412. 
effusa, 136, (411). 
glandulosa, 412. 
guttata, 411. 
Matthewsii, 409. 
nepetefolia, 412. 
Schottii, 409. 
tenuifolia, 136, (411). 


LOGANIACE, 106, 405. 


LoGANIE#, 106. 
Loiseleuria, 17, 44. 
procumbens, 44. 


483 


Lomatogonium, 124. 
Lonicera Marilandica, 108. 
Lophanthus, 345, 376. 
anisatus, 376. 
nepetoides, 376. 
scrophulariafolius, 376. 
urticifolius, 376, 
Lophospermum, 254. 
Lopseed, 334. 
Lousewort, 305. 
Lyciastrum, 458. 
Lycium, 225, 237, 487. 
Andersonii, 239. 
Barbarum, 237. 
barbinodum, 239. 
Berlandieri, 239. 
Berlandieri, 239. 
brachyanthum, 459. 
brevipes, 239, 
Carolinianum, 238, 437. 
Cooperi, 238. 
exsertum, 437. 
Fremonti, 239, 437. 
gracilipes, 239, (487). 
macrodon, 238, (437). 
pallidum, 238. 
Palmeri, 238. 
Parishii, 437. 
penaiorum, 239, 437. 
ringlei, 437. 
puberulum, 238, 
quadrifidum, 437. 
Richii, 239, 437. 
Torreyi, 239, 
salsum, 238, 
senticosum, 239, 
stolidum, 239. 
vulgare, 237. 
Lycopersicum, 224, 226. 
cerasiforme, 226. 
esculentum, 226. 
Lycopsis, 179, 207. 
arvensis, 207. 
Virginica, 202. 
Lycopus, 343, 352. 
angustifolius, 353, 
Arkansanus, 353. 
Europeus, 353. 
Eurcpeus, 358. 
exaltatus, 353. 
lucidus, 353. 
macrophyllus, 353. 
obtusifolius, 353, 
pumilus, 353. 
rubellus, 353. 
sessilifolius, 353. 
sinuatus, 353. 
uniflorus, 353. 
Virginicus, 353. 
rulgaris, 353. 
Lyonia, 32. 
arborea, 83 
calyculata, 35. 
capreafolia, 33. 
Ferruginea, 33. 
Srondosa, 33. 
ligustrina, 33. 
marginata, 82. 
Mariana, 32. 
maritima, 102. 
multiflora, 33. 
paniculata, 33. 
racemosa, 35. 
rigida, 33. 
salicifolia, 33. 


484. INDEX. 


Lysimachia, 56, 62. latifolium, 310. myrtifolia, 25. 
angustifolia, 62, 63. lineare, 310. ovata, 25. 
asperulefolia, 63. pratense, 310. Metastelma, 86, 101, 403. 
bulbifera, 63. sylvalicum, 310. albiflorum, 101. 
capitata, 63. Melinia, 87, 101. angustifolium, 102. 
ciliata, 61, 62. angustifolia, 101. Arizonicum, 403. * 
decipiens, 62. Melissa, 343. Bahamense, 101. 
Fraseri, 62. Caroliniana, 360. barbigerurn, 101. 
Herbemonti, 63. coccinea, 360. Blodgettii, 101. 
heterophy lla, 62. Nepeta, 359. Califernicum, 101. 
hirsuta, 63. officinalis, 860. Cubense, 101. 
hybrida, 62. pulegiotdes, 362. Silt iforme, 102. 
lanceolata, 62. Melittis Caroliniana, 384. Fraseri, 101. 
longifolia, 62. Mella, 280. Palmeri, 403. 
Loomisii, 63. Menodora, 73, 78. parviflorum, 101. 
nummularia, 63. heterophylla, 78. Schlechtendalii, 101. 
punctata, 63. longiflora, 79. , Micranthemum, 247, 284. 
quadyiflora, 62. pubens, 79. emarginatum, aR. 
quadrifolia, 62. scabra, 78. Nuttallii, 284. 
quadrifolia, 61. scoparia, 78. orbiculatum, 284. 
racemosa, $3. spinescens, 78. Microcala, 110, 112. 
vadicans, 61. Menodoropsis, 79. quadr' angularis, 112. 
revoluta, 62. Mentha, 342, 351. Microcarprea Americana, 280. 
stricta, 63. alopecur cides, 852, | Microgenetes, 169, 417. 
thyrsiflora, 63. aquatica, 352. Cumingir, 169. 
vulgaris, 400. arvensis, 352. Microgilia, 146. 
vulgaris, 63. borealis, 352. Micromeria, 843, 359. 

Canadensis, 352. Arkansana, 360. 

Macbridea. 346, 383. citrata, 352. barbata, 359. 
alba, 384. crispa, 852. bracteolata, 359. 
pulchra, 883. gentilis, 352. Brownei, 359. 

Macranthera, 248, 290. Piperita, 352. Douglasii, 359. 
fuchsioides, 290. rotundifolia, 352. glabella, 360. 
Lecontei, 290, : sativa, 352. purpurea, 359. 

Macromeria, 205. sylvestri is, 351. Xalapensis, 359. 
viridiflora, 206. | sylvestris, "359, Milkweed, 89, 91. 

Macromerioides, 205. viridis, 352. Miltitzia, 170. 

Macrosiphonia, 80, 83. Menyanthes, 111, 128. lutea, 171. 
Berlandieri, 83. Crista-galli, 28. Mimulastrum, 446. 
brachysiphon, 83. tr achysperma, 128. Mimuloides, 279, 451. 
Wrightii, 85. trifoliata, 128. Mimulus, 247, 273, 442. 

Madrofia, 27. Menziesia, 16, 39. acutidens, 450. 

Mandevillea, 84. Aleutica, 37. alatus, 276, 446. 

Manzanita, 27. cerulea, 37. alsinoides, ‘O77, 449, 

Margaranthus, 225, 237, 437. empetriformis, 35, 37. androsaceus, 451, 
Lemmoni, 437. ferruginea, 39. angustatus, 443 
solanaceus, 237. glabella, 39. atropurpureus, 443, 
tenuis, 237. glanduliflora, 37. atropurpureus, 448, 

Maria, 32. globularis, 39. aurantiacus, 275. 

Marjoram, 358. Grahami, 87. bicolor, 278, 450. 

Marrubium, 346, 384. pilosa, 39. Bigelovii, 274, 444. 
vulgare, 384. Smithii, 39. Bolanderi, 275, 446. 

Marsh Rosemary, 54. Mercadonia ovata, 280. brevipes, 275, 446. 

Martynia, 320, 321. Mertensia, 179, 199, 420. brevipes, 275. 
altheefolia, 321. alpina, 201. cardinalis, 276, 446. 
annua, 321. alpina, 201. cupreus, 277, 448. 
arenaria, 321. brevistyla, 201. dentatus, (277), 447. 
fragrans, 321. corymbosa, 201. dentatus, 447, 449. 
Lovisiana, 321. denticulata, 201. Douglasii, 274, 443. 
proboscidea, 321. Drummondii, 201. Doug glasii, 443, 444, 
violacea, 321. Kamtschatica, 201. Eiisenii, 449. 

Matalea levis, 96. lanceolata, 201. exiguus, 451. 

Matourea nigrescens, 280. maritima. 200. exilis, (279), 451. 

Matrimony Vine, 237. oblongifolia, 200. floribundus, 277, 450. 

Maurandella, 253. paniculata, 201. Fremonti, 275, 445. 

Maurandia. 245, 254. pilosa, 201. Geyeri, 447. 
antirrhiniflora, 254. pubescens, 201. glabratus, (276), 277, 447. 
juncea, 254, pulmonarioides, 200. glaucescens, 448. 
personata, 254. Sibirica, 200. glutinosus, 275, 442. 
Wislizeni, 254. Sibirica, 201. Rue, hg 448, 

Mayflower, 29. stomatechoides, 201. Halli, 4 

Meiophanes, 827. Virginica, 200. Jeet 278, 449. 

Melampyrum, 249, 310, Messersmidia, or inodorus, 447. 
Americanum, 310. Messerschmidia volubilis, 188. Jamesii, (276), 447. 
brachiatum, 310. Metagonia, 25. Kelloggii, 443. 


laciniatus, 277, 449. 
Jatifolius, 274, 444. 
leptaleus, 274, 445. 
Lewisii, 276. 
linearis, 275. 
luteus, 277, 448. 
luteus, 449. 

lyratus, 277. 
Madrensis, 447. 
mephiticus, 444. 


microphyllus, 277, 448, 449. 


Mohavensis, 446. 
moniliformis, 447. 
moniliformis, 447. 
montioides, 450. 
montioides, 238, 451. 
moschatus, 278, 446. 
nanus, 274, 444. 
nanus, 274, 443, 445. 
nasutus, 449 
nudatus, 449. 
Palmeri, 278, 451. 
Parishii, 450. 
Parryi, 275, 445. 


peduneularis, (278), 450. 


pictus, 446. 
pilosus, 279, (451). 
Pratteni, 278. 
primuloides, 279, 446. 
propinquus, 447. 
Pulsiferse, 277, 450. 
puniceus, (275), 442. 
Rattani, 444. 
ringens, 276, 446. 
rivularis, 277. 
Rezli, 448. 
roséus, 276. 
rubellus, 278, 451. 
rubellus, 450. 
Scouleri, (277), 448. 
Smithii, 277. 
subsecundus, 445. 
Suksdorfit, 450. 
tenellus, 449. 
Tilingii, 277, 448. 
Torreyi, 275, 446, 
tricolor, 274, 443. 
rariegatus, 277. 
hitneyi, 445. 

Mimusops, 67, 68. 
dissecta, 69. 
Sieberi, 69. 

Mint, 351. 

Mitreola, 107, 108. 
ophiorhizoides, 108. 
petiolata, 108. 
sessilifolia, 108. 

Mohavea, 245, 254, 439. 
viscida, 254, 439. 

Monarda, 345, 373. 
affinis, 374. 
allophylla, 374. 
altissima, 374. 
amplexicaulis, 374, 
aristata, 375. 
Bradburiana, 374. 
ciliata, 376. 
citriodora, 375, 461. 
clinopodia, 374. 
coccinea, 374. 
didyma, 374. 
fistulosa, 374. 
fistulosa, 874. 
gracilis, 356, 375. 
hirsuta, 376. 


INDEX. 


involucrata, 374. 
Kalmiana, 374. 
qeneney 874, 
longifolia, 374. 
He 
menthefolia, 874. 
mollis, 374. 
oblongata, 374. 
Oswegoensis, 374. 
pectinata, 3875, 461. 
penicilluta, 375. 
punctata, 375. 
purpurea, 374. 
rugosa, 374. 
Russelliana, 375. 
scabra, 374. 
undulata, 374. 
varians, 374. 
villosa, 374. 
Monarpe.#k, 344. 
Monardeila, 243, 356, 459. 
Breweri, 357. 
candicans, 358. 
Caroliniana, 374. 
Douglasii, 357. 
hypoleuca, 356, 459. 
lanceolata, 357, 459. 
leucocepbala, 358. 
linoides, 357. 
macrantha, 356, 45). 
montana, 356. 
nana, (356), 459. 
odoratissima, 357. 
Palmeri, 357. 
Pringlei, 459. 
Sheltoni, 357. 
tenuiflora, 459. 
thymifolia, 459. 
undulata, 358. 
villosa, 357. 
Monechma Pilosella, 328. 
Moneses, 17, 46. 
grandiflora, 46. 
reticulata, 46. 
uniflora, 46. 
Money-wort, 63. 
Monkey-flower, 273. 
Monniera amplezicaulis, 280. 
cuneifolia, 281. 
rotundifolia, 281. 
Monogynella, 223. 
Monotropa, 18, 49. 
fimbriata, 50. 
Hypopitys, 50. 
lanuginosa, 50. 
Morisoni, 49. 
Morisoniana, 49. 
uniflora, 49. 
MonorrorE&, 18. 
Monotropsis odorata, 49. 
Morella, 227. 
Morning Glory, 208, 209, 210. 
Motherwort, 385. 
Mountain Cranberry, 25. 
Mountain Mint, 354. 
Mudwort, 284. 
Mullein, 250. 
Mylanche, 314. 
Myositidea, 191, 423. 
Myosotis, 179, 202. 
alba, 431. 
albida, 428. 
alpestris, 202. 
aretioides, 191. 
arvensis, 202. 


485 


ceespitosa, 202. 
Californica, 191. 
Chorisiana, 191. 
deflexa, 189. 
Jlaceida, 193, 194, 425. 
Julva, 192, 431, 482. 
glomerata, 196. 
inflexa, 202. 
intermedia, 202. 
laxa, 202. 
leucophea, 197. 
lingulata, 202. 
macrosperma, 203. 
muricata, 194, 
nana, 191. 
palustris, 202. 
palustris, 202. 
Redowskti, 189. 
rupicola, 202. 
scorpioides, 202. 
Scoulert, 191. 
stricta, 202. 
suffruticosa, 196. 
sylvatica, 202. 
tenella, 192. 
verna, 202. 
versicolor, 202. 
versicolor, 203. 
villosa, 191. 
Virginiana, 189. 
Virginica, 189. 
Myrica segregata, 77. 
Myrsine, 65. 
Jloribunda, 65. 
Floridana, 65. 
Rapanea, 65. 
MYRSINEACE, 64. 
Myrstne™, 65. 
Myzxa, 180. 


Nama, 153, 173, 418. 
Berlandieri, 174. 
biflorum, 174. 
Coulteri, 174. 
demissum, 174. 
demissum, 172. 
depressum, 418. 
dichotomum, 175, 419. 
dichotomum, 174. 
Havardi, 419. 
hispidum, 174. 
Jamaicense, 174. 
Jamaicense, 174. 
Lobbii, 175, 419. 
origanifolium, 419. 
Parryi, 175, 419. 
pusillum, 418. 
racemosum, 159. 
Rothrockii, 175, 419. 
stenocarpum, 174, 418. 
stenophyllum, 419. 
systyla, 158. 
undulatum, 174. 
undulatum, 174. 

Names, 153. 

Naseberry, 69. 

Naumberyia, 63. 

Navarretia, 141, 408. 
atractyloides, 142. 
heterophylla, 135. 
intertexta, 141. 
leucocephala, 142. 
minima, 142. 
pubescens, 141. 
pungens, 141. 


486 


Schottii, 142, 409. 
setosissima, 142. 
sguarrosa, 141. 
Neckweed, 288. 
NELSONIE.E, 322. 
Nemacladus, 2, 393. 
capillaris, 393. 
longiflorus, 3, 394. 
pinnatifidus, 393. 
ramosissimus, 3, 3938. 
rigidus, 394. 
tenuissimus, 393. 
Nemophila, 152, 155, 413. 
atomaria, 156. 
aurita, 156. 
breviflora, 157. 
discoidalis, 156. 
evanescens, 157. 
heterophylla, 156. 
hirsuta, 156. 
insignis, 155. 
liniflora, 156. 
maculata, 155. 
Menziesii, 156, 413. 
microcalyx, 157. 
modesta, 413. 
Nuttallii, 156. 
paniculata, 155. 
parviflora, 156. 
parviflora, 157. 
pedunculata, 156. 
phacelioides, 156. 
pilosa, 156 
racemosa, 156. 
Nepeta, 845, 377. 
Cataria, 877. 
Glechoma, 377. 
Virginica, 354. 
NEPETE, 345. 
Nevriandia suberecta, 84. 
Nerium Oleander, 79. 
Newberrya, 19, 50, 398. 
congesta, 50, 398. 
spicata, 898. 
Nicandra, 225, 237. 
physaloides, 237. 
Nicotia, 241. 
Nicotiana, 226, 241, 488. 
attenuata, 242. 
Bigelovii, 243. 
caudata, 241. 
Clevelandi, 242. 
glandulosa, 242. 
glauca, 438. 
ipomopsi flora, 242. 
Ponafonea. 241, 
lyrata, 242. 
multiflora, 242. 
multivalvis, 243. 
nana, 243. 
Palmeri, 242. 
pandurata, 242. 
parviflora, 243. 
plumbaginifolia, 241. 
plumbaginifolia, 243. 
quadrivalvis, 243. 
repanda, 242. 
Remeriana, 242. 
rustica, 241. 
Tabacum, 241. 
trigonophylla, 242. 
Yobarrensis, 241. 
Nicrembergia anomala, 244. 
nana, 243. 
staticcefolia, 244. 


INDEX. 


i viscosa, 244, 

i Nightshade, 226. 

| Nothaphyllon, 312. 
Nothocerates, 88. 
Nothochelone, 259. 
Nycterium, 231. 


Obolaria, 111, 127. 
Caroliniana, 280. 
Virginiana, 127. 
Virginica, 127. 

OcimowEes, 342. 

Ocimum, 342, 350. 
Basilicum, 350. 
Campechianum, 350. 
micranthum, 350. 

Odontites rubra, 305. 

Ginoe, 274, 443. 

Oil-plant, 820. 

Olea, 72. 

Americana, 78. 
Europea, 72. 

OLEACE, 72. 

OLEINE, 73. 

Omphalodes, (180), 420, 422. 
aliena, 428. 
cardiophylla, 423. 
Howardi, 423. 
linifolia, 180. 
nana, 423. 
verna, 180, 

Oncorrhynchus, 300. 

Onosmodium, 179, 205. 
Bejariense, 206, 433. 
Carolinianum, 206. 
Carolinianum, 206. 
hispidum, 206. 
molle, 206. 
Thurberi, 205. 
Virginianum, 206. 

Ophiorhiza Croomii, 109. 
lanceolata, 108. 
Mitreola, 108. 

. _ ovalifolia, 109. 

Origanum, 343. 
incanum, 854. 
punctatum, 356.. 
vulgare, 358. 

Ornus, 73. 

Americana, 73. 
dipetala, 73. 

OROBANCHACEA, 3810, 455. 

Orobanche, 311. 
Americana, 818, 455. 
biflora, 312 
Californica, 312. 
comosa, 312. 
Jasciculata, 312. 
glabra, 318. 
Ludoviciana, 313. 
minor, 311, 
pinetorum, 313. 
Rossica, 313. 
tuberosa, 313. 
uniflora, 812. 
Virginiana, 314. 
Virginica, 127. 

Orontium, 251. 

Ortheutoca, 164. 

Orthocarpus, 249, 299, 452, 
attenuatus, 299. 
Bidwellic, 453. 
bracteosus, 300. 
campestris, 302. 
castilleioides, 800. 


densiflorus, 300. 
erianthus, 301, 453. 
Jaucibarbatus, (802), 453. 
floribundus, 801, 458. 
gracilis, 302. 
hispidus, 302, 453. 
imbricatus, (800), 452. 
lacerus, 302. 
Jasiorhynchus, 302. 
linearilobus, 802. 
linearifolius, 453. 
lithospermoides, 302, 453. 
luteus, 3800. 
pachystachyus, 300, 452. 
pallescens, 299. 
pallescens, 299. 
Parishii, 453. 
Puarryi, 299, 
pilosus, 299. 
purpurascens, 300. 
purpureo-albus, 301, 453. 
pusillus, 801, 453. 
strictus, 301. 
tenuifolius, 300, 453, 
tenuifolius, 452. 
Tolmiei, 301. 
Orthopodium, 348. 
Orthostachys, 184. 
Oryctes, 225, 232. 
Nevadensis, 232. 
Osmanthus, 78, 78. 
Americanus, 78. 
JSragrans, 78. 
Osmothamnus, 41. 
Oswego Tea, 374. 
Otophylla, 292. 
Drummondii, 292. 
Michauaii, 292. 
Ourisia Californica, 178. 
Oxycoccus, 25. 
erectus, 25. 
erythrocarpus, 25. 
hispidulus, 26. 
macrocarpus, 26. 
microcarpus, 396. 
palustris, 26. 
vulgaris, 26. 
Oxydendrum, 15, 33. 
arboreum, 33. 


Painted-Cup, 295. 
Palmarella, 2, 8, 394. 
debilis, 8, 394. 
Parabryanthus, 87. 
Parechites, 85. 
Parishella, 398, 394. 
Californica, 394. 
Pectocarya, 178, 187, 420. 
Chilensis, 187. 
lateriflora, 187. 
linearis, 187. 
pusilla, 187, 421. 
setosa, 187, 421. 
PEDALIACEA, 820. 
Pedicularis, 249, 305, 454. 
equinoctialis, 367. 
arctica, 209. 
attenwata, 310. 
attollens, 306. 
auriculata, 807. 
bracteosa, 308. 
Canadensis, 307. 
Canbyi, 454. 
capitata, 309. 
centranthera, 309. 


Chamissonis, 306. 
eontorta, 306. 
crenulata, 307. 
densiflora, 310. 
elata, 308. 
euphrasioides, 307. 
flammea, 309. 
Furbishiz, 454. 
gladiata, 307. 
Greenlandica, 306. 
hirsuta, 309. 
hirsuta, 309. 
Howellii, 454. 
incarnata, 306. 
Labradorica, 807. 
lanata, 309. 
lanceolata, 307. 
Langsdorftii, 308. 
Lapponica, 306. 
Menziesii, 305. 
nasuta, 307. 
Velsoni, 309. 
ornitborhyncha, 307. 
pallida, 307. 
alustris. 307. 
arryi, 306. 
parviflora, 307. 
perotined, 307. 
procera, 308. 
purpurascens, 309. 
racemosa, 306, 
recutita, 308. 
resupinata, 307. 
Romanzorii, 306. 
scopulorum, 308. 
semibarbata, 309. 
subnuda, 307. 
Sudetica, 308. 
surrecta, 306. 
versicolor, 309. 
verticillata, 305. 
verticillata, 309. 
Virginica, 307. 
Wlassoviana, 307. 
Pennyroyal, 362. 
Pentaluphus longiflorus, 205. 
2 Aandanensis, 205. 
Pentastemon, 259. 
Pentstemon, 246, 259, 439. 
acuminatus, 263, 
albidus, 266. 
albidus, 265. 
alpinus, 263. 
ambiguus, 270. 
amenus, 271. 
antirrhinoides, 260. 
argutus, 271. 
attenuatus, 267. 
azureus, 272, 
baccharifolius, 261, 440. 
barbatus, 261. 
barbatus, 440. 
Barrette, 440. 
Bradburii, 264. 
breviflorus, 260. 
brevilabris, 442. 
Bridgesii, 273. 
ceruleus, 264. 
cesius, 441. 
cespitosus, 269. 
cespitosus, 269. 


canoso-barbatus, 278, 442. 


carinatus, 260. 
Cedrosensis, 441. 


centranthifolius, 264, 440. 


INDEX. 


centranthifolius, 262. 
Cerrosensis, 273, 441. 
Clevelandi, 265, 440. 
Cobmwa, 265. 
coccineus, 262. 
comarrhenus, 262. 
confertus, 267. 
cordifolius, 260. 
coriaceus, 440. 
corymbosus, 260. 
crassifolius, 260. 
cristatus, 266. 
Cusickii, 442. 
cyananthus, 263. 
dasyphyllus, 266. 
deustus, 269. 
diffusus, 271. 
Digitalis, 268. 
dissectus, 271. 
Douglasii, 260. 
Eatoni, 262. 
erianthera, 262, 266. 
Fendleri, 264. 
Fremonti, 262. 
Fremontt, 267, 269. 
frutescens, 261. 
Gairdneri, 270, 440. 
glaber, 262. 

glaber, 268. 

glabra, 262. 
glandulosus, 271. 
glaucifolius, 272. 
glaucophyllus, 268. 
glaucus, 268. 
Gordont, 262. 
gracilentus, 272. 
gracilis, 267. 
grandiflorus, 264. 
Hallii, 263. 
Harbourii, 269. 
Havardi, 440. 
heterander, 269. 
heterodoxus, 269. 
heterophyllus, 273. 
heterophyllus, 272, 273. 


. humilis, 267. 


Jaffrayanus, 272. 
Jamesii, 265. 
labrosus, 440. 
letus, 272, 442. 
levigatus, 268. 
lanceolatus, 266, 440. 
Jaricifolius, 270. 
Lemmoni, 261. 
Lewisit, 259. 
linarioides, 270. 
Lobdbii, 260. 
Lyalli, 440. 

ingii, 272. 
Kingjii, 262. 
Kleei, 440. 
Menziesii, 259, 439. 
micranthus, 267. 
microphyllus, 260. 
miser, 440. 
Murrayanus, 265. 
nemorosus, 259. 
Newberryi, 259. 
nitidus, 264. 
nudiflorus, 440. 
Nuttallii, 273, 
ovatus, 266. 
Palmeri, 265. 
Parishii, 440. 
Parryi, 264. 


pinifolius, 440. 
procerus, 267, 
pruinosus, 266. 
pubescens, 268. 
pubescens, 268. 
pumilus, 269. 
uniceus, 264. 
Rattani, 440. 
Richardsonii, 271. 
Reezli, 272. 
rostriflorus, 273, 442. 
Rothrockii, 260, 440. 
Scoulert, 261. 
secundiflorus, 263. 
serrulatus, 271. 
spectosus, 262. 
spectabilis, 265. 


stenophyllus, 266, 440. 


staticifolius, 271. 
strictus, 262. 
tenellus, 442. 
teretiflorus, 266. 
ternatus, 260, 440. 
Thurberi, 270. 
Tolmiei, 267. 
Torreyi, 261. 
triphyllus, 271. 
tubiflorus, 266. 
venustus, 271. 
virgatus, 270. 
viscidulus, 266. 
Wardi, 263. 
Watsoni, 267. 
Wrightii, 264. 
Whippleanus, 268. 
Pepperbush, 45. 
Peppermint, 352. 
Periploca Grivca, 85. 
Periwinkle, 82. 
Persimmon, 69. 
Pervinca, 82. 
Petunia, 226, 243. 
parviflora, 243. 
Phacelia, 153, 158, 413. 
affinis, 417. 
Arizonica, 414. 
bicolor, 170, 418. 
bipinnatifida, 161. 
Bolanderi, 165. 
brachyloba, 167, 417. 
Brannani, 418. 
brevistylis, 162. 
Breweri, 159. 
Califurnica, 159. 


487 


campanularia, 164, 416. 


canescens, 159, 
cephalotes, 168. 
ciliata, 161, 416. 
circinata, 159. 


circinatiformis, 167, 417. 


conferta, 160. 
Coopere, 418. 
congesta, 160, 415. 
crassifolia, 170. 
crassifolia, 168. 
crenulata, 160, 414. 
Cumingii. 169. 
curvipes, 168. 
Davidsoni, 167. 
demissa, 168. 
distans, 416. 
divaricata, 168. 
Douglasii, 167. 
fimbriata, 162. 
Franklinii, 166. 


488 


Fremonti, 170, 418. 
floribunda, 415. 
glabra, 162. 
glandulosa, 160, 414. 
glechomeefolia, 417. 
grandiflora, 163. 
grisea, 165. 
poe 170, 418. 
hastata, 159. 
heterophylla, 159. 
hirsuta, 163. 
hispida, 161, 415. 
hispida, 163. 
humilis, 159. 
hydrophylloides, 165. 
infundibuliformis, 166, 
integrifolia, 160, 414. 
Ivesiana, 169, 417. 
ixodes, 417. 
Lemmoni, 417. 
leucophylla, 159. 
loasefolia, 165. 
longipes, 164, 416. 
Lyoni, 416. 
malveefolia, 159, 413. 
Menziesii, 166, 416. 
micrantha, 169. 
micrantha, 158, 413. 
Mohavensis, 164. 
namatoides, 158. 
Neo-Mexicana, 160, 414. 
Orcuttiana, 417. 
achyphylla, 418. 

arishii, 417. 
Parryi, 164, 416. 
parviflora, 162. 
patuliflora, 163. 
pedicellata, 160, 414. 
phyllomanica, 160, 415. 
platy lee 415. 

opei, (160), 415. 
Pringlei, 413. 
procera, 166, 416. 
poles 168. 

urshii, 162. 
pusilla, 169. 
pusilla, 163. 
ramosissima, 161, 415. 
ramosissima, 161. 
Rattani, 413. 
rotundifolia, 169. 
saxicola, 417. 
sericea, 166. 
strictiflora, 163. 
suffrutescens, 416. 
tanacetifolia, 161, 416. 
tanacetifolia, 160, 161, 416. 
viscida, 163. 
Whitlavia, 164. 

PHACELIEX, 152. 


Phalerocarpus serpyllifolius, 26. 


Pharbitis cathartic, 210 
diversifolia, 210. 
hederacea, 210. 
hispida, 210. 

Nil, 210. 

triloba, 210. 
Phelipen biflora, 312. 

‘alifornica, 312. 

erianthera, 312, 313. 

JSasciculata, 312. 

Ludoviciana, 313. 

lutea, 312. 

tuberosa, 313. 
Pherotrichis, 462. 


INDEX. 


Balbisii, 462. 
Schafineri, 462. 
Philibertia, 85, 87. 
cynanchoides, 87. 
elegans, 87. 
linearis, 88. 
Torreyi, 87. 
undulata, 87. 
viminalis, 88. 
Phillyreoides, 31. 
Phloganthea, 135. 
Phlomis, 847, 384. 
tuberosa, 384. 
Phlox, 129. 
acuminata, 129. 
adsurgens, 133, 
ameena, 130. 
aristata, 180, 181. 
bifida, 131. 
bryoides, 132. 
ceespitosa, 182. 
Canadensis, 181. 
canescens, 132. 
Carolina, 130. 
corymbosa, 129. 
cuspidata, 180. 
decussata, 129. 
diffusa, 182. 
divaricata, 181. 
divaricata, 133. 
Drummondii, 134. 
Douglasii, 132. 
Floridana, 130. 
glaberrima, 130. 
glutinosa, 181. 
Hentzti, 131. 
Hoodii, 132. 
Hoodii, 132. 
Hookeri, 141. 
humilis, 133. 
involucrata, 130. 
latifolia, 130. 
linearifolia, 133. 
longiflora, 180. 
longifolia, 133. 
macrantha, 134. 
maculata, 129. 
muscoides, 132. 
nana, 134. 
niteda, 130. 
nivalis, 131. 
occidentalis, 133. 
ovata, 130. 
paniculata, 129. 
penduliflora, 129. 
pilosa, 130. 
pilosa, 130. 
pinnata, 137. 
procumbens, 130, 181. 
pyramidalis, 129. 
reflexa, 129. 
reptans, 131. 
revoluta, 130. 
Richardsonii, 132. 
rigida, 132. ~ 
Reemeriana, 134. 
Sabini, 134. 
scabra, 129. 
setacea, 131. 
Sibirica, 133. 
Sickmanni, 12). 
speciosa, 133. 
speciosa, 133, 134, 
Stellaria, 131. 
stolonifera, 131. 


suaveolens, 180. 
subulata, 131. 
suffruticosa, 130. 
tardiflora, 180. 
triflora, 180. 
triovulata, 134. 
undulata, 129. 
Walteri, 130. 
Pholisma, 51. 
arenarium, 51. 
Phryma, 338, 334. 
Caroliniensis, 336. 
Leptostachya, 334. 
PHRYME, 333. 
Phyllodoce, 37. 
empetriformis, 87. 
Pallasiana, 37. 
taxi folia, 87. 
Physalis, 225, 283. 
sequata, 234. 
Alkakengi, 233, 235. 
angulata, 234. 
angustifolia, 236. 
atriplicifolia, 234. 
Brasiliensis, 234. 
cardiophylla, 235. 
Carpenterit, 238. 
chenopodifolia, 234, 
crassifolia, 235. 
Elliottii, 237. 
Fendleri, 436. 
divaricata, 487. 
glabra, 235. 
grandiflora, 233. 
hederefolia, 235. 
heterophylla, 235. 
hirsuta, 235. 
Jacquini, 236. 
lanceolata, 236. 
lanceolata, 236. 
Linkiana, 234. 
lobata, 233. 
longifolia, 237. 
maritima, 236. 
minutiflora, 487. 
mollis, 236. 
mollis, 235, 236. 
nyctaginea, 235. 
obscura, 234. 
obscura, 235. 
Palmeri, 235. 


Pennsylvanica, 235, 236, 237. 


Peruviana, 233. 
Philadelphica, 234. 
Philadelphica, 234. 
pruinosa, 234, 235. 
pubescens, 284, 236. 
pumila, 237. 
Sabeana, 233. 
tomentosa, 236. 
Virginiana, 235. 
viscosa, 236. 
viscosa, 235. 
viscido-pubescens, 235. 
Walteri, 236, 
Wrightii, 234. 
Physostegia, 3846, 383, 
imbricata, 383. 
intermedia, 383, 
parviflora, 383. 
truncata, 382, 383, 
Virginiana, 883. 
Pickeringia paniculata, 65. 
Picrococcus, 21. 
elevatus, 21. 


Floridanus, 21. 
stamineus, 21. 
Picrocolla, 146. 
Pieris, 32. 
phillyreifolia, 32. 
Pimpernel, 63. 
Pine-drops, 48. 
Pine-sap, 49. 
Pinguicula, 314, 317. 
acutifolia, 317. 
alpina, 317. 
australis, 318, 456. 
coerulea, 317. 
campanulata, 318. 
elatior, 318. 
Floridensis, 456. 
grandiflora, 317. 
lutea, 318. 
macroceras, 317. 
microceras, 317. 
pumila, 317, 456. 
villosa, 317. 
vulgaris, 317. 
Pipsissewa, 45. 
Piptocalyx, 193, 428. 
circumscissus, 193. 
Piptolepis, 76. 
phillyreioides, TT. 
Pittonia similis, 181. 
Plantain, 389, 391. 
Plagiobothrys, (191), 420, 430. 
Arizonicus, 431. 
canescens, (192), 431. 
Cooperi, 432. 
glomeratus, 432. 
hispidus, 432. 
Jonesii, 430. 
Kingii, 430. 
nothofulvus, 432. 
rufescens, 431. 
rufescens, 192. 
Shastensis, 431. 
tenellus, 431. 
Torreyi, 431. 
ursinus, 452. 
PLANTAGINACEZ, 388. 
Plantago, 389. 
aristatu, 391. 
Asiatica, 389. 
attenuata, 390. 
Bigelovii, 392. 
Bigelovii, 392. 
borealis, 390. 
Californica, 392. 
Caroliniana, 390, 302. 
cordata, 389. 
Coronopus, 3921, 
cucullata, 390. 
decipiens, 391. 
Durvillei, 392. 
elongata, 392. 
eriopoda, 390. 
Jiliformis, 391. 
glabra, 390. 
gnuphalioides, 391. 
Hartwegi, 392. 
heterophylla, 392. 
hirtella, 392. 
Hookeriana, 391. 
hybrida, 392. 
interrupta, 390. 
juncoides, 890, 391. 
Lagopus, 891. 
lanceolata, 391. 
lanceolata, 390. 


INDEX. 


linearifolia, 392. 
longifolia, 890. 
Kamtschatica, 389, 390, 392. 
Kentuckensis, 389, 
macrocarpa, 390. 
major, 389. 
major, 890. 
maritima, 390. 
maritima, 391. 
media, 392. 
minima, 389. 
occidentalis, 392. 
oliganthos, 390. 
Patagonica, 391. 
paucrflora, 390, 391. 
perpusilla, 392. 
purpurascens, 392. 
Purshii, 391. 
pusilla, 392. 
Richardsonii, 390. 
Rugelii, 389. 
sparsiflora, 390. 
spinulosa, 391. 
sguarrosa, 391. 
Tweedyi, 390. 
Orvillei, 392. 
Virginica, 392. 
Virginica, 390, 392. 
virescens, 390. 
Wrightian, 391. 
Pleuricospora, 18, 50, 398. 
fimbriolata, 50, 398. 
PLEURICOSPORES, 18. 
Pleurisy-root, 89. 
Pleurogyne, 111, 124. 
Carinthiaca, 124. 
Purshii, 124. 
rotata, 124. 
PLUMBAGINACEA, 53. 
PLUMBAGINE, 54. 
Plumbaygn, 54, 55. 
Floridana, 55. 
scandens, 55. 
PLUMERIEA, 7. 
Pneumonanthe, 120. 
Podostemma, 98. 
Podostigma, 86, 88. 
pubescens, 88. 
viridis, 89. 
Pogogyne, 344, 364. 
Douglasii, 364. 
multiflora, 364. 
nudiuscula, 364. 
parviflora, 364. 
serpylloides, 364. 
tenuiflora, 34. 
ziziphoroidc-, 364. 
POLEMONIACE A, 126. 
Polemonium, 129, 149, 412. 
acutiflorum, 151. 
antarcticum, 151. 
ceruleum, 151, 412. 
ceruleum, 151. 
cupitatum, 147, 150. 
carneum, 151, $12. 
confertum, 150. 
dubium, 1638. 
flavum, 412. 
foliosissimum, 151, 412. 
humile, 150. 
lanatum, 150. 
Mezicanum, 151, 412. 
micranthum, 151. 
moschatum, 151. 
Nyctelea, 157. 


489 


pulchellum,150. 
pulcherrimum, 151, 
reptuns, 151, 
Richardson, 150. 
rubrum, 145. 
viscosum, 150. 
viscosum, 150. 

Poliomintha, 844, 361, 460. 
glabrescens, 460. 
incana, 361. 
mollis, 361. 

Poiydiclia, 248. 

Polydiclis multivalvis, 243. 
quadrivalvis, 243. 

Polypremum, 107, 109. 
Linnei, 109. 
procumbens, 109. 

Polyotus anqustifolius, 98. 
heterophyllus, 99. 
lanuginosus, 99. 
longrfolius, 99. 

Pongatium Indicum, 10. 

Porterella carnosula, 8. 

Portuna, 31. 
floribunda, 31. 

Potato, 227. 

Prasium coccineum, 383. 
incarnatum, 384. 
purpureum, 383. 

Primrose, 58. 

Primula, 56, 58, 399. 
angustifolia, 58, 399. 
borealis, 58, 399. 
cuneifolia, 59. 
Cusickiana, 399. 
Egaliksensis, 399. 
farinosa, 58. 
Finmarkica, 58. 
Hornemanniana, 58. 
integrifolia, 58. 
Mistassinica, 58. 
nivalis, 59. 

Parivi,, 59. 
pusilla, 58. 
Rusbyi, 399. 
saxifragefolia, 59. 
Sibirica, 58. 
Scotica, 58. 
stricta, 58. 
suffrutescens, 59. 

PRIMULACEA, 55, 399. 

PrimuLe#, 55. 

Priva, 333, 334. 
echinata, 334. 

Proboscidea, 821. 

Prunella, 382. 

Pseudocollomia, 148. 

Pseudokrynitzkia, 429. 

Pseudo-Myosotis, 195, 197. 429. 

Pseudorontium, 251. 

PsEUDOSOLANES, 245. 

, Pterospora, 18, 48. 
andromedea, 49. 

Pterostyraz, 71. 

Pterygium, 195, 428. 

Ptilocalyx Greggii, 182. 

Puccoon, 204. 

Pulmonaria alpina, 201. 
ciliata, 201. 
denticulata, 200. 
lanceolata, 201. 
marginata, 201. 
maritima, 200. 


oblongifolia, 200. 
paniculata, 201. 


490 


parviflora, 200. 
pilosa, 201. 
pubescens, 201. 
Sibirica, 200. 
Virginica, 200. 
Purshia mollis, 206. 
hispida, 206. 


Pycnanthemum, 3848, 354. 


albescens, 356. 
aristatum, 354. 
Arkansanum, 355. 
Californicum, 355. 
clinopodioides, 355. 
dubium, 355. 
hyssopifolium, 854. 
incanum, 355. 
incanum, 356. 
Janceolatum, 354. 
leptodon, 355. 
linifolium, 354. 
Loomisii, 356. 
montanum, 356. 
Monardella, 374. 
muticum, 355. 
nudum, 354, 
pilosum, 355. 
setosum, 354. 
tenuifolium, 354. 
Torreyi, 355. 
Tullia, 355. 
verticillatum, 354. 


Virginicum, 354, 355. 


Pycnosphace, 366. 
Pycnothymus, 358. 
Pyrola, 18, 46. 
aphylla, 48. 
asarifolia, 47. 
bracteata, 48. 
chlorantha, 47. 
corymbosa, 45. 
dentata, 48. 
elata, 48. 
elliptica, 47. 
grandiflora, 48. 
Grenlandica, 48. 
maculata, 45. 
Menziesit, 45. 
minor, 46. 
obovata, 48. 
occidentalis, 47. 
oxypetala, 47. 
picta, 48. 
renifolia, 47, 
rosea, 46. 
rotundifolia, 47. 
secunda, 46. 
uliginosa, 48. 
umbellata, 45. 
uniflora, 45. 
PyYRoLe®, 17. 
PYROLINE#, 17. 
Pyxidanthera, 52. 
barbulata, 52. 
Pyxothamnus, 25. 


Quamoclit, 209. 
coccinea, 209, 
hederifolia, 209. 
vulgaris, 209. 


Ramsted, 251. 
Ranapalus Eiseni, 451. 
Rapanea Guyanensis, 65 
Red Ash, 74. 
Rhabdadenia, 84. 


INDEX. 


paludosa, 401. 
Sagrei, 84. 
RHINANTHIDES, 248. 
Rhinanthus, 249, 310, 
Crista-galli, 310. 
minor, 310. 
Virginicus, 291. 
RHODODENDREA, 16. 
Rhododendron, 16, 39, 398. 
albiflorum, 40. 
arborescens, 40. 
bicolor, 41. 
calendulaceum, 41. 
calendulaceum, 40. 
Californicum, 41, 398. 
canescens, 41. 
Catawbiense, 42. 
Chapmanii, 42. 
glaucum, 41. 
ispidum, 41. 
Kamtschaticum, 40. 
Lapponicum, 42. 
macrophyllum, 42, 398. 
maximum, 42. 
minus, 42. 
nitidum, 41. 
nudiflorum, 41, 
occidentale, 40. 
pulchéllum, 41. 
purpureum, 42. 
punctatum, 42, 
Purshii, 42. 
Rhodora, 41. 
Vaseyi, 398. 
viscosum, 40. 
Rhodothamnus Kamtschaticus, 40. 
Rhedora Canadensis, 41. 
congesta, 41. 
Rhynchospermum, 85. 
Rhytiglossa humilis, 330. 
Obinaisolie, 330. 
pedunculosa, 829. * 
viridiflora, 380. 
viridifolia, 330. 
Ribgrass, 391. 
Ribwort, 389. 
Ripple-grass, 391. 
Rocheha glomerata, 196. 
patens, 197, 422. 
Romanzoffia, 153, 172, 418. 
Sitchensis, 172, 418. 
Unalaschkensis, 172, 418. 
me Bay, 39, 42. 
othrockia, 401, 403. 
cordifolia, 403. 
Roulinia, 86, 100. 
unifaria, 100. 
Ruellia, 322, 325. 
biflora, 324. 
ciliosa, 826, 457. 
clandestina, 325. 
Drummondiana, 326. 
duicis, 327. 
hirsuta, 326. 
humilis, 326. 
humistrata, 324. 
hybrida, 326. 
Jjusticieflora, 324, 
lacustris, 324. 
noctiflora, 326. 
oblongifolia, 324. 
Parryi, 326. 
pedunculata, 325. 
strepens, 827, ~ 
strepens, 326. 


Ru 


tuberosa, 325. 
tubijflora, 626. 
ELLIE, 322. 


Sabbatia, 110, 113. 


angularis, 114. 
Boykini, 116. 
brachiata, 114. 
calycosa, 114. 
campestris, 115. 
chloroides, 115. 
concinn”, 114. 
corymbosa, 114. 
cymosa, 114. 
Elliottii, 115. 
formosa, 115. 
gentianoides, 115. 
gracilis, 115. 
gracilis, 114. 
anceolata, 114. 
macrophylla, 114. 
oligophylla, 115. 
paniculata, 114. 
paniculata, 115. 
simplex, 116. 
stellaris, 115. 


Saccanthera, 271. 
Saccularia Veatchii, 439. 
Sage, 366. 


8 
Se 
Sal; 
Sal 
Sal 


ie Virginica, 127. 
h 


istophragma, 279. 

al, 30. 

azaria, 346, 382. 
Mexicana, 882. 

pichroa, 225, 231. 
Wrightii, 231. 


SALPIGLOSSIDEX, 226. 
Salpiglossis prostrata, 243. 
Salvia, 345, 366, 460. 


acuminata, 369. 
acuminatissima, 869. 
albiflora, 370, 461. 
amabilis, 369. 
angustifolia, 369. 
angustifolia, 369. 
Arizonica, 370. 
azurea, 369. 
ballotzeflora, 371. 
Bernardina, 460. 
Blodgettii, 370. 
brevifiora, 461. 
cesia, 369. 
carduacea, 366. 
chamadryoides, 371. 
Chamedrys, 371. 
Chapmani, 370. 
Claytoni, 370, 872. 
coccinea, 368. 
Columbariz, 367. 
coriifolia, 367. 
elata, 369. 
elongata, 369. 
Engelmanni, 366. 
farinacea, 368. 
fulgens, 366. 
gossypina, 866. 
Greggii, 868, 460. 
Henryi, 367. 
Hispanica, 461. 
lanceolata, 369. 
laxa, 371. 
Lemmoni, 461. 
longifolia, 369. 
lyrata, 367. 
Mexicana, 869. 


micrantha, 870. 
obovata, 367. 
occidentalis, 370. 
officinalis, 366, 
Parryi, 371. 
penis temmenoidasy 368. 
itcheri, 369. 
platycheila, 371. 
polystachya, 461. 
porphyrantha, 367. 
porphyrata, 367. 
privoides, 371. 
pseudo-coccinea, 368. 
a 
pycnostachya, 461. 
Goan 460. 
reptans, 369. 
Reemeriana, 367. 
Remeriana, 367. 
Sclarea, 372. 
serotina, 369. 
spicata, 461. 
splendens, 366. 
subincisa, 369. 
tenella, 370. 
Texana, 366. 
trichostemoides, 369. 
trichostyla, 369. 
urticifolia, 370. 
urticifolia, 370. 
verbenacea, 372. 
virgata, 369. 
Salviastrum, 366. 
Texanum, 366. 
Samara floribunda, 65. 
Samodia ebracteata, 64. 
SAMOLE#, 56. 
Samolus, 56, 64. 
ebracteatus, 64. 
floribundus, 64. 
longipes, 64. 
Valerandi, 64. 
Sand Myrtle, 43. 
SAPOTACE.E, 66. 
Sappadilla, 69. 
Saracha acutifolia, 232. 
Coronopus, 232. 
nana, 233. 
sordida, 232. 
umbellata, 437. 
Sarcodes, 18, 49. 
sanguinea, 49. 
Sarcostemma, 87. 
bilobum, 88. 
Brownit, 88. 
clausum, 88. 
erassifolium, 88. 
cynanchoides, 87. 
elegans, 87. 
heterophyllum, 88. 
lineare, 88. 
undulata, 87. 
Satureia, 343, 358. 
coccinea, 860. 
hortensis, 358. 
origanoides, 354. 
rigida, 359. 
Virginiana, 354. 
SATUREINE, 342. 
Sazifraga nutans, 172. 
Savory, 358. 
Sceevola, 1. 
Plumieri, 1. 
Schaueria linearifolia, 328. 
parvifolia, 330. 


INDEX. 


Schizonotus, 86, 100. 
purpurascens, 100. 

Schleideniu, 184. 
polyphylla, 185. 

Schollera Oxycoccus, 26. 

Schwalbea, 249, 305. 
Americana, 805. 

Schweinitzia, 18, 49, 398. 
Caroliniana, 49. 
odorata, 49, 398. 
Reynoldsix, 398. 

Sclarea, 371. 

Scoparia, 248, 284. 
dulcis, 284. 

Scrophularia, 246, 258. 
Californica, 258. 
coccinea, 258. 
lanceolata, 258. 
Mavrilandica, 258. 
nodosa, 258. 

ical umemaaeeeacmes 244, 

38 

Sculleap, 378. 

Scutellaria, 346, 378, 462. 
ambigua, 380. 
angustifolia, 381. 
antirrhinoides, 381. 
arguta, 379. 
Bolanderi, 381. 
brevifolia, 380. 
Californica, 381. 
canescens, 379. 
cardiophylla, 380. 
Caroliniana, 378, 379. 
Chamedrys, 379. 
cordifolia, 378. 
Drummondii, 880. 
elliptica, 379. 
Floridana, 380. 
galericulata, 381. 
gracilis, 382. 
hirsuta, 379. 
hyssopifolia, 379. 
incana, 3879. 
integrifolia, 379, 462. 
integrifolia, 380. 
lateriflora, 378. 
Mississippiana, 462. 
montana, 379. 
nana, 380. 
nervosa, 382. 
ovalifolia, 3879. 
parvula, 380. 
pilosa, 379. 
polymorpha, 379. 
pubescens, 379. 
resinosa, 381. 
resinosa, 381. 
rugost, 378. 
saxatilis, 378. 
saxatilis, 379. 
serrata, 379. 
hee ol ae 
siphocampyloides, 881. 
aCeapote, 382. 
tuberosa, 381. 
versicolor, 378, 462. 
villosa, 379, 
Wrightii, 380. 

SCUTELLARINE, 345. 

Sea Lavender, 54. 

Sea Milkwort, 63. 

Sea Pink, 54. 

Sebestinoides, 180. 

Secondatia, 85. 


491 


SELAGINACEAZ, 332. 
Seleucia, 61. 
Self-beal, 382. 
Sericographis Californica, 829. 
neglecta, 457. 
Sesamum, 320. 
Indicun, 320. 
orientale, 320. 
Seutera, 102. 
maritima, 102. 
Seymeria, 248, 289. 
auriculata, 292. 
bipinnatisecta, 290. 
macrophylla, 290. 
pectinata, 290. 
pilosa, 451. 
scabra, 290. 
tenuifolia, 289. 
Shallon, 30. 
Sheep-Laurel, 38. 
Shin-leaf, 46. 
Shooting Star, 57. 
Shortia, 52, 53, 399, 
galacifolia, 53, 399. 
Shuttleworthia, 337. 
Sideroxylon, 66, 67. 
chrysophylloides, 68. 
decandrum, 68. 
leve, 68. 
lanuginosum, 68. 
lycivides, 68. 
mastichodendron, 67. 
pallidum, 67. 
reclinatum, 68. 
sericeum, 68. 
tenaz, 68. 
Silkweed, 89. 
Silver-bell Tree, 71. 
Siphocampylus bicolor, 3. 
Siphonella, 140. 
Siphonoglossa, 323, 328. 
lJongiflora, 328. 
Pilosella, 328. 
Snowberry, 26. 
SOLANACEZ, 224, 436. 
SoLANE.x, 224. 
Solanum, 224, 226. 
aculeatissimum, 230. 
alatum, 228. 
Americanum, 228. 
Bahamense, 229. 
Balbisii, 231. 
Bejariense, 231. 
Besseri, 228. 
Blodgettii, 229. 
brancefolium, 231. 
Califurnicum, 229. 
Carolinense, 230. 
citrullifolium, 231. 
conoides, 232. 
Coronopus, 232. 
cornutum, 231. 
crenato-dentatum, 228. 
decurrens, 231. 
Dillenii, 228. 
Dulcamara, 228. 
Douglasii, (228), 436. 
eleagnifolium, 230. 
Fendleri, 227. 
flavidum, 230. 
Floridanum, 227. 
genistoides, 229. 
rracile, 228. 
eterandrum, 231. 
heterodoxum, 231. 


492 


Hindsianum, 230. 
hirsutum, 230. 
inflatum, 231. 
inops, 227. 
Jamesii, 227. 
leprosum, 230. 


Lindheimervinum, 229. 


Linsecumii, 232. 
luteoliflorum, 233. 
Lycopersicum, 226. 
mammosum, 227, 230. 
Melongena, 227. 
miniatum, 228. 
nigrum, 227. 
nodiflorum, 228. 
platyphyllum, 230. 
Pleei, 230. 
Pseudo-Capsicum, 228. 


Pseudo-Lycopersicum, 226. 


pterocaulon, 228. 
plycanthum, 228. 
Remerianun, 230. 
rostratum, 231. 
Sabeanum, 231. 
sisymbriifolium, 230. 
Texanum, 227. 
Texense, 230. 
Torreyi, 230. 
triflorum, 227. 
triquetrum, 228. 
tuberosum, 227. 
umbelliferum, 229. 
umbelliferum, 228. 
verbascifolium, 229. 
villosum, 228. 
Virginianum, 227. 
Xanti, 229. 
Solenandra cordifulia, 58. 
Sophronanthe, 282. 
hispida, 283. 
Sorrel-tree, 33. 
Sour-wood, 33. 
Spearmint, 352. 
Specularia, 9, 10. 
biflora, 11 
Linsecomii, 11. 
lJeptocarpa, 10. 
Lindheimeri, 11. 
ovata, 11. 
perfoliata, 11. 
Speedwell, 286. 
Sphacele, 344, 365. 
calycina, 365. 
Sphenoclea, 9, 10. 
Pongatium, 10. 
Zeylanica, 10. 
SPHENOCLES, 9. 
Spigelia, 106, 107. 
gentianoides, 108. 
Lindheimeri, 108. 
‘loganioides, 108. 
Marilandica, 108. 
Texana, 108. 
Spondylococcus, 340. 
Squaw-root, 313. 
Stachys, 347, 885, 462. 
agraria, 386. 
agraria, 388. 
ajugoides, 336. 
albens, 386. 
annua, 386. 
arvensis, 386. 
arvensis, 387. 
aspera, 387. ° 
Bigelovii, 388. 


INDEX. 


Betonica, 388. 
bullata, 387. 
Californica, 388. 
Chamissonis, 388. 
ciliata, 388. 
coccinea, 388. 
coccinea, 388. 
cordata, 887. 
Drummondii, 386. 
Floridana, 887. 
Jeniculum, 376. 
glubra, 387. 
Graham, 886. 
hispida, 387. 
hyssopifolia, 387. 
Nuttallii, 887, 388. 
palustris, 387, 462. 
palustris, 887, 888. 
pyenantha, 386. 
pycnostachya, 386. 
Riederi, 388. 
rigida, 388. 
Rothrockii, 386. 
sylvatica, 887, 388. 
velutina, 462. 
STACHYDEA, 346. 
Stachydeoma, 363. 
Stachytarpheia, 384. 
Stachytarpheta, 333, 334, 
Jamaicensis, 334. 
Stagger-bush, 32. 
Standing Cypress, 145. 
Star-flower, 60. 
Statice, 54. 
Armeria, 55. 
Bahusiensis, 54. 
Brasiliensis, 54. 
Californica, 54. 
Caroliniana, 54. 
Limonium, 54. 
STATICEA, 54. 
Stegnocarpus canescens, 181. 
Steironema, 56, 61. 
ciliatum, 61. 
floridum, 62. 
heterophyllum, 62. 
lanceolatum, 61. 
longifolium, 62. 
-radicans, 61. 
revolutum, 62. 
Steenhammera, 200. 
Stemodia, 247, 279. 
durantifolia, 279. 
verticillaris, 279. 
Slemodiacra, 279. 
Stenandrium, 322, 327. 
barbatum, 3827. 
dulce, 327. 
trinerve, 327. 
Stenhammaria, 200. 
maritima, 200. 
Stenolobium stans, 319. 
Stipecoma, 84. 
Stickseed, 188. 
Storax, 71. * 
Stramoninm, 239. 
Streptopodium, 348. 
Stylandra pumila, 88. 
Stylisma aquatica, 217. 
evolvuloides, 217, 218. 
humistrata, 217. 
Pickeringii, 218. 
STYRACACEA, 70. 
STYRACE®, 70. 
Styrax, 70, 71. 


Americana, 71. 
Californica, 72. 
grandiflorum, 72. 
randifolia, 72. 
eve, 72. 
levigata, 72. 
aicnets 72. 
platanifolia, 72. 
pulverulenta, 72. 
Suminer Savory, 358. 
Sutera multifida, 279. 
Sweet-leaf, 70. 
Sweet Pepperbush, 45. 
Sweet Potato, 211. 
Swertia, 111, 124. 
corniculata, 127. 
deflexa, 127. 
difformis, 115, 125. 
Sastigiata, 125. 
Michausxiana, 127. 
obtusa, 125. 
perennis, 124. 
pusilla, 124. 
rotata, 124. 
Symphytum, 179, 206. 
asperrimum, 206. 
officinale, 206. 
SymMPLocINE.s, 70. 
Symplocos, 70. 
tinctoria, 70. 
Synandra, 346, 384, 462. 
grandiflora, 384, 462. 
Synthyris, 248, 285. 
alpina, 286. 
Houghtoniana, 286. 
pinnatifida, 285. 
plantaginea, 286. 
reniformis, 285. 
rotundifolia, 285. 
rotundifolia, 285. 
rubra, 286. . 
Syringa, 72. 


Tabacum, 241. 


Tabernemontana Amsonia, 81. 


angustifolia, 81. 
Tecoma, 318, 319. 

radicans, 319. 

stans, 319. 


Tessaranthium radiatum, 127. 


Tetraclea, 342, 347. 
Coulteri, 347. 
Tetramerium, 823, 330. 
hispidum, 330. 

platystegium, 331. 
Teucrium, 342, 349, 459. 
Canadense, 349. 
Canadense, 349. 
Cubense, 349. 
inflatum, 349. 
laciniatum, 349. 
levigatum, 349. 
occidentale, 349, 459. 
Virginicum, 349. 
Thelaia, 46. 
aphylla, 48. 
asarifolia, 47. 
bracteosa, 47. 
elliptica, 47. 
grandiflora, 47. 
intermedia, 47. 
occidentalis, 47. 
spathulata, 48. 
THEOPHRASTES, 65. 
Therorhodion, 89. 


Thevetia neriifolia, 79. 
Thrift, 54, 55. 
Thorn-Apple, 289. 
Thymbra Curoliniana, 384. 
Thyme, 358. 

Thymus, 343. 
Carolinianus, 360. 
Chamissonis, 359. 
Douglasii, 359. 
grandijlorus, 360. 
anceolutus, 354 
Nepetit, 359. 
Serpyllum, 358. 
Virginicus, 354. 

Thyrsanthus, 63. 

Tiaridium, 185. 
Indicum, 183. 

Tiquilia brevifolia, 182. 
Oregana, 182. 

Tiquiliopsis, 182. 

Toad-Flax, 250. 

Tobacco, 241. 

Tvlmeia occidentalis, 44. 

‘Tomato, 226. 

Tonella, 246, 257. 
collinsioides, 257, 
floribunda, 257. 

Tournefortia, 178, 182. 

aphalodes, 183. 
eliotropioides, 186. 
mollis, 183, 421. 
Jfonclovana, 421. 
volubilis, 183. 

Tournsole, 183. 

Trachelospermum, 80, 84. 
difforme, 85. 

Trailing Arbutus, 29. 

Tretrorhiza, 129. 

Tricardia, 153, 172. 
Watsoni, 172. 

Trichosphace, 366. 

Trichostema, 342, 347, 459. 
aArizonicum, 348. 
brachiatum, 348, 349. 
dichotomum, 348. 
dichotomum, 348. 
lanatum, 348, 459. 
Janceolatum, 348. 
laxum, 348. 
lineare, 348. 
micranthum, 348. 
oblongum, 348. 
ovatum, 459. 
Pavishii, 459. 
pilosum, 348. 

Tridyniu, 62. 

Trientalis, 56, 60. 
Americana, 61. 
arctica, 61. 
Europea, 61. 
Luropen, 61. 
latifolia, 61. 

Tripetaleia, 44. 

Triphysari:, 301. 
versic.lur, 801, 453. 

Trumpet-creeper, 319. 

Trumpet-flower, 319. 

Tubiflora Carolinensis, 324. 


Tullia pycnanthemoides, 355. 


Turtle-head, 258. 


Utricularia, 314, 455. 
biflora, 315, 455. 
bipartita, 315. 
bipartita, 316. 


INDEX. 


ceratophylla, 315. 
clandestina, 315. 
cornuta, 317, 453. 
cornuta, 456. 
tibrosa, 316, 455. 
Jibrosa, 316. 
Jornicata, 315. 
geminiscapa, 315. 
gibba, 315. 
gibba, 455. 
Greenei, 316. 
integra, 316. 
intermedia, 316. 
juncea, 456. 
longeciliata, 456. 
longirostris, 816, 455. 
macrorhiza, 315. 
minor, 315, 455, 
occidentalis, 455. 
personata, 317, 456. 
pumila, 315, 316. 
purpurea, 316, 455. 
resupinata, 316. 
saccata, 316. 
setacea, 315, 316. 
simplex, 456. 
striata, 315, 316. 
subulata, 316 
vulgaris, 315. 
Unicorn-plant, 321. 
Uranentin glaucifolius, 116. 
Urechites, 84. 
suberecta, 84. 
Osterin antirrhiniflora, 254. 
Uva-OUrsi, 27. 
Uwarowia, 337. 


Vaccive®, 11. 

Vaccinium, 15, 20, 396. 
albiflorum, 23. 
album, 20, 21, 22. 
amenum, 23. 
angustifolium, 22. 
arboreum, 20. 
brachycerum, 19. 
buxifolium, 19. 
cespitosum, 24. 
Canadense, 22. 
carnosum, 25. 
Chamissonis, 24. 
Constablei, 23. 
corymbosum, 22. 
erassifolium, 25. 
decamerocarpon, 19. 
diffusum, 20. 
disocarpum, 23. 
disomorphum, 22. 
dumosum, 19. 
elevatum, 21. 
Ellliottii, 22. 
elongatum, 23. 
erythrocarpon, 25. 
formosum, 21. 
Srondosum, 19. 
Suscatum, 22, 23. 
sl farms, 22. 
glabrum, 20. 
glaucum, 19. 
gaullherioides, 23. 
grandiflorum, 23. 
hirsutum, 23. 
hirtellum, 19. 
hispidulum, 26. 
humifusum, 20, 30. 
humile, 22. 


Kunthianum, 21. 
lanceolatum, 25. 
ligustrinum, 20, 22, 83. 
macrocarpon, 26, 396. 
Marianum, 23. 
membranaccum, 24, 
mucronatum, 20. 
multiflorum, 22. 
Myrsinites, 21. 
myrtifolium, 25, 
myrtilloides, 24. 
myrtilloides, 22, 24, 
Myrtillus, 24. 
nitidum, 21. 
obtusum, 20. 
occidentale, 23, 
ovalifolium, 24. 
ovatum, 25. 
Oxycoccus, 25, 896. 
pallidum, 23. 
parviflorum, 20. 
parvifolium, 24. 
Pennsylvanicum, 22. 
Pennsylvanicum, 22. 
pubescens, 23. 
ramulosum, 22. 
resinosum, 20. 
salicinum, 23. 
salicinum, 22. 
stamineum, 21. 
tenellum, 22. 
tomentosum, 19. 
uliginosum, 23. 
ursinum, 20. 
vacillans, 22. 
venustum, 19. 
virgatum, 21. 
virgatum, 22, 
Vitis-Idwa, 25, 
Vallesia, 79, 81. 
chiococcoides, 81. 
dichotoma, 81. 
glabra, 81. 
Varronia bullata, 180. 
globosa, 180. 
VERBASCE®, 245. 
Verbascum, 245, 250. 
Blattaria, 250. 
Claytoni, 250. 
elongatum, 250. 
Lychnitis, 250. 
virgatum, 250. 
Verbena, 333, 335, 458. 
angustifolia, 336. 
Arizunica, 458. 
Aubletia, 337. 
bipinnatifida, 337. 
biserrata, 335. 
Bouariensis, 458. 
bracteosa, 336. 
cerulea, 335. 
canescens, 336. 
canescens, 336, 458. 
Carolina, 335, 336. 
Caroliniana, 336. 
Caroliniana, 335. 
Carolinensis, 835. 
ciliata, 337. 
cuneifolia, 336, 
hastata, 336. 
Jamaicensis, 334. 
Lamberti, 337. 
lenceolata, 336. 
lantanoides, 338. 
lasiostachys, 336. 


493 


494 


ligustrina, 338. 
littoralis, 458. 
longiflora, 337. 
Luceana, 335. 
nodiflora, 339. 
Obletia, 337. 
officinalis, 335. 
officinalis, 337. 
paniculata, 336. 
pinnatifida, 336. 
polystachya, 3385. 
prismatica, 334. 
elaine 336. 
cemeriana, 337. 
remota, (337), 458. 
rigens, 336. 
rugosa, 336. 
simplex, 336. 
sororia, 335. 
spuria, 335. 
squarrosa, 336. 
stricta, 336. 
sirigosa, 335. 
urticefolia, 335. 
venosd, 338. 
veronicefolia, 835. 
Wrightii, 337. 
xutha, 335. 
VERBENACEA, 382, 458. 
VERBENES, 333. 
Veronica, 248, 286. 
agrestis, 288. ° 
alpina, 288. 
Americana, 287.-. 
Anagallis, 287. 
Anagallis, 287. 
aphylla, 287. 
arvensis, 288. 
Beccubunga, 287- 
Buxbaumii, 289. 
Caroliniana, 288. 
Chamedrys, 287. 


INDEX. 


Cusickii, 288. 
Sruticulosu, 287. 
grandiflora, 287. 
hedervefolia, 289. 
intermedia, 287. 
Japonica, 287. 
Kamtchatica, 287. 


nutans, 287. 
officinalis, 287. 
peregrina, 288. 
Purshii, 289. 
reniformis, 289. 
scutellata, 287. 
serpyllifolia, 288. 
Sibirica, 287. 
Stelleri, 288. 
Virginica, 286. 
Wormskioldii, 288. 
Xalapensis, 288. 

Vervain, 335. 

Villarsia aquatica, 128. 
cordata, 128. 
Crista-galli, 128. 
lacunosa, 128. 
pumila, 173. 
trachysperma, 128. 

Vinca, 80, 82. 
minor, 82. 

Tosea, 8! 


acanthocarpum, 104. 
gonocarpos, 103. 
eae 102. 
palustre, 102, 403. 
scoparium, 102, 403. 
Viper’s Bugloss, 207. 
Viscum terrestre, 63. 
VITICES, 333. 
Viticella, 53, 155. 
Vitis-Idea, 24. 
Voyria Mexicana, 405. 


Marilandica, 288, 289. 


vom 
Vincetoxicum, 87, 102, 403. 


Wahlenberte Cali ornica, 18. 

Water Ash, 75. 

Water Horehound, 352. 

Waterleaf, 154. 

Water Pimpernel, 64. 

White Ash, 73. 

White Mangrove, 340. 

Whitlavia, 164, 416. 
grandiflora, 164. 
minor, 164. 

Wicky, 38. 

Wigandia Californica, 176. 

Wild Marjoram, 358. 

Winter Cherry, 233. 

Wintergreen, 30, 45, 46. 

Withania, 232. 
Coronopus, 232. 
Morisoni, 224, 233, 436. 
somnifera, 224, 436. 
sordida, 232. 

Woundwort, 385. 

Wulfenia reniformis, 284. 


Xerobotrys, 27. 
argutus, 28. 
cordifolius, 28. 
tomentosus, 28. 
venulosus, 28, 

Xylococcus, 28. 
bicolor, 29. 


Yellow Jessamine, 107. 


Zapania, 388. 
cuneifolia, 339. 
lanceolata, 339. 
nodiflora, 339. 

Zenobia, 31. 
Jloribunda, 31. 
racemosa, 35. 

f speciosa, 31. 

| Ziziphora glabella, 360, 


University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. 


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