Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu381924024781118 “Winn GUIDE TO THE SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSCA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. PART I. BY JOHN EDWARD GRAY, PILD., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S. &e. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1857. FUNEVERS! EY | \ LIBRARY (/ PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET PREFACE. Tue object of the present Work is to explain the manner in which the Collection of Mollusca and their shells is arranged in the British Museum, and especially to give a short account of the chief characters, derived from the animals, by which they are dis- tributed, and which it is impossible to exhibit in the Collection. The figures referred to after the names of the species, under the genera, are those given in “The Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the Use of Students, by Maria Emma Gray, 3 vols. 8vo, 1850 to 1854;” or when the species has been figured since the appear- ance of that work, in the original authority quoted. The concluding Part is in hand, and it is hoped will shortly appear. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. Dec. 10, 1856. ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA. Page 43. VereNap«&.—This family is to be erased, as the animal is like Tricho- tropis. I was misled by the incorrectness of the description and figure. Page 63. TrLopinap#.—This family is to be removed to Pleurobranchiata at page 203; a specimen of the animal and shell having since come into my possession. Pages 135 & 167. For Crrrnoprancuis read CIRROBRANCHIA. Page 141. Erase Chrysestoma, which is inserted in its correct place as part of Livona at page 156. Paze 159. For Stomatia read Stomax. TABLE OF CONTENTS. MOLLUSCA........-eeeeeeeeeee Synopsis of Classes Class I. GASTEROPODA ... Synopsis of Orders sae eeesenene Subcl. I. CreENOBRANCHIATA Ord. I. PEcTINIBRANCHIATA 2. Tuliparia 3. Rollus re ees 2, Subula Pere eee eee reer ees Fam. 3. Pleurotomide a. Clavatulina. 1. Clavatula 2. Tomella h. Pleurotomina. 3. Pleurotoma 4. Drillia........... 5. Bela cv, Defranctina. 6. Defrancia 7. Anna 3. Melatoma 9. Conopleura 10, Daphnella .... 1-5. 6 ees Pee eee ATE, Page Page Subord. II. ProsposcipirzERA 9 1 10 10 2 10 2 10 _ 10 é Il 3 wean {at 4 | Fam. 2. Muricide@............... ll a. Muricina. 4 L, Murex....0s0cesssenisceree 11 4 2.Chicorens .....e..see0eee ll 5 3. Trophon.......sssceeeeeees 12 5 4. Typhis ...ecccseeeseeees 12 b. Colusina. 5 5. COMMS ess coctearapaeraren 12 6 6. Clavella ..cecccceceeeee 12 6 7. Chrysodomus. 13 6 8. Strombella.....sscecccee 13 7 | ¢. Pisaniana. 1s 9, Pisamia ......ccccessseees 13 ‘ 10. Columbella ............ 14 11. Engina ......eccseeeeeee 14 7 12. Triumphis ............06 15 7 | d. Cominellina. 13. Latrunculus ...... Sagas 15 7 14. Comimella ............... 15 8 | e. Nassina. 8 15s. Bullisivasisecsesemaseness 16 16. Nassa ....... Scamapuaesaes 16 8 17. Desmoulea..........60065 17 9 | f. Phosina. 9 16. PHOS: scissccencedencsecnes 17 9 19. Cyllene ......ceceeeeeeeee 18 9 4 20. Northia .......... donner 18 vi Fam. 3. Buccinide a. Rapanina. 1. Rapana Rhizochilus De Vitara cccaeveaacmensciis 3. Chorus A; Cum aemiesecsriiseevieste ues b. Purpurina. 5, Nitidellaswesscasaisnesiavies 6. Purpura 7. Concholepas 8. Acanthiza 9. Sistrum 10. Magilus v. Buccinina. 11. Buceinum 12. Gastridia Fam. 4. Pusionellade 1. Pusionella pee eenene TTT sesharcsasaceessosienen Fam. 6. Cancellariad@......... 1, Cancellaria............006 2, Admete Fam. 7. Olivide a. Olivina. 1, Strephona 2. Olivella 3, Scaphula 4. Agaronia b. Ancillarina. 5. Ancilla G6; Sandellasesssssvesavasszes 7. Eburna 8. Sparella ........:sseeeeee 9. Anolacia....s.sssccseeeees ce. Harpalina. LO. Harpas..ccscsessceeertrnns b. Trapezodonta........eeeees Fam. 8. Lamellariade 1. Coriocella 2. Lamellaria .......cesese0e Bi. BrMeaeiesvancconcs yeyecdsins B. Odontoglossa Fam. 9. Fasciolariade ..... a. Fasciolariana. 1. Fasciolaria ........0...066 2. Leucozonia, 3. Latirus b. Mitrina. 4, Mitra ree errr rrr ery Pena eeeeeeereneees PU EATECT ereceraynceens CONTENTS. Page Page 18 5. Strigatella ........ceseee 30 6. Zierliana........ccesccsees 30 18 7. Volvaria ...cecccceseseeves 30 19 8. Imbricaria ............00 30 19 9. Cylindra sicasaace. cones 30 1) | Fam, 10. Turbinellide .....0. 31 1. Turbinellus ............ 31 20 2. Cynodonta ........seeenee 31 20 : 99 | ©- Rachiglossa ....... 31 91 | Fam. 11. Volutide ........... 31 21 | a. Yetina. 21 T. Netas ses ieeceseyncatemens 32 b. Volutina. 21 2. Cymbium .......ceeceeee 33 292 3, Seapha ..sscssscssseeeeee 33 29 4. Fulgoraria ............... 34 29 5. Callipara ....e....cceeee 34 6. Voluta v.ccccsecsseseveue 34 23 (cela YTIAs Doss senate snaeaecnes 34 23 8. Volutella .....eseeceeees 35 93 | ¢ Amoriana (Scaphellina), 93 9. Amoria (Cymbiola) ... 35 23 d. Volutomitrina. 10. Volutomitra .........06. 36 24 | e. Porcellanina. 11. Porcellana ...........0008 36 24 12. Closia.......c0se oeeisen eis 36 4 13. Persicula .......c.ccc cee 37 25 25 | D. Tenioglossa.s......... 37 Fam. 12. Cassidide ............ 37 25 Ti Cassisivissscsescccasserees 37 26 2. Levenia ........-seeceseee 37 3. Bezoardica ...........0065 38 a A, MOPi0 ssessiesssczecscccses 39 26 5. Sconsia ..... 39 6. Linatella... 39 26 7. Ranella ....cccccceeeecee 39 a7 8. Oniscia ......ccececes sees 40 5 9. Morum .....eeeeceeeeeees 40 27 EO, Citas, ‘smsossasctociecana 40 mid 11. Pachybathron ......... 40 28 | Fam. 13. Doliid@ .eccccccccccsee 40 98 Te DOWUM: sacencevessesvenn’ 40 re 2. Malea 4) 28 3. Ringicula 4] 28 | Fam. 14. Tritoniade ......... 42 29 L. Apollon .scisvesaarinnsees AQ 29 2. TU ON sicsmeieactasnsaewcors 42 3. Euthriaw.eccceecsceecees 43 29 4 POysOna sunvntesesisicacess 43 CONTENTS. vii Fam. 15. Verenade@ ............ L. Verena ........cceeeee Fam. 16. Sycotypide .. 1, Sycotypus ..... Fam. 17. Velutinide.. 1. Velutina........ 2. Morvillia .........see00 3. Marsenina ...ece..seec eee 4. Onchidiopsis ............ 46 Fam. 18. Naticide ............ 46 a. Naticina. 1. Natica...cccccccscreeeecese 47 b. Neveritina. 2. Neverita 48 3. Polinices 49 4. Mammilla ............... 49 5. Cervina weccsessccseeeeee 50 6. Naticina ...........ceceeee 50 7. Stomatia .........ceceee 50 §. Amaure sivssiceessasceass 51 Fam. 19. Neritopside ......... 51 1. Neritopsis ..........0000 5] Fam. 20. Ianthinide............ 51 1, Tanthina..........scescee 51 2. Recluzia......secseseees . §©62 Fam. 21. Scalariade ......... 52 Le Scalaria. seas ccascareceaes 53 IJ. Iniophthalma ............ 53 A. Ptenoglossa ..,....csssee 54 Fam. 22. Acteonide@ .........00 54 L, Acteon ssccscosvesseeavave 54 2. Solidula .........sccceeee 55 3. Monoptygma ............ 55 B. Teenioglossa....icseceseee 56 Fam. 23. Cerithiopside ...... 56 1, Cerithiopsis ..........4. 56 C. Gymnoglossa oe, 57 Fam. 24. Pyramidellide ...... ys 1. Obeliseus .......0e00000 57 2. Pyramidella 57 3. Odostomia ... 57 4. Chemnitzia... 58 5. Bulima ..cccccecceeueee 59 6. NisSO ssvecssingewsereosars 60 7. Leiostraca ...........008 60 8. Menestho ..........0008 61 Fam. 25. Architectomide...... 62 1, Architectoma...........5 62 Qs Torinia secsasiscrvceasaes 63 3. Bifrontia....scssecseseeses 63 Fam. 26. Tylodinad@ ......... 63 1. Tylodina... 63 (see p. 203) Subord. III. Rostrirera ... 64 IT. Platypoda .....ccceeeseeree 64 I.-Podophthalma........... 64 Fam. 1. Ampullariade ......... 64 1. Pachystoma ........++0 65 2. Asolene ......sesceeseveee 65 3, Marisa ssasessssscasseaw 65 4. Ampullaria 65 5. Pomella ..... 67 6. Lanistes..... 68 7. Meladomus 68 II. Edriophthalma ......... 68 A. Cryptocochlea ............0+5 68 Fam. 2. Amphiperaside ...... 68 1. Amphiperas ........... 69 2. Calpurnus .......... faa 69 3. Ultimus oo... eeeeeeees 69 4, Radins scixcseeswsaacocns 69 Fam. 3. Cypr@ad@ ....scsssee 70 1. Cypreea 71 2. Aricia ... 72 3. Naria ... 72 As, UAV Acs cenasccaeneiccavne 72 5. Luponia 73 6. Cypreovula ............ 73 Ios, BU is riace secgiaicon wana 73 Fam. 4 Pediculariade ......... 74 1. Pedicularia..............5 74 Fam. 5. Aporrhaide............ 75 1. Aporrhais ............4 » 75 2. Struthiolaria ............ 76 3. Pelicaria.........csscssees 77 4. Trichotropis ¢........... 77 Verena (from p. 44). 5. Calearella ......sesceceee 77 6. Sinusigera .........ceeee 77 vill CONTENTS. Page B: Cochlediswscasevss.cwnowsnsss 78 A. Phaneropneumona ......... 78 Fam. 6. Cyclophoride ......... 78 a. Cyclotina. 1. Cyclotus....c.cccceceeeees 79 2. Pterocyclos ............ 79 3. Opisthoporus............ 79 4. Craspedopoma ......... 79 b. Aulopomina. 5. Aulopoma ..........6066 6. Cyclophorus ............ 7. Leptopoma 8. Alyceeus 10... ..cceeceeeee 9. Diplommatina ......... 80 ec. Pupinina. 10. Megalomastoma......... 81 V1. Cataulus..... cc eeecceeee 81 12. Pupinella ...........00.. 81 13, Pupina .eeseecescreeee ees 81 14. Registoma ............6.. 81 LBs, Caliah cvcasiis cassis nedeieee gl d. Licinina. 16. Jamaicia...........0.56 82 175. Licitia.s: ausewusesecn. ces 82 18. Choanopoma ..........+. 82 19. Adamsiella..........++00 82 e. Cyclostomina. 20. Lithidion ............... 82 21. Otopoma ......---eeeee 83 22. Cyclostomus 83 23. Tudora .... 83 24, Leonia .....ceeeeseeeeeee 83 25 SCistulay axecuruccuacsewes 83 26. Chondropoma ......... 83 f. Pomatianina. 27. Pomatias .....sceeeeeees 84 g. Realiana. 283. LAgreas. sersnacisisvecarens 84 29. Realia....... .. =684 30. Bourciera .... 84 Fam. 7. Oligyrade . 84 1. Stoastoma .... ww. 84 2. Trochatella...........066 85 3. Lucidella .............4. 85 4, Helicina .............2.06. 85 5. Aleadia ......scceseceeeee 86 Fam. 8. Proserpinide .. 86, 188 1. Proserpina ......... 86, 189 B. Pseudopneumona ............ 86 Fam. 9. Littorinide ....0.....- 86 1. Assiminea we (SF 2, Littorinasseasensenssiess 87 Page 3. Lithoglyphus..........6 89 4. Hydrobia 90 5. Amnicola 90 6. Nematura .... 90 Le ARISCUA,. -condacesweaicioans 90 8. Pawodus’..sssiseeaceesinaee 91 9. Echinella ............00. 91 10. Modulus...........ec0ceee 91 LT]. Fossar.iesessccsccssiceases 91 Fam. 10. Lacunide ............ 92 Vs Ea Quin: sc siecisemaccnnsece 92 Fam. 11. Truncatellide ...... 93 1. Truncatella............ yeoe 94 2. Tonichia............00. 60 94 c. Teleobranchia .............46 95 Fam. 12. Planawide... ........ 95 a. Planazina. 1. Planaxis ..... dsicngiean als 95 2. Quoyia ...esceeceeeeee 95 b. Litiopina. 3, Litiopa: sesesvassasaacees 96 Fam. 13. Rissoade ............ 96 1. Rissoina .........c0ses00e8 96 2. RissOdecnsicsiencesdion sae 97 3. Skenea .........ececceeee 98 Fam. 14. Cecide ............... T. Caecum ....cecccceeeeeee 2. Brochina ............008 Fam. 15. Melaniade@............ 1. Melania ..............0... 2. Melanatria..... 3. Pachycheilus .. # 4. Leptoxis.....cceceeeceee 5. Ceriphasia ............... 6. Gyrostoma .........0066.5 7. Hemisinus ...........0+8 Bi Vibe xcs svsneweddviosaatereica 9: FPauUnUusy a cacesaetinsonsns 10. Melanopsis............... 11. Clionella... 123 TO: euwaeauenys Fam. 16. Cerithiade.......... + 105 a. Cerithiina. 1. Rhinoclavis ............ 105 2. Cerithium .............4. 105 By Bittiim: sevevewecseoiicooes 106 4. Tympanotomus ......... 106 5. Telescopium ............ 106 G6. Pyrazus deceveicensee secre 7. Lampania ..........08.., ¢ 2 CONTENTS. 1X Page 8. Potamides ............605 107 9, Cerithidea v.00... 107 b. Triphorina. 10. Triphoris ...ececeeeeeee 108 Fam. 17. Turritellade ......... 109 1. Turritella De LAV. ecsnains 3. Toreula .... 4. Eglisia 5. Mesalia Fam. 18. Barleeiad@............ 11 1, Barleeia...ccacccstsayrtees 111 2. Hydrocena .......06. lil Vam. 19. Viviparid@.........00 iil 1, Viviparts ......eeeeeees 2. Rivulina...... 3. Paludomus... ATi alia? wesaguase ces gased: 5. Bithinta sepsis sixecaccens p. Plocamobrauchia ........... 115 Fam. 20. Calyptread@......... 115 a. Crepidulina. 1. Crepidula .........0008 115 ZI GAMOas sesdscecssadecesr 117 b. Galerina. Oo GAlEFUS: svinics vacances es 4, Trochita........ 5. Crucibulum c. Calyptraina. 6. Calyptra....cceeceecees 119 Fam. 21. Capulid@ woes. 119 1. Capulus ...cceeeeeeeceeeee 119 2. Hipponyx ...cosecaseee 121 SO ATIATHER: cis vsapaiuies 121 Fam. 22. Vanicoroide ......... 121 L. Vanicoro........ceee eee 22 &. Streptobranchia...,........5+- 122 Fam. 23. Valvatide ............ 122 Le, Walvatal csisecswcnacsias x 122 Il. Opisophthalma......... 123 Fam. 24. Aciculade ..........4. 123 1. Acicula wo... sc eeeeese ees 124 2. Geomelania .........44. 124 Fam. 25. Rissoellide ......... 124 1. Rissoella........00 ce 124 2. Macgillivrayia ......6. 125 Page Il. Protopoda vc. 126 Fam. 1. Vermetid@ ....c..s0 126 a. Vermetina. 1. Siphonium ......:.eceeeee 126 2. Vermetus ws.cccssceneeee 126 3. Spiroglyphus .........44 127 4. Bivona .......cccceceeeee 127 5. Serpuloides ............ 127 6. Lementina .......06...06. 127 7. Cladopoda ......s.ssee eee 127 b. Siliquariana. 8. Siliquaria .. eee 128 Ill. Leptopoda......... 128 Fam. 1. Strombide ............ 128 a. Strombina. 1. Strombus 2. Pterocera .. 3 DB: Pususigiaciviepocerenioasse b. Seraphina. 4. Seraphys..........cccceee Fam. 2. Phoride .. 1, Phorus ..... aes DL ONUStUs sds igiacinusee ovis IV. Heteropoda Fam. 1. Pterotrachcide 1, AnOps'ssicsccssncnaadesacess 2. Pterotrachea ....0....60- 3. Firoloida 4, Cerophova .... ie 5. Cardiapoda......ssscceee 6, Carinaria Fam. 2. Atlantide.... 1. Oxygyrus .... BD sAtlamta:. asisjeaisvaiaiewnins Oe Sl taewesicvnoiay vscuctenaeed Order I]. Scuriprancutatra 135 Synopsis of Suborders ......... 135 1. Riphidoglossa i... 135 Suborder I. ScurrpRANCHIA 136 Fam. 1. Neritinide .......605. 136 Le Nerittiissaneisiacescuavees 136 2. Pupevita....secreccceeceeee 137 3. Neritellas.....cccce cane 137 4. Catillus: eosin vecsceens tes 139 Fam. 2. Rotellad@ .........664. 139 Ty. Rotella: sexavcmmnpsrvesace 140 Q, Photinia .ii.s0025 a vss 141 3: Tsada sis ncaaanesiacnesen Beal fs amitla -eccncss duentoetins 141 x Page Fam. 3. Turbinide ............ 141 a. Turbina. 1, Sarmaticus...... 0... 142 Do Turbo sesaie ceewexies secane 142 3. Marmorostoma ......... 143 4 AMyXa. cc rvancananpeerecs 143 5. Modelia. sescensscesceaaee 143 6. Callopoma .........s00e0 143 PE NIMellae seeeascecs canta 143 Bs Colonia ssn sicvieseanies cone 143 b Imperatorina. ; 9. Uvanilla..cccccccsscscesces 10. Calear......c.cece secneeee 11. Pomaulax ...........0006 12. Guildfordia 13. Pachypoma 14. Lithopoma... 15. Imperator ... 16. Cookia ....ccccscee eee eee 17. Bolmna....cccsceccseesceves ec. Eutropiana. 18. Hutropia...ccecccsscseenes 145 Fam. 4. Liotiad@ ....sccceceee 146 1. Tn0ba sésvssccasceasweveose 146 2. Lippistes ...cccecesesees 147 3. Adeorbis....... Paiste noes 147 Fam. 5. Trochid@ .......0.6.0065 147 a. Trochina. 1, Pyramis sarsasceccsvenesies 147 2. Cardinalia .........c0c008 147 3. Trochus : 4. Rochia ... 5. Preecia 6. Anthora .....ecsccecscceee 7. Polydonta 8. Clanculus 9. Ziziphinus 10, Thalotia..........0.e00e0s 11. Oxystele........cceecseeee 12. Trochiscus itis 13. Gibbula ... 14. Margarita 15, Tegula, siecssaciesenessiss 16. Chlorostoma ............ 154 17. Omphalius..........6. 154 18. Monilia .........cscesec0s 154 19. Philippia....ceeeeeeeees 154 b. Monodontina. 20. Monodonta...........0006 155 21. Tureica ... .. 155 QD’ GADIO veesisviesmans onc scee ee 155 23. Livona vesesscccesenseeces 156 ec, Angarina. 24, ANQArUS wseereecereeees 156 CONTENTS. Page 25. Vitvinella ........ceeee 156 26. Valvatella wo... cee 157 d. Canthiridina. 27. Canthiridus ........-... 157 28. Elenchus .........seeee6 157 29, Bankiva ....ccccececcerees 158 30), Aradasia si scssessnaasreses 158 Sls Otavia. vis scevsericcawes 158 Fam. 6. Stomatellide ......... 158 1. Stomatella .........0.00.6 158 2. Stomax ... te a.cave 159 3. Microtis ... 159 Ae Gena sesceassissigns sareancies 159 5. Broderipia .............0+ 160 8.0.1]. ScuismaToBrancuia 160 Fam. 7. Scissurellide ......... 160 1, Scissurella ............... 160 Fam. 8. Haliotide ........105. 161 disc: HRA OHS: scene ssaiexer sears 161 2: Pad OllusSierie. covesivecae tis 162 3. Teinotis ..ccc..ecceeeeeee 162 8.0. III. Dicranosrancuia 162 Fam. 9. Fissurellid@............ 162 1. Scutus woe. eccecsesevee 162 2. Tugalia sissoassssvevsve. 163 3. Emarginula ........... 163 4. Hemitoma ...........008 164 5. Clypidina .........e.eee 164 6. Deridobranchus......... 164 7. Puncturella ............ 164 8. Riniylat\rcccceasacskonyees 165 9. Macroschisma ......... 165 10. Fissurella ..........00086 165 11. Clypidella ...........6.. . 166 12. Capiluna .........s..e0s 166 13. Fissurellidea ............ 166 14. 'Ducapma; ssisaseuesaseae 166 15. Pupillia ssessvsectstenene 167 II. Heteroglossa we... 167 8.0. IV. Crrroprancuta ... 167 Fam. 10. Dentaliade ......... 167 1. Dentalium ............... 168 2. Emtalis ......cccesceesass 168 8.0. V. Cervicoprancuia . 169 Fam. 11. Tecturid@ ..........0. 169 L. Nacella .....cscssceassers 169 2. Tectura ......... is siete 169 3. Scurria ....ccccceeeses ees 171 CONTENTS. x1 Page Fam. 12. Gudiniade ............ 172 i Gadinia_ Pines eae KAS 172 Fam. 13. Lepetide wee... 172 1. Lepeta ........ . 172 2. NOt a vce sonteunasevceseues 172 Subord. VI. Cycrosrancuia 173 Fam. 14. Patellide ............ 173 1. Patella 2. Olana... 3. Patina .. 4. Helcion 8.0. VII. PotyptacopHora 176 Fam. 15. Chitonide ............ 177 Ve IGhitOD ewes ceteanaenaeat 180 2. Enoplochiton............ 181 3s Radsia saxaxsiwewersanitien 181 4. Callochiton ............ 181 5. Ischnochiton ............ 182 6. Leptochiton .......... » 182 7. LOTIOE 5065 said nie ss aneneen 8. Schizochiton 9. Acanthopleura ......... 183 10. Maugeria oo... cece 183 11. Corephium..........00008 184 12. Onythochiton ......... 184 13. Molpalia.......ee.s.seseee 14. Tonicia ..scscccseasseeees 15. Fannyia ..cesescceserssees 16. Katharina ........ceeee 17. Cryptochiton 18. Plaxiphora... 19. Hanleya .........00008 sna 20. Acanthochetes ......... 186 21. Chitonellus ............ 187 22. Amictla sesevssnenes iceses 187 23. Cryptoconchus ......... 188 Subord.I*.Pszupoprancuia 188 Fam. 1*. Proserpinade ...... 188 1. Proserpina ......sseceeeee 189 2D. CBS cence snaviene erie 189 S.C.II. HeTeROBRANCHIATA 191 Ord. II]. PLEUROBRANCHIATA 191] Fam. 1. Philinid@.......ccscs00e 1, ? Gasteropteron ....... 2. Posterobranchza 3. Doridium ............606 4, PHIME, ssscacedscervnnnes 5. Hirundella.............4. 6. Cryptophthalmus Page 7. Xanthonella .........6. 194 8. Glauconella ............ 194 9. Scaphander ..4......40. 194 Fam. 2. Amphisphyrade ...... 194 1, Amphisphyra............ 194 Fam. 3. Bullinade .......00... 195 1, Bullina zsssieajsossiassards 195 Fam. 4. Bullide@ .....cececcecee 196 1 HAK OPA cdascisssbatonacauite 196 2. Bulla sssscauseeuguseanede 196 3, Haminea ......ssceceees 197 Fam. 5. Amplustride ......... 197 1. Amplustrum ............ 197 2. Bullinula: acsisecoacsmnes LOY 3. Hydatina «0... 197 Fam. 6. Aplysiad@ ......:0008 198 1. Dolabella ............085 198 2. Dolabrifera............... 199 3. Aplysia ceeseeceeeesecees 199 4, Notarchus ............064 200 5. Bursatella ........c0e.006 200 6. Aclesia .....ceeeeeeeeeaee 200 Fam. 7. Lophocercide ......... 201 1. Lophocercus ............ 201 2. Lobiger ...........0.:eee 201 Fam. 8. Pleurobranchide...... 201 1. Pleurobranchus ......... 202 2. Susania ........ 5 3. Oscanius.. i A. Neda seswianasats saxeuuenss Fam. 9. Tylodinade (addit.)... 203 Fam. 10. Umbrellade@ ......... 204 1. Umbrella ............0.. 204 Fam. 11. Runcinade............ 204 ]. Rumeina .....ccccesessoess 205 Ord. IV.GyMNoBRANcHIATA 205 Subord. I. Pycosprancuta... 206 Fam. 1. Onchidoride 1. Onchidoris ............066 207 2. Acanthodoris .........00 207 3. Villiersia ...cssseceeeese 207 Fam. 2. Doridid@.....ccccsee 208 1. Glossodoris .........665 208 2, Chromodoris ............ 208 Xi CONTENTS. Page 3. Actinodoris......:eseeeeee 208 4. Asteronotus ...ceeeeee 209 5. Actinocyclus .........+++ 209 6, Atagema...soressessecere 209 7. Dendrodoris ....-..+0++ 209 Bis DOTS! axka wagsisentneteinans 209 9. Hexabranchus ......... 210 10. Heptabranchus ......... 21] Fam. 3. Goniodoride ......... 211 1. Goniodoris......000ceeees 211 2. Brachychlanis ......... 212 Bi NAAN Ais siernotesis ng saceahens 212 A Aneula sicsvcasscsevecss - 213 Fam. 4. Polycerad@ .........06 213 L.. Poly cera casas venecemarnes 213 DCP AliGs ies stint cecrncmnia ete 213 3. Thecacera ........0cese0e 214 Fam. 5. Trioptd]@ ....csscecseee 214 L. Triopa ossscsseceeeseeees 214 2. Euplocamus ..... sees 215 3. Plocamoceros......+++0+- 215 4. Algirus oo... cscs eeeeee 215 Fam. 6. Ceratosomid@ ......... 215 1, Ceratosoma ...sesseeeee 216 Subord. I]. Inreroprancuia 216 Fam. 7. Phyllidiade........... 216 1, Phyllidia ...ceeeeeeeeee 216 2. Fryeria ces. seccesseeeees 216 3. Hypobranchiea ......... 216 Fam. 8. Diphyllidiade......... 216 1. Diphylidia.............. 217 Subord. II. Potysprancuia 217 Fam. 9. Tritoniade ............ 217 Li PvtOnl as cnsscasceagaesies 217 Fam. 10. Seylleide . 1. Seyllea ....... Fam. 11. Tethyade Leet ys: xassecuesennass Subord. [V. CeraBrancuia 219 Fam. 12. Dendronotida ...... 219 1. Dendronotus ......,..... 219 2. Bornellaisencsasccavessare 220 3, Lomanotus......eccecee 220 Page Fam. 13. Proctonotide........- 220) 1. Proctonotus .......:.0 220 ‘DMRS: siredaseeemanedomes 221 Fam. I+. Heroid@..........0... 221 Te HOLO® sassaaraititecnansutars 22) 2. ? Gellina..........5: eleanee 221 By SINGREA Laonncmeyvnessates 222 Fam. 15, Dotonide ............ 222 LDOtO cesasemicennie ers 222 D MGlIbG. 2ccasuetsanceusen 222 Fam. 16. Glaucide .........06 222 WG hi8 sedis de seicncns 222 Fam. 17. Eolidid@ «sc... 223 Valin a sinssicdccactacs swnneceeee 223 9. Plabelling: os ssasccccesaes 223 3. Facelina «s.vscescissaexeve 223 4, Coryphella.......... 224 5. Favorimus «.-....eeseeee) QI 6. Phidianiavceiesecoxeseccae GOA TV GHGIA, svaiscvescedensees at Qt 8: Cuthondessniaccnmente 2D 9 Cavolinaiicicscisreseas 2 POs Galway ss. csiasiesereeaseccive 2265 11. Tergipes.......... a 12. Embletonia .... 13. Calhopza ... 1, Tionawndsseasaercaenines 227 Fam. 19. Hermeide ............ 227 1. Hermeea ......-.0..06 seniw Oe 2. Stiliget” ssieeesaswoss. va. 22S OD: ALGOMA. 4i5escsseecesiainn LOS Subord. V. PuacoprancHia 228 Fam. 20. Elysiadeé ............ 228 Le Ely siduccmescocsriea. ste C28 2. Placobranchus Subord. VI. Peuirprancnia 229 Yam. 21. Limapontiade ..,... 229 1. Limapontia ..... 0.0... 229 2: NCHONID, . cocdsanncmacses 229 Dan LUIS? dajmaacna dan diapaitetees 230 4. Pucola oo... 230 Dak Clth -csvacandceeceecuniie 230 Van. 22, Phyllirrhoide ...... 230 1. Phytlirrhoé oe. 230 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF MOLLUSGA. Subkingdom MOLLUSCA. Animal soft; flesh destitute both of a bony skeleton supporting jointed limbs, ane of a hard, ringed skin; covered with a muscular coat called the Mantle enuad with a glairy humour, and gene- rally furnished with one or two lateral calcareous envelopes called Shells, which are secreted by this coat for the protection of the body and of the more vital organs of the animal. The body is generally elongate, walking on a single central disk or foot, and provided with one or more pairs of organs on the head and sides. The nervous system (which furnishes the most distinctive character of the larger group of the Animal Kingdom) merely consists of a certain number of medullary masses distributed to different parts of the body, one of the masses being placed over the gullet and surrounding it like a collar. Linnzeus refers all the animals inhabiting shells to five genera, viz. Limax, Ascidia, Anomia, Clio, and Sepia. These genera may be regarded as the types of the classes proposed by Cuvier. Poli had, before his time, considered three of them as Orders, under the names of Mollusca Reptantia, Subsilientia, and Brachiata. Synopsis or CLassEs. A. Pedifera. Crawling on a foot placed under the body. I. Gasteropopa (Gasteropods or Univalves). Head distinct, with _eyes and tentacles; body usually protected by a conical, more or less spiral shell, often furnished with an operculum. II. Concuirera (Conchifers or Bivalves). Head indistinct ; mouth placed between the gills; they and the body enclosed between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered by two shelly valves united above by a ligament. B 2 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT B. Apoda. Foot none, or very rudimentary. III. Bracuroropa (Brachiopods or Lamp-shells). Mouth placed at the base of two spirally-twisted ciliated arms between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered with two separate shelly valves: they live attached to other marine bodies. IV. Preropopa (Pteropods). Head prominent, with one or rarely two pairs of fins on the side of the neck, by means of which they swim on the ocean; body often covered with a thin conoidal shell. V. CepHaxopopa (Cephalopods). Head distinct, large, with eight or ten or more arms, by which they walk head downwards. A. Pedifera, Gray. The adult animal furnished with a more or less distinet foot placed under the body for crawling on the ground or surface of the water. Class I. GASTEROPODA, Cuvier. Animal having a distinct head furnished with eyes and tentacles, and usually protected by one or two unequal-sized valves, the largest being conical, spiral, and enclosing the greater part of the body. Synopsis or OrnpErRs. Subclass I. Gills comb-like, formed of one or two series of lamelle under the mantle on the back of the neck, or rarely round its edges. Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larva furnished with deciduous cephalic fins. Unisexual or hermaphrodite and self- impregnating. Ctenobranchiata, Gray, 1840. Prosthobran- chia (or Prosobranches), M.-Edwards, 1848. Order I. PectrntprancuiaTa. Gills comb-like, formed of one (or rarely of two) longitudinal series of lamine on the left side of the mantle over the back of the neck. Animal unisexual. Shell spiral. Order I. Scutiprancuiata. Gills consisting of two series of lamella, forming one or two series over the back of the neck or under the edge of the mantle round the foot. Animal herma- phrodite, self-impregnating. Shell conical, spiral or symmetrical. Rectum often traversing the heart. Subclass II. Respiratory organs variously formed ; gills exposed or only slightly covered by a fold of the mantle, or in the form of a closed lung-like cavity. Hermaphrodite, with reciprocal im- pregnation. Weterobranchiata, Gray, 1840. Opisthobranchia (or Opistobranches), M.-Edw. 1848. Order III. Prevrosrancuiata. Gills forming a tuft on the side under a fold of the mantle. Animal hermaphrodite, with reci- OF MOLLUSCA. 3 procal impregnation. Shell spiral. Adult and larva shell-bear- tug; larva with deciduous cephalic fins. Order IV. Gymnosrancurata. Gills exposed or contractile into a cavity on the surface of the mantle. Adult shell-less ; larva shell- bearing, with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation. Order V. Preumosrancuiata. Respiring free air in a closed chamber lined with pulmonie vessels. Adult and larva shell- bearing ; larva shaped like the parent, without cephalic fins. Subclass I. CTENOBRANCHIATA, Gray. Gills comb-like, formed of one or two series of plates (or some ramified vessels) on the inner surface of the mantle (or rarely round itsedge). Gill-cavity open. Mantle free from the back of the neck. Adult and larva shell-bearing; larva furnished with deciduous ciliated fins on the side of the head. Unisexual or hermaphrodite and self-impregnating. Order J. PectinriBrRancuiata, Cuvier. Gills comb-like, formed of one or rarely two longitudinal series of lamellee (or very rarely some branched vessels) on the left side of the mantle over the back of the neck. Gill-cavity open, the mantle edge being free from the back of the neck. Animal unisexual. Shell spiral. Operculum usually distinct. Synopsis OF SUBORDERS. I. Toxirera. Head small; proboscis retractile under the base of the tentacles. Teeth elongate, subulate, implanted in the fleshy proboscis (figs. 2, 3). II. Proposcipirera. Head small; proboscis retractile under the base of the tentacles. Teeth variable, in an elongated cartilagi- nous tongue-membrane (figs. 1, 6, 7, &c.). Ill. Rosrrirera. Head produced into a rostrum, with the ten- tacles on the side of its base. Teeth in seven longitudinal series 3°1-°3, ma cartilaginous tongue-membrane (fig. 1). es eri ii SSR sy u, the front end of lingual band. rv, central teeth. t, — teeth. B 4 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Suborder J. Toxrrmra, Gray. Head small, with a retractile proboscis, (when retracted) hidden in the body. Tentacles close together at the base or on the side of a funnel-shaped veil surrounding the mouth. Teeth elongate, subulate, in two series, implanted in the fleshy proboscis (fig. 2). Eyes sessile on the outer side, or near or on the end of the Fig. 2. tentacles. Teeth of Conus. A. Mouth surrounded by a rostrum-like veil over the base of the proboscis. Fam. I. CONUSIDA. Animal. Mouth surrounded by a funnel- shaped, rostrum-like veil, slit above. Tenta- cles on the side of the veil. Eyes on short tubercles adnate to the outer side of the tentacles, and more or less distant from the base. Siphon of mantle and canal of shell recurved. Mantle entire. Teeth with a more or less swollen base and somewhat twisted, perforated and barbed at the tip (fig. 2). Shell obconic; whorls compressed ; aper- ture linear. Operculum horny, annular ; nucleus apical, rarely absent. The head of Conus textilis produced into an elongated funnel-shaped veil; proboscis retractile. Teeth in two series, red; upper ones in two parallel irregular lines which diverge from one another below; when re- tracted they are bent from the mouth of the proboscis. a. Aperture of shell linear, narrow. Operculum distinct. 1. Conus. Veil of the mouth simple at the end. Operculum thick, flat above, ovate, linear, apex acute, front or inner side straight. . bandanus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 8, t. 10. f. 7, t. 83. f. 2. . mediterraneus, Fig. Moll. t. 83. f. 4. . acuminatus, Fig. Moll. t. 83. f. 3. , Fig. Moll. t. 81 a. f. 6. . pulicartus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 8. Operculum, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 26. f. la. . marmoreus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. . hebreeus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 4, . figulinus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 3. . Miles, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 2. . betulinus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 1. 5. Qaagnaq annan OF MOLLUSCA. 5 11. C. lividus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 3. 12. C. teniatus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 5. 13. C. arenatus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 8, 9. Strombus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 1, 2. 15. C, raphanus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 3. 16. C.? rusticus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 4. 17. C. sanguinolentus, Fiy. Moll. t. 11. f. 5. 18. C. (Cylinder) textilis, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 1. 2. TuLIPARIA. Veil of mouth fringed at the end. Teeth hastate. Operculum ovate, horny.—dAdams, Gen. Moil. t. 26. f. 2. 1. T. Tulipa, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 2. 2. T. striata, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 6. b. Aperture of shell wide. Operculum none. 3. Rouuvus. Veil ? Operculum none. Shell subcylindrical, ventricose. Mouth large, wide. Spire short. 1. R. geographicus. B. Mouth simple, not forming a produced rostrum-like veil over the base of the proboscis. Fam. I. ACUSIDAG, Mouth exposed. Tentacles very small, close together on the side of the mouth. Eyes none or very small, near or on the top of the very small tentacles. Mantle enclosed, entire. Siphon elongate, recurved. Teeth “elongate, swollen at the base, and furnished with a denticulated keeled line as in Conus.” Foot small. Shell turrited, smooth; spire very long. Mouth ovate; inner lip rather concave ; outer thin. Canal short, recurved. Operculum annular. The tentacles of Acuside are exceedingly minute, placed on the upper edge of the inflexed trunk ; in some species they are so small as not to be seen; some have the eyes on the tips of the small ten- tacles, and others have no visible eyes. The male organ is very filiform, very long, as long as two whorls of the shell. Foot small, folded across when contracted. Head rounded. Mantle with a very long, slender, breathing siphon. Operculum horny, ovate, nearly as large as the mouth of the shell, with a rather thickened rib on its inner side. The inner lip of the shell is generally absorbed and concave; in a few species only, as in deus Cerithina, is it thickened and elevated. The species of Acus live only below low-water mark.—ddams. The trunk of the genus Acus is represented as short and campa- nulate by Quoy, t. 36. f. 17; but in other figures, as in fig. 19, the muzzle is represented as produced. That the genus has a trunk, and not a muzzle, is proved by fig. 31, where the anatomy is given. In the same plate, Murer roseus, t. 36. f. 11, and M. ricinuloides, 6 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT t. 36. f. 15, are represented as having a corrugated muzzle and lateral tentacula, as if they had no trunk ; they differ in this respect from the other figures of the same species at fig. 13, where the tentacles are properly represented as close together at their base. 1. Acus. Tentacles small. Suture of shell simple. Operculum ovate; nu- cleus apical. 1. A. maculatus, t. 85 a. f.8, t. 99. f.1; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24.f.1. 2. A. subulatus, t. 99. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 2. Tentacles of Acus maculatus very small, short, cylindrical, nearly close, with verysmall eyes at the apex. Mantle simple. Siphon broad, rather short. Foot folded down on each side in front when contracted. Proboscis elongate, thick, entirely retractile. Lingual membrane and teeth ? QOperculum ovate, trigonal, nearly flat, with a subcen- tral longitudinal ridge, brown; apex subacute ; nucleus apical. The mantle of dAcus maculatus is enclosed. Siphons elongate, conical, when contractile spirally curved. Tentacles very small, nearly close together at their base, short, cylindrical, blunt, with the eyes at their tips, without any veil. Proboscis very long, cylindrical, with a large longitudinal mouth. Lingual membrane and teeth 2 2. SupuLa. Tentacles and eyes none. Suture of shell simple. Operculum ovate. Nucleus apical. 1. S. ? anatomy, t. 99. f. 2. 2. S. dimidiata, t. 99. f. 4. 3. S. strigilata, t. 85a. f. 9. Foot of Subula dimidiata moderate ; folded across. Operculum horny, lanceolate. Head indistinct ; only an aperture for the emission of the proboscis. Tentacles none. Eyes none. Mantle enclosed. Siphon elongate, spirally twisted when retracted into the shell. 3. Lrropomus. Tentacles small. Operculum ovate. Suture of shell callous, like Bullia, but foot small. 1. L. ceruleus. Foot of Leiodomus caerulescens moderate, folded longitudinally in front. Mantle enclosed. Siphon rather elongate, crenulated on the lower edge. Tentacles very small, very short, subcylindrical, with the eyes on their tips, placed on each side of the contracted cavity for the emission of the proboscis, without any veil. Proboscis elongate. Lingual membrane ——? Male organ elongate, subcylindrical, on hinder part of right side. Operculum ovate, much smaller than aperture of shell, blunt at each end, annular, thick; nucleus suban- terior, on front of inner side. According to the observations of M. Morch, Leiodomus cinereus OF MOLLUSCA. 7 has two series of elongated subulate teeth, swollen at the base, and furnished with a deuticulated keeled line, like Conus. < 4, Dorsanum. Shell ovate ; suture simple ; outer lip simple, acute. Operculum 1. D. politum, t. 24. f. 12, 13. Fam. II. PLEUROTOMID. Animal. Mouth exposed. Tentacles close together at the base of the mouth. Eyes adnate to the outer side of the tentacles near the base. Mantle enclosed, with Fig. 3. a slit in the hinder part of the outer side. Si- — Teeth of Mangelia. phon produced. Teeth simple; base rather en- larged (fig. 3). Shell spiral, fusiform ; whorls roundish. Aper- ture ovate ; outer lip with notch or groove behind. Operculum horny, annular, rarely wanting. The mantle of the specimen in spirits is grooved as if with plaits on the outer lip. a. Clavatulina. Operculum semi-ovate, annular; nucleus in the centre of the straight front edge (fig. 4). 1, CuavaTuLa. Shell turrited, spire elongate, canal short. 1. C. bimarginata. 2. C. imperialis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 5, operculum only. 3. C. muricata. 2. ToMELLA. Shell fusiform, canal elongate, inner lip callous near suture. 1. T. lineata, Swains. Pleurotoma 1., Lamh. ; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 5, operculum (fig. 4). b. Pleurotomina. Operculum ovate, acute; nucleus apical (fig. 5). Fig. 5. 3. PLEUROTOMA. Shell fusiform, canal elongate, produced; outer lip with a fissure near the suture. Operculum ovate-lanceolate, flat, front side straight. 1. P, babylonica, Fig. Moll. t. 90. f. 3, t. 90. f. 4. 2. P. virgo, t. 90. f. 1. 3. P. oxytropis, Lamhk. 8 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT In P. babylonica the eye-peduncles are thick, cylindrical, annu- lated, with large black eyes at the end. The tentacles are short, subulate, blunt, on the outer side of the tip of the eye-peduncle. The operculum ovate, acute, subannular, with an apical nucleus (fig. 5). 4, Drivuia. Shell turrited; mouth ovate; canal short. Operculum ovate, acute; nucleus apical. Eyes on upper part of tentacula. 1. D. , t. 84a. f. 2. . D.? echinata, t. 91. f. 4. . cagayanensis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 2. . alabaster, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 2.a, 6, operculum only. - maculata. . flavidula. . funiculata. . Maravigne. ND STW oo bo vooeboy 5. Beua. Shell fusiform and subturrited; whorls waved or smooth; outer lip simple, or with a very slight sinus at the hinder end near the suture. Operculum ovate, acute. Eyes on the upper part of the tentacles. 1. B. Turricula, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 2. 2. B. septangularis, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 3. 3. B. rufa, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 4. 4. B. nobilis, ddams, Gen. Moll, t. 10. f. 3 a, 6, operculum ouly. c. Defranciina. Operculum none. 6. Derranctia. Shell fusiform or subturrited ; mouth ovate ; canal short; outer lip slightly nicked behind. “Tentacula setaceous. Eyes subpedicelled. Foot depressed, two-lobed and horned in front. Operculum none. D. lineata.’ — Lovén. 1. D. multilineata, Fig. Moll. t. 90. f. 2, t.105.£.5. 2. D. Lefroyi, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. B.R. f. 1, 3. D. brachystoma, Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t. R.R. £.2 4. D. teres, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. £. 3. 5. D. costata, Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. R.R. f. 4. 6. D. attenuata, Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. R.R. f. 5 a. Ee en, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. B.R. f. 6. 8. D. nebula, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 7- Matinee nS Ala ee 9. D. gracilis, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. £. 8. OF MOLLUSCA. 9 d. Operculum and animal unknown. 27, ANNA. Shell fusiform ; mouth ovate ; outer lip mache thickened, crenate. ‘* Operculum horny.’ *__Philippi. Teeth 1. A. Massena, Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii. 188. t. 97. f. 5. 28. Mrenaroma. Shell fusiform ; mouth elongate, linear; outer lip nelched at the suture; canal short. Operculum ? Teeth ——- 1. M. suleata, Swains. 29, CoNOPLEURA. Shell obconic ; whorls compressed ; mouth linear. Operculum ——? Animal 1. C. striata, Hinds. 210. DapHNELLA. Shell fusiform, thin; mouth elongate, ia as slightly channeled in front ; outer lip acute, Operculum 1. D. marmorata. 2. D. ornata, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 8, shell only. Suborder II. Prozsoscipirera, Gray. Head small, with an elongated retractile (long exsertile) pro- boscis, when retracted hidden in the body. Tentacles close together at the base or united by a veil over the base of the proboscis. Teeth in 1, 3, or 7 series on the surface of a linear elongate horny mem- brane. Gills in two series with some mucous filaments. Eyes ses- sile, generally on the outer side near the base of the tentacles, but sometimes at the tip or on the head behind their base. Carnivorous ; eating living mollusca and other animals; often boring round holes in the shell to arrive at the living animal. I. Edriophthalma. Eyes on the outer side of the base of the ten- tacles. | A. Hamiglossa. Teeth in three series; central fixed, lateral versatile. B. Odontoglossa. Teeth in three series; central and lateral fixed, transverse. C. Rachiglossa. Teeth in a single longitudinal series. D. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven series; the central and inner lateral fixed, two outer lateral mobile. E. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series. II. Iniophthalma. Eyes sessile, between and behind the tentacles. A. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous series. B. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven series; the two outer lateral mobile. C. Gymnoglossa. Teeth none, 10 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Tribe I. Edriophthalma, Gray. Eyes sessile or nearly so, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. A. Hamiglossa, Gray. Teeth in three series 1-1-1, the central broad, fixed ; lateral, versatile. Mantle and shell siphonal. Operculum annular. Shell spiral, pillarless, smooth, or only slightly grooved in front. a. Hamiglossa vera. The lateral teeth hamate, curved. Shell external (figs. 1 & 6-9). * Foot moderate, contractile into the shell, not cross-grooved in front, and not producing a polished coat on the shell. Fam. I. CASSIDULIDA, Gray. Head elongate, conical, produced. Tentacles very small, near the end of the head. Siphon of mantle and canal of shell elongate, straight. Foot simple in front. Shell spiral; pillar smooth. Operculum horny, annular, sometimes deficient. a. Operculum horny, ovate, acute. 1. CassipuLus. Shell pear-shaped ; spire short ; mouth ovate, elongate, large, nar- rowed in front into a broad, straight, open canal; outer lip simple ; inner lip smooth. Operculum ovate, acute, rather small. ‘ Melongena, t. 88. f. 1. Fig. 6.—Teeth of Cassidulus Morio. . galeodes, t. 266. f. 1. . Cochlidium, t. 266.f. 2. . Vespertilio. : . Colosseus. Pa Sa Qaaana . Morio, teeth (fig. 6). Head of Cassidulusnodosus rostriform, conical, annulated, with two very small tentacles close together at the base of the tip, with the eyes on their external base. Proboscis small, conical, per- fectly retractile. Lingual membrane very narrow, elongate. Teeth 1-1-1, central elongate, narrow, with one small central and one very long, conical, lateral denticle ; lateral teeth with a knee, base simple. Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical, acute. . The head of Cassidulus Vespertilio conical, produced. Tentacles very small, nearly close together at the end of the head. Eyes small on the outer side and rather below their base. Proboscis ex- ceedingly long, completely retractile, cylindrical, rigid, ringed. Teeth 1-1:1; central elongate, rather narrow, with three denticles in front, the central smallest ; lateral hamate, with a strong basal tooth. Cassidulus Melongena is found on the mud-banks of J amaica, and C. ae on those of Panama; they are eaten in both localities. — ams. OF MOLLUSCA. 11 2. Fuueur. Shell like Cassidulus, but spire shorter ; last whorl very large ; mouth very open. Teeth 2 Operculum very small ovate or claw-shaped. 1. F. canaliculata. 2. F. Carica. b. Operculum none. 3. CocHLIDIUM. Shell very like Cassidulus, but operculum none. Head elongate conical, like a snout, with a very long, exsertile proboscis. Tenta- cula very small, on the side of the mouth. Eyes small, on outer side of their base. Male organ large. Foot ovate, truncated in front. Teeth central, 3-toothed, lateral hooked, versatile. 1. C. Tuba. Pyrula tuba, Hydoux, Voy. Bonite, t. 43. Fam. I. MURICID, Fleming. Head small, truncated. Tentacles moderate. Mantle enclosed. Operculum horny, annular; nucleus apical or subapical, just within the apex. Shell external; pillar smooth. A. Siphon produced. Canal of shell produced. a. Muricina. Shell with three or more varices, often branched ; inner lip smooth; outer lip often with a tooth-like process in front. Operculum ovate; nucleus subapical, within the apex (fig. 7). * Hinder part of the edge of the mantle and lip of shell simple, or with a sutural groove. Fig. 7. 1. Murex, Lamk. Shell ovate; spire short, with three or more rounded or spinose varices on each whorl; mouth ovate ; canal elongate, tubular, spinose externally. + Varices distinct, spinose. 1, M. tenuispinus, t. 6. f. 2. 2. M. Brandaris, t. 6. f.3 6, t. 7. f. 1, 2. tt Varices rudimentary, unarmed. Pyrenella. 3. M. Spirilla. 2. CHICOREUS. Shell ovate ; spire acute, with three or more often branched or spinose varices on each whorl; mouth ovate; canal moderate, bent up to the right. 12 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT . inflatus, t. 84. . erinaceus, t.89.f.6; Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. T.T.f.1. - palma-rose, t. 7. f. 6. . zealandicus, t. 7. f. . octonus, t. 7. f. 4. . Trunculus, t. 6. f. 13, t. 89. f. 7. . ricinuloides, t. 7. f. 5. Sometimes, instead of the processes of the varices being branched, they are short, conical and simple; at others the tubercles between the varices are produced into varices, when the shell has six instead of three varices on each whorl, which proves that these tubercles may be considered as abortive varices. Nog ewer OOMeao a 3. TRopHON. Shell ovate; spire short, with numerous lamellar varices on each whorl; mouth ovate; canal moderate, open, rather bent to the right. Eyes on short tubercles. 1. T. patagonicum, t. 89. f. 2. 2. T. Bamfium, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t. SS. f. 3. 3. T. echinatum, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 4. 4. T. Barvicense, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 5. ** Hinder edge of mantle and outer lip with a tubular canal. 4, Typuis. Shell ovate; spire short, with three or more thin varices on each whorl, and with a tubular canal at the hinder part of the outer lip; anterior canal short, bent up, tubular. 1. T. pungens. b. Colusa. Varices of shell rudimentary or none. Inner lip smooth. Operculum ovate, acute; nucleus apical (fig. 8). 5. Couus. Animal red. Operculum ovate, acute. Shell Fig. 8. fusiform ; spire elongate, conic; canal more or Operculum of Colus. less elongate, straight ; inner lip smooth. 1. C. multicarinatus, t. 90. f. 2. . australis, t. 9. f. 3. 2t. 9. f. 2. . raphanus, t. 9. f. 1. . dilatatus, t. 9. f. 5. . polygonoides. Doe oo aaanae 6. Cuave.ua. Shell fusiform or turbinate; last whorl large, irregularly enve- loping the rest ; imner lip smooth. Operculum acute. Teeth 2 1. C. serotina. OF MOLLUSCA. 13 7. CHRYSODOMUS. Shell ovate, fusiform ; spire conic; whorls smooth, without any rudi- mentary varices ; canal very short, straight. Operculum ovate, acute. Animal olive. Fig. 9.—Teeth of Chrys. antiguus. A) 1. C. antiquus, t. 92. f. 1, t. 89. f. 8. Teeth (fig. 9). 2. C. propinquus, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t.8.8. f. 1. 3. C. Islandicus, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 2. 4. C. bullosus. 5. C. contrarius. 6. C. Turtoni, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. 8. STROMBELLA. Shell ovate, fusiform; whorls smooth; canal very short; outer lip expanded. Operculum oblong, rounded at each end. Animal olive. 1. S. Norvegica, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. 107; t. 108. f. 7-9. B. Siphon recurved. Canal of shell very short and recurved, or reduced to a notch. ce. Pisaniana. Shell with rudimentary varices. Operculum ovate, acute ; nucleus apical ; edge entire. 9. Pisanta. Shell ovate; spire conic, generally waved by the rudimentary varices; mouth ovate; inner lip with a few slight plaits in front. Operculum ovate, acute. . Striata, t. 90. f. 3, t. 98. f. 1, t. 98. f. 8. . Civetta, t. 87 a. f. 3. .? lineata, t. 5. f. 5. . ignea, t. 5. f. 2. . cincta, t. 5. f. 7. . violacea, t. 5. f. 8. . fasciolata, t. 5. f. 4. ,n.s., t. 102. f. 20. . undosa, t. 30. f. 1-4. . Vittata, t. 34. f. 18, 19. . lineolata, t. 5. f. 1. The teeth of Pisania striata are 1-1: 1, central, crescent-shaped, with five subequal, flat, tapering dentations; lateral with a single, acute, bent-up lobe, and slightly produced at the angle. The lingual membrane of Pisania ? is narrow elongate, dark - brown ; inner end dilated ovate, darker, nearly opake. Teeth 1:1°-1, central rather broad ovate, three-toothed in front, lateral conical, slightly curved. eS OP Or Oe os Fo a-la~Ba-Ba~Ba-Ba-Re-Ba-Re-Ba-BA") — ee 14 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 10. CoLUMBELLA. Shell obovate or fusiform; mouth linear, ovate; canal short, curved. Operculum ovate, acute. 1. C. rustica, t. 11. f. 6, 7, t. 98. f. 2, 4, 5. 2. C. semipunctata (Pyrene s.), Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 8. . C. mendicaria, t. 98. f. 7. . C. Paytensis, t. 98. f. 6. . C. pardalina, t. 98. f. 3. C.? lanceolata, t. 8la. f. 2. C. ? Barnet, t. 24. f. 10. 8. C. fulgurans, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f.7, 76, 7¢. The operculum of Columbella zonata is triangular, ovate ; nucleus apical, acute, the basal end subtruncate; outer edge subdentate ; scar basal, oblong, submarginal, brown, white-edged. The lingual membrane is linear elongate; teeth 1°1-1, central with five denticles, the three middle larger, central rather the largest, lateral denticles very small; lateral teeth with a kneed apex with a conical basal tooth. In Columbella punctata the proboscis is elongate, black at the tip. Teeth 1‘ 1-1; the central transverse, simple ; lateral hooked, hamate, with a large basal lobe nicked at the middle, and a subterminal tooth like the recurved tip. Operculum ovate, acute; edge entire, larger end rounded ; nucleus apical, subacute, upper part slightly curved ; scar oblong, oblique at the broader edge, leaving the upper part free ; brown, upper part whitish. In Columbella semipunctata the teeth 1:1°1; central transverse, oblong, quite simple; lateral hamate, versatile, with two curved apical teeth. Operculum ovate, lanceolate, brown; nucleus apical, subacute; lower edge rounded ; scar roundish, submarginal, with an ‘interruption in the middle of the upper edge. Teeth of Columbella mendicaria 1°1-1; the central narrow, with three large teeth in the middle, and with three small teeth between them. The lateral teeth short, with long conical basal and larger terminal lobe.—Morceh. Teeth of Columbella mercatoria 1°1°1; central transverse, eden- tate, lateral elongate, oblong, nearly equally broad, with two or three hooked teeth near the top. C. rustica, C. strombiformis and C. uni- color have very similar teeth. Teeth of C. gibberula 1°1°1; the central transverse, edentate, the lateral narrow, slender, with two or three subterminal teeth. C. ru- gosa has similar teeth, but the lateral ones are narrower and the den- tations more spread over the edge.——Morch. 11. Eneina. Shell ovate; mouth ovate, linear; pillar concave, with a broad oblique plait in front ; inner lip expanded, veined; outer lip thick- ened internally and: toothed with a groove behind (externally). Teeth ? Operculum ovate, acute, curved. OF MOLLUSCA. 15 Shell most like Pisania, but resembles some Ricinule and Pur- pure in form; it differs from them in the inner lip being extended and veined. When young, the lips are simple ; throat smooth ; pillar- lip concave, with a distinct oblique plait in front margining the canal. 1. E. zonata. ; 2. E. pyrostoma, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 11, shell only. 12. TrrumMpHis. Shell ovate, covered with a thick coarse velvety periostraca hiding the colour; spire conic; whorls convex; outer whorls larger, and irregularly covering the rest. Mouth ovate ; inner lip smooth ; canal very short, recurved. Teeth three; central three-toothed; lateral large, hamate, three-toothed, outer largest. Operculum ovate, thick ; nucleus apical. 1. T. distorta. It lives in crevices of rock between the low-water mark of the neap tides and that of the spring tides on the reef of Panama (Adams). d. Cominellina. Shell smooth, without rudimentary varices. Oper- culum ovate, acute. 13. LaTRUNCULUS. Shell ovate; spire conical; whorls smooth, flattened behind ; axis umbilicated; lips smooth. Foot moderate, rounded behind. Operculum ovate, acute, edge entire. 1. L. areolatus, t. 93. f. 2. 2. L. spiratus, t. 85a. f.4; Addams, Gen, Moll. t. 11. f. 5. 14. CoMINELLA. Shell like Buccinum ; inner lip sometimes slightly concave; axis closed ; last whorl sometimes rather irregular, callous behind, and partly covering the others. Operculum ovate, acute, outer edge smooth. C. testudinea, t. 14. f. 1, 3. >. maculosa, Reeve, Icon. f. 85. . pluriannulata. ligata. . lagenaria. . limbosa. . lineolata. . acutinodosa. . costata, t. 102. f. 9. . virgata, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 30. f. 18; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 11. f. 6. The teeth of the male and female Cominella maculosa are alike ; ro) EO Se Sy Re be QQaa0gaaa 16 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT central tooth tridentate; lateral with one basal elongated lobe, and one terminal. The teeth of the females are perhaps rather the largest. Tagua membrane of Cominella ?, from the Cape of Good Hope, linear elongate, transparent. Teeth 1-1-1, transparent, the older one yellow; central transverse, band-like, as broad as the space between the lateral teeth ; front edge straight, with five small, nearly equal toothlets in the middle ; the hinder edge rather concave towards the front; lateral teeth broad, front edge of the lower part with three very unequal, acute lobes near the base, the middle lobe largest ; the outer hinder angle rather produced; the terminal lobe large, acute, curved. Lingual membrane of Cominella ? is elongate, linear, trans- parent; older teeth yellowish. Teeth 1-1-1; central band-like, transverse, not so broad as the space between lateral teeth; front edge nearly straight, with three nearly equal, large, conical teeth in the middle; hinder edge bent in the greater part of its length, rounded at the hinder end ; lateral teeth with a large curved process on the inner edge of the base and a much larger one at the end; the outer hinder angle rather produced. e. Nassina. Operculum ovate, serrated on the outer edge; foot nicked behind. 15. Buta. Shell ovate or turrited; whorls smooth; mouth ovate; lips simple; hinder part of inner lip thickened, making a callous band on the suture. Eyes none. Foot very large, expanded, square, ail small lobes behind. Operculum small, ovate; outer edge toothed. . . B. levigata, t. 20. f. 2,3; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 3. . B. achatina, t. 20. f. 1. . B. Cochlidium, t. 98. f. 9. . B. globosa, t. 98. f. 10. Dobe 16. Nassa. Shell ovate; spire short; whorls convex, waved, rarely variced ; mouth moderate. Eyes distinct. Foot moderate, truncated and tentaculated in front, nicked behind. Operculum moderate, serrated. 1. N. coronata, t. 21. f. 2. - arcularia, t. 98. f. 14, t. 21. f.1, t. 102. f. 11, t. 21. £9, 10. . olivacea, t. 21. f. 6, t. 85 a. f. 2, var. f. 6. . gemmulata, t. 85a. f. 7. . crenulata, t. 85a. f. 3. . xanthostoma, t. 85a. f. 5. . Isabella, t. 98. f. 12. . dentifera, t. 98. f. 11. . riparium, t. 97. f. 1. . Thersites, t. 21. f. 3. LL SN SoS eS ZAAZZAA™AAAA —_ OF MOLLUSCA. 17 11. N. pauperata, t. 21. f. 4. 12. N. fasciata, t. 21. f. 5. 13. N. globosa, t. 21. f. 7. 14. N. reticulata?, t. 21. f. 8. 15. N. gibba, t. 102. f.11, t. 21. f. 9, 10, 11. 16. N. cornicula, t. 24. f. 11. 17. N. ascanias, t. 21. f. 12. 18. N. ?, t. 85a. f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. 19. N. (Cyclope) neritea, t. 24. f. 8; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 8. 20. N. 2, t. 102. f. 13. 21. N. levis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 7. 22. N. incrassata, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t. L.L. f. 1. 23, N. varicosa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. L.L. f. 2. 24. N. reticulata, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. L.L. f. 3. The central teeth of Nassa are broad, arched, pectinated; the lateral teeth with a basal hook. The Nassa annulata has the front of the central tooth entirely pectinated; the scape of the lateral tooth largely spinulose.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 7. The central tooth of N. reticulata angularly produced into an angle in front, each edge smooth at the angle; the scape of the lateral tooth unarmed.-—Lovén, t. 5. f. 8. The central tooth of N. incrassata produced into an incurved angle in front, edge on each side smooth; the lateral tooth broad, with a larger, one-spined, basal tooth.—-Lovén, t. 5. f. 9. The central tooth of N. arcularia narrow, united in front; sides smooth ; the scape of the lateral tooth smooth, with a Jongitudinal lamina between the base of the teeth.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 10. The tongue of Nassa (reticulata?) is linear, very transparent. Teeth 1°1°1, central crescent-shaped, with twelve subulate, sub- equal, elongate toothlets; lateral teeth angular, bent, outer angle rather produced, base simple, narrow, apex acute, rather curved. The ege-cases are small, ovate, acute, in series on sea-weeds, coral- lines, &e.— Peach, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. 1844, 204. fig. 17. DesmMouuga. Shell subglobose ; spire short. Teeth ——-? Operculum subtri- gonal, truncated, dentated. 1. D. pinguis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 2. f. 6. f. Phosina. Operculum with a notch on the left side of the tip. Shell with a slight sinus in the front of the outer lip, like the Strombs. 18. Pxos. Shell ovate or turrited; spire conic; whorls undulated; mouth ovate ; outer lip with a sinus in front ; inner lip with a sharp fold in front. Tentacles linear ; eyes within one-third of the tip, very thin above the eyes. Foot folded across, dilated in front, with a small 18 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT acute lobe on each side, and a single elongated filament behind. Teeth 1-1-1. Operculum ovate, triangular, acute, with two longi- tudinal folds; apex acute, membranaceous, with a notch on the outer or left side; nucleus subapical, on a level with the notch.—Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 5. 1. P. senticosum, Quoy, Voy. Ast.t. f. . 2. P. textum, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 5. The operculum of Phos senticosum is on the back of the expanded foot, as in the animal of most of the Nasse, which it altogether resembles, except that the hinder extremity (of the foot) is serrated, and has one tail instead of two as in Nassa. I never saw it use its operculum when walking.—Trail, MSS. 1853. 19, CYLLENE. Shell ovate or obconic ; spire conic, short, with a deep sharp-edged groove on the suture; mouth ovate. Operculum ovate, lanceolate, with an oblique central groove; apex acute; nucleus apical; outer edge smooth. Animal ? Teeth 2 1. C. Owenii, Gray, in Beechey Voy. 108. 20. Norruia. Shell turrited ; spire acute; mouth ovate ; inner lip thin, smooth, with a sharp keel over the canal; outer lip crenated, toothed. Oper- culum ovate, elongate; apex slightly curved, with a notch on the outer side.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 1a, 6. Teeth ? 1, N. pristis, t. 84a. f. 4. Northia is found at low-water mark at Panama; the outer lip of old shells is much thickened.—C. B. Adams, 295. = The account of the operculum is on the authority of the specimen figured by Mr. Adams; the specimen in the British Museum has an oblong operculum, with an elongated nucleus on the front of the outer side, like Buccinum; but perhaps it is surreptitious. Fam. III. BUCCINIDZ. Head truncated. Tentacles moderate. Mantle enclosed. Oper- culum horny, annular, oblong; nucleus on the outer edge. Shell external; pillar smooth or concave. A. Operculum oblong ; nucleus elongate, occupying the long outer edge (fig. 10). a. Rapanina. Siphon produced; canal of shell rather elongate, bent up at the end. 1, Rapana,. Shell subglobose or top-shaped; spire short; whorls lamellar, OF MOLLUSCA. 19 rapidly enlarging ; mouth ovate; inner lip smooth ; Fig. 10, canal open, bent up. Proboscis rather short, thick. operculum of Rapana. Teeth 1-1-1 central broad, three-lobed ; lateral kneed, simple, apex incurved. Operculum ovate ; nucleus on the middle of the outer edge (fig. 10). 1. R. Bezoar. 2. R. Rapa. (Operculum, Voy. Venus, t. 7. f. 2.) ° 3. R. xanthostoma. 4. R. cassiformis, t. 87 a. f. 8. 5. R. crassilabrum, t. 87 a. f. 2, t. 89. f. 4. 6. R. ricinuloides, t. 7. f. 5. 7. RB. kiosquiformis, t. 87 a. f. 6. 8. R. imperialis. 9. R. saccellum. Rurzocuitus.—A Rapana that lives on Antipathes, and at certain periods of its life closes its shell with a calcareous secretion, and permanently fixes itself to the coral, where it eventually dies. See Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1851, 477; Adams, Gen. Shells, t. 14. £. 5. 2. ViruLARIA. Shell fusiform ; whorls with several angular varices; mouth trian- gular, elongate; canal moderate; outer lip toothed within. Oper- culum horny, oblong ; nucleus on the middle of the outer edge. 1. V. miliaris. 2. V. salebrosa. 3. V. abbreviata. 4. V. fiscellum. In Vitularia fiscellum the lingual membrane is broad. Teeth 1°1°1, brown; the central with a long, transverse, central tooth, and a smaller one on each side; lateral hamate, curved, simple, acute. Operculum oblong, rounded at each end; nucleus linear, on the front edge of the outer margin. 3. Cuorvus. Shell top-shaped ; spire short ; whorls smooth, rapidly enlarging ; mouth ovate; outer lip with a strong tooth in front; inner lip smooth; canal wide behind, tapering, open. Operculum horny, ovate; nucleus elongate, external. 1. C. giganteus. 4, Cuma. Shell fusiform, solid, spirally striated; spire conical; mouth ovate; outer lip crenated; inner lip with a strong, rather oblique ridge. Operculum ovate, blunt; nucleus elongate, external, un- equal. 1. C. suleata, Swains. c2 20 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT b. Purpurina. Siphon recurved ; canal of shell reduced to a notch. * Shell free. 5. NITIDELLA. Shell fusiform, solid; spire conical, elongate; apex sometimes de- ciduous ; mouth ovate ; inner lip smooth ; outer rather contracted in the middle. Operculum like Purpura. Teeth 2 1. N. concinna. 2. N. Gervillize. 3. N. cribraria, t. 24. f. 6. 4. N. avara. 5. N. sertularia, t. 99. f. 5. 6. N. labrosa, t. 81 a. f. 4. 6. Purpura. Shell ovate; mouth ovate; outer lip simple, lined or toothed within ; inner lip concave, simple. 1. P. hemastoma, t. 97. f. 7; t. 106. f. 1. 2. P. patula, t. 95. f. 2. 3. P. rugosa, t. 96. f. 7. 4. P. Thiarella, t. 96. f. 8. 5. P. hippocastanum, t. 96. f. 9. 6. P. mancinella, t. 96. f. 12. 7. P. chocolata, t. 97. f. 6. 8. P. sertum, t. 97. f. 3. 9. P. armigera, t. 14. f. 4. 10. P. textilosa, t. 14. f. 6. 11. P. coronata, t. 14. f. 5. 12. P. haustrum, t. 13. f. 2, 6. 13. P. undata, t. 87 a. f. 1. 14. P. Harpa, t. 87 a. f. 10. 15. P. sertularia, t. 99. f. 5. 16. P. Pourpre de Chusan, t. 87 a. f. 6. 17. P. echinulata, t. 266. f. 4. 18. P. Quoyii, t. 13. f. 7. 19. P. Helena, t. 96. f. 1. 20. P. tuberculata, t. 87 a. f. 4. 21. P. neritoidea, t. 96. f. 10; t. 266. f. 3. 22. P. hystrix, t.96.f.4; t.874. f. 7. P. 22. , t. 96. f.5. Animal cut open. 24, P. Lapillus, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 44. f. 4. Central tooth of Purpura Lapillus transverse, three-toothed in front ; teeth subequal, the side ones spinulose, winged ; the lateral naa apart, small, scape broad at the bend, tip hooked.—Lovén t. 5. £17. : 7. ConcHOLEPAs. Shell ovate, ear-shaped ; aperture very lar e; outer lip wit or three small teeth in front. Gocseilin ml oe 1. C. peruviana, t. 13. f. 1, 3; t. 95. f£. 1, OF MOLLUSCA. 21 8. ACANTHIZA. Shell like Purpura; inner lip concave, simple; outer lip with a strong tooth in front. Operculum like Purpura.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 7. 1. A. striata, t. 87 a. f. 9. 2. A. unicornis, t. 97. f. 2. 9. Sistrum. Shell ovate; mouth narrow, anterior; inner and outer lips with large teeth contracting the mouth. Operculum oblong.—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 6. 1. S. ricinus, t. 96. f. 2. 2. S. dactyloides, t. 96. f. 3. 3. S. nodum, t. 96. f. 6. 4. S. horridum, t. 13. f. 4; t. 96. f. 11; t. 97. f. 5. ** Shell living fixed in holes in coral. 10. Maeiuuvs. Shell of young animal ovate, subglobose, thin; the cavity simple, gradually filled up, and the whorl produced into a straight line, with a small cavity at the end for the body, so as to keep the animal on a level with the surface of the coral, the solidified shell being left fixed in the substance of the coral. The young shell has been called a genus, Leptoconchus, and is said to have no operculum.— b> 2. SANDELLA. Shell ovate, covered with an enamel coat, forming a broad belt on the whorls, and reaching in the penultimate whorl to the back of the mouth ; axis imperforate; outer lip with an obscure tooth in front. Operculum -——? Animal 4 1. 8. Tankervillii. 3. Epurna. Shell entirely covered with an enamel coat; spire conical; axis deeply perforated; outer lip with an obscure tooth. Animal and operculum unknown, 1. E. flavida. 4. SPARELLA. Shell entirely covered with an enamel coat; spire conical, short ; axis not perforated ; outer lip often marked with an obscure tooth in front. Operculum 2 S. albisulcata, t. 19. f. 1,2, 3. Fig. 12.—Teeth of Sparella candida. S. candida, t. 19. f. 4. . Ventricosa. S. castanea. = -- 8. aperta. The central tooth of S. candida three-toothed, with smaller inter- mediate denticles, the end produced, curved; the lateral tooth curved, hamate, armless at the base.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 11, copied (fig. 12). ok tor RM **® Shell concentrically grooved, without any enamel coat; outer lip thin, not toothed. 5. ANOLACIA. Shell oblong, thin; spire short ; outer lip thin, toothless; aper- ture large; axis imperforate. Operculum none. Foot very large. 1. A. mauritiana, t. 105. f. 1. c. Harpalina. Shell ventricose, variced ; pillar smooth. Operculum none. 6. Harra. Shell ovate-oblong, thin, polished, with numerous acute varices ; spire short, acute; last whorl very large; mouth ovate, elongate, broadly notched in front ; outer lip with a thickened external varix ; pillar lip simple, smooth, rounded, pointed in front. Operculum none. Head large; proboscis elongate, conical. Teeth ___? Ten- OF MOLLUSCA. OF tacles conical, close together over the mouth, with the eyes near their base. Foot very large, expanded, nicked on each side in front, elongate behind, often becoming truncated. 1. H. ventricosa, t. 22. f. 1, 2; t. 95. f. 3. 2. H. minor, t. 23. f. 1, 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 15. f. 1. The hinder part of the foot separates spontaneously when the animal is irritated. b. Trapezodonta. Abnormal lateral teeth trapezoid, curved. Shell internal (see p. 10). Fam. VIII. LAMELLARIADA. Mantle covering the thin ear-shaped shell, produced, and with a deep notch in front in the place of the respiratory siphon. Head moderate. Proboscis elongate, strong, retractile. Mouth vertical, covered internally with a strongly armed horny epithelian or pre- hensile collar. Tongue linear, spirally twisted behind (as in Pur- pura Lapillus). Gills single, crescent-shaped, hence appearing double. Teeth 1:1-+1 or 2°1-2; central simple, triangular, with diverging branches at the base; lateral trapezoid, simple, curved, toothed (fig. 13). Operculum none. 1. CortocreLua. Body oblong; mantle vesicular, areolated, with two narrow lobes in front. Foot small, narrow. Teeth ]1:1-1; lateral large, versa- tile. Shell large, spiral, internally ear-shaped. 1. Coriocella nigra, t. 104. f.3; t. 104. f. 4; t. 167. f. The Coriocella nigra grows to a large size. The shell is green when fresh, but soon fades and becomes white. The foot is not one- fourth of the size of the mantle. The trunk long, like that of Bue- cinum. The tentacles depressed, close together, united on the inner side over the top of the cavity of the proboscis, with the eyes near the tips. The canal of the mantle is very distinct and lined with a car- tilaginous skin. Operculum none. 2. LAMELLARIA. Body depressed, smooth, notched in front. Foot very large, broad, Fig. 13.—Lamellaria. produced behind. Teeth 1-1-1, lateral, large, versatile (fig. 13).— Lovén, t.4.f.15. Shell large, spiral, internally ear-shaped. 1, L. tentaculata, t. 103. f. 11; t. 103. f. 4; Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. P.P. f. 2. 2. L.? neritoidea, t. 103. f. 2. 3. L.? Audouini, t. 105. f. 3, 4. 4, L. latens. Cryptocellal., Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 4. 28 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 3. ERMEA. Body convex, smooth; mantle expanded, rather sinuous, simply notched in front. Foot small, covered by the mantle. Teeth 2°1°2, like Lamellaria, “but with a small, slender, linear, arched, inner lateral tooth.’’—Alder. 1, E. perspicua, t. 104. f. 2, t. 166. f. 3; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. P.P. f. 1; Berg, Marseln.t.1.f.1-14. Lamellariap., Phi- lippi, Moll. Sicil. t. 10. f. 52; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 3. 2. E. Adansoni, t. 103. f. 9. 3. E. convexa, t. 103. f. 5. B. Odontoglossa, Gray. Teeth in three series, 1°1*1; central and lateral fixed (fig. 14, 15). Operculum annular. Mantle siphoned. Shell channeled in front, with folds on the pillar (see p. 10). Fam. IX. FASCIOLARIAD, Gray. Central tooth transverse; lateral teeth very broad, linear, with many equal denticles on the edge. Shell with plaits on the pillar. a. Fasciolariana. Operculum ovate ; nucleus apical; canal of shell elongate ; central tooth narrow (fig. 14). 1. FascroLarRia. Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen; spire conical; whorls smooth or waved; mouth ovate, open; outer lip crenated, lined within ; inner lip smooth; pillar with three or four very oblique plaits in front. Operculum ovate, acute, sometimes radiately grooved. Fig. 14.—Teeth of Fasciolaria Tarentina. “rovannrnn ranean NO NONN 1. F. tulipa, Kiener, t. 86. f.2; Lamh. t. 87. 2. F. filamentosa, Quoy, t. 8. f. 5. 3. F. Tarentina, Chiaje, t. 8. f. 4; Joannis, t. 89. f. Tentacles of animal of F’. tulipa close together at the base. Eyes near the middle of the tentacles. Teeth of F. filamentosa exactly like those of Latirus rusticus, 1*1-+1; central small, narrow, with three small denticles ; lateral very broad, linear, not versatile. Teeth of Fasciolaria Tarentina 1-1-1. Tongue linear, pale yel- lowish, nearly transparent, forming three nearly continuous bands; central narrow, about one-third the width of the lateral teeth, with four or five? small teeth on the nearly straight front edge; lateral wider, transverse, with six or eight? small teeth on the nearly straight front edge. OF MOLLUSCA. 29 Fasciolaria granosa is found among stones in muddy places near low water mark. 2. Levcozonia. Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen like Latirus, but with a tooth at the end of an external groove in front of the outer lip. Operculum ovate, acute, rather curved.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 6 a. 1. L. smaragdula, t. 35. f. 21; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 6. Central tooth of Leucozunia brasiliana narrow, three-toothed ; lateral broad, many-toothed.—Morch. 3. Latirus. Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen; spire moderate ; whorls smooth or rather waved ; mouth ovate; outer lip with a distinct tooth in front, grooved within ; inner lip smooth; pillar with a few small transverse folds in front. Operculum ovate, acute. 1. L. rusticus, t. 8. f. 6. 2. L. lineatus, t. 8. f. 8. 3. L. polygonus, t. 8. f. 7. 4. L. nussatellus, t. 8. f. 1; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 5. Lingual membrane of Latirus rusticus with three series of teeth ; central narrow, recurved and three-toothed ; lateral teeth very broad, linear, many-toothed on the edge, not versatile. Central tooth of Latirus filamentosus narrow, three-toothed ; lateral broad, many-toothed.—Morch. b. Mitrana. Operculum none. Canal of shell short. Central tooth broad, denticulated. 4, Mirra. Shell fusiform ; spire conical; whorls compressed ; mouth ovate, linear ; outer lip smooth within ; pillar with five plaits; mantle en- closed ; siphon without any auricles at the base. Foot small, folded longitudinally when contracted. Operculum none. 1. M. episcopalis, t. 28. f. 6; t. 106. f.4. Central tooth broad. . M. adusta, t. 28. f. 3,4. Central teeth narrow, simple, hooked. . maura, t. 106. f. 5. . retusa, t. 28. f. 5. . nigra, t. 28. f. 1. Proboscis of Mitra cucumerina thick. Teeth 1-1-1; central moderate, transverse, front edge arched with seven rather distant, conical, transparent teeth ; lateral elongate, transverse, with nume- rous, rather distant, conical, transparent teeth on the front edge. Tongue of Mitra adusta with teeth, 1-1-1; central with a strong hook and a small denticle on each side; lateral transverse, elongate, linear, with many teeth on the front edge, largest near the inner edge, and smaller near the outer. Or Go BO 7 30 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Trunk of Mitra episcopalis very long, cylindrical, exsertile, smooth, and ringed externally. Teeth 1°1:1; central narrow, brown, transverse, with five strong teeth; lateral elongate, more than twice as long as the central one, transparent, with strong denticulations on the inner edge, gradually becoming smaller and more indistinct towards the outer end. Proboscis of Mitra Ticaonica very long, large. Teeth 1-1°1; central broad, with an arched front edge with eight subequal, conical, rather distant teeth, the outermost rather smaller; lateral teeth broad, transverse, with a series of many, rather distant, conical teeth on the front edge, the outermost the smallest. 5. STRIGATELLA. Shell fusiform, smooth ; pillar with five plaits; outer lip smooth within, with a large subcentral, internal thickening, leaving a pos- terior groove. Animal 2 Teeth ——? Operculum ——? 1. S. zebra. 2. S. acuminata. 6. ZIERLIANA. Shell ovate, fusiform, thick; pillar with five plaits; outer lip thickened. 1. Z. Ziervogelii. 7. VouvaRia. Shell cylindrical; spire very short; whorls compressed; mouth linear. Animal and operculum unknown ; being only found in the fossil state. 1. V. bulloides. 8. Impricaria. Shell obconic, smooth ; spire conical ; mouth linear ; pular with five plaits, the largest in the middle of the inner lip; outer lip simple, crenulated, smooth within. Animal. Foot folded longi- tudinally. Tentacles close ; eyes on outer side above the base. Siphon elongate, simple. Proboscis elongate, slender. Teeth——? Penis very large, elongate. Operculum none. 1. I. marmorata, t. 45*. f. 3, 4. 2. I. conovula, t. 106. f. 7. 9. CyLINDRA. Shell oblong, subcylindrical, spirally grooved; mouth linear ; pillar with six or seven folds, the hinder larger, transverse, in the middle of the inner lip; outer lip crenated, smooth within. Ani- mat. Proboscis very long, covered with conical tubercles about as long as broad. Teeth ——? Operculum 1. C. nucea, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 5. 2. C. crenulata. OF MOLLUSCA. 31 Fam. X. TURBINELLID. Teeth 1:1°1; central few-lobed, broader than lateral ; lateral teeth narrow, strong, with a single large lobe. Shell with an elongated straight canal, and large transverse fold on the pillar. Operculum ovate (fig. 16). 1. TuRBINELLUS. Shell ovate or top-shaped ; spire Fig-15. conical; whorls smooth or rather Teeth of Cyn. cornigera. waved; apex mamillated; mouth ovate, narrowed in front ; outer lip simple; inner lip smooth ; pillar with several large transverse plaits ; canal wide, straight. Operculum ovate, inner edge straight. Animal 1. T. pyrum. g Fig. 16. Operculum. 2. Cynoponta. Shell ovate, fusiform; spire conical; mouth elon- gate, oblong ; outer lip ?; inner lip 2; pillar with distinct transverse plaits. Operculum ovate, inner edge curved (fig. 16). 1. C. cornigera, t. 8. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 17. f.1. 2. C. ceramica, t. 93. f. 3. 3. C. pugillaris. Animal of C. cornigera olive-green. Foot irregularly crumpled in front when contracted; proboscis very long, cylindrical, rather thicker at the end; lingual membrane elongate, narrow. Teeth in three rows, 1° 1+ 1, equal; central strongly three-toothed ; lateral with a lunate base, not reversible, with a single subcentral process (fig. 15). C. Rachiglossa, Gray. Teeth in a single central series. Oper- culum annular or none. Mantle siphoned. Shell channeled in front ; pillar plaited (see pp. 10, 28). Fam. XI. VOLUTIDA, Flem. Siphon of mantle very short, recurved. Shell with a nick in front for the siphon, and the front of the pillar regularly and deeply plaited. The foot is generally large, and often deeply nicked on each side in front. Lingual membrane linear, with one series of teeth (fig. 17-19). 24 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT a. Volutina. Siphon with auricles on sides of base. Tentacles far apart, united by a broad veil forming a hood over the head. Eyes far back, behind the small tentacles. + Teeth broad, lunate ; apex three-lobed (fig. 17). A. Yetina. Animal viviparous; nucleus of shell very large, irre- gular, callous (fig. 18). Foot very large. Operculum none. 1. Yerus. Fig. 17.— Yetus olla. Shell ventricose, covered with a horny peri- ostraca, more or less covered with a polished shelly coat deposited by the expanded mantle ; spire very short, irregular; mouth expanded. Animal large, ovoviviparous; the young very large when born. Foot very large, partly covering the shell. Operculum none. * Left side of mantle and inner lip rather expanded. Shell mottled ; suture of adult broadly channeled. 1. Y. Navicula. Spire short. 2. ¥. Cymbium. Spire subconic. 3. Y. gracilis. Spire produced. ** Left side of mantle and inner lip much expanded over the last whorl. Shell one-coloured. 4. Y. Neptuni, t. 25. f.2; Kiener, t. 88. f. 3, : t. 27. f.4; Adams, Gen. Moll.t. 1.£.3. Hips Tie Var. Y. patula and Y. Tritonis. Suture — Yoms ¥ Proboscidatis. channel wide. 5. Y. olla. Suture channel narrow, deep. *#* Left side of mantle and inner lip covering the whole outer surface of the shell. 6. Y. proboscidalis. 7. Y. porcina. 8. Y. rubiginosa. The original surface, indicating the extension of the mantle over the surface of the shell in this and other genera of this family, is often destroyed in cabinet specimens, even in the most recently- formed collections, which greatly deteriorates from their scientific value. OF MOLLUSCA. 33 B. Animal oviparous ; nucleus of shell regularly spiral. Foot moderate. * Mantle enclosed ; inner lip of shell defined, not expanded ; pillar with five or siz strong subequal plaits. Operculum none. 2. CyMBIUM. Shell ventricose, covered with a horny periostraca; spire short, depressed, often imbricated ; mouth very large, expanded. § Spire hidden. 1. C. melo. §$§ Spire conic, hooded with spines ; spines bent down towards tip. 2. C. nauticum. 3. C. ethiopicum, t. 25. f. 1 ; Adams, Gen. Moll. t.17. f.4. Shell brown. 7 4. C. Miltonis. Shell white and brown marbled. §§§ Spire conic; spines large, produced. ? Spines subequal,'in adult state wanting. armatum, t. 264. f. 1, t. 265.f. 1. Spines becoming larger and much produced, and increasing with age. isa Oy 6. C. §§$§§ Spire large; spines small, numerous, subinflexed. 7. C. Broderipi=C. Regius. 3. Scapa. Shell ovate or fusiform; periostraca smooth, thin; spire conic ; mouth moderate ; inner lip even. Operculum none. § Nucleus smooth. 1. 8. colocynthis, t. 27*. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 1. 2. S. pacifica, t, 27. f. 3, t. 263. f. 1. 3. S. fusus, t. 27. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 3. §§ Nucleus moderate, crenulated. 1. S. vespertilio, t. 26. f. 1, 2, 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 2. Mantle of Scapha vespertilio free for half an inch on pillar side ; siphon elongate, produced, conical, with conical tentacular auricles on the sides of the base; penis elongate, conical, bent back, com- pressed ; tentacles lateral, subulate, far apart at the base, and united by a broad veil fringed on the edge; lingual membrane elongate, narrow. Teeth im a single series, with three teeth in front, the central largest ; hinder edge lunate. D 34 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 4, Fuuteoraria. Shell ovate, fusiform, striated; spire conical; nucleus small, regular; mouth elongate; pillar with a central thickening, covered with many irregular oblique plaits; canal rather produced, open. Animal ——? Teeth —~—? Operculum 2 1, F. chinensis. Voluta rupestris, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 6. 5. CALLIPARA. Shell oblong; spire short; nucleus small; mouth linear ; pillar with two small plaits in front. Animal 1. C. bullata, Adams, Gen. Moll. t.17. f. 6, shell only. ** Mantle enclosed; inner lip of shell defined, not expanded ; pillar lip with five or six strong subequal plaits. Operculum horny, distinct. 6. VotuTa. Shell ovate, striated, covered with a thin periostraca ; spire conic ; nucleus small, regular, spiral; mouth elongate; pillar with some large (four or five) oblique plaits in front, and more transverse ones behind. 1. V. musica. *** Mantle enclosed ; inner lip regular ; front of pillar with two or three oblique plaits and some small ones behind. Opercu- lum ? Teeth ——? 7. Lyrta. Shell fusiform; spire conic; whorls plicated; pillar lip with numerous small plaits behind the two larger front ones. Animal ——? Operculum 2 § Outer lip moderate ; inner lip smooth. Lyria. 1. L. festiva. 2. L. lyriformis. 3. L. mitreeformis. §§ Outer lip moderate ; inner lip with numerous cross grooves. 4. L. costata. 5. L. Delesserianax. §§§ Outer lip thickened behind, with a convex varix and strong internal central rib; inner lip smoothest. Enecta. 6. L. harpa. OF MOLLUSCA. 35 **** Mantle lobes produced and partly covering the shell ; inner lip produced over body whorl. 8. VoLUTELLA. Shell fusiform; spire acute, covered with a glassy deposit (often artificially removed in cabinet specimens) ; nucleus small; mouth ovate, elongate ; inner lip expanded, reflexed ; mantle produced on left side. Teeth ? Operculum none. § Mantle lobes largely expanded, entirely covering the spire, which is often covered with a callous deposit. 1. V. angulata, t.27*. f.1. Zidona a., Adams, Gen. Moll. t.17.f. 5. §§ Mantle lobes moderately expanded, covering the lower side of the spire and leaving a callous band on the suture of the upper side ; spire often crowned. - Scapha, t. 81 a. f. 5. . lmperialis. . Cymbiola = Ausoba, Addams. . Sophia. . volvacea. . tuberculata. SU gt Or goto ad > > p> - 2. Triton. Shell ovate; spire conic, with three varices on each two whorls, forming three interrupted longitudinal ribs on the shell. 1, T. nodiferum, t. 3. f.36, t. 85. f. 5, t. 3. f. 4? 2. T. olearium, t. 3. f. 2, t. 263. f. 3. 3. T. cutaceum, t. 3. f. 1d. OF MOLLUSCA. 43 . tuberosum, t. 4. f. 1-6. . pileare, t. 4. £32. . chlorostomum, t. 85. f. 29. . cancellatum, t. 265. f. 2. . Tubecula?, t. 85. f. 3. . Spengleri, t. 4. f. 5. . album (Nassaria a.), ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 1. ?, Middendorf, M. R. t. The tentacles of Triton tuberosum are separate at the base; the proboscis is elongate. Teeth 3:1°+3,; the central one with a central, large, and three smaller denticles on each side; the inner lateral tooth transverse, denticulated on its inner front edge; the two outer teeth subulate, curved. The operculum is ovate, rounded at each end, with a subapical marginal nucleus. The animal and teeth of T. subdistortum and T. chlorostomum were similar. = SSDNA DS RBHABHAAH a 3. EuTureia. A Triton, with abortive or rudimentary varices. Canal elongate, rather bent up. Operculum ovate; nucleus apical. 1. E. lignaria, t. 89. f. 3, 9. ** Onerculum small, broad, subtrigonal ; nucleus apical; varices acute, foliaceous. 4, PERSONA. Shell ovate; spire conic, with three sharp-edged dilated varices on each two whorls ; aperture sinuous ; lip veined. Operculum small, broad. 1. P. anus, t. 85. f. 4. 2. P. cancellina, ddams, Gen. Moll. t.. 11. f. 2. The head of Persona anus is truncate ; the tentacles subulate ; pro- boscis elongate. Teeth 3-1-3; central with three small lateral and one much larger central denticle; the inner lateral transverse, den- tated on the inner part of edge; the two outer lateral conical, sub- ulate, arched. The operculum triangular, as broad as long. Fam. XV. VERENADA. Shell thin, ventricose, keeled, umbilicated. Aperture larger than the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front. Periostraca horny, rising into hairs at the angles of the shell. The axis placed considerably to the left of the canal. Operculum horny ; nucleus on the front of the outer edge. ; This family is the Buccinoid representative in this group. 44 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 1. VERENA. Character of the family. 1. V. borealis, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. 1.1. f. 1. “Central tooth of Verena borealis Fig. 24. with the base wide, sublunate, the tip Verena borealis. convex, narrow, cutting edge triangular, minutely toothed on each side, and with one sharp point ; lateral teeth, the first with the tip produced, serrated on both sides; second and third simi- lar, claw-like, simple, slightly curved.” —Loven. “Animal of Verena borealis with a short broad head, flanked by subulate tentacles set wide apart, bearing the eyes at the extremities of their thickened lower halves (or connate sustentacula); mouth inferior ; proboscis long, retractile.””—Forbes, p. 361.t. . Teeth 3°1:°3; central triangular, denticulated, with larger central denti- eles ; lateral lanceolate ; inner lateral denticulated on each end near the tip ; outer simple (fig. 24). Verena borealis lives in deep water; it is often obtained from the fish caught on the north coast of America. This genus differs from Trichotropis in the animal having a pro- boscis instead of a rostrum (see that genus). Dr. Loven refers Verena borealis to the Velutine, and Dr. Philippi refers it to the family Velutinacea (Handb. der Conch. 183). B. Mantle siphoned, enlarged, produced over the shell. Shell channeled in front. Operculum none (p. 37). Fam. XVI. SYCOTYPID. Head produced, conical. Tentacles small, near end of the head. Teeth 3°1°3. Mantle enlarged, produced over the shell. Siphon of mantle and canal of shell straight, produced in front. Operculum none. 1. Sycotypvus. Shell obovate, thin, cancellated ; spire short ; mouth large, tapering in front. 1. S. ficus, t. 86. f. 2, t. 261. f.4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 1. 2. S. reticulatus, t. 261. f. 5. C. Mantle not siphoned, more or less covering the shell ; mouth of shell entire. Operculum none (pp. 37, 44). Fam. XVII. VELUTINID. Foot moderate, rounded. Mantle very large, swollen and thick- ened on the edge, often partly covering the shell, with two emargi- OF MOLLUSCA. 45 nations, one branchial on the left, and the other anal. Proboscis elongate, cylindrical, annulated. Jaws two, horny. Tongue-mem- brane short. Shell thin. Aperture large. Operculum none. * Shell short, externally spiral. 1. VELUTINA. Shell spiral, cap-shaped, spirally grooved; aperture roundish ; lips simple. Mantle edge slightly swollen. Foot rather long and wide, truncated in front; gills of two plumes, one of numerous striz, the other inferior, small. Verge compressed. 1. V. levigata, t. 103. f. 6, t.109. f. 10; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. 0.0. f. 7, copied Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 2. ** Central tooth of Velutina haliotidea Fig. 25. strong, subquadrate, transverse; cutting Velutina haliotidea. edge transverse, with one sharp point, toothed on both sides; first lateral EMM IS tooth subquadrate, toothed on the mar- CF gin with ‘ larger pointed tooth, second \¢2~ a PI and third similar, claw-like, simple.” (fig. 25)— Loven. The foot of Velutina is lanceolate, moderate, double in front. Tentacles short, compressed, rather distant at their base, with a slight crest between them. Eyes on the outside of the tentacles near the base. Penis on the right side, large like that of Buccinum, with a subapical conical tip. Operculum none. “ Velutina levigata inhabits deep water. The shell is covered with a rough epidermis, and the strize constitute properly fine ridges, which are crossed by others less distinct ; but when the epidermis is removed, it becomes smooth or faintly striolate, and the shell is then either pure white or pale rose colour. The animal is white, and entirely fills the shell. Tentacula two, tapering, short. Eyes on an enlarged space at the external base of the tentacula. Foot oblong, short, with plain margins; cloak plane, entire ; above the outer tentaculum the male organ appears, in the shape of a short thick obtuse process.”—Johnston, Berw. N. Club, i. 275. 2. Morvixtia. Shell ovate, orbicular, compressed ; spire conical ; whorls three or four ; upper small, last very large, covered with a calcareous incrus- tation? Aperture ovate, very large, nearly the whole length of the shell; outer lip sharp and spreading ; inner lip sharp-edged, mar- gined with a flattened crescent-shaped opake white space. Operculum none. ‘Tentacles thick, rather depressed, near together at the base. Eyes on the outer side near the base. Foot oblong. Mantle thick- ened within in front. Penis large, compressed on the base of the outer side of the right tentacle. 1. M. zonata (Velutina z., Gould, Mass. f. 160). 46 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 3. MARSENINA. Body convex ; mantle edge swollen, covering the edge of the shell. Shell spiral, ear-shaped, the external part covered. Teeth 3°1°3; central rather elongate, broad, with a reflexed denticulated tip ; inner lateral broad, with a triangular curved toothed tip, or outer lateral linear.— Berg, t. 4. f. 14, 15. 1. M. micromphala, Berg, Marsen, t. 4. Ee 26, : 2. M. prodita. Lamellaria prodita, Loven. Magsenin praia. 3. 2M. plicatilis, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. O.O. f. 8, foot produced in front. “The edge of the mantle of M. plicatilis is produced beyond and partly covering the shell.””—Miiller. (=Velutella, Gray.) Central tooth of Marsenina prodita elevated, upper part rounded, wider; cutting edge transverse, with one sharp point, minutely toothed on each side ; lateral teeth suberect, somewhat similar, claw- like; inner side of the first and second furnished with a minute tooth before the bend (fig. 26). ** Shell internally convex, not spiral. 4. Oncuivi0Psis. Body spherical, inflated. Shell internal, horny, not spiral. Teeth 3°1°3; central broad; apex reflexed, dentated ; inner lateral broad, with an elongated reflexed toothed tip ; two outer linear hooked.— Berg, t. 2. f. 15, 16. 1. O. Greenlandica, Berg, Marsen, t. 2. 2. O. carnea, Berg, Marsen, t. 3. D. Mantle not siphoned, enclosed. Mouth of shell entire in front. Shell sunk into the large foot of the animal (p. 37, 44). Fam. XVIII. NATICIDE. Foot very large, much produced in front, as if formed of four lobes, partly covering the shell, which is sunk into its substance. Mantle enclosed. Operculum spiral, horny, sometimes covered with a shelly external coat. Foot folded, so as to form a round canal to admit the water to the gill-cavity on the left side of the shell.—See Voy, Bonite, t. 35. Eyes, when present, immersed in the skin at the centre of the an- terior base of the tentacles. The gills consist of two plumes and some mucous fillets. Muzzle elongated, entirely retractile. Opercular mantle very large. The trunk of Naticide is elongate, quite retractile. Tentacles united by a transverse membrane ; eye-peduncles immersed at the outer base of the tentacles; chin very large; opercular lobe very OF MOLLUSCA. 47 ample ; mantle edge simple; lingual membrane short, linear ; cen- tral tooth unidentate; lateral teeth 3°3; inner broad, toothed; two outer simple, hooked. The animal of Naticide has a very large foot, elevated behind and enveloping a part of the shell, and produced in front, separated on the sides by a transverse groove. : Between the front lobe and thé shell is placed the head, which is more or less hidden, broad and depressed, and provided with flat conical tentacles.—D’ Ord. A. M. 400. Central tooth of Natica pul- Fig. 27.—Natica pulchella, chella strong, wide at the base ; 5 lateral process on each side short, thick ; cutting edge longly re- curved, with three pointed lobes, the middle one largest; lateral teeth first stretched out at the tip and recurved, the middle point larger, the outer smaller and minutely denticulate within, second and third short, claw-like (fig. 27).—Lovén. The Natice are very voracious, and play a conspicuous part in devouring the dead fish and other animals thrown up by the tide. They have the power of perforating shells with a small round hole, and through the aperture they extract the juices and destroy the lives of the otherwise secure inhabitants. Their foot is very large, so as completely to envelope the object on which they prey. They burrow in the sand, so as to be almost entirely concealed by it, and their place is generally indicated by a small heap of sand. The singular nidus in which the animal deposits its egg has been an object of much curiosity and speculation. It is a mass of sand glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at the bottom and broken on one side. The thickness is about that of orange- peel, easily bent without breaking when damp, and when held up to the light will be found to be filled with little cells arranged in quin- cunx order. Lach of these cells contains a gelatinous egg having a yellow nucleus, which is the embryo shell. It is found plentifully about midsummer on every sand-flat where any species of Natice resort. It has been considered as a coral, and called Flustra are- nosa, Eschara lutosa, Alcyonium arenosum, and Discopora crebrum ! —Gould, Mass. 233. The small Natice are often found in the stomachs of fish. Natice have been said to be without any epidermis (or peri- ostraca), but this is an error ; it is found on all these as on all other shells. Many Northern Natice even have a thick hard periostraca. a. Naticina. ‘Shell subglobose, solid; aperture moderate. Oper- culum large, horny, with a calcareous inner layer. 1. Narica. Shell bemispherical, or half-ovate, solid ; spire short ; mouth half- ovate; inner lip flattened. 48 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT * Operculum flat, with many spiral grooves. 1. N. Canrena, t. 50. f. 2. 2. N. hebreea. ** Operculum flat, with two or three marginal grooves. 3. N. Marochiensis, t. 49. f. 3, t. 49. f. 4, t. 50. f. 4. 4. N. maculosa, t. 122. f. 2. 5. N. clausa. *** Operculum with a large convex ridge. 6. N. fulminata. b. Neveritina. Shell subglobose, solid. Operculum large, horny, simple. 2. NEVERITA. Shell depressed; spire depressed; mouth half-ovate; inner lip thickened, callous, with a ceutral cross-groove. 1. N. glaucina, t. 12. f. 12, t. 119. f. 5, t. 50. £1, 3, 6. 2. N. glauca, t. 120. . N. Chemnitzii, t. 122. f. 6; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 3. . N. limbata, t. 118. f. 2. . N. sordida, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. P.P. f. 3. . N. plumbea, t. 49. f. 2. N. monilifera, Adams, Gen. Moll. Fig. 28.—Neverita Alderi. te 22 .f; Qe _ . N. Montagui, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t. P.P. f. 4. . N. Alderi, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. PP fo. 10. N. Canrena, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. P.P. f. 6. The hinder part of the forehead of Neverita glaucina is elevated on the shell so as to hide the very small sessile eyes, which are situated at the base of the tentacula.—Joannis, Mag. Zool. Class. v. t. 37. When the animal withdraws itself into the shell, it contracts the foot, which emits a very large quantity of water from its gill- cavities, or rather the aquiferous tubes. When the animal walks, it sea the front part of its enlarged foot almost from side to side like a feeler. Foot of Neverita castanea very large, roundish-elliptical, thick, with very thin margins, rugose, with very large oblique undulated rugee in its anterior half, its colour dull yellow. Head indistinct, broad; over the mouth a thin-edged rugose flap, having three rounded crenatures, and continuous with the tentacula, which are rather small, rugose, much depressed or flattened, and taper to a fine point ; externally of the tentacula, on each side, a thin rounded lobe, on which are placed in other species the eyes, of which, however, I © © NOooaw OF MOLLUSCA. 49 cannot perceive any traces. Between the mouth and the foot, and parallel to the supra-oral flap, is a larger, thin, smooth, somewhat ‘undulated flap, extending on each side nearly to the middle of the foot in a semicircular manner. The mouth small, proboscidiform, with a large roundish, bright red, lingual or pharyngeal mass. The mantle very thin, opening very widely in front, where it forms a thin, dense, yellowish flap, covering the branchial cavity, of which the surface is smooth; the branchia large. The intestine convo- luted, terminating on the right side of the respiratory cavity ; the liver dull olive, forming the last, very slender turns of the spire ; the ovary pale yellow. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 346. Lingual membrane of Neverita castanea linear, narrow, transpa- rent in front, much dilated, half-ovate, rather acute in front, truncated behind. Teeth 3:1°3, transparent; central rather broad, front edge very broad, produced on each side, apex recurved, with three rather large denticles, the central largest; inner lateral broad, the upper edge of the inner part recurved, entire; outer lateral small, subulate, curved, entire. Animal of Neverita Alderi with a produced globular pink head (or proboscis ?), having the mouth, which is longitudinal and pear- shaped, in front, below which is a little foot-like process ; jaws car- tilaginous, square, toothed in front like a saw; tongue like that of a Littorina, but shorter and broader in proportion; mouth pinkish- white. Between the mantle and head is a sort of veil, which is furnished with two distant triangular tentacula, one of which is colourless, and the other pink, dark brown at the tip, but with no trace of an eye. Foot pinkish-white, its sides variegated brown.— Forbes, l. ce. re M. Deslongchamps describes the mantle of Neverita castanea as very large, covering and entirely hiding the shell, like that of Cyprea, but he observes that it is only the right side of the mantle that is produced over the shell; the head and neck are very large, and when all the parts are well developed, the animal has the general appearance of Bullea aperta.— Bull. Sci. Nat. 1825, x. 296. He appears to have mistaken the foot for the mantle. 3. PoLINIcEs. Shell half-ovate, solid; spire conical; mouth half-ovate; inner lip depressed, with a slight central cross-groove. 1. P. mammilla, t. 50.f. 5, t. 122.f.3. (Ruma m.), Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 22. f. 6. 2. P. chrysostoma, t. 122. f. 1. 3. P.? Uber, D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 55. f. 12, 13. 4, MammMiLua. Shell ovate; spire conical; mouth large, open; inner lip rather thickened, reflexed. Operculum large, thin. E 50 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 1. M. melanastoma, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 5, t. 49. f. 1. 2. M. melanastomoidea, t. 49. f. 5. 3. M. fibrosa, t. 122. f. 4. c. Shell subglobose, solid; aperture moderate. Animal and oper- culum unknown. 5. CERVINA. Shell subglobose, solid, polished, imperforated ; mouth semi-ovate ; inner lip callous, rounded. l. C. fluctuata, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 4, shell only. 6. NatTicina. Shell ovate; whorls striated ; axis perforated; spire short; mouth ovate, longitudinal. Allied to Stomatia? 1. N. papilla, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 7, shell only. d. Shell ear-shaped, thin; aperture very large. Operculum very small, rudimentary, horny. Animal: foot very large, tongue- like, often retractile into the shell. 7 7. STOMATIA. Shell depressed, ear-shaped ; spire small; mouth very large, open ; inner lip thin, slightly reflexed. 1. S. Haliotoideum, t.119.f.3. (Catina Leachii), ddams, Gen. Moll. t, 22... 8. S. zonalis, t. 49. f. 6, ?t. 82. f. 2. S. Cymba, t. 119. f. 3, t. 118. f. 1. 8. levigata, t. 122. f. 5. S. Reevesii, t. 121. 8. Leachii, Adams. The animal of Stomatia only differs from Natica in being much larger in respect to the size of the shell, and in being provided with only a small ovate, horny operculum. The size of the animal differs in various species; thus, in S. Cyméa it is capable of being with- drawn into the cavity of the shell, which is not the case with S. Ha- Liotoideum. Stomatia Cymba is very common on the sandy coast two or three yards below the lowest tide; when walking, it elongates and con- tracts the front part of its foot ; only a part of the shell is exposed. Stomatia differs from Natzca in the small size of the operculum, which escaped the observation of M. de Blainville, but which is ver distinctly to be seen in both the specimens he described in the Mu- seum. JBlainville described the shell as covered with the mantle, but the mantle is enclosed and the shell is sunk in the foot.—G@ray, Spic. Zool. ii. 183. > gre Go 89 OF MOLLUSCA. 51 8. AMAURA. “ Animal allied to Natica; foot small, compact, without any pos- terior lobe; the front lobe deeply sinuated. Eyes subcutaneous, situated at the internal base of the lobe. Operculum terminal, few- whorled, horny, thin. Shell ovate, imperforate, small; spire pro- duced ; mouth reversed pear-shaped, about half the length of the shell.”— Miller, Moll. Greenl. 1842, 7. 1. A. candida, J. e. Fam. XIX. NERITOPSID. Animal unknown. Shell semiovate, solid, white, spirally ribbed, nodulose, imperforated. Mouth ovate; inner lip rather flattened, transverse, with a broad central notch. Operculum —— ? 1. NERITOpSIS. Character of family. 1. N. radula. E. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series. * Mantle and mouth of shell angular in front and rather siphoned. Operculum none (or vesicular’). Fam. XX. IANTHINIDA. Head small, with a short inflated retractile proboscis. Teeth in numerous diverging transverse series (fig. 29). Eyes none. Ten- tacula bifid. Gulls double, one with two ranges of lamellee and with Fig. 29.—Teeth of lanthina fragilis. Wn ep rudimentary mucous filaments. Foot small, flat, with a vesicular appendage on the hinder part of the under side. Body and shell spiral. Hermaphrodite, self-impregnating? Eggs contained in a vesicular mass attached to the foot, like Capulus. 1. JTanTHINA. Mantle lax, swelling beyond the edge of the shell, and forming an incipient canal. Tentacles short, conical, pointed, deeply cloven. Eyes obsolete. Foot truncated in front.—Clark, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1853, 47. EL 52 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Shell subconic, thin, last whorl ventricose, subangular; mouth large, subangular in front ; pillar straight, rather produced. 1. I. vulgaris, t. 48. f. 1,5, 6, 7, t. 117 a. f. 2, 4, t. 48. f. 2. 2. I. nana, t. 48. f. 3, 4. Fig. 30.—Janthina fragilis. a. Float, b. Eggs. ce. Gills. d. Tentacles. Foot folded on itself transversely, with the hinder part separate (part of the back?), bent up, thickened, and bearing the vesicular float (operculum ’) (fig. 30). Tentacles and eye-pedicels low down, and placed on the ventral side (above when floating) of the very large exsertile trunk. Operculigerous lobes large, broadly dilated to the end of the foot. The shells of young Ianthine are very blunt, very smooth, shining, with three continuous whorls.—D’ Orb. Cuba, 80. 2. Recuuzia. « Animal allied to Ianthina, and furnished with a vesicular float.” Shell oval or oblong, bucciniform, thin, whitish, covered with a brown periostraca; spire elongate ; whorls ventricose, last longer than the spire; aperture ovate, oblique, rather effaced in front; margin disunited ; lip oblique, rather sinuous in the middle; outer lip acute, entire. Operculum none. 1. R. Jehennei, Petit De la Saussaye, Journ. Conch. 1853, 117. t. 3. f. 3. From Arabian Gulf. 2. R. Rollandiana, t. 3. f. 12. From Mazatlan. ** Mantle and aperture of shell entire. Operculum spiral, horny. Fam. XXI. SCALARIADA. Shell turrited ; whorls variced ; mouth entire. Operculum horny, spiral. Gills a single branchial plume, with some mucous fillets. Mantle fleshy, reflexed on the varix, forming a short, lax branchial fold corresponding with the incipient canal of the shell. Head short, crescent-like ; proboscis strong, fleshy. Tentacles subulate. Foot extended in front; hinder part with a deep longitudinal groove. Teeth in many series, uniform, hook-like, the outer rather larger (fig. 31). Animals emit a quantity of purple fluid. OF MOLLUSCA. 53 1. ScCALARIA. Shell turrited ; spire with regular varices; aperture roundish ; lip reflexed, forming varices. 1. S. clathrus, t. 127. 2. S. pseudoscalaris, t. 127. f. 8. 3. S. Trevelyana, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 1, 2, 3, figured as if it had a tapering rostrum! and distant lateral tentacles. — Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 8. Cirsotrema, Morch, has distant rounded varices, with thin inter- mediate concentric lamelle. C. varicosa, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 9. Fig. 31.—Scalaria Turtoni. The foot of Scalaria Gronlandica is short, thick, nearly quadran- gular. Head elongated, rounded superiorly, not separated from the neck by any distinct line. Tentacles two. Eyes small, at the outer base of the tentacles. Mouth rather large, rounded, corrugated. Operculum horny, strong, opake, of few whorls. It is sluggish in its movements, and feeds eagerly upon fresh beef, especially if some- what macerated. The teeth of Scalaria Trevelyana are numerous, in an angular cross line, and the prehensile collar is very distinct.— Alder. The head of Scalaria pseudoscalaris is obtuse, rather prominent, with an elongated subcylindrical proboscis. The gill is single, pec- tinate. The foot oblong, truncated, and angulated in front. The hinder half of the sole of the foot of Scalaria clathratulus is grooved longitudinally and medially by a deep central depression.— Alder. The mantle forms a distinct fold opposite the lower angle of the mouth of the shell. The foot is narrow, obtusely triangular, and often carried considerably in advance of the head.—Forbes. The shells of Scalaria elegans are collected by the Spaniards at St. Blas to form ear-rings; they are called Caracoles finos. The English species are also used as ornaments. Tribe II. Iniophthalma, Gray. Eyes sessile, on the back of the head, between, and often behind the base of the tentacles. Operculum horny, spiral or annular (p. 10). In the young shell the first whorl is placed across the others, and this character is often to be observed on the apex of the adult shell. 54 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT A. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series (fig. 33). Fam. XXII. ACTEONIDA. Shell spiral, ovate, external. Teeth numerous, uniform, in a diver- ging transverse series as in Bulla (fig.33). Tentacles broad, depressed, united, and forming a shield on the head, notched in front. Eyes on the inner side of the base of the expanded tentacles. Foot mode- rate, dilated and partly reflexed on the sides. Mantle enclosed ; ‘branchial plume single.”” Operculum horny, ovate, spiral; few whorls, with a thin flap on the inner edge. This family has many affinities to Budlide; indeed it may prove to be part of that family.—Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii. 143. Alder and others have placed dcteon in that family. 1, AcTEON. Shell thin, ovate, spirally striated ; spire short, acute ; mouth lanceolate, narrow, rounded, and entire in front; inner lip thin; pillar with a single oblique spiral fuld. Operculum subspiral, horny. 1. A. Tornatilis, t. 128. f. 5; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. V.V.f. 7. The body of Acteon is spiral and compressed; the edge of the mantle free all round, slightly nicked in front, and with a slight fold on the right side. The head is surmounted by two very broad, thin, Fig. 33.—Teeth of Acteon Tornatilis. Fig. 32.—Acteon Tornatilis. expanded, membranaceous tentacula, forming a kind of hood, and separated from each other by a longitudinal groove; each of them has a slit near the middle of its outer margin, the upper edge of the left being expanded and rounded, while that of the right is much larger, acute, and folded down. These tentacula bear some resem- blance to the double fringed lips of Phasianella (see Cuv. Moll. t. 11. f. 2,3). Head distinct. Eyes ? Mouth sunk in. Foot short, folded across near the anterior part when the animal is con- tracted, slightly nicked anteriorly and rounded behind, The animal is unisexual. The penis exserted, large, situated near the base of the right tentaculum. Branchie pectinate. Operculum horny, exactly the same shape with the mouth of the shell, attached to the upper OF MOLLUSCA. 55 part of the back of the foot, short, truncated, sickle-shaped, thin and pellucid, formed of somewhat concentric striee; the inner front edge is thickened, and the whole of the inner edge, together with the lip, is furnished with a thin membranaceous expansion, which is much broader at the two ends. The use of this thin edge is doubtless to enable the animal to adapt its operculum more exactly to the shape of the mouth of the shell. It has been observed that shells with a toothed columella never have opercula, but many instances may be adduced to the contrary. Trochus Pharaonis is not distinguished in this respect from the other shells of that genus, and the genera Turbinellus, Fasciolaria and Pyramidella are all furnished with opercula.—Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. 183. This description of the ani- mal was from a specimen long kept in spirits. Mr. Alder calls the tentacula the disk. “ Tornatella. Animal Bulla est, et ab illo B. striate parum differt. Pes oblongus, testa parum longior, antice truncatus angulis recurvis uncinatis, postice obtusus, supra operculum parvum ; apertura longe minus, oblongum, corneum gerit, qui striis incrementi cum Muricum, &e. operculo convenit. Caput depressum, sulco profundo a pedo divisum, cum tentaculis coalitum, antice paullo dilatatum, medio excisum, superne sulco mediano longitudinali divisum, postice in lobos duos acutos, lanceolatos, supra testam usque ad medium ejus reflexos terminatum. Oculi duo parvi in medio capite. Color ani- malis albus.”’—PAil. Sicil. ti. 143, 1844; Wiegm. Arch. 1841, 55. t. 5. f. 10 (and Chiaje, t. 77. f. 13). The animal of this genus (Acteon) comes very near to that of Bulla, having a broad lobed disk in front, without tentacles. We find too that the branchial aperture is lateral, the cloak being closed across the front, and open only on the right side, which further confirms us in assigning it a place in this Order (Tectibranchiata). The operculum can scarcely be considered of more than generic importance.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 29. 2. SOLIDULA. Shell thick, solid, ovate, spirally grooved; spire conic, acute; aperture longitudinal, narrow, entire, and rounded in front; inner lip callous ; pillar with two plaits, the anterior grooved and continued into the outer lip. Operculum transverse, elongate, curved, imbri- cate; scar linear. Animal 1. S. neevia. 3. MonoptyemMa. Shell subulately turrited, spirally striated; apex simple, acute ; aperture oval, larger than wide, rounded and entire in front ; colu- mella with a single oblique fold. 1. M. striata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1851, 222. It differs from Acteon in being elongated, and in having an oblique fold instead of a transverse plait on the columella.— Adams. 56 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT B. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven longitudinal series, 3°1°3. Ten- tacles cylindrical (p. 54). Fam. XXIII. CERITHIOPSIDA. -Eyes on the upper imner base of the tentacles. Tentacles close together in front, cylindrical. Proboscis 2? Foot elongate, much produced and double-edged in front, tapering behind. “Teeth 3:1-°3; central large, bifid; lateral linear.””—Alder, MSS. Oper- culum annular, nucleus apical. 1. CERITHIOPSIS. Shell turrited ; mouth ovate; canal short, open, rather bent up. Operculum ovate, triangular, apex acute.— Addams, t. 25. f. 5a. 1. C. tubercularis, Forbes § Hanley, B M.t. 0.0. f.1, 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 5. Head rather broad and short, flanked by two obtusely subulate tentacles, widening slightly at their bases, with more slender flat tips. Eyes rather close together, towards the centre of the tentacle- base. Mouth inferior, furnished with a retractile proboscis. Tongue armed with teeth, which appear to resemble in their arrangement those of Trichotropis. Mantle not reflected, furnished with a rudimentary siphonal fold (not extended beyond the shell). Foot obloug, sub- ‘quadrate in front, where it is furnished superiorly with a mentum, obtuse behind, grooved for half its length below, the groove termi- nating in a perforation. Operculigerous lobe well developed. Oper- culum corneous, of concentric elements; nucleus terminal. Shell like Cerithium. Teeth of Cerithiopsis tubercularis 3° 1+ 3, in seventy cross rows ; central tooth broad, ovate, with two small divergent apical teeth ; lateral all similar, elongate, hooked at the tip. Operculum oblong, rather more angular at the hinder end; subannular nucleus small, on the front inner side. The foot of Cerithiopsis is usually carried in advance of the ten- tacles; there is a distinct margined operculigerous lebe without wings or caudal appendages. : The Cerithiopsis inhabits quiet sheltered pools on the shores among the minor Algze, and it is very lively. There can scarcely be a greater contrast than between it and Cerithium reticulatum, which has the entire aspect of an elongated Rissoa, whereas this is an un- doubted Canalifer, with evident relations to Hudima and Chemnitzia. —Clark, 492. Mr. Stimpson, from the examination of the animal, refers Ceri- thium terebrale and C. Emersonii, Gould, to the genus Cerithiopsis. —Stimpson, Test. N. Eng. 45. Mr. Forbes refers this genus to the family Cancellariad@ with Trichotropis.—Brit. Mcll. ii. 364. OF MOLLUSCA. 57 C. Gymnoglossa. Teeth none. Tentacula folded (p. 54, 56). Fam. XXIV. PYRAMIDELLIDA. Shell turrited; nucleus and apical whorls reversed, transverse. Mouth moderate ; pillar-lip plaited. Operculum horny, spiral, of few whorls, with a thin flap on the inner side. Tentacula broad, folded. Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. Foot moderate. Mantle enclosed. Teeth none or rudimentary. a. Shell free; pillar-lip plaited. Operculum spiral. 1. OBELIScUS. Shell turrited, spiral ; cavity marked with internal varices ; mouth ovate; outer lip often toothed; pillar with three or four oblique plaits in front. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral, with a notch.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 5a. 1. O. maculatus, t. 123. f. 13. 2. O. ventricosus, t. 123. f. 10, 12. 2. PyRAMIDELLA. Shell turrited. Operculum narrow.—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f.4 b,c. 1. P. auris-catti, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 4. 3. OposTomia. Shell turrited; mouth ovate ; pillar lip with a single oblique plait in front. 1. O. spiralis, t. 125. f. 4 (“not correct,” dider), t. 128 a. f.3; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. F.F. f. 8, 9. 2. O. interrupta, t. 128 a. f. 4. 3. O. clavula, t. 128 a. f. 2. The animal of Odostomia spiralis is white, and has the tentacles ear-shaped or longitudinally folded, with the eyes at the internal base. Characters as in the genus Chemnitzia. The figure given in the Annals of Nat. Hist. xii. t. 8. f. 13, is deficient in not displaying this character ; from the minuteness and transparency of the animal, the folds of the tentacles can only be seen in a favourable light.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 52, 1848. Animal of Odostomia strong, depressed. Head broad. Tenta- cles ear-shaped, externally channeled in front ; hinder lamella more or less produced on the nape ; front one thin, often connate, with the opposite one before the eyes. Eyes large, immersed without bearer between the base of the tentacles. Proboscis retractile under the base of the tentacles when evolved, broader than the nape, as long or longer than the foot, round, attenuated at the end. Mouth minute, edentulous? Chin elevated, separate from the foot, broader above. 58 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Foot broad, depressed, truncated in front, sharp, angulated or nicked, vibrating, narrow in the middle, tongue-shaped behind. Opercu- ligerous lobe moderate, with a conical appendage at each side. The mantle with a thin, tongue-shaped, channeled process on the right. —Loven, Moll. Scand. 18, 1846. As the apex of the young shell of Odostomia in the egg is hetero- stroph, it might be supposed that the adult would be hable to be twisted in this manner, but this is not the case. Mr. Jeffrey has justly remarked (dun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1848, 333): “ Although I have examined many hundred specimens of Odostomie from almost every part of the kingdom, I have only once met with a reversed shell, and which I referred to the Turbo levis of Walker (f. 35) ; but the specimen was unfortunately broken, after having been many years in my cabinet. I considered it to be a monstrosity of Odo- stomia pallida.” b. Shell free ; pillar-lip smooth. 4, CHEMNITZIA. Head broad, bilobed in front; proboscis elongate; tentacles flat- tened, tapering, triangular or ear-shaped ; eyes on the inner side of their base ; foot short, triangular, lanceolate, with a distinct fold or mentum in front. Shell turrited; whorls many, striated and cross- ribbed, opake ; apex sinistral, heterostroph ; aperture oblong or sub- quadrate ; lip thin ; pillar-lip straight. Operculum horny, subspiral. 1. C. rufa, Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. F.F. f. 4. 2. C. scalaris, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 5. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 6. 3. C. rufescens, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 4. C. MacAndrei, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. Scillee, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 8. Animal of Chemnitzia nivea white; head short; tentacles tri- angular, very broad, with the eyes at nearly the middle of their bases ; foot elongate, with an acuminated indentation at the anterior extremity.—Stimpson, Test. N. Eng. 40. Chemnitzia MacAndrei and C. acicula have been referred to Eu- lima. Professor E. Forbes has more recently proposed for them the genus Lulimella, but we prefer considering them to belong to Chemnitzia, from which they only differ in the more polished surface of their shell. The apical nucleus and the form of the aperture in- dicate their place in this genus, independently of the animal, which, according to our observations, is essentially the same in each.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 50. Chemnitzia. “Animal illi Lulimarum simillimum, sed probosei- diferum ; sic describitur: Animal corpore admodum spirali, pallio sim- plice, ecanaliculato ; pede antice abrupte truncato, postice attenuato, exappendiculato, operculifero; tentacula duo triangularia (triquetra), s. prismatica, basi coalita, oculis sessilibus, superne ad basim inter- nam (?) positis, approximatis. Buccze labiales coalite, infra tenta- Turbonilla s., 6. f.7. Eulimella OF MOLLUSCA. 39 cula exserta, proboscidem abbreviatam, depressam, profunde emargi- natam seu bilobam referentes. Operculum corneum, tenue, ovatum, integrum (paucispiratum ? simplex ?),”” —PAhelippi, Sicil. ii. 136. Animal of Chemnitzia simillima white. Tentacles blunt, lanceo- late, broad, set far apart. Foot oblong, truncated, tapering behind. Mentum two-lobed.—Forbes. The retractile proboscis of the Chemnitzie is very rarely evolved. The orifice of the rostrum is not precisely in the position of the pro- boscidal fissure in Muricide ; it is not quite so low in the fork, though exactly under the tentacula at the point of the invasion of the neck, and its continuation the rostrum, by those organs.—Clark, 398, 399. Eulima and Chemnitzia.— Lingual siphon very long, flat, unarmed, quite smooth ; the inner cylinder has the appearance of a shagreened, roughened portion, like the prehensile collar of Buceinum.—Clark. Operculum of Chemnitzia horny or subtestaceous, suboval, subspi- ral; the lower area under the nucleus furnished with an apophysis.— Clark. The branchial plume of Chemnitzia Gulsone is narrow, arcuated, of about 15-18 rather coarse opake strands, with the heart and auricle at the posterior end. The rostrum of Chemnitzia plicata is long, presenting at its termi- nation a subcircular or squarish flat disk ; it issues from under the coalition of the tentacular membranes, and is attached to the foot by a bridle ; the fissure of the retractile proboscis is at the upper basal portion of the rostrum just below the eyes.—Clark, Moll. 522, App. The tentacula of Chemnitzia clavula are extraordinarily short and broad, im consequence of the auricular portions that spring from their external margin unfolding and forming a large, fine, arcuated mem- branaceous leaf. Mr. Clark observes: Chemnitzia acuta shows in a marked manner that the rostrum or mentum is really the head of the animal ; it is channeled from its termination to its base, at which point, between and just under the eyes, the fissure is evident, from which is evoluted a long proboscis. The anteal portion of the rostrum is without any sort of orifice, but it is probably a tentacular aid, and also one of progression.— Moll. 522. 5. Evuima. Shell turrited, thin, polished externally. Mouth ovate ; outer lip rather sinuous; pillar lip simple, rather thickened. Operculum half-ovate.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25.f.16. Tentacles elongate, nearly united at the base. Animal creeps with the foot greatly in advance of the head, which is almost always concealed beneath the edge of the aperture of the shell, the tentacles alone protruding. 1. E. distorta, t. 125. f. 11; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 4. 2. E. polita, t. 125. f.12; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 3. 3. E. grandis, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 1. 60 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT In Eulima polita the animal is white, except the tentacles and margin of the mentum, which are deep golden-yellow. The liver, as seen through the shell, is green in #. distorta, and purplish in E. polita.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 47. These are the prevailing colours of the genus, but the disposition of them is different in different species, and appears to be sufficiently permanent to be taken as a specific character. The animal of Hulima distorta has two long subulate tentacles, with very large eyes at their posterior base. The foot is slender, much produced in front, and has a bilobed flap (mentum of Lovén) on its upper surface. The body is yellow, beautifully variegated with carmine, which forms an irregular band on each side; the ten- tacles and foot white. The animal of Eulima oleacea is white, hyaline. Tentacles almost joining each other at their bases, where on the exterior sides are the eyes, which may be seen through the shell when, as is usually the case, the head does not project beyond it. Foot short, broad, slightly produced at the anterior angle, the lobe above projecting rather beyond it.—Stimpson, Shells N. Eng. 40. The proboscis of Hulima polita has'a very long unarmed lingual riband, without the least appearance of spinous processes.—Clark, Moll. 449. The retractile proboscis of ulima is very similar to that of Chem- nitzia ; it consists of two retractile tubes, an inner and an outer one, asin Murex undatus. Though the long flat tongue appears quite smooth, there is nevertheless, in the inner cylinder, the appearance of ashagreened, roughened portion, which may be tantamount to the denticular portion of the inner tube of Murex undatus.—Clark, Moll. 449. The verge of Eulima polita springs under the right tentaculum ; it is rather long, flat and falcate at the end ; branchial plume single. The Hulime are extremely free and vivacious; they delight in swim- ming, and march with celerity.— Clark, Moll. 450. What has been called the mentum in Eulima is an integral part of the disk of the foot. Lovén does not mention one.— Clark, 449. 6. Nisso. The shell differs from ZHulima in the axis being umbilicated. Operculum half-ovate.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 2. 1. N. terebellum. 7. LEIOSTRACA. Shell subulate; whorls many, flat, polished ; outer lip simple, acute ; pillar lip smooth, axis imperforated. Mouth ovate, narrow. Operculum horny. Tentacles two, long, subulate, close together at their base, with the eyes immediately behind them. Foot extended in front, with a bi- OF MOLLUSCA. 61 lobed flap on the upper surface in front. Head seldom protruded beyond the transparent shell.— Alder. 1. L. bilineata, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 3. Eulima b., Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 5. 8. MeNEsTHO. “ Animal: Foot elongate, narrow. Mouth simple; lingual mem- brane none. Tentacles short, thick. Eyes small, at the inner base of the tentacles. Operculum few-whorled. Shell conical, turrited.”’ —Moller. 1, M. albula, Moller, MSS., cop. Gray, Fig. Moll. t. 125. f. 2, & Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 10. 9. AcLis, Shell turrited ; whorls many, convex, striated. Mouth oval or rounded ; pillar lip without folds; axis perforated or subperforated. 1. A. supernitida, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. M.M. f. 5, & Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 9. Animal of Aclis supernitida slender, head truncate. Tentacles slender, cylindrical, rather inflated at the tip, close at the base. Eyes immersed, basal, rather lateral. Proboscis long, strong, retractile. Tongue armless. Chin free. Foot very narrow, produced. Oper- culigerous lobe unequal, right side larger, three- or four-plicate, left side with a rounded lobe. Operculum ?—Loven. The animal of Aclis supernitida with an elongate produced men- tum, rather enlarged, truncated at the end. Tentacles two, lateral, far back. Eyes on the inner side of the base of the tentacles, seen through the shell. 10. Hyawa. Shell subcylindrical ; whorls rounded, last very large; axis imper- forate; outer lip acute. Animal: muzzle bilobate. Tentacles sub- ulate, flattened, blunt. Eyes small, basal, superior, and central. Foot broad, two-lobed in front. Operculum roundish, thin. 1. H. vitrea (Risso v.), Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t.M.M. f. 6; cop. Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 34. f. 7. c. Shell living in holes in starfish or on spines of Echini. Opercu- lum none? ll. Sryntina. Shell subglobose, thin, smooth, polished; whorls many; apex acuminated, produced, styliform; mouth rather large, subovate, rounded before ; pillar lip thin, curved, smooth. Tentacles slender, cylindrical, with the small immersed eyes at their external bases. Mantle thick, fleshy, reflexed on the last whorl of the shell. Foot large, long, tongue-shaped, produced into 62 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT a conspicuous mentum in front. Tongue unarmed. A single bran- chial plume. 1. 8. ovoidea, n. s. t. 126 a. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 4. 2. 8. -——, n.s. t. 126. f. 5. 3. S. Turtoni, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 0.0. f. 5. In the original description of the animal the contracted foot appears to have been described as the mantle partly covering the shell.—Sow. Genera, t. The animal of Stylina Turtoni is white, with a rather large foot, without any operculum, a round head with two cylindrical tentacles, and minute eyes at the external or posterior base. No portion of the shell was covered with the fleshy part, but I am not certain that in a state of vigour the animal has no power of extending some part of the mantle or foot over it. The animal has much the appearance of an Eulima. It has no large anterior disk, like Natica. The remains of the animal examined under the microscope did not show any denticulated tongue.—Alder, Cat. Moll. Newe. 46. Otolites of Stylina Turtoni circular, with a central dot. Gills? a single series of triangular lobes. No lingual band visible in the two specimens I have examined. Mouth breaks up into squarish angular fragments, not crystalline, perhaps horny.—Alder, MSS. Like Hulima the shell is often curved. Some species appear to live attached to the spines of Echini, while others are only found imbedded in the substance of starfish. The Stylina stylifera of Macgillivray is described from the shell of a young exotic Bulimus.—Jeffreys. 12. EnroconcHa. “Shell obovate, smooth; whorls very rapidly enlarging; spire short, very blunt, tip not produced; aperture transverse, semilunar, angulated above, rounded beneath, margin disunited ; pillar edge straight ; mouth nearly as long as broad. Operculum not spiral.” 1. E. mirabilis, J. Miller, Berlin Acad. 1852 ; Zool. Arch. 1853, 102. Living in Synapta digitata. Fam. XXV. ARCHITECTOMID&. Shell conical, depressed, having an wmbilicated axis. Foot mode- rate, for walking. Tentacula near together, nearly united at their base, over the retractile trunk, grooved beneath. Gill-cavity divided by a longitudinal fold. 1, ARCHITECTOMA. Shell conical ; whorls few, square. Operculum ovate, flat, few- whorled.— Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 25. f. 6 a, b. OF MOLLUSCA. 63 1, A. perspectiva (Solarium p.), Quoy, t. 41. f.5; Hydoua, t. 126. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 6. The foot of Architectoma perspectiva is very large, broad, folded together on each side in the front half; the front edge truncated, double-edged, rather produced, acute on each side of the front. Tentacles two, conical, close together at the base, with a longitudinal groove on the under side to the apex. Eyes on the upper part of the outer side of their base. Proboscis very long, cylindrical, com- pletely retractile. Teeth none? 2. Torinta. Shell conical; whorls square. Operculum circular, elevated, conical, of many whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 7 a, 6, ¢. 1. T. cylindrica. Solarium variegata, Quoy, t. 41. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 7. The tentacles of Torinia straminea conical, rather thick, close together at the base. Foot small; angle of the front —_ fig, 34, edge rather produced, conical. Operculum thick, horny, yellow, circular, as large as the mouth of the shell, concave externally, annular, formed of several concentric circles; the inner smaller, most distinct ; the outer edge thinner; inner side convex, with a large central conical and more flexible thick yellow process, half as long as the diameter of the operculum, with a rather acute tip (fig. 34). 3. BIFRONTIA. Shell discoidal; whorls square, last produced, separate. Opercu- lum like Torinta.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 9 6. 1. B. Zanclea (Omalaxis Z.), ddums, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f.9 (shell and operculum only). Fam. XXVI. TYLODINADA. Shell conical, depressed; cavity very broad, simple. Animal like Odostomia. Teeth q 1. TYLoDINA. 1. T. punctata, t. 103. f. 7. 2. T. citrina, t. 103. f. 1. Lovén describes the body of Tylodina Duebenii as oblong, without any rostrum. Chin deeply cut; lobes lanceolate. Tentacles ear- shaped. Gill dextral. Anus behind, subtubular. Foot strong, thick ; sole ovate. Shell ovate, depressed, conical, obsoletely radi- ated; apex with two reversed sinistral whorls. Lovén observes that this genus has the same alliance to Odostomia as Emarginula to Trochus. 64 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Suborder III. Rostrirera, Gray. Head moderate, with a more or less elongated, produced, contractile, transversely annulated rostrum. Tentacles subulate, far apart on the sides of the base of the rostrum. Eyes on the outer side or behind the base of the tentacles. Teeth on an elongated, linear, lin- gual membrane, partly received in the visceral cavity, in seven series, 3°1°3,; the central and inner lateral fixed, with a broad base; the two outer lateral versatile, suberect ; the upper edge lobed. Phytophagous. I. Platypoda. Foot depressed, expanded: for crawling. a. Eyes pedicelled. 6. Eyes sessile, basal, exterior. c. Eyes sessile, basal, interior and posterior. II. Protopoda. Foot roundish, truncate or clavate. III. Leptopoda. Foot compressed: for leaping. a. Eyes pedicelled. 6. Hyes sessile. IV. Heteropoda. Foot compressed, fin-like, with a small sucker. I. Platypoda, Gray. Foot depressed, expanded : for crawling. I. Podophthalma. Eyes on the top of cylindrical peduncles, separate from and at the outer side of the base of the elongate subulate tentacles. Fam. I. AMPULLARIADA. Rostrum produced, divided into two elongated subulate lobes. Tentacles filiform. Eyes peduncled. Gill one, rudimentary. Mantle with a large pulmonary sac on each side. Foot and opercular mantle simple. Operculum annular, regular. Mantle with a more or less elongate siphon in front. Male organ on the edge of the mantle, Shell subglobose. Periostraca hard, polished, olive. Mouth entire. Peristome continuous. Fluviatile. Oviparous. Eggs globular, deposited in masses on plants, &c. The length of the peduncle of the eye in Ampullaria varies in different species; in some it is well marked; in others the eye appears to be only placed on a small tubercle at the base of the ten- tacles. The Ampullaria live chiefly in marshes which are subject to inun- dation; they are never found in rapid running streams. They are generally abundant, and cover a large space of country. They live OF MOLLUSCA. 65 a long time out of water when the marshes dry up. They afford nourishment to the marsh birds, especially the large Rails. § Siphon not produced. Operculum horny, with shelly internal coat. Peristome thickened. 1. Pacuystoma. Shell subglobose; spire short. Peristome continuous, thickened on the edge within; nucleus subcentral. Operculum horny, with a shelly internal coat.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 1 a, 6. 1. P. fasciata, t. 47. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 37.f. 1. 2. P. Cebensis, t. 47. f. 1, 2 & 4. 2. ASOLENE. Shell subglobose ; spire short; aperture oval; inner lip slightly thickened ; outer thin? Operculum horny, with an internal shelly coat ; nucleus lateral, anterior ; siphon not exposed. 1. A. Plate, t. 47*. f. 4. Asolene Plate is found in small marshes on the sands near the La Plata, at the roots of water plants; its movements are very slow, and it seldom comes out of its shell. §§ Siphon of mantle elongate, produced. Operculum horny, simple. Peristome thin. 3. Marisa. Shell discoidal, largely umbilicated. Peristome simple. Oper- culum horny (Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 3). Siphon elongate. 1. M. cornu-arietis. Ampullaria c., Lamk.; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 3. 4, AMPULLARIA. Shell subglobose, perforated; mouth large. Peristome simple, thin. Operculum horny, dextral (Adams, Gen. Moll. f. 2 a, 6) (fig. 35). Siphon elongate. A. zonata, t. 47*. f. 2. Fig. 35.—Operculum of A. Rossii, t. 47*. f. 1. Ampullaria, A. scalaris, t.47**. f.2; ddams, Gen. Moll. = t. 37.4.2. A. Ureus, Troschel, Wiegm. Arch. 1845, 197. A. A. A. t. 8 (anat. f. 3, teeth). canaliculata, t. 47**. f. 1. insularum, t. 117. f. 1. te LILA fe 2k Lingual membrane of Ampullaria ? linear elongate. Teeth 3°1°3; central broad, short ; apex slightly recurved, with a strong ¢entral tooth and a small toothlet on each side; inner lateral tooth F Mog f whe 66 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT broad, the inner part of the upper edge slightly reflexed, entire ; outer lateral teeth subulate, curved. Lingual membrane of Ampullaria from Pernambuco broad, brown. Fig. 36.—Ampullaria canaliculata. s. Siphon. o. Operculum. Teeth 3°1°3,; central broad, with seven teeth; the central larger, broad triangular or lance-shaped; lateral conical, smaller, outer smallest ; inner lateral oblong trigonal, with a reflexed front edge, entire; two outer lateral compressed, subulate, curved, acute at the tip. Fig. 37.—Teeth of Ampullaria. The animals of Ampullaria scalaris, A. canaliculata, and A. insula- rum have a very long exserted tapering siphon from the left side of the mantle, with a groove along its upper edge; 4. Roissit and A. zonata a shorter truncated one, with a groove along its upper edge. -Asolene Plate is without any appearance of this part. Their siphons differ from the siphon of the Zoophagous Mollusca in the edge being bent up and not down, leaving the groove along its upper and not its lower edge. The gills of Ampullaria are formed of a series of triangular laminz placed in a line down the right side of the branchial cavity, close by the side of the colon and ovarian tubes. A small mass of lamelle on the outer left angle of the cavity; the rest of the cavity filled with a large fleshy bag open by a wide slit. Tentacles conical, elon- gate. Eyes on short tubercles, separate from but close to the outer base of the tentacles. Head short, the front of the side expanded into short, conical, tentacle-like lips. Foot simple, folded across OF MOLLUSCA. 67 when contracted. From the tentacles on each side to the base of the edge of the respiratory cavity is a continued broad flat plate, which is largest on the left side, and which appears to be bent up, so as to form a canal to conduct the water to the respiratory cavity. The one on the right side is folded, and gives origin to a fleshy ridge, which extends up the right side close to the side of the colon, and is continued to the top of the respiratory cavity. The penis is conical, elongate, near the tentacle, and enclosed in a bivalve sheath, with the thickened margin to the right side of the collar. They live a very long time out of water. Specimens have been brought alive from Egypt and India, kept dry in sawdust. The Ampullarie appear to differ in size according to the soil on which they happen to live. In sandy places they are small and thin; where the soil is more muddy the specimens are larger.— D Orbigny. The Ampullaria insularum of La Plata is found on the large aquatic plants in the marshes on the side of the river, especially such as have a muddy bottom. They lay their large red eggs in groups, in March. They live many months out of the water. They are eaten by the Rails and other water birds, who often break the operculum, the only vulnerable part, to get at the animal. Ampullaria canaliculata is generally found on rushes and aquatic herbs; it also often glides on the surface of the water, shell down- wards. The animal is generally expanded, but it contracts with the least touch. It walks slowly, its tentacles being in constant move- ment. In October its ovaries are filled with a mass of rose-coloured eges; they are laid in November, on branches under water attached to a tree or bush out of the water. These eggs are a beautiful rose colour, with a whitish bloom. At the end of two or three days each group is closed; the eggs are then protected by a chalky pellicle, formed by exposure to the air. At the end of fifteen or twenty days, the young animals, which are of a pure rose colour, appear covering all the plants. If rain does not occur within this time, the eggs do not hatch, but the animals perish in the eggs from the drought. The young and old are eaten by the Wading birds, which often take the older ones to a branch of a tree and let them fall, so as to break the shell, and thus get at the animal; many shells so broken are to be seen at the roots of the trees. 5. PomELua. Shell half-ovate, solid, striated, imperforate; mouth very large ; inner lip concave. Peristome simple, thin. Operculum horny, dex- tral, on right margin (Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 4 a, 6) ; inner lip coneave ; shell striated. 1. P. ueritoides. The operculum of Pomella neritoides is thick, horny, as large as the mouth of the shell, with the nucleus on the middle of the inner straight edge. They are found at the mouth of the Rio Uruguay or Ampullaria River. They are most like a giant Neritina. F2 68 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 6. LANISTEs. Shell sinistral, subdiscoidal, perforated ; mouth ovate; lips simple. Operculum horny, sinistral, or with nucleus on left margin.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 5 a, 6 (upside down). African. 1. L. Bolteniana. 2, L. ovum, Troschel, Naturg. 1845, t. 8. The animal of Lanistes is very like the Ampullarie. The front of the head is bifid; the concave processes of the forehead and the tentacles are spirally twisted when contracted. There is a plate on each side of the body, forming a canal on the neck. The penis is contracted on the right side of the edge of the mantle. The air-bag is distinct. Operculum horny, with a subcentral nucleus. Teeth on lingual membrane 3:1°3; the central and inner lateral curved, three-lobed ; the two outer lateral subulate, hooked.—Hrichson, Arch. 1845, t. 8. f. 6. 7. MELADOMUS. Shell ovate, sinistral; spire conical; whorls convex ; periostraca olive; mouth ovate; lips simple. Animal ? Operculum horny, sinistral ; nucleus subcentral, rather near the left margin.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 6 a, 6. 1. M. olivaceus. II. Edriophthalma. yes sessile or nearly so, at the outer side of the base of the subulate tentacles. A. Cryptocochlea, Gray. Mantle of adult animal expanded and often refleced over the shell, which has a polished appearance. Fam. Il. AMPHIPERASID. Shell involute. Mouth linear; inner lip smooth. Lateral teeth on tongue-membrane; outer rugulose, broad, digitately lobed (fig.38). Canal elongate, produced. Mantle lobes expanded, covering the sides of the shell, bearded externally. The shell, when young, spirally striated; when adult, covered Fig. 38.—Teeth of Amphiperas ovum. with a smooth enamel coat; the inner lip toothless, and the outer toothed or crenated ; the anterior and posterior canal mostly elon- gated, straightish. OF MOLLUSCA. 69 1. AMPHIPERAS. Shell ovate, ventricose ; the outer lip broad, inflexed, rounded, crenulated ; extremities short; front of columella rounded ; mantle- edge simple. Foot large, expanded. 1. A. ovum, t. 29. f. 1, 2, t. 30. f. 3, t. 105. f. 4. 2. A. torile, t. 33. f. 3, 5. 3. A. dentatum, t. 86a. f. 6, t. 261. f. 3. 2. CALPURNUS. Shell fusiform ; outer lip inflexed, toothed ; ends short, curved ; hinder with a tooth on the inner side; front of columella expanded beneath. * Outer lip broad. 1. C. verrucosus, t. 36. f. 2, t. 85a. f. 5. ** Outer lip inflexed, rounded, narrow, toothed. 2. C. adriaticus, t. 105. f. 7. *** Quter lip slightly inflexed, narrow, keeled externally, with edge shelving inwards. 3. C. pyriformis, Sow. 3. ULtimus. Shell fusiform ; outer lip thickened, inflexed, toothless; extremi- ties short ; front of the columella flattened ; hinder part with a fold, obliterated by age. Rostrum moderate. Tentacles linear, subulate, elongate. Eyes subsessile, basal. Mantle lobes expanded over the shell, smooth externally. Siphon produced. Foot elongate, rather truncate in front, produced behind. 1. U. patula (Volva p.), Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. N.N. f. 1-4. * 4. Rapivs. Shell spindle-shaped ; the outer lip thickened, slightly inflexed, toothless; the front of the columella rounded, the extremities more or less produced, elongate. * Extremities very long. 1. R. volva, t. 86a. f. 3. ** Hoetremities moderate. 2. R. spelta, t. 105. f. 6. The smaller Radii are found on Gorgoniz at the low-water mark of spring tides at Panama. The light-coloured specimens of Radius variabilis are found on cream-coloured Gorgonie, and the purple ones on Gorgonie of the same (purple) colour.—C. B. Adams, l. c. 256. “70 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Fam. II]. CYPRHADA. Shell ventricose, involute. Mouth linear; lips toothed. Canal recurved like a notch. Rostrum short. Tentacles elongate, subu- late. Eyes external, basal. Mantle expanded on the sides. Gill with a siphon at each end, in a single series. Lateral teeth on tongue-membrane conical, curved. Shell of young smooth. Oper- culum none. The individuals of the same species vary greatly in size, in the thickness of the base and margin, in the general form, and rarely in the size of the teeth; their most constant characters are the form of the front of the columella, the number of the teeth, and the general distribution of the colour. The great difference in size of the adults of the same species has been attempted to be explained by the theory that the animals shed their shells as the lobsters do their skin; but this is not the case; young shells may be found of all the various sizes. Individuals are to be found of most of the species which have had a coat of enamel (generally similar in colour to the margin) which has been deposited on their backs, after they have arrived at their full colour; sometimes this coat is blistery. The young specimens, before the mouth of the shell is formed, have the mantle on the pillar side dilated and bearded, and of the outer side simple, with a slightly thickened edge. The foot is trun- cated. The tentacles subulate, far apart on each side of the trunk ; eyes on small tubercles at the outside of the base of the tentacles. Foot simple, folded longitudinally when contracted ; the lobes of the mantle often covered with tentacles. The young shells (fig. 39) greatly resemble the shell of Budlina in general Fig. 39.—Cyprea testudinaria. form, but they are distinguished from Young shell. it by the inner lip not being thickened or elevated. The young shell of most of the species is smooth, but the young of Cyprea pustulata is covered with regular, spiral, rather flat-tipped con- centric ridges, with equal wide grooves between them ; and the nucleus of Cy- prea nigropunctata, which is only to be seen in the young shell, is finely, concentrically and spirally ridged, so as to be closely and acutely cancellated. The young shells under some particular circumstances have a ridge round the inner part of the outer lip, which is sharp, compressed, and strongly denticulated in front. These shells appear to have belonged to an animal which for some reason was prevented from forming a proper mouth to the shell. The animal of C. arabica is black-brown, with a yellow edge to OF MOLLUSCA. 71 the foot ; of C. carneola red, and white dotted; of C. felina pale, black dotted; of C. Talpa black, with small white specks; of C. caput serpentis brown, covered with red spotted tentacles. * Inner lip with a well-defined ridge in front. 1. Cyprma. Shell ovate, polished ; spire hidden; lip toothed ; anterior and posterior canal distinct, recurved ; front of pillar lip smooth, broad, deeply impressed, edged with a single large oblique fold in front, separated from the teeth by a deep groove. Fig. 40.—Teeth of Cyprea helvola. Central tooth of Cyprea helvola small, wider at the base; cutting edge with a large lobe in the middle, and a smaller one on each side ; lateral teeth somewhat similar; first smaller, with long hooks; a tooth on the outside at the bend, and a small tooth on the inside near the end (fig. 40).—Loven. a. Shell smooth ; columellar pit transversely ridged ; teeth of inner lip generally long. . C. stercoraria, t. 34. f. 8, t. 35. f. 4. . C. Tigris, t. 30. f. 1, 2, t. 82. f19,t. 35. f 63. C. Tigrina, t. 31. f. 3, t. 35. f. 5. C. mauritiana, t. 31. f. 1, t. 35. f. 2, t. 36. f. 5, young. C. arabica, t. 33. f. 6, t. 34. f. 1, t. 83a. f. 5. . C. vitellus, t. 34. f. 5. Soh who b. Shell smooth ; columellar pit (nearly) smooth ; teeth of inner lip short or indistinct. 7. C. Talpa, t. 31. f. 2 = Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 28. f. 1. 8. C. Isabella, t. 36. f. 3. c. Shell: back warty (rarely smooth), base ridged. 9. C. nucleus, t. 34. f. 4. d. Shell with transverse ribs. 10. C. Childreni. e. Shell with longitudinal and transverse ribs. 11. C. Adamsonii. 72 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 2. ARICIA. Shell ovate, smooth, polished; spire hidden ; lips toothed ; canal recurved ; front of pillar flat, or nearly so, and cross-ridged, with a distinct fold in front, separated from the teeth by a deep groove. a. Margin of the shell pitted on the upper edge. 1. A. erosa, Fig. Moll. t. 33. f.1,2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 261. f. 2. b. Margin entire; teeth of both lips extended more or less over the base. . annulus, t. 34. f. 6. . Moneta, t. 34. f. 9. . caput serpentis, t. 33. f. 4. . Caurica, t. 261. f. 1. . variolaria, t. 34. f. 3. . rufa, t. 35. f. 1-3. . cribraria, t. 34. f. 2. GON STB Go bo PPP >> bb c. Margin entire; teeth of inner lip very small, forming a slight ridge ; front of columellar lip slightly concave, produced, and toothed internally. 9. A. angustata. 3. Naria. Shell ovate, polished ; spire hidden ; lips toothed; front of the columella narrow, dilated into a sharp-toothed ridge, with a distinct fold in front, separated from the teeth by a deep groove. 1. N. irrorata. ** Inner lip without a distinct fold in front. 4. Trivia. Shell subglobose, cross-ribbed; aperture toothed ; front of the pillar internally concave, ribbed, without any distinct fold in front. Rostrum short. Tentacles elongate, linear. Eyes basal, sessile. Mantle produced, nearly covering the shell, smooth externally. Foot elongate, truncated in front, elongated and much produced behind the shell. Siphon elongate, produced in front. a. Mouth wide ; outer lip slightly inflexed ; shell equally ribbed. ]. T. australis, t. 34. f. 7. b. Mouth narrowish ; outer lip wide ; ribs of back subequal, linear. 2. T. europee, t. 36. f.1; Sars, t.36.f.6; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. N.N.f. 5, 7, cop. -tdums, Gen. Moll. t. 28. f. 5. OF MOLLUSCA. 73 c. Mouth narrowish ; the outer lip arched ; the ribs enlarged or tubercular near the dorsal groove. 3. T. pulex. d. Mouth narrow ; ribs tubercular ; dorsal line distinct ; front of columella smooth. 4, T. pustulata. The branchial plume of Trivia europea is a large, finely pectinated, half-moon-shaped Fig. 41.—Trivia europea. plate of two segments, each appearing to have a branchial artery. The male organ is large, spatulate, folded. Mr. Clark (Mollusca, 505) describes Trivia europea “as having a long proboscis, which can be exserted, though it is rarely seen,”’ and which has not been observed in the larger Cowries (Cyprea). Dr. Lovén, who specially examined the mouth of C. helwola and C. europea, describes the ros- trum as short, prominent, and not retractile. Central tooth of Trivia europea longer than broad, cutting edge subtriangular, den- ticulate on each side, with a sharp lobe in the middle; lateral teeth dissimilar ; the first at the tip with a long point, denticulate on each side; second and third simple, claw-like.—Loven (see fig. 41). 5. Luponta. Shell pear-shaped, smooth, or cross-ribbed ; mouth linear ; front end of the columellar lip crossed by several irregular ridges, without any distinct marginal one, internally narrow, flat. 1, Lu. Algoensis. 6. CypRHOVULA. Shell pear-shaped, smooth, or cross-ribbed ; mouth linear ; spire hidden ; front end of columella covered with regular cross ribs, like rest of base, internally produced into an acute-toothed ridge. * Shell finely cross-ribbed. 1. C. Capensis. ** Shell smooth. 2. C. umbilicata, Sow. 7. Erato. Spire conical; apex submamillary, blunt ; shell, when young, smooth ; the adult with both lips finely crenulated ; the columella concave, slightly radiately plaited or smooth, with two or three folds 74 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT in front ; the anterior cana! straight, the hinder indistinct. Rostrum moderate, annulate. Tentacles linear, elongate. Eyes sessile, basal. Mantle reflected over the shell, rugulose externally. Foot elongate, truncated and expanded in front, produced behind. Siphon elongate, produced in front. This genus differs from Marginella in having a rostrum or pro- boscis, as shown by the figure cited. a. Shell smooth. 1. E. Cypreola? t. 102. f. 7. 2. E. levis (Marginella 1.), Fordes §& Hanley, B. M.t.N.N. f. 8, 9, cop. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 1. b. Shell tubercular. 3. E. scabriuscula. Mr. Clark describes Erato Cypreola as having a retractile pro- boscis! but the description is avowedly only compiled from Philippi, aided by memory !—See Mollusca, 506. Fam. IV. PEDICULARIAD. Rostrum wrinkled. Mantle enclosed, thickened on the edge, not produced into a siphon in front. Eyes sessile, lateral, basal. Foot small. Teeth 3-1-3; lateral very long, deeply lobed. Operculum none. Shell irregular, ovate, subconvolute, covered with a radiately ridged callous coat; spire lateral, minute. Mouth very wide; outer lip smuous ; inner lip callous, rounded, and covering part of the last whorl. Shell of young animal regular.—dnn. §& Mag. N. H. 1846, xvili. 428. Parasitic on coral, forming a hole in its surface. 1. Pepicuuaria. 1. P. Sicula. 2. P. fimbriata, 4. Adams. Central tooth of Pedicularia Sicula depressed, subquadrate, cutting Fig. 42.—Teeth of Pedicularia Sicula. Ry edge transverse, with one sharp point and denticulated ; lateral teeth OF MOLLUSCA. 75 dissimilar ; first transverse, with four unequal sharp points ; second and third bent back, similar, slender, elongated, slightly sigmoid, the tip cleft into three spines, the outer short, the inner longest; the limb with a transverse plate, which is curved and ovate (fig. 42). The shell of Pedicularia has much the appearance of Concholepas, for it only differs from that genus in having no tooth-like process on the front of the outer lip, and in the edge of the outer lip being generally sinuous, and the inner or columellar lip being rounded, callous, and covering part of the left side of the last whorl. There is a small white shell in Mr. Cuming’s Collection from the Philip- pines, which has similar characters, and is even more like the typical Concholepas. Mr. A. Adams has thus described the shell, which he referred to a genus under the name of Coralliobia: “Like Concholepas, but no teeth on front of outer lip.”— Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1854, 70. The form and disposition. of the teeth at once separate the animal from Concholepas and the other Purpuride. Dr. Lovén described the teeth of Pedicularia directly after Calyp- treade, and Dr. Philippi arranges it as the last genus of Calyptre- acea.—Handb. der Conch. 189. Fam. V. APORRHAIDA. Outer edge of the mantle expanded, lobed or reflexed on the edge of the shell. Shell spiral when adult ; outer lip expanded or revo- lute. Operculum annular. 1. APORRHAIS. Shell fusiform ; aperture narrow; canal distinct ; outer lip di- lated, lobed. Operculum ovate. ; 1, A. pes-pelecani, t. 91. f. 1-4; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t. F.F.£.3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 27. f. 5. Central tooth of Aporrhais pes-pelecani narrow, above wider, con- vex; cutting edge wide, with a central spine, denticulated on each side ; first lateral tooth almost transverse, upper margin folded, Fig. 43,—Teeth of dporrhais pes-pelecani. unarmed ; second and third similar, claw-like, slender, elongated, simple, decussated with the opposite (fig. 43). The Aporrhais pes-pelecani creeps slowly ; but the organs do not appear adapted for progressive movement. It is shy, and whether 76 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT the shell is placed with the aperture upwards or downwards, it. does not usually commence creeping by pushing out the foot anteriorly, Fig. 44.--.dporrhais pes-pelecant. like other Gasteropods, but often twists the long neck and foot to the caudal extremity, and there fixing it, with a sudden spring effects the turning of the shell.—Clark, Moll. 474. Branchial plume single, long, narrow, with about forty very short pectinations ; above the plume there is a glandular substance resem- bling the mucous fillets of the Canalifera.—Clark, Moll. 472. The shells of Aporrhais are subject to great variety with respect to the outer lip, which increases by age. Young shells have all the appearance of a Murex, without the least expansion of the lip, and all gradations are to be met with from that to the perfect shell. The animal of the d. pes-pelecani has a long snout and two filiform tentacula of a pink colour, the former spotted with white. Eyes black, at the base of the tentacula beneath; sustentaculum short, white. 2. STRUTHIOLARIA. Shell ovate; spire conic; mouth ovate; canal short, indistinct; lips thickened, reflexed and rounded on the edge. Operculum ovate, acute. a. Operculum ovate, acute, with a notch below the tip (fig. 45). 1. S. papillaris. B. Operculum: apex very acute, without any distinct notch. 2. S. crenata. Rostrum of Struthiolaria crenata elongate- Fig. 45. conic when alive, when contracted in spirits short, Operculum of Stru thick, annulated. Tentacles subulate, lateral ; pe eee eyes small, on outer side of the base. Lingual membrane thin; teeth 3°1°3,; central sub- ovate; apex truncated, reflexed, entire; lateral slender, subulate, curved; apex acute, entire, inner largest. Foot small, oblong. Operculum small, ovate ; apex very acute, solid, transparent, with a broad notch or rather sinuation on the inner side near the tip. OF MOLLUSCA. 77 3. PELICARIA. Shell spiral ; spire of adult covered with an enamel coat ; aperture poles ; outer lip sinuous, sharp-edged. Operculum like Struthio- aria? 1. P. vernis, t. 5. f. 3. t. 91. f. 6; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 27. f. 6. 4, TRICHOTROPIS. Shell top-shaped ; whorls keeled, edged with a horny fringe; mouth ovate, angulated in front ; outer lip simple, acute, angulated. Opereulum horny, ovate; apex sometimes curved; nucleus apical, small.—Adams, Gen. Moll. f. 6 a, 6. a. Spire conic ; whorls contiguous. 1. T. bicarinata, Sowerby, t. 24. f. 7. Operculum of Trichotropis bicarinata ovate ; nucleus oblong, on the outer side of the front edge. Mantle enclosed, with two slight canals on the middle of the outer edge. Siphon not distinct, very small, smaller than the canal on outer lips. Foot oblong, rather truncated and double-edged in front. Tentacles subulate, blunt, lateral. yes sessile, rather above the outer hinder part of their base. Male organ small, behind base of right tentacle. Rostrum broad, short, annular, with a terminal perpendicular mouth. Lin- gual membrane short, broad, with broad lateral expansions. Teeth 3°1°3,; central three-toothed, acute, denticulated (?) ; inner lateral recurved at the tip, entire ; outer subulate, arched, simple. These teeth differ considerably from those of Tropiphora borealis figured by Lovén ; and that author described the animal as having a long retractile proboscis, with the tentacles united by a membrane, which is certainly not the case in this species. b. Spire very short ; whorls subseparate. Separatista. 2. T. Blainvilliana, Petit, Journ. Conch. ii. 1852, t. 1. f. 5. 5. CALCARELLA. Shell like a small Trichotropis bicarinata, but very thin, and the outer lip angularly produced. 1. C. spinosa, Soul. Journ. Conch. 1850, i. 217. t. 6. SINUSIGERA. Shell turbinate, ovate, dextral, imperforate; whorls keeled; nu- cleus sinistral; aperture ovate, corniculate in front ; outer lip with two claw-like lobes ; the middle one a prolongation of the keel, the other nearer the canal ; lips thickened, reflexed. Operculum thin. Gregarious ; floating on the sea. 78 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT a. Cancellated, 1. S. cancellata, d@’Orb., in Sagra, Cuba, 1846, t. 23. f. 7, 9. b. Smooth. 2. §. microscopica, (Struthiolaria m.) Gray, Beechey’s Voy. The foot of Sinusigera Hualeyi is destitute of a float, with a very thin, small operculum. Mantle with a short respiratory siphon. The branchiz are of two kinds, covered and naked ; the covered gill is single, but of considerable length, beautifully pectinated and fringed with long cilia. The naked gills are four in number, similar in cha- racter to those of Macgillivrayia. Each gill is oval or elongated, with a thin, frilled and corrugated border, beset with long whip-like cilia. The lingual strap with central and lateral teeth, and two file-like triturating plates. Tentacles two on each side.—Macdonald, Proc. Roy. Soc. vii. 193, 1854. Sinusigera was arranged by d’Orbigny (Moll. Cuba, 149) near Nassa, on account of its thickened outer lip. It is distinguished from the other Buccinide by the ringent mouth and three well-marked sinuses separated by prominent lobes. It was first described as a Struthiolaria by me from a specimen in the Paris Museum. B. Cochlea. Mantle enclosed in the shell (p. 68). a. Phaneropneumona. Gills vascular, branched, on the inner surface of the mantle. Terrestrial. These differ from Pulmonata in the mantle being free from the nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open. Animal unisexual. Oper- culum distinct, spiral, or annulated. Fam. VI. CYCLOPHORIDA. Gills vascular, branched. Shell free, conic. Mouth roundish or Fig. 46.—Teeth of Cyclophorus Tuba. ovate. yes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. Operculum spiral. Terrestrial. OF MOLLUSCA. 79 Rossmasler has examined the téeth of Cyclostomus elegans, C. sulcatus, C. (Leonia) ferrugineus, and C. (Tudora) mamillaris.— Icon. iii. 28. A. Operculum orbicular, often concave externally, of many very gradually enlarging whorls ; nucleus central. a. Cyclotina. Operculum thick, formed of two lamine, with a groove on the edge between them, the interior horny, the outer layer calcareous ; the whorls usually furnished with a raised border on the outer edge, forming a spiral ridge or fringe. 1. Cycuorvus. Operculum thick, testaceous, outer surface rather concave ; whorls numerous, very gradually enlarging, furnished with a thickened or raised border on the outer edge. Shell subturbinate, depressed or discoidal. Peristome continuous or joined by a callous margin, simple or double, straight or reflexed. 1. C. Inca, t. 311. 2. C.? trochiformis, t. 303. f. 11. 3. C.? anguliferus, t. 303. f. 9. 4. C.? maculatus, t. 303. f. 7. 2. PreRocycLos. Operculum subcartilaginous, many-whorled, spirally lamellated, concave inside. Shell broadly umbilicated, rather discoidal. Peri- stome generally double ; the internal short, cut on the right margin ; the external dilated above into a roof-shaped beak. 1. P. rupestris. 3. OpISTHOPORUS. Operculum calcareous, thick, many-whorled, formed of two laminz with an intermediate hollow space and a groove round the exterior margin. Shell depressed, orbicular, broadly umbilicated ; last whorl with a small, sutural, exserted tube behind the aperture. Peristome double, expanded. 1. O. biciliatus. 2. O. tubuliferus. 4, CRASPEDOPOMA. Operculum horny, solid; whorls very narrow, with a central nu- cleus; external plate flat; internal deeply concave, furnished with a circular prominence on the penult whorl. Shell subturbinate, gaping ; last whorl a little constricted anteriorly. Peristome continuous, simple, receiving the internal prominence of the operculum. 1. C. lucidum. 80 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT b. Operculum horny, thin, without any external calcareous layer. Shell conical, depressed; last whorl rounded, without any groove or ridge round the front of the axis. 5. AULOPOMA. Operculum horny, with many whorls, Planorbis-shaped, composed of two plaits, between which it has a spiral channel, which is inte- riorly open on the last whorl. Shell turbinate-depressed, or dis- coidal ; the last whorl disjomed anteriorly. Peristome free, straight, continuous, immersed in the circular groove of the operculum. 1. A. helicinum. 6. CycLopHorvus. Operculum horny, thin, closely whorled, more or less concave ex- ternally. Shell globose-turbinate, depressed or discoidal. Peristome continuous, expanded or straight. 1. C. volvulus. 7. LEPTOPOMA. Operculum membranous, closely whorled, flat. Shell globose-tur- binate or conical, narrowly umbilicated. Peristome simple (rarely double), reflexed (rarely straight), with distant margins, joined sometimes by a very thin callus. 1. L. multilabris, t. 311. f. 8. 8. ALycauS. Operculum orbicular, rather shelly, obsoletely many-whorled. Shell conical or depressed ; spire regular; last whorl distorted, com- pressed, much contracted behind the aperture; mouth circular. Peristome regularly reflected. 1. A. gibbus. 9. DipLomMaTINA. Operculum shelly, thin, orbicular; whorls few, with thin promi- nent lamellee on their external edges. Shell scarcely rimate, thin, subovate; whorls convex, last subascendent ; aperture nearly cir- cular. Peristome interrupted, expanded. 1. D. folliculus. Mr. Benson denies that this genus has an operculum, and thinks those described are adventitious ; they were attached to the animal dried in the shell, and have been observed in two species. He also describes ‘the eyes on the posterior part of the tentacles at their base.” Hence Mr. Adams has proposed it should be arranged with the Truncatellide. O¥ MOLLUSCA. &] ce. Pupinina. Operculum horny, thin, many-whorled, without any external calcareous layer. Shell oblong, elongate ; last whorl with a fold or spiral ridge on the inner side in front of the axis, sometimes forming a groove in the inner lip. 10. MrGaLoMASTOMA. Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled, rather flat. Shell narrowly or scarcely perforate, oblong, turrited or Pupa- shaped ; aperture rather circular, sometimes furnished with a slight lateral channel. Peristome double or simple, rather thickened, rarely straight. 1. M. brunnea, t. 211. f. 15. e 11. Carauxus. Operculum orbicular, flat, horny, many-whorled, separable into many plates, forming a continuous spiral lamina like a corkscrew. Shell perforate, Pupa-shaped, not callous, furnished with a filiform basal keel; aperture entire, prolonged at its base by a rather cir- cular channel. Peristome continuous, dilated at its lower extremity into the keel of the last whorl. 1. C. tortuosus. 12. PupINELLA. Operculum horny, many-whorled. Shell oval, covered with a thin horny periostraca ; aperture circular. Peristome reflexed, thickened, with a groove on the inner side of front near the axis. 1. P. pupiformis. 13. Pupina. Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled, rather flat. Shell Pupa-shaped, for the most part covered by a smooth callus. Peri- stome simple, thickened or reflected; columellar margin divided in the middle by a transverse channel; right margin forming a second channel at its insertion. 1. P. humilis. 14. Recistoma. Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled. Shell ovate, polished, callous; aperture circular, rather entire. Peristome re- flected; inner lip thin, simple; columellar margin slightly curved and channeled in the middle. 1. R. grandis. 15. CALLia. Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled. Shell pupiform, covered with a smooth shining callus. Peristome subcontinuous, straight, scarcely thickened; columellar margin entire, above ap- pressed-reflexed, altogether closing the perforation, which is conspi- cuous in young shells. 1. C. lubrica. 82 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT B. Licinina. Operculum nearly orbicular, composed of a few gra- dually-increasing whorls ; nucleus somewhat excentrical. a. Operculum thick, testaceous. 16. JaAMarctia. Operculum shelly, externally convex, composed of a small number of obliquely-striate, rather coarse, stiblamellar whorls. Shell um- bilicate, globose-conical; aperture circular. Peristome simple or double, straight or reflected. 1. J. anomala. 17. Licmna. Operculum ——? Shell conical; last whorl usually produced out of the spiral line, straight; mouth circular. Peristome some- what reflexed, expanded. 1. L. labia. 18. CHoANOPOMA. Operculum calcareous, nearly circular, with gradually-enlarging whorls, terminating externally in more or less prominent, thin lamelle, with a subexcentrical nucleus. Shell globose-turbinate or turrited, often truncate ; aperture rather oval or roundish. Peristome usually double, with the outer edge angularly expanded. 1. C. pulchra. b. Operculum thin, cartilaginous. 19. ADAMSIELLA. Operculum orbicular, thin, rather cartilaginous; whorls few, en- larging gradually, with the outer edge rather detached; nucleus subcentral. Shell Pupa-shaped or oblong-turrited ; aperture small, rather circular. Peristome for the most part double, more or less expanded or reflexed. 1. A. mirabilis. C. Cyclostomia. Operculum ovate, composed of few whorls, more or less rapidly enlarging, with the nucleus excentrical. a, Operculum thick, with an external shelly coat. 20. LirHipion. Operculum subcircular, shelly ; whorls rather rapidly enlarged, with a strong, convex, subcentral keel and simple edges. Shell de- pressed, broadly umbilicated, open; aperture rather circular. Peri- stome simple, often thickened. 1. L. sulcatum. OF MOLLUSCA. 83 21. Oropoma. Operculum shelly, solid ; whorls convex in the centre, with simple edges. Shell conically subglobose or depressed ; aperture subovate. Peristome straight or slightly expanded, with the columellar margin for the most part dilated, covering part of the axis, or closing the umbilicus. 1. O. Listeri, t. 311. f. 10. 22. CycLostomus. Operculum rather ovate, shelly, flat ; whorls four to five, gradually increasing, with simple margins ; nucleus excentric. Shell depressed, globose-turbinate or ovate-turrited; aperture ovate. Peristome simple, straight or expanded, often double. 1. C. elegans, t. 293. f. 1, t. 311. f. 5%, 9?, 14, 16, 17. 2. C. nove hibernie, t. 311. f. 13. Fig. 47.—Cyelostomus elegans. 23. Tupora. Operculum ovate, shelly, flat, of few whorls, which are enlarged rapidly and arcuately grooved or deeply striated obliquely, with the nucleus very excentrical. Shell ovate-oblong or turrited; aperture angularly ovate. Peristome expanded, simple or double. 1. T. ferruginea. 24, Lronta. Operculum ovate, shelly, very convex externally, with a single whorl and the nucleus situated near the columellar margin. Shell ovate-conical ; aperture ovate. Peristome simple, slightly reflexed. 1. L. mamillaris. 25. CisTULA. Operculum ovate, thin, cartilaginous, with a thin external shelly coat with few gradually increasing whorls, the margin of which is usually detached ; nucleus excentrical. Shell globose-conic or ovate, or oblong-turrited, usually truncate; aperture ovate. Peristome simple, expanded or double. 1. C. catenata. ca b. Operculum thin, horny ; last whorl rounded in front. 26. CHONDROPOMA. Operculum ovate, subcartilaginous, ‘flat ; whorls few, rapidly in- G2 84 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT creasing, with the nucleus very excentric. Shell oblong-turrited, often truncated, sometimes globose-turbinated; aperture ovate. Peristome simple or more or less distinctly doubled, nearly straight, expanded or broadly reflexed. 1. C. pictum, c. Pomatianina. Operculum thick, of two horny coats, conca- merated within. 27. Pomatias. Operculum cartilaginous, few-whorled, composed of two plates, concamerated within. Shell somewhat imperforate, conico-turrited or turrited, longitudinally striated or ribbed. Peristome nearly sim- ple or double, the internal edge continuous, the external expanded or reflexed, often auriculated. 1. P. maculata, t. 311. f. 19. d. Realiana. Operculum thin, horny ; front of last whorl with a keel round the axis, and sometimes a notch in the front of the lip, like Pupiniana, but the operculum is ovate, few-whorled. 28. Liarra. Operculum thin, few-whorled, horny. Shell turrited, rather smooth ; aperture ovate. Peristome continuous, double. 1. L. Egea. 29. Reauia. Operculum thin, few-whorled, horny. Sheli perforate or narrowly umbilicate, turrited, or globose-turbinate, keeled round the perfora- tion; aperture ovate. Peristome straight or expanded, with distant margins. 1. R. rubens, t. 311. f. 11. 2. R. erosa, t. 311. f. 12. 30. Bourciera. Operculum ovate, rather solid, horny, of a few rapidly-increasing whorls. Shell Helicina-shaped; columella toothed beneath ; aper- ture ovate. Peristome spreading. 1. B. helicinzeformis. Fam. VII. OLIGYRADA. Eyes on outer side of the base of the tentacles. Gills vascular, free. Shell conical or subglobose ; aperture half-ovate. Operculum annular, not spiral, shelly, thick, or horny and thin, semi-ovate or rather triangular; nucleus subcentral, lateral. Terrestrial. The animal absorbs the septa between the upper whorls, as in Auriculide, Helicinide, Proserpina, Neritina, &c. OF MOLLUSCA. 35 1. Sroastoma. Operculum annular, calcareous, externally very deeply concave, with’ lamellee slightly and irregularly projecting from the surface. Shell globose-conic, depressed or discoidal; aperture semioval or nearly semicircular, angulated above and beneath. Peristome con- tinuous, with the right margin arcuate, left margin nearly straight, sending off at its base a more or less distinct keel, which surrounds the more or less open perforation. * Shell smooth. FElectrina. 1. S. succineum. ** Shell spirally costate. 2. S. pisum. 2. TROCHATELLA. Operculum annular, semioval, flat, pale, more or less solid. Shell top-shaped, or globose-conic ; aperture semioval, rather triangular ; columella nearly flat, not sending backward any basal callus, some- times uniting the margins of the peristome by a very thin deposit, which is not diffused. 1. T. pulchella. 3. LucipELLA. Operculum membranaceous, semiovate, with the columellar margin scarcely thickened. Shell depressed, heliciform, not callous beneath ; aperture sinuate, rather triangular. Peristome thick, furnished with stout teeth. 1. L. aureola. 4, Hricina. Operculum semiovate, membranaceous or shelly. Shell heliciform, turbinate, globose or depressed, covered beneath with callus round the columella, which is rather straight and somewhat flattened ; aperture triangular or semiovate, entire. Peristome simple, straight or thickened, often spreading broadly. . Shell smooth. Peristome more or less toothed internally. me . depressa. b. Shell smooth. Peristome not toothed. . neritella. . flammea, t. 311. f. 3. . teeniata, t. 311. f. 1. . Sandwichensis, t. 303. f. 10. . oresignee, t. 311. f. 6. . zephirina, t. 311. f. 2. . variabilis, t. 290. f. 9, t. 311. f. 7. . occidentalis, t. 311. f. 4. Tongue-membrane of Helicina agglutinans rather broad, thin. Pera A ep bod ot ett 86 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Teeth large, brown, 3:1°3; outer lateral slender, linear, thin, nearly straight, curved at the tip. c. Shell with very close long spiral epidermal fringes. Schasi- cheila, Shutt. 10. H. alata. 5. ALCADIA. Operculum annular, rather solid, semiovate, furnished at its lower extremity with a tooth-like appendage. Shell heliciform, turbinate, subglobose or slightly depressed, for the most part hairy, covered with callus round the columella, which is flattened, nearly rectilinear. Periostraca often covered with lines of hairs. Aperture semiovate, rather triangular. Peristome more or less expanded, separated from the columella by a distinct, for the most part curved, slit. 1. A. major. Fam. VIII. PROSERPINIDA. “Tentacles two, subulate. Eyes subsessile, on the outer side of their base.””—Shuttleworth, 1854. Mantle more or less expanded over the shell? Shell spiral, depressed, polished ; whorls rounded ; spire low. Mouth lunate, cavity with spiral lamine on the inner and outer lip. Peristome acute ; axis covered with a callous deposit. Operculum none.—Bland. Terrestrial. Mexico; Jamaica and Cuba. The animal, as in Stoastoma, Helicina, Neritina, Auricula, and some Helicide, absorbs the septa between the upper whorls of the spire.—Bland. 1. Proserpina. Character of Family. 1. P. nitida. b. Pseudopneumona. Gills in very numerous cross folds on the inner surface of the mantle. Eyes on the front side of the base of the tentacles. Operculum spiral (p. 78). Fam. IX. LITTORINIDA. Shell spiral, free. Mouth of the shell entire. Mantle edge simple. Foot moderate: for walking. Trunk produced, wrinkled. not retractile. Jaws horny, distinct. Tentacula far apart on side of head. Gills: one, very large, occupying nearly the whole surface of the cavity, and formed of numerous flat free plates. Teeth few. central 1; lateral 3:3, converging. The opercular lobe is simple not appendaged behind. Marine. Amphibious. OF MOLLUSCA. 87 a. Tentacles simple. * Eyes on elongated pedicels, united to the short tentacles. Oper- culum ovate, of few whorls. 1, ASSIMINEA. Eyes on pedicels, united to the short tentacles. 1. A. Grayi, t. 51. f. 8, t. 123. f. 6; Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. H. Hf. 6. Central tooth of 4ssiminea Grayana (fig. 48) wider below the base, truncated in the middle, prominent on both sides, produced Fig. 48.—Teeth of dssiminea Grayana. into a horn ; cutting edge triangular, with from five to seven pointed lobes ; first lateral tooth with seven teeth, the third tooth larger ; second slender; scape narrow, claw-like, serrated on the outside; the third rounded at the tip, ciliato-denticulate.— Loven. When the animal was first described in 1821, I observed that it differed from all others of the Order in the eves appearing to be placed at the end of the tentacles, but I believed they were placed on peduncles as long as the tentacles, the two being soldered toge- ther; for if the pedicels of the eyes of this genus are minutely examined, they seem to be formed of two parts united by a suture ; and Mr. Berkeley observes, that it would appear as if there were in reality no tentacula, but only the tubercles common to many mol- lusks at the base of the tentacles, a little more developed than usual. The genus -4ssiminea is an instance of shells very nearly allied in external appearance having very different animals. The shell is not to be distinguished from the smaller Littorine. ** Eyes nearly sessile, on outer side near the base of the tentacles. + Operculum ovate, of few whorls. 2. LirrorRina. Eyes sessile, on base of tentacles. Shell ovate, solid, imperfo- rated; spire short ; aperture ovate ; inner lip concave, outer simple. Littoreal. 1. L. littorea, t. 51. f.4; Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. G.G. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 1. 2. Li. varia, t. 127 @. £..2. 388 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 3. L. canariensis, t. 125. f. 10. 4. L. serialis, t. 127 a. f. 3. 5. L. patula, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 2. 6. L. Gaudichaudi, t. 127 a. f. 1. 7. L. peruviana, t. 123. f. 4. 8. L. Arancana, t. 123. f. 1. 9. L. flava, t. 123. f. 2. 10. L. diemensis, t. 51. f. 3. 11. L. luteola, t. 51. f. 2. 12. L. scabra, t. 51. f. 1. 13. L. pyramidalis, t. 51. f. 6. 14. L. miliaris, t. 123. f. 5. 15. L. punctata, t. 51. f. 5, with a produced siphon? like a Bue- cinum! The tentacles subulate, rather distant. The eyes rather promi- nent, on the outer base of the tentacles. Operculum horny, ovate, spiral, of a few very rapidly enlarging whorls. They inhabit the sea-coast between high and low water mark, where they are often left dry for many hours by the tide; and sometimes they crawl so high up the rock as only to be wetted by the spray. The pectina- tions of the branchial plume of nearly all the Littorine vary from forty-five to sixty; thin, long, slender, and close-set. The branchial plume of Littorina littoralis is single, on the left side, with thirty-five to forty or more very fine, close-set pectina- tions ; the neck is simple, without lobes.—Clark, 347. The anterior folded jaws of L. littoralis are supported by the usual corneous plates.—Clark, 347. The buccal mass of L. neritoides is supported by two thin, brown, corneous plates, from whence a very long, white, spiny tongue pro- ceeds to the stomach, and there lies coiled as in L. littorea.—Clark. Central tooth of Littorina littorea (fig. 49) subquadrate, convex above; cutting edge narrow, cordate-lobed in the middle, on both Fig. 49.—Teeth of Littorina littorea. iaars Les a SF sides obtusely denticulate. Lateral teeth somewhat similar, thick, the tip unequally dentate-lobed, the first on the outside curved and pro- duced. In walking, Littorina littorea alternately advances first one and then the other side of the foot. OF MOLLUSCA. 89 Littorina littorea, L. retusa, L. petrea, and several others, are oviparous ; the egg-masses of L. retusa are oval, almost three lines broad. Some species, as L. rudis and L. rugosa, ave viviparous, the upper part of the body in the cavity of the shell being filled with living young at the end of summer. The colour of the common English ZL. retusa agrees with the colour of the shell; thus the orange animals have orange shells, the dusky ones dusky shells. Other species, as L. vulgaris, appear to be more permanent in their colour; its animal is always varied with black lines. Mr. W. Thompson obtained at Weymouth several examples of Littorina rudis in copulation with L. littoralis (Nerita l.) ; in every instance LD. rudis was the male. Heremarks, ‘ From these instances, linfer L. palliata to be the hybrid progeny of L. rudis and a female L. littoralis. The only doubt in my mind as to this inference is, that T have not as yet found any specimens of L. palliata on this coast ; but neither have I found any other shell that might in any way be considered as the produce of L. rudis and L. littoralis. I found in all eight couples: the probability of some being unfruitful, and the further probability of the hybrids not being prolific, will, I think, form just grounds for the rarity of the species.”’—Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, ii. 76. Littorina peruviana is abundant in the anfractuosities of rocks so high above the highest water mark, that they can be only wetted by the spray during tempests; if placed in sea water, they develope themselves and quickly search for means of escaping from it and reach some dry place. JZ. araucana lives on rocks near the high water line, and Z. uméilicata is numerous in Peru near the low water mark.—D’ Orbigny. 3. LirHoGLyPuHUs. Eyes basal. Shell ovate, solid, covered with a brown periostraca ; mouth ovate; lips thick. Operculum ovate.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. la. Flaviatile. 1. L. piscium, t. 124. f. 5. 2. L. Lapidum, t. 124. f. 4. The snout of Lithoglyphus Lapidum and L. piscium is rather pro- duced in front, as far or farther than the edge of the foot, annulated above. ‘he tentacles are subulate, with the eyes on a slight promi- nence at the hinder outer side of their base. Operculum horny. Lithoglyphus piscium lives on stones in the little marshes of the river La Plata, and affords food to the Bagri or Siluri. Lithoglyphus peristomatus lives in deep water in the river Parana attached to stones ; they live in large families, each shell supporting the oval eggs. They are only to be procured when the river is low. Dr. Philippi has placed Lithoglyphus and Hydrobia with spiral opercula as subgenera of Paludina, and Paludomus with an annular operculum as a subgenus of Melania.— Handb. der Conch. 167, 168, 1853. 90 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 4, Hyprosia. Shell ovate ; spire conical ; mouth ovate; lips simple. Operculum ovate, of few whorls. 1. H. parvula, t. 123. f. 7. 2. H.? subumbilicata, t. 123. f. 3. 5. AMNICOLA. Shell ovate, conic, perforated ; whorls rounded ; mouth roundish ovate; lips simple. Operculum oblong, of four or five rapidly en- larging whorls.— ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 11 a. 1. A. porata. Head of Amnicola protruding beyond the foot. Tentacles short, filiform, unequal ; eyes at the outer side of the base. Foot elongated, rounded behind, with produced angles in front. Living crawling on stones, sticks and aquatic plants in rivers and ponds, and often swimming in an inverted position on the surface of the water. The head precedes the animal as it walks. The tentacles are unequal in length. They are oviparous. 6. NeEMATURA. Shell oblong, compressed ; spire elongate ; peristome continuous ; mouth roundish, contracted. Operculum ovate, thick, shelly; whorls three, rapidly enlarging.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 5a, 6. Flu- viatile. 1. N. Deltze, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 5 (shell only). 2. N. polita. They live in rivers and streams in the Kast, and are found adhering to the under surface of dead floating leaves. 7. RisELLA. Eyes rather above the base of the tentacles. Shell trochiform, imperforated ; whorls angular, flattened in front ; aperture rhombic, smooth internally. Operculum ovate.— Adams, Gen. Moll.t.33.f.5 a. Fig. 50.—Teeth of Risella melanostoma. Lingual membrane narrow, elongate. Teeth very transparent, subsimilar, tridentate (fig. 50). OF MOLLUSCA. 91 1. R. melanostoma, t. 51. f. 11. 2. R. aurata, t.51. f. 10; f. 14, variety of preceding? 3. R. lutea, t. 51. f. 12. These mollusks appear to take the place of our periwinkles on the Australasian coast. tt Operculum subcircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls. 8. Paconus. Shell top-shaped, muricated, imperforate ; whorls subangular in front ; inner lip rather callous in front, outer striated internally. Operculum ovate, subcircular ; whorls rapidly enlarging ; edge thin, 1. P. verus, t. 82. f. 1,4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 2. 2; Px »ns. t. 1264. f. 4. The foot of Payodus verus is short, simple ; side of the body quite simple. Mouth short, annulated, the lingual band extremely long. —Quoy, t. 62. f. 31. Tentacles conical, distant at the base, with eyes or small tubercles on their outer bases. Penis large, club-shaped, plaeed a little below and behind the right tentacles, conical, covered with minute spicula at the tip, and with two large spinose promi- nences almost one-third down the hinder edge. Operculum subor- bicular, thin, horny, of three or four rapidly enlarging whorls, tt Operculum circular, many-whorled. 9. EcHINELLA. Eyes ? Shell top-shaped, tubercular, perforated; aperture ovate ; inner lip arched, edentulous. Operculum annular, of many whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 3 a. 1. N. Cumingii. 10. Mopvutuvs. Eyes half-way up the tentacles. Shell top-shaped or depressed, perforated ; aperture oval; inner lip deeply notched. Operculum circular, of many whorls.—dAdams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 4. 1. M. retusus. M. tectum, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 4. 2. M. trochiformis, t. 126 a. f. 1. 3. M. lenticularis, ddams, t. 33. f. 4 a (shell only). The teeth of Modulus lenticularis are in seven series, 3°1°3; the central broad, denticulated ; outer lateral curved, elongate.—Morch. b. Tentacles with a basal internal lobe. Eyes basal. 11. Fossar. Shell half-ovate, costate, perforated ; mouth half-ovate ; lips thick, outer simple. Operculum ovate.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 7 a. 1. F. ambigua, t. 51. f. 7, t.125.f.7; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33.f.7. 92 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Head of Fossar ambigua proboscidiform, produced. Tentacles filiform, pointed, with an internal frontal lobe ; eyes not prominent, at the outer base of the tentacles. Foot moderate, rounded at each end. Operculum horny, semiorbicular, simple, not spiral. Shell semiglobose, umbilicated. Mouth large, semicircular ; lip toothless, not calluus. Umbilicus open, outer lip acute, smooth within.— Philippi. Fam. X. LACUNIDA. Mantle enclosed, simple-edged. Trunk produced, wrinkled, not retractile. Jaws none. Tongue linear. Tentacles far apart. Gills single, of numerous strands. Operculigerous lobe expanded at the side, and furnished with two beards behind. Shell solid, spiral, free ; aperture ovate; inner lip flattened, grooved. Operculum spiral, horny, few-whorled. 1. Lacuna. Shell conical or subglobose ; spire short; mouth half-ovate ; inner lip flattened, with a deep umbilical groove. 1. L. canalis, Wiegm. Arch. 1836, t. 8. f. 5. 2. L. vineta, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 4. 3. L. divaricata, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 6. The Lacune are robust; the head strong, thick; eyes nearly sessile; tentacula long, slender; male organ at the base of the right tentacula, strong, compressed, thick, long; operculigerous lobe with a styliform beard on each side; sole panduriform. Living on Fuci; on brown Fuci they are green, on red Fuci rose-coloured. The egg- cases are worm-shaped, thick, curved into a semicircle. The young swimming, with a vibrating veil.—Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 22. Lacuna pallidula is pale flesh-coloured, Rostrum very short ; mouth orbicular, radiately plicated, emitting an elongated cylindrical proboscis. Tentacles lateral, elongate, filiform, tapering, slender, with the eyes on a short swollen tubercle on the outer side of their base ; sides of bodysimple. Foot oblong, rounded before and behind. Oper- cular disk expanded, with a slight filiform process on each side behind. The foot is quite continuous, sometimes regularly gliding along in walking, and at others alternately moving first one side of the front margin and then the other. They are very impatient when in the water, and desirous of getting out of it, sometimes floating on the surface like Lymnee; very viscid. The gills are enclosed on the left side of the cavity. These animals differ from Littorine in the shape of the mouth, in having a proboscis, and in the hinder lobe of the opercular mantle. The proboscis has not been observed by any other malacologist, and I have not the means of verifying the fact at present; but the absence of jaws renders it probable they should be removed to the former order. The operculigerous lobe of Lacuna pallidula is expanded laterally OF MOLLUSCA. 93 into minute wing-like processes, and at the terminal point is subcir- cularly scalloped out, the lateral margins forming usually four, some- times three or four, very short caudal fillets, sometimes either rudi- mentary or quite obsolete. The single respiratory plume, branching from right to left, has 35 to 45 or more long slender pectinations ; the neck is simple aud free from all lappets.— Clark. Lacuna pallidula, L.vincta, and L.crassior have no jaws; the teeth are nearly alike in the three species, in from 45 to 60 cross rows ; in L. crassior the central tooth is higher than in the others. The oto- lites are circular and simple.— Alder. In Lacuna puteolus the lateral appendages of the operculigerous lobes are large, but the caudal filament very short, and often obso- lete. L. pallidula has the lateral wing-like extension with two or four very short caudal lobes.—Clark. The foot of Lacuna pallidula has a longitudinal fissure, and the progression is alternate as in Littorina; branchial plume single, of 35 to 45 or more long slender pectinations ; neck simple, without lappets. The verge elongate, simple, under the right tentaculum. Operculigerous lobe bifid behind.— Clark. The central tooth of Lacuna canalis (fig. 51) is almost hexagonal ; cutting edge with five pointed lobes; first lateral tooth behind deeply notched between the two processes, the upper margin five- to six- Fig. 51.—Teeth of Lacuna canalis. toothed ; the second slender, subclavate, five-toothed ; the third claw- like, the anterior margin somewhat toothed before the tip.— Loven. The Lacune feed on Fucus, eating the surface of the frond or stem, often forming holes through the former and deep holes in the latter, into which many specimens often crowd themselves. They are also often found crowded together in the crevices among the roots of the plant. The animal has no filament on the end of the foot. The Lacune live among the roots of Laminaria and other marine plants, attached to stones and shells below the low tide level, but the Fuci are often found, dragged by the storms, on sandy beaches. Fam. XI. TRUNCATELLIDE. Shell spiral ; whorls gradually enlarging. Apex acute, deciduous. Aperture ovate. Peristome continuous. Muzzle broadly two-lobed. 94 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Jaws distinct. Tongue linear. Tentacles compressed, short, diver- ging. Eyes large, black, with a peculiar, very visible, prominent white pupil on the outer side of the hinder part of the base of the tentacles. Foot very short, rounded. Operculigerous lobe simple. Operculum horny, ovate, of few whorls. Walks with its foot, its dilated lips forming an intermediate loop. 1. TRUNCATELLA. Character of the Family. 1, T. truncatula, t. 123. f. 14, t. 125. f. 14; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. F.F. f. 10. 2. T. littorina, t. 125. f. 6. 3. T. atomus, t. 125. f. 15. 4. T. littorea, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. M.M. f. 3. Teeth of Truncatella Montagut 3+1°3; the central rather nar- row, with a recurved central tooth ; lateral inner broad ; inner upper edge with three broad denticles; central rather like inner, but nar- rower and more oblique; outer conical, compressed, curved; apex denticulated beneath. The mantle of Truncatella Montagui is plain; rostrum annular, long, very broad, flat, nicked at the end, and auricled on each side. Jaws white. Branchial plume single, elongated, kidney-shaped. Tentacles short, flat, subtriangular. Eyes black, large, pupils white, on middle of tentacles. Foot thick, oval, very little extended.— Clark, 383. The eyes of Truncatella littorea white, with dilatable white pupils as in T. Montagu, near the tip of the broad, short tentacles. Foot thick, elongated, oval, and looped in its walk. ; “‘ Tentacula perbrevia ad latera capitis dispositis divergentia, ocu- los in latere superiore neque exteriore gerentia, caput in proboscidem bilobam, tentaculis longiorem productum. Pes admodum brevis, ellipticus, utrinque rotundatus, ex observatione cl. Lowe (Zool. Journ. v.) quam transcripsit Desh. (Ed. 2. Lamk. viii. 363) suleo mediano transverso divisus, quod ipse non vidi, sed erroneum puta- verim, cum animal prorepens sicut Paludine parvee, capite molem corporis falciatur.” — Philippi, Sicil. ii. 133. 2. Tonicuia. Proboscis nicked. Tentacles blunt. Foot short, ovate, lobed on each side in front. Shell elongate, perforated, truncate ; periostraca olive; mouth elliptical, oval. Peristome double or triple, conti- nuous ; left lip expanded, rather reflexed, slightly nicked. Opercu- lum horny, ovate, subspiral. 1. T. ventricosa, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, 378. OF MOLLUSCA. 95 c. Gills of a few, twelve to fifteen, lamine in regular descending spiral series on the left side of the mantle-cavity. Operculum distinct. Mouth of shell contracted, moderate, roundish (pp. 78, 86). * Operculum spiral. Fam. XII. PLANAXIDA. Rostrum elongate. Tentacles subulate. Eyes sessile, basal, ex- terior. ‘Gills in several lines,’’ laminar. Mautle edge simple, with a recurved: siphon in front. Shell conical, solid, spirally striated ; aperture oblong, with an anterior notch ; inner lip concave, flattened. Operculum ovate, subspiral. Marine. a. Planaxina. Opercular mantle simple. Amphibious. 1. PLanaxis. Shell conical; spire acute; mouth oblong; inner lip concave, simple ; outer lip grooved within. Operculum ovate.—ddams, Gen. Molt. t. 34. f. 2a. 1. P. pyramidalis. P. sulcatus, Quoy, t. 24. f. 6. 2. P. nigra, Quoy, t. 24. f. 3, cop. Adams, t. 34. f. 2. On sea- shore on stones and plants, often left dry by the tide. Lingual membrane of Planazis sulcata with seven teeth, 3:1-3; central with a recurved apex, three-dentate, central largest ; inner lateral rather broad, with a recurved apex, rather oblique, and with a tooth on its outer edge; outer straight, one-third the width of the inner, with a slightly recurved apex. y 2. Quoyia. Shell conical, turrited, solid, spirally striated ; mouth small, ob- long, with a small notch in front; outer lip simple; pillar-lip thick- ened, rather flattened, concave, with a deep notch in the centre. Operculum horny, ovate, thin, subspiral. 1. Q. decollata, t. 24. f. 4, cop. ddams, t. 34. The foot of Quoyia is small, ovate, folded across, and crumpled in front ; body quite simple on the sides. Rostrum short, ringed. Ten- tacles slender, conical, far apart at the base; eyes on short tubercles at their outer base. Mantle simple, with a groove at the left angle, without any appearance (when in spirits) of a distinct siphon as in Planaxis. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral, of one and a half or two whorls; nucleus subapical. The shells only differ from Planaxis in having a large groove on the hinder part of the inner lip, which is continued up the pillar, (and is equally to be observed in the young shell,) and in the very small size of the anterior canal. The operculum is said to have a 96 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT notch to fit this groove, but this was not the case with our speci- men, and was perhaps an accident in the one described. They are amphibious, and are found in shallow pools at the roots of the mangroves, or adhering to stones far inland and exposed to the sun. b. Litiopina. “ Opercular lobe bearded.’”’—Eydoux. Pelagic, floating. 3. Lirropa. Shell thin, conical; spire acute; mouth ovate, nicked in front ; outer lip simple, acute. Operculum horny. Mantle bearded. 1. L. bombyx, t. 24. f. 1, 2. 2. L. melastoma, t. 107. f. 3, cop. Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 34. f. 5. Small animals ure found on the Gulf weed, to which they attach themselves by means of a byssus which they secrete. The operculum of Litiopa was overlooked by MM. Rang and Kiener. Prof. d’Orbigny (Cuda, 148) states that he observed it in all the specimens given him by M. Rang, so that all the reflections made by M. Rang respecting its absence at once fall to the ground. He also observes that the two species described by the same author are only varieties, occasioned by difference of age, of the same kind, viz. L. bombyx of Kiener. The shells of the young animals are longitudinally grooved or costated. Fam. XIII. RISSOADA. Rostrum produced, adherent to the frout of the foot beneath, Jaws horny. Teeth 3:1°3; outer lateral denticulated. Tentacles setaceous ; eyes sessile, basal, external. Foot short, truncated in front ; opercular mantle rather expanded, often furnished with one or two posterior processes. Operculum horny, spiral. Shell ovate, costated, white, covered with a thin periostraca. Mouth ovate, sim- ple, with a slight canal in front. + Operculum ovate, with an internal process on the front edge. Mouth subtruncate in front. 1. Rissorna. Animal ? Operculum semilunar, subspiral; inner side with a longitudinal muscular impression and an elongated process before it asin Nerita. Shell turrited, ribbed or cancellated ; spire pointed ; aperture ovate, effused interiorly, slightly channeled in front ; outer lip dilated anteriorly, thickened internally. 1. R. Cumingii, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 1 (shell only). 2. R. Inca, @ Orb. Amér. Mérid. t. 53. f. 11-16 (shell only). These animals live, affixed to stones on rocks at the common low water line, on the coast of Peru. OF MOLLUSCA. 97 tt Operculum ovate, subspiral, simple. 2. Rissoa. Foot with single dorsal posterior process. Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, smooth or plaited ; aperture ovate, rounded in front ; outer lip more or less dilated, thickened externally. Operculum ovate. 1. R. auriscalpium, t. 125. f. 13. 2. R. monodon, t. 125. f. 9; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 2. 3. R.? inconspicua, t. 125. f. 5. 4, R. abyssicola, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 3, cop. Alvanea a., ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 3. 5. R. Cingillus, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. J.J. f.4. Cingula c., Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 8. 6. R. parva, t. 123. f. 8; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 5. 7. R. labrosa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 6. 8. R. rufilabris, Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. J.J. f. 7. 9. R. Ulve, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. J.J. f. 8. Hydrobia U., Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 10. Fig. 52.—Teeth of Rissoa membranacea. Central tooth of Rissoa membranacea subquadrate, the. base wide and somewhat projecting, with a short lateral process on each side ; cutting edge longly recurved, the tip widely lobed and inciso-dentate on each side ; lateral teeth somewhat transverse, the first produced ; margin before the strong lobe pectinate-dentate ; second and third in 5 claw-like, the former serrated, the latter serrulated in frout fig. 52). Animal of Rissoa striatawhitish. The rostrum short, rather deeply bifid at the end. Tentacles rather long, subcylindrical, white ; eyes black, very distinct, sessile, a little above the outer side of the base. Foot oblong, slender (interrupted ?), rather tapering behind, sides simple. Opercular mantle simple. Operculum ovate, horny. Foot of Rissoa interrupta elongated, rather tapering behind, divided across in front by a transverse interruption, the front division about one-third the length of the rest, separation marked by a pel- lucid line; the hinder part whitish, with a transparent central longi- tudinal line. The foot very flexible, moving almost independently of the body. Rostrum short, divided into two parts by a central lon- gitudinal slit, and not a radiated plait like Lacuna. Floats like Lymnea. e Teeth of Rissoa interrupta in forty or fifty rows, 3° 1° 3; central transverse rounded, with three recurved apical dentations, and two on each side of the base. Lateral teeth: inner broad, its inner upper edge dentate, outer linear; second bifid at the tip, outer simple. Prehensile collar distinct.— Alder. H 98 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Operculum of Rissoa costulata ovate, of two and a half rapidly en- larging whorls; the hinder endsubangular. Teeth 3:1°3; central broad, apex recurved, with five denticulations, the central broadest ; lateral inner broad; upper inner edge reflexed, toothed; middle similar, narrower ; outer linear, end reflexed, denticulated. The branchial plume of Rissoa reticulata is composed of 12-15 single short strands. The mantle has a filamentary process at the angle of the aperture.—Clark, 364. The branchial plume of Rissoa parva consists of 15-18 minute vessels attached under and to the mantle and back of the neck. The operculigerous lobe dilates into subcircular lateral wings, bearing close at the junction of the foot and the body the subovate pauci- spiral operculum and a caudal cirrhus.—Clark, 356. Head of Rissoa violacea and R. Montagui simple, without ap- pendices, emarginate. Tentacula subulate, nearly as long as the foot. Eyes at the outer base. Foot oblong, truncated in front, slender behind. The tentacula of Rissoa proxima are flat, short, smooth, subclavi- form, with long sete. Eyes very large, on the subsemicircular lateral external basal excrescences. Fecot large, fleshy, grooved, and longly auriculated in front, and divided behind into two distinct tails. Opercular lobe small, without a caudal cirrhus. Operculum of four to five whorls, the last suddenly enlarged.—Clark, 368. Mantle of Rissoa unica is simple, with a filament like Rissoa near the sutural angle. Muzzle slender, rather long. Jaws and lingual riband distinct. Tentacles subulate, obtuse, smooth, with no con- necting tentacular veil or any foldings or apical inflations as in Chem- nitzie. Tyes central, basal. Foot slender, deeply labiated, longly auricled in front. Operculigerous lobe simple, without lateral expan- sion or terminal filament. Operculum ovate, paucispiral. When it walks, the eyes are usually under the margin of the shell. It has no malacological community with Aclis or Chemnitzia, but the muzzle is carried in nearly a similar position as in the latter genus. We must not be misled by the centrality of the eyes at the base of the tentacula, as the vertical cloven disk and corneous jaws, with the simple tentacula, demonstrate that it is merely a Rissoa. Mr. Clark considers Skenea planorbis as a discoidal, and Cerithium reticulatum and Aclis unica as turrited Rissoe.— Moll. 373. ttt Opereulum subcircular, simple ; whorls many, gradually en- larging, Aperture of shell circular, simple. 3. SKENEA. Rostrum short, thick, nicked at the end. Tentacles subulate. Eyes basal, exterior. Foot elongate, truncate in front, tapering behind. Opercular mantle with a rounded wing on each side, pro- duced lanceolate behind.—Zovén. Operculum circular, of many whorls (ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 9 a). OF MOLLUSCA. 99 1. S. planorbis, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 1, cop. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 9. The shell of Skenea depressa is blackish when alive. Operculum horny, circular. Tentacula two, filiform, white, rather short; the eyes at their external base sessile. Mouth proboscidiform. Foot short, tapering posteriorly, with plain margins. The animal swims with great facility in a reversed position, and in structure appears to be almost identical with Rissoa. Itis found on flat rocks between tide marks in Berwick Bay in great profusion.—Johnston, Proc. Berw. N. Club, i. 273. Dr. Lovén also observes that the animal of Skenea depressa is like Rissoa; the operculigerous lobe with a rounded wing on each side, produced and lanceolate behind ; and Mr. Clark considers it a depressed species of that genus. Jaws (or prehensile collar) of Skenea planorbis tubercular, distinct. Teeth are 3° 1° 3, in about 20 or 30 rows; central four-sided, rather broader than long; apex rounded, recurved, three-toothed, and with a tooth on each in front of the base; lateral subulate, compressed, rather broad at the base, slender and curved at the tip.—Alder. Mantle of Skenea planorbis simple. Muzzle produced, vertically cloven. Jaws horny; tongue spinose. ‘Tentacles short, flattish, not setose. Eyes large, black, external, basal. Foot long, slightly auricled. Operculigerous lobe much expanded, dilated into a sub- rotund form behind, like the sole, with a very obsolete beard. Oper- culum suborbicular, of many rapidly increasing whorls.— Clark, 373. Aperture of the shell of Skenea depressa is subcontinuous, circu- lar. Operculum transparent, horny, pale yellow, orbicular, of a few rapidly enlarging whorls. Animal: Tentacles two, subcylindrical, filiform, blunt, transparent. Eyes distinct, a little above the outer base of the tentacles. Trunk short, protruded, apex nicked at the tip. Foot oblong, continuous, rather narrow, slightly truncated in front, and rather tapering behind. Opercular mantle nearly twice as wide as the foot, making a white fringe to the operculum, without any processes. Foot folded across when contracted: the places of the fold look sometimes as if the foot was interrupted there, and there is a central longitudinal transparent line in the hinder part of the fold. Fam. XIV. CHCIDA. Shell subcylindrical, arched ; apex subspiral, deciduous, the dorsal surface convex. Operculum horny, circular, spiral. Proboscis thick, truncate. Tentacles subulate, lateral. Eyes basal, exterior. Foot short, truncate in front, acute behind. Gills laminar? Jaws distinct. Teeth 3°1°3, lateral subulate, curved. The branchial leaflet of Caecum and Brochina is very minute, ap- pearing like two, one larger than the other. Foot regular in shape, but singularly short both before and behind. H 2 100 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 1, Cacum. Operculum concave externally, smooth. 1. C. imperforatum, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 1, cop. Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 38. f. 6. Animal of C. imperforatum cylindrical, arcuated. Mantle thick, fleshy. Head long, flat, assisting in locomotion. Mouth vertical. Tentacula short, thick, subcylindrical, setose, slightly clavate. Eyes very minute, sessile, in a line with and a short distance from their base. Neck slender, with two longitudinal ridges from eyes. Foot short, narrow, truncate in front. Gill on left side pale red; bran- chial leaflets two, one large, the other small, as in Gasteropodan Cana- lifera. Shell with convexity upwards. Operculum circular, horny, black-brown, concave without, with close spiral lines on back of foot. C. trachea is the young of C. imperforatum, thrown off as the shell grows. Animal marches with great vivacity, carrying the shell sometimes with the convexity upwards, resting on the posterior point or on one of the sides, frequently changing one for the other by suddenly with- drawing the head and body and turning on the side it wishes. The foot of Cecum trachea is short, narrow, and truncate ante- riorly, sloping behind to an obtusely pointed termination. Operculum strong, circular, corneous, of seven or eight close-set spiral whorls. The tentacles are elongate, diverging, thickened, and a little spread at the bases. The eyes have decidedly an external bias. The opercu- ligerous lobe is certainly without a cirrhal appendage.—Clark, Moll. 518, Append. Mr. Alder was only able to examine the jaws and teeth of Cecum trachea very imperfectly ; there are a number of elongated linear curved teeth, which appear like the outer lateral ones. The animal of Cecum pulchellum of New England, found adhering to Vermeti, agrees nearly with the English species C. trachea, as described by Mr. Clark. The head projects a little in advance of the foot, which is short. The muzzle is cleft and transversely wrin- kled, and has two black spots above just in front of the tentacula, which are thick, curved, and covered with large vibrille. The eyes are conspicuous, black, oval, and situated at nearly the middle of the bases of the tentacula, a little towards the inner sides. The oper- culigerous lobe projects a little beyond the operculum. The oper- culum multispiral, of almost eight volutions, corneous, and concave on the outer surface. The shell in-its adult state is clavate, arcuated, contracted at both extremities, and having a somewhat angular ap- pearance at its outer or dorsal outline, thick and strong, with strong rounded ribs, broader in front. Mr. Stimpson observed, while keeping this species alive from April to November, that it presented three stages of growth: first, a slender, thin, arcuated form, with few distant ribs ; secondly, the an- terior half of the former form left by the decadence of its posterior half, with a part of the growing adult shell; and thirdly, the adult shell, which is clavate, arcuate, contracted at both extremities, and OF MOLLUSCA. 101 having a somewhat angular appearance on the longer outer or dorsal outline. It is thick, strong, pale yellow, with about twenty-five strong rounded ribs, broader anteriorly. Thus the septa of the shell would appear to be thrice formed.—Stimpson, Shells N. Eng. 36, 1851. The apex of the shell of Cecum, according to Dr. Shuttleworth, is subspiral, the whorls being separated from each other, the tip gradually falling off. One of the species described by Stimpson 1s ovate, ventricose. When examining Mr. Bean’s cabinet in 1850, I noted Vermicu- laria incurva. It appears to be the young of Cecum; the apex is spiral, the straight part is slightly transversely annulated. 2. BRocHina. Operculum convex externally, with a succession of spiral terraces. 1. B. glabra. Operculum of Brochina glabra shaped like that of Siliquaria, of five or seven coils rolled round a windlass, crenulated at the edges, mammillated above and below, and on the summit are numerous loculi, like those in the centre of Polystomella.— Clark, Moll. 326. Mr. Clark considers the Cecide as very nearly allied, if not identical with Vermetus ; that they are probably attached when young (?), and at length become free, all other attached shells being free when first hatched ; and lastly, that Skenea rota, which is free (!), is perhaps the young of C. glabrum.—Moll. 325. Fam. XV. MELANIAD&. Gills in a single series of a moderate number of cylindrical rigid plates. Mantle edge torn, with a more or less distinct siphon in front. Rostrum produced, annulated. Tentacula subulate. Eyes on the outer side of the base of the tentacles, sessile, or on short tuber- cles. Shell spiral, turrited, covered with an olive periostraca ; aper- ture ovate or circular. Operculum spiral. Fluviatile. a. Aperture of shell ovate, entire in front. 1. MELANIA. Shell ovate or turrited; spire acute; mouth ovate, entire in front. Operculum ovate, of few whorls. Rostrum wrinkled, elongate, nicked. Tentacles filiform, with the eyes on the outer side of the base. Foot moderate, ovate, rather square in front. Often vivi- parous. 1. M. amarula, t. 127 a. f. 6; (Tiara a.), Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 3. 2. M. setosa, t. 55. f. 2, 11. 102 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT . virgulata, t. 127 a. f. 8. . erythrostoma, t. 55. f. 3% . truncatula, t. 55. f. 5, 12. . uniformis, t. 55. f. 6. . spinulosa, t. 55. f. 7. . costata, t. 55. f. 8. . granifera, t. 55. f. 9. . molluccensis, t. 55. f. 10. . glans (Melanella gl.), ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 4. . hastata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 32.f.1; Fig. Moll. t. 2264. f.7. The teeth of Melania ? in seven series, 3'1°3; the central with five reflexed, rounded denticles; the outer lateral teeth linear, with the end dilated and edged with rounded crenations. SS SS5555558 3 4 5 6 ris 8. 9 10 11 12 2. MELANATRIA. Shell subulate, nodulose; spire acute; aperture roundish ovate, produced in front ; outer lip rather produced in front. Operculum subcircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls. 1. M. fluminea. 2. M. variabilis, t.127a.f.7. Melanoides indica, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 5. 3. M. Touranensis, Lydoux, Voy. Bon. t. 31. f. 47. 3. PacHYCHEILUS. Shell conical, smooth, solid; aperture ovate, roundish ; pillar-lip thickened behind; outer lip thickened. Operculum subcircular ; whorls three to four, very rapidly enlarging.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 7. 1. P. leevissimus. 4. Leproxis. Shell ovate or subglobose, solid, subperforated; spire short ; mouth ovate, rounded in front ; inner lip callous, especially behind ; outer lip sinuous. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 6. 1, L. preerosa. The Leptowes are sedentary freshwater animals, living in very rapid streams attached to stones. b. Aperture of shell with an indication of a canal in Sront. 5. CERIPHASIA. Shell fusiform, sulcated, covered with a dark green periostraca ; whorls angulated in front; aperture small, produced in front, with a groove-like canal; outer lip sinuated behind. Operculum ovate, subspiral. 1. C. suleata.. C. canaliculata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 6. OF MOLLUSCA. 103 c. Aperture ovate, truncate in front. 6. GyRostoma. Shell ovate, turrited, grooved ; mouth oblong ; inner lip thickened, callous behind; outer thin, with a deep posterior fissure; mouth ovate, subtruncate in front. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 4. 1. G. ovoideum. 7. Hemisinus. Shell ovate, turrited, smooth ; mouth ovate, contracted, produced and truacated in front; outer lip simple, crenated. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.— ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 2. 1. H. lineolatus. d. Aperture of shell with a distinct notch in front. 8. ViBEx. Shell turrited ; whorls costate, tuberculated ; mouth subcircular, produced, and broadly channeled in front; outer lip thin, sinuous. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 3. 1. V. aurita, t. 54. f. 8. 2. V. Owenii, t. 54. f. 1. 3. V. celebensis, t. 55. f. 4. 9. Faunus. Shell turrited, acute; whorls flat; lips thick, outer dilated, sinu- ated behind. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 9. 1. F. ater, t. 55. f. 1. Lingual membrane of Faunus ater elongate, transparent. Teeth 3:1+3, very transparent ; central rather far apart; apex recurved, Fig. 53.—Teeth of Faunus ater. five or seven-toothed ; the central lobe broad, rounded, the lateral small, rounded. Lateral teeth: inner oblong, inner part of apex recurved, lobed like central tooth ; two outer elongate, very slender, subulate, nearly equal, curved at the end (fig. 53). 10. MELANopsis. Shell ovate; spire conic, short, often plicate mouth elongate, 104 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT oblong ; inner lip thick, callous behind ; outer simple, acute. Oper- culum half-ovate, subspiral; apex curved.—ddams, Gen, Moll. t. 32. f. 8. 1. M. costata. Foot broad, truncate, ovate. Head proboscidiform. Tentacles setaceous. Eyes exterior, basal. Tongue linear, ribbon-like; apex at each side membranaceous. ‘Teeth in seven series; central and inner lateral fixed; outer lateral versatile; central transverse, sub- quadrate, five-hooked ; central hook very large ; the first lateral hook bipartite, rather six-hooked; the second hook the longest ; the two or three lateral teeth subequal, with three hooks in front. Opercu- lum horny, half-ovate; apex subspiral.—Rossmiisler, Icon. iii. t. 68. f. 836. Central tooth of Melanopsis buccinoides transverse, subquadrate, somewhat prominent at the base in the middle, cutting edge trans- Fig. 54.—Teeth of Melanopsis buccinoides. verse, with five pointed lobes; lateral teeth strong, first thick, with a short projecting process on the inside, the base produced on the outside, the upper margin unequally lobo-dentate, the second and third slender, somewhat similar, arcuate, impressed and thickened in the middle, the tip recurved and three-toothed (fig. 54). 11. CLIoNELLA. Shell fusiform, plicate ; whorls with a compressed groove in front ; mouth ovate; outer lip with a deep posterior sinus. Operculum half-ovate ; apex subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 10 a, 6. 1. C. sinuata. Pleurotoma buccinoidea, Quoy, t. 90. f. 5; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 10. e. Aperture of shell with a straight canal in front. 12. Io. Shell fusiform ; whorls angular, tubercular ; mouth ovate, large, dilated in front; canal rather produced ; outer lip simple. Oper- culum ovate ; whorls three or four, very rapidly enlarging. —Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 8. 1. I. fluviatilis. OF MOLLUSCA. 105 Fam. XVI. CERITHIADA. Rostrum wrinkled, produced. Tongue linear. Teeth 3'1°3. Tentacula lateral, subulate. Eyes on the outer side of the base. Gills in a single series of cylindrical, rigid plates. Foot short, broad. Operculum horny, spiral. Shell ovate, covered with a thin peri- ostraca. Mouth ovate or subquadrate, more or less channeled in front; outer lip often expanded. * Operculum ovate. 1. Ruarnocuavis. Shell ovate, turrited, with rudimentary varices; aperture ovate ; canal straight, recurved; pillar lip thickened. Operculum ovate.— Adams, t. 29. f. 7. 1. R. diemensis, t. 54. f. 5. 2. R. vertagus, t. 54. f. 3; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 1. Oper- culum oblong, subannular. R. aluco, t. 54. f. 7. R. vulgatus, t. 52. f.5, t. 53. f. 6,8,99 3, t.173.f.3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 29. f. 7. Operculum subspiral. R. lemniscatus, t. 52. f. 9. R R R eo . brevis, t. 52. f. 8. . morus, t. 52. f. 7. . Touranii, t. 127 a. f. 9. Arse ** Operculum semicircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls. 2. CERITHIUM. Shell turrited ; canal slightly recurved. 1. C. nodulosum, t. 52. f. 9, t. 54. f. 6. 2. C. leve, t. 52. f. 6. Teeth of Cerithium 3+1°3, dark brown; central transverse with five denticulations, the central large, broad, the lateral close, smaller ; inner lateral teeth small, oblong, with a sharp tooth on the inner edge ; outer lateral curved, subulate, acute. Cerithium varicosum and C. Montagui are found in the brackish water at the mouth of the river Guayaquil. Cerithium peruvianum lives under stones at the low water line on the coast of Arica, Peru. Cerithium atratum and C. guaranianum are found in the Bay of Rio in sandy places near rocks at low water mark. 106 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT *®* Operculum circular, of many whorls. Shell turrited, dextral. Mouth subquadrangular, more or less channeled in front. Nape not crested. Tentacles lateral; veil none. + Canal distinct, recurved. 3. Birrrum. Shell turrited ; whorls flattened ; aperture ovate; canal moderate, distinct. Operculum circular; whorls rather large.— HORE FY ara % Lf like, deeply notched on the inside, rounded on the outside, furnished behind beyond the middle with a spire ; lateral series of teeth about seventy ; first four by far the largest, wide and misshapen ; hook of the first rounded, of the second and third lanceolate, at the flexure notched or denticulated, of the fourth short and triangular; the others somewhat equal in size, with an oval hook, denticulated behind at the bend (fig. 87). Haliotis, in common with Fissurella, has a double symmetrical branchial plume, two auricles, and a ventricle embracing the rectum, which terminates between the roots of the branchize. No operculum. M 162 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT The Trochi have only one auricle and one branchial leaf, a heart not in contact with the intestine, and the rectum far removed from it, at the front of the right side. An operculum.—Clark. Ear-shells (Haliotis) are found as far north as Kamtschatka: one lives in deep water near Fort Simpson, Columbia.—Sir George Simp- son. And as far south as New Zealand, where they are used for food. 2. Papo.uvs. Shell ear-shaped, subcircular, with two parallel spiral ridges; the outer perforated in front as in Haliotis; the other simple. 1. P. tricostalis. b. Foot very large; hinder part much produced, and furnished with a deep longitudinal groove. Shell polished. 3. TEINOTIS. Shell depressed, elongate, ear-shaped, polished, with a single spiral ridge pierced with holes in front ; spire small; aperture much longer than broad. Foot very large, thick, much produced behind, and furnished with a deep longitudinal groove above ; lateral fringe pro- duced to the end of the groove. 1. T. Asinina, Adams, Gen. Moll. 442. t. 50. f. 6. Suborder ITI. DicranoprancHia. Gills, two symmetrical plumes on the back of the neck, with the vent between them. Body and shell symmetrical, Central teeth unequal, middle one small, similar, outer lateral large, dissimilar. Sides of the foot tubercular, obscurely bearded on its upper edge. Eyes slightly tubercled or sessile. Operculum none (p. 160). Fam. 1X. FISSURELLIDA. Foot dilated ; upper side with a series of short tentacles. Body and shell short, broad, conic. Gills two, separate, symmetrical. a. Vent anterior. Shell external, or partly covered with the mantle, entire, truncated in front. 1. Scurus. Shell depressed, oblong, smooth or striated, truncated in front ; edge smooth. 1. §. Unguis. Parmophorus australis, Quoy, t. 111. 2. S. elegans. P. australis, Riippell, t. 43*. f. 6, 7. OF MOLLUSCA. 163 Tongue of Scutus linear elongate, broad, brown. Teeth 00°5-1°5-00; central very broad, transverse ; inner lateral linear, narrow ; upper part narrow, recurved ; central lateral strong, large ; Fig. 88.—Teeth of Scutus australis. apex hooked, transparent; external lateral numerous, linear, with a small, transparent, apical hook (fig. 88). 2. TUGALIA. Shell oblong, narrowed in front ; back elevated, cancellated ; apex posterior and recurved; aperture crenulated on the edge, deeply sinuated in front. 1. T. elegans. b. Vent anterior. Shell eaposed or partly covered with the mantle, with a slit in the front margin. 3. EMARGINULA. * Mantte enclosed. 1. E. fissura, Miller, t. 70. f. 4, 9, t. 113. f. 5. Var. rosea, Forbes, B. M. t. B.B. f. 1, 2, 3. . E. elongata, t. 110. f. 3. ; . E. crassa, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. C.C. f. 1. w bo ** Mantle much expanded, partly covering the shell. 4. E. Cuvieri, t. 114. f. 8. The young of Emarginula fissura have a very minute, recurved, spiral shell, with rapidly enlarging and finely striated whorls without any slit.-—Loven. R Central tooth of Emarginula crassa laminaceous, flat, obliquely subquadrate, wider at the base, the cutting edge smooth ; four lateral imbricated, laminaceous, oblong, first and second truncated above, third and fourth apiculate, and furnished outside with a longitudinal bent crest. Lateral series of teeth about sixty; first by far the largest and thickest, the hook lobe-bearing behind; scape within with a prominent tubercle, base within sharply produced, furnished M 2 164 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT outside with a condyle, to which corresponds the trapezoidal cavity of the apical minute bone ; other teeth equal in shape ; hook ovate- lanceolate, serrulated.—Loven. 4. Hem1IToMaA. Shell conical, compressed, cancellated or tuberculated; vertex inclined towards the posterior margin; aperture large, with fold on the front edge. 1. H. emarginata. 2. H. octoradiata. 5. CLYPIDINA. Shell ovate, conical, radiately ribbed; vertex acute, central, not recurved; aperture crenulated on the edge; muscular scar fungi- form ; anal groove and emargination very small, indistinct. 1. C. notata. c. Vent anterior? Shell none. 6. DERIDOBRANCHUS. * Body like an Emarginula, without any shell. Front of the mantle plaited, covering two pectinated gills. Upper tentacles none, lower two. Eyes at the base of the lower tentacles.” D. Argus, Ebr. Orbicular, orange, very finely cinnabar-dotted ; the larger dots with an orange ring, and a transverse, curved, hyaline band. Red Sea. ad. Vent dorsal, subapical. Mantle and shell with a slit or perfo- ration near the tip. + Shell exposed. Anal slit subapical, guarded by a shelly channel within. 7. PUNCTURELLA. Shell conical, cancellated, radiately ribbed ; apex elevated, recurved, obliquely spiral; a linear perforation in front of the apex in the line of an elevated rib; aperture crenulated on the edge; cavity with a vaulted plate over the anterior perforation; muscular scar crescentic. Head proboscis-shaped ; tentacles subulate; eyes on protuberances on the outer base; mantle-edge simple, produced mto a tube emitted through the subapical slit; branchial plumes two; anal siphon prominent; lateral fringe of cirrhi interrupted behind. 1. P. Noachina, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. B.B. f. 4, 5, 6. OF MOLLUSCA. 165 tt Shell more or less exposed. Anal slit simple within. 8. Rimvuta. Shell conical, cancellated and radiately ribbed; apex elevated, recurved, entire, a linear perforation on the upper part of the front side, half-way between the margin and vertex; mouth crenulated on the edge; cavity simple, without any shelly plate; muscular scar crescentic, interrupted in front. Living in sandy mud. 1. R. exquisita, 4. ddams, P. Z. S. 1851, 226. 2. R. conica, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid. t. 78. f. 10, shell only. 9. MacroscHIsMa. Animal narrow, elongate, with the shell near the hinder end. Shell oblong, elongate, radiately striated, elevated, and subtruncate in front; apex anterior; anal aperture large, elongate, on the front slope of the shell. 1. M. maxima, 4. Addams, t. 51. f. 5. “The shell is on the hinder end of a very elongated body, like Testacellus, not wider than the shell.””— Cuming. Fissuridea (pileus) has a subconic, cap-like shell, with the apex near the hinder margin, and a narrow perforation. 10. FissuRELLA. Shell conical, radiately ribbed; apex subanterior or central; anal perforation oblong, subapical ; aperture wide, oblong ; cavity simple ; mantle enclosed, bearded on the edge; anal siphon short, projecting. 1. F. costata, t. 43*. f. 1-4. 2. F. radiosa, t. 43*. f. 5, t. 113. f. 1. 3. F. greca?, t. 112. f. 1, t.113. f. 6, 7; young, t.113.f. 4. F. reticulata, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. B.B. f. 7. . F. patagonica, t. 113. f. 2. . F. maxima, t. 113. f. 3. The shell of the young animal is entire, subspiral, with a per- foration in front of the subspiral apex, which is at length de- stroyed by the extension backwards of the anal perforation. of Fig. 89.—Teeth of Fissuredia. Lingual membrane of Fissurella elongate, broad, linear. Teeth: 166 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT central series 1° 5° 1°5-°1; central small, laminal, narrow at top, wide below ; inner lateral 4° 4, linear, similar, subequal, oblique ; apex rounded, slightly recurved; central lateral very large, versatile, capable of covering the inner lateral, conical, claw-like, transparent, curved, acute at the tip, with a large notch at the inner side near the base; outer lateral very numerous, hair-like, transparent; apex bent, hooked (fig. 89). 11. CuypmpELLA. Mantle partly covered by the edge of the shell, double-edged ; edges fringed and crenated; anal siphon fringed, exposed; foot large, fleshy, with a few beads on the front part of the sides. Shell ovate, shield-shaped, radiately rugose ; front edge sinuous, subtrun- cated ; anal perforation elongate, subanterior. 1. C. pustula. 12. CapiLuna. Mantle partly reflexed on the edge of the shell, bearded on the edge; anal siphon projecting. Shell oblong, cancellated ; apex sub- central; anal perforation large, oblong; aperture expanded, crenu- lated on the edge; inner edge of the anal perforation callous, and rather produced behind. 1. C. Cuvieri, t. 110. f. 6. This genus differs from Lucapina in the shell not being perma- nently covered by the mantle. ttt Shell permanently covered by the mantle; edge rounded, crenated. 13. FissuRELLID&A. Mantle large, thickened on the edge; foot very large, elongate. Shell depressed, oval, slightly radiated ; anal perforation very large, subcentral ; aperture open, with a smooth margin, thickened on the inner edge. 1. F. hiatula. 2. F. megatrema, t. 112. f. 2. 14. Lucarina. Mantle large, thin. Shell oblong, depressed, cancellated ; apex subcentral ; anal perforation large, simple ; aperture expanded ; edge erenulated. 1. L. cancellata. 2. L. crenulata. OF MOLLUSCA. 167 tttt Shell permanently covered by the mantle; edge acute, double-grooved. 15. Purnia. Mantle very large, covering the foot, smooth; foot granulated. Shell conical, smooth ; anal perforation very large, subcentral ; aper- ture ovate; margin entire, with a sharp, white, thinned edge. 1. P. apertura, t. 269. f. 5. Pupilleea aperta, Krauss. II. ‘Heteroglossa. Teeth pellucid, in five to eight longitudinal series, variable in form, the larger ones with opake black tips. Foot without any lateral fringe. Shell symmetrical. (See p. 136.) Suborder IV. CrrrHosprancuia. Gills two, symmetrical, tufted on the back of the neck. Body elongate-conical. Shell conical, tubular, with an apical opening. Lingual membrane wide, ovate; central series one-toothed ; lateral series with one tooth ; limb laminated (p. 162). Fam. X. DENTALIADA. Foot small, conical; sides simple. Body and shell elongate-coni- cal; apex pierced. Body cylindrical, conical. Gills: two, symmetrical, sublateral, and somewhat post-centrally situated organs, having their bases fixed on and hanging from the concave surfaces of the animal, with their points vertically parallel to the bases; they are united at their ifmer surfaces by a bridle of branchial strands arranged symmetri- cally. Heart at the anterior end of the branchial cavity. Vent at the base of the branchial cavity under the mantle, about the middle of the shell. Head rudimentary. Tentacles and eyes none. Lips bearded. Mantle circular, thick, fleshy, and covering the foot in front, thin posteriorly, and attached to the shell near its hinder ex- tremity. Foot central, conical, with two symmetrical side-lobes mounted on a long pedicel, grooved on both surfaces, centrally hollowed out, the cavity communicating with the stomach. Sexes probably united. Stomach with a strong anterior gizzard. Lingual membrane broad, ovate, with three longitudinal series of teeth, the central dentated, lateral broad. They live on foraminifera and small bivalves. The symmetrical, subventral position of the branchiz, the posterior flow of water to them, and the resemblance of the foot to that of some bivalves, com- bined with the similar character of its action, appear in a striking manner to show its connexion with the Conchifera.—Clark, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. iv. 328. M. Deshayes (Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Parts, 1828) regards the 168 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT gills of Mr. Clark as part of the liver, and the salivary glands as the gills; and M. de Blainville has formed them into an order, under the name of Cirrhobranchia. The animal is formed like the shell, round, and tapering gradually to the posterior extremity: it is smooth, whitish, and closely in- vested with a thin pellucid membrane, beneath which two strong, satiny, ligamentous muscles are seen lying along the ventral surface, adhering closely, and each of them divided into a broad and narrow slip. The collar is very thick and fleshy, and makes a complete circle, through which the foot is pushed at pleasure. The foot forms the anterior portion of the body; it is cylindrical, thick, fleshy, pointed with a conical process, and cleft above; and in the groove we see the mouth in the shape of a compressed process, projecting forwards, and with its edge fringed with short tentacular papille.— Johnston, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, ii. 39. They live buried in the sand or sandy mud in from ten to one hundred fathoms. The gills are pale green. The hinder termina- tion of the shell, when perfect, is tapering, with a short notch on the dorsal or arched side of the shell; or if it is truncated, then it is furnished with a lateral, tubular projection, rather broadly fissured on the dorsal edges. 1. DentaLium. . Shell tubular, tapering, curved; apex truncated, with a simple perforation ; aperture circular. 1. D.? semistriolatum, Linn. Trans. t.115.f.4; Chiaje, t. 115.f. 3. When the apex of the shell is broken off, it is reproduced by a spur- like process on the edge. 2. Enrauis. + Shell conical, elongate; apex truncated, with a longitudinal fissure on the dorsal or hinder margin; mouth circular. 1. E. vulgaris, t. 115. f. 2, t. 116. Central tooth of Entalis vulgaris subsemicircular, oblique, flat ; Fig. 90.—Teeth of Entalis vulgaris. base somewhat straight; margin waving; cutting edge unarmed ; lateral tooth with a compressed angular scape ; hook with an inflexed, blunt angle; apical margin denticulated in front; limb with a large, bent, rhomboidal lamina, elongated (fig. 90). The young have the apex of the shell slightly inflated, with a rather oblique oval aperture. The shell of the younger specimens is more arched near’ the top; the older specimens become trun- OF MOLLUSCA. 169 cated, and there is often a small, central, prominent tube, like an internal shell formed within the old one. This state has been called a species, Dentalium labiatum, Brown. Suborder V. CervicoBRANCHIA. Gill single on the left side of the gill-cavity on the back of the neck. Shell conical, symmetrical. Teeth in a few longitudinal series, forming arched cross series of two or three pairs of teeth (p. 167). Fam. XI. TECTURID. Teeth in six longitudinal series, the two inner close, uniform, the two lateral on each side in an oblique cross line, inner one often larger. Gill single, on the side of the back of the neck. * Mantle edge bearded or simple, without any lamine on the inner surface near the margin. 1. Nacexia. Shell ovate, conical, thin; apex subanterior, near the front mar- gin; mouth simple. Teeth in six longitudinal series and in arched cross series, the two inner close, the two others lower down and parallel to each other. 1, N. mytiloides. 2. TECTURA. Shell conical, convex; apex subanterior; margin even, simple. Gill one, placed on the left side of the head, prominent externally. 1. T. parva, t. 70. f. 7, t. 110*. f. 7. 22. T. tessellata, t. 70. f. 6. . testudinalis, t. 268. f. 2 (t. a. a. f. 2). . cassis, t. 114. f. 8. flammea, t. 114. f. 5. . fragilis, t. 114*. f. 7. . striata, t. 114*. f. 6. . stellaris, t.114*. f. 4. . conica, t.114*. f. 2. . punctata, t. 114*. f. 3. 2, t. 110*. f. 9. . zebrina, t. 70*. f. 7. The arcuated branchial plume of Tectura parva issues from the back of the neck ; in a state of quiescence it does not appear long, but can be greatly extended and contracted, like a pair of ladies’ cross-barred forceps ; it is composed of a pectinated leaf of almost ODN OTB Go HAAR ASSsHS Aas 170 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT horizontal, compact, rather short, blunt strands: the artery and branchial vein are easily observed ; the plume gradually curves and tapers from its origin to a pointed termination, and is of the palest uniform hyaline drab ; it may often be seen exserted and vibrating like a tentaculum in all directions ; the anus is under the plume. The foot serves as a nidus for the membranous vesicular envelope when the young are expelled from the matrix, and when the embryos have left it is discharged, as in Ianthina.—Clark, Moll. 263. Head of Tectura parva large, with a sharp edge in front and on the sides. Tentacles subulate. Eyes ——-? Foot simple, without any aia Mantle edge simple, under side smooth. Gill triangular, end free? Fig. 91.—Teeth of Tectura parva. The teeth of Yectura parva are square, entire, in a diagonal series ; tips conical (fig. 91). The teeth of Tectura testudinalis are square, with the anterior outer angle retuse and produced ; teeth two on each side, the anterior long, slender, furnished with a hook at the inner angle ; posterior almost transverse, with a double cutting edge, the inner much the larger and subtriangular. The mantle of Tectura scutum (Lottia punctata, Gray) is thin, with a rounded thickened edge, without any appearance of beards in the specimen preserved in spirits. Gills triangular, elongate, from the left side of the hinder.part of the gill-cavity, free the whole of its length, and formed of regular transverse laminee united by a con- tinuous margin on each side. The lingual membrane of Tectura Wiltoni, from the Cape of Good Hope, is elongate, linear, dark brown, with a transverse paler line between each set of teeth. Teeth 3-3, brown; apex opake black, in oblique lines, conical, acute, curved ; the inner close together, curved forwards; the middle and outer lateral curved outwards ; the outer lateral bifid, as if formed of two cones. The teeth of Tectura apicina, also from the Cape of Good Hope, are similar in all respects to 7’. Wiltoni, but the middle lateral teeth are smaller and slenderer above; the two outer lateral are three- lobed, the two apical lobes being nearly equal, and the one at the upper part of the base smaller. The lingual membrane of Tectura ?, from Magellan Straits, is elongate, linear, narrow, brown. Teeth 2°2, brown; apex conical, curved, claw-like, acute, opake black ; inner close together, with the hook bent outwards ; apex when worn truncated; outer far apart, with the hook bent inwards towards the centre, when worn truncated. The lingual membrane of Tectura, no. 206, is lmear, very narrow, OF MOLLUSCA. 71 transparent. Teeth 2:2, small, transparent; apex black, opake ; the ~ inner close together, with elongated oblong roots and small rounded apices ; the outer larger, with short broad oblong roots, and a trans- verse three-hooked crown. The mantle of a Tectura (like T. testudinalis), from the Sandwich Islands, is thin-edged, narrow, thickened, rounded, with a series of minute rather close tubercles on the margin ; inner surface and sides of the body smooth, without any larainee. Gills elongate, tapering, acute, free the whole length, and prominent. Lingual membrane elongate, rather narrow. Teeth black, conic, curved, in alternate bands of two and four series; the intermediate ones with only two teeth much the largest. The mantle of M. d’Orbigny’s specimen of Patella Petrei, which is only a variety of Tectura zebrina, is simple, with a series of rather distant, subcylindrical, fleshy beards, placed in a regular raised line a little within the edge of the under side, continued over the head. Gills small, elongate, simple, tapering to a fine point in front, arising from the hinder part of the left side of the mantle-cavity, and free the greater part of its length, formed of close-set regular transverse laminee, edged on each side by a fleshy band. Vent and aperture of generation each prominent on separate tubercles on the right side of the base of the mantle-cavity. Eyes very small, lateral, exterior. Tentacles subulate. Foot quite simple and smooth on the sides. Rostrum broad ; mouth oblong, transverse ; lips discoid, slightly fringed. In the same bottle was a small specimen of the Patella zebrina of D’Orbigny, with exactly the same animal, but it was soft, from the weakness of the spirit, and the submarginal beards were not so distinctly developed. The delicate brittle Tectura (Patelloida) depicta, which lives on the surface of Zosteras at San Diego, California, is almost linear, being compressed at the sides, and at least four times as long as wide. —Hainds, Voy. Sulph. 35. ** Mantle with a series of lamine just within the edge beneath. 3. ScurRia. The mantle the size of the shell, simple, on the edge with a series of half-oblong rather distant fleshy laminz: just within the edge, con- tinued over the head and behind. Foot. oblong, smooth, and without any appendages on the sides. Tentacles subulate. Eyes on the outer side of the swelling at their base. Rostrum short ; mouth oblong, transverse ; lip finely striated. Guill elongate, tapering, on the left side of the gill-cavity over the back of the head ; the end free, floating, formed of very numerous, close, transverse laminze, with a large transparent vessel on the left margin. Tongue-mem- brane linear. Teeth yellow, 3°3? Lives in holes in the roots of Fuci, like the Patina cerulea, D’ Orb. 1. S. mitra, t. 114. f. 1. The gill of Scurria mitra is triangular, on the left side of the back. 172 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Inner side of the mantle edge quite distinct from the gills of other Patelle, with a series of transverse waved membranous lamine, con- tinued round the edge over the head. Foot simple. Fam. XII. GADINIAD. Gill single, placed obliquely across the back of the neck. Tenta- cula expanded, forming a funnel-shaped expansion. Eyes sessile. Shell conical; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped, marginal, with a groove (for the vent) in the front of the right side of the scar. Teeth 2 1. GapInia. 1. G. Garnoti, Wiegmann, Arch. 1839, t.3.f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. tots Fam. XIII. LEPETIDA. Tooth : central single, with two hook-like teeth on each side. Gills none? or two pinnate on the back of the neck ? 1. Lepeta. Eyes none. 1, L. ceca, Miiller, t. . Propilidium ancyloide, Forbes, t. 268. f. 4 (t.a.a. f. 4). ( ) Fig. 92.—Teeth of The teeth of Lepeta ceca are square, subqua- Lepate ciena, drate, anteriorly rounded and winged; central tooth at the base widely cordate, cutting edge three-lobed, middle lobe longer, subspatulate, side lobes shorter, kidney-shaped ; lateral teeth two on each side, laminaceous, shortly hooked, the inner one winged on the outside and produced behind into a style (fig. 92). The edge of the foot of Lepeta Franklini is quite simple, without any fringe. Mantle edge simple, with a small thickened ridge on the under side near the margin. Gills ? Tentacles far apart, setaceous. Eyes none in specimen in spirits. 2. Ioruia. Gill none round the foot. 1. Iothia fulva. Patella fulva, Miller, t.70.f.5. Pilidium fulvum, Forbes, t. 268. f. 3 (t. a. a. f. 3). The teeth of Iothia fulva are square, elongate, in front angularly winged on each side; central tooth elongated at the base, cutting OF MOLLUSCA. 173 edge entire, strong, arrow-shaped, the middle point strong, with a minute basal one on each side; lateral teeth elongated, hooked ; hook long, lanceolate, outer margin ciliated. Suborder VI. CycLroprancuia. Gill lamellar, on the inner surface of the mantle, forming a more or less complete ring just beneath the margin. Side of foot with a sunken groove. Shell conical, symmetrical. Teeth in ten or eleven longitudinal series; the two inner close together, the three lateral series close and lower down, forming an arched or double cross series (p. 169). Fam. XIV. PATELLIDA. Shell simple, conical ; apex subanterior. Aperture ovate or ob- long. The gills are only an elongated branchial plume springing from the neck, and ought not to be looked on as a pair of symmetrical subsemicircular laminee, as in the Cyclobranchiate Chitons. M. Cuvier and most other naturalists consider the laminz placed round the edge of the under side of the mantle as gills, but M. de Blain- ville doubts this being the case, and considers some vessels which he has observed on the inner surface of the mantle over the back of the neck as the true gills of these animals, and he has accordingly formed them into a family under the name of Retifera. I have not been able to observe any peculiar vascular structure in the part indicated ; and as the laminze round the edge of the mantle exactly agree in texture with the laminz similarly disposed in Phyl- lidia and Chiton, which M. de Blainville considers as gills, I have little doubt but that the latter are true gills. According to M. Rang, they seldom change their place on the rock, and then only in the night. These animals are very abundant on the rocks, and our English species is much sought after for food and as bait by the fishermen and others who live on the coast: and the large species which are so abundant at the Cape of Good Hope are collected by the English soldiers and by the Hottentots to make soup of. Adanson speaks of the beauty and delicacy of form of the fringe of tentacula which surrounds the edge of the margin of the mantle of the animal of this genus. In the species which he mentioned there were three rows of them, each containing above 200 tenta- cula. Adanson observed some minute globes on the surface of the foot of one of the species of this genus, which he believed to answer as a sucker to attach the animal to the rocks (Senegal, p. 30). 174 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT * Guill continued over the head. 1. PATELLA. Gill continued over the head of the animal. . compressa, t. 70. f. 1. . granularis, t. 70. f. 2. . scutellaris, t. 70. f. 3. . cerulea, t. 70. f. 8. . vulgata, t. 70. f. 10, t. 70*. f. 1, 27, 67, t.110*.f. 1-8; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. C.C. f. 1. . P. pyramidata, t. 70*. f. 3. . P. crenata, t. 110. f. 2. . P. Lowei, t. 110. f. 1. . P. Testudo. Central teeth of Patella vulgata on each Fig. 93. side three, two of which are equal and linear, Teeth of Patella vulgata. the base elongated, flat, behind produced on the inside, winged on the outside, longer, tip recurved, with a claw-like hook, simple, keeled, black ; the third, posterior, wider, at the base rounded and produced on the outside, with an oblique recurved cutting edge, armed with three divaricating teeth ; teeth of lateral series linear, flat, with a very short hook (fig. 93).— See Osler, Phil. Trans. 1832, t. 14. How some Patella vulgata exist is a my- stery ; theyare often fixed for months, perhaps years, on rocks, at altitudes where they can rarely, if at all, be aspersed by the sea, and are debarred access to marine vegetables ; their re- corded descents from high levels, and periodical exits from, and returns to, the identical hollows they have made, after feeding on algee, have almost a fabulous complexion ; zones of sand fifty yards wide often intervene between them and such food, and their exceed- ingly slow locomotion is opposed to such manceuvres.—Clark, Moll. 261. The gills of Patella vulgata form a continued row within the margin of the mantle, but interrupted on the right side, where the blood enters the gills. The foot is divided longitudinally into two equal parts, the milt and eggs occupying the right side of the foot. They often move from place to place, as may be observed by the trail they leave in the slight coating of mud left on the rocks by the water as the tide falls. The younger animals appear to be most active. When attached to soft rocks, as chalk, it forms a cavity which is divided into two divisions by a cross ridge; the hinder division is the deepest, and there is no lunate ridge, as is formed by the animal of the genus Hipponyx (Fool’s-cap). The mantle of Patella with black rays, from the Sandwich Islands, is simple, with a crowded series of laminz on the under side of the mantle near the union with the foot, interrupted over the head. Soret 1 2 3 4. 5. 6 7 8 9 OF MOLLUSCA. 175 Lingual membrane very narrow. Teeth in arched cross series, black- tipped. Head, tentacles, sides of feet and edge of mantle of Patella com- pressa deep violet-blue ; foot violet-grey; gill yellow. Cape of Good Hope, living on the stems of Fuci (not seen on the shores). The Messrs. Adams have formed a subgenus, Cymbula, for Patella compressa, which is only a variety of form, produced by the situation where it lives, of Patella miniata, arranged by them with the true Patelle. Specimens with the two species combined in the same individual are not very rare. The subgenus Scutedlastera of the same authors, I fear, is not more distinct. The edge of the mantle of Patella oculus is deeply lobed, sub- stellate like the shell. The edge of the mantle of Patella testudinaria is fringed with a series of minute tentacula. The gills of Patella Testudo are, like those of P. vulgata, united over the head. Patella insessa, with a small horny brown shell with three or four white markings on the apex, is always found imbedded in the fronds of a Laminaria at California, often so deeply that it must be cut out with a knife.—Hinds, Voy. Sulph. 53. 2. OLANA. Shell ovate, depressed, narrowed and produced in front; apex obtuse, subcentral ; aperture broad, narrowed in front. Foot ovate. Head rather produced. Tentacula short. Mantle much produced and attenuated in front. Gills not interrupted over the head. Mus. Paris. 1. O. cochlear. ** Gills interrupted over the head. 3. Patina. Gills interrupted over the head. Shell oblong, smooth, pearly within ; aperture simple. 1. P. cerulea, t. 70. f. 4, t. 268. f. 1. They live imbedded in holes they form in the roots of the larger Fuci or Laminaria, or on the frond; when in the former situation, they are thick, with a curved base ; when in the latter, thin and flat- based. Central teeth of Patina pellucida on each side three, of which two are nearly equal, elongated at the base, flat, jointed in the middle, behind within curved and produced; the inner one more slender, linear, with the tip claw-like, hooked, the outer one broadish ; outer margin produced in front, tip wide, subtriangular, hooked ; the third, posterior, somewhat rectangular, furnished with an oblique cutting 176 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT edge, flat and bluntly trifid; teeth of lateral series three, shortly hooked (fig. 94). Fig. 94.—Teeth of Patina pellucida. The sides of the foot of Patina pellucida are furnished with a slight lobulated fringe edging the upper margin. The edge of the mantle with a series of minute tentacles, just within which are placed the series of gills formed of close, large, triangular transverse leaves ; the series is interrupted over the head; the mouth edged with ex- panded lips. The tentacles are far apart, with the eyes at their outer base. The mantle with 50 to 65 equidistant, slender, acute, tentacular filaments: floating beyond the edge between its margin and the body is placed the branchial cordon of 80 to 100 subtrian- gular plates, so extremely close-set as to present the appearance of thread-like filaments without depth, diminishing gradually anteally until they are interrupted by the head.—Clark, Moll. 258. 4. Heucron. Shell half-ovate, radiately ribbed ; apex submarginal, anterior ; aperture ovate; edge crenated. Gill interrupted over the head, of small and filiform strands. 1. H. pectinatus. Suborder VII. PotyrLacorHora. Gills in two lamellar series, one on each side of the hinder part of the body under the mantle edge. Shells 8, forming a linear imbricate series on the middle of the back. Lingual membrane long, linear ; central series with many teeth, middle one unlike the rest, outer lateral one on each side very large, with a black opake hook ; lateral teeth several, forming jointed unarmed lamellz ; one erect, hooked (p. 173). OF MOLLUSCA. V77 Fam. XV. CHITONIDA. Shells of 8 valves, forming an imbricate series on the middle of the back. Valves with a more or less wide plate of insertion sunken into the mantle, with a deep lateral notch on each side; the ante- rior and posterior valves often with other notches on the terminal edges. Gills conic, lamellar, in two series, one on each side the hinder part of the body. Many anatomists have proposed to separate these animals from the Mollusca, by forming them into a distinct subclass, and have con- sidered them more nearly allied to the Annelides!; but I cannot see the slightest grounds for such a separation; and the observation of the development from the eggs by Lovén has entirely disproved any affinity to them. They chiefly differ from other Mollusca in the shells not being developed on the embryo until some time after they are hatched. The eggs are loosely united in clusters, on stones. Each egg is enclosed in a thick, vesicular, folded envelope. The embryo in the egg is oval (fig. 95a), without any trace of shell, divided by a circular indentation into two nearly equal parts, close to which are attached the cirri, by means of which the movements of the embryo are effected. In the middle of the upper part there is a tuft of very fine filaments which scarcely exhibit any movement. The lower half has two dark points (eyes), one on each side close to the indentation. The young, when hatched, swim round the cluster of eggs, and are more elongated ; the front part is finely ciliated, and the anterior tuft of filaments occasionally vibrates ; the hinder part extends more rapidly, and becomes conic (figs. 6 & c). The back is marked with seven cross furrows; between these the first rudiments of the shell make their appearance in the form of close granulations. The animal bends frequently, is quite soft, can only swim, but soon after this begins to crawl (fig. c), and by a circular indentation the mantle is separated from the foot. The eyes are seen more distinctly to be situated on the ventral side, and are indistinctly visible from above fig. d). ( ton portion of the animal is sprinkled with acute tubercles, principally on the upper surface. There is no trace of the mouth. The furrows of the mantle become more distinctly separated, and its margin more closely set with acute tubercles. The first shell appears in the form of narrow bands with irregular margins ; they are seven in number ; the three or four anterior are equal in breadth ; the hinder diminish rapidly. The anterior filaments disappear. The animal sometimes swims and sometimes crawls (figs. d & e). The front portion developes into the head, having a mouth, with curved folds in front. The eyes are situated on the sides on distinct protuberances, and consist of pigment spots and lenses (fig.e). The foot has not yet assumed its full size. The gills are not yet visible. N 178 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT The mantle advances over the head. The front shelly valve has advanced over the eye (fig. f). The flat tuberculated surface in front of the valves is gradually diminished, and the eighth valve is pro- duced behind the seventh. Fig. 95.—Development of (Chiton) Leptochiton cinereus : after Lovén. a. Embryo in the egg. b. Dorsal view of young Chiton, showing the commencement of the divi- sions. c. Lateral view of the same. d. Dorsal view of young Chiton further advanced, with the seven irregular valves deposited in the segments. e. The same from beneath, showing the foot, with the eyes on the side of the head. JF. Dorsal view of a still older Chiton, showing the diminished tubercular front portion. The valves are at first short, with an irregular wavy outline, but they increase in thickness and size by the addition of layers on the under surface ; and as they increase, two deep notches are formed in the front of the outer sides, which are well marked in the adult shells Gig. f). Lovén regards the circle of cér7¢ as analogous to the cirri on the veil of the young of other Gasteropods and Acephala, but in Chiton the veil is not developed into a broad extensile sail, and he com- pares the anterior portion, having the tuft of filaments, to the pear- shaped body which usually carries the flagel/um in the marine Ace- OF MOLLUSCA. 179 phala. The veil is often absent in other Mollusca, or only appears as oral or labial tentacles. The valves are not formed by four united joints ; and still less do they support the opinion that the hinder valve is the true shell, analogous to Patella, and the anterior valves supplementary on it. It has been the habit of conchologists to keep the valves of this genus attached to the dry mantle of the animal, and to regard them as a single shell; but it should be recollected that the separate valves are the analogues of the only parts of the molluscous animals which are usually kept in cabinets and studied by conchologists. It has been objected that the character derived from the form of the plate of insertion of the valves can only be seen by the de- struction of the specimens as they are usually kept in cabinets, but they can generally be seen from the under side, or through the sub- stance of the mantle; when this is not the case, the form of the plate of insertion can be easily developed by paring away the under surface of the mantle, so as to show part of the edge of the valves, without injury to the specimen; and they may be easily made more visible through the inner side of the mantle by being soaked for a few hours in a weak solution of caustic potash; but care should be taken that the specimen is not left too long in soak, nor the solution be too strong, otherwise the margin will be dissolved. The form of the plate of insertion may also be easily predicted by inspecting the inner surface of the valves, for the notches in the margin leave an impressed line from the vertex of the valve, as they are gradually filled up by the growth of the valve. The valves are best separated from the coriaceous skin of the body, called the mantle, by soaking them in a strong solution of caustic potash ; as then the plates of insertion are cleaned, and not broken, which they are likely to be if they are taken by force from the mantle. The number of notches in the plates of insertion is sometimes, but very rarely, liable to variation. In one specimen of Chiton Bowenii in the Museum Collection, the plate of insertion of the last valve but one has two notches on one side, but the normal single notch of the enus on the other. “‘ A Chiton has a carapace like an isopod Crustacean, a dorsal vessel like an Annelid, bilateral symmetrical reproductive viscera like an acephalous Mollusk, a head and foot like a patelloid Gasteropod, a posterior anus like the Fissurellide, and branchiee like those of the brachyurous Crustacea! Such manifold affinities at once unite and sever this odd group from several most dissimilar classes.’’—Dr. T. Williams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 408 (1855)- nN 2 180 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT A. Mantles without any pores, furnished with fascicles of bristles or spines on the sides. a. The exposed part of the valves broad, band-like, transverse, closely imbricate one on the other. The plates of insertion moderate, of the anterior and the posterior valve divided into several lobes more or less pectinated on the edge. * Margin covered with uniform scales, entire behind. 1. Curron. Margin covered with regularly disposed, imbricate, smooth, polished scales; valves thick; the plates of insertion pectinately lobed, of Fig. 96.—Valves of Chiton olivaceus. the central valve with a single sub- central notch, of the hinder valve broad, distinctly lobed and pecti- nated; the hinder valve entire; apex superior, subcentral (fig. 96). The gill occupying nearly the whole length of the sides of the foot. + Scales of the margin moderate- 1. . Ch. granosus. . Ch. glaucus. . Ch. granulosus. Conception. . Ch. Siculus. . Ch. liratus, Sow. Ill. f. 126. . Ch. foveolatus, Sow. IU. f. 60. . Ch.excavatus, Sow. Ill. f.131. . Ch. fasciatus, Sow. Ill. f. 153. . Ch. australis, Sow. Ii71. f. 46. . Ch. Stokesii, Sow. Ill. f. 24. . Ch.virgulatus, Sow. 171. f.132. . Ch. patulus, Sow. Ill. f. 134. . Ch. marmoratus, sized. Ch. striatus, Sow. Ill. f. 3, 41. Chiloe. Ch. Cumingii, Sow. IlJ. f. 32, 51. Chili. Ch. albolineatus, f. 39. Mexico. Ch. squamosus. West Indies. Ch. sulcatus, Sow. Il. f. 12. Chili. Sow. Ill. Sow. Ill. f, 148. . Ch. articulatus, Sow. IU. £.18. . Ch. levigatus, Sow. Ii7.f.18*. . Ch. Goodallii, Sow. I71. f. 50. A, anterior, B, middle, and C, terminal valves. D, E, F, inner surface of same valves. g, the small lobes in the middle of the anterior margin between thewings. ,i,&%, notches in margin of insertion. 7 & m,con- fines of central area. OF MOLLUSCA, 22. Ch. Inea, t. 208. f. 2. 181 23. Ch. pellis serpentis, t. 189. f. 6, t. 208. f. 6. 24, Ch. ?, t. 209. f. 1. 25. Ch. 2, t. 209. f. 3. 26. Ch. Tehuelcha, t. 207. f. 3. 27. Ch. Isabella, t. 207. f. 1. 28. Ch.? Islandica, t. 154. f. 5. +t Scales of the mantle small. 29. Ch. Bowenii, Sow. Ill. f. 37. Magellan Straits. 2. ENOPLOCHITON. Mantle covered with oblong, unequal, elongated scales; valves broad, exposed, thick ; lateral area di- stinct ; plate of insertion of anterior valve _ lobed, of middle valve with a central nick, of the hinder valve entire, rounded; the hinder valve with a produced terminal apex. The valves become much eroded (fig. 97). 1. EB. niger. Coquimbo. 3. Rapsia. Margin covered with regularly disposed imbricated smooth scales; margins of in- sertion of the central valves pectinately divided, and each furnished with two notches, of anterior and hinder valve broad, lobed and pectinated ; posterior valve en- tire ; apex superior, subcentral. 1, R. Barnesii. Coquimbo. 4, CALLOCHITON. Margin covered with imbricate scales ; the valves keeled, the plates of insertion rather short, thick ; of the terminal valves divided into many, and of the central valves into four bifid lobes; the hinder valve entire. Gills on hinder half of the foot. + Margin with lanceolate, elongate, erect, closely pressed scales. 1. C. levis, Zool. Journ. v. t. 5. f. 1. tt Margin with ovate, imbricate scales. 2. C. evanidus, Sow. Ill. f. 139. Fig. 97.—-Valves of Enoplo- chiton niger. A, anterior valve; D, inner surface. B, middle valve ; E, inner surface. C, termi- nal valve. yg, antero-cen- tral area. h & i, notches in margin of insertion. J & m, confines of central area. 3. C. fuliginatus, 4. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 2. 182 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Central tooth of Callochiton laevis linear, somewhat narrower in the middle, cutting edge transverse, smoothish, convex above ; first side one scarcely larger, like a broad turned claw ; second very large, with a subclavate scape, hollowed on the outside, hook minute, wide, three-toothed ; lateral teeth 5, irregular, trapezoid, sixth erect, between the second and third, subtriangular; upper margin widely reflexed, striolated. e 5. IscHNOCHITON. Margin covered with very small imbricate scales; valves thin; the plates of insertion very thin, smooth-edged, of the central valves each with a single notch; posterior valve entire. Gills nearly as long as the side of the foot. + Scales of the mantle transversely grooved. . I. textilis. . I. limaciformis, 4A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 3. West Indies. . I. Magdaliensis. I. altus. Philippines. A ob tt Scales of the mantle minute, granular. 5. I. marginatus, Zool. Journ. v. t. 5. 6. LerrocHiTon. Margin covered with granular scales, with a series of spines on the edge; valves rounded, thin; the plates of insertion rudimentary, without any notches either in the terminal or central valves; the hinder valve entire. Gill short, on the hinder part of the side of the foot. 1. L. cinereus. = 2. L. Cajetanus. 3. L. asellus, 4. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 4. Central tooth of Leptochiton cinereus elongated, base oval, neck slender, cutting edge transverse, wider, smoothish, convex above ; first Fig. 98.—Teeth of Leptochiton cinereus. lateral somewhat larger, slightly hooked, furnished on each side with a large rounded wing, in the dorsal cavity receiving the produced base of the second largest tooth ; scape thick, notched outside ; hook black, OF MOLLUSCA. 183 opake at the bend, with a spine in front; lateral teeth 5 on each side, of irregular shape, trapezoid, arranged obliquely, the sixth erect between the second and third, hooked, slightly bent, upper margin reflexed and cut (fig. 98). Mr. Clark, who has very imperfectly observed the development of this species, erroneously says it shows no metamorphosis. ** Mantle covered with imbricate scales, slit behind. 7. Lorica. Mantle very densely covered with small smooth ovate imbricate scales, the hinder edge slit ; valves broad, transverse; plates of in- sertion of the front few-lobed, of the hinder deeply emarginate and obsoletely lobed ; the hinder valve with a produced acute posterior marginal apex, and notched on its hinder edge. Gills 2 1. L. Cimolia, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 54. f. 5, shell only. 8. SCHIZOCHITON. Mantle broad, deeply notched behind, covered with small chaff- like scales; valves elongate, subcordate, narrow ; lateral area short, distinctly defined ; the hinder valve large, with a subposterior superior apex, and a deep notch on its hinder lower edge, and the plate of insertion small, with a few oblique notches, scarcely pectinated. Gills occupying the hinder half of the side of the foot. 1. S. incisus, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 55. f. 6. Philippines. *** Margin covered with uniform calcareous thick bristles like spines, entire behind. 9. ACANTHOPLEURA. Margin covered with elongate shelly bristles; valves thin, broad, close, keeled ; lateral area distinct ; plates of insertion pectinated, of the central valves with a single lobe on each side, of the hinder valve regular, well developed ; last valve entire. 1. A. Peruviana, Sow. Ill. f. 44. Peru. 2. A. bicolor. West Indies. 3. A. Hennahi, Sow. Ill. f. 33. 4, A. Watsonii, Sow. Ill. f. 81, 82, 130. 5. A. Hanleyi. 10. Maueeria. Margin covered with elongate shelly spines or bristles; valves broad, thick, close; lateral area rather indistinct ; plates of inser- tion pectinated, of central valves with a single notch on each valve, of hinder valve narrow, rather irregular. Gulls as long as the sides of the foot. 184 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT + Margin bristly ; lateral area of valves distinct. 1. M. nobilis. New Zealand. ++ Margin spinose or spinulose ; lateral area of valves rather ’ indistinct. 2. M. picea, Sow. IJ. f. 147. West Indies. 3. M. spinigera, Sow. IU. f. 68. Peru. 4. M. Owenii. Gambia. 5. M. spinosa, Sow. Ill. f.151. Australia. 6. M. brevispinosa, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 54.f.1; Sow. IU. f. 136. Island of Johanna. 7. M. magnifica, Sow. Il. f. 52. 11. CorEPHIuM. Mantle with shelly spines; valves broad, exposed ; plates of in- sertion of the anterior valve lobed and pectinated, of central valves with a single nick, of hinder valve distinct, slightly denticulated, with one small central slit, not lobed on the sides; hinder valve oblong, with a subcentral, subposterior, not produced apex. . C. echinatum, Sow. Ill. f. 47. C. 2, Cuvier, t. 154. f. 6. . C.? asellus, Forbes §& Hanley, t. A.A. f. 5. . C.? rubrum, Forbes § Hanley, t. A.A. f. 6. mow be 12. ONYTHOCHITON. Mantle covered with shelly spines, bristles or chaff-like scales ; valves broad, exposed, thick; plates of insertion of anterior valve lobed, of middle valves one-nicked on each side, of the hinder valve rounded, entire ; posterior valve with a produced terminal apex. 1. O. Gaimardi. 2. O. hirtosus. 3. O. undulatus. Van Diemen’s Land. 13. Moupatia. Mantle moderately broad, spinulose ; front edge often expanded and produced, narrow behind (and slightly notched?) ; exposed part of the valves broad, transverse, depressed ; plates of insertion mode- rate, of the front valve lobed, pectinate, of the hinder valve expanded like those of the lateral valve, and two-lobed ; the hinder valve with a rounded lobe on the hinder edge. + Mantle moderately wide in front. 1. M. Hindsii, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 54. f. 7. 2. M. Simpsoni. tt Mantle very wide, expanded in front. 3. M. Blainvillii. OF MOLLUSCA. 185 *#** Margin bald, smooth, covered with a hard shining skin be- neath, entire behind. 14, Tonicta. Margin naked, smooth; valves broad, transverse, keeled, close together ; margin of insertion pectinately toothed, of central valves with a notch on each side. Gills occupying the greater part of the sides. 1. T. atrata, Sow. Ill. f. 57, 58. Falkland Islands. 2. T. elegans, 4. Adams, Gen. Moll. t.53. f. 5; Sow. Ill. f. 73, 74. Conception Bay. 3. T. rubra. 4. T. fulva, Sow. Ill. f. 53. Cadiz. 5. T. lineata, Sow. Ill. f. 77. 6. T. Swainsonii, Sow. Til. f. 5. Peru. 7. T. cerasina. 8. T. levigata. 9. T. lyrata. 10. T. Grayii, Sow. Til. f. 8, 16. 11. T. castanea, Sow. Ill. f. 114, 115, 116. Cape of Good Hope. 12. T. fastigiata, Sow. Ili. f. 11. California. 15. Fanny. Mantle broad, smooth ; valves moderate, subcordate, rounded and far apart on the sides; lobes of insertion wide, denticulated, of the central valve with a single lobe on each side. 1. F. dispuncta, Zool. Journ. t. 77. f. 5. This genus forms a passage to the genera which have only a small part of the valves exposed. b. The exposed part of the valves small ; the plate of insertion very broad, of the anterior valve divided by deep grooves into several lobes. 16. KarHarina. Body convex. Mantle smooth, naked; exposed part of the valves small, cordate ; plates of insertion very broad, large ; of the anterior valve divided into several deep grooves above, and slit on the edge; of the last three-lobed. Gills on each side of the foot. 1. K. tunicata, Middend. Ross. Chit. t.10. f. 1, 2. 2. K. Douglasiz. c. The valves entirely covered by the mantle, appearing only to con- sist of the plates of insertion ; the front part of the front valves five-lobed. 17. CRYPTOCHITON. Mantles covered with numerous close, uniform tufts of calcareous 186 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT spicula; valves entirely hidden, consisting wholly of the plate of insertion ; anterior valve divided into five pectinated lobes. Gills extending the whole length of the side. 1. C. amiculatus. 2. C. Stelleri, Middend. Mal. Ross.t.1.f.1, 2; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 55. f. 1. Central teeth of Cryptochiton Stelleri (see Middend. Malac. Ross. i. 141. t. 3. f. 10, 11, 12, t. 5. #9) small, squarish ; inner lateral elongate, erect, curved, linear, three-toothed at the tip ; the others flat, four-sided, elongate; inner smaller, gradually larger towards the outer series, which are largest, transverse, obscurely toothed on the front edge. B. The mantle with nine pores on each side, the two front on the front margin of the anterior valves, and each of the others at the hinder edge of the side of each valve, all furnished with a tuft of spicula or bristles. a. Mantle bald, spinulose beneath, the pores of the mantle fur- nished with subulate flexible bristles ; the exposed part of the valves broad. 18. PuaxipHora. Mantle with scattered tufts of bristles, and with a series of nine tufts of larger bristles on each side; valves broad, exposed, thin; the plate of insertion of anterior valve lobed, of middle valve with a notch on each side, of the hinder valve entire, smooth, rounded ; the hinder valves with a produced subposterior apex. 1. Pl. Carmichaeli = Chiton albidus, Ch. raripilosus, Ch. costatus, Blainv., Ch. biramosus, Quoy, Ch. setiger, Ch. Fremblii, and Ch. setosus, Sow. Terra del Fuego. b. Mantle spinulose, with the pores furnished with tufts of bristle- like calcareous spines ; exposed part of valves moderately large. 19. Hanueya. Body depressed. Mantle spinulose ; lateral tufts of spines small ; exposed part of valve broader than long; margin of insertion of the valves entire, of anterior and posterior valves very narrow. 1. H. debilis = Chiton Hanleyi, Thorpe. 20. ACANTHOCHETES. Body oblong elongate, rather depressed. Mantle spinulose, tuft of spines generally large, often iridescent ; exposed part of valves moderately broad cordate, as long as broad. Gills occupying two- thirds of the hinder part of the sides of the foot. OF MOLLUSCA. 187 . fascicularis, t. 154. f. 2, t. 207. f. 6, t. 209. f. 2. . Garnotii, t. 207. f. 5. polychetus. roseus. Lesueurii. scaber. violaceus, t. 208. f. 3. hastatus. . hirundiniformis. . strigatus. . Zelandicus, t. 207. f. 2. — ?,t. 154. f. 4. M. de Blainville observes, that the valves of this genus are always without any trace of the lateral area (Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi. 537), but this must have arisen from his having only examined worn specimens. SS OU SSO oo Ro ; Seeeeasdeee 21. CuHrTroNELLUS. Body elongate, subcylindrical, back convex. Mantle covered with short crowded calcareous spines, and the lateral pores small, with short crowded calcareous spines ; exposed part of the front valve oblong, square, broad, often worn, of the hinder ones narrow, lan- ceolate ; the plates of insertion large, of first valve bilobed, of lateral and hinder valves produced in front and scarcely notched on either side. Gills occupying about one-third of the hinder side of the foot. 1. Ch. fasciatus, t. 208. f. 5. 2. Ch. larviformis, t. 208. f. 4. 3. Ch. levis. 4. Ch. striatus. Lingual membrane of Chitonellus linear. Central tooth linear ; eer Sitesi inner ee, small, linear, twice as long as broad, diverging ; outer lateral large, with a large black convex apex, with three teeth on the inner edge; no external lateral teeth (fig. 99). c. Mantle covered with furfuraceous scales, the pores with tufts of ; hair-like spines ; exposed part of the valve small, broad. 22. AMICULA. Body ovate, convex ; back convex. Mantle covered with furfura- ceous scales; the pores with a tuft of yellowish hair-like spines ; 188 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT exposed part of the valves small, subcordate, as broad as long. Gills 1. A. vestita, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 55. f. 2. “The valves of Chitonellus Emersonianus are covered with a thin membrane coated with a dirty scurfy epidermis, which is easily rubbed off. Margin broad, thick, resembling macerated calf-skin, coated like the rest of the surface, and having two ranges of small tufts of yellowish hairs, two on each of the intermediate, and six or eight around the terminal valves.”’—Gould, Moll. Mass. 152. f. 19. d. The mantle smooth ; pores with a tuft of small spines ; exposed part of valves very small, linear. 23. CRYPTOCONCHUS. Body oblong, rather convex. Mantle smooth; back flattish or concave in the ceutre; the pores on the upper part of the sides of the back, each containing a tuft of short spicula; exposed part of the valves linear, much longer than broad, the plate of insertion of the front valve slightly crenated in front. Gills on the hinder half of the sides of the foot. 1. C. porosus, t. 207. f.4, t. 208. f. 1. APPENDIX to ScuriBRANCHIATA. At page 136, before Suborder I. Scuriprancata, add— Suborder [*, PsEUDOBRANCHIA. Gills in form of branched vessel on the inner surface of the mantle. Body and shell spiral. The lateral central teeth large, irregular. Operculum none. Terrestrial. These differ from Pulmonata in the mantle being free from the nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open, and in the animal bein unisexual. They differ from Phaneropneumona (p. 78), with which they have hitherto been united, in the teeth being truly Riphido- glossal. Fam. I*. PROSERPINAD (Erase from p. 86). Muzzle short, annulated. Tentacles lateral, subulate, short, distant. Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles; sides simple, without any membranaceous fringe or lateral beards. The lateral central teeth large, irregular, lobed or dentated. Foot moderate, truncated in front, acute and keeled above behind, with a concavity in the front part for the base of the shell, lined with an extension of the mantle. Operculum none. Shell spiral, depressed ; OF MOLLUSCA. 189 -whorls close-pressed, more or less covered with a polished coat ; aperture lunate, with a fold forming a slight truncate canal at the columnar angle. Peristome simple, acute; throat and inner lip with spiral lamine ; axis covered with a callous deposit; the septa between the upper whorls absorbed. 1. Proserpina (see p. 86). Shell polished all over. (Mantle expanded and reflexed over the upper and under part of the shell ?) 1. P. nitida. 2. CERES. Shell rugose and covered with a periostraca above, smooth and polished and covered with a thin callous coat beneath. Mantle free from the back of the ueck, with a thick double-edged collar, the outer edge rather reflexed. The front part of the upper surface of the foot near the axis of the shell is depressed into a rather expanded concavity which is lined with an extension of the mantle, having a raised edge near the margin of the concavity. This raised edge is evi- dently a continuation of the edge of the mantle of the body, sinuated at the columnar and outer upper angle of the mouth of the shell. It is more developed and crumpled up, in the specimens in spirits, on the left side of the concavity ; and there is little doubt, in the living state, that this extension of the mantle is expanded out and deposits the polished callous coat of the under surface of the shell and the callosity over the axis; hence the larger size of the left side of the extension. 1. C. Salleana. Spire convex ; whorls granulated above. 2. C. eolina. Spire flat ; whorls with oblique diverging raised lines. Lingual membrane of Ceres Salleana broad, elongate, with nume- rous longitudinal series of teeth. Teeth 00°5-1°5°00 (fig. 100); Fig. 100.—Teeth of Ceres Salleana. the central tooth oblong, distinct, with a broad simple reflexed tip ; the first and second lateral teeth rather broader than the central one, with a three-toothed recurved tip ; the third narrow, elongate, with a slightly recurved end; the fourth and fifth much larger, oblong and irregular-shaped ; the fourth about half as wide as the fifth, with three or four dentations on the inner side of the upper edge; the 190 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT fifth very large, broad, with a large subcentral reflexed lobe ; the lateral teeth are very numerous, subequal, similar, compressed, trans- parent, with a recurved tip, those of the inner teeth of the series being bifid. The following Figures were accidentally omitted in their right places. Fig. 101.—Lingual teeth of Emarginula crassa (p. 163). Fig. 102. Fig. 103. Teeth of Tectura testudinalis (p. 169). Teeth of Lepeta ceca* (p. 172). * The figure 92 under this name at p. 172 should be Jothia fulva, and referred to in the description of that genus. OF MOLLUSCA. 191 Subclass I. HETEROBRANCHIATA, Gray. Respiratory organs variously formed. Gill exposed, or only slightly covered by a fold of the mantle, or in the form of a lung- like cavity. Hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation (p. 3). Heterobranchiata, Gray, 1840. Opisthobranchiata et Pulmonata, M.-Hdw. 1846. Order IT]. Pre vroprancHIATA. Gill forming a tuft on the side of the back under a fold of the mantle. Shell spiral. Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larvee fur- nished with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation. Animal and foot elongate, for walking. A, Organs of generation far apart, united by a groove. TECTIBRANCHIA, Rang. a. The tentacles broad, forming a more or less expanded frontal disk. Bullinina. ‘“* The head-lobe in the Bullide is in fact nothing else than the dor- sal and labial tentacles fused into one continuous mass. This Cuvier asserted long ago, aud it can very easily be proved on anatomical grounds. The nerves which supply the oral and dorsal tentacles in the Gasteropods go to this lobe, the former to the anterior, the latter to the posterior portion of it (the olfactory nerves to the upper part of it, hence it is the organ of scent).”—Hancock, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, 188. “In Bulla hydatis the olfactory organ is most highly developed, and is perfectly similar in structure to that observed in fishes, and shows the analogy that exists between the dorsal tentacle of Doris and the olfactory organs of this higher type of form. It is composed of a central stem, bearing numerous considerably elevated lateral lamin. Mr. W. Clark, who described it (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1850, vi. 100), erroneously considers these ‘ leaflets” salivary glands.” —-Hanceock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, 190. . § Teeth in two or four longitudinal series. Fam. I. PHILINIDA. Teeth in two (or rarely four) longitudinal series, large, hooked, sometimes with a series of smaller similar teeth on the outer side. Head-disk square, broad. * Shell none. 1. ? GASTEROPTERON. Head-disk triangular ; eyes sessile, subcentral ; body ovate, shell- 192 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT less ; gill exposed ; foot oblong, transverse, very large, sides foldec on the back. Teeth ? Shell none. “Mouth a linear longitudinal slit; genital pore in front and ven behind ; the gill composed of many plumules, partly covered by ¢ fold of the mantle.” —PAilippi, Moll. Sicil. 97. 1. G. Meckelii, t. 60*. f.8; t. 131. f. 1. (Clio amata), t. 132. f. 1-10. 2. PosTEROBRANCHAA. Head-disk short, truncated behind. Eyes none. Body and man- tle oblong, shell-less, convex, with a triangular bifid posterior process. Foot very broad, vblong, rounded. Teeth ? Shell none. 1. P. maculata, t. 168. f. 2. The animal requires re-examination. M. d’Orbigny calls what I have here considered the head-disk and the body, the front and hinder portion of the foot, which, he says, unlike any other mollusk, is divided transversely in half into two very distinct portions. If the above theory is correct, the foot is spotted, and the upper part of the body is one-coloured ; but the foot of several Aplysia is spotted and variegated. Messrs. Adams have referred this genus to the Bullide, but they have taken the front part of the mantle (of M. d’Orbigny) for a cephalic disk, though M. d’Orbigny particularly described the mantle as being continuous, and have made their figure to agree with this theory, representing it as divided into two distinct portions (see Gen. Moll, t. 58. f. 5). ** Shell distinct, covered. Gill on right side. : 3. Doripium. Head-disk ovate, truncate behind. Eyes none? Body depressed, truncated behind. Mantle large, oblong, shorter than the expanded foot. Shell covered, thin, flat, triangular. 1. D. marmoratum, t.131.f.2,3. Eidothea marmorata, Risso (Eur. Mérid. t. 1. £. 17). 2. D. Meckelii, t. 132. f..1, 1 a. 4. Purine. Head-disk trapeziform, elongate. Eyes none. Mantle moderate, bluntly notched behind. Foot broad; ‘side lobes large and fleshy, reflexed, edging the head and front of the mantle. Shell concealed, thin, fragile, ovate, convolute; spire small; aperture very large, open. 1. P. aperta, t. 60. f. 5, t. 60*. f. 2, t. 132. f. 6, t. 175. £.6; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 1. 2. P. ——, n.s., t. 175. f. 5. Borneo. Be Ps ns. t. 132. f.4. West Indies. OF MOLLUSCA. 193 . P. granulosa, t. 60*. f. 4. . P. Catena, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4. . P. punctata, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t.V.V. f. 5. P. scabra, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 1. Fig. 105. Animal of Philine aperta. NO oS The young animal (Philine aperta) is covered with a spiral shell furnished with vibratile swimming veils and an operculum. The eggs are numerous, in a very long spiral series, contained in an ovate hydrophanous gelatinous egg-capsule (fig. 105).—Lovén. s. Shell. 0. Mouth. c. Head. Lingual membrane of Philine aperta “7, Side lobes. m. Mantle. g very narrow, very thin, transparent. Gizzard seen through the skin. Teeth two on each cross series, close together at the base, elongated, arched, nearly in half a circle, brown, compressed, scimitar-shaped ; inner edge very finely denticulated ; teeth transparent (fig. 106). Fig. 106.—Teeth of Philine aperta. Fig. 107.—Teeth of Philine scabra. SK Lateral teeth of Philine scabra two, erect, claw-like, the inner by far the larger, lobed within, serrulated ; outer minute, unarmed (fig. 107).—Lovén. 5. Hirunpe.ra. Head-lobe oblong, elongate. Eyes none. Mantle oblong, narrow, produced into two elongated tails behind. Foot large, dilated on the sides, reflexed, and embracing the head and mantle. Shell concealed, flat, thin, scarcely involute. 1. H. hirundinaria, t. 60. f. 1. *** Shell distinct, exposed. 6. CryPprorpHTHALMUS. Head small, narrowed behind. Eyes under the free edge of the disk. Mantle covering the base of the shell. Foot large, elongate ; sides reflexed, subcylindrical, covering the mantle, and with a pos- terior branchial aperture. Teeth— ? Shell partly exposed, horny, fragile, scarcely involute. 1. C. smaragdina, t. 60. f. 3,4, 5,6. Var. Riippell, t. 60*. f. 9. This may be allied to Bulla. o 194 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 7. XANTHONELLA. Head disk small, broad in front, narrow, bifid behind. Eyes ses- sile, in middle of disk. Mantle covering the edge of the shell. Foot elongate, oblong ; sides reflexed, rounded, enclosing the body, leaving a posterior branchial opening. Shell partly exposed, thin, horny, scarcely involute, without any spire. 1. X. lutea, t. 59. f. 8. 8. GLAUCONELLA. Head disk moderate, acute in front, truncate behind. Eyes in middle of disk. Mantle enclosed. Foot oblong, broad; sides bent up, enclosing part of the shell. Teeth ? Shell exposed, oval, depressed, thick, green; apex with the rudimentary spine forming a cup-like disk behind. . l. G. viridis, t. 59. f. 5 2. G. glauca, t. 59. f. 3. 3. G. Adamsii, t. 178. f. 1. 9. SCAPHANDER. Head disk large, elongate, subquadrate. Eyes none. Mantle en- closed. Foot short, rather broad, with narrow reflexed sides. Teeth in two longitudinal series. Shell external, ovate, convolute, striated ; spire small, concealed ; aperture large, narrow behind. 1. S.lignarius. Bullal.,t. 60*.f.5; Forbes Fig. 108.—Teeth of § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 5. Seay aniler kignarees 2. 78. ——1t. 132. £3. Lateral tooth of Scaphander lignarius sin- gle, claw-like, crenulated on the posterior margin before the tip; on the outside winged with a crest on the basal part (fig.108).—Lovén. §§ Teeth in three longitudinal series (fig. 109). Fam. Il. AMPHISPHYRAD&. Teeth in three longitudinal. series, forming straight cross series ; the central tooth broad, square ; the lateral curved, bent down. 1. AMPHISPHYRA. Animal enclosed in the shell, thick, broad. Head broad, short, transverse. Tentacles short, conical, far apart, lateral. Eyes mi- nute, immersed, remote, posterior. Lips tumid, forming an inflated vertical mouth, impressed in front. Foot shorter than the shell, subquadrate, dilated in front, truncate, divided into two lobes by a medial slit behind; edge of mantle thickened. Shell bubble-like, OF MOLLUSCA. 195 thin, ovate ; apex truncate ; spire depressed, with a prominent mam- millary first whorl. 1. A. pellucida. 2. A. globosa. 3. A. hyalina, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. Q.Q. f. 2. Teeth, t. 22. f.2C. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 56. f. 8. Central tooth of Amphisphyra globosa Fig. 109.—Teeth of broad, subrectangular ; cutting edge trans- . #”»hisphyra globosa. verse, serrulated; lateral tooth one, claw- like, slender, expanded at the base, winged ee on the outside (fig. 102).—Lovén. As in Rissoella the eyes are placed far back, so as to be only seen through the transparent shell. §$$§ Teeth in thirteen longitudinal series, in straight cross lines (fig. 110). Fam. ITI. BULLINADA. Teeth : central distinct, lateral 6 ‘6 ; inner ones large, with a strong hooked point ; outer ones uniform, small. Head disk broad, entire or nicked behind. Foot short. Shell exposed. 1. BuLuina. Animal short, broad. Head depressed, subquadrate, truncated in front. Tentacles broad, flattened, free, recumbent, transverse. Eyes under their base. Foot very short, ovate, quadrate. Mantle edge thickened, closing the hinder part of the aperture. Teeth 4-1:1+1°4; central broad, pectinate ; inner lateral large, curved; rest small. *«* Prehensile collar distinct,’’ Adder. Shell cylindrical or fusiform. Columella callous or plaited. * Frontal disk elongate, truncated behind. Cyclina. 1. B. cylindracea, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 56. f. 6. 2. B. 2, t. 178. f. 4. ** Frontal disk short, deeply notched behind. Tornatina. 3. B. truncata, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 56. f. 9. Central tooth of Bullina aléa small, Fig. 110.—Teeth of Bullina alba. compressed, erect, above wider; cutting edge slightly produced, serrulated; . a PIG ies lateral teeth 6, first very large, base on both sides produced, with a sharp . strong point deflected and toothed on the inside, the other teeth mi- nute, bent and claw-like (fig. 110).—Lovén. 0 2 196 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT §§§§ Teeth in very numerous close longitudinal series, forming oblique cross series (fig. 111). Fam. IV. BULLIDZ. Teeth : central one, distinct; lateral numerous, uniform, in an angular series. Tentacular frontal disk expanded, nicked behind. Shell distinct, exposed. ‘ é : * Mantle with a long process emitted through a slit in the suture. of the shell. Head disk narrow. Eyes none. Spire convex. 1, AKERA. Head disk elongate, narrow, simple. Eyes none. Mantle en- closed, fringed on the edge. Foot very large ; sides dilated, rounded, folded back in repose. Shell subcylindrical, convolute, thin, elastic ; spire short ; suture channeled, notched on the edge. 1. A. bullata, t. 60*. f. 6, 7. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t.V.V. f. 6. 2. A. tn. s., t. 178, f. 2. Borneo. Central tooth of Akera bullata minute, erect, base wider, produced on each side; head swollen, impressed above, cutting edge deflected, one-pointed, on each side crested and toothed ; lateral teeth about twenty-one, with a long hook, the middle ones longest, the first Fig. 111.—Teeth of Akera bullata. shortly winged on the inside, serrulated, the following gradually more and more slender (fig. 111).—Lovén. ** Mantle simple behind. Head disk broad. Eyes distinct. Spire of shell minute, sunk ; suture simple. 2. Buuua. Head disk broad, sometimes nicked and expanded behind. Eyes subcentral. Mantle enclosed, with a thick posterior lobe. Foot oblong, short; front part of sides bent up. Shell ovate, solid, coloured, involute ; spire very small, sunk or hidden. B. Cranchii, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 2. B. ampulla, t. 178. f. 3. B. ovoidea, t. 59. f. 4. B. glauca, t. 59. f. 3. B. striata, t. 60. f. 2, t. 175. f. 4. STE Re OF MOLLUSCA. 197 6. B. Columni, t. 59. f. 1. 7. B. Hydatinella, t. 60*. f. 3. 3. HamMInea. Head disk large, elongate, naked behind. Eyes subcentral. Mantle edge reflexed on shell behind. Foot elongate; sides ex- panded, reflexed on shell. Shell ovate, thin, horny, striated ; spire very small, sunken. 1. H. hydatis?, t. 60. f. 1,°2, t. 60*. f. 2. 2. H. ?, t. 132. f. 4. 3. H.? ——?, t. 178. f. 5. 4. H. hydatis, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. Q.Q. f. 3, Teeth of Haminea hydatis in very numerous longitudinal series, of uniform similar conical acute glassy teeth in close angular cross series. “The branchial plume of Bulla hydatis is a single, regular, crescent- shaped plume of 18 or 20 short, coarse strands, having the artery in the centre, lying in a crypt transversely between the vulva and the anus, floating free, except where under the mantle it is fixed to its roof and to the back of the animal. The heart is at the base of the branchie.”’— Clark, Moll. p. 280. Fam. V. AMPLUSTRIDE, Teeth: central none; lateral numerous, uniform. Frontal disk produced into ear-like tentacular lobes. Front of aperture of shell more or less channeled. Operculum none. 1. AmpLusTRUM. Shell ovate, imperforated, solid, smooth ; spire distinct, conical, blunt ; aperture oblong, with a broad canal in front. 1, A. aplustre, t. 59. f. 2, t. 175. f. 1. 2. BULLINULA. Shell ovate, solid, perforated, transversely grooved and dotted ; spire conical, blunt; aperture linear, ovate, broadly channeled in front. 1. B. undata, t. 59. f. 6. 2. B. ——?, t. 132. f. 5. 3. Hypatina. Shell involute, ovate, thin ;* axis perforated ; spire flattened ; aper- ture entire in front. 1. H. Physis, t. 59. f. 7, t. 175. f. 2, 3, t. 262. f. 1. 198 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Central tooth of Hydatina Physis wanting ; lateral teeth about thirteen, somewhat equal, thick, hooked, reduced in front and at the base; marginal teeth 4° 5, unequal (fig. 112).—Lovén. Fig. 112.—Teeth of Hydatina Physis. ay. ” AR, The genus Atlas, Lesueur, has been referred to this family. It is said to be the larva of Siphunculus. See J. Miiller, Entwich. der Echinod. 36, and Busch, in Arch. Naturg. 1854, 333. b. Tentacles slit externally, ear-like, separate. Head produced. Teeth in very numerous longitudinal series, forming angular eross lines, all similar (p.191). + Shell internal or none (p. 201). Fam. VI. APLYSIADA, Shell internal, rudimentary; nucleus globular, spiral. Teeth im many longitudinal series; central 1, distinct ; lateral numerous, similar. Tentacula separate, ear-like. * Sides of foot dilated, covering the back, not expanded for swim- ming. Shell hard, calcareous, covered by the mantle. 1. DoLaBEeLua. Animal elongate, obliquely truncated behind ; sides of foot in- flexed. Shell calcareous, triangular, convex ; apex callous. Perios- traca hard. + Body warty. Shell broad. 1. D. callosa, t. 137. f. 2. D. Rumphii, t. 134. f. 1, t. 135. : 2, t. 133. 3. D. ——?, n.s., t. 207. f.2. Ceylon. bo re) tt Body smooth. Shell broad. . ecaudata, t. 136. f. 2. . Tongensis (Aplysia de Tonga), t. 137. f. 1. oe oo ttt Body and shell elongate. 6. D. temnida, t. 136. f. 1, t. 270. f. 1. OF MOLLUSCA. 199 2. DoLaBRIFERA. Body tapering behind. Shell calcareous, trapeziform ; apex pro- duced. 1. D. Dolabrifera, t. 149. f. 1. 2. D. ascifera, t. 149. f. 3. 3. D. Oahouensis, t. 220. f. 5. ** Sides of foot dilated, free for swimming. Shell subcartilayi- nous, covered by the mantle. 3. APLYSTA. Body elongate, conical behind. Shell subcartilaginous, ovate ; apex acute. ; 1. A. depilans, t. 138.f.1, t.142.f.1, 2,jun.? Esmia Griffithsize, t. 268. f. 13. Young from eggs, t. 154. f. 1. A, A. . Lepus, t. 146. f. 3. - marginata, t. 146. f. 1. . ocellata, t. 148. . rosea, t. 138. f. 2. . Lessonii, t. 139. f. 2. . Brasiliana, t. 140. f. 2. . Keraudrenii, t. 141, f. 2. . fusea, t. 141. f. 1. . maculata, t. 142*. f. 1. te Oo PEEP PEED EDP PEEP EEE PEPE PEPE EP EE ED virescens, t. 61. f. 3. punctata, t. 139. f. 1, t. 140. f. 1, t. 146. f. 2, t.177.f. 5. hybrida, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 1. . fasciata, t. 142*. f. 3. Inca, t. 61*. f. 2, t. 144. f. 1. dactylomela, t. 144. f. 2. protea, t. 144. f. 1. Camelus, t. 145. f. 1. alba, t. 145. f. 2. Sicula, t. 147. f. 3. . nigra, t. 147. f. 1. Sorex, t. 149. f. 8. Ferussacti, t. 149. f. 7. longicornis, t. 149. f. 4. marmorata, t. 149. f. 6. lurida, t. 61*. f. 1. Rangiana, t. 61%. f. 3. Julienna, t. 61..f. 1. . Tigrinella. A. Tigrina, t. 61**. f. 4. 7 . petalifera, t. 149. f. 5. . linguifera, t. 149. f. 2. . Argus, t. 143. f. 2, t. 270. f. 3, 4. . Brugnatelli, t. 142*. f. 4. . Webbii, t. 142*. f. 2. ° . depressa, t. 147. f. 4. 200 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 36. A. Dumortieri, t. 147. f. 3. 37. A. limacina, t. 151. f. 2.. 38. A. Rissoana. Dolabella Lepus, Risso,’ Europ. Mérid.t. .f. 39. A. Neapolitana, t. 3. f. 2. Lingual membrane of Aplysia depilans broad, short, brown, Teeth brown, many on each diverging cross series; central tooth Fig. 113.—Teeth of Aplysia punctata. a ) i) distinct and truncated, triangular, dilated beneath, with an arched front edge ; apex truncated, reflexed ; reflexed part subcordate, dark, with three large toothlets in front; lateral teeth 12°12, in an oblique line, rather elongate, oblique, with the tip recurved, with three rounded lobes on its lower edge; the crown of the anterior teeth worn, so as to leave the reflexed and lobed part. Central tooth of Aplysia punctata with the base on each side ex- panded ; apex recurved, with one sharp point lobed on both sides; , lateral teeth about thirteen, minute, claw-like, denticulated, lobed and toothed at the bend; outer ones misshapen (fig. 113).—Lovén. *** Sides not dilated. Foot narrow. Shell none. 4. Norarcuvs. Animal ovate; hinder tentacles simple. Foot linear, narrow. Shell none. . N. Cuvieri, t. 53. f. 2, t. 152. f. 3, t. 153. f. 1, 3. . N. gelatinosus, t. 61. f. 2, t. 153. f. 2. . N. punctatus, t. 153. f. 5. . N. ocellatus, t. 152. f. 2. . 1N. (Bursiris) griseus, t. 198. f. 8. oP WD 5. BursaTELa. Animal globular, bearded; hinder tentacles branched. Shell none. 1. B. Leachii, t. 150, t. 153. f. 4. 2. B. laciniatus, t. 152. f. 1. 3. Ry Plei, t. 151. f. 1. 6. ACLESIA. Animal elongate, tapered behind, bearded. Tentacles linear, papillary. Lips elongate, dilated on the sides. 1. A. longicauda, t. 151. f. 4. 2. A. undata, t 152. f. 5. OF MOLLUSCA. 201 . Citrina, t. 151. f. 6. . viridis, t. 151. f. 7. . rufa, t. 61. f. 5. . striata, t. 61. f. 3. . cirrigera, t. 61. f. 1. . ocellata, t. 179. f. 2. . Euclorus, t. 179. f. 1. SOPOT Seas Se > > > > D> > ea ++ Shell eaternal (p. 198). Fam. VII. LOPHOCERCID. Body elongate. Head produced. Tentacula two, ear-like. Eyes ? Gill regular, pectinate. Male organ on right side of nape, near tentacle ; female ? Mantle enclosed. Tail conical. Shell exterior, convolute. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series ; central 1, distinct ; lateral numerous, similar, in an angular cross series. 1. LopHocercus. Shell convolute ; spire rudimentary, subcentral. 1. L. Sieboldii, t. 176. f. 3; Souleyet, Journ. de Conch. 1850, 225. t. 10. f. 1, 2; 3;. 15;. 07. The tongue is exactly like that of Acteon in form and structure. —Souleyet, Journ. de Conch. 1850, 228. t. 10. f. 9. Gill pectinate, on left side of the mantle lobes. Mantle of Lophocercus enclosed. Foot elongate, produced and attenuated behind ; the sides of the front expanded, bent up, and covering the sides of the shell. Eyes sessile, behind the base of the tentacles. The aperture of the male organs at the hinder part of the base of the right tentacles; of the female on the edge of the branchial cavity (united by a groove?). Gill a transverse series of simple isolated leaves, attached to the upper inner surface of the respiratory cavity. 2. LosicEr. Shell spiral, ovate ; spire small, apical. 1. L. Philippi, t. 176. f.1; Souleyet, Journ. de Conch. 1850, 223. t. 10. f. 14, 18. B. Organs of generation close together in one tubercle (p. 191). § Teeth in numerous longitudinal series, uniform (p. 204). Fam. VIII. PLEUROBRANCHID. Animal rounded, convex. Head not produced, hidden under the edge of the mantle. Tentacles two, close, slit on the outer side; frontal veil more or less produced between the base of the tentacles 202 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT and the mouth. Proboscis retractile. Foot large, expanded. Shell enclosed in the mantle, rudimentary or none. 7 * Mantle distinct. Shell distinct. 1. PLEUROBRANCHUS. Mantle oblong, margining the foot, entire in front; frontal veil moderate, rounded. Shell large, oblong, horny. + Shell oblong, horny. 1. P. Peronii, t. 167. f. 1 (in spirits), 6 (alive), 8. 2. P. plumula, t. 167. f.4; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. X.X. f. 1. 3. P. perforatus, t. 171. f. 4. 4. P. aurantiacus, t. 167. f. 3, 5, 9, t. 174. f. 1. 5. P. De Haanii, t. 167. f. 2. 6. P. brevifrons, t. 171. f. 3. 7. P. ——?, t. 169. f. 1. 8. P. Patagonicus, t. 171. f. 1. 9. P. cornutus, t. 174. f. 2. 10. P. punctatus, Quoy, Voy. Ast. t. 22. f. 15, 19. 11. P. tuberculatus. 12. P. stellatus. 13. P. ocellatus. 14. P. 2, t. 3. f. 2, t. 166. f. 1, t. 169. f. 5. 15. P. Blainvillii, t. 172. f. 1. 16. P. mammillatus, t. 174. f. 4, +t Shell narrow ; shelly? 17. P. oblongus, t. 170, t. 173. f. 1. The branchia of Pleurobranchus plumula consists of a gently arcuated stem, having on each side 20 to 25 oblique rami sloping posteriorly, which are finely ciliated, to beat the water to extract the air; the two sets of strands fall together from each side of the stem, forming when expanded an elegant plumose rowleau, tapering gently from its origin to a conical, though obtuse, posterior termination,, and for a third of its length floating free.—Clark, Moll. p. 271. 2. SuSANIA. Mantle very large, broadly margining the foot, vesicular, deeply notched in front ; frontal veil between the base of the tentacles and mouth, large, oblong. Foot oblong, rather narrow. Shell very small. Teeth very numerous, in close oblique series; no central tooth. 1. S. testudinaria, PAil. Moll. Sicil. t. 20, 21, f. 1. 2. 8S. Forskalii, t. 169. f. 4. 3. 8. tuberculata, t. 172. f. 2. 4. S. reticulata, t, 169. f. 3. Perhaps all one species. OF MOLLUSCA. 203 The lingual membrane of S. testudinaria is broad, short, with very numerous close longitudinal series of slender, curved, acute, subulate teeth, placed in close oblique cross rows, without any central series. 3. Oscantus. Mantle expanded, irregular. Foot very large, expanded. Shell thin, membranaceous, silvery. 1. O. membranaceus, t. 103. f. 12; Forbes § Hanley, Brit. Moll. €. XX. f. 2. 2. O. Lesueurii, t. 166. f. 2. 3. O. dilatipes, Addams, Gen. Moil. t. 60. f. 5. The branchial plume of Oscanius membranaceus is composed of two gently arcuated leaves, tapering from their bases to a pointed extremity; each leaf consists of about twenty-five linear vessels or processes, resembling a twisted cord with a longitudinal depression in its centre, which is the branchial artery, and crossed on each side by transverse lines; these cord-like fillets are closely packed toge- ther and taper to their terminations, which float free. The two portions of the plume fold on each other, with fine short cilia on each of the strize, to beat the water and eliminate air therefrom.— Clark, Moll. p. 269. ** Mantle indistinetly edged. Shell none. 4, Nepa. . Mantle small, indistinct. Foot broad, dilated, rounded behind ; lateral appendage dilated, cut on the sides, arcuate. 1. N. luniceps, t. 167. £. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 61. f. 1. 5. PLEUROBRANCHAA. Mantle small, indistinct. Foot narrow, oblong ; lateral append- ages forming a narrow veil. ‘‘ Eyes small, at the hinder base of the hinder tentacles.” —Chiaje. 1. P. Meckeli, t. 168. f. 1, 3, t. 173. f. 2, 3 (from life), t. 220. f.3 (young). 2. P. maculata, t. 22. f. 12. The proboscis in the living animal is always retracted, but when languid, or in spirits, generally exserted, thick and truncated. The lingual membrane broad, dark brown, longitudinally folded, with very numerous, crowded, longitudinal series of elongate, subulate, slightly curved, acute, transparent teeth, in crowded oblique cross series. Fam. 1X. TYLODINAD (from p. 63), add— Shell exterior, thin, with a thick periostraca; apex subcentral ; nucleus globular, spiral, sinistral. Muscular scar ring-like, with a 204 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT broad angular sinus on the hinder part of the right side. Mouth like Pleurobranchus. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in many longitudinal series, forming angular cross lines. Gill pinnate, like Pleurobranchus. The animal and shell evidently intermediate be- tween Pleurobranchide and Umbrellade. Fam. X. UMBRELLADA. Body suborbicular. Head not produced. Tentacles two, slit on the outer side. Mouth sunk in the groove, with a retractile pro- boscis. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series, similar. The foot large, thick, including the viscera, deeply notched in front. Mantle enclosed. Shell external, conical, calcareous. Muscular scar ring- like, submarginal. 1. UMBRELLA. 1. U. umbellata, t. 163. f. 1, 2, 4, t. 165. 2. U. Mediterranea, t. 163. f. 3, t. 164. Lingual membrane of Umbrella Mediterranea broad, longitu- dinally plaited. Teeth in numerous oblique cross lines, each con- taining very many small, closely pressed, compressed, sharp-edged, transparent teeth. Foot of Umbrella Mediterranea very large, thick, including the viscera, flat.beneath, scarcely elevated above, deeply notched in front, and externally covered with large, irregular, rounded tubercles. The mantle small, enclosed under the shell, finely toothed on the edge. Gill on the right side, continued behind nearly to the left side, formed of many compressed, elongate, pinnatifid leaves connected at the base. Vent prominent, behind the end of the gill. Tentacles two, placed above the fissure of the foot, contractile, oblong, linear, longitudinally slit externally. Eyes small, on the inner side of their base. The orifices of generation in the anterior fissure, below the tentacles, surrounded with some lips ;- and, below the opening of the mouth, furnished with many lips, the outer of which is called, by Blainville and Della Chiaje, the “ buccal tentacles.” — Philippi, Moll. Sicil. t. 7. f.11, lla. De Blainville erroneously describes the organs of two sexes in the same individual, the oviduct in the front part of the right side, with a short groove to the root of the male organ, which is at the base of the hinder right tentacle. §§ Teeth in three (or seven?) longitudinal series. Body elongate, covered with a mantle. Tentacles none? (p. 201). Fam. XI. RUNCINADA. Body elongate, lanceolate. Mantle distinct. Gizzard testaceous. OF MOLLUSCA. 205 Tentacles none? Eyes lateral. Teeth in three longitudinal series ; central broad, dentate; lateral conical, versatile? Vent centrally posterior, beneath the edge of the mantle, and accompanied by a few slightly pinnate branchice. Generative organs on right side. “ Ex- ternal appearance of Pelta.”—Quatrefages. 1. Runeina. Body elongate, smooth, depressed. Mantle oblong, rounded, covering the head in front, as broad as, and parallel with, the foot on the sides, rather shorter than the foot, and slightly produced and recurved behind. Gill formed of three small plumes, placed under the hinder part of the cloak a little to the right of a central tubular anus. Mouth beneath the mantle, linear, T-shaped, covered with spines. Eyes two, on the sides of the front of the mantle. Organs of generation on the right side. Tongue strap-shaped. “‘ Gizzard a little behind the tongue, consisting of four portions, each bearing six denticulated teeth.”—Alder, t. 4. f. 6. Foot elongate, truncated, rounded on the sides in front, rather produced, and tapering behind. 1, R. Hancocki, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 2. Lima- pontia, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 289. t. 4. Lingual membrane of Runcina Hancocki white, broad. Teeth 1°1° 1 ?, transparent ; central broad, transverse; apex recurved, with a broad, three-toothed denticle on each side the middle line ; lateral conical, broad at the base, acute, and curved at the tip; pre- hensile collar large, rugese, with roundish- tipped tubercles (fig. 114). Mantle of Runcina Hancocki separated from the foot by a very distinct groove, truncated in front, raised on each side of the front, and paler edgéd ; hinder end rounded, pale at the tip. Gills laminar; leaves rounded, subimbricate, on the right side of the hinder part of the mantle-groove. Foot pale, distinct, simple-edged, pale beneath. On bleached Laurentiz in shallow water, Weymouth. Mantle rather coriaceous, the front portion containing the eyes, and separated from the hinder portion of the mantle by a paler band, regarded as the frontal disk of the Bullide? Fig. 114.—Teeth of Run- cina Hancocki. Order IV. GyYMNOBRANCHIATA. Gill exposed or contractile into cavities on the surface of the mantle. Adult animal without any shell. Larva shell-bearing, furnished with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation. 206 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Synopsis or SUBORDERS. I. Pycoprancuta. Gills on the middle of the hinder part of the back, surrounding the vent, plumose or branched. Skin spicu- lose. Il. InreroprancuiA. Gills on the under side of the expanded mantle, lamellar. Ill. Potysrancuia. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or plumose. IV. Cerasrancuta. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, fusiform, papillary, simple or branched. V. Puacosrancuia. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or venose, spread over the surface. VI. Peccisrancuia. Gills none distinct, the function being per- formed by the skin. Suborder I. Pycoprancuia. Gills on the middle of the hinder part of the back, surrounding the vent, plumose or branched. Skin spiculose. The skin of the Doride is tough and coriaceous, and is of a spongy or cellular structure within the mantle in all the British species examined, stiffened with numerous imbedded spicula having a more or less symmetrical arrangement. Spicula are also observed on the foot, on the tentacles, and on the root of the branchial plumes. The under surface of the foot, the upper surface of the cloak, the bran- chial plumes, and the dorsal tentacles, are covered with vibratile cilia.— Hancock & Embleton, Phil. Trans. 1852, 243. Professor Ehrenberg observes, “In tota Doridinorum familia max- ille desunt ; in hac forma palatum denticulorum densa fascia fusca armatum est, denticuli vero non seriatim dispositi sunt.’””—Symb. Phys. Moll. i. ‘ A. Body convex. Mantle large, margining the foot, without mar- ginal appendages. Dorsal tentacles two, retractile into cavi- ties. Oral tentacles two, or wanting (p. 211). a. Lingual membrane narrow. Teeth in two principal longitudinal series, and sometimes two smaller series (p. 208). Fam. I. ONCHIDORIDAL. Body convex. Mantle large, margining the foot. Dorsal tenta- cles laminated. Head veiled. Branchize non-retractile. Lingual membrane narrow, with two longitudinal rows of teeth, and some- times one or two lateral rows of amaller teeth on each side. OF MOLLUSCA. 207 1. Oncurporis. Body depressed. Mantle large, strengthened with spicula. Dor- sal tentacles laminated. Head veiled, distinct. Oral tentacles none. Gills simply pinnate, set in an open circle, non-retractile. Lingual membrane narrow, with two rows of large, and two of small rudi- mentary ones. . Leachii, t. 67. f. 9,15, t. 214. f. 1, t. 268. f. 7. . muricata, t. 67. f. 5. . diaphana, t. 217. f. 1. - pusilla, t. 217. f. 2. . Sanguinea, t. 223. f. 5. 2, t. 233. f. 4. . spaysa, t. 271. f. MD or wo 2000000 In Onchidoris Leachii the cloak is armed with moderate-sized spicula, The spawn is cup-shaped, of few coils. ‘The tongue with two large spines and two or more rudimentary ones ; usually a simple central plate.— Alder. O. depressa has a very flat body, with large spicula symmetrically arranged. Spawn in many narrow coils. Tongue with two large broad spines and two rudimentary ones; no central plate.— Alder. 2. ACANTHODORIS. Body convex. Mantle with soft conical tubercles. Dorsal ten- tacles laminated, retractile within marginated cavities ; oral tentacles leaf-shaped, united into a veil. Gulls united at the. base, non- retractile. Tongue narrow, with two large denticulated spines and six or eight rudimentary ones; no central plate; a spinose buccal collar, with rudimentary under-jaw.—dlder. 1. A. pilosa,t.67.f.6,10. Doris subleevis, t.231.f.9. D.Flemingii, t. 67. f. 11. 2. A. laevis, t. 69. f. 6, t. 214. f. 6. Branchial plumes of Acanthodoris pilosa with a double row on each plume stem of irregularly globular hollow bodies, with elastic walls separating the inner and outer channels of the stem from each other, forming a white star-like centre to the gills. Found from coral- line zone to half-way between low- and high-water mark.— Hancock & Emb. Phil. Trans. 1852. 3. VILLIERSIA. ‘Mantle with a continuous calcareous shield, pierced with holes for the tentacula, gills and vent.””—D’ Ord. Teeth ? 1. V. scutigera, t. 213. f. 1. 208 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT b. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in many longitudinal series (p. 206). Fam. II. DORIDID. Teeth in many longitudinal series, in each cross series nearly simi- lar; the inner often smaller. Body convex. Mantle large, convex, covering the head and margining the foot, without any marginal appendages. Dorsal tentacles two, retractile within cavities; oral tentacles two, various or wanting. Lingual membrane broad, flat or channeled, received within the throat ; central series often toothless ; lateral series of teeth some- times very numerous. ‘We are inclined to think these denticles are siliceous in compo- sition, as they resist the action of the stronger mineral aaids, as do those of Zolis, which, although they possess the same hardness, transparency and polish, are in some measure affected by hydro- fluoric acid.’’—Hancock §& Embleton, Phil. Trans. 1852, 211. * Gills retractile into a common cavity. Tentacula dorsal, distinct. 1, Guossoporis. Mantle largely tubercular. Dorsal tentacles conical, laminated, partially retractile, and protected by leaf-like appendages ; oral ten- tacles lear or tubercular. Gills linear, simply pinnate. Lingual spines simple, uniform ; no central spine. 1. G. verrucosa, t. 65. f. 1, t. 236. f. 1. 2. G. Bertholeti, t. 218. f. 1. 3. G. D’Orbignii, t. 216. f. 2. 2. CuRomoporis. Body subquadrangular. Mantle narrow, exposing the foot, smooth. Dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within plain or marginated . cavities ; oral tentacles conical or tubercular. Gills linear, simply pinnate, retractile? Tongue 1. C, magnifica, t. 64. f. 2, t. 67. f. 17. 3. ACTINODORIS. Mantle large, flat, tubercular. Gills strap-shaped, cut or forked at the tip, retractile into a common cavity. Teeth 2 . flammulata, t. 234. f. 2. . scabra, t. 66. f. 1. . cruenta, t. 66. f. 3, 4. . maculosa, t. 66. f. 5. . fumosa, t. 216. f. 1=Doris Incii, t. 226. f. 1. . sordida, t. 213. f. 3. . punctata, t. 64. f. 5. . Mauritiana, t. 234. f. 1. SET SES ge Boe al ll al a ea OF MOLLUSCA. 209 9. A. Krusensternii, t. 230. f. 5. 10. A. Tilesii, t. 230. f. 4. 11. A. tuberculosa, t. 65. f. 4. 4. ASTERONOTUS. Mantle very large, flat, coriaceous. Dorsal tentacula laminated, conical ; oral tentacula leaf-shaped. Gills each with several pinnate rays branching from a footstalk. Lingual spines —— ? 1, A. cruenta. Doris c., t. 226. f.2. Torres Straits. 5. ACTINOCYCLUS. Mantle large, flat. Tentacles two only, laminate. Gills in front of the vent, not surrounding it. Lingual spines ——? 1. A. velutinus, Ehrend. 6. ATAGEMA. Mantle large, keeled on the back. Dorsal tentacles laminated, truncated. Gulls very small, at the end of a dorsal sac. Teeth ——? Lingual spines 2 1, A. carinata, t. 64. f. 11. 7. DENDRODORIS. Mantle more or less tubercular. Gills large, 4- or 5-lobed ; lobes doubly pinnate ; vent rather behind the gills. 1. D. tuberculata, t. 68. f. 1, 8, t. 229. f. 6, t. 231. f. 11, t. 233. f. 1. 2. D. limbata, t. 67. f. 13, t. 68. f. 3, t. 236. f. 4, 6. 3. D. setigera, t. 229. f. 5. 4. D. glandifera, t. 229. f. 8, t. 236. f. 5. 8. Doris. Mantle convex, tubercular. Gills arborescent, retractile ; vent in centre of gills. 1. D. Argo, t. 64. f. 12, t. 65. f. 2, t. 229. f. 7, t. 233. f. 3. 2. D. Johnstonii, t. 67. f. 4, t. 215. f. 1. 3. D. obvelata, t. 67. f. 7, t. 225. f. 1. 4. D. flammea, t. 215. f. 3. 5. D. planata, t. 225. f. 2. 6. D. testudinaria, t. 23. f. 2, t. 68. f. 2. 7. D. Semele, t. 69. f. 8. 8. D. punctata, t. 67. f. 7. 9. D. aurea, t. 230. f. 10. D. violacea, t. 224. f. 1. 11. D. venosa, t. 64. f. 8. 12. D. impudica, t. 64. f. 13. 13. D. limacina, t. 64.-f. 6. Gill on middle of back. 210 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 14. D. tomentosa, t. 231. f. 8. 15. D. coccinea, t. 271. f. 1; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t. V.V. f. 2. 16. D. nigricans, t. 229. f. 1. 17. D. ——?, t. 230. f. 1. 18. D. albolimbata, t. 213. f. 2. 9. D. tenera, t. 214. f. 5. 20. D. luteo-rosea, t. 229. f. 4. 21. D. punctata, t. 218. f. 2. 22. D. 1 t, O58. fe 1s 23. D. candida, t. 269. f. 4. Gill on middle of back. Central tooth of Doris obvelata minute, erect, base expanded, apex rounded, cutting edge bent down, crested and denticulated ; lateral teeth on both sides about 20, each of them a bent hook ser- rulated on the lower margin, scape shorter ; teeth in the middle of the series the largest (fig. 115). Fig. 115.—Teeth of Doris obvelata. eS ‘The dorsal tentacles of D. tuberculata conical; oral tentacles tubercular; cloak with hard spiculose tubercles. Lingual spines simple, uniform; no central spine.”’-—Lovén. “The dorsal tentacles of D. Zetlandica conical; oral tentacles tubercular; cloak with soft tubercles. Lingual spines long, linear, obtuse, denticulated ; no central spine. “In D. Johnstonti the dorsal tentacles clavate; oral tentacles linear. Lingual spines of two forms; no central spine. “The dorsal tentacles of D. repanda linear ; oral tentacles angu- lar, flattened. Lingual spines denticulated ; a small central spine. Mouth with a spinous collar.” —Alder. ** Gills set separately round the vent, and each retractile into its proper cavity. 9. HExABRANCHUS. Mantle very large, flat, waved on the edge. Dorsal tentacles lami- nated, kneed, retractile within marginated cavities; oral tentacles large, ovate, waved on the edge. Gill tree-like, in a ring. Teeth ? . H. pretextus, t. 237. . H. sanguineus, t. 68. f. 4. . H. laciniatus, t. 65. f. 3, t. 230. f. 2. . H. marginalis, t. 221. f. 2, t. 224. f. 2. . H. Sandwichensis, t. 235. H. Adamsii, t. 219. f. 1. Ook wpe OF MOLLUSCA. 211 10. HerraBraNncuus. Gills tree-like, in a broad lunate series. Teeth ——? 1. H. Burnettii, t. 219. f. 2. B. Body more or less compressed. Mantle small, sometimes obso- lete, often furnished with marginal beards. Tentacles variable. Jaws sometimes distinct (p. 206). a. Lingual membrane narrow, with four longitudinal series of teeth (pp. 213 & 214). Fam. II]. GONIODORIDA. Body angular, depressed. Mantle small or obsolete, with waved or scalloped edges, spiculose. Dorsal tentacles laminated, non-re- tractile ; oral tentacles flattened. Gills not retractile. Lingual membrane narrow. Tongue with four longitudinal series of spines ; no central series; buccal collar spinose. * Mantle edge simple. 1. Gonroporis. Body depressed ; cloak distinct, with a waved or scalloped edge. Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles flattened. Lingual mem- brane narrow, with four series of plates, the two medial each with a large central spine; no central plate ; buccal collar spinose.— Alder. Gill lanceolate, pinnate, non-retractile. 1. G. nodosa, t. 69. f. 10, t.227.f. 1, t. 231. f. 3,5, t. 268.f.9; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 3. 2. G. marginata, t. 223. f. 3. 3. G. castanea, t. 220. f. 2, t. 222. f. 1. 4. G. pulcherrima, t. 232. f. 1. 5. G. Villefranca, t. 232. f. 2. 6. G. elegantula, t. 231. f. 7. 7. G. purpurea, t. 234. f. 4. 8. G. picta, t. 213. f. 4, t. 231. f. 17. 9. G. ceerulea, t. 229. f. 2, t. 231. f. 10. 10. G. albescens, t. 229. f. 3. 11. G. marmorata, t. 64. f. 14. 12. G. Webbii, t. 232. f. 5. 13. G. impudica, t. 232. f. 4. 14. G. tinctorum, t. 69. f. 5. 15. G. obsoleta, t. 69. f. 4. 16. G. pallida, t. 69. f. 3. 17. G. infuscata, t. 69. f. 2. 18. G. pulchella, t. 66. f. 2. 19. G. atromarginata, t. 64. f. 4, 10, t. 180. f. 20. G. lemniscata, t. 223. f. 6. P2 212 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 21. G. reticulata, t. 64. f. 7. 22. G. elegans, t. 64. f. 9. 23. G. lineata, t. 220. f. 4. 2. BrRACHYCHLANIS. Body prismatic. Mantle small, slightly margined. Tentacle in front of mantle. Teeth 2 1. B. pantherina, Zhrend. ** Mantle edge bearded. 3. Ipauta. Body oblong, convex, smooth. Head much produced in front, plain, thick. Mantle very small and indistinct, margined with a semicircle of beards, largest in front of the tentacles. Tentacles two; dorsal linear, laminated, with a simple appendage in front, but distinct from them. Gills simply pinnate, non-retractile. Lin- gual membrane narrow, with four series of spines, the two central series larger ; no central spine ; buccal collar spinose. . elegans, t. 199. f. 10. . cirrigera, t. 231. f. 1, 4. . aspera, t. 215. f. 2. . quadricornis, t. 223. f. 2. . dubia, t. 232. f. 6. . Lessonii, t. 204. f. 9, t. 274. f. 3. . ineequalis, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4. Ceratodoris eolida, t. 67. f. 5, is supposed by Mr. Alder to be a young Idalia. “The centre of the back of I. elegans with filaments. Lingual spines next the centre falcate, and smooth, or minutely denticulated ; external spines short ; spinose collar complete.’’— Alder. “The centre of the back of I. aspera without filaments. Lingual spines next the centre recurved and strongly denticulated ; external spines much hooked ; spinose collar incompletely bilobed.””— Alder. Se eee Dee tt Fig. 116.—Teeth of Idalia cirrigera. “Central tooth of Idalia cirrigera none ; lateral teeth two, first very large, scape produced on both sides, longest on the outside, tip clavate, armed with an incurved sharp point, serrated on the inside (fig. 116).”’—Lovén. OF MOLLUSCA. 213 4. Ancuta. Head produced at the sides into tentacular processes. Body elon- gate, slug-like, smooth ; forehead simple, without any veil. Mantle obsolete, forming a semicircular ridge of simple or clavate beards, surrounding the plumose non-retractile gills, round the vent. Ten- tacles two, clavate, laminated, with filiform non-retractile styliform appendages on the base. Lingual membrane with four series of spines, the two next the medial line large and broad, with the inner edge denticulated ; no central spine ; buccal collar spinose. 1. A. sane. t. 204. f. 4, t. 222. £2; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. tse 4 b. Lingual membrane narrow, with twelve or sixteen series of tecth (p. 211). Fam. IV. POLYCERAD. Body limaciform, smooth. Mantle obsolete. Tentacles two, la- minated, retractile or non-retractile. Gills non-retractile, with lateral appendages. Lingual membrane rather narrow, with twelve to six- teen series of teeth, two next to the centre on each side large ; no central series. Jaws lateral, corneous. * Tentacles non-retractile. 1. PotycerRa. Mantle indistinct, forming a dilated veil, bearing tentacular fila- ments, and a ridge bearing a row of tubercles on each side of the back ; branchial plumes simply pinnate, with a linear branchial ap- pendage on each side. Frontal appendage simple. 1. P. quadrilineata, t. 64. f. 3, t. 223. f. 1. Var. 1. t. 204. f. 1. Var. 2. t. 204. f. 3, t.205.f.5; Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. Y.Y. f. 5. . lineata, t. 232. f. 3. . typica, t. 204. f. 2. . cornuta, t. 64. f. 1. . ornata, t. 204. f. 8. . citrina, t. 204. f. 6 = P. Lessonii, D’ Orb. Mag. Zool. vii. t. 105 ; Alder §& Hancock, Monog. t. 24 = P. modesta, Lovén. AO & bP a~Ba-Ba-Buola~) 2. Patio. Mantle indistinct, forming a short bilobate veil, tuberculated on the edge, and a ridge bearing a row of tubercles on each side of the back ; branchial plumes branched, with more than one tubercular branchial appendage on cach side. 1. P. ocellata, t. 227. f. 2. 214 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT ** Tentacles retractile. 3. THECACERA. Body limaciform, smooth. Mantle obsolete ; forehead with a slight plain veil. Tentacles two, broadly laminated, retractile ; sheaths moderate, smooth-edged; branchial plumes non-retractile, with a single row of small tubercles round the branchial region. Lingual membrane with twelve or fourteen plates, the two inner plates on each side with a bicuspid spine; no central plate; lateral jaws small, corneous. l. T. pennigera, t. 236. f. 3. 2. T. virescens, Alder §& Hancock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vili. 290. c. Lingual membrane broad, with many series of teeth (p. 213). Fam. V. TRIOPIDA. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in numerous longitudinal rows, equal, or the two inner of each side larger ; no central plate? Body depressed. Mantle obsolete, covering the head with linear or sub- clavate marginal beards. Dorsal tentacles within retractile ; sheaths laminated. Gills not retractile. * Dorsal tentacles laminated. Teeth unequal. 1. Triopa. Body depressed. Mantle small, covering the head, with marginal appendages. Dorsal tentacles laminated, with slight sheaths ; oral tentacles cylindrical. Branchiz not retractile. Lingual membrane rather broad. Teeth numerous, two innermost with large spines ; central plate none or square. 1. T. claviger, t. 67. f. 1, 2, t. 274. f.1; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A.f.1. Var. T. plumosa, t. 231. f. 2. “Central tooth of Triopa claviger none; lateral teeth 8; first slender, elongated, curved ; second wide, hooked, bimucronated at the tip; the others squarish, laminaceous, lying upop each other.’’— Lovén. “Central tooth of Triopa lacer laminaceous, flat, squarish, ob- Fig. 117.—Teeth of Triopa lacer. ance lique ; lateral teeth 8, dissimilar ; the first elongated, from an oval OF MOLLUSCA. 215 base produced into an arched neck, unarmed, the tip rounded ; second very large, stout, tip clavate, bimucronate, scape inflated ; third and following gradually smaller, simple, somewhat rectangular (fig. 117).” —Loveén. 2. EvpLocamus. Body rather depressed ; cloak small, covering the head ; the edge surrounded with branched appendages. Dorsal tentacles laminated, sheathed ; oral tentacles in form of oval lobes. Branchize non-re- tractile. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth numerous, elongate, the three innermost on each side with large broad spines; no central plate ; buccal collar spinose. 1. E. crocea, t. 67. f. 3, t. 231. f. 15, 2. E. frondosa, t. 231. f. 1. 3. E. lacunosa, t. 231. f. 6. 3. PLOcAMOCEROS. Body limaciform. Mantle obsolete, forming an expanded veil over the head, with branched appendages, and two or three tubercles on each side of the back. Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles flat. Branchie branched, non-retractile ; a fin-shaped keeled ridge down the hinder part of the back of the tail. Tongue ——? Jaws ¢ 1. P. ocellatus, t. 69. f. 1. 2. P. (Peplidia) Madere. ** Dorsal tentacles linear, smooth. Teeth simple, uniform. 4, Aeirvs. Body convex, covered with tubercles ; cloak indistinct, forming a veil over the head and a tubercular ridge on each side. Dorsal ten- tacles two, linear, smooth, with wide sheaths. Branchial plumes non- retractile. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous simple curved lateral spines ; no central plate ; an upper corneous jaw. 1, Al. punctilucens, t. 204. f. 9, t. 231. £12, t. 274. f. 2; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A. f. 2. 2. AK. Lessonii, t. 204. f. 9. “Central tooth of Agirus punctilucens wanting ; lateral teeth about 17, simple, each forming a bent hook.’’—Lovén. Fam. VI. CERATOSOMIDA. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth conical, spinose, in numerous similar longitudinal rows ; no central series. Buccal collar spinose. Cloak indistinct, simple. Dorsal tentacles laminated, sheathed, not retractile. Gills plumose, retractile into a cavity. Body compressed, elevated. 216 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 1, CERATOSOMA. Back produced into a conical prominence behind. Tentacles in mantle. Gills plumose, retractile into a cavity. Mouth subretrac- tile. Teeth in many lines, diverging from the centre. 1. C. trilobata, t. 67. f. 14, t. 214. f. 7. Suborder II. InFERoBRANCHIA. Gills on the under side of the expanded mantle, lamellar. Fam. VII. PHYLLIDIAD. Dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within cavities in the cloak. Labial palpi close, conical, small. Gills in the form of radiating folds on the under side, within the edge of the mantle, surrounding the body, interrupted only by the head. Vent medial, postero-dorsal. Cloak large, spinulose, covering the whole body, tuberculated or pus- tulated. Jaws and tongue none. 1. Puyiuipra. Vent dorsal, in the middle of the hinder part of the back. . P. ocellata, t. 312. f. 8. . P. trilineata, t. 312. f. 3, 4, 6, 7. . P. albo-nigra, t. 312. f. 2. . P. annulata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, 221. OOD = 2. Fryeria. Vent in the middle of the hinder part, in the groove between the mantle and the foot. 1. F. pustulosa, t. 312. f. 1, 5. 3. HypoBrancHi@a, Vent ? Gills ——? 1. H. fusca, t. 220. f. 1. Fam. VIII. DIPHYLLIDIADA. Mantle large, bent up on the sides. Dorsal tentacles two, simple, situated in front of the cloak, with a veil above the head. Gills in folds on the under side of the edge of the mantle, which is bent up. Jaws horny. Anus lateral. Digestive organs with a rudimentary gastro-hepatic system. OF MOLLUSCA. 217 1. DrpHybLurpia. Cloak exposing the head, coriaceous. Tentacles laminated, lon- gitudinally approximated, partially retractile within a common cavity. Veil reflected. Branchize of two kinds, the anterior longitudinally folded, the posterior transversely. Tongue broad, with numerous longitudinal series of simple lateral teeth, and a denticulated central tooth. Jaws horny. 1. D. lineata, t. 204. f. 1, t. 205. f. 1, 2, 3,4; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. K.K.K. f. 1. 2. D. verrucosa, t. 205. f. 6. 3. D. ocellata, t. 205. f. 5. 4. D. pustulosa, t. 204. f. 2. “Central tooth of Diphyllidia lineata wide, convex in front, exca- vated behind at the base and produced on both sides; cutting edge with one sharp point, left side smoothish, right side crested and den- ticulated ; lateral teeth 30, claw-like, serrated on the lower margin (fig. 118).”’—Lovén. Fig. 118.—Teeth of Diphyllidia lineata. Lingual membrane of Diphyllidia lineata broad, folded in the middle, rounded in front. Teeth 30°1:°30; central broad, convex in front, hinder base excavated and produced on each side, one- cuspid, each side finely denticulated ; lateral claw-like, uniform, equal, thick, apex attenuated, lower edge crenulated. Jaws two, horny, similar. Suborder III. Potysrancuta. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or plumose. A. Tongue-membrane broad, with many longitudinal series of teeth, Sorming oblique cross rows (p. 219). Fam. IX. TRITONIADA. Body subquadrilateral. Cloak small. Veil large, projecting in front of the head. Liver central. Gills on the sides of the back, lamellar, arranged on the pallial ridge. Teeth in many (21 or 29) longitudinal series. Tentacula two, retractile within the sheath. Vent lateral. Jaws horny, large. 1. TriTontia. Body prismatic, often thick and firm. Head with digitated veil. Tentacles two, ramose, filamentous, retractile within the plain tubular 218 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT sheath. Gills ramose, plumose, in a single series along a ridge edging the back. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series of simple or denticulated spines, a tricuspid central series, and a broad plate on each side of it. Jaws very large, horny. * Frontal tentacula tufted. 1. T. Hombergii, t. 211. f.2, t.212.f. 3, 5,9; Forbes §& Hanley, BM. t. A.A.A. f. 3. . acuminata, t. 212. f. 8. . quadrilateralis, t. 212. f. 7. . decaphylla, t. 198. f. 11. . Costee, t. 209. f. 3. . rubra, t. 212. f. 3. - glama, t. 211. f. 4, t. 227. f. I, 2. . cyanobranchiata, t. 211. f. 3. . Thethydea, t, 211. f. 1. SONS ow ws SARAH AHS ** Frontal tentacula simple. Candiella. . plebeia, t. 209. f. 2, t. 212. f. 4. . lineata, Alder, Monog. v. t. 4. . (Duvaucelia) gracilis, Risso, Hurop. Mérid. lar Rae er | Fam. X. SCYLLAIDA. Body compressed. Cloak produced into lateral lobes bearing the branchial plumes. Anus lateral. Mouth with jaws. Liver central. 1. ScyLua@a. Body elongate, compressed. Foot linear. Back convex, with two large wing-lobes bearing small gills scattered on their inner surface ; forehead with a slight veil. Tentacles: two dorsal with lamellated clubs, retractile ; sheaths large. Lingual membrane broad, with a central and numerous series of spinose teeth, all den- ticulated. Teeth 24°1:24. Jaws large, horny. Gizzard armed. Oceanic ; living attached by its narrow foot to floating seaweed. 1. S. pelagica, t. 203. f. 1,35; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A. f. 5 . 8S. Ghomfodensis, t. 203. f. 4. 3. 8. Quoyii, t. 203. f. 5. 4. S. Hookeri, t. 203. f. 6. _ “Central tooth of Scyliea pelagica compressed, elongated above, cutting edge one-pointed, on each side four to five crested small teeth ; lateral teeth on each side 24, in front moderately produced, slightly curved, claw-like, on each side denticulated, base produced into an obtuse process.”’—Lovén. Nw OF MOLLUSCA. 219 B. Lingual membrane none. Jaws none (p. 217). Fam. XI, TETHYAD®. Body depressed. Mantle indistinct. Veil bearded on the edge, very large, funnel-shaped. Tentacles two, dorsal; branchial plumes alternating with papillze along the back, Anus lateral, dorsal. Jaws none. Lingual membrane none. 1. Trruys. Body depressed. Mouth tubular, surrounded by a large funnel- shaped veil, fringed on the edge. Tentacles two, retractile, lami- nated; sheath retractile. Foot large. Gills numerous, branched, alternating with papille on each side of the back. Teeth none. Jaws noue. Pelagic; attached to floating plants. 1, T. leporina, t. 210. f. 1, 2: Suborder IV. Crerasrancuia. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, fusiform, papillary, simple or branched. A. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous longitudinal series of teeth (p. 221). Reproductive organs with a single external orifice. Liver diffused, and a single central gastro-hepatic vessel. The posterior vessel of the gastro-hepatic system below the ovary. Fam. XII. DENDRONOTIDA. Frontal veil small. Tentacles two, dorsal, laminated and retrac- tile within sheaths. Branchize branched or papillose, in a single series along the sides of the back. Vent lateral. Jaws distinct. Lingual membrane broad, with many series of teeth. 1. DenpRonorvs. Body compressed, elongate, prismatic. Mantle obsolete ; frontal veil with branched appendages. Tentacles clavate, laminate, with branched tubular sheath. Gills ramose, in a single series down each side of the back. Foot linear. Lingual membrane rather narrow, with several (10° 1-10) series of teeth, the central broad, the lateral narrow, all denticulated. \. D. arborescens, t. 212. f. 1, 6, t. 214. f. 4, t. 225. f. 1, t. 228. f.2. Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. Z.Z. f. 5. 2, D. pulchella, Alder §- Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 33. 3. D. felina, d/der §& Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 33. 220 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT * Central tooth of Dendronotus arborescens strong, nearly flat, in front truncated, cutting edge triangular, serrulated ; lateral teeth 10, Fig. 119.—Teeth of Dendronotus arborescens. UU plate-like, adpressed, sublinear, in front extending into a long blunt style, behind slightly arched, obliquely pointed, cutting edge serru- lated on the outside, base somewhat produced.’’—Lovén. 2. BoRNELLA. Body compressed ; cloak obsolete; front of the head with two stellated or fimbriated appendages. Tentacles two, retractile within branched sheaths. Branchize plumose, arranged on plain branched pedicels. Tongue -——? 1. B. Adamsii, t. 176. f. 6. 3. Lomanortus. Body subquadrilateral, lanceolate, smooth. Head with a veil. Tentacles two, clavate, lamellar, retractile within a sheath. Gills papillose or foliaceous, in a nearly continuous line on the waved edge of the mantle on the sides of the back. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series of denticulated spines ; no central series. Jaws horny. 1. L. Genei, t. 221. f. 2. 2. L. marmoratus, t. 221.f.1. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. Z.Z. f. 3. 3. L. flavidus. Eumenes flavida, Alder §& Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii. 293. Fam. XIII. PROCTONOTIDA. Body depressed. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles four; dorsal pair not retractile, simple or laminated, not sheathed ; oral pair small. Gills fusiform, arranged on an obsolete pallial ridge on the sides of the back and in front of the head. Vent postero-dorsal. Jaws horny, strong. 1. Procronortvs. Body ovate, oblong, depressed, pointed behind ; forehead with a small distinct veil. Tentacles four ; dorsal simple, linear, not lami- nated ; oral elongate. Gills papillose, ovate, on the edge of the OF MOLLUSCA. 221 sides of the back, and continuous above in front of the head. Vent central, in hinder half of the back. Genital orifice on right side. Jaws plain, horny. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series of smooth spines. 1. P. mucroniferus, t. 197. f.1. Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t. Z.Z.f. 2. 2. P.? pilosus (Zephrina pilosa), t. 199. f. 1. 2. Janus. Body ovate, oblong, pointed behind ; forehead with a small veil. Tentacles four; dorsal laminated, connected by an arcuated crest ; oral tentacles with or without a veil. Gills ovate, on the prominent edges of the back and continuous above the head. Vent central, in hinder part of back. Jaws horny, denticulated ; genital orifices on the right side. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series of simple spines ; central series distinct. 1. J. Spinole, t. 200. f. 2. Antiopa splendida, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 6. -_ B. Lingual membrane narrow, with a single central (or very rarely two lateral) series of teeth (p. 219). a. Reproductive organs with a single external orifice. Liver dif- Sused, and a single central gastro-hepatic vessel. § The posterior vessel of the gastro-hepatic system below the ovary. Fam. XIV. HEROIDA. Mantle obsolete ; frontal veil rather large, plain, produced at the sides. Tentacles two, linear, simple, not retractile. Branchiee branched or umbellated. Lingual membrane with a central series of large denticulated spines, and two series of simple lateral teeth. Jaws corneous. 1. Hero. Body slender. Foot broadish. Cloak adnate. Tentacles simple, unprotected, contractile. Branchiz lateral, a simple series on each side, branched like a shrub ; labial veil ample, produced on both sides into an oblong lobe. 1. H. formosa. 2. H. fimbriata. 2. ? GELLINA. Gill clavate, simple. Teeth ——? 1. G. affinis, t. 199. f. 9. 222 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 3. ? NEREA. Teeth -——? 1. N. punctata, t. 203. f. 2. Fam. XV. DOTONIDA. Mantle obsolete. Tentacles two, simple, sheathed at the base, retractile. Gills clavate, compound, muricated or tuberculated, set in a single series on each side of the back. Vent lateral, dorsal. Jaws none. 1. Doro. Body elongate, subprismatic ; forehead with a small simple veil. Tentacles two, dorsal, linear, retractile, with short wide trumpet- shaped sheaths. Gills ovate, clavate, with whorls of tubercles, de- ciduous, in a simple series along each side of the back. Foot linear. Lingual band narrow, with a single central series of largé spines. 1. D. fragilis, t. 198. f. 3, 5, 7; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t. A.A.A. f. 4*, 2. D. coronata, t. 198. f. 1, t. 199. f.8, t. 208. f. 2; Voy. Bonite, t. 24*, anat.; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A. f. 4. 2. Meise. Frontal veil large, funnel-shaped, fringed internally. Tentacles small, retractile within long narrow trumpet-shaped sheaths. Bran- chiee ovate, tuberculated. Lingual membrane 2 1. M. rosea, Rang, Man. t. 3. f. 3. Fam. XVI. GLAUCIDA. Body elongate. Tentacles four, linear, simple, non-retractile. Gill fusiform, arranged in a palmate form on extended footstalks. Anus lateral. Penis spiral, lateral. Jaws distinct. Lingual mem- brane narrow, with a single series of teeth. 1. Guaucus. Head indistinct. Tentacles short. Branchiee compressed, taper- ing, arranged on broad flattened footstalks. Foot very narrow, rounded in front. Lingual membrane narrow, with a single central series of plates, bearing a long stout spine and marginal denticles. 1. G. radiatus. 2. G. Atlanticus, t. 201. f. 3, t. 202. f. 4; Voy. Bonite, t. 24*. f. 9~11, t. 24**, 3. G. Draco, t. 202. f. 6. OF MOLLUSCA. 223 4. G. Forsteri, t. 202. f. 3. Fig. 120. — Teeth of 5. G, Eucharis, t. 201. f. 1, 6; Voy. Bonite, Glaucus hexaptery- t. 24, 24*, anat. gine 6. G. Pacificus, t. 201. f. 4, t. 202. f. 1, 2, 7. ( Laniogerus Elfortii, t. 231. f.13, is supposed to | Mh be only a Glaucus which has lost its gills ; t. 201. f.2 & 5, from Dr. J. Hooker’s MSS., are proba- bly the same. “Central tooth of Glaucus hexapterygius \ strong, plate-like, adpressed, base in front on each side produced intv a long horn; cutting edge ee pectinated on each side (fig. 120).” —Lovén. §§ The hinder vessel of the gastro-hepatie system above the ovary. Fam. XVII. EOLIDIDZ. Mantle obsolete. Tentacles four, non-retractile, variable. Gills simple, papillose or linear. Vent lateral. Jaws distinct. The pos- terior vessel of the gastro-hepatic system above the ovary. 1. Carma. Body depressed, rather broad. Tentacles small, simple, linear. Branchiz linear, fusiform, clustered on cylindrical footstalks. Foot broad ; anterior angles acute. Lingual membrane small, narrow, with a single series of spines. 1. C. glaucoides. 2. FLABELLINA. Body linear, slender. Tentacles four; dorsal laminated ; oral elongate. Gills linear or fusiform, clustered on footstalks. Foot narrow; anterior angles much produced. Lingual membrane with a central spine with marginal denticles, and two separate plain lateral spines. Spawn in many coils. 1. F. affinis, t. 198. f. 13. 2. F. punctata, t. 206. f. 2. 3. F. pedata, €. 195. f. 9. 4. F. Drummondii, t. 273. f. 1 = E. tenuibranchialis and E. curta, Alder & Hancock. . F. Cuvieri, t. 195. f. 1, 10. . F. Bostoniensis, t. 196. f. 3. 3. FACELINA. Body rather slender. Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles long. Branchize linear or fusiform, clustered. Foot narrow, with the anterior angles acute and much produced. Lingual membrane aor 224 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT with a single central series of large spines, denticulated on the edge, Spawn in many undulating coils. ; . coronata, t. 191. f. 4, t. 206. fi 1. . annulicornis, t. 205. f. 5. . minima, t. 205. f. 4. . erassicornis, t. 195. f. 5. . subrosacea, t. 195. f. 4. Poe Prd bor} aj ba a} 4, CoRYPHELLA. Body slender. Dorsal tentacles simple. Branchize linear or fusi- form, clustered. Foot narrow, with the anterior angle much pro- duced. Lingual membrane with the central series of plates with a large central spine and marginal denticles, and two separate lateral aia denticulated on the inner margin. Spawn in many undulating coils. 1. C. Landsburgii, t. 273. f. 3. 2. C. rufobranchialis, t. 273. f. 2 = E. Embletoni, Johnston. 3. C. pellucida, t. 200. f. 1. 5. Favorinus. Body slender. Dorsal tentacles with a bulbous swelling; oral tentacles long. Branchize linear, flattened, in distant transverse rows; the anterior ones double. Foot narrow, with the anterior angles much produced. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates with a single smooth spine. Spawn of many plain narrow coils. 1. F, albus, t. 192. f. 2. 6. PHIDIANA. Body stout. Dorsal tentacles clavate, perfoliate. Labial feelers very large, subulate. Gill in close cross rows. Sides of the foot rounded. Lingual membrane ——? * Foot rounded in front. . P. Patagonica, t. 191. f. 3. . P. Inca, t. 191. f. 1, 2, t. 194. f. 8. . P. longicauda, t. 194. f. 11. . P. Northumbrica, t. 208. f. 1. ** Foot subulate in front. 5. P.? cxerulescens, t. 194. f. 4. mos bo 7. Eouip1a. Body depressed, rather broad. ‘Tentacles linear, simple. Bran- chize rather flattened, set in numerous close cross rows. Foot broad ; anterior angles acute. Tongue with a single series of broad uniformly pectinated teeth. 1 iS) ine) or OF MOLLUSCA. * Front of foot angular. 1. KE. papillosa, t. 195. f. 43, t. 197. f. 6, t. 268. f. 8; Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 1. . limacina, t. 194. f. 2. . Seacchiana, t. 194. f. 5. . Cuvieri, t. 195. f. 6; Voy. Bontte, t. 24 6. . 2 diversa, t. 196. f. 4. . salmonacea, t. 196. f. 5. 2, t. 205. f. 8. . Histrix, t. 205. f. 1. . Peachii, Alder § Hane. din. Nat. Hist. i. 190. . glauca, t. 272. f. 1. Se eat ood bed bed ed et bed bt tt ~ ** Foot subulate in front. 11. E. paradoxa, t. 194. f. 7. The lingual plate of EF. papillosa has a yw, 401 Teeth of Eolidi single pectinated arch ; of #. glauca a double = Ovene aun Pak pectinated arch.—Adlder. Ain Central tooth of Kolidia branchialis wide, at ty plate-like, short, adpressed, arcuated back- a wards, cutting edge equally pectinated (fig. 121). 8. CuTHONA. Body depressed. Head much produced at the sides. Tentacles single, linear. Branchiz clavate, in close-set rows. Foot broad, rounded in front. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates, with a large spine and marginal denticles. 1. C. nana, t. 272. f. 2. 9. CAVOLINA. Body rather slender. Tentacles linear, simple. Branchiz linear, generally in rather distant transverse rows. Foot narrow, with the anterior angles rounded. Lingual membrane with a single series of denticulated plates, with the central spine not prominent. Spawn slightly coiled. 1. C. aurantiaca, Alder §& Hancock. * Front of foot produced, subulate. . 1C. Vexigua, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 4. . lineata, Alder & Hanc. Mon. t. 16. . elegans, Alder § Hane. Mon. t. 17. f. 2, 3, 4. . smaragdina, dider & Hane. Mon. t. 17. f. i. . gracilis, Alder & Hanc. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 166. . peregrina, t. 194. f. 9(?), t. 198. f. 14, t. 205. f. 10. . longicornis, t. 195. f. 8. . annulata, t. 194. f. 3. COI Hows wys OaQaananaa Q 226 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT . viridis, t. 199. f.11; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 3. . angulata, t. 200. f. 3. . concinna, t. 192. f. 1. Qan ** Front of foot subangular. . olivacea, t. 192. f. 3, t. 197. f. 2. . purpurascens, t. 198. f. 10. . ceerulea, t. 195. f. 2. . pallida, t. 207. f. 3. . ameena, t. 206. f. 3. . arenicola, t. 207. f. 1. . Farrani, t. 195. f. 1, t. 199. f. 5. . rubra, t. 194. f. 1. 21. C.? Lottini, t. 194. f. 10. 22. C. natans, t. 194. f. 6. 23. C.? pinnata, t. 195. f. 3. 24. C. bella, t. 195. f. 7. 25. C.? gymnota, t. 196. f. 2. 26. C. ? E. Cuvieri, t. 204. f. 4; Voy. Bonite, t. 24, B, anat. a slolololololol> The branchiz of C. aurantiaca are in rather close, and of C. viye- dis mm rather distant rows. 10. Gavia. Body stoutish. Tentacles linear, slender ; oral pair short. Bran- chiee in rather distant rows, fusiform, inflated. Foot with anterior angles rounded. Lingual membrane with a series of plates with large denticles and short central spine, and two separate plain lateral spines. 1. G. tricolor, t. 193. f. 2, t. 198. f. 4. Branchize much inflated. 2. G. angulata, t. 207. f. 2. Branchize not much inflated. 11. Tereires. Body slender. Tentacles subulate, simple. Labial feelers very short. Gills fusiform, inflated, in a single lateral series on each side of the back. Foot narrow, square in front. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates, with a stout central spine and delicate marginal denticles. . T. laciniatus, t. 198. f. 2, t. 205. f. 3, 5. . T. Lamarckii, t. 198. f. 12. . T. despectus, t. 193. f. 3. AM 2, t. 205. f. 2, 7. . T. adspersus, Nordm. Mem. Acad. Peters. t. 1. f. 3, . T. Edwardsii, Nordm. Mem. Acad. Peters. t. 1. f. 1 au kwnn 4, og 12. EMBLETONIA. Body elongate, slender; forehead with a flat lobe on each side. OF MOLLUSCA. 227 Mantle indistinct. Tentacles two, sublateral, linear; oral pair flat- tened into two lateral lobes. Gills subcylindrical, simple, in a single or double, in part alternating series down each side of the back. Lin- gual membrane with a single series of plates bearing a central spine and lateral denticles. Orifices on the right side. 1. E. pulchra, Alder § Hanc. Monog. t. 38. Pterochilus pulcher, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 329. 2. E. minuta, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 5. 13. CaLLiopaa. Gills in lateral series. Tentacles none. Labial feelers elongate, subulate. Front of foot angular. 1. C. bellula, t. 194. f. 5. b. Reproductive organs with two external orifices. Body with two posterior latero-gastro-hepatic vessels (p. 221). Fam. XVIII. FIONIDA. Tentacles four, simple. Branchiz papillose, numerous. Vent latero-dorsal. Mouth with jaws. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates. 1. Frona. Body elongate. Tentacles four, linear; sheaths none, subdorsal ; anterior pair similar to oral tentacles of Holis, but behind the lips. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates, with a short central spine and marginal denticles. Jaws horny. Stomach ? Gills: papillee irregularly scattered on a subpallial expansion on the sides of the back and meeting behind; a produced membranous margin or fringe on the inner side of each papilla. Vent on right side of the back ; orifice of reproduction separate, below the right tentacles. 1. F. nobilis, Alder & Hane. in Brit. Moll. 589. Fam. XIX. HERMAID.E. Tentacles two, dorsal. Branchize papillose. Vent dorsal. Jaws none. Lingual membrane with a single longitudinal series of teeth or plates. 1. Herma. Body elongated, lanceolate. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles two, dorsal, ear-like, involute, grooved externally. Gills fusiform or linear elongate, papillose, on each side of the back. Vent in middle of the Q2 228 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT front of the back before the heart ; orifices beneath the right ten- tacle. Jaws none. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates with a large broad spine. * Tentacles with both margins terminating at the sides of the head. Body cylindrical. 1. H. bifida, t. 198. f. 6. ** Tentacles with the anterior margins continuous with the sides of the head, forming a subveil.: Body with the sides depressed and slightly expanded. 2. H. dendritica, t. 205. f. 9, t. 272. f.3; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. Z.Z. f. 1. 2. STILIGER. Tentacles two, simple. Branchie fusiform, arranged in transverse rows on the sides of the back, Anus in front of the heart. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates bearing a stout spine. 1, S. ornatus, t. 194. f. 4. 3. ALDERIA. Body ovate oblong, rather convex. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles rudimentary or none. Head produced into a lobe on each side. Jaws none. Gills papillose, in cross rows on the sides of the back. Vent central, subposterior ; orifices on the right side. Jaws 2 Lingual membranewith a single sevjes of plates, bearing a large central spine. 1. A. modesta, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 1. Suborder V. PLacoBRancuHia. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or venose, spread over the surface. Tongue with a single series of teeth. Fam. XX. ELYSIAD. Tentacles two or four. Body limaciform, furnished with two lateral expansions or folds bent up over the back. Gastro-hepatic system much branched. Anus latero-dorsal, in front of the heart. Jaws none. Lingual membrane with a single central series of spine- bearing plates. § Tentacula distinct, ear-shaped. 1. Exysra. Body depressed, ovate, with the lateral expansions produced beyond the hinder end of the body and uniting along the mesial line; sur- OF MOLLUSCA. 229 face of body entirely clothed with vibratile cilia. Head distinct. Tentacles two, ear-like. Eyes distant, behind the tentacles. Vent central, subposterior ; orifice on right side. Foot narrow. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates, with a large central spine and a spinose buccal collar.—See Voy. Bonite, t. 24 D, anat. 1. E. timida, t. 18. f. 8, 9, t. 180. f. 12. 2. E. fusea, t. 180. f. 10, 11. 3. E. viridis, t. 18. f. 1-5, 7, t. 146. f. 4, t. 176. f. 2, 5, t. 180. f. 14, t. 199. f.2; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 3. 4. E. elegans, t. 199. f. 4. 5. E. australis, t. 180. f. 6. 2. PuacosRaNCHUS. Tentacles four. Back with two lateral membranous expansions, having their upper surface covered with folds. Lingual membrane a 1. P. ocellatus, t. 176. f. 4. Suborder VI. PELLIBRANCHIA. Gills: none distinct, the function being performed by the skin. Tongue with a single series of teeth. Fam. XXI. LIMAPONTIADA. Tentacles two or wanting. Body depressed. Back without appen- dages. Anus dorsal, posterior. Jaws none. A spinose buccal collar. Lingual membrane with a single series of large spines. § Tentacles crest-like. 1. Limapontia, Body oblong, depressed in front, elevated and rounded behind. Head distinct, arched and keeled on the sides. Tentacles wanting ; eyes at their hinder ends. Back plain, without appendages. Vent dorsal, subposterior. 1. L. nigra, t. 177. f. 3,4; Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 4. 2. L. cerulea, t. 199. f. 7. 2. ACTAONIA. Body oblong. Head large, distinct. Tentacles: two flattened lobes at the sides of the head, prolonged behind into points. Eyes behind the tentacles. Sides of the back with a tubercular ridge in the regiou of the anus. Vent dorsal, subposterior. Lingual mem- brane with a single central series of plates with a large broad spine. A spinal buccal collar. 230 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 1. A. corrugata, t.177.f.2; Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 5. 2. A. senestra, t. 19Y. f. 4. §$§ Tentacles linear. 3. Icris. ‘Body oblong; back elevated; head slightly angulated, bearing two linear tentacles on the dorsal aspect, behind and exterior to which are the eyes; vent a little behind the centre of the back.” Teeth 2? 1. I. Cocksii, t. 177. f.1; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t.C.C.C. f. 6. 4. Fucowa. Teeth if 1. F. rubra, t. 180. f. 13. 5. Pevra. Teeth. ? 1. P. coronata, t. 199. f. 6. Fam. XXII. PHYLLIRRHOIDA. Tentacles two, dorsal, linear, elongate, retractile. Head distinct. Tail compressed, truncated. Mouth with jaws. Body compressed. Lingual membrane with a single central series of plates with nume- rous denticles. Vent lateral—See Leuckart, Arch. Naturg. 1853, 243, and Krohn, Arch. Naturg. 1853, 278. 1. Pay“uirruok, Tentacles elongate, subulate, spirally twisted ; body vertically com- pressed ; gills, none external ; jaws distinct. . bucephala, t. 12. f. 4, t. 15. f. 6; Voy. Bonite, t. 24, anat. . Lichtensteinii, t. 153. f. 4. . amboinensis, t. 153. f. 3. . roseum, t. 153. f. 2. . punctulatum, t. 153. f. 1. . rubrum, t. 153. f. 5. ee? mir CATALOGUES OF THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. TI, VERTEBRATA. List i enet, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S. &e. 1843. 2s. 6d. Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Cetacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates. Part 2. Seals. 12mo, 1850. 1s. 6d4., with Woodcuts. Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Ungulata furci- peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s. This work contains the description of the genera and species, and figures of the chief characters of the genera. : List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray and G. R. 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