CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ornell University Libra TTT Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782256 CATALOGUE . OF THE BATRACHIA SALIENTIA 8 ECAUDATA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SECOND EDITION. BY GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1882. Ww “CORNELL * UNIVERSITY PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. ' PREFACE. In the First Edition the object of this ‘Catalogue’ was stated to be. to give a description of the species of Tailless Batrachians in the British Museum, with an indication of the history and origin of all the specimens in that collection, and also an account of the species which were known to exist in other museums but were desi- derata in the National collection. ‘This plan has been completely carried out in the present edition ; it contains descriptions of, or references to, all the species introduced into the literature, whilst in the former edition no mention was made of species known from imperfect descriptions only. The rearrangement of this part of the zoological collections, with a new Catalogue, had become very urgent for some time. By the First Edition a fresh impulse to the study of Batrachians was evidently given, many collectors turning their attention to them and discovering a great number of new forms, so that the collec- tion in the British Museum alone has been nearly tripled within the last twenty years. That work fulfilled its purpose, but it has also ceased to be a satisfactory guide in the examination and deter- mination of these animals, Besides, the discovery of almost every new generic type showed that the system proposed in the first edition (complete as it was in itself) was artificial, and that the employment of certain osteological characters, which had been worked out by Cope, Mivart, and Parker, promised a much more natural iv PREFACE. arrangement. Probably the next step in perfecting this system will be marked by a consideration of the larval stages, the knowledge of which, at present, is so very fragmentary. On comparing the two editions a great improvement will be found in the series of specimens, which, for many years, have been selected with the view of illustrating the geographical range of the species. Specimens with uncertain localities or without known origin, if no other special interest was attached to them, and espe~ cially duplicates, have been eliminated from the collection. Thus the present work, although it appears in the list of publica- tions of the British Museum as a “second edition,” is almost entirely original. It has been prepared by M. Boulenger, Aide-Naturalist in the Royal Belgian Museum; and I feel confident that zoologists will thankfully acknowledge the industry and ability with which the author has performed the difficult task entrusted to him by the Pa Trustees, ALBERT GUNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zoology. British Museum, February 1, 1882. INTRODUCTION. Tue latest general work on Frogs—‘Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British Museum,’ published in 1858—contains the descriptions of 283 species. The present volume contains the de- scriptions of 800 species, more than two thirds of which have been seen by the author. In 1858 the Collection of Tailless Batrachians in the British Museum contained 214 species, represented by 1691 specimens, Ten years later the number of species had increased to 313*. The two numbers amount now to 522 and 4692 respectively. _ The classification adopted here is derived from that proposed by Mr. E. D. Cope; but it has been modified in many respects. It appears to the author undeniable that the principles of classification laid down by Mr. Cope are more in accordance with the natural affinities of the genera of Tailless Batrachians than those employed by other authors; this is amply proved by all we know of their geographical] distribution, development, and physiology. An objection has been made to the adoption of this system, but on a rather trivial ground. It is the supposed difficulty of ascertaining osteological characters ; and quite recently Dr. P. Brocchi + questions whether it is possible to apply in descriptive zoology a classification that requires the sacrifice of one or several of the specimens. But, * Of. Ginther, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 478. + Mission Scientif. au Mexique, Batraciens. vi INTRODUCTION. in reality, such a sacrifice need not be made, as very little skill is required to obtain the necessary information without serious injury to the specimen. Herpetologists have long been in the habit of making an incision in the skin of the pelvic region for the purpose. of ascertaining whether the diapophyses of the sacral vertebra are dilated or not; a slit made in the same manner along the thorax will show the sternal characters, and another (which can be sewn up again) along the side of the body will suffice for the examination of the structure of the vertebral column. Few authors agree as to the terminology of the elements of the sternal apparatus. That given by Prof. W. K. Parker in his work on the Shoulder-girdle and Sternum has been followed throughout in this Catalogue. The coloration is described from spirit-specimens, should even the lire-coloration be known, When the size is stated, it is always that of the largest specimen in the British Museum. The affixes to the names of donors &c., in the third column of the list of specimens, may be explained as follows :—*[P.]” signifies “Presented by;” “[C.]”=“ Collected by;” “[E.]”=“ Obtained by exchange.” Where none of these signs are employed, the specimens were purchased. G. A. BOULENGER. British Museum, Jan, 30, 1882. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Class BATRACHIA. Order I. ECAUDATA, Suborder I. PHANEROGLOSSA. Series A. FIRMISTERNIA. Fam. 1. Ranip2. e Page 1, Oxyglossus, Tschudi,..... 5 XM lana, Tschudi..... 0.04% 5 2. levis, GEA. woe es 6 3. martensii, Pirs......... 6 —. Rana, Tien, i aaeces sedan eg 6 1, hexadactyla, Less....... 17 2. erences Schn...+. 17 38. ehrenbergii, Pts. ...... 18 4. crassipes, Buchh, § Pirs. 19 5. corrugata, Ptrs......... 19 6. kuhlii, Schleg. ...... 29, 460 7. laticeps, Blgr. ........ 20 V8 yunnanensis, dnd. ..., 21 9. guttulata, Blgr......... 21 10. hiebigii, Gthr.... 2.2... 21 11, blantordii, Blgr. ./..., 23 12. subsigillata, A. Dum. .. 23 18. grunniens, Daud. ...... 23 -p4, macrodon, Kuhl .... 24,460 ., 15. modesta, Blyr. .... 25,460 +16. plicatella, Stol. ........ 26 —W7. tigrina, Daud. ........ 26 18. occipitalis, Gthr. ...... 27 19. gracilis, Wiegm. ...... 28 +20. verrucosa, Githr. 1... 29 21. rufescens, Jerd......... 29 22. tuberculosa, Bigr....... 30 23. natalensis, Smith ...... 30 24. cordofana, Stdchr....... 31 25. delalandii, Bibr. ...... 31 26. breviceps, Schn......... 32 27. dobsonii, Bigr. . 32, 460 28. ornata, Ptrs. oo... ee eee 33 29. adspersa, Bibr. ........ 33 80. maltzanii, Blgr......... 34 81. khasiana, And. ........ 34 32. capito, Leconte ........ 4. V83. rugosa, Sehleg. ........ 35 34. montezume, Baird .... 85 +35. catesbiana, Shaw ...... 36 +436. clamata, Daud......... 36° 37. septentrionalis, Baird ., 37 Bins plancyi, Lataste........ 37 9. esculenta, LZ... eee eee 38 40. porosa, Cope .......... 40 41. utricularia, Har. ...... 40 A2, areolata, B. § Gow... 41 rf 43. halecina, Kalm........ 41 ~} 44. palustris, Leconte ...... 42 45. macroglossa, Broccht 42 46. maculata, Broccht...... 42 47, lecontii, B.§ G. ...... 42 48, nigricans, Hallow....... 43 +49. pretiosa, B.§ G. ...... 43 \60, temporaria, Z. ........ 44 51. arvalis, Nilss........... 45 52. cantabrigensis, Buird .. 45 53. iberica, Blgr.........4% 46 54, latastil, Blgr...... 1.005 46 55. agilis, Thomas ........ 46 +56. silvatica, Leconte ...... 47 87. japonica, Blyr. ........ 47 (68. guentheri, Blgr. ...... 48 59. palmipes, Spur ........ 48 60. copii, Blgr.... 6. cee 49 61. nigrilatus, Cope........ 49 62. chrysoprasina, Cope.... 49 63. ceeruleopunctata, Stdchr. 50 64. fuscigula, D.G B. .. 50 65. angolensis, Bocage’ .... 650 66. oxyrhynchus, Sund..... 61 67. longirostris, Pts. ...... ue 68. trinodis, Boetty......... 69. mascareniensis,D.§-B. 52, 460 70. grayi, Smith ......50.. 53 71, fasciata, Bote.......... 54 72, macrodactyla, Gthr..... 54 W3. andersonili, Blgr. ...... 55 78a, betsileana, Bigr....... 460 vili SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Page 730. curta, Blgr......0.5 . 461 spinidactyla, Cope...... 7 74, beddomii, Gthr..... 55, 461 frithii, Theob, .....-6> i 75. semipalmata, Blgr. .... 56 circulosa, R. & D... 2.5 7 76. leptodactyla, Bigr. .... 57-3. Rhacophorus, Kuhl ...... 73 77. diplosticta, Gthr. .. 58, 461 1. goudoti, Bibr....... 76, 465 77a. phrynoderma, Bigr. .. 462 la. rhodoscelis, Bigr. .... 466 78, margariana, And....... 58 2, dispar, Boettg. ......,. 77 79. elegans, Bigr...... ews 59 3. crossleyi, Pérs. ........ 77 80. albolabris, Hallow, .... 59 3a, femoralis, Blgr....... 466 81. macularia, Blyth ...... 60 36. boettgeri, Blgr. ...... 467 82. malabarica, Bibr. ...... 60 3c. pulcher, Bigr......... 467 83. galamensis, D. § B..... 61 3d. depressiceps, Blgr..... 467 84. curtipes, Jerd. ........ 61 4. Plugubris, 4. Dum. .... 77 85. alticola, Blgr. ........ 62 5. P tephreomystax,A.Dum. 78 86. temporalis, Gthr. .. 63, 462 6. hecticus, Pirs. ........ 78 87. papua, Less. ........4. 64 7. stictomerus, Gthr....... 78 88. krefftii, Blgr.... 66... 64 8. surdus, Pérs. .......... 79 . 89. tytleri, Theob. ........ 65 9. microtympanum, Gthr... 79 90. erythrea, Schleg. ...... 65 10. pleurostictus, Gthr. .... 79 91. chalconota, Schleg. .... 66 11. reticulatus, Gtr. ...... 80 92. arfaki, Meyer........- . 66 12. jerdonii, Gthr. ........ 80 93. jerboa, Gthr........6.. 67 18, dubius, Blgr........... 81 94. inguinalis, Gthr..... 67, 462 14. nanus, Gthr. .......... 81 95. madagascariensis,4d.Dum. 67 15. fergusonii, Blgr. ...... 82 96. granulata, Boetty. .. 68, 462 16. cavirostris, Gthr. ...... 82 96a. ulcerosa, Boeltg....... 462 17. davidi, Sauv........... 83 966. femoralis, Blyr. ...... 463 ps. maculatus, Gray ...... 83 96c. cowanii, Blgr......... 463 19. eques, Gthr. .......005 85 97. luctuosa, Pirs. ......4. 68 20. nasutus, Gthr. . ...... 85 98. chloronota, Gthr. ...... 69 21. appendiculatus, Gthr, .. 86 99. afghana, Gthr. ........ 69 22. tuberculatus, And....... 86 \100. formosa, Gthr. ........ 70 22a. luteus, Blgr. 1.00... 468 101. celebensis, Schleg....... 70 23. schlegelii, Gthr. ...... 86 101a. latopalmata, Blgr..... 464 24. microglossus, Blgr. .... 87 102. natatrix, Gthr......... 71 25. dennysii, Blanf......... 87 103. signata, Gthr. ........ 71 26. maximus, Gtdr......... 88 104, similis, Gthr........... 72 27, reinwardtii, Bote ...... 88 105, everetti, Blgr. ........ 72 28. malabaricus, Jerd....... $0 106. mackloti, Schleg. ...... 72 29. bimaculatus, Blgr, .... 90 107. buergeri, Schley. ...... 73 30. pardalis, Gthr. ......., 91 107a. plicifera, Blgr. ...... 464. 80a, beddomii, Blgr. ....., 468° 1076, aspera, Blgr. ........ 465 31. madagascariensis, Pirs... 91 108. glandulosa, Blgr. ...... 73 junghuhnii, Blk. 2... 73 aurora, BG G. wo... 6 tana, Blyth vo....., 73 draytonii, B. SG Ge seus 6 stellata, Kel. .........,. 73 mindanensis, G. ...... 6 | 4, Chiromantis, Pirs.....,. 92 lividus, Blyth ........ 7 1. rufescens, Gthr...... || 92 nigrovittatus, Blyth.... 7 2. xerampelina, Ptrs, "93 altilabris, Blyth........ 4 3. petersii, Blyr. ., 93 neweraellia, BO si: 6 oie 7 | 5. Ixalus, D. § Bo 93 mutabilis, Kel, ........ 7 1. opisthorhodus, Gthr.. |_| 95 maculata, Kel, ........ fe 2. fuscus, Blgr, fa tons 96 469 nebulosa, Hal. ......., 7 2a. silvaticus, Blgr. ....., 469 multistriata, Hal....... 7 3. saxicola, Jerd. ........ 97 adtrita, Tr, we. ss ssa. 7 4. hypomelas, Gthr. ...... LS missuriensis, Wied .... 7 5. oxyihynchus, Gthr. ., : 4 97 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ix 6. kakhienensis, And. ..., 7. leucorhinus, Mart. , 8. acutirostris, Ptrs...... F 9. pictus, Pirs. .......... 10. schmardanus, Kelaart .. 11. nasutus, Gthr. ........ 12. aurifasciatus, Schleg..... 18. femoralis, Gthr......... 14, beddomii, Gthr......... 14a. pulcher, Blgr......... 15. variabilis, Gthr. ...... 16. cinerascens, Stol. ...... 17. glandulosus, Jerd.,..... 18. lateralis, And. ........ 19. punctatus, dnd......... 20, tuberculatus, dnd. .... 21. chalazodes, Gthr....... 22. adspersus, Githr. ...... 23. flaviventris, Blgr....... 24, signatus, Blgr. ........ 25. P bimaculatus, Pérs. .... japonicus, Hal......... 6. Cornufer, Tschudi........ 1. unicolor, Zsch. ........ 2. dorsalis, A. Dum....... 8, guentheri, Blgr.,....... 4, meyeri, Gthr....... web ai 5. jagorii, Pirs. ... 6... 6. corrugatus, 4. Dum. .. 7. punctatus, Ptrs. § Dor. . 8. vitianus, 4. Dum. 9. unilineatus, Pérs. ...... 7. Phrynobatrachus, Githr. .. 1, natalensis, Smith ...... 2. plicatus, Gthr. ........ 8. acridoides, Cope........ 8, Nyctibatrachus, Blgr. .... 1. pygmaeus, Gthr. ...... 2. major, Bigr. .......4.. 8a, Nannobatrachus, Bigr. .. 1, beddomii, Blgr......... 9. Nannophrys, Gthr......... 1. ceylonensis, Gthr....... 2. guentheri, Blgr......... 10. Arthroleptis, Smith...... 1. wahlbergii, Smith...... : 2. pecilonotus, Pérs....... 8. macrodactydus, Bigr. .. 4, dispar, Pirs. .......05. 5. boettgeri, Bigr......... 6. calearatus, Pirs. ...... 7. horridus, Boettg. ...... 8. P africanus, Hallow. .... 11. Rappia, Gthr. .......... 1. horstockii, Sehleg....... la. betsileo, Grand........ Page 2. renifer, Boetty......... 120 8. fulvovittata, Cope...... 121 A, tristis, Boo. .......... 121 5. marmorata, Rapp...... 121 6. argus, Pirs. .......... 122 7. saline, Biane. ........ 123 8. lagoensis, Githr......... 123 9. ocellata, Gthr. ........ 123 10. modesta, Gthr. ........ 124 11. fuscigula, Boe. ........ 124 12. idee, Stdchr. .......... 124 13. steindachneri, Boc. .... 125 14. tuberilinguis, Sund. .... 125 15. reticulata, Gthr. ...... 125 16. guttulata, Gthr......... 125 17. P bocagii, Stdchr. ...... 126 18, rutenbergii, Boetty. .... 126 19, cinctiventris, Cope .... 126 20. pusilla, Cope .......... 127 21. microps, Gthr. ........ 127 22. nasuta, Gthr.......... 127 viriflavus, D. § B. .... 119 flavoviridis, Pet. ...... 119 tettensis, Pet. ........ 119 betsileo, Grand. ...... 119 antanosi, Grand. ...... 119 12, Megalixalus, Gthr.:..... 128 1, seychellensis, Tsch. .... 128 2. flavomaculatus, Gthr. .. 128 3. madagascariensis, D. & B ng Bek wet 129, 471 4, leptosomus, Ptrs, ...... 129 5. fornasinii, Bianc. ....,. 130 6. Pspinifrons, Cope ...... 180 7. spinosus, Buchh. §& Ptrs. 180 18. Cassina, Gir, .......... 131 1, senegalensis, D. § B. .. 181 2. wealii, Blgr. .......... 131 14, Hylambates, 4.Dum..... 182 1. hocagii, Gthr. ........ 133 2. anchietw, Boc. ........ 183 3. viridis, Gthr. oo... 1.68. 184 4. maculatus, 4. Dum..... 184 5. aubryi, d. Dum. ...... 135 6. natalensis, Smith ...... 1385 7. rufus, Reich. .......... 136 8. palmatus, Pérs......... 136 9. a orsatia, PENSE eater ta 137 11. P cameronensis, Reich, .. 137 15. Hylixalus, Espada ...... 137 1. bocagii, Espada........ 138 2. fuliginosus, Espada .... 1388 16. Prostherapis, Cope ...... 138 1. inguinalis, Cope.......+ 138 2. whymperi, Blgr. ...... 139 17. Phyllodromus, Espada .. 1389 -+ 4 x : Page 1. pulchellus, Espada .... 189 18. Colostethus, Cope........ 140 1, latinasus, Cope ........ 140 Fam. 2. DENDROBATID. 1, Mantella, Blgr. .......04. 141 1. betsileo, Grand........ 141 2. ebenaui, Boetig......... 141 8. madagascariensis, Grand. 141 4, cowanii, Blgr. ........ 471 2, Dendrobates, Wagl. ...... 142 ai. tinctorius, Schn. ...... 142 \ 2. typographus, Keferst. .. 143 -+-8, trivittatus, Spiv ...... 144 4. lugubris, Schmidt...... 145 5. talamancee, Cope ...... 145 6. parvulus, Blgr......... 145 7, labialis, Cope........0. 146 Stumpfiia, Boettg......... 146 psologlossa, Boettg. .... 146 Fam, 3. EneysToMaTIDz. 1. Rhinoderma, D. § B. .... 148 1, darwinii, D. § B....... 148 2. Phryniscus, Wiegm....... 149 1. nigricans, Wiegm....... 150 2. proboscideus, Bigr. .... 150 8. levis, Gthro . 6... eee 151 4, seminiferus, Cope...... 152 5. varius, Stann. ........ 152 6. longirostris, Cope ...... 153 7. flavescens, D. § B. .... 158 8. pulcher, Blgr, ........ 154 Q. cruciger, Mart......... 154 10, elegans, Blgr. ........ 155 11. bibronii, Schnuidt ...... 155 8. Brachycephalus, Fitz. .... 156 1. ephippium, Spiz...... 156 4. Melanobatrachus, Beddome. 156 1. indicus, Beddome...... 157 5. Sphenophryne, Pérs. § Dor. 157 1. cornuta, Ptrs. § Dor. .. 157 6. Calophrynus, Tschudi 157, 472 1, pleurostigma, Tschudi ., 158 2. punctatus, Péirs. ...... 158 8. madagascariensis, Blgr. .” 6a. Scaphiophryne, Bigr..... 1. marmorata, Blgr....... 472 7. Stereocyclops, Cope ...... 158 1. incrassatus, Cope ...... 159 8. Hypopachus, Keferst...... 159 1. variolosus, Cope........ 159 2. inguinalis, Cope........ 160 _fulva, Cope...scseceeee 159 +9. Engystoma, Fitz, ........ 160 1. ustum, Cope ...,...... 161 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page +>, carolinense, Holbr. .... 162 8. elegans, Blgr. ....++++ 162 A, ovale, Schn. .....eeres 163 5. microps, D. & B.....++ 163 rugosum, D. § B.....-- 160 Ho. Microhyla, Tschudi...... 168 l. rubra, Jerd. oo. c scene 164 2. ornata, D. § B......... 165 8. pulchra, Hallow. ...... 165 4. achatina, Bote ........ 166 5. berdmorii, Blyth ...... 166 11. Callula, Gray .......55. 167 1. picta, Bibr, wi... ae, 168 2. conjuncta, Pérs......... 168 8. obscura, Gthr. 2.6.44. 169 4, baleata, Miill, ........ 169 +5. pulchra, Gray ........ 170 6. olivacea, Gthr. ........ 171 7. triangularis, Gthr. .... 171 12. Xenobatrachus, Péirs. & OF. eed gn'y ae Galler te 172 1. ophiodon, Pérs. § Dor... 172. 13, Phrynomantis, Pirs. .... 172 1. bifasciata, Smith ...... 172 2. microps, Pirs. ........ 173 3. fusca, Pirs. .......04, 173 14, Cacopus, Gthr........... 173 1. systoma, Schn. ........ 174 2. globulosus, Gthr....... 175 15. Glyphoglossus, Gthr. .... 175 1. molossus, Gthr......... 175 16. Breviceps, Merr..... sesa 176 1. gibbosus, Z. ........., 176 2. verrucosus, Rapp ...... 177 3. mossambicus, Pérs. .... 177 17. Rhombophryne, Boettg... 177 1. testudo, Boettg, ...... 177 18. Hemisus, Gthr. ........ 178 liguttatum, Rapp ...... 178 2. sudanense, Stdchr. 178 obseurus, Grand. ...... 178 Xenorhina, Ptrs. ......., 179 oxycephala, Schleg. .... 179 Adenomera, Fitz..°...... 179 marmorata, F%tz. ....., 179 Fam. 4. Dyscopaia. 1. Dyscophus, Grand. .. 180, 473 1. insularis, Grand. ....., 180 2. antongilli, Grand....... 180 2. Oalluella, Stol, ....., 181, 473 1. guttulata, Blyth ....., "181 8, Plethodontohyla, Bigr. 182, 473 1. notosticta, Gthr. .. 189° 473 2. inguinalis, Blgr. ....., : 473 8, brevipes, Blgr. .....,.. 474 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ~ . Platypelis, Blgr. ......4, 1. cowanii, Bigr. . Cophyla, Boetig. On 1. phyllodactyla, Boetég. 183, Series B. ARCIFERA., Fam. 5. CYSTIGNATHID. . Pseudis, Laur, ........., 1. paradoxa, Z........... 2. minuta, Githr. 8. limellum, Cope........ 4, mantidactyla, Cope .... . Centrolene, Espada ...... 1, geckoideum, Espada.... . Mixophyes, Githr......... 1. fasciolatus, Gthr....... Cyclorhamphus, Tschudi .. 1. fuliginosus, Bibr. .. 2... . Calyptocephalus, D. & B... l. gayi, D.G Bw... 2. testudiniceps, Cope .... 6. Telmatobius, Wiegm. .... 1. peruvianus, Wregm. .... 2. emaricus, Cupe 3. jelskii, Pérs........... 4, marmoratus, D. & B. .. 5. pustulosus, Cope 6. angustipes, Cope brasiliensis, Steind. .... 7. Elosia, Tschudi 1. nasus, Licht. .......... 2: bufonia, Gir........... 8. vomerina, Gir. ........ 8. Phyllobates, D.§ B. .... 1. bicolor, Bibr...... 6... . limbatus, Cope . cystignathoides, Cope .. melanorhinus, Berth. hyleformis, Cope chaleeus, Pérs. ........ . verruculatus, Pérs. .... . ridens, Cope glandulosus, Stecnd..... peruensis, Steind. ..... elegans, Gthr. 9. Hylodes, Fitz. 1. palmatus, Bigr......... 2, lanciformis, Cope 8. berkenbuschii, Pérs..... 4, podiciferus, Cope 5, muricinus, Cope (habenatus, Cope 6. rhodopis, Cope 7. conspicillatus, Gthr..... 8. gollmeri, Pérs. ........ 1 on - ow (IG Or oo bo 475 185 186 204 205 Page 9, rugosus, Pérs. ......., 205 10. griseus, Hallow......... 206 11. bocourtii, Broccht ...... 206 12. augusti, Dugés ........ 206 18. lineatus, Schn. ........ 207 14. lentus, Cope’.......... 207 15. luteolus, Gosse ........ 208 16. ahaa Cope ...... 208 17. binotatus, Spr... .. »«» 209 18. cuneatus, Cope ........ 209 19, laticeps, A. Dum....... 210 20. melanostictus, Cope .... 210 21, pelviculus, Cope........ 210 22, megacephalus, Cope.... 211 23. gulosus, Cope.......... 211 24, diastema, Cope ..-..... 212 25. surdus, Blgr........... 212 26. glandulosus, Bigr....... 212 27. devillii, Blgr........... 218 28. ricordii, D. § B. ...... 213 29. oxyrhynchus, D. & B... 218 30. auriculatus, Cope ...... 214 31. martinicensis, Tschudi ,, 214 382, varians, Gundl. § Pérs... 215 383. bogotensis, Ptrs. ...... 215 34, bicumulus, Pérs, ...... 215 35. cerasinus, Cope ........ 216 36. cruentus, Pirs, ........ 216 37. unistrigatus, Gthr. .... 217 38. buckleyi, Blgr. ...... *. 217 39. whymperi, Blgr. ...... 218 +40. curtipes, Bigr. ........ 218 4]. rae Bells sca sc 219 42. galdii, Espada ........ 219 43. sulcatus, Cope ........ 220 44, biporeatus, Pérs. ...... 220 45, cornutus, Espada ...... 220 longipes, Bd........... 198 verrucosus, Lisp, ...... 198 philippi, Bsp........... 198 diadematus, Esp. ...... 198 rubicundus, Lsp. ...... 198 lacrimosus, Hsp. ...... 198 lineatus, Broce. ........ 198 0. pseu Boie ...... 221 1, bigibbosa, Pérs......... 222 2. appendiculata, Githr. 222 3. boieil, Wied ........4. 223 4. fryi, Gthre cee es 223 5. cornuta, LZ. ....... ce 224 6.dorsata, Wied ........ 225 7. ornata, Bell .... ..... 225 8. americana, D. §& B..... 226 9. cultripes, R. §& LZ....... 226 10. leyboldii, Espada...... 227 11. Edalorhina, Espada 227 xii SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 1. perezii, Espada........ 227 6. bibronii, Bell,.......65 255 2. buckleyi, Blgr......... 223 7. quixensis, Espada...... 255 8. plicifrons, Cope ...... 228 8. peruanus, Ptrs......... 255 At2. Paludicola, Wagl. ...... 229 9. maculatus, Gthr. ....+- 256 1. bufonia, Bell.......... 230 10. calcaratus, Gthr. ...... 256 2. bibronii, Tschudi ...... 231 11. coppingeri, Gthr. ...... 257 8. brachyops, Cope ...... 232 (Cyclorhamphus fasciatus, 4, cinerea, Cope .......44 282 PO Bianca $e Renn 8 OE 57) 5. fuscomaculata, Stdchr... 283 | 18. Zacheenus, Cope........ 257 6. diplolistris, Pirs, ...... 233 1, parvulus, Gir. .....6.. 257 -f 7. biligonigera, Cope...... 234 a git . Limnodynastes, Fitz. .... 258 8. albitrons, Spr ........ 234 1, peronii, D.§ B. ....s. 258 9. kroyeri, R.G LD. ...... 235 2. salminii, Stdehr. ...... 259 10, henselii, Ptrs. ........ 235 3. tasmaniensis, Gthr..... 260 11. marmorata, D. §& B..... 235 4, platycephalus, Gthr, .. 260 12. verrucosa, R. §& L. .... 286 5. dorsalis, Gray ......05 261 13. sagittifera, Schmidt ..,, 236 6. ornatus, Gray ........ 262 14, falcipes, Hensel ...... 236 | 20. Cryptotis, Gthr. ....... -. 262 15. nitida, Pirs. .......... 237 | 1. brevis, Gthr........... 263 16. P mexicana, Brocchi .. 237 +21. Crinia, Tschudi ........ 263 +18. Leptodactylus, Fitz, .... 287 1. georgiana, Bir. ...... 264 1. pustulatus, Pérs, ...... 939 2. signifera, Gar. ........ 265 2. rhodonotus, Githr....... 239 3. tusmaniensis, Gthr. .... 266 8. hyleedactylus, Cope .... 240 4. levis, Gthr. .... eee 266 4. longivostris, Blgr....... 240 (Camariolius varius, Pérs. 266) 5. gracilis, D.§ B. ...... 241 | 22. Hyperolia, Gray........ 267 6. fragilis, Broccht ...... 241 | 1. marmorata, Gray...... 267 7. labrosus, Espada ...... 241 +28. Chiroleptes, GiAr. ...... 267 8. pentadactylus, Z....... 241 1. platycephalus, Gthr..... 268 9. ribido, Cope.......... 243 2. brevipalmatus, Gthr. 269 10. peecilochilus, Cope .... 243 38. brevipes, Pérs. ........ 269 11. mystacinus, Burm. .... 244 | 4-4. australis, Gray........ 269 12. microtis, Cope ........ 244 5. alboguttatus, Gthr..... 270 18. perleevis, Cope ........ 245 6. inermis, Pirs. ........ 271 14, albilabris, Gthr. ...... 245 4, Heleioporus, Gray ...... 271 15. typhonius, Daud....... 246 |' 11. albopunctatus, Gray .. 271 +16. ocellatus, Z. .......... 247 | 2. pictus, Pirs. 6.06.00... 272 17. caliginosus, Gir. ...... 247 Alsodes, Bell... ...... 005 272 18. podicipinus, Cope .... 248 monticola, Bell........ 272 19. gaudichaudii, D. & B... 249 Nattereria, Stdchr. ...... 272 hylodes, R. § LZ. ...... 237 lateristriga, Stdchr. ..,. 278 discolor, R. § DL. ...... 237 hallowellii, Cope ...... 237 | Fam. 6. DenproPHryniscip™. 14, Plectromantis, Pirs. .... 249 1. Batrachophrynus, Pérs. ., 278 1. wagneri, Pirs. ........ 250 1. eae ? 2. rhodostigma, Cope .... 250 2: rachydactylus, Pts. .. 273 15. Limnomedusa, Cope .... 250 | 9 py, ie et ito Pirs. .... 278 1. macroglossa, D. § B. .. 250 | Lb lrophryniscus, Espada. 274 16, Hylorhina, Bell ........ 251 * brevipollicatus, Espada.. 274 1. silvatica, Bell ........ 251 F 17. Borborocestes, Bell...... 252 am. 7, Buronrpa. 1. nodosus, D.§ B....... 253 | 1. Engystomops, Espada .... 275 2, roseus, D. § B........, 253 1. pustulosus, Cope ...... 275 3. hidalgoi, Espada sta 2538 2. stentor, Espada........ 276 4, teniatus, Gur. ......., 254 8. petersii, Espada ....., 276 6. grayi, Bell. ccc. eee 254 +2. Pseudophryne, Fitz......, 277 A SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xiii * Page Page 1. australis, Gray ........ 277 47. biporcatus, Schleg. .... 811 2. bibronii, Gthr. ........ 278 48. claviger, Ptrs. ........ 311 8. coriacea, Keferst. ...... 278 49, divergens, Pérs, ...... 312 +-4. guentheri, Blgr. ...... 279 60. parietalis, Blgr. ...... 312 3 Neltophryus, Bucth &Pirs. 279 51. asper, Gravh. ........ 313 1. afra, Buchh. & Ptrs..... 279 52. celebensis, Schleg....... 313 2. guentheri, Bigr. ...... 280 53. galeatus, Gthr......... 314 8. tuberculosa, Githr....... 280 54. bocourtii, Broceht...... 314 4, Psundana, Pirs. ...... 281 55. arenarum, Hensel...... 314 4, Bole, Dati, evovsivevees 281 | 56. molitor, Tschudi ...... 315 1. borbonicus, Bote ...... 286 7. marinus, DZ. .......... 815 Q. brevipes, Pts. ........ 287 8. erucifer, Wied. ........ gle \Q42 “8. leptopus, Gthr. ........ 287 59, typhonius, Z. ........ 317 4, penangensis, Stol....... 287 60. ceratophrys, Blgr. .... 319 5. pulcher, Blgr. ........ 288 61. dialophus, Cope........ 319 6. t lnart GEM gic carey 288 62. valliceps, Wiegm....... 319 7, hololius, Gthr. ........ 289 63. melanochlorus, Cope .. 320 8. beddomii, Gtr. ...... 289 64. coniferus, Cope........ 321 9. debilis, Gar. .......... 289 65. auritus, Cope.......... 321 10. hematiticus, Cope...... 290 66. veraguensis, Schmidt .. 321 H1. guttatus, Schn......... 290 67. coccifer, Cope ........ 322 12, glaberrimus, Gthr. .... 291 68. d’orbignyi, D. § B..... 822 18. ceeruleostictus, Gir. .. 291 69, sternosignatus, Gthr. .. 323 14. i ite Cope...-..,. 292 70, canaliferus, Cope ...... 823 15. politus, Cope.......... 292 71. argillaceus, Cope ...... 894 16. monksiz, Cope ........ 292 4-72. pranulosus, Spir ...... 824 19 bb 17. mexicanus, Brocehi .... 298 78. gutturusus, Lair. ...... 324 18. variegatus, Gthr. ...... 293 74. peltocephalus, Bibr..... 825 19. calamita, Laur. ...... 293 75. empusus, Cope ........ 326 20. raddii, Strauch ........ 294 76, fastidiosus, Cope ...... 326 21. latastii, Blgr. 1.1.2... 294 77. epioticus, Cope ........ 826 22. sumatranus, Pirs....... 295 horribilis, Wiegm. .... 281 28. halophilus, B, & G..... 295 cristatus, Wiegm....... 281 4, boreas, ‘ marmoratus, Wiegm. .. 281 5, viridis, Laur........... 297 erythronotus, Holbr..... 281 26. mauritanicus, Schieg. .. 298 punctatus, B.& G .... 281 27. regularis, Reuss..... ... 298 alvarius, G. ww... eee 281 28, funereus, Bocage ...... 475 melanogaster, Hal, .... 281 29, angusticeps, Smith .... 300 stomaticus, Lik. ...... 281 80. olivaceus, Blanf. ...... 800 microscaphus, Cope .... 281 81, carens, Smith ........ 801 mendocinus, Phil....... 281 32. blanfordii, Blgr. ...... 301 cserulescens, Cope...... 281 83. compactilis, Wiegm.,... 802 pictus, Cope .......... 281 84, simus, Schmidt ........ 802 | 5. Nectes, Cope ........... 827 85. spinulosus, Wiegm. .... 802 1. subasper, Tschudi...... 327 86. vulgaris, Laur. ........ 303 | 6. Notaden, Gthr........... 828 87. tuberosus, Gthr. ...... 304 1. bennetti, Gthr......... 828 28. taitanus, Pirs. ........ 305 | 7, Myobatrachus, Schleg..... 828 89. sikkimensis, Blyth .... 305 1. gouldii, Gray ........ 329 40, himalayanus, Gthr. ...: 805 | 8, Rhinophrynus, D. § B. .. 329 Al, melanostictus, Sckn..... 806 1. dorsalis, D. § B....... 829 42. microtympanum, Bigr... 307 43, intermedits, Gthr. .... 807 Fam. 8. Hynipz, 44. dipternus, Cope ..,... 808 , ° 445. lentiginosus, Shaw ..,.. 308 oa. Thoropa, Cope ,..... yer. Ol . 6. occipitalis, Camerano ,. 810 | 1. miharis, Spir.......... 331 xiv 4. copii, Blgr. cuzcanus, Co SYSTEMATIC INDEX. I! eidrinis 89-8 verrucosus, Cope ...... septentrionalis, Blgr. .. _ -& feriarum, Bd oe Acris, D. & B. 5. 5 triseriatus, Wied ...... 8. 1. gryllus, Leconte ...... +4. Hy’s Laur. .. maxima, Laur......... .appendiculata, Bigr..... 2 38. cryptomelas, 4, vasta, Cope 5. faber, Wied 6 7 8 9 . indris, Cope . circumdata, Cope...... . crepitans, Wied ...... Cope ...... . rostrata, Ptrs. ........ 10. hypselops, Cope........ 1]. pardalis, Spiz ........ 12. inframaculata, Bigr..... 13. corticalis, Burm. ...... 14, tuberculosa, Bigr. 15. alboguttata, Blgr....... 16, albomarginata, Spix 17. punctata, Schn......... 18. xerophylla, D. §& B..... 19. granosa, Blgr. ........ 20. punctillata, Pirs. ...... 21. punctatissim 22. fasciata, Gthr. ........ a, R. GL... 23. boans, Daud........... 24, lanciformis, 265. spectrum, R. Cope ...... & LL. 26. leprieurii, D. § B. .... 27. buckleyi, Blgr......... 28. taurina, Fitz........... 29. langsdorffii, D. & B. .. 30. planiceps, Cope........ 81. venulosa, Laur......... 32. nigropunctata, Blgr..... 33. mesopheea, Hensel 34, quadrangulum, Bigr. .. 85. coriacea, Pirs. ........ 36. nigromaculata, Tschudi . 37. septentrionalis, Tschudi . 38. ovata, Cope 89. dominicensis , Bibr. .... AO. lichenata, Gosse ...... 41. baudinii, D. 42. gabbii, Cope 43, salvini, Bigr B Boa sssueas 4-44. versicolor, Leconte cn 45. arenicolor, Cope ...+++ 37 46. cadaverina, Cope .....- 373 47. vegilla, B.G& G. ...+e- 374 48. fusca, Daud. .....+.++ 874 A9, zebra, D. §& Bo... 1.0 375 50. pulchella, D. § B. 375 51. vauteri, Bibr. .......- 376 52. nasica, Cope ........4- 376 L-{-53. carolinensis, Penn. .... 377 54, uranochroa, Cope...... 377 55, pulehrilineata, Cope.... 378 +56, andersonii, Baird .... 878 57. eximia, Baird ........ 378 +468. arborea, DZ. .......00. 879 59, chinensis, Gthr. ...... 381 60. annectens, Jerd. ...... 882 61, phyllochroa, Gthr. .... 882 62. gracilenta, Ptrs. ...... 383 63, jervisiensis, D. § B..... 383 +64. ceerulea, White........ 883 65. dolichopsis, Cope ...... 384 66. infrafrenata, Gihr. .... 885 67. montana, Pérs. & Dor... 385 68, albopunctulata, Blgr. .. 385 69. pulverata, Ptrs......... 386 70. reticulata, Espada .... 386 71. microps, Pirs. ........ 386 72. leucophyllata, Beis .. 887 73, aurantiaca, Daud....... 888 74, bipunctata, Spix ...... 389 75. minuta, Pirs. ........ 889 76. rhodopepla, Gthr....... 3889 77. strigilata, Spir........ 890 78. peronii, Bibr. ........ 890 79. senicula, Cope ........ 891 80. marmorata, Law....... 891 81. dasynotus, Gthr. ...... 392 82. parviceps, Blgr. ...... 893 83. sordida, Ptrs. ........ 893 84, nigripes, Cope ........ 394 85. palliata, Cope ........ 394 86. polyteenia, Cope ...... 894 87. rubicundula, R. §& LZ. .. 395 88. bracteator, Hens. ...... 395 89. guatemalensis, Brocch?.. 896 90. crassa, Broccht ........ 396 91. plicata, Brocchi ...... 396 92. spinosa, Stdchr......... 396 93. nebulosa, Spizw ......., 397 94, labialis, Pivs. ......., 897 95. auraria, Ptrs........... 397 96. squirella, Daud. ....., 898 97. femoralis, Daud. ...... 898 +98. pickeringii, Holbr, ..., 899 99. curta, Cope ........., 399 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. eleochroa, Cope ...... miotympanum, Cope gracilipes, Cope stautferi, Cope ........ punctariola, Pérs....... bistincta, Cope ........ depressiceps, Blgr. 107. pheeota, Cope.......... 108. spilomma, Cope........ 109. acuminata, Cope ...... 110. rubra, Daud. s.. 0.2... 111, funerea, Cope 112. rubella, Gray ........ 1138. congenita, Ptrs. § Dor. . 114, dentata, Keferst. ...... fru. ewingli, D.& B. ...... 116. krefftii, Gir. 2.2.0... 117. parvidens, Pts......... 118. adelaidensis, Gray .... 119. citropus, Pér. & Les. 120. thesaurensis, Ptrs. 121. impura, Ptrs. & Dor. 122. 123, arfakiana, Ptrs. § Dor... 124, aurea, Less. }5D..... 125. obtusirostris, Meyer... 126. lesueurii, D. §& B....... 127. nigrofrenata, Gthr. .... 128. affinis, Gray 129. latopalmata, Gthr. .... 130. freycineti, D. § B. .... Hi81. nasuta, Gray....... 20, 132. dimolops, Cope delitescens, Lec. americana, D. § B..... marmorata, Dum....... gratiosa, Lec........... castanea, Steind. ...... guttata, Mach ........ dorsalis, Macl. ........ penulata, Broc. ...... 5. Nototrema, Githr......... 1. marsupiatum, D. § B... 2. plumbeum, Blgr....... 3. testudineum, Espada .. 4. longipes, Bigr. ........ 5. oviferum, Weinl. ...... . Hylella, Rhdt. & Ltk. .... 1, tenera, R. §& L. 2. carnea, Cope .......... 8. buckleyi, Blgr......... 4, sumichrastt, Brocchi 5. bicolor, Gray. ......... 6. nigropunctata, Meyer .. pygmeus, Myr. Nyctimantis, Bigr. 1. rugiceps, Blgr. ......65 eee 7. vacabunda, Ptrs. § Dor, SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xv Page Page 399 | 8. Agalychnis, Cope ........ 422 400 1. moreletii, 4. Dum. .... 422 400 2. callidryas, Cope........ 423 400 | 9. Phyllomedusa, Wagl. .... 424 401 1. buckleyi, Blgr......... 425 A401 2. lemur, Blgr...... 2.06. 425 402 3. aspera, Ptrs. .......... 425 402 4. daenicolor, Cope ...... 426 402 5. palliata, Pirs. ........ 426 403 6. bicolor, Bodd. ........ 427 403 7, vaillantii, Blgr. ...... 427 404 8. tarsius, Cope.......... 428 405 9. burmeisteri, Blgr. .... 428 406 10. sauvagii, Bigr. ........ 429 406 11. coelestis, Cope ........ 429 406 12. tomopterna, Cope...... 430 407 18. hypochondrialis, Daud... 430 407 | 10. Triprion, Cope.......... 431 as 1. petasatus, Cope........ 431 409 Fam. 9, PELOBATIDZ. 409 #1. Scaphiopus, Holbr. ...... 438 A410 | -L-1. solitarius, Holbr....... 434 410 2. couchii, Baird ........ 434 410 38. rectifrenis, Cope ...... 435 412 4, hammondii, Baird .... 435 412 5. bombifrons, Cope ...... 435 413 6. dugesii, Broccht ...... 436 413 7. multiplicatus, Cope .... 436 414 8. stagnalis, Cope ........ 436 414-2, Pelobates, Wagl......... 437 415 .fuscus, Laur. ........ 437 A415 2. cultripes, Cuv. ........ 438 837 | 3. Pelodytes, Fitz........... 438 337 1, punctatus, Daud. ...... 438 337 | 4. Batrachopsis; Blgr. ...... 439 337 1. melanopyga, Dor....... 439 837 | 5. Leptobrachium, Tschudi .. 440 337 1. gracile, Gthr. ........ 440 83 2. hasseltii, Tschudi ...... 441 337 | 6. Xenophrys, Gthr......... 441 416 1. monticola, Gthr. ...... 441 416 | 7. Megalophrys, Kudl ...... 442 417 1. montana, Kuhl ........ 442 417 2. nasuta, Schleg. ........ 443 418 | 8. Asterophrys, Tschudi .... 443 418 1. turpicola, Mill. ...... 444 419 Ranaster, Macleay ...... 444 419 convexiusculus, Macl. .. 444 ron Fam. 10. DiscoGLossipz. . 420 41. Discoglossus, Otth ...... 445 421 . pictus, Otth .......... 445 421 | 2. Bombinator, Merr. ...... 446 419 1. igneus, Laur.........55 447 421 | 8. Liopelma, Fitz. ........ 447 422 1, hochstetteri, Fitz....... 448 e Sa xvi SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ‘Page Page 4, Alytes, Wagh sscecscnes 8. 3. fasciata, Pirs. ......45 454 1. obstetricans, Laur. ..,, 448 4. palmarum, Espada .... 455 2. cisternasii, Bosca .,..,. 449 5. braconnieri, Espada.... 455 8. Amphodus, Ptrs. ........ 455 Fam. 11. AMPHIGNATHODONTID2. 1. wuchereri, Pts. ...... 455 1. Amphignathodon, Blgr. .. 450 1. guentheri, Blgr......... 450 Suborder II. AGLOSSA. Grypiscus, Cope ........ oP Fam. 1. DacryieTHRIpZ. umbrinus, Cope........ 451 |, aa jel. Xenopus, Wagl. ........ 456 Fam. 12. Hemipuractipz. +1. levis, Daud. .......... 456 : r 2. muelleri, Pirs.......... 457 1. Hemiphractus, Wagl. .... 451 a 1. seutatus, Spir...... 459, 475 3. calcaratus, Buchh. & Ptrs. 458 . 2. divaricatus, Cope ...... 452 5: 2. Ceratohyla, Espada eer 453 Ph 1. proboscidea, Espada.... 453-+M. Pipa, L0ur.. ss esau ccs aa 458 2. bubalus, Espada 458 | +1. americana, Laur...... 459 CATALOGUE OF BATRACHIA ECAUDATA. BATRACHIA. Order I. ECAUDATA. In the perfect state, four limbs and no tail. Suborder I. PHANEROGLOSSA. Eustachian tubes separated; a tongue. Series A. FIRMISTERNTA, Coracoids firmly united by a simple epicoracoid cartilage; pre- coracoids, if present, resting with their distal extremity upon the coracoids, or connected with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage. Fam. 1. Ranide. Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra cylindrical, or very slightly dilated ...... p. 3. Fam, 2. Dendrobatide. Maxillary teeth none; diapophyses of. sacral vertebra not dilated ..................5. p. 140. Fam. 3. Engystomatide. Maxillary teeth none; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated ............ 0.00.0 ee eeee p- 146. Fam. 4. Dyscophide. Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated 2... 0... cece cece eee ee eee p. 179. Series B. ARCIFERA. Coracoids and precoracoids connected by an arched cartilage (the epicoracoid), that of the one side overlapping that of the other. Fam. 5. Cystignathide. Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra cylindrical, or slightly dilated .......... p. 183. 2 BATRACHIA ECAUDATA. Fam. 6. Dendrophryniscide. Maxillary teeth none; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not dilated ee eee rE p- 273. Fam. 7. Bufonide. Maxillary teeth none; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated ....... 0. cece eee eee eens p. 274. Fam. 8. Hylide. Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated ; terminal phalanges claw-shaped.. p. 330. Fam. 9. Pelobatide. Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra strongly dilated; ribs none ............ p. 482. , Fam. 10. Discoglossidea. Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated; short ribs articulated to the anterior diapophyses si sis rctcres ae we seek eee even ses p. 444. Fam, 11. Amphignathodontide. Both jaws toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated......... Bisa asia ass 8 hy p. 449, Fam. 12. Hemiphractide. Both jaws toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not dilated .............+..44. . p. 451. Suborder II. AGLOSSA. Eustachian tubes united into a single ostium pharyngium ; no tongue. Fam. 13. Dactylethride. Upper jaw toothed.......... p. 456. Fam. 14. Pipide. Teeth none ................ 0005, p. 458. Suborder I. PHANEROGLOSSA. Phaneroglossa, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. Phaneroglosses, Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. viii. Opisthoglossa and Proteroglossa, Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Eustachian tubes separated ; a tongue. All the Frogs of this division, as far known, possess in the ad- vanced larval state one spiraculum only, or opercular slit; it is situated on the left side, except in the Discoglosside, in which it is situated in the middle of the thoracic region. A. FIRMISTERNIA. Bufoniformia, part., and Raniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865 Raniformia and Gastrechmia, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) vi. 1867 Raniformia, Firmisternia, and Gastrechmia, Cope. Chech-List of N Amer. Batr. § Rept., Bull. U.S. Nat, Mus. i. 1877. Coracoids firmly united by a simplo epicoracoid cartilage - coids, if present, resting with their distal extremity apen Te oa coids, or connected with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage, RANIDA. 3 1, RANIDA. Ranide, part., Cystignathide, part., Polypedatides, Hylodide, part. Gath Ca’ Bate wa er ree a mee Ranidee, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865. Colostethidz and Ranide, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1867. a ae part., and Ranidzw, part., Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not, or but very slightly, dilated. The members of this family show no great differences in the structure of the sternal apparatus. The precoracoids are always present, their axis being parallel with that of the coracoids, and their distal extremity resting upon that of the latter. The preco- racoids are much weaker than the coracoids. In most genera an omosternum and a sternum are well developed and furnished with a bony style. In Owyglossus, Hylixalus, and Prostherapis the sternum lacks the bony style, and so does also the omosternum in Nannophrys and Phyllodromus. In Colostethus, according to Cope, the omosternum is totally absent. _ The vertebree are proceelian. The coccyx is attached to two con- dyles. There are no ribs. A fronto-parietal fontanelle is constantly absent. The distal phalanges may be simple, pointed, or subtriangular, T-shaped, Y-shaped, or even claw-shaped (Hylambates), the latter structure being met with in the Hylide, Amphignathodontide, and Hemiphractide only. : Synopsis of the Genera. Pupil horizontal ; tongue entire; toes webbed; outer metatarsal separated by web; sternum without bony style; omosternum with a bony style .......... eee 1. Oxyglossus, p. 5. Pupil horizontal ; tongue more or less deeply emarginate ; vomerine teeth; fingers perfectly free, toes webbed; outer metatarsals separated by web; omosternum and sternum with a bony style. 2, Rana, p. 6. Characters of Rana, but the fingers more or less webbed. 8. Rhacophorus, p. 73. Characters of Rhacophorus, but the two inner fingers opposite to the two outer .........e ee eee .... 4, Chiromantis, p. 92. Pupil horizontal; tongue deeply emarginate ; yomerine teeth none; outer metatarsals separated by a groove or narrow web ; omosternum and sternum with a bony style. 5. Ixalus, p. 93. B2 4 RANIDA, Pupil horizontal; tongue deeply emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers free, toes free or slightly webbed; outer metatarsals united or separated by a groove: omosternum and sternum with a bony Atle. cand aaaccaeaace ae eters Maes 6. Cornufer, p. 107. Pupil horizontal; tongue deeply emarginate ; vomerine teeth none ; toes webbed; outer metatarsals separated by web; omosternum and sternum with a bony style .. 7. Phrynobatrachus, p. 111. Pupil vertical; tongue deeply emarginate; vomerine teeth; toes webbed ; outer metatarsals separated by web; omosternum and sternum with a:bony style ...... 8. Nyctibatrachus, p. 113. Pupil vertical; tongue rather deeply emarginate; vomerine teeth ; toes free; outer metatarsals separated by a groove; omosternum and sternum slender, cartilaginous. 8a. Nannobatrachus, p.470. Pupil horizontal ; tongue deeply emarginate; vomerine teeth ; toes free ; outer metatarsals united ; omosternum and sternum without bony style .......... 00. eee eee 9. Nannophrys, p. 114. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth none; fin- gers free, toes nearly free; outer metatarsals united ; omosternum and sternum with a bony style... 10. Arthroleptis, p. 116. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth none; fin- gers and toes more or less webbed: outer metatarsals united ; omosternum and sternum with a bony style. 11. Rappia, p. 119. Characters of Rappia, but the pupil vertical. 12. Megalixalus, p. 128. Pupil vertical ; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth ; fingers free, toes free or nearly so, the tips not dilated; outer metatarsals — united ; omosternum and sternum with a bony style. 13. Cassina, p. 131. Pupil vertical; tongue deeply emarginate ; vomerine teeth ; tips of fingers and toes dilated, the terminal phalanges claw-shaped ; . outer metatarsals united ; omosternum and sternum with a bony SYS. gic vik ere anon basses 14, Hylambates, p. 182. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped; vomerine teeth none; toes webbed; outer metatarsals united; omosternum with a bony style; sternum cartilaginous .... 15. Hylixalus, p. 137. Characters of Hylixalus, but the tongue elliptic, entire, and the toes nearly free «0... eee ee eee 16. Prostherapis, p. 138. Characters of Prostherapis, but the omosternum without bony Style... cece eee tees 17. Phyllodromus, p. 139. Characters of the two latter genera, but no omosternum, 18. Colostethus, p. 140. 1. oxyexossvs. 5 1. OXYGLOSSUS. Oxyglossus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 85; Dum, § Bibr. viii. p. 332; Giinth. Cat. p. 6; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 117. Phrynoglossus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 29. Microdiscopus, Peters, eod. loc. 1877, p. 422. Pupil horizontal. Tongue narrow, entire, and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum indistinct. Fingers free; toes webbed, the tips not dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals separated by web. Omosternum with a bony style; sternum a cartilaginous plate. Terminal phalanges simple. East Indies. Synopsis of the Species. Tongue pointed behind ............... ... L. hima, p. 5. Tongue rounded behind; skin nearly smooth ; a single metatarsal tubercle ............ 2. levis, p. 6. Tongue rounded behind; skin warty above ; two metatarsal tubercles................ 3. martensii, p. 6. 1. Oxyglossus lima. ' Oxyglossus lima, Giinth. Cat. p. 6. Oxyglossus lima, Tschudi, Batr. p. 85; Dum. & Bibr. fe 384, pl. 86. ? 4; Giinth. Rept, Brit. Ind. p. 401; Stoliczka, ce. As. Soc. 1870, p. 272, and 1872, p. 101. Tongue elongate, extensively free and pointed behind. Habit stout. Head small; snout rather pointed; interorbital space nar- rower than the upper eyelid. Fingers rather slender, pointed, first not extending beyond second ; toes pointed, fourth not very much longer than third and fifth, broadly webbed ; subarticular tubercles very small ; two conical metatarsal tubercles ; asmall tarsal tubercle just below the tibio-tarsal articulation. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Above with numerous small warts, beneath with symmetrical rows of pores. Brownish above, with darker markings ; sometimes a light vertebral stripe; whitish below, with a dark brown band beneath the arm and along the hinder side of the thigh, and a brown L-shaped mark on each side of the lower belly. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac. Java; E. India; 8. China. ae 3 QO. Java. Leyden Museum. d. Q. Java. Dr. Bleeker. e. Several spec.: 5,9, Siam. M. Mouhot [C.]. & her. S-9. Higr. Gamboja. M. Mouhot [C.]. h, Q. Pegu. a, 3 Breast T. C. Jerdon, Esq. tT ke Q. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].. 4 Q China? — Adams, Hsq. [C.]. 6 RANIDZ. 2. Oxyglossus levis. Oxyglossus levis, Ginth. Cat. p. 7, pl. i. f. A. Phrynoglossus levis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 29. Oxyglossus levis, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. 1870, p. 278, and 1872 Microdiscopus sumatranus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, pp. 422, 682. Tongue oval, rounded behind, free in its posterior third. Habit stout. Head small; snout rounded; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid. Fingers short, with blunt tips, first not extending beyond second; toes broadly webbed, fourth not very much longer than third and fifth, the tips dilated into very small disks ; subarticular tubercles of fingers moderate, of toes small; a single, compressed, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tarso-metatarsal articulation , reaches the tip of the snout, or somewhat beyond. Skin nearly smooth. Brown above, with or without rather indistinct darker spots; sometimes a light vertebral line ; beneath whitish, speckled with brown on the throat and under the limbs. Male with an in- ternal subgular vocal sac. Philippines ; Sumatra; E. India. a-d. 3, 2, & her. Laguna del Bay. Dr. Meyer [C.]. ef. &. Philippines. ay es of O. levis.) g. Hgr. Pegu. . Theobold, Esq. [P. |. A-i. Her. Birmah. W. Theobald, Esq. [P.]. k. Her. Birmah. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 3. Oxyglossus martensii. Phrynoglossus martensii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 29. Allied to O. levis, but the web between the toes deeply emar- ginate, a rather indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle, and warts on the back and limbs. A dark band between-the eyes; grey beneath, the throat with white punctulations. Bangkok, Siam. 2, RANA*. Rana, sp., Linn. S, N. i. p. 854. Rana, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 203; Tschudi, Batr. p. 78; ‘Bibr, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 885; Giinth, Cat.’ Batr. Bod, p. En re Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 117. f ? Hylarana, Tschudi, 1. c. p. 78; Gtinth. lc. p. 71; Cope, l. ¢. * Uncertain species rk Bs 1. Rana aurora, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 174, and U.S, Exped., Herp. p. 18, pl. 11. f. 1-6.—Puget Sound. Pp and U.S. Explor. 2. Rana draytonit, Baird & Gir. 1.c. p.174, and 1, «. p. 23, pl. #.19-94— California. Rae : 3, Hylarana mindanensis, Girard, U.S, Explor. Exped., Herp. p, 52.—Oaldera, 2. RANA. 7 Polypedates, sp., Tschudi, 0. c. p. 78; Guinth. 1. c. p. 77, Strongylopus, Tschudi, i. ¢. p. 79, Pyxicephalus, Tschudi, 1. c. p. 83; Cope, 1. ¢. Pyxicephalus, sp., Dum. § Bibr. l. e. p. 442. Limnodytes, Dum. § Bibr. 1. c. p. i6. Pelophylax, Fitzing. Syst. Rept. i. p. 31. Tomopterna (Bibr.), Giinth. 1. ¢. p. 7. Spheerotheca, Giinth. 1. e. p. 20. Ranula, ‘Peters, Mon. Bek Ac, 1859, p. 402. Dicroglossus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1360, p. 158; Cope, le. Hoplobatrachus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1863, p. 449; Cope, 1. c. Staurois, sp., Cope, 1. ¢. Amolops, Cope, 1. c. Pohlia, Stendachn. Novara, Amph, p. 15. Vashy berencbue (non Keferstein), Mivart, Proc. Zool, Soc, 1868, p. 559. Clinotarsus, Mivart, ibid. 1869, p. 227. Trypheropsis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868,p. 117. Maltzania, Boettger, Abhandl. Senck, Ges, xii. 1881, p. 417. Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched behind‘. Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free ; toes webbed, with simple or dilated tips. Outer metatarsals separated by web. Omosternum and sternum with a strong bony style. Terminal phalanges acute, transversely dilated or T-shaped. Cosmopolitan, except the southern parts of South America and ‘New Zealand; one species from the extreme north of Australia. _The study of the numerous species included here in Rana shows the impossibility of dividing them into genera, or even subgenera, according to the dilatation or non-dilatation of the tips of the fingers and toes. The extreme forms, viz. Rana hexadactyla and R. afghana, show indeed a very marked difference respecting the shape and struc- ture of the fingers and toes—the former having them pointed; the , latter dilated into very large disks supported by regularly T-shaped phalanges. But, when we meet with such forms as R. malabarica, RR. curtipes, R. inguinalis, &c., we must hesitate before referring them to the “ Platydactyla” or to the “ Oxydactyla,” and, in fact, 4, Limnodytes lividus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. xxiii. p. 299.—Colombo. 5. Limnodytes nigrovittatus, Blyth, ibid. xxiv. p. 718.—Tenasserim. 6. Rana altilabris, Blyth, 1. c. p. 720.—Pegu. 7. Rana neweraellia, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. i. p. 192.—Ceylon. 8. Limnodytes mutabilis, Kelaart, ibid. ii. p. 19.—Colombo. 9, Limnodytes maculata, Kelaart, 1. c.—Galle. 10. Rana nebulosa, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 504.—Hongkong. 11. Rana multistriata, Hallow. 1. c.—Hongkong. ; 12. Rana adtrita, Troschel, in Miller's Wirbelth. Mex. p. 82.—Mexico. 13. Rana missuriensis, Wied, Reise N. Amer. i. p. 115.—Missouri. 14, Rana spinidactyla, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 197.—Natal. 15. Pywxicephalus frithit, Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 81.— irmah. : ; Pa iad circulosa, Rice & Davis, in Jordan’s Man. Vertebr. 2nd edit. p. 255. —Indiana. : + In a few cases the incision is not very deep. 8 RANIDE. they might just as well be referred to the one as to the other. Besides, the well-known R. macrodon, R. kuhlii, and others have the tips of the toes dilated into very distinct disks, much more so than several species hitherto referred to Hylorana. T have therefore come to the conclusion that, with regard to the species of this group, the difference in the shape of the fingers and toes cannot be used as generic character, as we should be obliged to place far apart species which, in all other respects, are very much alike. This conclusion was foreseen by Mr. Cope some twelve years ago*, Stating that Hylorana stands very near Rana, he observes that “it is only to be distinguished from it generically, without the interposition of any possible form which would not unite them. The T-shaped phalange in some Hylorane is so weak, while the expansion of the tip of the same in Rana temporaria and others is so‘distinct, as to render the permanent distinction of the two genera a mere matter of future discovery.” It has long been believed that the shape of the tips-of the fingers - and toes is always in immediate relation with the mode of life of the Frog; but it now appears that several platydactyle species are entirely terrestrial or aquatic, not arboreal. Had not the species been so numerous, I would have hesitated to separate Rana from Rhacophorus, which I characterize by the presence of a more or less developed web between the fingers. Though both genera pass into each other and constitute an un- interrupted series of species, I think that division convenient, it being easy to ascertain whether the fingers are quite free or webbed. As characterized by Dr. Giinther and other authors, the genus Pysicephalus, Tschudi (Tomopterna (Bibr.), Gthr.), is supposed to differ from Rana by a stouter habit, and especially by the great development of the inner metatarsal tubercle, which is large, compressed, shovel-like, as in Pélobates, Scaphiopus, &c. Had all the species of Pyaicephalus a “large and thick head,” and all the species of Rana the ‘metatarsal tubercle blunt,” it would certainly be very natural to separate these two forms; but such is not the case, and it will be shown that the genera Pysicephalus and Rana can no longer be distinguished. Prof. Peters established many years ago a new genus, Hoplo- batrachus, for a Ceylonese Frog which, according to him, is exactly intermediate between Rana and Pysicephalus. This supposed new Frog is nothing but a variety of Rana tigrina. In this species the - inner metatarsal tubercle is generally blunt, half as long as the first toe, or even less; other specimens (from Ceylon, Madras, and Malabar) have the tubercle shovel-shaped as in Pywicephalus ad- spersus, and about as long as the first toe; other specimens are intermediate. These differences in the shape and size of the inner metatarsal tubercle do not correspond with any important character 3 * Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 168. 2. RANA, 9 and I therefore do not hesitate to unite Hoplobatrachus ceylanicus with Rana tigrina. The common Rana esculenta furnishes a similar example in favour of this view. In this species the inner metatarsal tubercle is liable to considerable variation. Some specimens, especially those from 8. Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia, exhibit it blunt, small, one third the length of the first toe ; most of those from Northern and Central Europe have it compressed, about half as long as the first toe; most of the Chinese and Japanese specimens have it still stronger, very frequently quite as long as the first toe, and closely resembling the spur of Pelobates. I may add that I am inclined to consider Hoplobatrachus reinhardti, Peters, as based upon one of these oriental specimens of F. esculenta; and that I saw some time ago in the Paris Museum a large specimen of the same species labelled Hoplo- batrachus davidi, sp. n. On the other hand, in some species of Pyawicephalus, viz. P. nata- lensis and P. rugosus, the metatarsal tubercle is not more developed than in that form of &. esculenta which is intermediate between the extremes. As regards the stouter habit and the thicker head of Pywicephalus as compared with Rana, we must bear in mind that the latter genus includes some very stout species, and that P. natalensis has the head very much like the majority of the species of Rana. Synopsis of the Species. I, Patzarctric Sprcres. A. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated ; belly smooth. 1. Vomerine teeth between the choane; a glandular lateral fold; toes entirely webbed. Fingers pointed ; glandular lateral fold as broad as the upper eyelid; a dark band along the hinder side of the thighs .... 38. plancyi, p. 37. Fingers blunt; glandular lateral fold nar- rower than the upper eyelid ; hinder side of thighs marbled .................. 39. esculenta, p. 38. Upper eyelid glandular and distinctly porous 40. porosa, p. 40. 2. Vomerine teeth between the choane ; no glandular lateral fold ; toes incompletely webbed. Skin very warty ..... 0... eee e eee ee eee 33. rugosa, p. 35. 3. Vomerine teeth extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane ; a glandular lateral fold; toes in- completely webbed ; a dark temporal spot. a, Tibio-tarsal articulation not or hardly reaching the tip of the snout. Inner metatarsal tubercle blunt; snout ODUUIKOs scx eek rete ieee te poe gee oH 50. temporaria, p. 44. 10 RANIDZE. Inner metatarsal tubercle compressed ; snout POUL) Sareia aie Mas ne see alain deecscssandls 51. arvalis, p. 45. d, Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout. Tympanum not two thirds the width of the eye; first finger not extending beyond second; belly spotted .............. 53. iberica, p. 46. Tympanum hardly two thirds the width of - the eye; belly spotted .............. 54. latastii, p. 46. Tympanum nearly as large as the eye, close to it; belly immaculate.............. 55. agilis, p. 46. Snout very long; no outer metatarsal tu- bercle......... pedi ce Ae uaceanes ie SD Sean 57. japonica, p. 47. B. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into large disks ; belly granulate.... 107. buergeri, p. 78. II, American Spectes. A. Tips of toes not dilated. 1. The web extends to the tip of the fourth toe. Tympanum nearly as large as the eye; tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching the YO: ay ruc rain useable 34. montezwme, p. 85. Tympanum as large as or larger than the eye; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the OVO! srsceniuiernires eoriece sana 35. catesbiana, p. 36. 2. Toes at least three-fifths webbed, the web not extending to the tip of the fourth toe. a. Tympanum as large as or larger than the eye. First finger not extending beyond second... 36. clamata, p. 36. 6. Tympanum smaller than the eye. a. Vomerine teeth between the choane. Habit stout; skin porous .............. 37. septentrionalis, Head moderate ; tympanum nearly as large [p. 37. as the eye; glandular lateral fold mode- 0: 43, halecina, p. 41. Head moderate; male with external vocal BACB. eee eae Beene eee eens 41. utricularia, p. 40. Head large ; male with external vocal sacs. 42. areoluta, p. 41, Tympanum nearly as large as the eye; glandular lateral fold very broad ...... 44. palustris, p. 42, Tympanum about half the size of the eye.. 45. macroglossa, p. 42. Tympanum nearly as large as the eye; first finger not longer than second ........ 46. maculata, p. 42, 2. RANA, 11 Tympanum two thirds the size of the eye; first finger extending scarcely beyond second; head much longer than broad.. 47. lecontit, p. 42. Tympanum two thirds the size of the eye ; ; snout short, rounded ............ aes 48: i p. 43. (. Vomerine teeth extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching the tip of the snout; a conical outer meta- tarsal tubercle ...... Soe sieeve oe 2... 49. pretiosa, p. 48. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching the tip of the snout; no outer metatarsal tubercle) nx es0% ws ae ae Se aes DEO A 52. cantabrigensis, Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of {p. 45. the snout, or beyond; a rounded outer metatarsal tubercle .............5.. 56. silvatica, p. 47. 3. Toes hardly half webbed. Habit stout. .csccene ews ous vee we ews 32. capito, p. 34. B. Tips of toes dilated into small disks. Toes entirely webbed; first finger longer than second ........ cece eee ees 59. palmipes, p. 48. Toes incompletely webbed; tympanum as large as the eye... 6. eee eee eee 60. copii, p. 49. First finger not longer than second ...... 61. nigrilatus, p. 49. Toes entirely webbed; skin shagreened abOVOr sas Augers weer SYN ERA Se ses ead 62. chrysoprasina, Toes incompletely webbed ; tympanum two [p. 49 thirds the width of the eye; skin sha- greened above .......... eee e eee 63. ceruleopunctata, [p. 50. III. Inpran anp AvsTRALIAN SPECIES. A. Fingers and toes acutely pointed, the latter very broadly webbed. First finger extending alittle beyond second 1. hewadactyla, p. 17. First finger not extending beyond second.. 2. eyanophiectis, p.17. B. Fingers pointed or blunt; toes blunt or slightly dilated at the tips. 1. Toes more than half webbed. a, Tympanum indistinct or hidden. First finger not extending quite as far as second ; upper eyelid very narrow ; skin of back with transverse plaits .......- 5. corrugata, p. 19. 12 RANIDE, First finger extending a little beyond second; upper eyelid narrow ........ 6. kuhliz, p. 20. Head large ; tibio-tarsal articulation reach- ing nearly the tip of the snout........ 7. laticeps, p. 20. Toes not entirely webbed ; tibio-tarsal arti- culation reaching a little beyond the tip of the snout 22.usg0s seen ce anaes 8. yunnanensis, p. 21. A glandular lateral fold; tibio-tarsal arti- culation reaching the tip of the snout or DOV GNI eae ieee Pies Oe as eee 10. liehigu, p. 21. b. Tympanum perfectly distinct. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series ex- tending much beyond the choane; no tooth-like prominence in the lower jaw . 13. grunniens, p. 23. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series com- mencing from the inner front edge of the CHOANE = ise iii acd heen earir are week 14. macrodon, p. 24. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups commencing on a level with the hinder edge of the choane ................ 15. modesta, p. 25. Tympanum as large as the eye.........- 16. plicatella, p. 26. A much developed membranaceous fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe ; inter- orbital space narrower than the upper BYCHG is rs-ca as eemeatrwl en eyed were cs 17. tigrina, p. 26. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout; upper parts strongly warty . 20. verrucosa, p. 29. Habit slender ; a glandular lateral fold .. 58. guentheri, p. 48. 2. Toes not more than half webbed. Inner metatarsal tubercle blunt ... .... 19. gracilis, p. 28. Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped ; vomerine teeth placed transversely be- hind the choane. ...............05. 31. khasiana, p. 34, ‘Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped ; tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching a * little beyond the tip of the snout...... 21. rufescens, p. 29. Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped ; tympanum two thirds the size of the eye 27, dobsoniti, p. 32. Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped ; tympanum half the size of the eye .... 26. breviceps, p. 32. C. Tips of fingers and toes more or less dilated. 1. A glandular lateral fold. a, Tips of fingers and toes simply swollen. Fourth toe about as long as the distance from , vent to tympanum ..............., 72. macrodactyla, p. 54. 2. RANA, 13 Toes rather more than half webbed ; tibio- tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout, or nearly so far .............. 81. macularia, p. 60. Toes half webbed ; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye...............0 0 ee 82. malabarica, p. 60. Toes nearly entirely webbed; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye; head large 84. curtipes, p. 61. Toes nearly entirely webbed ; head mode- PAGE si Bie dial haghanes AG byw scary euarannday 78. margariana, p. 58. b. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into regular disks. a. Vomerine teeth between the choane. Femoro-tibial articulation reaching the tym- PANUM weave ieis Wieser debe eee: 93. jerboa, p. 67. Two rather indistinct metatarsal tubercles ; tympanum two thirds the size of the eye: hind limbs with dark cross-bars ...... 85. alticola, p. 62. Two very distinct metatarsal tubercles ; tympanum two thirds the size of the eye ; hind limbs not cross-barred .......... 88. krefftii, p. 64. Two metatarsal tubercles, the inner very prominent and large; hind limbs with dark cross-bars .......... cess eeeeee 89. tytleri, p. 65. One metatarsal tubercle; hind limbs not cross-barred 2.02... cece eee enone 90. erythreea, p. 65. One metatarsal tubercle; disks of fingers half the size of tympanum............ 91. chalconota, p. 66. (8. Vomerine teeth extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum three fourths the size OF MNO CVO i oisseoe pas Ges Nea as 86. temporalis, p. 63. Interorbital space rather narrower than the upper eyelid ...... 2... eee eee ... 87. papua, p. 64. Tympanum two thirds the size of the a . 92. arfaki, p. 66. 2. No glandular lateral fold. a, Vomerine teeth not extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Tympanum half the width of the eye; toes nearly entirely webbed; disks very small 73. andersonii, p. 55. Tympanum not quite two thirds the width of the eye; toes hardly half webbed .. 97. luctuosa, p. 68. Tympanum nearly as large as the eye; toes nearly entirely webbed ............+. 101. celebensis, p. 70. Tympanum two fifths the diameter of the eye; toes very broadly webbed; head [p. 464. moderate... . cece cece eee eens 101 a. latopalmata, ' 14 RANIDZ. Tympanum about one third the width of the eye; toes very broadly webbed; head much elongate ......-.-...e0e eee 102. natatrix, p. 71. Tympanum two thirds the width of the eye ; toes two-thirds webbed; tips of fingers and toes simply swollen; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; skin strongly granulate .. 1.0... cee eee ee ee 103. signata, p. 71. Tympanum two thirds the width of the eye ; toes two-thirds webbed; tips of fingers and toes simply swollen; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; skin slightly granulate .............-0045 104. similis, p. 72. Tympanum one third the width of the eye ; snout shorter than the diameter of the eye; belly granulate................ 106. mackloti, p. 72. Upper surfaces very warty ; toes one-fourth [p. 462. Webbed a vicsc sey dewb ol uae vane ee 77a. phrynoderma, b. Vomerine teeth extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. a. A free conical papilla on the middle of the tongue ; disks of fingers and toes small. Toes two-thirds webbed .............. 74, beddomiz, p. 55. Toes half webbed ............ 0.000005 75. semipalmata,p.56. Toes one-third webbed ..............,. 76. leptodactyla,p.57. Toes one-third webbed ; a black spot on the log chaise ne see onse dees 77. diplosticta, p. 58. {. Tongue without papilla ; disks large. Tympanum about half the width of the eye ; first finger extending slightly beyond POCO, war: ik b Sw ORE ES hee pus 98. chloronota, p. 69. Tympanum hardly one third the width of the eye ; first finger not extending quite so far as second ................000. 99. afghana, p. 69. Tympanum hardly one third the width of the eye; fingers very long............ 100. formosa, p. 70. ‘Tympanum three fourths the width ofthe eye 105. everetti, p. 72. y. Tongue without papilla ; disks small. Tympanum three fifths the width of the eye 108. glandulosa, p. 73. IV. Airntopran Spxcres. A. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated; inner metatarsal tubercle blunt. 1. Toes at least half webbed. a. Vomerine teeth in two groups or short series close to the inner front edge of the choane. Toes very broadly webbed; tympanum half the size of the CY@ .. ke cece eee eens 3. ehrenbergit, p. 18. 2. RANA, 15 Toes very broadly webbed; tympanum Hidden! “poo casecaeag ew canara es 4. crassipes, p. 19. Toes entirely webbed; tympanum nearly as large as the eye; a single metatarsal tubercle ........ ehrspacasteslaarel sunray 66. owyrhynchus, p. 51. Toes entirely webbed, the web not emar- ginate; tympanum nearly as large as the eye; two metatarsal tubercles ........ 67. longirostris, p. 52. Toes nearly entirely webbed; tympanum two thirds the width of the eye; a tarsal and two metatarsal tubercles. ........ 68. trinodis, p. 52. Toes two-thirds webbed; tympanum two [p. 52. thirds the width of the eye .,........ 69. mascareniensis, b. Vomerine teeth in two series or groups between the choane. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups; toes two-thirds webbed.............. 12. subsigillata, p. 23. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series ; toes nearly entirely ‘webbed .......... 18. occipitalis, p. 27. Vomerine teeth in two transverse series ; toes two-thirds webbed .............. 65. angolensis, p. 50. c. Vomerine teeth in two groups on a level with the hinder edge of the choane. Toes not quite two-thirds webbed........ 11. blanford:, p. 23. . Toes nearly entirely webbed............ 64. fuscigula, p. 50. 2, Toes webbed at the base. a, Vomerine teeth in two long, nearly straight series on a level with the front edge of the choane. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout, or somewhat beyond........ 70. grayt, p. 53. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching far beyond the tip of the snout .........00- 05s 71. fasciata, p. 54. b. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane . 83, galamensis, p. 61. B. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped. Metatarsal tubercle reaching beyond the tip of the snout ..... 6. eee e eee ee eee 22, tuberculosa, p. 80. Metatarsal tubercle reaching nearly the. tip of the snout; skin smooth............ 23. natalensis, p. 30. Tympanum rather indistinct; two meta- tarsal tubercles ...... Sidielne vesseeeee 24 cordofana, p. 31. 16 RANIDA. Tympanum half the size of the eye ; skin : tubercular ......... eee eee ee eee 25. delalundit, p. 31. Tympanum nearly as large as the eye; skin SMOOt: sw tare seawea gem os eae 28. ornata, p. 33. Tympanum two thirds or three fourths the size of the eye; back with longitudinal glandular folds ........ 0.00 serene 29. adspersa, p. 33. Tympanum larger than the eye; no longi- 2 tudinal folds ..... iyeaidacd beta erie Oo 30. maltzanii, p. 34. C. Tips of fingers and toes more or less dilated. 1. A circular flat gland below each thigh on its inner side. Tympanum hidden............. eee 9. guttulata, p. 21. Tympanum distinct ; first and second fingers EQUAL se cwacoescwm vay sek gua aa 96 a. ulcerosa, p. 462. Tympanum distinct; first finger not ex- tending as far as second; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the eye .. 965. femoralis, p. 463. 2. No large gland below the thigh. a. First finger extending beyond second. A glandular lateral fold; tips of fingers and toes simply swollen .............55. 79. elegans, p. 59. A glandular lateral fold; tips of fingers and . toes dilated into regular disks; belly BMOOLD: F588 Raa dea eee Bee make eG 80. albilabris, p. 59. No glandular lateral fold; tibio-tarsal arti- culation reaching a good deal beyond the . tip of the snout .. 0.0... ee eee eee 94. inguinalis, p. 67. .6. First and second fingers equal. Toes half webbed ; tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching beyond the tip of the snout 78a. betsileana, p. 460. Toes three-fourths webbed; tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching beyond the eye 730. curta, p. 461. Toes half webbed ; tibio-tarsal articulation . reaching beyond the tip of the snout ..107 6. aspera, p. 465. c. First finger not extending as far as second. Tympanum more than half the diameter of the eye; back smooth .............. 95. madagascariensis, Tympanum more than half the diameter of [p. 67. the eye; back granulate ............ 96. granulata, p. 68. Tympanum half the diameter of the eye; toes entirely webbed ; back smooth .... 96¢. cowani, p. 463. Tympanum half the diameter of the eye; toes somewhat more than half webbed ; back with narrow glandular folds...... 107 a. plicifera, p. 464, 2. RANA, 17 1. Rana hexadactyla. Rana hexadactyla, Giinth. Cat. p. 11. Rana hexadactyla, Lesson’ in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Rept. p. 831; Tschudi, Batr. p. 80; Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 405; Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p.19; Giinth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 568. Dactylethra penzalonss, Lesson, Lil. Zool. pl. 47. Rana cutipora, Dum. & Bibr. p. 339. —— robusta, Blyth, Journ, As, Soc, 1854, p. 298. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series extending beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout rather pointed ; can- thus rostralis indistinct ; interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye. Fingers slender, pointed, first extending a little beyond second; toes webbed to the tips, which are pointed; fourth toe not very much longer than third or fifth ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes very small; inner metatarsal tubercle small, conical; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, with more or less distinct rows of pores round the neck, sides, and belly. Brown above; sometimes a light vertebral line ; two blackish streaks on the hinder side of the thighs, sometimes indistinct ; young beautifully striped. Male with two external vocal vesicles opening by two slits beneath the angles of the mouth. India. a. Her. 9. Nepal. Dr. Scully [C.]. b. Many spec., yg. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. (As typical of Rana vittata.) e-d. 39. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. ~ e. Skeleton, 2. India. Sir A. Smith (Pt J. Stuffed. India. g-t. Yg. P T.C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. (As Pyzxicephalus pluvialis.) k,l. 9 & her. Ceylon. ; m-n. 2 & her. 3. Ceylon. Sir A. Smith [P.}. o. Yg. Ceylon. ; p. Her. 2. 8. Ceylon. G.H. K. Thwaites, Esq. [P.]. 2. Rana cyanophlyctis. Rana leschenaultii, Giinth. Cat. p. 11. Rana cyanophlyctis, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. Ny 187; Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac, 1863, p.78; Giinth. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 406; Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p. 20; Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc, 1872, p. 102. . —— bengalensis, Gray, Ind. Zool.; Kelaart, Prodr, Faun. Zeyl. i. . 192. leschenaultii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 842; Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. . 138, : Disroglaams adolfi, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 158, pl. 28. £. B, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 402. L Cc 18 RANIDE, Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choanw. Head moderate; snout scarcely pointed; canthus rostralis indistinct; interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers slender, pointed, first not ex- tending beyond second; toes webbed to the tips, which are pointed, fourth not much longer than third and fifth; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes small; inner metatarsal tubercle small, conical, much like a rudimentary toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches generally a little beyond the eye. Skin with small tubercles and warts above; be- sides, more or less distinct rows of pores. Brown or olive above, dark spotted or marbled ; two blackish streaks on the hinder side of the thighs, seldom absent; beneath often speckled with blackish. Male with vocal vesicles as in A. hewadactyla. Small species. 8.E. Asia. a-e. Q. Pishiu, Baluchistan. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. f: oo spec..? Cashmere. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. fot ys: é g-hik SO. Himalayas, Messrs. v. Schlagintweit [C.]. (Types of Dicroglossus adolf.) 1-2. Nilgherries. F. Day, Esq. [P.]. m-n. Hgr. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P. ]. o-p, g-r. 2. Godaveri Valley. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. & So. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. tw. 2, Ceylon. Ind. Mus. (Kelaart). a2, a-B, y, 8, e-1, Ceylon, «-. Many spec. : 3, 2, yg, & larvee. v-&, Pinang. Typical specimens of Cantor’s Rh, hexadactyla. 3. Rana ehrenbergii. Rana cutipora, Martens, Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. 88. —— ehrenbergii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 79. Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series commencing close to the inner edge of the choanz ; lower jaw with two bony prominences in front. Habit stout. Tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers pointed; toes very broadly webbed; a single, inner. metatarsal tubercle. Above with small, rather indistinct, flat warts ; upper eyelid with cross folds behind; a more or less distinct fold sg ae the eyes. Male with vocal vesicles as in R. hexadactyla, abia, 2. RANA. 19 4. Rana crassipes. Rana crassipes, Buchh. & Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1875, p. 201. Upper surface of head. Lower surface of foot. Vomerine teeth in two very small groups close to the inner front edge of the choane; two slight bony prominences in front of the lower jaw. Habit stout. Head moderate; snout very short, slightly pointed ; canthus rostralis rounded; eyes very prominent ; interorbital space half the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers rather short, pointed, first shorter than second ; toes short, fourth not very much longer than third and fifth, slightly dilated at the tips, very broadly webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes very small ; a scarcely pro- minent, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eyo. Skin smooth; a transverse fold uniting the hinder edges of the upper eyelids; a stronger fold from the eye to the arm. Uni- form brown, lighter beneath. Male without vocal sac. W. Africa. a é. River Nodogo, W. Africa. 6. Her. Gaboon. 5. Rana corrugata. Rana kublii, var. B, Giinth. Cat. p. 8. Rana corrugata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 412. —— kuhlii, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 404, pl. 26. f. B. Closely allied to R. kuhli. Interspace between the choane narrower; eyes more oblique, and upper eyelids narrower still; first finger not extending quite as far as second ; toes rather shorter. Skin of the back with transverse plaits. Light cross band between the eyes very distinct. Ceylon; S, China. -d. 2 & yg. Ceylon. a ve Py 8. Deylon, fc. Ningpo. c2 20 RANIDE. 6. Rana kuhlii. Rana kuhlii, var. A et C, Giimth. Cat. p. 8. Rana kuhlii (Schleg.), Dum. & Bibr. p. 884; Anders. Anat. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 838. ; ; kuhlii, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 404, pl. 26. f. A. conspicillata, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 595, pl. 40. f. A; id. Zool, Record, ix. p. 97. Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series behind-the choane ; lower jaw with two more or less developed tooth-like prominences in front. Head moderate; snout short, without canthus rostralis ; eyes prominent, turned upwards; upper eyelid rather narrow ; in- terorbital space generally broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers moderate, first extending a little beyond second ; toes broadly webbed, fourth only one fifth longer than fifth, the tips dilated into small disks; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, narrow, blunt; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches usually the eye or scarcely beyond, sometimes the tip of the snout. Above with short longitudinal glandular folds or rounded tubercles, sometimes nearly smooth, except upon the tibie. Brown above, with a rather indistinct light cross band between the eyes; sometimes a light \\/ vertebral stripe. Male without vocal sac. Indian Archipelago ; 8 China. a. Her. & 9. Java. Leyden Museum. 6. Many spec.: , 9, & Matang, Borneo. (Types of R. conspicillata.) gf. c-d. He &Q. Matang, Borneo. e. Hgr. & Q. Celebes. Sir A. Smith [P.]. SF. Ningpo. 7. Rana laticeps. (Prare I. fig. 1.) Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of the hinder edge of the choane ; lower jaw with two bony prominences in front, acute and directed backwards in the adult male. Head large, triangular, especially in the adult male; snout short; sub- acuminate, with rounded canthus rostralis ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum scarcely distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed; tips of toes dilated into very small disks; subarticular tubercles well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elongate, blunt; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the ‘body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. Upper parts with small elongated warts and rounded tubercles; a glandular fold above the tympanum. Brown above, indistinctly marbled with darker ; a light, dark-edged vitta between the upper eyelids; legs 2. RANA. 21 indistinctly cross-barred ; throat spotted with brown. Male without vocal sac. From snout to vent 47 millim. India. a, ra spec.: d,9,hgr., Khassya, T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. ye: 6. Her. Bengal. Col. Beddome [P.]. (As Poly- pedates affimis.) 8. Rana yunnanensis. ae yunnanensis, Anders, Anat. Zool, Res, Yunnan, p. 839, pl. 78. ade Vomerine teeth but little developed, and in two short oblique ridges on the inner side of the choane. Head moderate; snout short, somewhat pointed ; tympanum rather indistinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes not entirely webbed, slightly dilated at the tips; inner meta- tarsal tubercle small, laterally compressed, sharp-edged, crescentic. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches a little beyond the snout. Upper surfaces densely covered with round warty tubercles, each surmounted by a small black horny granule; a glandular fold from the eye over the tym- panum totheshoulder. Uniform greenish olive-brown, with obscure dark bands from the orbit to the lip and on the upper surface of the limbs; under surface brownish yellow, reticulately spotted with deep brown. Hotha. 9, Rana guttulata. (Pars II.) Rana guttulata, Bouleng. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) vii. p. 361. Vomerine teeth in two small groups behind the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Head rather large, depressed; snout short, rounded, with rounded canthus rostralis ; loreal region con- cave; interorbital space as broad as or slightly broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, hidden. Fingers rather short, first not extending as far as second ; toes rather short, broadly webbed ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small disks; subarticular tuber- cles small; a blunt, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle; no outer one. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin finely granular above; a fold from the eye to the shoulder ; a circular flat gland below each thigh on its inner side. Dark brown above, minutely dotted with yellowish ; whitish beneath, immaculate. Male without vocal sacs. Madagascar. a-c,d-e. $9. S.E. Betsileo. Mr. Bartlett [C.]. (Types.) 10. Rana liebigii. Megalophrys gigas, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. xxiii. p. 299. 22 RANIDA. Rana liebigii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 157, pl. 28. f. A; 2d. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 407; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 198; Theobald, Proc, As. Soc, 1878, p. 111; Giinth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 567. ; sikkimensis, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. 1870, p. 83; Stoliczka, Proc, As. Soc. 1872, p. 181. gammii, Anders. Journ. As, Soc. 1871, p. 21. ——? vicina, Stoliczka, loc. cit. gigas, Peters, Siteb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1881, p. 87. Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate, much depressed ; snout very short, rounded ; canthus rostralis indistinct ; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; tympa- num rather small, hidden. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, truncate, entirely webbed; subar- ticular tubercles of fingers and toes not much developed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, little prominent; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or beyond. Skin smooth above, seldom warty ; a strong fold of the skin above the tympanum, and another, sometimes indistinct, uniting the hinder edges of the upper eyelids; a narrow glandular fold on each side of the back. Brown above; a black line on the canthus rostralis and on the temporal region; lateral folds black-margined; legs indistinctly barred across. Male with two internal vocal sacs. The breeding male is remarkable by the extreme thickness of its . fore arms, the inner sides of which are studded with small conical black spines, each supported on a rounded base produced by a swelling of the skin. A large patch of similar spines exists on each side of the breast; the whole inner side of the inner metacarpal tubercle and of the first and second digits, and the base of the third digit also, bear similar spines, but they are closer together. Himalayas. Breeding male. 2. RANA, 23 ad. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. e. bo. Sildkim. Messrs. _v. Rohiniuiosie Te> (Type.) e-d. 9. Lialing, Sikkim, 8500ft. W. T. Blanford, Esq [P.]. e, f-9. Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq. | P.]. 11. Rana blanfordii. (Prarz I. fig. 2.) Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups on a level with the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout short, rounded, with rounded canthus rostralis; interorbital space as broad as the . upper eyelid ; tympanum scarcely half the width of the eye, hidden. Fingers moderate, first not extending as far as second; toes moderate, not quite two-thirds webbed; tips of toes swollen into very small disks ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes not much developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, rather indistinct; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. Skin with indistinct flat warts on the sides of the body; a fold on the temporal region. Olive above, with small black spots; a black streak between the eyes, and another on the canthus rostralis and on the temporal region. Male without vocal sacs. From snout to vent 49 millim. Arabia? ab. 2. Muscat ? W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 12. Rana subsigillata. Rana subsigillata, 4. Dum. Rev. Mag. Zool, 1856, p. 560; zd. Arch. Mus, x. p. 224, pl. xviii. f. 1. Vomerine tecth in two oblique groups between the choane ; lower jaw with two slight bony prominences in front. Head moderate ; snout rather elongate, rounded, without canthus rostralis ; inter- orbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum not very distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second; toes moderate, two-thirds webbed ; sub- articular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. Skin nearly smooth; a slight fold from the hinder edge of the eye above the tympanum, extending across the chest. Brown above, indistinctly spotted; rather indistinct dark bars across the limbs. Male without vocal sacs. W. Africa. aod. Old Calabar. 18. Rana grunniens. Rana grunniens, Giinth. Cat. p. 10. Rana grunniens, Daud. Rain. p. 65, pl. 21; td. Rept. viii. p. 127; Merr. Tent. p. 174; Dum. & Bibr. p. 380. 24 RANIDZE, Rana subsaltans, Gravenh. Delic. Batr. p. 35, pl. vii. — hydromedusa, (Kuhl) Tschudi, Bair. p. 80. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series extending much beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout rounded ; tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, first ex- tending beyond second ; toes broadly webbed, with slightly swollen tips; subarticular tubercles of fingers aud toes well developed; an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth; upper eyelid tubercular ; a fold from the pos- terior angle of the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, with a few reddish spots ; hinder side of thighs marbled with dark brown. Amboyna; Java. a. Skeleton. Java. 6. Her. P 14. Rana macrodon. (Prater I. fig. 4, inside of mouth.) Rana macrodon, Giinth. Cat. p. 8. Rana macrodon, (Kuhl) Tschudi, Batr. p. 80; Dum. & Bibr. p. 382 ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 650; Blanf. Proc. Zool, Soe. 1881, p. 225, pl. xxi. f. 4, z nee me Chae oe xxxiv. p. 719; Anders. Proc. Zool. joc. ; ; Stolczka, Journ. As, Soc. 1873, p. ; Anat. Zool Res. Yunnan, ), 837. i ed Txalus aurifasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p- 455. Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series commencing from the inner anterior angle of the choane; lower jaw with two fang-like bony prominences in front, sometimes scarcely developed. Head large; snout rather pointed ; occiput more or less swollen on the sides ; interorbital space generally one half broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, variable in size, generally much smaller than the eye. Fingers moderate, first much longer than the second ; toes broadly webbed, with distinctly swollen tips; subarticular tu bercles of fingers and toes well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, blunt; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or a little beyond. Skin smooth above, or with small rounded warts ; upper eyelid tubercular ; a strong fold above the tympanum. Brown or blackish above ; sometimes a light dorsal stripe. Male without vocal sacs. ; Young specimens have a very different appearanc the adult, having a narrow dtalae fold ea ney ten ae - ae ee not broader than the upper eyelid. radua. e glandular fold disa i i : ree dat ppears and the interorbital space E. Indies. 2, RANA. 25 aod. Zamboanga. Mr. Everett [C.]. b-c. SQ. Dinagat Islands. Mr. Everett bet d-e, f-g. 3 & yg. Laguna del Bay. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. A-t. 5 & her. Negros. Dr. A. B. Meyer C4. ko. Sarawak. Mr. Everett [C.]. lg. Java. Sir A. Smith [P.]. m Ss. Java, Dr. Ploem [C.]. n-0. dQ. Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.]. p. 2. Tenasserim. W. Theobald, Esq. [P.] (As Rana fusea.) q. @ skeleton. Philippines. 15. Rana modesta. (Pxazz I. fig. 3.) Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups commencing on a level with the hinder edge of the choanz ; lower jaw with two gene- rally strong bony prominences in front, directed backwards. Head moderate ; snout short, rather pointed ; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, not quite two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending much be- yond second; toes moderate, entirely webbed; cutaneous fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe slightly developed ; tips of toes dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval ; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- tarsal articulation reaches a little beyond the eye. Skin of the back ‘with rather indistinct short longitudinal glandular folds ; upper eye- lids tubercular ; a more or less distinct fold of the skin between the latter ; a strong fold above the tympanum. Brown above, indis- tinctly spotted ; sometimes two lighter vitte: on the back and the canthi rostrales, meeting on the tip of the snout ; sometimes a light dorsal stripe; hinder side of thighs dark brown, white-marbled ; beneath more or less speckled with brown. Male with two small internal vocal sacs. From snout to vent 7 centim. This new species is allied to R. tigrina and R. macrodon. It differs from both by the much smaller size and the arrangement of the vomerine teeth ; from the former chiefly by a broader interor- bital space and smaller tympanum, longer fingers, slightly developed vocal sacs, &c.; from the latter by a smaller head, generally a nar- rower interorbital space, and the presence of vocal sacs. Celebes. a. Several spec., 5 2. Gorontalo. bo. Gorontalo. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. a de Manado. Dr, A. B. Meyer [C.]. The following specimens are referred with some doubt to this species :— d-g. 2, her. & yg. —? W. Theobald, Esq. 26 RANIDZ, 16. Rana plicatella. Rana plicatella, Stoliceka, Journ. As. Soc. 1873, p. 116, pl. xi. f. 1. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique converging series ; lower jaw with two fang-like projections directed inwards. Head large ; snout obtuse, with the canthi rostrales rounded ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye. First finger extending beyond second; toes three-quarters webbed, dilated at the tips into small disks; asingle, inner, elongated, meta- tarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches ‘between the eye and the tip ofthesnout. Skin of the back with about eight longitudinal, some- what interrupted folds, with numerous small tubercles between them ; upper eyelid tubercular. Above greenish brown, with a dark band from the nostril through the eye, continuing behind it ; limbs trans- versely barred ; hinder side of the thighs densely and rather minutely variegated with dark brown ; a horseshoe-shaped yellow mark, open below, round the vent; beneath white, speckled with dark on the tibize and on the feet. : Pinang. \/ 17. Rana tigrina. Rana tigrina, Giinth. Cat. p. 9. Rana tigrina, Daud. Rain. p. 64, pl. 20, and Rept. viii. p. 125 ; Merr. Tent. p. 174; Cuv, R.A.; Dum. § Bibr. p. 875; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 192; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 77; Guinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 407 ; Stendachn. Novara, Amph. p. 17; Giinth. ee Zool. Soc, 1875, p. 567; Anders. Anat. Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 837. cancrivora, (Bote) Gravenh. Delic. p. 41; Tschudi, Batr. p. 79. brama, Lesson, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Rept. p. 829, pl. 6. a laa de Wiegm, Nova Acta Ac. Leop, 1835, p. 225, t. 21, —— rugulosa, Wiegm. 1. ¢. p. 258, pl. 21. £. 2, crassa, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc, 1858, p. 581; Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 79; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 199. Hydrostentor pantherinus, Fitzing. Sitz. Ac. Wien, xlii. p. 414, Pyxicephalus fodiens, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 186. Hoplobatrachus ceylanicus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863 p. 449; ‘inth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 410. : . Rana latrans, David, Nouv. Arch. Mus, vii. 1872, Bull, p. 76. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series commencing from the inner anterior angle of the choane ; lower jaw with two not very promi- nent apophyses in front. Head moderate ; snout more or less pointed; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum dis- tinct, about two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers rather short, first extending beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; a. much developed membranaceous fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate : inner metatarsal tubercle very variable, small or large, blunt or shovel. shaped; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards 2. RANA. 27 along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or a little beyond.. Skin of the back with longitudinal folds ; a strong fold above the tympanum. Brown or olive above, with dark spots ; often a light vertebral line. Male with two subgular vocal sacs, conspi- cuous externally by folds of the skin on the sides of the throat; these regions generally blackish. E. Indies; S. Chinas a,b. 9 Shanghai. R. Swinhoe [C.]. c-d. 9. Ningpo. R. Swinhoe [C. ]. e. Yg. Ningpo. f 2. Formosa. R. Swinhoe [C} g. Q. Formosa. M. Dickson, Esq. P.]. hi. 9. Formosa. Dr. Collingwood [P.}. k-l. SQ. Nepal. Dr. Scully Gl. m oS. Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit [C.]. n. Ye. Nilgherries. v. 2, skin, Bengal. p-gr. &. Madras. T. C, Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. au. Q. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. vw, x, y, 2-B. SO, Ceylon. her. & yg. : y. Her. Ceylon. G. H. K. Thwaites, Esq. [P.]. 6. Yg. Birmah. F. Day, Esq. [P.]. ed. Pegu. W. Theobald, Hep Ue : ¢d. Siam. W. H. Newman, Esq. [P.]. n-w &. Pinang. Dr. Cantor CE k, A. dQ, stuffed. Pinang. Major Sykes 4 J. p &. Pinang. Sir A. Smith [P.]. v-&,u. d2. Java. nm. 3. Java. Mrs. Lyon [P.]. pc. Borneo. Leyden Museum. o-7r. dQ. Borneo. Mr. Dillwyn [P.]. vu. Borneo. g. d. Manado. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. x, v, aa, 6b, ce. Hgr. Philippines. & yg. Earls : Surigao. Mr. Everett [C.]. B-hh, u-kk. 2 & yg. Laguna del Bay. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. Wi. Skeleton. Laguna del Bay. mm. 3. —? T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.J. (As typical of Rana crassa.) 18. Rana occipitalis. Rana occipitalis, Giinth. Cat. p. 180, pl. xi. Rana hydraletis, (Bote) Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 78. bragantina, Bocage, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1864, p. 253. —— occipitalis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1866, i. p. 73. Resembles in every respect Rana tigrina, but with a fold of the skin uniting the posterior angles of the upper eyelids. Male with vocal vesicles placed as in RB. tigrina, but more developed. W. Africa. 28 RANIDZ. ao. Angola. Prof. Barboza du Bocage [P.]. b-d. 9. Gambia. Sir A. Smith [P.]. e-g, h-i,k. SO. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. > Types. 29. W. Africa, Mr. Fraser [C.]. m oS. W. Africa. Prof. Barboza du Boecage [P.]. \/ 19. Rana gracilis. Rana vittigera, Giinth. Cat. p. 9. Rana gracilis, Wiegm. Nova Acta Ac. Leop. 1835, p. 257; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p.78; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 409; Stein- dachn. Novara, Amph. p.18; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. 1870, p. 142; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 187 is Ft 200; Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 567 ; Anders. Anat. Zool.’Res. Yunnan, p. 840. —— nilagirica, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc, 1854, p. 531. agricola, Jerdon, lc. brevipalmata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 646. — lymnocharis, (Bote) Stoliezka, Proc. As. Soc. 1872, p. 102, and Journ, As. Soc. 1878, p. 116. Very closely allied to R. tigrina, from which it differs chiefly in its smaller size, half-webbed toes, and the presence of a small outer metatarsal tubercle, which is, however, sometimes indistinct. The relative length of the hind limbs is very variable. E. Indies; 8. China. ye: a-b, c-d, e-g. $ Q, Shanghai. R. Swinhoe [C.}. her. & yg. h. Several spec. Chusan. East-India Company [P.]. a-k. Q & her. Szechuen, R. Swinhoe [C.]. i. Many spec.: 9, hgr., Ningpo. & yg. ; m. &. Loochoo. A. Collie, Esq. Hee n-0. S&. Formosa. Dr. Collingwood [P.]. p &. Formosa. M. Dickson, Esq. [P-]. g-s. 2 & yg. _Hong Kong. J. C. Bowring, lsq, [P.]. 49. Hainan. R, Swinhoe i. : ua. 3,2, & yg. China. J. Reeve, Tisq. [P.]. y. Skeleton. China. J. Reeve, Esq. [P.]. z. Several spec., 9 & J eam, Hima- Messrs, v. Schlagintweit [C.]. ye. ayas. a Bool spec: d,?, Sikkim. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. ye: B. Several spec., 9. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. y. Many spec.: d, 2 Malabar. Col. Beddome [P- |. & yg. 6. Several spec.: ¢,9, Nilgherries. F. Day, Esq. [P.]. & her. e. Several spec.: g, 2, Nilgherries. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. (As & yg. typical of R, nilagirica.) 6. 52 Ceylon. . Dr. Kelaart [C.}. Ke SO. Ceylon. — Barnes, Esq. [P.]. A. Many spec., hgr. & Ceylon. W. Ferguson, Esq. try, 2. RANA. 29 fl. fgg spec.: d, 2, Ceylon. ye. vm, p. 2 & yg. Central Ceylon. G. H. K. Thwaites, Esq, [P.]. a. 2. Siam. ~~ M. Mouhot he tr. 9. Java. Dr. Ploem [C.]. uw. 5,9, & yg. Java. Mrs. Lyon [P.]. aa-ce, 9, Borneo, L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. [P.]. 20. Rana verrucosa. (Pxazz IV. fig. 1.) Rana verrucosa, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 567. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. Head moderate; snout rather pointed ; interorbital space two thirds the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending much beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes very prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, compressed, hardly half as long as the first toe; a small, rounded, outer metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Upper parts with numerous very prominent warts and short glandular folds. Grey or brown above, darker spotted ; hinder side of thighs black, white-marbled ; sometimes a broad light vertebral stripe. Male with two internal vocal sacs. Malabar. a, b-d. Many spec.: ¢,2,& yg. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. (Types.) 21. Rana rufescens. Pyxicephalus rufescens, Jerdon, Journ. As, Soc, 1854, p. 534; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 412. Lower surface of foot. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choanz. Headshort; snout rounded ; inter- orbital space half as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, not quite half the size of theeye. Fingers moderate, first extending much beyond second, nearly as long as third; toes rather slender, webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle compressed, shovel-shaped, one 30 RANID A. third the length of the second toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches a little beyond the tip of the snout. Skin of the upper parts with large, rounded, very prominent warts. Greyish brown above, indistinctly marbled ; legs transversely barred; throat brown-spotted, with a N-shaped blackish patch in the male. The latter with two much developed internal subgular vocal sacs. Malabar. a-e, f-g. 3, 2, & yg. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. 22. Rana tuberculosa. Pyxicephalus rugosus, Giinth. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 479, pl. 33. f.1. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choane. Head short; snout rounded ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending slightly beyond second; toes moderate, one-third webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes mode- rate; inner metatursal tubercle compressed, shovel-like, haif as long as the second toe; no other metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches beyond the tip of the snout. Skin of upper surfaces with prominent glandular folds and tubercles. Brown above, darker marbled ; a light vertical spot on the loreal region, between eye and nostril; sometimes a light vertebral stripe. . W. Africa. a-b. 9. Pungo Andongo. Mr. Welwitsch [C.]. (Types. wv 9. W. Africa. Prof. Barboza du Bocage Pay 23. Rana natalensis. " i Tomopterna natalensis, Giinth. Cat, p. 129, 'yxicephalus natalensis, Smith, Ill. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 23; Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 401. / a i ca joneyere labrosa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 111. 'yxicephalus madagascariensis, Grandid. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, t. xv. 1872, a. 20, p. 9. ‘ Peet Vomerine teeth in two scarcely oblique groups between the choanse. Head moderate ; snout moderate ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two thirds the size of -the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little beyond second ; toes moderate, half webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle compressed, shovel-shaped. half the length of the second toe; no other metatarsal tubercle. The 2. RANA. 31 hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches nearly the tip of the snout. Skin smooth. Greyish brown above, dark-marbled ; sides of head dark, with a vertical light spot between eye and nostril; legs cross-barred. 8. Africa; Madagascar. a Q. Natal. Sir A. Smith [P.]. b 2. Madagascar. 24, Rana cordofana. Pyxicephalus cordofanus, Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p. 8. Tongue less emarginate. Lower jaw with tooth-like prominences in front. Head moderate; snout rather long; tympanum rather indistinct. Toes incompletely webbed, fourth nearly twice as long as third ; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-like, very large; a small tubercle opposite to it. Grey above, brown-marbled. Cordofan. 25. Rana delalandii. Tomopterna delalandii, Giinth. Cat. p. 7. Tomopterna marmorata, Giinth, 1. c. Pyxicephalus delalandii, (Bibr.) Tschudi, Batr. p. 84; Dum. & Bibr. p- 445, pl. 87. fig. 1; Smth, Lil. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 28; Stein- dachn. Novara, Amph. p. 8. marmoratus, Peters, Arch. f. Naturg. 1855, p. 56. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Habit stout. Head short; snout rounded ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tym- panum distinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little beyond second ; toes moderate, half webbed ; sub- articular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-like, two thirds the length of the second toe; an indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches a little beyond the eye. Skin of the upper surfaces with smooth rounded warts. Olive or brown above, often with one or three light dorsal lines; throat of the males brown. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac. S. and E. Africa. a3. 8. Africa. Sir A, Smith [P.]. b. Young. S. Africa. ; » ch. 3,2, & yg. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.}. a. Young. Near Antolo. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 32 RANIDZE. \/ 26. Rana breviceps. Sphzrotheca strigata, Giinth. Cat. p. 20, pl. ii. f. A. Tomopterna delalandii, Giinth. J. c. p. 129. Rana breviceps, Schneid, Hist. Amph. i. p. 142; Peters, Mon, Berl. Ae. 1863, p. 76. Pyxicephalus fodiens, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc, 1854, p. 534, pluvialis, Jerdon, J, ¢. Tomopterna strigata, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 165. Pyxicephalus breviceps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 411; Theobald, nee va As, Soc. Mus. p. 80; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 200. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups, extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Habit stout. Head short; snout rounded; occiput swollen; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending much beyond second, nearly as long as third ; toes moderate, half webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped, nearly as long as second toe; no other metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches the eye, or somewhat beyond. Skin of upper parts smooth, with some scattered tubercles. Light brown or olive above, darker marbled ; often a light vertebral stripe, and sometimes another on the upperside of each flank; throat of the males blackish, that of the females generally brown-spotted. Male with two much-developed internal subgular vocal sacs. India. a Female. Himalayas. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit [C.]. b. Several spec.: d,2, Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.) Types of & yg. ; ie Sphero- ce. & (skeleton). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. (theca , P.}. strigata. d-g. Young. Malabar. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. h-t. Female. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. k, Several spec., d 9. Ceylon. 27. Rana dobsonii. (Prats III. fig. 1.) Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. Habit stout. Head large; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first much longer than second, as long as third; toes webbed at the base, moderate; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel- like, two thirds the length of second toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches a little beyond the eye. Skin smooth above, granulate on the belly. Grey above, indistinctly marbled with brown ; a deep black vitta along the canthus rostralis through the eye to the shoulder, expanding in a round spot on the 2. RANA, 33 tympanum ; thighs black above, white-marbled ; beneath yellowish, indistinctly brown-spotted on the throat. From snout to vent 54 millim. W. India. a 9. Mangalore, W. coast of India. G. E. Dobson, Esq. [P.]. 28. Rana ornata. Pyxicephalus ornatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1878, pl. 2. f. 7. Vomerine teeth in two small groups between the choane. Habit stout. Head moderate; tympanum not much smaller than the eye, very distinct. Fingers very short, first a little shorter than second; toes very short, half webbed; metatarsal shovel obtuse. Hind limb not much longer than head and body. Upper parts smooth. Olive-green above, with three broad olive-brown bands along the back ; limbs transversely barred. Taita, E. Africa. 29. Rana adspersa. Tomopterna adspersa, Giinth. Oat. p. 7. Pyxicephalus adgpersus, (Bibr.) Tschudi, Batr. p.84; Dum. § Bibr. p. 444; Smith, Ill. 8. Afr., Rept. pl. 49; Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p. 7. — edulis, Peters, Arch. f. Naturg, 1855, p. 56. Lower surface of foot. Vomerine teeth in two scarcely oblique groups between the choanz ; lower jaw with two large bony prominences in front. Habit very stout. Head large, generally bony, rough on the sides and above; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tym- panum very distinct, two thirds or three fourths the size of the eye. Fingers short, first not extending beyond second; toes short, half webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-like, as long as the second toe; no other metatarsal tubercle ; subarticular tubercles moderate. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches the eye. Skin warty above, with longitudinal glandular folds on the back. Olive or brown above, D 34 RANIDE. sometimes with a light vertebral line; throat more or less spotted with brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac. South and East Africa. a,b. 5 & yg. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith iby c. Ad. (stuffed). S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. | d. 9. Mossambique. Prof. Peters. (As typical of Pyxicephalus edulis.) e. Ad. (stuffed). Africa, 30. Rana maltzanii. Maltzania bufonia, Boetty. Abhandl. Senck. Ges. xii. p. 418, pl. i. £3. Closely allied to R. adspersa, from which it differs in the larger tympanum and the absence of longitudinal folds on the back. In this, as in the preceding species, the tongue is less deeply emarginate than in the other members of the genus Rana. Senegambia. 31. Rana khasiana. — Pyxicephalus khasianus, Anders. Journ. As. Soe. 1871, p. 23. Vomerine prominences placed. transversely behind the choanz ; lower jaw with two apophyses in front. Head moderate; occiput much swollen; tympanum half the size of the eye, faintly visible. First and second fingers nearly equal. Legs of moderate length. A-small, little prominent metatarsal shovel. Uniform brown above, faintly barred on the thighs ; spotted with brown on the sides, chin, thorax, and under surface of the limbs. - Khasi Hills. 32. Rana capito. Rana capito, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1855, p. 425, pl. 5. Vomerine teeth in two straight groups between the choanep. Habit stout. Head large; snout moderate, subtriangular, with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second; toes rather short, hardly half webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, slightly com- pressed ; a rather indistinct outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. A rather broad, but not very prominent, glandular lateral fold. Brownish above, with small rounded dark spots close together ; legs cross-barred. Georgia. a-b, Her. N. America. Edward Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 2. RANA. 35 33. Rana rugosa. Rana rugosa, Giinth. Cat. p. 11. Rana rugosa, Schleg. Faun, Japon., Rept. pha. £,8,4; Tschudi, Batr. p. 79; Dum. §& Bibr. p. 868; Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 499; Martens, Preuss. Exp. O.-As, i. p. 111; Camerano, Atti Ae. Torino, xiv. p. 868, Vomerine teeth. in two oblique groups between the choane. Head moderate; snout short, rounded ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, incompletely webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes rather small; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, blunt ; a small rounded one opposite to it. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Above rough with very large, elongated tubercles ; beneath, granular. Brown ; legs indistinctly cross-barred. (Male with external vocal vesicles.) Japan, a,b. 2. Japan. Leyden Museum. c Q. —? Dr. Bleeker. 34. Rana montezume. Rana montezuma, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 61; Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound, Surv., Rept. p. 27, pl. 36. £.1-6; Brocchi, Miss. Se. Mex., Batr. p. 14, pl. iv. f. 2. ae onca, Cope, in Yarrow, Rep. Expl. Surv. v. Zool. p. 528, pl. 25. . 1-3, Vomerine teeth in two nearly straight groups between the choane. Habit stout. Head short, snout rounded; canthus ros- tralis indistinct ; interorbital space two thirds the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum nearly as large as the eye. Fingers pointed, first not extending beyond second ; toes broadly webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes small; a small, blunt, inner metatarsal tubercle. ‘The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches hardly the tympanum. A narrow glandular lateral fold, sometimes quite indistinct, especially on the hinder half of the back; sides of body with small, pearl-like tubercles. Brown above, more or less distinctly speckled with grey ; small, rounded, dark-brown spots on the back, transverse ones on the limbs; beneath yellowish or light brown, dotted with whitish. Male with a black external vocal vesicle on each side, behind the angle of the mouth. Mexico. : a. 2. City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.]. ged. 39. Tehuantepec. et, 9. Mexico, as 36 RANIDE, 35. Rana catesbiana. 7 Raua mugiens, Giimth. Cat. p. 15. Rana catesbiana, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 103; Dsconte Proc, Ac, Philad. 1855, p. 423. mugiens, Merr, Tent. p. 175; Waugl. Syst. p. 203; Tschudi, Batr. p. 79; Dum. & Bibr. p. 370. pipiens, Harlan, Sillim. Journ. x. p. 62, and Journ. Ac. Philad. v.p. 335; Cuv. R. A.; Holbr. N-Amer. Herp. iv. p. 77, pl. 18; Dekay, N.Y. Faun. p. 60, pl. 19, f. 48. scapularis, Harlan, 1. c. —— conspersa, Leconte, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 425. Vomerine teeth in two small groups close together, between the choane. Head moderate; snout rounded; canthus rostralis in- distinct ; interorbital space either as broad as the upper eyelid or much narrower; tympanum at least as large as the eye, generally much larger, especially in males. Fingers rather pointed, first not extending beyond second ; toes broadly webbed; subarticular tu- bercles of fingers and toes little developed; a small inner, but no outer, metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards . along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation does not reach beyond the eye. No glandular lateral fold. Brown or olive above, darker marbled ; beneath immaculate, or marbled with brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs. E. N. America. a, b, Ad. (stuffed). Delaware. Edward Doubleday, Esq. [P.}. o,d-e 32. . N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.]. SAAh 3. N, America. -k, 1, N. America. College of Surgeons [P.]. m, Skin, N. America. n. Skeleton. N. America. 0 9. Mexico. 36. Rana clamata, Rana clamata, Giinth. Cat. p. 14. Rana horiconensis, Giinth. i.e. p. 181. Rana clamata, Daud. Rain. p. 54, pl. 52. f. 2, and Rept. viii. p- 204; Harlan, Sillim, Journ. x. p. 68, and Journ. Ac, Philad. y. p. 338 } Dum. & Bibr. p. 878 ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ae. 1868, p. 412. ; err: San Merr, Tent. p.175; Holby. N-Amer. Herp. iv. p. 86, pl. 20. - —— fontinalis, Leconte, Ann, Lyc. N.Y. i. p. 282, and Proc. Ac. Philad, 1885, p. 424; Holbr. 1. 6. p. 87, pl. 51 Dehey, N. ¥. Pave, lol hela, Ee —— flavoviridis, Hart. l.c., and Med. Phys, Res. p. 108. seg _ pp EeeeD Ny Holbr. 1. ¢. p. 83, pl. 19; Dekay, 1c, p. 61, pl. 22, —— nigrescens Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 879; L ° Philad. 1850, p, 20,” cE a a —— clamator, Leconte, J. ce. p. 20. op 2. RANA, 37 Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups close together, ex- tending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate ; snout rounded, with distinct canthus rostralis ; interorbital space half the width of the upper eyelid or rather more; tympanum at least as large as the eye, sometimes nearly twice as large, gene- rally larger in males than in females. Fingers with blunt tips, first not extending beyond the second ; toes not webbed to the tips ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate ; a single, small metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, narrow, glandular lateral fold, at least on the front half of the back. Brown or olive above, more or less spotted or marbled with blackish ; beneath, immaculate or marbled with grey. Male with two internal vocal sacs. iH. N. America. a. Q. Canada. Sir A. Smith [P.]. b. os. New York. ad. Philadelphia. d. 9. Georgia. e-f,g. SQ. N. America, 37. Rana septentrionalis. Rana septentrionalis, Baird, Proc, Ac, Philad, 1855, p. 51. sinuata, Baird, 1. ¢. Vomerine teeth small, between the choane. Habit stout. Tym- panum three fourths the size of the eye. Toes not quite entirely webbed. Skin porous; a broad, depressed, glandular lateral fold ; a branch of same round the tympanum; beneath with scattered glandules, Above olive or brown, with lighter vermiculations, and with a few large dark blotches posteriorly ; beneath immaculate. Canada to Montana. 38. Rana plancyi. ? Rana trivittata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 506. Rana plancyi, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1880, p. 210, and Bull, Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 64. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique groups extending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choanw. Snout a little shorter than, in RB. esculenta ; tympanum as large as the eye, close toit. Fingers more slender, pointed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes little developed ; inner-metatarsal tubercle strong, compressed, rather more than half the length of the first toe. Glandular lateral fold very much developed, as broad. as the upper eyelid. Greyish or olive above, uniform or with indistinct dark spots; seldom a light vertebral line; a blackish band along the hinder side of ‘the thighs; a similar one, sometimes indistinct, along each side of the 38 RANIDA. belly. Male with two internal vocal sacs. Otherwise like #. esculenta. China. a. Many spec., ¢ 9. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe [C.]. b, e-d. 9 & yg. Chusan. . ef. Yg. Chusan. East-India Company [P.]. g-t. Q. Ningpo. ‘ kl. oo. Formosa. : m. &. Formosa. M. Dickson, Esq. [P.]. 39. Rana esculenta. Rana esculenta, Giinth. Cat. p. 12. Rana viridis, Résel, Hist. Ran. p. 63, pls. 18-16; Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 94; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 103, pl. 81; Dum. & Bibr. p. 343; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 224. esculenta, Linn, S. N. i. p. 857; Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 31; Miill. Zool. Dan. Prodr, p. 85; Meyer, Syn. Rept. p.12; Sturm, Deutschi. Faun. iii. Heft 1; Donnd. Zool. Beitr. iii. p. 55 ; Daud, Rain. p. 46, pl. 15. f. 1, and Rept. viii. p. 90; Cur. R..A.; Merr, Tent. p. 176; Etchw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 166; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 203; Bonap, Faun. Ital.; Holandre, Faun. Moselle, p.220 ; Schinz, Faun, Helv. p. 148; Tschudi, Batr. p.79; Bell, Brit. Rept. p.110; Massalongo, Erp. Veron. p. 47; Steindachn, Novara, Amph. p. 16 ; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1872, p. 185; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 812; De Betta, Faun, Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 63; Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges. 1874, p. 165; Schreiber, Herp. Eur. p. 177; Leydig, An. Batr. p. 104; Lessuna, - Atti Ac. Lincet, Mem. Cl. Se.-fis. i. p. 1050, pl. 1. — ridibunda, Pallas, Iter. — maritima, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. mér. iii. p. 92; Bonap. le.; Girard, U. 8. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 25, pl. 2. £. 7-12. hispanica, Michah, Isis, 1830, p. 160; Bonap. l. . —— calearata, Michah, l.c.; Tschudi, 1. ¢. p. 80, pl. 1. f. 1. —— cachinans, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-.As. iii. p. 7, pl. 1; Eichw. Zool. Casp. Cauc. p. 136, pl. 30. caucasica, Pall. 2. e. dentex, Krynicki, Bull. Mose. iii. p. 63, pl. ii. —— tigrina, Lichw. le. Pelophylax esculentus, Jitzing. Syst. Rept. i: p. 81. hispanicus, Titzing. Sitz. Ac. Wien, xlii. p. 414, Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique groups between the choane. Head moderate; snout rounded or subacuminate ; interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little beyond second ; toes entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle very variable, either blunt or compressed, shovel-shaped, much shorter than, or nearly as long as, the first toe; a small outer metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body. the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A very prominent glandular lateral fold. Upper parts more or less spotted or marbled with dark brown or black; generally three light 2. RANA, 39 stripes along the back; hinder side of thighs black-marbled. Male with an external vocal vesicle on each side, opening by a slit behind the angle of the mouth. Europe; W. Asia; N.W. Africa. Lower surface of foot. C. Europe. a-b. 2 Tunis. My. Fraser [C.]. ec. Yg. Susa, N. Africa, Mr. Fraser [C.]. d. Many spec.: 3, Constantine. P. L. Sclater, Esq, = , & ye. . e-h. S, e & ye Azores. F. D. Godman, E %,k-l. SQ. 8. Europe. R. B. Webb, Esq. m, Skin, Italy. n-0, p-r, s-t. 3,9, Bononia. J. J. Bianconi [P.]. arve. u-v. Yg. Turin. Prof. Bonelli [P.]. w. &. Hungary. x. Yg. Hanover. Dr. J. E. Gray (P.]. y-%. O& N, Germany. a. Seslaton Paris. B-6,e-y. 3,'Q,hgr., | Cambridgeshire. W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. & 6. 2 ea Europe. Lord A. Russell [P.]. uw 2. Europe. x. 9 (stuffed). Europe. A. Skin, Europe. p. Skeleton. Europe. vy. Yg. Albistan. C. G. Danferd, Esq. [P.]. &,0 dQ. Dead Sea. Rev. H. B. Tristram (C.]. w. Q. Merom. Plains cf Pheenicia. Lake of Galilee. Jericho. Rey. H. B. Tristram [C Rey. H. B. Tristram tS Dr. Anderson [P.]. Rey. H. B. Tristram rat 40 RANIDE, gp. Q. * Damascus. Dr. Anderson [P.]. x Ye. Guezama. W.C.Trevelyan, Fisq.[ P.]. vy. 2. Euphrates Expedition. o. Her, Bussorah, W.T. Blanford, Esq. bet aa. &. Shiraz. ' W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. i \/ Var. japonica. Rana esculenta, Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 109, pl. 3. £15 Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 408; Martens, Preuss, Exped. O.-As. i. p. 111. —— marmorata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 500; Camerano, Atti Ac. Tor. xiv. p. 871. nigromaculata, Hallow. 1. c. ? Hoplobatrachus reinhardti, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 711. Rana esculenta marmorata, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1880, p. 210, and Bull, Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 61. Inner metatarsal tubercle very large, shovel-shaped ; interrupted narrow glandular folds along the back. Japan, China. aa-yy, d8-ce. SQ. Japan. Leyden Museum. ¢¢. Several spec.: 3, Chefoo. R. Swinhoe [C.]. 7 & YE. nN; BOR. Many spec. : Shanghai. R. Swinhoe [C.]. 3,2, & yg. pp. &. Chusan, w-oo0, mr. 3,2, & yg. Ningpo, 40. Rana porosa. Tomopterna porosa,. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 111. Vomerine teeth in two groups between the choane. Head mode- rate; tympanum nearly as large as the eye. Yirst finger longer than second; toes nearly completely webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-like. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the metatarsal tubercle reaches beyond the tip of the snout. A glandular dermal fold from above the tympanum to above groin on the side; the greatest part of the upper eyelid glandular and covered with pores. Brown above, with dark grey shades ; sometimes an imperfect pale vertebral line; sides handsomely marbled with white below and grey above. Kanagawa, Japan. 41. Rana utricularia. Rana utricularia, Harlan, Sillim. Journ. x. p. 59, and Ji . Ao: Philad. v. p. 337. ; p. 59, and Journ. Ac —— halecina, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 141. ; pha tendien, Baird, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 27, pl. 36. This Frog is certainly distinct from R. halecina, though very closely allied to it, as, according to the authors quoted above, the “Be 2. RANA, 41 male is provided with an external vocal vesicle behind each angle of the mouth. Upper part of each flank with a well-marked row of pores, which does not exist in R. halecina. United States. 42, Rana areolata. Rana areolata, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 173; Baird, U~ S. Mex. Bound. Surv. pl. 36. f. 11, 12. Appears to be closely allied to R. halecina and utricularia, but the head is larger and the spots of the back are smaller and more numerous. Male with an external vocal vesicle on each side behind the angle of the mouth., South of North America. 43, Rana halecina. Rana halecina, Giinth, Cat. p. 13. Rana halecina, Kalm, Iter Amer. iii. p. 46; Daud. Rain. p. 63, and Rept. viii. p. 122; Merr. Tent. p.175; Holbr. N-Amer. Herp. i. p. 89, pl. 13; Tschudi, Batr.p. 78; Dum. & Bibr. p. 352; Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 62, pl. 22. £. 60; Cooper, U. 8. Expl. Sire. xii. part ii. pl. xxix. f.1; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 10. virginiana, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 31. pipiens, Gmel. S. N. iii. p. 1052 ; Donnd. Zool, Beitr. iii. p. 51; Schreb. Naturf. xviii. p. 182, pl. 4; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 1383; Schneid. Hist. ‘Amph. p. 105, pl. 32; Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, . 423. we palustris, Guérin, Iconogr. Rept. pl. 26. f. 1. —— oxyrhynchus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1856, p. 142. Vomerine teeth in two scarcely oblique groups between the choane. Head moderate; snout rather pointed ; interorbital space half as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ; toes not quite webbed to the end; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle very small, blunt; no outer one. The hind ‘limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, narrow, glandular lateral fold. Olive or greyish brown above, with regular oval or rounded dark-brown, lighbt-edged spots ; legs cross-barred; beneath immaculate. Male with two little-developed internal vocal sacs. North and Central America. a-b. Ye. Lake Winnipeg. Sir J. Richardson [P.]. ce 9. Canada. Sir A. Smith [P.]. d-e. 2. United States. Smithsonian Institution. eps N. America. Lord Ampthill. g. 2, skeleton. N. America. moe oubleday, Esq. ho. Mexico. tk. 9. Coban. 42 : RANIDA, 9. Dueiias. O. Salvin, Esq. fet m-0. dQ. Lanquin, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C. 44, Rana palustris. Rana palustris, Giinth. Cat. p. 14. Rana palustris, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.i. p. 282; Harlan, Sillim. Journ. x. p. 59, and Journ. Ac, Philad. v. p. 8389; Dum. & Bibr, . 856; Holbr. N.-Amer. Herp. iv. p. 95, pl. 23; Dekay, N. Y. Fain, Rept. p. 62, pl. 62. £. 6; Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1855, p. 424; Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Leop, xxxii. p. 114. —— pardalis, Harlan, Amer, Journ. x. p. 50. Closely allied to RB. halecina. Glandular lateral folds much broader and less prominent ; two similar folds between them. Spots of the back subquadrangular ; legs regularly barred. Male with two internal vocal sacs. J United States. a. 2. Philadelphia. bc. 3. N. America. Sir A. Smith [P.]. d-e, f, g,h-k,l SQ. N. America. 45, Rana macroglossa. Rana macroglossa, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p.177, and Miss. Se, Mex., Batr. p. 12, pl. iii. f. 1. Very closely allied to, if different from, R. halecina. Tympanum smaller, about half the size of the eye. Guatemala. 46. Rana maculata. Rana maculata, Brocchi, Bull. Soc, Philom. (7) i. p. 178, and Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr, p. 18, pl. iii. f. 2. Differs from 2. halecina chiefly in the first finger not being longer than second, the slight development of the subarticular tubercles of the toes, and the shorter head. Totonicapam, Mexico. 47. Rana lecontii. Rana lecontei, Giinth. Cat. p. 16. Rana lecontei, Baird §& Gir. Proc. Ae. Philad. 1853, p. 301 ; Broechi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 179, and Miss. Se. Mex., Batr. p.14 pl. iv. f. 1. a ; Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choane. Head much longer than broad; snout rather pointed; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum somewhat more than half the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending scarcely beyond second ; toes not entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed; a single, small, oval, inner meta- 2, RANA. 43 ‘tarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or a little beyond. . A narrow glandular lateral fold. Brown above, with round dark spots ; a dark temporal spot. California ; Mexico. a-b, c. Her. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.]. d-e, Her. Vera Cruz. 48, Rana nigricans. Rana nigricans, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p.96; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 207; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 15, a iv. f. 3. P Rana boylii, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 62. Rana longipes, Hallow. U. S. Expl. Surv. x. 1859, iv. Zool. p. 20, pl. x. f. 1. Vomerine teeth in two nearly straight oval groups between the choane. Head moderate; snout short, rounded; interorbital space at least as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ; toes moderate, not entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, blunt; outer tubercle none, or obtuse. The hind limb being stretched forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or a little beyond. Glandular lateral folds not prominent (in the adult), mach further apart than in Rana fusca. Dark brown above, with small darker spots; legs barred across; beneath either whitish, scarcely or not spotted, or greyish brown, vermiculated with whitish ; hinder side of thighs blackish, white-marbled. Large species. W. N. America. ab. 2. Pacific Coast of N. America. ec. Yg. California. 49. Rana pretiosa. Rana pretiosa, Baird §& Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1858, p. 878; Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 878; Gir. U.S. Expl; Eaped., Herp. p- 20, pl. 2. ff. 18-18; Cooper, U.S. Expl. Surv. xii. part ii. p. 804; Bouleny. Bull. Soc. Zool. F’r. 1880, p. 208. Vomerine teeth in two narrow oblique groups extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate, rather depressed; snout moderate, rounded; interorbital space not quite so broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum two thirds the diameter of the eye, rather distant from it. Fingers rather slender, pointed, first extending beyond second; toes incompletely webbed ; subarti- cular tubercles of fingers and toes small; inner metatarsal tubercle small, blunt; a small, conical, very prominent tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation does not reach the tip of the snout. Grandular lateral fold not very prominent. Greyish brown above, Ad HANIDE. dark-spotted; a brown temporal spot; a white line from beneath the eye to the extremity of that spot; beneath spotted with grey. Male apparently without vocal sacs. ‘ W.N. America. a-d. 3,2, & ye. Sumas Prairies. Lord J. Russell [P.}. 50. Rana temporaria. Rana temporaria, var. platyrhinus, Giinth. Cat. p. 16. Résel, Hist, Ran. p. 1, pls. 1-8. Rana temporaria, part., L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 357. ‘muta, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 30. temporaria, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 118; Latr, Sal. p. 87, and Rept. ii. p. 150; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 97; Daud. Rain. p. 46, pl. 15, and Rept. viii. p.94; Merrem, Tent. p.175; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 9; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 800; Bonap. Faun, Ital. ; Schinz, Faun. Helv. p. 148; Tschudi, Batr. p.79; Bell, Brit. Rept. p. 84; Dum. § Bibr. p. 859; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1872, p. 185; Futio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 821; De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 64; Lessona, Atti Ac. Lincet, Mem. Cl. Se.-fis. i. p. 1068, pl. ti. flaviventris, Millet, Faun. Maine et Loire, il. p. 668. cruenta, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. p. 12. —— alpina, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. mér. iii. p. 93; Bonap, lc. scotica, Bell, l.c. p. 102. —— platyrrhinus, Steenstr, Amitl. Ber, 24. Vers, Kiel, p.131. fusca, De l’Isle, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, xvii. 1873; Leydig, An. Batr. p. 116; Bouleng. Bull. Soc, Zool. France, 1879, p. 164; Héron Royer, Bull, Ac. Belg. (8) i. no. 2, p. 139. temporaria, var. platyrrhina, Schretb. Herp. Eur. p. 125. —— dybowskii, Giinth, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1876, xvii. p. 887. Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups extending beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout short, blunt; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extend- ing beyond second; toes at least two-thirds webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, obtuse; outer tubercle none or scarcely distinct. The hind limb being carricd forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articu- lation reaches hardly the tip of the snout. A moderately prominent glandular lateral fold. Upper parts greyish or brown, more or less spotted with dark brown or black; a more or less intense dark tem- poral spot; a light line from below the eye to the extremity of the temporal spot; sides of body largely spotted; limbs transversely barred ; beneath more or less spotted. Male with two internal vocal sacs. ‘ i Europe; Northern and Temperate Asia. a, Many spec.: ¢,2,&yg. Scotland. b, e. Skeletons. England. d-e, f-h. 3 &. England. i,k. 3 Q (stuffed). Cambridgeshire, i-m. @ & her. Surrey. Museum Leach, 2. RANA. 45 nm Q. Exeter. Museum Leach. 0. Q. Killarney. Rey. E, Eaton [P.]. Pg, 7-w. 3,2, Hanover. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. hgr., & yg. : wy. dQ. Coruiia. M. V. L. Seoane ea ad. Sinus Abrek, E. Prof. Taczanowski [ P.}. Siberia. (Type of Rana dybowskii.) 51. Rana arvalis. Rana temporaria, var. oxyrhinus et arvalis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 16. Rana temporaria, Linn. Faun. Suec. i. p. 94. temporaria, part., Z. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 357. arvalis, Nilsson, Skand. Faun, iii. p. 42; Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. 1870, p. 291; Leydig, An. Batr. p. 129; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 169. oxyrrhinus, Steenstr. Amtl. Ber. 24. Vers, Kiel, p.131; Stebold, Arch. f. Naturg. 1852; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1872, p. 135; Fatio, Vert, Suisse, iii. p. 345. —— temporaria, var, oxyrrhina, Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 125. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups extending beyond the hinder edge of the choanze. Head moderate; snout rather short, pointed, prominent; intcrorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second; toes at least two- thirds webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle strong, compressed, more than half the length of the first toe; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation does not reach the tip of the snout. A very prominent glandular lateral * fold. Coloration much as in Rana fusca; sometimes a light, dark- edged vertebral stripe; belly immaculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs. ® East Europe; West Asia. a, b-d. 3 & yg. Sweden. Prof, Sundevall [P.]. ae. Yg. ae Bohuslén. Hr. Malm [P.]. . 2. Hanover. Dr. J. E. Gray tet g-h. 2 & yg. North Germany. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. az Yg. Albistan. se ean Esq. 52. Rana cantabrigensis. Rana temporaria, var. silvatica, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 17. Rana sylvatica, Dekay, N. Y. Faun. iti. p. 64, pls. 21, 22; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p.174. —— cantabrigensis, Baird, Proc, Ac. Philad, 1854, p. 62; Bouleng. Bull, Soe, Zool. France, 1880, p. 209. Vomerine teeth in two oval oblique groups extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choanez. Head rather depressed ; 46 RANID A, snout rather elongate, acuminate ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum hardly two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ; toes incom- pletely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle rounded, rather prominent; no outer tubercle. The hind limbs as in Rana fusca, Glandular lateral fold rather prominent. Colour much asin R. fusca and arvalis; sometimes a light, dark-edged vertebral line. Male with two internal vocal sacs. North America. a. Her. 3. Lake Winnipeg. Sir J. Richardson Et b. Several spec., Great Bear Lal. Sir J. Richardson [P.]. her. & yg. & QBs North America. 53. Rana iberica. Rana iberica, Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool, France, 1879, p.177. Closely allied to Rana fusca. Tympanum smaller, not more than half the diameter of the eye; first finger not extending beyond second; hind limb longer, the tibio-tarsal articulation extending beyond the tip of the snout. Male without vocal sacs. Spain, Portugal. 54. Rana latastii. Rana latastei, Bouleng. 1. c, 1879, p, 180. Closely allied to Rana agilis. Tympanum smaller, scarcely two thirds the size of the eye, distant from it. Beneath spotted. Male without vocal sacs. ’ Milan. 55. Rana agilis. Rana temporaria, var. arvalis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 16. Rana baa te nae ica Maine et Loire, ii. p. 664, —— agilis, Thomas, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, iv. p. 865, pl. 7; Fatio Rev. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, xiv. p. 81, pls. 6 & 7 ond ae Suisse, iii, . 883; De UIsle, Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 5, xvii.; De Betta, Faun. tal., Rett. Anf. p. 65; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 2383; Leydig, An. Batr. p. 143 ; Lessona, Atti Ac. Lincei, Mem. Ol. Sefis, t p. \OTS pl. iii; Bouleng. Bull. Soc, Zool. France, 1879, p. 183. : —— gracilis, Fateo, Rev. Mag. Zool, sér, 2, xiv. p. 81, temporaria, var. agilis, Schreih, Herp. Eur. p. 125," Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups extending beyond the hinder edge of the choanee. Head depressed ; snout ri Linea subacuminate ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very nearly as large as the eye, close to it, Fingers 2. RANA, 47 moderate, first extending beyond second; toes at least two-thirds webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes much developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle rounded, blunt, rather strong; a small outer tubercle. A narrow glandular lateral fold. Above greyish brown, dark-spotted ; a very dark temporal spot ; alight line on the lip from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the temporal spot ; hind limbs regularly cross-barred; beneath immaculate. Male without vocal sacs. France, Switzerland, N. Italy, Austria, Greece. a-b. 3. Paris. M. F. Lataste [P.]. c-d. SQ. Bononia. Prof. J. J. Bianconi [P.]. 56. Rana silvatica. Rana temporaria, var. silvatica, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 17. Rana sylvatica, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.i. p. 232; Harlan, Sillim. Journ, ser. 1, x. p. 58, and Journ. Ac, Philad. vy. part ii. p. 338; Holbr. N.-Amer, Herp. i. p. 95, pl. 15; Dum. & Bibr. p. 862; Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Leop. xxxvii.p. 114; De?TIsle, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 5, xvii. ensylvanica, Harlan, Sillim. Journ, 1. c.; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool.eFrance, 1879, p. 188. Very closely allied to &. agilis, Tympanum not quite so close to the eye. The tibio-tarsal articulation extends to the tip of the snout or somewhat beyond. According to De V’Isle, the male is provided with two internal vocal sacs. North America. a-c. 2. N, America. Edward Doubleday, Esq. [P.]- d-e, Ye. N. America, Dr. J. Green [P.]. Sig, k-l. @, N. America. her., & yg. ee 57. Rana japonica. Rana temporaria, var. japonica, Giinth. Cat. p. 17. Rana temporaria, Schleg, Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 109, pl. 3. ——— silvatica, part., Hallow. Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p.500; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 409; Camerano, Atti Ac. Torino, 1879, p. 876, —— japonica, Bowleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 190. Resembles very much R. agilis and sylvatica. Snout longer still ; tympanum smaller than in ZR. agilis, not so close to the eye. Tibio- tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout. No outer metatarsal tubercle. A light line from beneath the eye to the ex- tremity of the temporal spot; belly immaculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs. * Japan, China. —e. 9 & her. Japan. Leyden Museum. d. hs Szechuen. R. Swinhoe [C.]. e Q. Ningpo. ; 9. 2 & yg. China. R. Swinhoe [O.]. 48 RANIDE. 58. Rana guentheri. (Pxazz IV. fig. 2.) Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series commencing close to the inner front edge of the choane. Head moderate, depressed ; snout rather long, subacuminate, with distinct canthus rostralis ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, nearly as largo as the eye. Fingers rather slender, first extending beyond second; toes moderate, rather more than two- thirds webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well deve- loped; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval; a rather indistinct tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carried -forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A moderately prominent glandular lateral fold; another from beneath the eye to the shoulder. Grey above, spotted with black on the sides ; glandular lateral fold black-edged ; tympanum reddish brown ; hind limbs cross-barred ; hinder side of thighs black and white marbled; beneath yellowish, the throat speckled with brown. From snout to vent 80 millim. 8. China. a-b, 9. Amoy. R. Swinhoe [P.]. e. Yg. China. 59. Rana palmipes. Rana palmipes, Spizx, Nov. Spec. Test. Ran. p. 29, pl. 5. £. 1; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 205, & 1878, p. 622. juninensis, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 64. Ranula gollmeri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 402. Rana affinis, Peters, J. c. p. 402, & 1871, p. 402. atfinis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 180, & 1868, p. 117. Pohlia palmipes, Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p. 15, pl. i. £5; Giinth. Zool. Ree. iv. p. 147. Rana vaillanti, Brocchi, Bull, Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 175, and Miss, Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 1], pl. ii. f. 1. Vomerine teeth in two small groups on a level with the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout rounded; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, at least two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending slightly beyond second ; toes moderate, with small ter- minal disks, entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes not much developed; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches generally between the eye and the tip of the snout. A moderately prominent glandular lateral fold ; another glandular fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder. Olive or brown above, immaculate or with small blackish spots ; limbs cross- barred ; hinder side of thighs black and whitish marbled ; yellowish white beneath, with small brownish specks on the throat or rounded brown spots on the belly and under the thighs. Male without vocal BACs. C. and 8. America. 2. RANA, 49 a Yg. Mexico. M. Sallé |v. J. 6 Ss. Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. e 2. Duefias, Guatemala. O, Salvin, Esq. [C. d-e. 3. Lanquin, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. to. ff 2. Pebas. g-h. 2. Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.]. a 2. Sarayacu, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley te : 60. Rana copii. Ranula brevipalmata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 181. Nearly allied to Rana palmipes, but with the web of the toes reaching only the bases of the ultimate, or, in the fourth toe, the penultimate phalange. Tympanum as large as the eye. The tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the orbit. Above olive ; below white; femora and tibie marbled with black behind. Nauta, Upper Amazon. 61. Rana nigrilatus. Ranula nigrilatus, Cope, 1. ¢. Allied to Rana palmipes. Head longer; tympanum two thirds the width of the eye; first and second fingers equal; a tarsal dermal fold; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching anterior border of orbit. Dark brown above ; sides black ; femora and tibie black, marbled behind ; lower surfaces closely marbled with dark brown. Nauta. 62. Rana chrysoprasina. Ranula chrysoprasina, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 130. Trypheropsis chrysoprasinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 117, and Journ. Ac, Philad. (un. 8.) viii. 1876, p. 114, pl. 23. £. 12. Vomerine teeth in two small convergent fasciculi behind opposite nares. Snout acuminate, projecting; tympanum two thirds the width of the eye. Toes. fully and widely palmate; tips of fingers and toes slightly dilated ; one minute metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articula- tion reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin sha- greened above; a glandular fold on each side. Colour brilliant lac- green, the groin and belly approaching golden; a golden band from lip to shoulder and a faint one on each side of the back ; limbs above, and tarsus and forearm below, black, the femur with a few golden spots on black ground behind ; head dark above; from eye to shoul- der black ; below pale yellowish green immaculate, except some dark shades on sternal regions. a Costa Rica, 50 RANIDE. 63. Rana ceruleopunctata. Rana ceeruleopunctata, Steindachn. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 264, pl. 15. f. 1. Ranula ceeruleopunctata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 180. Hylarana ceruleopunctata, Stendachn. Novara, Amph. p. 48. Vomerine teeth in two small groups between the choane. Head moderate ; snout acuminate, with distinct canthus rostralis; tym- panum two thirds the width of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes two-thirds webbed ; tips of fingers and toes slightly dilated; subarticular tubercles well developed ; a small oval inner, and a small rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin of the upper parts shagreened ; a narrow glandular Jateral fold ; a glandular fold from the angle of the mouth tothe shoulder. Above reddish brown, spotted with darker; hind limbs cross-barred ; hinder side of thighs with yellow spots. America ? 64. Rana fuscigula. Rana fuscigula, Giinth. Cat. p. 18. ee aia Dum. § Bibr. p. 386 ; Smith, Ill. 8. Afr., Rept., App. p. 22. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique oval groups on a level with the hinder edge of the choanze. Head moderate; snout rounded, with rather indistinct canthus rostralis ; interorbital space as broad as, or nearly as broad as, the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between eye and tip of snout. Skin smooth, or-with elongate warts along the back. Brown above ; sometimes a light vertebral stripe ; white below, with brown spots on the throat and breast. Male with two internal vocal sacs. W. and 8. Africa. rd = eet een e Fraser (C.]. -e. 2, ierra Leone. ir A. Smith [P.}. d. Q. Cape of Good Hope. Earl of Derby i, ef. d. Cape of Good Hope, g. 9. Africa. 65. Rana angolensis, Rana delalandii, Giinth. Cat. p. 19. ane delalandii, Dum, § Bib. p. 888; Smith, IU. S. Afr., Rept. pl. 77. as angolensis, Bocage, Jorn, Se. Lisb. 1868, p. 73, 2. RANA. 51 Vomerine teeth in two transverse series between the choane. Head moderate; snout long, pointed; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes rather slender, two-thirds webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being curried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout. A few narrow, interrupted glandular lines along the back; no glandular fold from the eye to the shoulder. Olive above, with large black spots, trans- versely dilated upon the limbs; sometimes a light vertebral stripe ; a black temporal spot; a whité line from below the eye to the angle of the mouth; sides of body and hinder side of thighs blackish, white-marbled. Beneath immaculate or with blackish vermicula- tions on the throat and breast. Male with two internal vocal sacs. W. and 8. Africa, a. Q. West Africa. Prof. Barboza du Bocage [P.]. b. Yg. Jape of Good Hope. Sir A, Smith [P.]. e @. Cape of Good Hope. d. 3. Kaffraria. F, P. M. Weale, Esq. [P.]. ef. 9 &yg. King- Williamstown. H. Trevelyan, Esq. [P.]. g. 2. Natal. T. Ayres [C.]. 1,k. Q& yg. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. i Y¥g. South Africa. Charies Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 66. Rana oxyrhynchus. Rana oxyrhynchus, Giinth. Cat. p. 19. Rana oxyrhynchus, (Sundev.) Smith, Ill. S. Afr., Rept. pl. 77. £.2. Vomerine teeth in two straight series, their outer edge in contact with the inner front edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout very long, pointed ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle ; no outer one. The hind limb being car- ried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout. Six or eight narrow glandular folds along the back; a strong glandular fold from beneath the eye to the arm. Grey above, darker spotted; hinder side of thighs with black and white reticulations. Male with two external vocal vesicles opening by two slits below the lower jaw. W. and §. Africa. a-b. o. Braganca, Angola. Prof. Barboza du Bocage [P.]. o-d. 9 &hgr. Carangigo. Dr. Welwitsch [C.]. e. §. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith ' Bil f.&. Natal. Sir A. Smith [P.]. E2 52 RANIDE. 67. Rana longirostris. Rana longirostris, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1870, p. 646, pl. 1.f. 6. Very closely allied to Rana oxyrhynchus. Vomerine series con- vergent backwards ; fourth toe not very much longer than third and fifth ; web not emarginate; metatarsus with two tubercles, the outer one not very prominent; slits for the vocal vesicles much longer ; sides of the head black. Keta, Guinea. 68. Rana trinodis. Rana trinodis, Boetiger, Abhandl. Senck. Ges, xii. p. 114, pl. 1. f. 2. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series commencing from the inner front edge of the choanz. Head moderate; snout long, pointed, with rather indistinct canthus rostralis ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; subarticular tubercles small; two oval metatarsal tubercles, the inner compressed, promi- nent, the outer flat ; another flat tubercle below the tibio-tarsal arti- culation. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between ‘the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin with rather indistinct longitudinal folds. Olive above, spotted with blackish ; a light vertebral line; hinder side of thighs with a light, black-edged stripe ; limbs cross-barred. (Male without external vocal sacs.) Senegambia. ab, 2 & yg. Senegambia. M. G, A. Boulenger [P.]. 69. Rana mascareniensis. Rana superciliaris, Giinth. Cat. pp. 17 & 182, pl. i. f. B. Rana bibronii, Giinth. 1. ¢. p. 18. Rana mascareniensis, Giinth. 1, v. p. 18, i Aud, Deser. Egypte, Rept., Suppl. i. p. 161, pl. 2. . 11-12. —— mascareniensis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 850; Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. . 82, pl. 16. f. 2; Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 89; Benleny: eod. loc, p. 92. bibronii, Hallow. Proc, Ae. Philad. 1845, p. 249; Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1863, p. 78. : — mossambica, Peters, Arch. f. Naturg. 1854, is 626. 0. — nilotica, Sectzen, Reise Syr. Pal. Eg. iii. p. 4 savignyi, Jan, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano, p. 52. —— ide, Steind. Verh. xool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 266, pl. 12. f. 1. nigrescens, Steindachn. 1, c, f. 2. —— anchiete, Bocage, Proc, Zool, Soc, 1867, p. 843, 2. RANA, 53 Rana porosissima, Steindachn. Novara, Amph. p. 18, pl. 1. £. 9. subpu actata, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. 1868, i. p. 73. abyssinica, Peters, Sitzb. Gres. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1881, p. 163. _ Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series commencing from the inner front edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout pointed, variable in length ; interorbital space as broad as, or rather narrower than, the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two thirds the width of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes slender, two-thirds webbed ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes : moderate ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle ; no outer one. Hind limb very variable in length ; carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches either the eye, or beyond the snout, or between these two points. Six or eight glandular folds along theback, the outer generally more prominent; astrong glandular fold from beneath the eye to the arm. Brown or olive above, darker spotted ; sometimes a light dorsal stripe ; limbs dark-banded ; hinder side of thighs black, white-marbled; beneath immaculate. Male with two black external vocal vesicles opening by two slits below the lower jaw. Africa. a-c S. Barbary. A. Newton, Esq. [P.]. d. ee spec., Gane, Sir A. Smith it ] or. ef. SQ. Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. g. &. Gaboon. hg. Sierra Leone. (Type of R. superciliaris.) ik. 3. Braganca, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.]. 1. Her. Abyssinia. Sir A. Smith Pt m-0 do. Sooroo Pass, Abyssinia. W. Jesse, Esq. [C.]. p-g. & & her. Sooroo Pass, Abyssinia. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. ie Her., ¢, & Ain Samhar. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. v. Yg. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.]. w-2. 3. Seychelles. Dr. P. Wright [P.]. ‘yo ds Mauritius. Charles Darwin, Esq. [P.]. za, Yg. Madagascar. 70. Rana grayi. Rana grayi, Giinth. Cat. p. 18. Rana grayi, Smith, IU. 8. Afr., Rept. pl. 78. f. 2. Strongylopus grayi, Steind. Novara, Amph. p. 21. Vomerine teeth in two long, scarcely oblique series, transversely on a level with the front edge of the choane. Head moderate ; snout rather short, rounded; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers rather slender, first extending slightly beyond second ; toes slender, webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes mode- rate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, very prominent ; no outer 54 RANIDE, tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or somewhat beyond. Skin with narrow, interrupted glandular folds along the back. Light brown above, with rounded, sometimes confluent dark brown spots; sometimes a light vertebral line or a broad unspotted zone along the middle of the back; a dark temporal spot ; beneath immaculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs. 8. Africa. a-c. 9 & yg. South Africa. ; : d-h. 9. South Africa, Sir A, Smith [P.]. ; tk. 9. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.]. + Lm. ¢. Kaffraria. F, P. M. Weale, Esq. [P.]; 71. Rana fasciata. Rana fasciata, (iinth. Cat. p. 20. Strongylopus fasciatus, (Bote) Tschudi, Batr. p. 79; Steind. Novara, Amph, p. 21. Rana fasciata, Dum. § Bibr. p.389 ; Smith, Ill, S. Afr., Rept. pl. 78. 1 delalandii, Beil, Zool, Beagle, Rept. p. 31, pl. 16. f. 1. Strongylopus oxyrhynchus, Fitzing. Sitzb. dc. Wien, xlii. p. 414. Vomerine teeth in two long, nearly straight series, transversely on a level with the front edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout long, rather pointed; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye. Fingers slender, first not extending beyond second; toes very slender, fourth at least as long as the distance between vent and tympanum, webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, little prominent ; no outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the ~ body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches much beyond the tip of the snout. Skin of the back with rather indistinct longitudinal folds. Light brown above, with four or six longitudinal dark brown stripes on the back; a dark temporal spot; beneath im- maculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs. 8. Africa. a. 8. Africa. C. Darwin, Esq. [P.]. (Ori- ick b, ec. Several spec. : S. Africa, Sir A. Smith [P.]. x e oe Kaffraria. F, P. M. Weale, Esq. [P.]. )72. Rana macrodactyla, Hylerana page ee Giinth. Cat. p. 72, pl. ii. £. ©. I Hylorana macrodactyla, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p, 424; Stohiczha, Proc. As. Soc, 1872, p. 104. 2, RANA. 55 Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. Head moderate, depressed; snout long, subacuminate ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. © Fingers slender, first not extending beyond second; toes very slender, fourth about as long as the distance between vent and tympanum, half webbed; tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle very small; a small outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout. A narrow glandular lateral fold. Brown above, spotted with darker; glandular folds and a vertebral line light; beneath immaculate. 8. China; Birmah. a-b. 2 & her. Hong Kong. J. e-d. 9 & her. China. J e. Her. China. C. Bowring, Esq. [P.]. . R. Reeves, Esq. {P.]. > Types. \-73. Rana andersonii. Polypedates yunnanensis, Anders. Anat. Zocl. Res. Yunnan, p. 846, pl. 78. f. 3. Vomerine teeth in two small groups between the choane. Head moderate ; snout short, rounded, with rounded canthus rostralis ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the width of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into very small disks; subarticular tubercles rather small; a single, small, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout. Flat warts - on the sides of the body ; a fold above the tympanum. Olive above, indistinctly spotted ; limbs cross-barred; beneath immaculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs. Yunnan. a, 3. Hothu Valley, Yunnan. Dr. J. Anderson [P.]. (One of the types.) 74, Rana beddomii. i aaa beddomii, Giinth. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 571, pl. 63. —— brachytarsus, Giinth. 1. ¢. p. 572. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique oval groups, just behind * In the table of measurements the length of the tarsus is indicated 11 millim.; this is a misprint for 17. 56 RANIDA. the level of the hinder edge of the choanz. A free, pointed, conical papilla on the middle of the tongue. Head moderate, rather Lower surface of foot. depressed; snout obtuse, with moderate canthus rostralis ; inter- orbital space as broad as, or somewhat narrower than, the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the width of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending slightly beyond second ; toes two- thirds webbed; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small disks ,- subarticular tubercles well developed; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibiotarsal articulation reaches generally heyond the tip of the snout. Skin of the back with short longitudinal glan- dular folds; a strong glandular fold from the eye to the shoulder ; lower surfaces smooth. Light brown above, indistinctly spotted ; sometimes a light vertebral stripe; a dark cross band between the eyes; a black band along the canthus rostralis and a black temporal spot ; limbs more or less distinctly cross-barred ; beneath immacu- late. Male without vocal sac. W. India. a, b,c-g. Many spec.: Malabar. Col. Beddome ) 9, hgr., & yg. [C.]. h-i. Her. Travancore. Col. Beddome T C 'ypes of Poly- k. Several spec.: g, Sevagherry. Col. Beddome hedates ~.Bbd- domit, 2, & yg. C.). Ln. 2. S Anamallays. el Beddome (C.). o. Her. Anamallays. ae eddome Types of Poly- ; g : Be pedates bra- p. & evagherry nese chytar ses, g. Several spec. Sevagherry. Col. Beddome [C.]. rs, Ye. N. Canara, T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 75. Rana semipalmata. (Prams IV. fig. 3.) Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique oval groups just behi d the level of the hinder edge of the choane, tine. 2 an . ind conical papilla in the middle. Head moderate, rather depressed ; snout obtuse, with moderate canthus rostralig ; interorbital space 2. RANA, 57 as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little beyond second ; Lower surface of foot. toes half-webbed ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles well developed ; a single, small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin of the back with short longitudinal glandular folds; lower surfaces smooth. Brown above; loreal and temporal regions blackish ; a dark cross band between the eyes; limbs cross-barred ; throat and breast mottled with brown. Male without vocal sac. From snout to vent 36 millim. This species is intermediate between 2. beddomi and R. lepto- dactyla. It differs from both, by the much larger tympanum; from the former, by the toes, which are only half webbed; from the latter, by the length of the first finger, which is superior to that of the second, and by the more extensive web between the toes. Malabar. ab. SY. Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.]. . 76. Rana leptodactyla. Polypedates brevipalmatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1875, d. 572. Lower surface of foot. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique oval groups just behind the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Tongue with a free, pointed, conical papilla in the middle. Head moderate, rather depressed; snout blunt, with moderate canthus rostralis; inter- orbital space as broad as, or rather narrower than, the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, half the width of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending as far as second; toes one-third webbed ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind 58 RANIDE, limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articu- lation reaches the tip of the snout, or beyond, the length of the limb being very variable. Skin of the back generally with short longitudinal glandular folds; lower surfaces smooth. Olive or brownish above, mottled with darker; a more or less distinct sub- triangular dark spot between the eyes, often limited in front by a light cross band; sometimes a light vertebral stripe; a black band along the canthus rostralis, and a black temporal spot; limbs cross- barred; beneath, immaculate or spotted with brown, sometimes brown dotted with white. 8.W. India. a-b. Many spec.: 2, Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.].. her., & yg. 1 Bead. ce. Several spec., 2. Malabar. ao eddome ) Tones of Poly- ad. &. Anamallays. ca, Bitdome . ise ala e-g. Her. —? T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 77. Rana diplosticta. Ixalus diplostictus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1875, p. 574, pl. 63. f. c. This species is very closely allied to, and perhaps not different from, the preceding. The canthus rostralis is rather more angular and the loreal regions not quite so oblique. A black spot above the loin. Malabar. a-d. 9 & her. Malabar. Col. pea) Types.) e~f. Hgr. Malabar. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 78. Rana margariana. Hylarana margarigna, Anders. Anat. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 846, pl. 78. £. 4, Vomerine teeth very feebly developed, in two oblique series between . the choane. Head moderate, rather flat; canthus rostralis rounded, with the loreal region deeply concave ; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first slightly longer than second, with a rudimentary web (?); toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed; a small elongated inner metatarsal tubercle; disks of fingers very feebly developed, of toes more strongly so. A narrow glandular fold from behind the eye along the side of the body. Olive- brown above, with a dark, almost blackish band from the snout through the eye, along the: sides of the groin, and a narrow pale line from below the eye to the shoulder ; limbs cross-barred ; thruat and chest almost black from the profusion of dark-brown pustulations. Irawaddy, Yunnan. 2. RANA. 59 79, Rana elegans. (Pratt V. fig. 1.) Hylarana albolabris, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 148. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series commencing close to the inner front edge of the choane. Head moderate, rather de- pressed ; snout long, pointed ; interorbital space as broad as, or broader than, the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather long, first extending beyond second; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; fingers and toes with slightly swollen tips and strong subarticular tubercles ; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval; a small rounded tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carricd forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, rather broad, glandular lateral fold ; another from beneath the eye to beyond the shoulder. Reddish brown above, sides of head and body darker ; a light line on the upper lip, sometimes missing ; flanks and hinder side of thighs marbled with dark brown; beneath immaculate, or brown-spottcd on the throat and breast. Male with a large flat gland at the base of the arm, and two much developed subgular vocal vesicles. W. Africa. ab. SQ. W. Africa, Sir A. Smith (P.]. «9. —? Sir J. Richardson [P.]. 80. Rana albolabris. (Puare V. fig. 2.) Hylarana albolabris, Giinth. Cat. p. 78. Rana albolabris, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1856, p. 153. Limnodytes albolabris, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. p. 226, pl. 18. £. 2. Vomerine teeth in two small very oblique groups extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate, depressed ; snout long, rather pointed; interorbital space as broad as, or somewhat broader than, the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather long, first ex- tending beyond second; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; “disks of fingers and toes well developed ; subarticular tubercles strong ; inner metatarsal tubercle small, rounded; a rather indis- tinct tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A rather narrow glandular lateral fold ; a glandular fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, sides of head and body darker ; a white line on the upper lip ; limbs cross-barred ; whitish beneath, more or less spotted on the throat, breast, and limbs. Male with two internal vocal sacs, and a flat oval gland at the base of the arm. W. Africa. a,b. 3. Gaboon. 60 RANIDE, Fernando Po. Mr. Fraser Oe Fernando Po. Sir A. Smith [P.]. Fernando Po. FAS +040+0 81. Rana macularia. Rana malabarica, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11. Hylarana malabarica, part., Giinth. 1. c. pp. 181 and 142. Limnodytes macularius, Blyth, Journ. As, Soc. xxiii. p. 299. Hylorana macularia, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 425, pl. 26. f. C. P Hylorana leptoglossa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 139. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choane. Head moderate, depressed ; snout long, subacuminate ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, as large as the eye. Fingers slender, first extending beyond second; toes slender, rather more than half webbed; tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval; a rather large outer tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or nearly so far. A rather broad glandular lateral fold; a short glandular fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder, followed by a row of more or less confluent glandules, simulating a second glandular fold. Brown above, sides of head and body darker ; some dark, sometimes con- fluent spots on the middle of the back; upper lip and lower glandu- lar fold white; hinder side of thighs blackish- and white-marbled ; beneath, immaculate or brown-spotted on the throat. Male with two not much developed external vocal sacs beneath the angle of the mouth. Ceylon. a. Q. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart. b, e, d-e. 3, 2, & yg. Ceylon. 82. Rana malabarica. Rana a (Bibr.) Tschudi, Batr. p. 80; Dum. & Bibr. p. 635, pesefl. Hylorana malabarica, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 426; Stoliczka, Proc. As, Soc, 1872, p. 105. Vomerine teeth in two oval oblique groups between the choans. Head moderate, depressed; snout moderate, subacuminate ; inter- orbital space rather narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ; toes rather short, half webbed ; tips of fingers and toes swollen; subarticular tubercles very strong; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, blunt; a large, rounded tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. A broad, not very prominent glandular lateral fold; a strong glandular fold 2, RANA. 61 from beneath the eye to the shoulder, followed by one or two glan- dules. Upper part of the head and back bright vinaceous red, some- times with a few black specks; sides of head and body and upper part of limbs blackish brown, the latter beautifully marbled with whitish ; flanks with a series of white spots, sometimes confluent; a white line on the upper lip ; beneath whitish, immaculate or brown- spotted, the spots sometimes covering nearly entirely the throat and breast. Malabar ; Bombay. a. Several spec.: 9, hgr., & yg. Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. b, e-d, Her. Matheran. Dr. Leith [P.]- 83. Rana galamensis, Rana galamensis, Dum. § Bibr. p. 367. Habit and proportions of R. malabarica. Series of vomerine teeth longer and wider apart; web between the toes shorter; sub- articular tubercles less developed ; glandular lateral fold narrower and more prominent; a single metatarsal tubercle. Brown above; loreal and temporal regions black ; a white line round the upper lip; another white, black-edged line along each side of the body ; hinder side of thighs black- and white-marbled; throat and chest brownish grey. Senegal. 84, Rana curtipes. Rana curtipes, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc, xxii. p. 582, Pachybatrachus robustus, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 557. Clinotarsus robustus, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 227. Hylorana curtipes, Jerdon, Proc, As, Soc, 1870, p. 83. Vomerine teeth scarcely developed, sometimes indistinct, in two slightly oblique series on a level with the hinder edge of the choane. Head large; snout short, rounded, with well-marked canthus ros- tralis; interorbital space broader than upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second; toes rather short, nearly entirely webbed ; tips of fingers and toes swollen ; subarticular tubercles much developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval; a rather large, flat tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. A moderately prominent glandular lateral fold; another behind the tympanum to the shoulder. Grey or brown above, with or without blackish dots; lateral fold margined with blackish; a blackish oblique spot below the eye ; light brown beneath, the throat some- times dark brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac. The recently transformed young have on each side of the back, 62 RANIDZ. behind the tympanum, a very distinct parotoid gland, as in Rana alticola, This gland generally disappears with age, though I see it quite distinct in a nearly adult female. F Canara; Malabar. a. North Canara. Col. Beddome pt b. Many spec.: 3, Malabar. Col. Beddome [P.]. & yg.