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There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782652 &L Ao ATL M3 l ae 232932 a ai NG PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, PREFACE. Tuts Catalogue contains an account, of all the specimens of Car- nivorous, Thick-skinned, and Edentate Mammalia and their bones that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to show what are the species which are desiderata in the Museum Collection. The woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate the series of papers when they were first published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society, which have been kindly lent by the Council of the Society for the purpose. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. British Museum, February 12th, 1869. CONTENTS. Order FER 4E ............ Suborder I. CARNIVORA .. 2 Section I. Huuropopa.... 6 Fam. 1. Fenip@............ Tribe I. Felina..........0.05 Ve Wa Cb al... iid grace gucsioer va De: ALC OM scis senses a gelar ee Bor PIBTIB 5 sranniden uinye-s 4. Leopardus 5. Neofelis ............ 6. Pardalina .... 7. Catolynx 8. Viverriceps ........ 16 9, Pajeros ............ 18 LO: CONS ss da sicarsceaisieteii-sie 19 11. Clits Secastton wy; Rowe eat 33 Tribe II. Lyncina .......... 37 12. Lyncus ............ 37 13. Caracal ............ 38 Fam. 2. GuEPARDIDH ...... 39 Gueparda .......... 39 Fam. 3. CryptoPprocTipz .. 40 Cryptoprocta........ 40 Fam. 4. VIVERRIDH ........ 41 Tribe i Viverrina 1. Viverra .... 2. Viverricula Tribe tt Genettina 8. Genetta ....... veces 49 4, F088 isos yacccons ~e. 62 Tribe III. Prionodontina . 62 5. Linsang ............ 52 6. Poiana ............ 54 Tribe IV. Galiduina.......... 55 7. Galidia ............ 55 Tribe V. Hemigalina ........ 56 8. Hemigalea.......... 56 Tribe VI. Arctictidina........ 57 9. Arctictis............ 57 Tribe VII. Paradoxurina .... . Nandinia ........., . Paradoxurus ,..... Cynogale .. H Mustrrwx ee . Mustelina.......... A. Digitigrade .......... T,, Martes.. idk aiscas Opus ......., B. Sub antieeade wate cs Gi Guldie cceca sinsernx C. Plantigrade Bs MABLOTE: ce sca ¢.s Suairacti sas 8. Grisonia Tribe Ne Lutrina Tatbe 1. Enhydrina ...... 18. Enhydris .......... Section II. Cynopopa .... Fam. 7. MeLinip A. Plantigrade .......... Tribe I. Meltna ..:......... 1. Arctonyx.......... 2, Meles 4, Mydaus vi 5. Mellivora.......... Tribe III. Mephitina........ 6. Conepatus pines we 7. Mephitis .......... 8. Spi ogale .......... B. Subdigitigrade........ Tribe IV. Zorilina ........ 9. Zormla, sve ancene s 10. Helictis .......... Fam. 8. HERPESTIDZ ...... Tribe I. Herpestina ........ . Galidictis.......... . Herpestes.......... » Athylax .......... . Calogale ..... sae tui . Galerella .......... 14, Cynictis .......... Fam. 9. RoInoGALIDza : Tribe I. Rhinogalina........ 1, Rhinogale ........ 2. Mungos .......... Tribe II. Crossarchina ...... 8. Crossarchus........ 4, Eupleres .......... 5. Surieata .......... Fam. 10. Canipm.......... Subfam. I. Lycaonina ...... 1. Lycaon............ Subfam. Il. Canina ........ 2. Icticyon .......... Cuda ine eed ees Diebe: i sciavwacawnarg | Lycalopex 2.1... 10. Pseudalopex ...... 14. Leucocyon ........ 15. Urocyon .......... 16. Nyctereutes........ Fam. 11, MrgaLoTp2 .... CONTENTS, Megalotis.......... Fam. 12. Hy #nmp~%........ “1. 2. Hyeena............ Crocuta .......... Fam, 13. PrRoTELEIDz Proteles ....... : ips Suborder II. OMNIVORA .. Fam. 1. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. OP 2 B® w wo EtH Fam. URSIDE ........6. . Thalassarctos ...... iS Wrsus!. gaieeae wate Myrmarctos........ Helarctos.......... Melursus .......... PROCYONIDH ...... Procyon .......... . CERCOLEPTIDZ .... Cercoleptes ........ . BASSARIDH........ Bassaris .......... Order BELLU ........ Fam. 1. ry 2° B = B TAPIRIDE ........ = Dapirua «sass nasa . Rhinocherus ...... . Elasmognathus .... . EQUIDE .......... EQuus sh issive ves é Fuhyrax .......... Dendrohyrax ...... RHINOCEROTID2 .. Rhinoceros ........ Potamochcerus Scrofa ..........., Centuriosus......., . Babirussa........., . Dicorytipz . Notophorus ........ Dicotyles ........., PHACOCHERID= Phacocherus ....., HippopoTaMips 1. Hippopotamus... ... CONTENTS. vii Page Page 2. Choeropsis ........ 887 4, Euphractus ........ 382 Fam. 9, ELepaantipa .... 358 5. Xenurus .......... 383 1. Elephas .......... 358 | Fam. 4. ToLyPpEuTID2 .... 385 2. Loxodonta ........ 359 Tolypeutes ........ 385 Fam. GLYPTODONTIDZ].... 387 Order BRUTA .......... 361 ‘am. 5, CHLAMYDOPHORIDZ, 387 Fam. 1. Brapypopipm .... 362 1. Chlamydophorus.... 388 1. Choloepus.......... 363 2. Burmeisteria ...... 388 2. Bradypus’.......... 363 | Fam. 6. OrycTEROPODIDz.. 389 3. Arctopithecus ...... 364 Orycteropus........ 389 Fam. 2. Manipipm ........ 866 | Fam. 7. MyrMEcorHaGipe . 390 1. Manis: sjiccssccnn ss 367 1. Myrmecophaga .... 390 2. Pholidotus ........ 370 2. Tamandua ......... 391 3. Smutsia ........., 874 3. Cyclothurus........ 392 Fam. 3. DasypopIpz ...... 376 | Fam. 8. ORNITHORYNCHIDE . 393 1, Tatusia............ 377 1. Platypus .......... 393 2. Prionodos.......... 380 2. Echidna .......... 394 3. Dasypus .......... 380 CATALOGUE Or CARNIVOROUS MAMMALIA (FERA, Linn.). Order FER. Cutting teeth 6 in each jaw, regular, erect. Canine teeth one on each side of each jaw, conical. Grinders forming a regular continuous series, largest in the middle of the series. Limbs exserted, with clawed feet; thumb non-oppo- sible; the fore and hind limbs used for walking and climbing, rarely for swimming. ‘Teats abdominal, 4 or more. Penis in a sheath. Fer, Linn. S. N.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. xxv. Carnivora genuina, Cuvier, Rég. Anim. Falculatoria (part.), Idiger, Prodr. The ferine Mammalia were divided by Cuvier and Illiger, ac- cording to the manner in which they walk, into digttigrade and plantigrade Sanguinaria ; but this was found to separate very nearly allied genera. Gray, ‘“‘ Arrangement. of Mammalia,” Annals of- Philosophy, 1825 :— Order II. FER/K. Fam, FELipa. I. 1. Hyenina: Hyzna, Pholetes. 2. Felina: Felis, Lynceus, Prionodon. 2 CARNIVORA. II. 3. Mustelina: Putorius, Zorilla, Mephitis, Mustela, Lutra. ; 4. Viverrina: Viverra, Genetta, Herpestes, Crossarchus, Suricata, Paradoxurus, Ictides. 5. Canina: Canis, Fennecus, Lycaon. Fam. Ursipz. I. 1. Ursina: Ursus, Danis, Proctulus, Nilarctos, Thalassarctos. 2. Procyonina: one Nasua, ? Potos. II. 3. Gulorina: Gulo, Galera, Grisonia, Mellivora. 4. Mydaina: Mydaus. 5. Taxina: Meles, Taxus. Synopsis of Suborders. I. Carnivora. The grinders of three distinct forms; the premolars conical and separated from the hinder (tubercular) molars by a sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner edge. II. Omnivora. The grinders similar, nearly of the same form, gra- dually passing into each other, only varying in size, from the false to the tubercular grinders, without any distinct sharp- edged flesh-tooth. ‘ Suborder I. CARNIVORA. The grinders of three distinct forms ; the premolars coni- cal and separated from the hinder (tubercular) grinders by a sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner side. Sanguinaria, Ilkger, Prodr. Carnivora genuina digitigrada, Cuvier, R. A. Felide, Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 1825, I published an arrangement of the genera of the Viverride then known, according to the characters afforded by the hairiness or bald- ness of the soles of the hind feet, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society’ for 1832, p. 63, which is well adapted for the purpose, though, like other arrangements, it is not infallible nor to be used too strictly, or it will separate genera naturally allied to each other. The continued study of the subject has shown me several other characters which I had before overlooked. The following arrange- ment seems best adapted to exhibit the natural affinities of the genera as far as they can be shown in a linear series, and one that will enable the student to determine the species. -.The tribes cha- racterized in the paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1832 may be divided into two groups, according to the hairiness of the toes and the form of the claws, characterized by the foot of the Cat, the Dog, and the Bear. The bones of the toes of the animals of the first group, called 4iluropoda, as in the Cats, form an angularly arched line, the last phalange being bent up, so that the animal, when it walks, does not blunt its claws, which are only exserted when it wants to catch or tear some other animal. y CARNIVORA. 3 In the second group, called the Dog-footed Carnivora (Cyno- oda), the bones of the toes form a more or less extended, slightly arched line, and the claws, being always exposed, and worn when the animal walks, are more or less blunt at the tips. The more typical dog-footed animals often scratch holes in the ground; and some have strong, elongated, arched claws for this purpose. The groups are well defined and very distinct, and the above characters are well marked in most of the genera. Some few genera have feet that seem nearly intermediate between the two groups. In such cases the whole appearance of the animals must be taken into consideration, and the genus placed in the group to which it seems most allied in habit and manners. The animals of the different families which have sharp, retractile claws have habits in common. Thus the Cat (Felide), the Civet (Viverride), the Ailuride, and the Cercoleptide defend themselves by lying on their backs and using both their hind and fore feet to claw with; they walk softly and jump on their prey. The animals with exserted claws generally scratch holes in the ‘ground, and defend themselves with their front feet and teeth. Some, as the Suricates and the Bear, sit on their haunches; and the Bear, the Coati, the Raccoon, &c. use the fore feet as hands to take their food, as well as in deferice. The first group, the Cat-footed (AEturopopa), contains the follow- ing families :—Felide, Viverride, Mustelide, Ailuride, Cereoleptide, and Procyonida. The Dog-footed, or Crnoropa :—Canide, Hyenide, Herpestide, Melinde, and Urside. Synopsis of the Families. Section I. Cat-footed Carnivora (Zluropoda). Toes short, regularly arched ; the last phalanges bent up, withdrawing the claws into a sheath; claws sharp. * Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1.1, only in the upper Jaw; false grinders 1 or 2 in each jaw. Nose simple, flat, naked, with a central groove below. Fam. 1. Frermpm. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1.1, in upper jaw; false grinders 2.2 in each jaw; the flesh- tooth subtrigonate, with a large internal lobe. Sole of heel hairy. Fam. 2. Guzrarpipa. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1.1, in upper jaw; false grinders 2.2 in each jaw; the flesh-tooth compressed, without any internal lobe. Sole of heel hairy. Fam. 3. Cryproproctipm. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1.1, only in the upper jaw; false grinders 3.3 in each jaw; flesh-tooth subtmgonate, with a distinct internal lobe. Sole of heel bald. B2 4 CARNIVORA. ** Head elongate. Tubercular grinders in upper and lower jaws. Fam. 4, Viverripa. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 2. 2in the upper, and 1.1 in the lower jaw. The nose simple, flat, bald, and with a central groove beneath. Fam. 5. Cynocaupm. Head elongate. ‘ubercular grinders 2.2 in the upper, and 1.1 in the lower jaw. Nose rather pro- duced, rounded, hairy, and without any central groove below. Fam. 6. Musreripm. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 1.1 in each jaw. Nose simple, its under surface flat, bald, with a central groove. Section II. Dog-footed Carnivora (Cynopoda). The feet elongate. Toes straight; the last phalange and claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end; the front ones are often elongated. Head elongate. Fam. 7. Metinipz. ‘Tubercular grinders one on each side of each jaw. Nose flat and bald beneath, with a central groove. Fam. 8. Hererstipm. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central groove. Fam. 9. Rutnogatip#. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose broad, convex, and hairy, beneath without any central groove. Fam. 10. Canzpz. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper and under jaws. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central longitudinal groove. Fam. 11. Hyayipm. Tubercular grinders one on each side of the upper jaw only. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central longitudinal groove. Fam. 12. Prorerzrm. Tubercular grinders none in either jaw. The grinders very small, far apart. Nose broad. Cat-footed, Dog-footed, Ailuropoda. Cynopoda, Tubereular grinder} .... 1. Felide. 11. Hysenide. 2. Guepardide. 3. Cryptoproctide. Tubercular grinders 2... 4, Viverride. 8, Herpestide. 5. Cynogalidee. 9, Rhinogalide. Tubercular grinders}... 6. Mustelide. 7. Melinide. Tubercular grinders? .. .......0.00, vee. 10. Canidae. Tubercular grinders? .. ..,... jediisnd abacecoes 12. Proteleide, 2 ee FELID#. 5 Section I. CAT-FOOTED CARNIVORA (4#LUROPODA). Toes short and regularly arched; the last phalange bent up, withdrawing the claws into a sheath. Claws sharp. * Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1. 1, only in the upper jaw; false grinders 1 or 2 in each jaw. Nose simple, le, flut, and naked, beneath with a central longitudinal groove. Fam. 1. FELID. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders small, one on each side of the upper, and none in the lower jaw. The flesh-tooth with a well-marked, prominent internal lobe on the front part of its inner side. Legs moderate. Tribe I. Frrina. Head oblong; face slightly produced. Legs moderate, nearly square. Tribe II. Lynctna. Head short, subglobose; face short. Legs -elongate, hinder longest. Ears with a pencil of longer hairs. The examination confirms the separation of several of the genera that have been proposed, and shows the distinctness of some species which it has been suggested should be united. The British Museum Collection contains the skulls of a large number of: species of Felide—the largest series of skulls of that group, I believe, that has ever been brought together—nearly twice as many as are figured in M. de Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie,’ which embraces figures of all the species contained in the French collec- tions, in Paris and elsewhere. Of most of the species there are several examples, and almost all of them are obtained from the skins of the specimens in the collection: therefore there can be no doubt of the accuracy of their determination ; and should any doubt arise, it can be solved hy the examination of the skin from which the skull was obtained. Reference is made to the work in which the best figures of the skull of each species is to be found, and figures are added of some of the more interesting forms, which are now pub- lished for the first time. The peculiarity in the formation of the skull, which separates the Lynxes from the Cats, is not very striking; but as it is common to the skulls of all the species of Lynxes, both from the eastern and western hemispheres, it shows how important it is to observe even slight differences, In the Felide generally the upper processes of the intermazilla and the front edge of the frontal bone on each side are provided with a more or less elongated conical process, which separates a part of the nasal from the maxilla; and in the Lynxes these processes are very slender and so much elongated that those of the intermaxille and the frontals nearly or quite unite and entirely separate the nasals 6 FELIDE, from the upper front edge of the maxille. This is not altogether peculiar to the Lynxes, the same structure being found in a Cat which has been called F. marmorata; and the process of the inter- maxillary, often very long, reaches up one-third the length of the side margin of the nasal in some of the larger Leopards. But the lateral process of the frontal not being so long in F. marmorata as in the Lynxes, the two processes do not unite and separate the nasal bone from the maxilla as is found in all the species of the genus MCUs. The skulls of the species of true Cats are so similar and uniform in their structure that they present very few tangible characters for the separation of the species into groups. In looking at a small series of skulls it is easy to perceive that some are remarkable for having a broad rather lengthened nose and moderate-sized orbits, and others a narrow short nose, pinched up behind, and above with a more or less distinct concavity on the sides in front of the orbits, and the orbits generally large. The former structure is confined to the skulls of the larger species, as the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Ounce; and the second is more marked in the small kinds. If a larger series of skulls is examined, the two forms gradually pass into each other, and it is found that the intermediate gradations of form occur in the skulls of some of the species that are intermediate in size between the two extremes; while some of the skulls of the middle-sized species retain the characters of the larger broad-nosed species. In some species, while the skulls of the adult animals are similar to those of the larger broad-nosed group, the skulls of the younger or half-grown specimens have the sides of the nose more or less con- cave and narrower behind, like those of the second group. The skull of a Chinese Leopard, presented by Dr. Lockhart, from Pekin, presents one of those anomalies in dentition which now and then occur in most families of Mammalia. It has a small subcylin- drical short tubercular grinder behind the flesh-tooth on one side of the lower jaw, and none on the other, thus having on one side the formula of dentition that is peculiar to the genus Canis. But no one could make a mistake as to what it is, as the teeth are all those of the Cats (Felidae). The skulls of species of Felis which have the same system of colouring are not always alike: thus the skulls of Felis uncia, F. marmorata, and F. macrocelis, of Felis viverrina, F. bengalensis, and F. nepalensis, and of F. pardina and F. macroura are very different in form and structure. On the other hand, the skulls of the Lion, the Tiger, the Leopard, and the Jaguar are nearly similar in form and teeth, and chiefly to be distinguished by their size and other slight characters. Keyserling and Blasius have pointed out the differences in the skulls of the Wild Cat and the Lynx of Europe. The characters mentioned are common to most of the species of the genera Felis and Lynceus; but Felis marmorata has a skull like that of the Lynxes; and the Chaus group, which have the pencilled ears of FELIDE. 7 the Lynxes, but not their long legs, have a skull like that of the Domestic Cat. The Felis macrocelis has very long, rather compressed canine teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Its skull presents the nearest approach to those of the fossil Cats with very long sharp-edged canines, such as Felis cultridens of England, Germany, France, ‘and Italy, F. megatherion and F. smilodon of Brazil. The latter has ex- ceedingly long, sword-like canines in the upper jaw. These animals form the genera Machairodus and Agnotherium of Kaup (see Blain- ville, Ostéographie, Felis, t. 17 & 20). In most Felide the orbits are furnished with an imperfect bony ring; in F. viverrina, F. subrugosa, F. planiceps, and some other spotted Cats these orbits are complete even at an early age. The Domestic Cat has nocturnal eyes, with elongated erect pupils; and this has generally been given as the character of the entire genus; but the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and some of the other larger species have round pupils, and do not, under any circum- stances, ever contract them into an erect linear shape; so their eyes may be called diurnal eyes. The Domestic Cat, and the species of the genus that are known to have nocturnal eyes with linear erect pupils when contracted, have very large eyeballs and large orbits in the skull, while the Lion and other Cats, which are known to have diurnal eyes, have moderate-sized eyeballs and orbits. Observing that the Cats which are well known to have vertical pupils have large eyeballs and orbits in the skull, I have taken it for granted that all Cats which have large orbits in the skull have ’ vertical pupils. This is important, as we can observe the size of the orbit in museums, while the form of the pupil can only be observed in the living animal.. The animals which have nocturnal eyes, gene- rally have short small faces to the skulls; but Felis viverrina, which certainly has nocturnal eyes, has a rather elongated nose to the skull. As regards the form of the pupil in the Felide there is a great want of information. Years ago I remarked that, contrary to the general belief, the larger species, such as the Lion, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Jaguar, and some other species, had round pupils, and I therefore separated them from the true Cats, which had linear erect pupils; but the number of species that belonged to each group was left for further verification. Very few zoologists have noted the form of the pupils in the species they have de- scribed. Sometimes two observations on the same species do not coincide: thus Burmeister describes the pupils of the eyes of F. jaguarond: and F..eyra as round; but Berlandier represents the pupils of the latter (F. eyra) as linear and vertical. Then Mr. Hodgson has figured the pupil of F. macrocelis as circular; but Mr. Bartlett says that in the example living in the Society’s Gardens it is oblong erect. 7 Mr. Bryan Hodgson had prepared by native artists a series of drawings of Nepalese animals from life, with the intention of pub- 8 FELIDZ, lishing a‘ fauna of Nepal.’ These drawings he presented to the British Museum along with his large collection of specimens ; and I find that the eyes of the Leopard, the Ounce, the Tortoise-shell Tiger (F. macrocelis), and the Murma Cat (F. murmensis) are. ves presented with round pupils. The Viverrine Cat of the Tarai (/ viverriceps, Hodgs.), the small Nepal Cat (F. nepalensis and F. par- dochrous, Hodgs.), the F. nigripectus, the Chaus (Chaus lybicus), and the Lynx of Thibet (Lynx isabellina, Blyth) are all represented with linear erect pupils. . Mr. Bartlett, in reply to my inquiries, kindly observes, “ A great difficulty exists in determining the form of the pupils in the eyes of many of the Cats, as in some lights and conditions they are all round ; it depends upon the light and other causes that you find them some- times oblong. But, from careful and oft-repeated observation of the following list, I feel safe in saying that in the Ocelot, Pama, Jaguar, Leopard, Tiger, Lion, and Cheetah they are round, and in the Caracal, Clouded Tiger, Chaus, and Serval are oval. «There are no others on your list that I can speak of with cer- tainty.” “PS. In my former list I told you the Ocelot had a round pupil. I have this day had the animal in the sunlight, and I must say the pupil of the Ocelot is oblong when exposed to the bright sunlight.”. Tribe I. True Cats—FELINA. The head oblong ; face slightly produced. Legs moderate, nearly of equal length. The skull oblong; intermaxille and frontal bones with short processes, which extend between the ends of the nasal bones and the maxille. The front upper false grinder small (rarely deciduous and wanting). Felina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 261. A. Diurnal Cats.—The eyes diurnal, with a round pupil. The orbits of the skull moderate-sized, compared with the site of the skull; face of the skull elongate, high, broad, flattened above, “ Forehead of skull suddenly elevated above the line of the face. 1. UNCIA. Skull broad; face broad, short, flat above; forehead suddenly raised ; crown convex in front and on the sides, concave behind ; nasal bones broad, short, not reaching so far back as the upper edge of the maxille ; upper processes of the intermaxille rather elongate, extending about one-third up the sides of the nasals; orbits mode- rate, incomplete behind ; canines conical, moderate ; zygomatic arches very strong and high. Uncia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 262. This genus is at once known from the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and 2. LEO. 9 Tortoise-shell Tiger by the shortness and. breadth of the face, and the sudden elevation of the forehead. «Pupil round.”— Hodgson. Fig. 1. Oneia whbis. Uncia irbis. B.M. Felis uncia, Schyeb. Felis pardus, Pallas. Felis panthera, Era. Felis irbis, Ehr. Felis Tulliana, Valenc. Felis uncioides, Hodgson. Uncia irbis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 262. fig. 1 (skull), Hab, Tibet (? Smyrna, Val.). Skull imperfect behind, nearly to the occiput. Length 64 inches, width 42 inches. ** Nose on the same plane as the forehead, 2. LEO. Head, neck, sides of body, and legs maned. Tail elongate, tufted at the end. Pupils round. Skull—nose on the same plane as the forehead ; nasals flat, nearly as long as maxille; the orbits of the skull moderate, incomplete behind. Leo, Gray, P, Z. 8. 1867, p. 263. Leo nobilis. BM. Felis leo, Linn. zi Leo africanus e¢ L. persicus, Sivazns. 10 FELIDE. Leo gambianus, Gray. Leo goorgrattensis, Gmel. Sc. Leo nobilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263, Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 5 & 9. Hab. Asia; Africa. Skull, length 143 inches, width 93 inches. 3. TIGRIS. Cheeks with spreading whiskers. Tail elongate, tapering at the end. Pupils round. Skull—nose on same plane as the forehead ; orbits of the skull moderate, incomplete behind. Nasals very large, reaching beyond the back edge of the maxille. Internal nostrils broad. Palate truncated behind. Tigris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268. Tigris regalis. BM. Felis tigris, Linn. Tigris regalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263. Blain». Ostéogr. Felis, t. 7. Hab. Asia, Skull, length 14 inches, width 104 inches. 4. LEOPARDUS. Hair of head and neck uniform. Tail elongate (rarely shorter than the body). Pupils round. Orbits of the skull moderate, in- complete behind. Nose on same plane as the forehead. The upper process of the intermaxilla very narrow, and much produced up the side of the maxilla, often one-third the length of the nasal. Leopardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263. + Large rose-spotted Leopards, 1, Leopardus pardus. B.M. Felis leopardus, F. varia, et F. uncia, Schred. Felis pardus, Linn. Felis panthera, Zl. Felis chalybeata, Herm. Felis minor, Ehr. Felis antiquorum, Fischer. Felis peecilura, Valenc. Felis paleeopardus, Fitz. Leopardus pardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268. Blam. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 8; Temm. Monogr. t. 9. f. 1, 2. Var, Black. F. melas, Péron; F. fusca, Meyer. Hab. Southern Asia; North, South, and West Africa. Pupil round.— Bartlett ; Gray. 4, LEOPARDUS. 11 Very variable in the size and number of the spots. Skull—nasal elongate, back edge in a line with back edge of maxilla; internal nostril rather narrow. Length. 93 inches, width 58 inches. 2. Leopardus japonensis, BM. Leopardus japonensis, Gray, P, Z. S. 1862, p. 262, t. 33; 1867, p. 264. Hab. Japan. 3. Leopardus chinensis. BM. Leopardus chinensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 264. fig. 2 (skull), Hab. Pekin, mountain-forests of the west. Skull (in British Museum) very like that of a leopard, but shorter ; and the nose, instead of being nearly flat, is regularly arched before the orbits. Length 63 inches, width 48 inches. Nasal wide, flat ; apex produced rather behind the back edge of the maxilla. Pro- cess of the intermaxilla very slender, short; forehead broad, convex. RN : SOAR Ws we Leopardus chinensis. There are two or three skulls of Leopards in the Museum, re- ceived from the Utrecht collection, without habitats, that rather resemble the Pekin specimen, which was presented to us by Dr. Lockhart. They may be the skulls of Z. brachyurus. ; 4. Leopardus onca, BM. Felis onca, Zinn. Felis panthera, Schieb. ; Cuvier, Oss, Foss. t. 34. f. 3, 4. Jaguar, Buffon. : Leopardus onca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 264, 402. 12 FELIDZE. Var. 1. Leopardus Hernandesii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 278, t. 18; 1867, p. 402; Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t.3. Hab. South America. Pupil round.— Bartlett. Skull—nasals broad, their hinder end and the back edge of maxilla nearly in a line; forehead convex; nose broad, flat above ; orbit with a prominence in the middle of the front or nasal edge. Length 9 inches, width 6 inches. Var. 2. Black. Skull, length 94 inches, width ‘63 inches. Felis nigra, Era. Hab. Brazil, The skull of the Jaguar (Felis onca, Linn.) is known from the skulls of all the other species of the genus Leopardus, and from the Lion and the Tiger, by having a distinct, but more or less developed, tubercle (probably for the attachment of one of the muscles of the eyeball) on the middle of the inner or nasal edge of the orbit; and there is also a well-marked half-ovate notch in the middle of the truncated front edge of the internal nostril, which is not so distinctly developed in other large feline animals. The specimen which I described under the name of Leopardus Hernandesit in the Proc. Zool. Soc. (1857, p. 278, Mamm. t. 58), from Mexico, has come into the British Museum collection; and I cannot find any difference in the skull to distinguish it from the other specimens of the Jaguar; so I suppose it must be considered one of the varieties of that species, marked by the distance at which the small spots are placed from each other, only now and then forming anything like a distinct ring or row of spots. tt Large one-coloured Cats. 5. Leopardus auratus. B.M. Felis aurata, Temm. Felis chrysothrix, Temm. Felis moormensis e¢ F. murmensis, Hodgson. Junior. Felis Temminckii, Vigors. Leopardus auratus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 265. Hab. Himalaya, Sumatra; Borneo, Pupil round.— Hodgson. 6. Leopardus concolor. B.M. Felis concolor, Linn. Felis discolor, Schreb. Felis puma, Shaw. Felis ava, Brisson. Puma, Penn. Leopardus concolor, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 265. Blain. Ostéogr. Felis, t..6; Baird, Mam, N, A. t. 71 (skull), 5. NECFELIS. 13 Var. Black. Hab. North and South America. Pupil round.— Bartlett. Skull, length 77 inches, width 52 inches. ,Nasals rather narrow, with a aentral sunken line rather “behind the back end of maxille ; cheeks in front of the orbits rather concave; the upper part of the intermaxilla much produced up the side of ‘the nasal for one-third the length of that bone. ue 5. NEOFELIS. Skull elongate ; face broad, rather- produced, on the same plane as the forehead. Nasal large, elongate. Orbit moderate, very in- complete behind. Lower jaw truncated and high in front. Canine teeth, upper and lower, very long, conical, with a sharp cutting hinder edge; the front upper and lower false grinders distinct, early deciduous. The front lateral process of the frontal bone rather elongate. The hinder entrance to the nostrils very narrow, elon- gate; sides parallel; front edges rounded. Pupil round (Hodgson), oblong erect (Bartlett), Neofelis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 265. Fig. 3. Neofelis macrocelis, This skull most nearly resembles that of the celebrated fossil Felis smilodon (Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 20), with a very much elongated upper canine. 1. Neofelis macrocelis. B.M. Felis macrocelis, Zemm. Felis Diardii, Desmoul. Felis macroceloides, Hodgson. Felis nebulosa, H. Smith. Neofelis macrocelis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 266. fig. 3 (skull). 14 FELIDE. Hab, Himalaya (Hodgson); Malacca (Temm.); Siam. Pupil oval.— Bartlett. : ; Skull: length 72 inches, width 43 inches. Var, Smaller. Skull, length 5 inches, width 34 inches (adult). Hab. Siam. 2. Neofelis brachyurus. B.M. Leopardus brachyurus, Swinkoe, P. Z. S. 1862, P. 352, t. 43. Neofelis brachyurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 265, Hab. Formosa (Swinhoe). B. Nocturnal Cats.— The pupil of the eye oblong or linear erect when con- tracted ; the eyeball large. The orbits of the skull large for the size of the face. The nose of the skull generally short, compressed above behind, with a more or less marked concavity in front of the orbits.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 266. In some genera and species the orbits of the eyeballs are much larger, compared with the size of the face and skull, than in others. * Skull short and high. 6. PARDALINA. Face round. Eyes moderate; pupil—? Skull short, high; face short; forehead arched in front; brain-case swollen, short; orbits moderate, incomplete behind. First upper false grinder small. Canines conical, moderate. Hinder aperture to the nose truncated in front. Pardalina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 266. This genus differs from Leopardus in having a much shorter-faced skull. , Pardalina Warwickii. BM. Fur short, dusky whitish brown; chin, streak on cheek, and throat white ; chest and underside paler, black-spotted ; crown and nape with four, cheek with two, and between the withers one black streak; the four feet and body covered with very numerous, equi- distant, nearly equal-sized small black spots; throat, chest, upper part of the inside and outside of fore and hind legs black-banded ; tail spotted at the lower half, ringed at the end, with a black tip ; ears black, with a large white spot. eae himalayanus, Gray,“Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 44. “Fe is nee Warwick,” Jardine’s Nat. Libr. t. 24 (not ood). Felis viverrina, var., Blyth. Pardalina Warwickii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 267. Hab. Himalaya (Cross, Warwick). Skull short, broad, length 43 inches, width 3 inches 2 lines; face short, broad ; nasals moderately broad ; forehead convex, rhombic : 7. CATOLYNX, 15 orbits rather small, incomplete behind. The skull is very unlike that of Felis viverrina. Fig. 4, = yy eae Em - aM NEFA hos » PP , 400 Felis sumatrana, Horsfield, Z. Java, t. Hab. Sumatra. 20. Felis javanensis, BM. Felis javanensis, Horsfield, Zool. Java, t. ?; Gray, P. Z. S. 186 pp. 274, 400. ” a Eee Seg? os a 10. FELIS. 27 Felis Diardii, Griffith. Felis minuta, var., Tem. Felis undata, var., Fischer. Hab. Tava. 21. Felis nepalensis. B.M. Felis nepalensis, Vigors § Horsfield, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 882; Gray. P. 2.8. 1867) ppe272, 400.” se Hab. India. Perhaps a hybrid or domesticated. 22. Felis chinensis. B.M. Felis chinensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837; P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 274, 400. Felis bengalensis, var., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 184. Hab. China. 23. Felis pardinoides. B.M. Fur grey-brown, with large black grey-varied spots; chin and beneath white. Spots of vertebral line black; of withers large, ob- long; of loins linear; of sides, shoulder, and rump large, roundish, varied with grey hairs in the centre, making them appear somewhat ‘as if they were formed of a ring of smaller black spots; of thigh and fore legs black, small, and there confluent into cross bands. Tail with black rings. Length, body and head 19, tail 9 inches. Felis pardinoides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400. Hab. India (Capt. Innes; from Zool. Soc. Mus.). Skull, length 3, width 24 inches ; orbits moderate, oblong; hinder nasal opening oblong, with an angular front edge. 24. Felis pardochroa. (Nepal Tiger.) B.M. Fulvous, with various-sized and -formed black spots and streaks. Felis pardochroa. 28 FELIDZ, Spots of the loins oblong, separate; throat, chin, and belly white, black-spotted. Tail irregularly and incompletely ringed. Felis pardochrous, Hodgson, Cale. Journ. iv. p. 286; Horsfield, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 896; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 273. fig. 7, p. 400. ’ Felis nepalensis, Hodgson, icon. ined. Hub. Nepal (Hodgson). ; Length, body and head 25, tail 12 inches, Skull, length 3 inches 11 lines, width 2 inches 8 lines. Pupil linear, erect.— Hodgson. Var. Fur shorter, closer. BM. Hab. Tenasserim (Packman). 25. Felis tenasserimensis. B.M. Fulvous, black-spotted; chin and beneath white. Spots of the body large, angular; of shoulder round; of thigh oblong; of the loins elongate, confluent ; of the back of the neck elongate, double at the hinder part, and on the withers nearly enclosing a lanceolate brown disk. Felis tenasserimensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400. Hab. India; Tenasserim (Packman). Like F. pardochroa, but larger; spots of withers and loins very different. 26. Felis Jerdoni. B.M. Fur grey, with a few small distant black spots. Spots of sides and legs roundish; of central line of the back linear, rarely con- fluent. Tail and feet darker grey-brown, scarcely spotted ; chin and beneath white, black-spotted. Felis Jerdoni, Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 185 (not described); Gra P. Z. 8. 1807, ae 274, 400. merce pues: Leopardus sumatranus (var. grey), Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 48. Hab, Indian peninsula: Madras. Adult in British Museum. “Very like F. bengalensis, but smaller; the ground-colour of the upper part grey, untinged with fulvous” (Blyth). Size of F. rubi- ginosa. The “kitten” that Mr. Blyth refers to as being in the British Museum is a nearly full-grown specimen. 27. Felis Herschelii. B.M. Fulvous, black-spotted; streak on forehead and cheeks, chin, throat, and beneath yellowish white. Spots small, unequal-sized, far apart; of body oblong; of legs round; of loins elongate, some- times confluent; of withers oblong. Chaus servalinus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 45 (excl. syn.). Felis servalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401 (not Ogilby).” Hab. India; “ Zanzibar ?’’ Like F. minuta, but spots smaller and further apart. 10. FELIS. 29 28. Felis wagati. (The Wagati.) BM, Fur fulvous; nose, chin, throat, and underside of body, and streak on forehead and cheek, pale yellow. Spots of body few, large, irregular-shaped; of withers large, elongate, broad; of loins elon- gate, narrow, more or less confluent. Tail with round spots. Felis wagati, Eihot (fide Blyth); Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400. Hab. India. Differs from F. pardochroa and F. minuta in the large size of the spots. tttttt Clouded or marbled African Cats, Orbits of skull very large. 29. Felis caligata. B.M. Lynx, Bruce, Voy. viii. no. 30. “ Felis caligata, Bruce,” Temm. Monogr. p. 123; I. Geoff. Jacq. Voy. t. 8. £1, 2 (skull). ? Felis libycus, Ohivier, Voy. p. 41. Felis caffra, Desm. Suppl. p. 540, 1822; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273. Felis nigripes, Burchell, Travels, 1822; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 6. Felis maniculata, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, i. t. 19 (pale variety); Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, i 274. 4 ?? Chat aux oreilles rouges ow Chat botté (F. caligata), F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. ipa variety). Felis pulchella, Gray, Mag. N. H. (very pale variety). Felis chaus, Riippell, Atlas, i. t. 140. ? Chaus, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithogr. t. Felis obscura, Desm. Mamm. p. 250 (black variety). The “Chat noir du Cap,” F. Cuvier, Mamm., Lithogr., and F. caligata, B, Fischer, Synopsis, p. 208 (from F. Cuvier’s figure), is only a melanism. Felis dongolensis, Hemp. Felis Riippelli, Brandt. Felis marginata, Loch, Rev. Zool. 1858. Hab. Africa, North, South, Central, and East. Var. Hybrid with F. domestica. Skull of Felis caffra 4 inches 5 lines long, 3 inches 2 lines wide. Orbits subquadrangular, 14 inch high, incomplete behind. Skull of Felis maniculata 33 inches long, 23 inches wide. Face short, broad ; orbits large, rather oblong, nearly complete behind. This species varies from pale fulvous to grey, which is the Felis maniculata of Riippell (Zool. Atlas, i. t. 140). There are several specimens of this species in the British Museum. The largest and darkest, being grey with darker bands, is a specimen from Tangiers, received from M. Verreaux, the body and head 24, and the tail 14 inches long; the darker bands are very indistinct. There is a second example, not quite so large, with bands darker, that lived several years in the Zoological Gardens, and was sent from Tunis by Sir Thomas Reade—and a smaller one, similar in colour, also from the Zoological Gardens, but without any special habitat attached, and a dark grey kitten from Kordofan. Two other specimens are pale yellowish, slightly grizzled, with the 30 FELID.E. streak and spot of the body rather darker yellow, and the rings on the end of the tail are black. One of these, brought from Macassar by Mr. Wallace, is rather darker than the other, and has the bands on the legs nearly black, like the Tunisian specimen. The other, from Kordofan, is rather paler, and the bands on the legs, like those on the body, are yellow. Very nearly allied to these, and probably only a variety, is a small nearly white Cat, marked with pale yellow stripes, sent from Egypt by Mr. Christie, which I described in the ‘Magazine of Natural History’ for 1837 under the name of Felis pulchella. It differs greatly from all the other specimens of F. maniculata in the very large size of the ears; but it resembles them so closely that I am almost inclined to believe that it may be only a very pale variety of that species. The size of the ears may have been produced by the negligence of the stuffer; but that can only be decided by the exami- nation of fresh specimens. Mr. Blyth thinks that this specimen is only ‘an Egyptian variety of the Common Cat” (P.Z.8. 1863, p. 184, note); but I cannot agree with that theory. The three large specimens in the British Museum of these Cats come from South Africa. The largest was received from M. Ver- reaux, the next largest from the Zoological Society’s Museum under. the name of Felis caffra (Felis nigripes of Burchell), the other from Dr. Andrew Smith as Felis caffra. The first two of these are dark grey, with distinct dark, blackish bands and spots. Dr. Smith’s specimen is much paler, yellow, with very indistinct rather darker yellow bands and spots, and very broad black bands on the legs. The large specimens (Felis marginata) from Tunis and Tangiers are very like the largest dark one from the Cape. A rather small specimen, received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg as F. caligata from Africa, is only obscurely banded, is peculiar in the tail being black at the tip for about an inch, and in only having three or four very obscure narrow cross bands across the upper sur- face of the hinder two-thirds of the length of the tail, A small specimen, very obscurely banded and having a redder fur with darker red streaks on the back, was received from Capt. Speke, marked ‘ Menessd.” I suspect that what have been called the African F. chaus may be only pale varieties of F. caligata; at least I have not seen any specimens of the true J’. chaus from Africa. M. F. Cuvier’s figures of F. chaus from Egypt are doubtful; for he describes the body and head as being 2 feet 4 inches long, and the tail 9 inches long; but the figure represents the tail as two-fifths, while the description represents it as being only one-fourth of the entire length. In the same manner the Chat aux oreilles rouges, figured by M. F. Cuvier, Mamm.Lithogr., from a specimen from India, is said to measure 24 inches from the end of the nose to the base of the tail, and its tail to measure 10 inches; and in the figure the tail is very nearl half the length of the head and body. Can both or either of these figures represent F. chaus, which is known by its short tail ? 10, FELIS. 31 cost largest Cape specimen measures, body and head 30, tail 15. inches Most of the specimens of Felis caligata from Africa, like Felis domesticata, F. indica, and F. torquata and many other species, have the hinder part of the feet black ; but this is not a permanent cha- racter; for some of the smaller paler specimens of F, caligata have the hind feet paler than the back of the animal, and some of these have the heels more or less brown or blackish on the outer edges. ttttttt Smaller clouded Asiatic Cats. 30. Felis inconspicua. B.M. Leopardus i acl cuus, Gray, 1844. Felis torquata (Chat de Nee ul), F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. ii. t. ? Felis bengalensis, Desm. (from F. Cuvier ?). Felis inconspicua, Gray, P. Z. 8S, 1867, p. 273. Hab, India (domesticated, or perhaps a hybrid). Skull, length 3 inches 2 lines, width 2 inches 1 line. Face moderate, broad, rather concave in front of orbits; orbits large, rather oblong, incomplete behind ; forehead slightly convex, rhombic. Like skull of Chaus libycus, but smaller, and the forehead not so convex. This Cat comes from India, There is a single specimen of it in the British Museum, which in the ‘ List of Mammalia,’ published in 1842, I named the Waved Cat (Leopardus inconspicuus), p. 42, referring it to the Felis torquata (Chat de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. ii. t.) with doubt, because the tail of that species is repre- sented as of the same colour as the back, with a series of triangular spots forming half bands on the lower surface for the whole length, and there is only one streak (the upper one) on the cheek, while our specimen, like almost all the species of Cats, has two well-marked streaks. As no specimen like the figure has been received from India, I am now inclined to believe that it is intended to represent the Cat in the Museum, and that the differences are perhaps the errors of the artist. Indeed it is doubtful if the figure is not a copy of an Indian drawing, like several of the animals figured in that work, said to have been received from M. Duvaucel. I cannot agree with Mr. Blyth in thinking that F. torquata is the same as F. ornata, Mr. Hodgson sent from Nepaul a very large specimen, which agrees with the typical specimen of F’, inconspicua in its most essen- tial characters, but is much larger, and the waved bands are more broken into spots; these spots are all nearly of the same form. The head and body of the stuffed specimen is 25 inches, and the tail 11 inches long. In the list of Mr. Hodgson’s specimens he asks “ Is it a tame Cat?” p. 6. Mr. Hodgson, in his MS. list, called it Felis viverriceps. There is a third, smaller specimen in the British Mu- seum, received through Capt. Boys from India. This Cat, like F. caligata of Africa, is peculiar in having the 32 FELIDE. body marked with transverse or, rather, perpendicular bands which are more or less broken into spots; and it has more marked, wider, and black bands across the upper part of the fore and hind legs. The tail, which is not quite so long as the body, is of the same colour as the back, and has some narrow black rings near the tip, which is black. : The Felis inconspicua of India and the F. caligata of Africa are nearly allied and very similar; but one is grey and the other more fulvous and rather differently marked—so much so that I think they are distinct. They and Felis indica, the ‘ Domestic Cat of India,” differ from Felis chaus of India (and Africa?) in the greater length of the tail. The first two are almost always more or less distinctly banded and spotted, the F. chaus and F. indica being very obscurely (if at all) banded, except on the legs and thighs. 31. Felis domestica. B.M. Felis domestica, Brisson; Blasius, Wirbelt. Eur. p. 167. f. 104, 105 (skull); Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 272. Felis syriaca, Aldrov. Hab. Syria ?, and has been introduced as a domestic animal in most countries. The normal colour seems to be that of the Tabby Cat, grey with black dorsal streaks and subconcentric bands on sides and thighs ; sometimes all black from melanism, or grey, blue, yellow, or white, or these colours more or less mixed. "When black, white, and yellow, it is called Tortoise-shell or Spanish Cat. The fur varies greatly in length ; it is very short, close, and almost erect from the skin in the Rabbit Cats; it is very long, silky, and fluffy in the Angora (or Angola) Cat. The tail is usually long. It is very short or almost entirely wanting in the Isle-of-Man Cats, or the Japan Cats of Kempfer. The ears are generally erect; but they are sometimes pendulous in the Chinese Cats. Mr. Hodgson thinks the Domestic Cat (Felis domestica) is derived from F. nepalensis (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. p. 341). Pennant (Hist. Quad. i. p. 293) says the Indian Wild Cat breeds with the Domestic English one. The Domestic Cats in India breed with F. chaus and rubiginosa, Elliot, with F. ornata, Scott, and with F. viverrina, Kelaart, in Ceylon. They breed with F. caffra, Layard, at the Cape (see Blyth, P. Z.8. 1863, p. 184). In the British Museum there isa specimen of Felis domestica that was collected, by Mr. Darwin, wild in the woods at Maldanado, men- tioned in the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ Mam. p. 20. It shows how nearly the Domestic Cat is to the above species: it chiefly differs from F’ caligata in the tail being more slender and tapering, the colours more intense and defined, and in the throat being pure white. It is dark grey, srizzled with black streaks and spots; the streaks on the legs are wide, those of the fore legs more or less confluent. The tail is grey for two-thirds of its length, with black rings, the hinder one being broadest ; the hinder third of the tail is 11. caus. 33 black, with a small pure-white tip. The stripes on the loins are straight and parallel, not subspiral as in the Tabby Cats. The cheek-streaks are black, the lower one indistinct and interrupted. The toes are white. ‘ 32. Felis manul. B.M. Felis manul, Pallas; Gray, P. Z, 8, 1867, p. 274. Felis nigripectus, Hodgson. Hab. Tibet. Pupil linear, erect.— Hodgson. Skull not observed. The Manul (Felis manul of Pallas) was regarded as a new species by Mr. Hodgson under the name of Felis nigropectus, and is beauti- fully illustrated in the drawing of his Nepalese animal in the British Museum. In the British Museum also is a fine specimen of this Cat, presented by Mr. Hodgson, under the latter name. It has many characters in common with the other wild species of the re- stricted genus Felis ; but it is at once known by its very long, soft hair, the pale whitish colour only varied by a slight black wash on the upper part of the legs and the black on the chest. Fischer, who only worked from books, considers it a variety of Felis domestica ; but it is a very distinct and well-marked species. HIttttt European Clouded Cais. 33. Felis catus. BM. Felis catus, Linn.; Grag, P. Z. 8. ee 274, Chat sauvage, Buffon, H. N. vi. t.1; Blasius, W. E. p. 168. f, 102, 103 (skull); Blainv, Ostéogr. t. 10 (skull). Hab. Europe. Tail very thick. Skull, length 33, width 2? inches. Orbits nearly complete, 1 inch in diameter. The Wild Cat of Europe (Felis catus) is distinct from the African and Asiatic species of the restricted genus Felis in the British Mu- seum. Itis at once known by its thick cylindrical truncated tail ; but it is so well known, and has been so often described, that I need not add any further observations respecting it. It is said that it breeds with the Domestic Cat, and that the skull of the hybrid, as well as the coloration of the fur, is more or less modified by the in- terbreeding. 34, Felia megalotis. Felis megalotis, Miller ; Gray, P, Z. S. 1867, p. 274. Hab. Timor. Not seen by me, 11. CHAUS. Tail shorter than the body, reaching to the hocks. Lars pencilled at the tip. Pupil oblong, erect. Skull—face short; forehead of D 34 FELIDE. skull convex; orbits very large, incomplete behind; nasal bones narrow, close on the maxilla; front upper false grinder distinct ‘ upper tubercular grinder small, transverse ; the lobe on the inner sidé of the upper flesh-todth moderate. : Of the genus Chaus (as defined by the shortness of the tail), which appears to be confined to Asia, there are what I am inclined to regard as three distinct species in the Museum Collection. 1. Chaus Jacquemontii. B.M. Felis chaus, Giildenst. ? Felis Jacquemontii, I. Geoff. Voy. Jacquemont, t. 3. £. 1, 2 (skull), Chaus Jacquemontii, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. Chaus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275. Hab. Africa and Asia. In the British Museum there are two small specimens of Chaus with short tails from India which have more distinct dark bands across their body and legs, and which are without doubt the Cats that MM. F. Cuvier and Blyth have confounded with the longer- tailed Felis maniculata of Africa. This Cat was figured, from a specimen then alive in Exeter Change, under the name of the Bangalore Cat (F. chaus), in my ‘Spicilegia Zoologica,’ t. 2.f.1. It is probably the Felis Jacquemontit of M. Isidore Geoffroy, in the ‘Zoology to Jacquemont’s Voyage,’ the skull of which is figured t. 3. f.1. Unfortunately the specimens in the Museum are few in number, and not in a very perfect state; but I can scarcely think that this Cat can be the young state of Felis affinis from Nepal. It is doubtless the Cat that Mr. Blyth con- founds with the Egyptian Cat (I. chaus, Geoff.), stating that it is “the common animal of Bengal” (see P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 186), and that, as in the case of many common animals, its skins are rarely brought to Europe. It seems spread over various parts of India, as the specimens in the British Museum were sent from the Matoralla territory by Sir Walter Elliot, and from Gangootra. Having confidence in the declaration of M. F. Cuvier, that the skins he had received from Malabar were exactly like those of the animal. named by M. Geoffroy in the Museum Catalogue F. chaus which came from Egypt, and with those that M. F. Cuvier figured and described under the same name that were received from North Africa, and also in Mr. Edward Blyth’s observation (see P. Z. S. 1863, p. 181), that “the Egyptian specimen (of F. chaus) now living in the Society’s Gardens is absolutely similar to the common animal of Bengal,” I was misled and adopted their conclusion. These authors must have examined their specimens very cursorily, and cannot have paid any attention to the length of the tail and the distribution of the bands when present. It will be seen by my pre- ceding observations, founded on the examination of the specimens in the British Museum received from all parts of Africa (from Tunis and Egypt in the north, Abyssinia in the east, and the Cape of Good Hope in the south), that these Cats are all of one species, and of a . 11. cHavs. 35 species easily distinguished from the Chaus of Asia by the greater length and development of the tail. Mr. Blyth has kindly given to the British Museum a specimen of the Domestic Cat of India, which is generally distributed there. It agrees with Felis chaus in almost every character, but it is smaller in size. The tail is rather longer compared with the length of the body, has more narrow black rings, occupying full half of the length of the tail, and there are two narrow pale cheek-streaks. In the Museum there are two larger and rather darker specimens, agreeing in almost every particular with the above. They are most likely hybrids between F. chaus and F. domestica. The Wild F. chaus is peculiar for having the cheek-stripes very indistinctly marked, or one or both entirely wanting. 2. Chaus ornatus. B.M. Fur short, pale whitish brown, black-spotted. Spots small; on the middle of the back smaller, linear ; on the front part of the sides larger, oblong ; on the hinder part of the sides small, round ; on the thighs and upper part of the legs confluent, forming interrupted cross bands. Tail reaching rather below the heel, pale at the lower half, with some interrupted black rings at the end, which is whiter than the rest of the tail, the tip black. Crown with lines of small spots; cheeks with two narrow dark lines; chin, throat, and spot over the orbits whitish; belly with-black spots like those on the side. Body and head 19, tail 8 inches. Felis ornata, Gray, IMust. Ind. Zool. t.; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401. ? Felis Huttonii, Blyth, M.S. Chaus ornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275, Hab. India (Capt. Boys). Legs long and slender. Skull, adult, imperfect behind. Animal very different from Felis torquata, F. Cuvier. The skull sent from the Salt-range by Mr. Oldham and marked F. Huttonii, Blyth. Length 3 inches 10 lines, width 2 inches 7 lines. Orbits moderate, incom- plete behind, 1 inch in diameter; crown convex, shelving on the sides; face rather short, broad; nasal very long, slender. The orbits are much larger than in a skull of F. himalayana, of a larger size. ; This Cat is at once known from all the other Indian species by the length and slenderness of the tail, and the small size and equal distribution of the spots. In this respect it resembles the Hunting Leopard; but the band on the legs, the shortness of the tail, and the terminal half of the tail being ringed at once distinguish it from that Cat and all the other species. The tail is somewhat like that of F. chaus. ; This rather short-tailed Indian Cat has not been well under- stood. It has been most oddly mixed up by Mr. Blyth and others with Felis torquata (the Chat de Nepaul of ¥. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. livr, ii. 54), also named Felis bengalensis by Desmarest in the Sup- plement to his ‘Mammalia,’ which is a grey-waved ae nearly D 36 FELIDE. i like the English Domestic Cat, and is probably a half-bred Domestic Cat of India, as is said to be the case with the F. nepalensis of Vigors and Horsfield (Zool. Journ. iv. t. 39), which resembles this figure in some respects. As the wild Indian species has not been characterized, I here de- scribe the specimen in the Museum :— This Chaus is the beautiful animal that I figured in the ‘ Ilustra- tions of Indian Zoology’ as Felis ornata. The small specimen of the species in the British Musenm is not in a very good state. Chaus ornatus is of a pale, more or less bright, yellow-brown colour, with transverse bands of nearly uniform-sized roundish blackish spots on the body. The spots are larger, darker, and closer together on the thighs and upper parts of the legs. The tail has some black rings near the end, and a small black tip. Hab. Northern India (Capt. Boys). This does not appear to be a common Cat in India, as we have only received a single half. grown example, which was purchased at the sale of Capt. Boys’s specimens ; and I do not find it described in any systematic work, nor do I recollect to have seen any specimens of it in continental collections. In his crude paper on the Asiatic species of the genus Felis (P. Z.8. 1863, p. 185), Mr. Blyth places Felis ornata under Fehs torquata, observing that the figure is “very bad.” If he had compared the specimen in the British Museum with the figure, he must have re- versed this note; for it is very characteristic, but is taken from a larger and brighter specimen. Mr. Blyth, when he saw the speci- men in the Museum collection, in his usual offhand manner, said it is only one of the numerous varieties of the common Indian Cat. This species is quite distinct from the Cat that Sir William Jardine afterwards figured as Felis ornata in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ Felida, t. 28. 3. Chaus catolynx. B.M. Felis catolynx, Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. t. Felis affinis, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ? Felis kutas, Pearson. Lyncus erythrotis, Hodgson, Nep. : It is known by the bright yellow colour of the fur, without any, or with only very indistinct, indications of darker streaks across the body, which, when present, are only to be seen when the body is looked at at certain angles. This is the largest species. I figured it in the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology’ under the name of Felis affinis, having convinced myself that it was a distinct species years ago, when I was studying the animals of India from the Hardwicke Collection of Drawings. I have little doubt that this is the Cat described and figured by Pallas in the.‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ t. 2, under the name of Felis catolynw. It is certainly the Lyncus erythrotis of Hodgson, whose drawings for his ‘ Nepal Fauna’ contain several good figures of it. It may be the Felis utas of Pearson. It inha- 12. Lyncus. 37 bits, according to Mr. Hodgson, the central and lower regions of Nepal. There is a well-stuffed adult specimen of this Cat in the British Museum ; it is a magnificent animal. Giildenstidt’s description and figure of the Felis chaus from the shores of the Caspian (Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xx. p. 483, t. 14). agree with this animal in most particulars, and represent the short tail of the genus Chaus, the tail being rather more than one-fourth of the entire length of the body, or one-third of the length of the body and head (30+11 in.). The fur is described as “fusco-lutes- cens, gule et regionis umbilicalis albidus; pectoris et abdominis di- lute rufescens.” In the figure the underpart is represented as much paler than this description justifies, or than may have been intended. Otherwise it is a good representative of the Nepal animal. I have not seen any specimen from the Caspian. The red ear is common to the Nepal F. affinis and most specimens of F. caligata from Africa, Tribe II. Lynxes—LYNCINA. Head short, subglobular. Legs elongate, the hind ones longest. Tail short, or very short. Ears pencilled at the tip. Pupils of eyes oblong. The face of the skull short; the lateral processes of the intermaxille and the frontal bones elongate, nearly reaching each other, and separating the nasals from the maxilla. The orbits in- complete, large; the lobes on the inner side of the upper flesh-tooth moderate-sized. 12. LYNCUS. Tail very short. Limbs elongate. * Pads of feet overgrown with hair, Animal large. Lynx. 1. Lyncus borealis. B.M. Felis lynx, Blainv. Ostéog. Felis, t. 8 (skull) ; Blasius, W. E. p. 173, f. 106 (skull). : Lyncus borealis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275. Hab. Northern Europe and Asia. 2. Lyncus lupulinus. B.M. Felis aha Thunb. Lyncus lupulinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 276. Hab. Northern Europe; Sweden. 3. Lyncus canadensis. B.M. Felis canadensis, Geoffr. Lyncus canadensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 278. Hab. North America. 38 FELID.E. ** Soles of the feet nakedish, Animal small. Cervaria. 4, Lyncus pardinus. B.M. Felis pardina, Temm. z Lynceus pardinus, Gray, P, Z. 8. 1867, p. 277. Had. Southern Europe and Turkey. 5. Lyncus isabellinus. B.M. Felis isabellina, Blyth. Felis lynx, Hodgson. Lyncus isabellinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276. Hab. Tibet. Pupil linear, erect.— Hodgson. 6. Lyncus fasciatus. B.M. Felis fasciata, Harlan. Lyncus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276. Hab. North America, western part. 7. Lyncus rufus. B.M. Felis rufa, Giildenst. Voy. de la Venus, t. 9. f. 2-4 (skull). Lynceus rufus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 276. Hab. North America. 8. Lyncus maculatus. B.M. Felis maculata, Vigors § Horsfield; Baird, Mamm. N. A.t. 75 (skull of adult and young). Lyncus maculatus,’ Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276. Hab. North America: Mexico; California. 13, CARACAL. Tail cylindrical, reaching to the hocks. Limbs more equal. Pads of feet bald. Pupil oblong. The skull is that of the Lynx; but the processes of the frontals and intermaxille are not quite so much produced, and they do not entirely separate the nasals from the maxille. The front upper false grinder is absent. The orbits are rather large, and incomplete behind. The lobe on the inner side of the upper flesh-tooth small. Caracal, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 277. Caracal melanotis, B.M. Felis caracal, Schreb.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t.10: Van der Hi Zool. t. 19. £. 2 (skull). @ isis aa ee, Caracal melanotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277. Hab. Southern Asia and Africa; Persia and Arabia. GUEPARDID&. 39 Fam. 2. GUEPARDID-%. Head short, subglobular ; face very short. Neck slightly maned. Legs elongate, slender, subequal. Tail elongate. Ears rounded. Pupil round? Skull—face very short, convex; the processes of the frontals and intermaxille very,short, not separating the nasals from the maxille ; the flesh-tooth of the upper jaw compressed, without any lobe, but with only a very slightly marked keel on the front part of the inner side; the front upper false grinder distinct, small ; orbits incomplete, moderate. Tubercular grinders one on each side of the upper jaw. ‘ The form of the flesh-tooth of the Hunting Leopard (Gueparda) _at once separates it from all the Cats as. distinctly as its long slender legs and round face. The flesh-tooth of the upper jaw, instead of being stout and having a more or less large but always distinctly marked prominence with a conical crown on the front of the inner edge, as is common to the skulls of all the Cats and Lynxes, in the Gueparda, on the contrary, is thin, compressed lon- gitudinally, and has only a very slightly raised scarcely visible keeled ridge on that part. This process is represented as rather more pro- minent in M. de Blainville’s figure of the skull (Ostéographie, Felis, t. 9) than it is in the specimens in the British Museum. Guepardine, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277. Abnormal Cat, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277. GUEPARDA. Gueparda, Gray, 1840; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277. Cynelurus, Wagner. Gueparda guttata. BM. Felis guttata, Herm.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 9 (skull). : Felis jubata, Schred. Felis venatica, 4. Smith. Felis Fearonis, 4. Smith. Cynelurus Scemmeringii, Riippell, Junior. Gueparda guttata, Gray, P, Z. S. 1867, p. 396, t. 24. Hab. Africa and Asia; Persia; Cape of Good Hope. The young Hunting Leopard (Gueparda guttata) I do not recol- lect to have seen described. It is covered with long soft hair, of a dark blackish-brown colour, on the limbs, sides, and beneath, and very obscurely spotted; the head, back of the neck, the back, and 40 CRYPTOPROCTID. the upper surface of the tail are pale brown; back of ears black ; an angular line from the front of the orbit to the angle of the mouth ° dark brown ; the lips, chin, and sides of the nose white (see P. Z. 8. 1867, t. 24). Fam. 3. CRYPTOPROCTID. Head oblong ; face slightly produced ; nose flat and bald beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Legs moderate, nearly of equal length. Soles of the feet with six pads; fore ones wider in front; hinder ones oblong, elongate. The skull oblong; false grinders 3. 3, the front upper small; tubercular grinders one only on each side of the upper jaw, none in the lower one; flesh-tooth with a well- marked internal lobe. Viverridee (Cryptoproctina), Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 545. CRYPTOPROCTA. Head conical. Whiskers rigid, very long. ars large, covered with short hairs externally. Nose naked, with a central longitudi- nal groove beneath. Tail elongate. Pads of the feet naked. Toes united by a web. Cryptoprocta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 46; Trans. Zool. Soc. i. p. 1387; Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1864, p. 545. The Cryptoprocta “has an anal pouch, and when violently en- raged it emits a most disagreeable smell, very like that of Mephites ; when at liberty it lies constantly in a rolling position, sleeping always on its side or even on its back, holding with its fore feet the small wires of its cage.”— Telfair. M. Isidore Geoffroy, in his observations on this genus (Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 25), says itis very different from Galidia—which no one can doubt if he has studied the description of the feet. M. Jourdan ob- serves, “Le Cryptoprocta de Bennett, peut étre le méme que l’ Zupleres de M. Doyer; il semble plutét étre le représentant des Paradowures de Madagascar ” (Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 272: 1837). This is a mistake, as any one may prove by comparing the skulls, which are both figured in De Blainville’s ‘Ostéographie.? M. Pucheran also ap- pears to think that this animal and the one described as Eupleres Goudotii may not be different (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 40). In my Monograph of Viverride I formed the genus into a dis- tinct tribe of that family (see P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 545), observing that the teeth of the young skull, which only was known, were somewhat like those of Viverra malaccensis; but the discovery of the adult animal has shown that it is very much like a Cat, but differing in VIVERRID i. 41 having bald soles to the hind feet and an additional false grinder on each side of each jaw. Cryptoprocta ferox. B.M. Cryptoprocta ferox, Adolph. M.-Edw. § Alf. Grandidier, Ann. Set. ae 1S, t. 1-4; Schlegel & Pollen, Faune de Madagascar, ii. p. 18, t. 8, Junior. Cryptoprocta ferox, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 46; Trans. Zool. Soc, i. p. 187, t. 14; Blainv. Ostéogr. pp. 15, 96, t. 6 & 12; Gray, P. Z. BR 1864, p. 546. Cryptoprocta typicus, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. ii. p. 184, Hab, Madagascar (Charles Telfair). * Head elongate. Tubercular grinders in the upper and lower jaws. Fam. 4. VIVERRID. Head elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath, with a cen- tral longitudinal groove. Feet broad. Toes short, curved, arched, covered with abundant close-spreading hairs, more or less webbed. Claws short and retractile into a sheath. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper and one on each side of the lower jaw. The fur soft, elastic, except in the anomalous genus Arctitis, which has a very harsh fur and a prehensile tail. The Viverride include a considerable number of the middle-sized and small Carnivora. They are all natives of the Old World—that is to say, Africa and Asia (one of the species spreading itself over some of the southern parts of Europe). The greater number of the species are found in Africa, and several are confined to Madagascar ; others are inhabitants of various parts of Asia. Some species of the genera, as here revised, come from Africa, and others from Asia; but I do not know of any species but Viverricula malaccensis which is common to the two sections of the Old World. The essential character of the Viverride is to have two tubercular grinders on each side of the upper jaw, and one on each side of the lower. In the genera Linsang and Poiana the hinder upper tuber- cular grinder is absent, and the teeth agree in number with those of the genus Felis; but the shape of the skull and teeth show that they belong to this family. There are generally three false grinders before the flesh-tooth; but in some genera the front one, which is often very small, is entirely wanting, or sometimes falls out early. 42 VIVERRIDZ. Mr. Waterhouse, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society { for 1839, in a paper “On the Dentition of Carnivora,” observes, “The Viverride have the same form of skull as the Canide, but differ in having the posterior portion more produced ; the long palate is carried further back, and the small back molar, observable in the lower jaw of the Dog, is here wanting. They have, therefore, but one true molar on either side of the lower jaw, and two true molars on each side of the upper jaw.” The form of the palate here relied on is not found in all the genera of the family, and sometimes varies in genera which are very nearly allied both in external characters and dentition. The Hyzna Mr. Waterhouse was inclined to regard as an aberrant form of Viverride. Its carnassier has a large inner lobe, and in this respect also resembles the Viverra’s and not the Cat’s. (See also some observations by me on the change of the teeth, é&c., in some of the genera, in a paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society’ for 1832, pp. 32, 62.) There can be no doubt that the skull affords very important cha- racters, especially for the division of the species into groups or genera, and also for the distinction of the species; but no one can examine an extensive series of skulls, even of animals obtained from the same locality, without being struck with the ‘variation the skull presents during the growth and age of the animal, and also the variation which the specimens of the same age present, showing that the skull and the teeth are quite as liable to vary in form in each species (within certain limits, these limits being different in the various species) as any other part of the animal; so that a species cannot be said to be firmly established until the external form, the bones, and the habit of the species have been carefully studied, distinctly show- ing that the labours of the paleontologist in a zoological point of view are very unsatisfactory, from the necessary want of material for forming a reliable determination of species. The late Mr. Turner made some very interesting observations on the base of the crania of the Carnivora, with a new distribution of the genera (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 63). It is to be regretted that he died so young, and could not continue his researches ; for I have no doubt he would have thrown great light on the structure of the skulls of this group, as he always followed my studies like a shadow. Thus when I published my “Arrangement of the Hollow- horned Ruminants ” in 1846 (Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 277), he shortly after read his paper on their skulls (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 164); when I commenced the study of the species of Edentata by a mono- graph of Bradypus in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 65, he read his paper on the skull of Edentata in 1851. Being an observant and careful osteologist, he observed many particulars that a general zoologist would have overlooked ; but this limitation of his study confined his views ; so that he would not allow such genera as Saiga, Pantholops, or Tamandua (which have such striking external characters), be- cause he did not observe such differences in the skulls as he con- sidered of generic importance. VIVERRID A. 43 The impulse that Cuvier gave to zoology by the study of the ske- letons and teeth of Mammalia, as shown in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ made such an impression on the succeeding students of zoology, that most of them, overlooking the importance that Cuvier himself at- tached to external characters, have confined themselves far too ex- clusively to the characters offered by these parts, overlooking the fact that bones and teeth are liable to vary like other parts of the animal, and that characters in the teeth that may be of great im- portance in most groups may be of comparatively little value in the others. Thus in the Paradowxuri, which every one must allow form a very natural group, well characterized by its habits as well as its external character, the skulls and the flesh-teeth offer such varia- tions in form in the different species that they would be considered good generic characters in any other tribe of Viverride. The notes on the skull and teeth in this work are always taken from those of the adult animal, unless it is stated to the contrary. The Viverride have been divided into many genera, some only containing a single species, while one or two other genera have been left as magazines containing a number of heterogeneous species which had not been particularly examined. The characters of some of the published genera have not been made out on any uniform plan. Indeed that is the system of the day, to search out some animal which has some striking character, and to form it into a genus, leaving the greater number of species in the family under. the’ old generic denomination, which, when examined with care, have quite as distinct characters. This is an evil which requires remedying ; and I have tried to obviate it by submitting all the species of the group to the same kind of revision as M. Geoffroy submitted the old species when he rearranged the collection in the Jardin des Plantes more than half a century ago. M. Temminck, in the ‘Esquisses Zoologiques,’ p. 100, has inquired if Herpestes Widdringtonii is a species or a local variety. He had never seen the animal; but this shows the spirit in which he seems always to have looked on the species described by others which were notin his museum. In the same work he gives a short résumé of the species of the genera Herpestes and Paradowurus, and states that the catalogues are encumbered with many double and triple emplois, which must be erased from the systematic catalogue. After citing some examples of species which have been described nearly simul- taneously by zoologists living in distant countries, as H. urinator, H. paludosus, H. penicillatus, and Cynictis Steedmani (which cer- tainly are not instances deserving much blame, especially when we ‘consider the many cases in which M. Temminck himself has described species in Holland which had been long previously described in England), he proceeds to propose to unite some species which are, in my opinion, perfectly distinct (some even belonging to different sections of the genus) according to characters that are almost uni- versally adopted, and which he himself uses in other places. In the revision of the genus Paradoxurus in his monograph, and again in the above work, he has united together species which have not 44 VIVERRID, the slightest relation to each other, and which he never could have united if he had seen authentic specimens of them. Thus he unites P. Grayi, P. nipalensis, and P. laniger to P. larvatus, and P. Crosst and P. Pallasii to P. musanga, regarding P. bondar as separate. Now if he had united P. Grayi, P. nipalensis, P. laniger, P. Crossi, and P. bondar together, he would have had the excuse that they all have some similarity of external appearance ; and he might have been misled if he had only casually looked at them through the glass of the cases in the museum, as he looked at some specimens which he says he saw when in England. Synonyms cannot be determined by such an examination, nor is science advanced by such assertions. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Digitigrade. Zhe underside of the hind feet hairy, except the pads, meta- tarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. Upper flesh-tooth elongate; upper tubercular grinder small, transverse. Nose short; underside flat, with a central groove. Viverracea. I. Body robust ; tubercular grinders 2.2; back of tarsus hairy. Viverrina. 1, Vrverra. Legs moderate, equal. Head elongate. Tail co- nical, ringed. Back crested. Orbit of skull incomplete. 2. Viverricuta. Legs moderate, equal. Tail conical, ringed. Back not crested; heel with a small bald spot. Orbit of skull complete. IL. Body robust ; tubercular grinders 2 . 2; underside of the tarsus with a narrow naked streak. Genettina. 3. Genetrta. Back with a black suberectile streak. 4. Fossa. Back without any central streak. ILL. Body slender, elongate ; tubercular grinders 4. Prionodontina. 5. Linsane. Back of tarsus hairy. 6. Porana. Back of tarsus with a narrow naked streak. B. Subplantigrade. The underside of the toes and more or less of the back of the tarsus naked, callous. Flesh-tooth strong, upper tubercular grin- ers large, broad. Nose short, underside flat, with a central groove. I. The hinder part of the tarsus hatry to the palm; the tail bushy. Galidiina. 7. GALIDIA. Il. The upper part of the hinder part of the tarsus hairy ; tail ringed. Hemigalina, 8. HemigaLza. VIVERRIDZE. 45 JIL. The hinder part of the tarsus bald, callous. a. Lail thick, strong, prehensile, Arctictidina. 9. ARcrIcTIs. b. Tail very long, sub lute; fr naked, glandular ; head elongate. Paradoxurina. 10. Nanprnia. Flesh-tooth elongate, triangular; tubercular teeth triangular, transverse. Orbit rather incomplete. Pa- late narrow, short. 11. Parapoxurus. Flesh-tooth elongate, triangular; tubercular teeth oblong. Orbit very incomplete. 12. Pacuma. Flesh-tooth short, triangular, large. Orbit very imperfect. 13. Arctroeatz. Flesh-tooth triangular, small. Orbit nearly complete. Palate very narrow, elongate. The shortness of the characters that I give to some genera has been objected to by several writers, especially by amateurs who have not studied the Linnean brevity and method of description. They overlook the fact that the characters of the sections and subsections of the family that precede the genus form an essential part of the generic character, in the same manner that the section of the genus is part of the specific character of the species that the section con- tains. The definition of the subsections of the families and genera requires more study, analysis, and consideration than the writing out of a long generic character, that contains particulars that are common to a number of allied genera, such as the writers who make. the complaint usually give. At the same time, the use of such de- tailed characters requires a greater exertion on the reader’s part to eliminate the essential particulars, which are the real characters of the group. In the above table, the most easily seen and often, empirical characters are purposely chosen, for facility of use and brevity. I have even used the colour of the animal for this pur- pose; for it has a great influence on the formation of a natural genus—more than many zoologists are willing to admit. Even those who know this fact avoid making use of it, apparently fearing that it might not be considered scientific! In the body of the essay, longer generic characters are given. Those who object to analytic characters forget the immense number of animals now known, and the great advantage of a rapid way of discovering the name of the animal they seek, and whose history they desire to know. As Mr. W. S. Macleay justly observes, ‘the modern art of describing is too long, often insufferably long, while human life remains as short as ever.’—I lust. Zool. South Africa, p. 54. 46 VIVERRID. Section A. Digitigrade. The underside of the hind feet harry, except the pads of the toes, the metatarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. The upper flesh-tooth elongate ; upper tubercular small, transverse. Nose short, underside flat, with a central groove. Tribe I. VIVERRINA. The body robust. Tubercular teeth 2.2. The back of the hind feet hairy, except the pad of the toes and the metatarsus. Viverrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 510. There is a deep pouch for secreting civet, in the form of a deep cavity on each side of the anus (P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 63). 1. VIVERRA. Head long; muzzle acute; pupil oblong, vertical (round, Hodg- son). Neck with large black and white marblings. Body short, compressed ; back black-crested ; legs moderate, equal; tail mo- derate, tapering ringed. Toes 5/5; claws semiretractile. Teeth 40; false grinders 2.2. Viverra, Zinn.; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 63; 1864, p. 511. Hab. Africa and Asia. * Tail black. African. 1. Viverra civetta. B.M. Tail black; sides spotted. Viverra civetta, Schreb, Sdugeth. t. 111; Bennett, Tower Menag. p. 99, fig.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 511. Civette, Buffon, ix. p. 299, t. 34. Var.? Viverra Poortmanni, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 154, 1853. : Hab. Africa: Abyssinia; Fernando Po (Thompson); Guinea (called “‘ Kaukans”) (Temm.); Gaboon (Aubry Le Comite). : ** Tail black-ringed. Asiatic. 2. Viverra zibetha, Tail black-ringed. B.M. Viverra zibetha, Linn. S. N.i. p. 65; Gray, Ilust. Ind. Zool, ii. t. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 63; Cat. Mamm. B.M.p. 47; P. ZS 1864, p. 512; Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 71; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. 862; Horsfield, Cat. Mus. India House, p. 64, Meles zibethica, Linn. S. N. bitty indelee ay epee Zool. t. 8. iverra civettoides, V. melanurus, V. orientalis, , ati Soc. Bengal, x. 909. : » Hodgson, J. Asiatic Zibet, Buffon, ix. 299, t. 31. 2. VIVERRICULA. 47 Hab. Asia: Bengal (Horsfield) ; India (Hardwick) ; Calcutta (Oldham) ; Nepal (Hodgson) ; China (J. Reeve); Formosa (Swinhoe) ; faa of Negros (Cwming) (skull B.M.); ? Malay peninsula (Hors- eld). Skull elongate, narrow. Nose compressed. Orbit incomplete bebind. Teeth very like Genetta; upper hinder tubercular small, oblong, transverse, with two outer and one large inner tubercle. Lower jaw shelving in front; lower edge rather arched, without any tubercles below the end of the tooth-line; the tubercular grinders subcircular, with three lobes on the crown. 3. Viverra tangalunga, B.M. Tail black above, and ringed on the lower side. Viverra tangalunga, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63; 1864, p. 512; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p.48; Cantor, Mamm.; Horsfield, Cat. Mus, India House, Pe 57, i Viverra zibetha, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 231; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. Hab. Sumatra (called “ Tangalung ”) (Raffles); Borneo, Celebes, Amboyna (Miller); Malayan peninsula (Cantor). What is Viverra megaspila, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1862, p. 321? 2, VIVERRICULA. Head tapering. Throat with lunate dark bands. Body elongate ; back not crested. Legs moderate, equal. Tail almost as long as the body, tapering, dark-ringed. Toes 5/5; claws acute, com- pressed. Pupil oblong, vertical. Teeth 40; false grinders 2.3; flesh-tooth longer than broad in front, inner lobe on the front mar- gin; tubercular grinders 2. 2. Viverricula, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Beng, x. p. 909; Gray, P. Z, 8. 1864, p. 513. Hab. Asia. Like a Genet, but with hairy soles to the feet, a shorter tail, and no crest. Foot with a small bald spot on the side of the palm-pad (see Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. t. 31. f. 8). Viverricula malaccensis. (Malacca Weasel.) B.M. Grey ; back with seven black or dark streaks more or less broken up into spots: shoulders, sides, and legs spotted; feet deep brown and black; tail with seven or eight black rings. Viverricula malaccensis, Cantor, Cat. Mamm. Malay. p. 29; Gray, P. Z, S. 1864, p. 513. Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin, S. N. p. 92 (from Sonn.); Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 48; Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B, M. p. 70, Viverra gunda, Hamilton Buchanan, Icon, Viverra rasse, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.; P. ZS. ii, (1882) p. 23 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 362. 48 VIVERRID A. Viverra indica, Geoff. MS.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 171; Desm. Mamm. p. 210; Coca Mag. Zool. 1835, p. 10, t. 19; Horsf. P. Z. 8. ii. (1832) p. 28. ? Viverra bengalensis, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. i. t. 4. Viverra leveriana, Shaw, Mus. Lever. t. 21. Genetta manillensis, Eydoux. Genetta indica, Lesson, Man. 174. Genette rasse, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. Civette de Malacca, Sonnerat, Voy. ii. 144, t. 91. Viverricula indica, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. p. 909. Var. Paler, spots less distinct. Viverra Baer Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 63; Illust. Ind. Zool. ii. t.6; P. Z, S. 1864, p. 514. Hab. Asia; Madras (Elliot); Gangootra, Nepal (Hodgson); Java (Horsfield) ; ? Comoro Islands (called “ Tunga ””) (Peters). Dr. Horsfield believed there were two species combined under this name (see Proc, Zool. Soc. ii. p. 23, 1832) :— V. rasse. Back with eight broad longitudinal lines; the three lateral lines on each side interrupted and obscure. V. indica. Back with eight narrow longitudinal lines; the lateral lines continued. I formerly thought that V. pallida from China, in which the spots and stripes are very indistinct, might be different; but a series of specimens from different localities seems to show a gradation from one to the other. This species differs very much in colour from different localities and perhaps in different seasons. The stripes and spots are some- times very black and distinct; at others, as in V. pallida, they are very indistinct, scarcely to be distinguished from the general colour of the fur. The skull elongate, compressed; nose compressed. The orbit im- perfect behind, confluent with the temporal fosse. Grinders :— false 2.2; front upper small, compressed ; the third rather thicker, without any internal lobe; the flesh-tooth trigonal, oblique, elon- gate, half as long again as the width on the front margin—the internal lobe trigonal, on the inner side of the front edge; the front tuberculars trigonal, outer side oblique; front edge rather wider than the length of the outer margin; the hinder tubercular subcir- cular, with three lobes. The lower jaw slender; lower edge slightly curved, without any prominence under the end of the tooth-line; the tubercular grinders subcircular, with three nearly equal lobes. Length of skull 33 inches ; width of brain-case 11 inch, at zygo- matic arches 12 inch. I wrote to Dr. Peters to inquire if the Tunga of Anjuan could be the V. fossa, and if it was not a Genetta. He assures me that it agrees in all particulars with the Indian V. rasse, and, “like it, has no bald streak along the sole. It has a hairy sole to the hind feet, and a small callous spot to the pads of the palms towards the heel.”— Letter, 24th Nov. 1864. 3. GENETTA. 49 Dr. Peters considers the animal called the Tunga (which is common on the island of Anjuan, one of the Comoro Islands, near Madagascar, on the east coast of Africa) the same as the Viverra rasse of Dr. Horsfield ; he says it agrees with it in colour, in the form of the ears, and in the bristly quality of its fur, and it has the soles of its feet covered with hair as in that animal. He also observes that the fauna of these islands agrees more with those of Madagascar and India than with that of continental Africa (see Peters, Reise nach Mossamb., Mammalia, p. 113). If the animal is identical, it is the only species of the family I know common to Asia and Africa. Tribe II. GENETTINA. The body robust; tubercular grinders ?.?; the underside of the tarsus of the hind feet with a narrow bald line extending from the pads nearly to the heel, The orbit of the skull is very imperfect, only contracted above. The fur is soft, spotted or cloudy, and the tail ringed. 3. GENETTA. The body elongate; back with a broad, continued, more or less crested, black streak. Tail long, slender, hairy, ringed. Legs mo- derate. Feet hairy. Toes 5/5; the sole of the hind foot with a narrow longitudinal bald streak. Claws short, retractile. Skull elongate, narrow. ‘Teeth 40; false grinders ?. 2; flesh-tooth elon- gate; tubercular grinders 2. 2. Genetta, Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. mas Brisson, R. A. p. 252; Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 63 ; 1864, p. 515. Genettina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 515. Hab. Africa and South Europe. * Tail tapering, with elongate, rather spreading hairs, and with numerous black and white rings; tip white. 1. Genetta vulgaris. (Genet.) B.M. Blackish grey, black-spotted ; tail elongate, with white and black rings of nearly equal length, the tip whitish ; vertebral line black, subcristate ; the fore legs and the feet grey, black-spotted; the hind legs black behind near the hock. Genetta vulgaris, Gray, P. Z. 8. ii. (1882) p. 63; 1864, p. 515. Viverra maculata, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 9, t. 9. Genetta afra, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t. Viverra genetta, Linn. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 169. Genetta Bonapartei, Loche, Mag. Zool. 1857, t. 18. Hab. South Europe, North Africa, and Asia: in B.M., from Nismes (Verreauc) ; Madrid, Algiers (Loche); Tangier (Favier) ; Barbary (Gray); Asia, Mount Carmel (Tristram). E 50 VIVERRIDZ. The length of the rings varies in different specimens, depending on the length of the hairs of the tail. Insome, two or more of the rings are more or less confluent, especially on the upper part and near the end of the tail. I cannot find any difference between the specimens from Europe, Algiers, Tangier, and Mount Carmel. The distinctness and dark- ness of the streak upon the forehead differ in specimens from the same localities. 2. Genetta felina. (Feline Genet.) B.M. Blackish grey, black-spotted ; vertebral line black ; tail elongate, white-and-black ringed, rings of nearly equal length ; tip whitish ; the outer side of the fore and hind legs black ; feet blackish. Genetta felina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. ii. (1882) p. 63; 1864, p. 516. Viverra felina, Thunb. Sv. Akad. xxxii, p. 166, t. 7. Genetta vulgaris?, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. p. 45. Hab. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Verreaus) (the Musk- cat of the colonists); Latakoo, common (A. Smith). The chief difference between this and G. vulgaris is that the legs and feet are blacker, the head is darker, with a more distinct black streak up the forehead between theeyes. Genetta rubiginosa, Pucheran (Rev. et Mag. de Zool. vii. 1855, p. 154. ‘ Griseo-albescens, fulvo lavata, maculis dorsalibus fere toto rubiginosis ; cauda ad basim quatuor annulis rubiginosis, quatuor deinde nigris preedita. “ Hab. Cape of Good Hope ”—J. Verreausx), is probably the same. 3. Genetta senegalensis. (Senegal Genet.) — B.M. Pale yellowish grey, brown-spotted ; vertebral line black, sub- eristate behind ; tail elongate, slender, yellow and black-ringed, the pale rings the longest ; tip of tail pale; the hinder part of the hind legs blackish or dark brown. Genetta senegalensis, Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 63; 1864, p. 516, Viverra senegalensis, Fischer, Syn. p. 170 (from F. Cwv.). Genette de Sénégal, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ?Genetta Aubryana, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. vii. (1855) p. 154. Fossane, Brown, Illust. t. 43. Hab. West Africa: Senegal (Verreaux); ?Gaboon (Aubry le Comte); Sennaar (Brit. Mus. 46,6, 15,43). East Africa: Abyssinia (B. M. 44,5, 17,27); Dongola (B. M. 46, 9, 2, 27). North Africa (B. M. 43, 12, 28, 2). Skull tapering in front; nose compressed. Orbit very large, very incomplete behind; the zygomatic arch confluent with the lower edge of the orbit, moderate. False grinders ?. 3; upper rather far apart, front small, second compressed, with a small lobe on each end ; third compressed, with a small lobe on the middle of the inner side and one at the hinder end. The flesh-tooth triangular, much Jonger than the breadth at the front edge, with a moderate-sized 3. GENETTA. 51 internal lobe rather behind the front inner angle. The tubercular grinders trigonal, with a sloping outer edge; the front twice as wide as long on the outer edge; the hinder small. The lower jaw slender, erect, with a shelving chin or short symphysis and a curved lower edge without any tubercles under the end of the tooth-line; ‘the tubercular grinder roundish, with two large anterior lateral and a similar-sized posterior central lobe. Length of skull 34 inches ; width of braincase 1,, at zygomata 13. ¥* Tail subcylindrical, with shortish fur; end black, with imperfect rings ; tip black ; base with alternate, nearly equal black and white rings. 4, Genetta tigrina. (Tigrine Genet.) B.M. Grey-brown, with black spots, the larger more or less brown in the centre ; the hind feet darker ; the tail elongate, cylindrical, black, with rather broad white rings, but narrower than the black ones; tip of tail black. : Genetta tigrina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p.49; P. Z. 8. 1864, p517. Viverra tigrina, Schreb. Stiugeth. t. 115. Genetta vulgaris, Riippell, Genetta amer, Riippell. Genetta abyssinica, Riippell, Fauna Abyss. t. 11. Viverra abyssinica, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 71. Viverra genetta, Peters, Mossamb. Mamm. p. 118. Hab. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope (the Musk-cat of the co- lonists); Natal and East Africa (Verreaua); Mozambique (Peters, Kirk); Abyssinia (Ritppell). *%* Taal subcylindrical, with shortish fur, black; middle part with some imperfect rings beneath, the base with a few narrow white rings. 5. Genetta pardina. (The Berbe.) B.M. Fur reddish grey-brown, with black spots more or less brown in the centre; the feet and hinder part of hind legs brown; tail elon- gate, covered with shortish hairs, with narrow pale or reddish rings on the basal half, black at the end, with very indistinct narrow pale rings. co pardina, I. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1882, t.8; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, Genette pantharine, J. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. Genetta poénsis, Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 59 (from a flat skin). veo genettoides. Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 89, 1853 ? Genetta Fieldiana, Du Chatllu, Proc, Boston N. H, Soc. vii. (1860) p. 302 (from the Gaboon). Genetta servalina, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool, vii. (1855) p. 154. Berbe, Bosmann, Voy. Guinea, p. 31. f.5; Buffon, H. N. xiii. Hab. Fernando Po (Waterhouse); Guinea (Temm.); Gaboon (Du Chaillu); West Africa (B.M.); interior of Senegal (1. Geoffroy). The specimens vary considerably in the size of the spots; in some E2 52 VIVERRID&. they are brown with black edge, in others almost uniformly black ; but I can see no characters by which they can be separated. Genetta poénsis seems to be the same variety as that described by I. Geoffroy and M. Du Chaillu. 4. FOSSA. The back without any black subcrested vertebral streak ; the soles of the hind feet’ hairy, with 2? Fossa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 518. Fossa Daubentonii. Fossa Daubentonti, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 518. Viverra fossa, Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 114 (from Buffon). Genetta fossa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1822. i Fossane, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 163, t. 21. Hab. Madagascar (Mus. Paris.). : « Fur grey-black, rufous-varied, awhite spot over the hinder angle of the eye; back and nape with black lines, four of which extend from the nape to the tail, continuous to the middle of the back, and the last of their length broken into very close spots; the sides, shoulders, and thighs with spots placed in three lines on each side ; lips, chin, and beneath dirty white; tail with many narrow half- rings, of a reddish colour, which do not extend to the lower side; feet yellowish white. Length of body and head 17 inches, of tail 83 inches. There are no subcaudal glands. “ Hab. Madagascar (Poivre, Mus. Acad. Sci. 1761).”—Buffon. I do not know any other description of this species; that by all other authors, including Dr. A. Smith, is a mere copy of the above. There does not appear to be any central dorsal stripe, so characteristic of the Genets; the soles of the front feet have not been described. Tribe ITI. PRIONODONTINA. Body slender, elongate ; limbs very short; tubercular grinders }; fur soft, close, erect; the tail very long, cylindrical, ringed. 5. LINSANG. Prionodon (subgenus of Felis), Hors?. Java; Gray, P. Z. 8.1864, p.519. Linsang, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 48; Miiller, Zoog. ind. Arch. Body very slender; back not crested. ‘“ Pupil linear, erect” (Hodgson). Legs short. Tail very long, cylindrical, dark-ringed. Toes 5/5. Claws very acute. Skull elongate. Teeth 38; false grinders 3,2; flesh-tooth elongate; tubercular grinders 3 . 2. Hab. Asia and Africa. 1. Linsang gracilis. (Linsang.) BM. Fur white; back with broad black cross bands ; sides of neck with 5. LINSANG. 53 a broad black streak continued along the sides of the body, con- fluent with the bands of the back; back of neck with five parallel black streaks. Tail with seven black and white streaks; a second streak, broken into spots, from the side of the neck to the haunches. Legs with small black spots. Linsang gracilis, Miller, Zoog. ind. Arch. i. p. 28, t. Viverra? linsang, Hardw. Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 256, t. 24; De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 12 (teeth). Felis (Prionodon) gracilis, Horsf. Zool. Java, t. Viverra Hardwickii, Lesson, Man. p. 172 (not Gray). Viverra genetta, Deschamps, JS. B: M. Paradoxurus prehensilis, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. iv. p. 849. Viverra gracilis, Desm. Mamm. p. 589. Paradoxurus linsang, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159, 1829. Prionodon gracilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519. Hab, Asia: Malacca?, Siam ?, Sumatra ?, Java? (Horsfield). 2. Linsang pardicolor. (Nepal Linsang.) B.M. Pale whitish grey ; back of neck and shoulders with three streaks diverging from the vertebral line; back with two series of large square spots; the shoulders, sides, and legs with round black spots ; an elongated spot on the middle of the front part of the back, between the square spots on the sides of the body. Prionodon pardicolor, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 87, t. 1. £8 & 6, 1841; Gray, PZ. 8. 1864, p. 519. Linsang pardicolor, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 49. Viverra perdicator, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 366 (misprint). Hab. Nepal. The skull elongate; nose rather short, compressed ; brain-case narrow in front, swollen over the ears, and contracted and produced - behind. Orbits not defined behind, confluent with the temporal cavity ; zygomatic arch slender. Palate contracted behind. Teeth 88; upper false grinders compressed; flesh-tooth narrow, much longer than wide in front, the outer edge three-lobed, inner tubercle on the front edge; tubercular grinders transversely trigonal, much wider than long, the outer edge sloped, and the hinder lobes in the middle of the hinder edge. There is no hinder tubercular ; but the one present is quite like the front tubercular in the typical Viverride. The skulls of Z. gracilis and L. pardicolor are very similar; but the skull is rather larger, the palate narrower in front and behind, and the bulle of the ears are narrower and less ventricose in L. racilis than in L. pardicolor. The following are the measurements in inches and twelfths in L. gracilis:—length of skull 1” 7", width at brain-case 11’, width of zygomatic arch 1" 33’”, length of nose 9". L. pardicolor :—length of skull 2” 6’, width of brain-case 103", width of zygomatic arch 1” 22'", length of nose 83’". 54 VIVERRIDZ. 6. POIANA. Head small; ears rounded. Body slender, elongate ; fur soft, close,” short, nearly uniform in length, spotted; no central dark vertebral line. Legs rather short. Feet hairy, cat-like; toes 5/5, short ; hind soles covered with hair; with a short narrow naked line, forked below, and only reaching to the middle of the foot above. Claws retractile. Tail cylindrical, black-ringed. Poiana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520. Hab. Africa. Very like Linsang in external appearance, but with the feet of a Genetta. Poiana Richardsoni. (Guinea Linsang.) B.M. Pale brown, black-spotted ; spots on the back larger, square ; spots on sides and feet smaller, rounded. Linsang Richardsoni, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 72. Viverra genettoides, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 89, 1853? Genetta Richardsoni, Thompson, Ann. N. H. 1842. Genetta poénsis (jun.), Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, P. 59. Poiana Richardsoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520. Hab. West Africa: Fernando Po (Thompson); Guinea (Temm.). Fig. 8. aM Teta f ren A Skull and tecth very like Linsang; but the brain-case is ovate and more ventricose. The orbits not defined behind, and confluent with the temporal cavity; zygomatic arch stronger. The nose is 7. GALIDIA. 55 compressed. The palate is very narrow behind. Teeth 38; the upper false grinders compressed ; the flesh-tooth considerably longer than broad in front, with a roundish inner lobe on the front edge, separated from the other lobe by a notch; the tubercular grinders transverse, triangular, broad, with a small lobe in the middle of the hinder edge. There is no second tubercular grinder. in the upper jaw. Length of skull 2” 9'", of nose 9"; width of brain-case 11’, of zygomatic arch 1” 5”, Section B. Subplantigrade. Zhe underside of the toes and more or less of the back of the tarsus near the foot bald and callous. The flesh- tooth is massive and strong ; the tubercular grinder large, broad.—Gyay, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 521. Tribe IV. GALIDIINA. The hind part of the tarsus hairy to the sole; the tail bushy. 7. GALIDIA. Ears elongate. Body slender. Legs short. Tail elongate, cylin- drical, rather larger at the end, ringed? Toes 5/5, arched, webbed ; front subequal; the toes and sole bald; the tarsus hairy behind. Claws acute, compressed, retractile. Skull rather ventricose ; face short ; forehead arched; crown flat. Teeth 26 or 38; false grinders 3.4%, front very small; flesh-tooth triangular, elongate, longer than broad, and falls early ; tubercular grinders 2, transverse, the second very small (see skull, G. elegans, Geoff. Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 17). Galidia, I. Geoff. Compt. Rendus, 1837, p. 580; Mag. de Zool. 1839, pp. 27, 38, t. 14,17; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 522, We only possess Galidia elegans; and the feet of that species have no relation to those of an Herpestes, to which M. I. Geoffroy com- pares them; they are much more those of a Genet, having short, arched, webbed toes and very acute retractile claws. * Tail ringed; “soles of hind feet narrow.” Galidia. 1. Galidia elegans. B.M. Dark chestnut-brown ; tail nearly as long as the body, black-ringed. Length 15 inches, tail 12 inches. Galidia elegans, I. Geoff. Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 27, t. 14,17; Gray, P. Z. 8, 1864, p. 523. Margusta (Galidia) elegans, Blainv. Ost. t. 9. Genetta?, 4A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 52 (see I. Geoff.). Vounsira, Flacourt, Histoire de Madagascar, p. 164, 1661. Vausire, Buffon & Daubenton? Hab. Madagascar (called Vounsira). Skull oblong, rather elongate; forehead shelving, rather convex ; the crown flat; the brain-case nearly two-thirds the entire length. False grinders 3, the first very small, deciduous, the second, and * 56 VIVERRIDZ. third compressed ; the flesh-tooth trigonal, considerably longer than broad at the front edge—the internal tubercle large, and a little behind the front margin. Tubercular grinders—the first subtruncate, oblong, rather wider than long, contracted on the inner side; the second very small, transverse, oblong (see I. Geoff. 1. c. t. 17). : In the figure cited the brain-cavity is nearly three-fifths the entire length of the skull (that is, measured to the back of the orbits); and the zygomatic arch is rather wider than half the length of the skull. ** Tail one colour ; “ soles of hind feet more bald.” Salanoia. 2. Galidia concolor. Red-brown, black-dotted ; tail like back, much shorter than the body ; ears broad and short. Length 13 inches, tail 7 inches. Galidia concolor, I. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 30,t.15; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 523. Galidia unicolor, I. Geoff. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1887, v. p. 581. Hab. Madagascar. : 3. Galidia olivacea. Olive-brown, yellow-dotted ; tail same colour as the body; false grinders 3; tubercular grinders broader than in G. elegans, especially the hinder ones. Galidia olivacea, I. Geoff. Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 16; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 528. ? La petite fouine de Madagascar, Sganzin in Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 41. Hab. Madagascar (Bernier) (called “Salano”). Tribe V. HEMIGALINA. The toes and the middle of the lower part of the tarsus bald; the upper part and sides of lower part hairy. Tail ringed. Fur soft. Frenum hairy. Orbit imperfect. 8. HEMIGALEA. Head conical. Nose bald, flat, and with a distinct central groove below; nostrils lateral. Ears moderate, ovate, covered with hair externally. Whiskers numerous, very long, rather rigid, with tufts of slender bristles on the throat, cheeks, and eyebrows. Toes 5/5. Claws acute, semiretractile. Hind feet semiplantigrade; the upper part of the sole hairy, with a narrow bald sole in front below. Frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40; false grinders 3.3; tuber- cular grinders 2, 2, Hemigalea (Hemigalus), Jourdan, Compt. Rend. 1837; Ann. Sci. Nat. vill. p. 276, 1887 (uot characterized); Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 524, The genus is only very indistinctly characterized by M. Jourdan in the papers referred to. ~ 9, ARCTICTIS. bY) Hemigalea Hardwickii. B.M. Pale yellow; three streaks on the head, two streaks on the nape, some marks on the ears, five crescent-like bands across the back, two rings on the base of the tail, and the end of the tail black. Viverra Hardwickii. Gray, Spice. Zool. ii. p. 9, t. 1 (not Lesson). ee zebré, Voyage dela Bonite,t.; Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat, viii. Viverra ee 8, Miller, Zoog. ind. Arch. t. 18; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 363. ae derbianus, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. H. i. (1837) p. 579; De Blainv. Ost. Atlas, t. 7, t. 12 (teeth). Paradoxurus? zebra, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. H. i. (1837) p. 579 (from a drawing). Le orate al tr (partly), Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 387, Hemigalea Hardwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 524. Hab. Malacca (Major Farquhar) ; Borneo (Lowe). The skull agrees with Genetta and Nandinia in the hinder opening of the palate being only a short distance behind the line between the back edges of the hinder tubercular grinders. The orbit is very incomplete. The teeth are short, broad, and very unlike those of Genetta and Nandinia—somewhat similar to those of the genus Paguma. The first and second false grinders are compressed, the third has an inner lobe on the middle of the inner side. The flesh- tooth is triangular, scarcely longer than the width of the middle of the tooth, the large inner lobe occupies nearly the whole inner side. The tubercular grinders are oblong, triangular, much wider than long, rounded on the inner side; the hinder one like the front, but only about half the size. The nose of the skull is elongate. The brain-cavity ovate, ventricose, not suddenly constricted in front. Forehead shelving, rather convex. The bulle of the ears are oblong, elongate, vesicular, truncated behind, and keeled on the outer edge. Length of the skull 3” 9’’, of nose 1" 43'", of zygomatic arch and orbit 1" 6’; width of brain-case 1" 3'”, of back of mouth 6” 12”, of zygoma 1” 10". Tribe VI. ARCTICTIDINA. The hinder part of the tarsus bald and callous. The tail thick, strong, and prehensile. Fur harsh, bristly. ars pencilled. Fre- num hairy. Orbit of skull imperfect, only defined by a prominence above.—Gray, P. Z, S. 1864, p. 523. 9. ARCTICTIS. Head conical. Whiskers numerous, long, rigid, more slender on the cheeks, throat, and eyebrows. Nose acute; underside flat, with a broad central groove. Eyes small. Ears closely covered with long hairs, forming a pencil. Toes 5/5. Claws compressed, acute, re- tractile. Soles of hind feet broad, entirely bald and callous to the heel. ‘Tail conical, covered with long hair, convolute. Frenum 58 VIVERRID.E. covered with hair? Teeth 36; false grinders 2.2; tubercular grinders 2. ?, Aretictis, Temm. Monogr. xx. p.21,1820?; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p.525, Ictides, F Cuvier ; Valenciennes, ‘Ann, des Sci. Nut. iv. p: 57, 1825; Férus. Bull. Sct. v. p. 266, 1825, Hab. Asia. : . Major Farquhar says, “It climbs trees, assisted by its prehensile tail, in which it has uncommon strength.” M. F. Cuvier (Mém. Mus. ix. p. 46) doubts this fact; but he is wrong, as any one may sec by observing the living animal in the Zoological Gardens. Arctictis binturong. (Binturong.) B.M. Black. Younger with more or less long white tips to the hairs; young, pale dirty yellow. Varies in the quantity and length of white tips of the hairs. Viverra P binturong, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 253. ga binturong, Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 308; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, Atetictis penicillatus, Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 62; Miiller, Zoog. ind. Arch. p. 82. Paradoxurus albifrons, F. Cuvier, Mém, Mus. ix. p. 44, t.4; Mamm. Lathogr. t. : Ictides, F. Cuv. Dents des Mamm. p. 104, t. 34. Ictides ater, . Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. Ictides albifrons, Valenc, Ann. Sci. Nat. iv. p. 57, t.1; F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. ix. t. 4. Hab. Malacca (Farquhar, 1819); Sumatra (Raffles); Java (Tem- minck); Tenasserim and Arracan (Cantor); Assam, Nepal (Blyth). Skull of young animal elongate. Teeth 36; canines slender ; grinders small and far apart; the false grinders, first and second conical, the third compressed ; the flesh-tooth small, triangular, inner side rounded; tubercular grinder oblong, trigonal, with a rounded inner edge, larger than the flesh-tooth. Length of skull 4” 6", of nose 1” 6”; width of brain-case 1" 7'", of zygomatic arch 2" 4", — In the adult skull, false grinders 2.8, compressed, the third triangular ; the flesh-tooth triangular, as broad as long, inner edge rounded, with the inner tubercle in the middle; the tubercular grinders small, the first triangular, somewhat like the flesh-tooth, but smaller, the hinder very small, cylindrical (Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 50). The skeleton agrees with Puradowurus in the large number (34) of caudal vertebra, but differs from it in having a more plantigrade character in the bones of the feet (Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 307). M. Temminck (Monogv. ii. p. 308) proposed to arrange P. aureus of F. Cuvier with this genus, as it could not be classed with any other group, observing that it is described from a very young specimen not more than one or two months old; and he objects to species being described on such specimens. PARADOXURINA. 59 Tribe VII. PARADOXURINA. The hind part of the tarsus bald and callous. ‘The tail cylindrical, hairy, very long, of many vertebra, revolute. The frenum with a secretory gland. Head elongate. Pupil linear, erect. Orbit of skull generally only defined by a slight prominence above.—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 526. : This is an exceedingly natural group, well defined by its external characters and general appearance; at the same time the form of the skull and the teeth of the different species present so great an amount of variation that, if one studied the skull only, one would be inclined to distribute them among several different tribes of Carnivora—an instance, among many, which shows the necessity of studying the animal as a whole, and of not devoting one’s attention more to the osteological than the external characters, or vice versd. The gland on the frenum, which is the peculiar character of the genus Paradoxurus, was known to Pallas, who called the species Vwerra hermaphrodita on account of it. It was redescribed and figured by Otto, but overlooked by F. Cuvier when he named the genus from a specimen with a distorted tail! M. Temminck observes, “ Nom générique donné a tout hasard par F. Cuvier, dont il faut se garder de ne rendre l’application stricte- ment applicable 4 aucune des espéces de ce groupe. “La forme et le pouvoir que M. F. Cuvier attribue 4 cette queue sont basés sur des observations faites sur un sujet soumis a l’état captif, mais ne sont nullement caractérisés pas moins spécifiquement pour son Pougonne, notre Paradoxurus typus—la Marte des Palmiers du Buffon.”—Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 312. If M. Temminck had observed many of these animals alive, he would have found that many of them have the habit of curling up the end of the tail as it lies on the ground, and that the ends of the tails of those in confinement are often worn away on the side from this habit (see also Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 118). M. Temminck describes the claws as “not retractile” (Monogr. ii. p. 812); but Mr. Turner, in his interesting observations on the anatomy of Paradoxurus typus, describing the feline habit of the animal, states that the claws are quite as retractile, and scale off at the ends to keep them sharp, as in the Cat; he also says the pre- putial gland secretes the odorous exhalation (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 24). “The Paradowuri are in habits like the Civets; their glandular secretion is peculiar, not civet- or musk-like.”—Cantor, Cat. p. 32. Tail very long; caudal vertebra 36 or 38. The species of this group have been very imperfectly understood. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1832 I gave a monograph of the species which the specimens and other materials then available afforded ; and I revised the species in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ for 1837. The number of species described 60 VIVEBRIDE. being so much larger than was then known on the Continent, seems to have excited the distrust of the continental zoologists as to their distinctness. : M. Temminck, in the second volume of his ‘ Monographie,’ pub-~ lished an essay on the genus, and states that he was indebted to Mr. Ogilby for his assistance. But I fear he must have misunderstood some of Mr. Ogilby’s observations; for I can hardly think that an English zoologist, who, from his position as Secretary of the Zoolo- gical Society, must have seen many species of the genus alive, could have had such an imperfect acquaintance with the specimens that are ta be seen in our menageries. M. Temminck’s ‘ Monograph’ is accurate as far as regards the species which inhabit the Asiatic possessions now or formerly under the Dutch rule. But M. Temminck seems to be entirely unac- quainted with the species of continental India and China; he con- fused, under the same description, species that are very unlike in external characters; some of his figures of the skull do not agree with the skulls of the species which we have extracted from the skins. I may observe that it was formerly the great defect of the osteological collection at Leyden that many of the skeletons had been purchased at sales of private collections in London and elsewhere; so that the accuracy of the determination of the species from which the skulls were obtained solely depended on the accuracy or knowledge of the proprietor, generally more of an anatomist than a zoologist ; and as the skin was not kept, there was no means of verifying the name. Hence it is very likely the Nepal P. Grayi was called in the collection from which it was obtained P. musanga of Java. M. Schlegel has been remedying this defect by the preparation of ske- letons from well-determined specimens. M. Jourdan observes, “Ce que nous pouvons dire c’est que dans la collection ostéologique du Muséum il existe des tétes osseuses qui, sous le nom commun de Puradoawurus typus, indiquent au moins quatre espéces, et que dans chacune d’elles on peut aisément di- stinguer une différence tranchante de disposition carnassiére.”— Ann. Sei. Nat. viii. p. 275, 1837. The development of the auditory bulla is variable in the genera and species. In Paguma, Paradoxurus, and Arctogale the bulla is large, ventricose, slightly keeled along the lower edge, with a trian- gular end. In Nandinia it is very small, not inflated, and scarcely raised. It varies in form in the different species of Paradoxurus, being smallest in P. bondar. The hinder part of the palate of the skull also affords good cha- racters, thus: — 1. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and nearly in a line Pe the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paradowurus and Nan- inia. 2. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and further back than the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paguma and Arctictis, PARADOXURINA. 61 3. The hinder opening of the palate is narrow, at the end of a narrow depressed tube, and considerably further back than the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Arctogale. The specimens which are in the British Museum Collection may be divided and arranged thus, from what has been called the “most carnivorous ” to the “ most omnivorous ”’ form of teeth :— 1. The flesh-tooth very narrow, with a small internal process on the front edge. Nandinia binotata. 2. The flesh-tooth rather narrow, with a rather small internal lobe on the front edge. Paradoxurus bondar. 3. The flesh-tooth rather wider, with a moderate-sized internal lobe on the front edge; teeth moderate. P. Crossii, P. nigrifrons, and P. zeylanicus. 4. The flesh-tooth triangular, broad, massive, with a large internal lobe occupying a great part of the inner side. a. The teeth elongate, large, massive. Paradoxwrus mu- sanga, P. philippensis, P. macrodus, and Paguma leuco- mystax. b. The teeth shorter and broader, moderate or small, Pa- guma Grayi, P. larvata, and Arctogale trivirgata. They may be arranged, according to the form of the adult skull, thus :— 1. The brain-case wide in front, scarcely constricted. Orbit indi- stinctly marked. Nose broad. Paguma larvata and P. leu- comystax. 2. The brain-case wide in front, and distinctly constricted. Nose rather elongate. a. Orbit marked only with a short blunt process on the upper hinder edge. Paguma Grayi. 6. Orbit marked with a rather short, acute, well-marked process on the upper hinder edge. Nandinia binotata. 3. The brain-case narrow, and evidently and distinctly constricted in front. The orbit undefined. a. The face broad; width at the tubercular grinder about four-fifths the length of the palate. Paradoxwrus phi- lippensis, P. Crossit, P. nigrifrons, P. fasciatus, and P. macrodus. : b. The face rather elongate; width at the tubercular grinder two-thirds of the length of the palate. P. zeylanicus, P. bondar, and P. hermaphroditus. _4, The brain-case narrow, suddenly and distinctly constricted in front. The orbit well defined behind. Arctogale trivirgata. 62 VIVERRIDE. The following table may facilitate the determination of the species in the Museum from their external appearance :— a. Fur thick, very hairy, rigid, not striped, without any spots under the eyes. Paguma leucomystax. b. Fur very thick, long, with longer rigid hairs, not striped or spotted, but with a spot under the eye. Paguma Grayi, Pa- radoxurus bondar. c. Fur thick, soft, with longer rigid hairs, with a spot under the eye. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus. d. Fur very thick, close, soft, of nearly uniform length, with a spot under the eyes; check. whitish, with small dark spots. Paradoxurus Crossii, Paguma larvata, Paradoxurus philip- pensis, P. nigrifrons, P. musanga, and P. dubius (cheek dark). e. Fur soft; back striped; with no spots under the eyes or on the face. Arctogale trivirgata. f, Fur soft, thick, close; back spotted; with two yellow spots on the shoulder. Nandinia binotata. g. Fur very soft, of a unuform colour, with no spot under the eye or on the face. Paradoxurus zeylanicus. 10. NANDINIA. Nose conical; underside flat, with a distinct central groove. Frenum covered with hair (?). ‘Nose of skull compressed, produced. The brain-case rather constricted in front behind the orbit. The orbit incomplete, with a well-marked acute process from the fore- head, and none from the zygomatic arch behind. The forehead flat, rhombic; produced, angular behind the orbit. Palate wide behind. Teeth 40; false grinders #.2; flesh-tooth elongate, narrow, with a small internal lobe on the front edge; the hinder tubercular very small, circular. The skull is figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr., Viverra, t. 6) as that of Paradoxurus ? Hamiltonit. Nandinia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 529. Nandinia binotata. (Nandine.) B.M. Nape with three black parallel streaks, one from the forehead, the other from the ears. Back with numerous black spots. Withers each with a yellow spot. Lips, throat, and beneath rufous grey. Legs grizzled, not spotted. Tail elongate, tapering, with many narrow black rings; end blackish. Length 23 inches, tail 19 inches. Nena binotata, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B, M. p. 54: P. Z. S. 1864, p. 530. Viverra binotata, Reimwardt, MS.; Gray, Spie. Zool. p. 9. 11. parapoxurvs. 63 Paradoxurus Hamiltonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 67; lust. Ind. Zool. t.; Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 836, t. 65. f. 1. Paradoxurus ? binotatus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 68; Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 336, t. 65. f. 7-9 (skull). Hab. West Africa: Fernando Po (Cross); Ashantee (Mus. Ley- den) ; Guinea (Mus. Leyden). Varies in the brightness and rufous tint of the fur, and also in the size of the spots; in some they are much larger, and apparently fewer, than in others. Orbit of skull not defined behind, confluent with the zygomatic cavity. Upper false grinders 3, compressed, first small, third with- out any distinct inner lobes; flesh-tooth elongate, outer edge con- siderably longer than the width of the front edge, inner tubercle on the front edge; tubercular grinders two, front triangular, rather wider than the length of the outer edge, hinder small, circular. Length of skull 3” 4'", of nose 1 1'"; width of brain-case 1" 23", of zygoma 1” 10". 11. PARADOXURUS. Head conical. Nose flat, and with a central groove beneath. Whiskers numerous, strong, elongate. Pupil linear, erect. Toes 5/5. Frenum bald, glandular. The skull with the brain-case strongly and suddenly constricted in front; forehead small, trans- verse, truncated behind. The orbit very incomplete, with only a short conical prominence above behind, and none on the zygomatic arch below; hinder part of the palate moderate, with only a very slight notch at each side on its front edge. Teeth 40, large; false grinders 3.3; the flesh-tooth triangular or subelongate ; the tuber- cular oblong, transverse. Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lnthogr, ii. t. 1821; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 530. Platyschista, Otto, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop, xvii. p. 1090, 1835. Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas. M. Temminck, in his ‘Monographies de Mammalogie,’ vol. ii. p- 312 (published in 1855), has given a monograph of this genus ; the synonyms are very incorrect. * The skull elongate ; the nose slender; the width of the head at the last tooth two-thirds the length of the palate; the flesh-tooth elongate, rather narrow, with a small internal lobe on the front edge. Bondar. —Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 531. 1. Paradoxurus bondar. B.M. Fur very long, hairy, rather rigid, dirty yellowish white varied with the long black tips of the longer and more rigid hairs; end of nose brown, generally with a white central streak. The feet, outer side of fore legs, and end of the tail blackish. 2 Ichneumon bondar, Buchanan, MS. Viverra bondar, De Blainville, Journ. de Phys. Paguma bondar, Horstield, Cat. Mus, E. Ind. Comp. p. 68. 64 VIVERRIDZ. Paradoxurus bondar, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 66; Ilust. Ind. Zool. t. ; P. Z, 8. 1864, p. 531. Paradoxurus Pennantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 66; lust. Ind. Zool. t. Paradoxurus hirsutus, Hodgson, Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 72, 1836. Genetta bondar, Lesson, Mamm. p.175. Hab. Nepal: North Behar and Tarai (Hodgson). This species is easily known from P. Grayi by the rigid harsh- ness of the fur and the dark colour of the outside of the legs. Skull narrow, elongate. False grinders distant, the third trigo- nal; flesh-tooth narrow, elongate, the outer edge longer than the width of the front edge, with the inner lobe on the front margin ; tubercular grinder oblong, transverse, rather narrower and rounded on the inner side, wider than long; the hinder tubercular small, oblong, subcircular. Length of skull 4” 13'", of nose 1" 5”; width of brain-case 1” 43’, of zygoma 2” 3'”. ** The skull moderately broad ; the width of the head at the last tooth about Sour-fifths of the length of the palate ; the flesh-tooth rather longer than wide in front, with a moderate-sized internal lobe on the front edge. Platyschista.—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 531. 2. Paradoxurus zeylanicus. B.M. Nearly uniform brown or dark brown; the longer hairs with a bright golden tint; ears nearly naked; whiskers pale brown; tail subcylindrical, sometimes with a single yellow or pale subterminal band ; heel of hind feet hairy. Length of body and head 21 inches, tail 17 inches. Paradoxurus zeylanicus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531. Viverra zeylanica, Pallas in Schreb. Sdugeth. 45. Viverra ceylonensis, Bodd. Lee ah har ea Desm. Mamm. p. 540; F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. 1X. p. a Ee Bardoxuis icus, De Blainv.. Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 12 (teeth), t. 7 (skull, good). ? Arctictis aureus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 158. Hab. Ceylon (Pallas, Kelaart). These animals differ in the intensity of the colour of the fur; some are bright golden, and others much more brown; the latter is P. fuscus of Kelaart. One of the Museum specimens has a bright yellow ring near the tip of the tail. : Third upper false grinders with only a slight indication of a lobe in the middle of the inner edge ; the flesh-tooth with the outer edge scarcely longer than the width of the front edge; first tubercular large (with the inner edge narrower than the outer one), larger than in P. philippensis. Dr. Kelaart has described, and we have in the British Museum, two varieties of P. zeylanicus differing in the intensity of the colour of the fur. In the British Museum we have three skulls, with their permanent teeth, said to have been sent from Ceylon, one being from 11. PARADOXURUS. 65 the skin in the collection sent by Dr. Kelaart: one is larger and rather broader than the other two, which are younger. In two of them the flesh-teeth are nearly similar, with a moderate-sized in- ternal lobe, and the first and hinder upper tubercular grinders are much larger in one of these than in the other. In the third skull, which is the larger, the internal lobe of the flesh-tooth is much longer, compared with the size of the outer portion, than in the pre- ceding skulls; and the first tubercular grinder is much larger, longer, and more massive compared with its width than in either of the preceding; in this skull the hinder tubercular is not yet developed. Is it that these skulls belong to, and are characteristic of, the two animals which we have thus wrongly called varieties? or does the difference merely arise from their being of two sexes? Genera have been formed on less differences in the Carnivora, 3. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, B.M. Fur long, rigid, harsh, blackish more or less varied with the pale colours of the lower part of the hairs, scarcely showing three indi- stinct black streaks on the back; under-fur thick, soft, and very pale reddish ; the feet and end of the tail black; spot under the eye and the forehead paler, more or less grey or whitish. Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas, Schreb. Stugeth. p. 426. — ermaphrodita, Gray, P. Z. S, 1882, p. 69; 1864, . 532. Plkiveobieta Pallasii, Otto, N. Act. Leop. xvii. p. 1089, t. 71, 72. Viverra nigra, Desm. Mamm., p. 208 (from Buffon, Suppl. iii. t. 47). La Marte des Palmiers, ou le Pougonne, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. Paradoxurus typus, F. Cuv.Mamm. Inthogr., Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 216. Genette de France, Buffon, H. N. vii. p. 58; Suppl. iii. t. 47. Musk or Musky Weasel, Penn. Quadr. Hab. Continental India, in the plains: Bengal (Temm.); Madras (Jerdon). ' This species differs from the preceding in being small and much blacker. Only one of the wild specimens in the Museum, in a good state of fur, shows any indication of the three black dorsal streaks; but the fur can easily be placed so as to make three more or less interrupted ones apparent: and some of the specimens, which have the tips of the longer hairs worn off, have a somewhat striped appearance on the back; but this evidently depends only on the bad state of the specimens from their having been kept in confine- ment. The skull is very like that of P. zeylanicus; the teeth are rather larger, the nose rather narrower in front; the flesh-tooth is rather broad and thick; the front tubercular grinder is transverse, nar- rower on the inner side, and contracted in front and behind in the middle; the hinder tubercular is very small and circuiar; the palate- edge is arched behind. The skull is very old, and the orbit is rather more defined behind than usual. The Viverra hermaphrodita of Pallas is thus described :—‘ Ashy- F 66 VIVERRIDE. black hairs, grey at the base, black at the tip; beneath pale, a white spot under the eye; ears, throat, and feet black ; nose, whiskers, and back with three black streaks; tail longer than the body, black at the tip; claws yellow.” Most probably this species is also the Platyschista Pallasti of Otto; but his figure makes the stripes on the back more distinct than they are usually seen, and the sides of the body too spotted ; but it is easy to make a specimen look like the figure. The figure of the teeth of P. typus, in De Blainville’s « Ostéogra- phie,’ better represents the teeth of our P. zeylanicus than of P. typus. Perhaps it is not from the skeleton figured on plate 2, which is said to be the animal described by F. Cuvier. The chief differ- ence between the skulls of the two species is, that the internal lobe of the flesh-tooth in P. zeylanicus is in a straight line with the front edge of the tooth, whereas in P. typus it is rather in front of the outer part of the front edge of the tooth. The skeleton of the animal first described by F. Cuvier as Para- dowurus typus is engraved by De Blainville, Ostéogr. t. 2. 4, Paradoxurus Crossii. BM. Fur short and close, erect, pale iron-grey without any spots or stripes, spot on side of nose, under orbit, forehead, and base of ears whitish ; nose dark brown; feet and ends of the tail black. Paradoxurus Crossii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 67, 1832; Illust. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 7; P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 533. Paradoxurus musanga, var., Zemm. Esq. Zool. p. 120. Paguma Crossii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 54. Hab. India (Brit. Mus.). Described from an adult specimen that was confined in the Surrey Zoological Gardens. It is very like P. Grayii; but the fur is short, thick, and very close, and the colouring of the face is rather different. The nose is brown in the centre, with the brown colour extending under the eyes; the spot under the eye is small and indistinct. The skulls of the type specimens of P. Crossit and P. nigrifrons in the British Museum are very much alike in general shape, in the breadth of the palate compared with the length, and in the form of the grinders, including the flesh-tooth. Considering the variations which individuals of the same species present, if we had had only the skulls, not knowing the characters of the fur and the colours of the two species, we might have considered them to be varieties of the same species. But knowing that they are the skulls of two very distinct species, one can perceive that the nasal bones are much longer, and the condyles of the skull larger and more oblique, in P. Orossii than the same parts in the skull of P. nigrifrons. The bulla of the ears is differently shaped, ending below in small acutely keeled prominences in P. Crossii, while in P. nigrifrons the whole outer hinder edge is strongly keeled. P. Crossti is rather narrower at the zygoma. These differences might be peculiar to the indi- vidual in each case; and T should not have considered them of 11. PARADOXURUS. 67 specific importance, if I had not: known the external characters and appearance of the animals. The measurements of the two skulls are as follows, in inches and twelfths :— P. Crossii. P. nigrifrons, 3! Length of skull .......... 3" gi" 103” of nose.......... ic Lb 8 1 3 of palate .......... 1 9 1 9 Width of last grinders .... 1 82 1 4 ——— of brain-case *...... 1 38 1 3 > of zygoma ........ 2 42 2 1% Skull of Paradorurus Crossii. serves that ‘it is established on the same specimens 4s served as the model for the figure of Horsfield.” How he could have re such F 68 VIVERRIDH. an extraordinary mistake I cannot conceive. P. Crossit was de- scribed from a specimen living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, which did not arrive in this country until several years after Dr. Horsfield’s work was published; and Dr. Horsfield’s figure was drawn from a stuffed specimen collected by himself in Java, and for years exhibited in the Museum at the India House ; while the type specimen of P. Crossii was, and is still, in'the collection of the British Museum. I feel that little reliance can be placed on M. Temminck’s statements as to his observations on type specimens. ~ Probably in this case he was misled by misunderstanding some observations of Mr. Ogilby. 5. Paradoxurus nigrifrons. B.M. Fur short, close, blackish grey varied with the black tips to the longer hairs ; nose, crown, cheeks, and upper part of the throat and feet reddish black; tail-end black ; a whitish spot on side of nose, under, and above the eyes: a streak at the base of the ears, and the sides of the throat behind the dark cheeks, whitish. Paradoxurus nigrifrons, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; Illust. Ind. Zool. t.; P. Z. 8, 1864, p. 535. Hab. India (Brit. Mus.). Single specimen. The specimen is very like P. Crossti in the nature and colour of the fur; but it is rather darker in every part, and the crown and cheeks are reddish black, being in P. Crossii grey or whitish. In the blackness of the cheeks and throat and the paleness of the forehead this species is allied to P. musanga; but the fur is shorter, and I cannot find any indications of dorsal streaks or spots, and the whiteness of the forehead is much more indistinct and diffused than in any specimens of that species I have seen. The specimen has been in confinement ; but its fur is in very good condition. *** The skull broad; the width of the head at the last tooth about two- thirds of the length of the palate; the flesh-tooth broad, massive, tri- angular, with a large internal lobe occupying two-thirds of the inner side. Macrodus. 6. Paradoxurus fasciatus. Fur short, close, blackish grey ; back with five longitudinal black streaks, more or less broken, especially the side ones, into spots; sides, shoulders, and thighs with small spots; face, occiput, chin, throat, and end of tail black; forehead, spot on side of nose, and under orbit white. Viverra fasciata, Desm. Mamm. p. 209. Genetta fasciata, Lesson, Mamm. p. 174. Viverra Geoffroyii, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 171. Paradoxurus musanga, Gray, P. Z, 8. 1832, p. 16. Paradoxurus musanga, var. pivanticn, Horsf. Java, t.; Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 817, t. 53, f. 2-5, t. 64. f. 1, 2, 3 (skulls). Viverra musanga, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii, p. 265. Musang, Marsden, Sumatra, p 110 t, 12 11. PARADOXURUS. 69 Paradoxurus typus, var. sumatranus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159. Paradoxurus setosus, Homb. § Jacg. Voy. de UAstr. Zool. iii. p. 25, t. Paradoxurus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 536. Var. 1. Forehead more white. ae a Pallasii, Gray, P. Z 8.1832, p. 67; Illust. Ind ool. t. ? Paradoxurus albifrons, Bennett, in Zool. Gardens List (not of Cuvier). Var. 2. Tip of tail white. Hab. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo (Hors/field). The size of the spots on the face and the extent and pureness of the white on the forehead vary; but the animal always has a dis- tinct brown or black mark on the back of the cheeks, most distinctly defined on the lower part of the face. The species has been divided into several on account of these differences. A specimen from Borneo in the Museum is so black that the spots are scarcely to be distinguished; but there are specimens in the collection that are intermediate between it and those which have the common colour of the species. The skull is like that of P. nigrifrons; the teeth are much more thick and massive, the flesh-tooth broader and with a much larger internal lobe; the first tubercular is more square, nearly as wide on the inner as on the outer side: the hinder tubercular is small, sub- circular; the palate has an angular notch behind; the zygomatic arch is also a little wider. Length of the skull 4", of the nose 1" 4'", of palate 1” 103’”; width at tubercular grinder 1” 6'”, at zygoma 2” 3", of brain-case 1 BY Paradoxurus quinquelineatus and Paradoxurus musangoides, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. H. i. p. 579, 1837, are perhaps only varieties of the young animal of this species. Viverra fasciata, Desm. Mamm. p. 209 (not of Gmelin), described as pale yellow, with longitudinal series of brown spots, end of the nose and frontal cross band white, is also probably the same. It cannot be Viverricula madagascariensis, as the forehead is not par- ticularly white. This is perhaps the Platyschista ——? which Otto notices in ‘ Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol.’ xvii. p. 1102.—Hab. Java? (Mus. Paris.). 7. Paradoxurus dubius. B.M., type. Pale yellowish ashy brown, with three indistinct, rather inter- rupted, darker bands and some indistinct darker spots on the sides ; head, ears, and feet chestnut; forehead with an indistinct whitish band; spot on side of nose and under eyes white. Paradoxurus dubius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 66; 1864, p. 537. Hab. Java (Brit. Mus.). ; The skull is in the skin; so I have not been able to examine it. This species may be only a very pale variety of P. fasciatus. 70 VIVERRIDE. 8. Paradoxurus philippensis. B.M., type. Fur blackish, with a silvery gloss; spot under eyes distinct; cheeks dark brown; head, feet, and the greater part of the tail blacker; the back with three indistinct narrow black streaks, which converge near the rump, and with a series of very indistinct small ones on the upper part of the sides; sides of forehead, chest, and beneath whiter; whiskers white and black: ears hairy. Var. 1. Dorsal stripes none. B.M. Var. 2. Albino, yellowish white. B.M. Martes philippensis, Camellus, Phil. Trans. xxiv. p. 2204. Paradoxurus zeylanicus (partly), Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. B 55. Paradoxurus philippensis, Temm. Monogr. ii., Esq. Z. p. 120 (not Jourdan) ; Leap, P. Z. 8, 1864, 3 587. Paradoxurus aureus, Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Hab. Manilla, Philippines: Casmiguind (Cuming). The colours vary much in intensity, and in the lighter and darker specimens the spots and streaks are scarcely visible; the white on the side of the forehead in front of the base of the ears also varies in distinctness and extent; the spot under the eyes is generally distinct. This species is like P. nigrifrons and P. musanga in many respects; but it differs from them both in the crown of the head being paler like the back, and from P. nigrifrons in having three dorsal stripes; but in one specimen, from the Philippines, these stripes are quite invisible; yet in every other respect this is like the other specimens, and it differs from the specimen of P. nigrifrons in the colour of the crown. Third upper false grinder with a well-marked linear tubercle on the hinder inner edge; the flesh-tooth tubercular, the outer edge not longer than the width of the front margin; front tubercular tooth oblong, the inner and outer edge of about the same width, smaller than in P, zeylanicus. 9. Paradoxurus macrodus. B.M., type. The skull with a rather elongated nose; the third upper false Fig. 10. 12. paguma,. 71- grinder has a well-marked cingillum and a rudimentary lobe on the inner side, The flesh-tooth is very massive, with four large and two small cones; the inner lobe occupies more than half the inner part of the tooth, with two unequal cones, the front one being nearly as large as the middle one on the outer side. The front tubercular very large, oblong, with nearly equal sides and large tubercles; the hinder upper tubercular much smaller, circular. Length of skull 4” 4’, of nose 1" 6'"; width of brain-ease 1” 5’”, of zygoma 2” 3'”. Paradoxurus macrodus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 638. Hab. ? 12. PAGUMA. Nose flat beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Pupil linear, erect. The skull broad, short. Brain-case broad between the orbits, only moderately constricted in front; forehead triangular behind, extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbit very incomplete, with a very short acute prominence above behind, and none on the zygomatic arch below ; hinder part of palate broad, with a very slight notch on each side of its front edge; the front of the palate broad, about as wide as three-fourths of its length. Teeth small or moderate; flesh-tooth triangular, the front edge about as broad as long on the outer edge; the front tubercular oblong, inner edge shorter, rounded. Paguma, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 9, 1831; Proc. Zool. Soc. i. p. 95, 1881 ; il. p. 65, 1882; 1864, p. 539, P Amblyodon, Jourdan, Compt. Rend. 1837. The skull of this genus is easily known by the distinct forehead, the edge of the temporal muscles even in the oldest specimen leaving a plane triangular space over the back of the eyes. This genus was first established on an animal that had not com- pletely shed its teeth; but the examination of the adult skull has justified the separation. 72 VIVERRIDE. The following are the most prominent peculiarities of the skulls of the three species :— 1. P. larvata is the smallest, has the broadest nose (as shown by the shape of the roof of the mouth or palate) and the smallest teeth. 2. P. Grayi is next in size, has a longer and narrower nose, larger teeth, and a larger and more convex forehead. 3. P. leucomystax is the largest, with a short, very broad nose, and wide palate, and very large massive teeth. The hinder opening of the palate in P. larvata and P. leucomystax is angularly cut out behind; in P. Grayi, arched out. The brain- case is widest and least contracted in front in P. larvata and P. leucomystax, and most so in P. Grayt. This contraction becomes more decided as the specimens increase in age. * Skull short; brain-case scarcely constricted in front ; the nose very broad. Paguma, 1. Paguma larvata. B.M., type. Fur grey-brown; head, neck, whiskers, feet, and end of the tail black; chest, streak up the face and forehead, and spots above and beneath the eyes whitish grey. Paguma larvata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1830, p.95; 1881, p. 65; 1864, p. 539. Gulo larvatus, Temm.; H. Smith, Groffith’s A. K. ii. p. 281, t. Viverra larvata, Gray, Spie. Zool. p. 9. Paradoxurus larvatus, Gray, P. Z, S.1832, p. 67; Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ; Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 65. f. 1-8, t. 55. £. I-38 (skull). Hab. China (J. Reeves, 1827); Formosa (Swinhoe). Flesh-tooth oblong, trigonal, rounded at the corners, about as wide as the length of the outer edge; the inner lobe occupying nearly the whole of the inner side, rounded internally. The soles are bald nearly to the heel. The hair is dull grey-brown, with a black ring and whitish tips; the hairs of the blacker part are black nearly to the base; the white on the chest is spread out laterally on the front of the shoulder. M. Temminck, after giving the proper synonyms of this species, continues, “ M. Ogilby indique encore Paradoxurus laniger, Hodgson, et P. Grayi, Bennet” (Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1836, p. 118); and adds, “ Patrie: M. Ogilby, qui a vu 4 Londres une douzaine d’individus de cette espéce, me dit qu’elle vient du continent de Inde. Elle vit dans toute la chaine basse des monts Himalaya. Le plus grand nombre vient du Népaul. Il est probable que le sujet du musée dans les Pays-Bas vient aussi de cette contrée, ayant été acquis & Londres.” Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 331. The whole of these observations of Mr. Ogilby refer to a species quite distinct (indeed having no relation to P. larvata), which does inhabit Nepaul, while P. larvata has not hitherto been received from anywhere but China, and appears to be the species of that country. It is the less excusable that M. Temminck should have made such a comparison, when the true habitat is given in the description of 12. PaguMa.. 73 the animal in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ which he quotes, and I have never yet seen the P. larvata alive in this country. 2. Paguma leucomystax. B.M., type. Black-brown, with elongated black shining hairs; orbits dark brown ; face pale, without any orbital spots, a large spot at the lower angle of the ear; tip of the tail black (rarely white); whiskers rigid, white ; ears large and rounded, not bearded. meen leucomystax, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M., p. 55; P.Z.S. 1864, p. 540, Paradoxurus leucomystax, Gray, Loud. Mag. N. H. 1837; Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 325, t. 64, £. 4-6 (skull). Var. 1. Tip of tail white ; white on face more extended. Paradoxurus Ogilbii, Fraser, Zool. Typica, t.; Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120. Paradoxurus leucocephalus, Gray, Voy. Samarang. (B.M.) Paradoxurus philippensis (partly), Schinz, Syn. p. 387. Var. 2. Albino. Hab. Sumatra and Borneo (Mus. Leyden). The lower and longest whiskers are white, and the upper ones (which are placed just above them) are black and more slender. The half-grown specimen, which I described as Paradowurus leuco- cephalus, appears, on recomparison with the series of specimens, to be only a specimen with more white on the head than usual. The fur is in a bad state, the animal having been kept in confinement. The tip of the tail is white, as in the P. Ogilbii of Fraser, which agrees with it in the whiteness of the head. ** Skull rather longer ; brain-case slightly constricted in bel 3 nose rather elongate, narrower ; teeth small, Amblyodon. 3. Paguma Grayi. B.M. Fur long and rigid, rather woolly, iron-grey, beneath paler ;, base of ears and sides of nose browner; tail elongate, flat at the base. Paguma Grayi, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.p.54; P. ZS. 1864, p. 541; Cat. Hodgson Coll. p. 9. Paradoxurus Grayi, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 18 (!). Paradoxurus larvatus, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120 © Paradoxurus bondar, Temm. Monog. ii. p. 382, t. 55. f. 1-4 (skull, not syn.) (1). aa ras leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 808 (? var.). Paradoxurus nipalensis, Hodgson, Asiatic Research. Bengal, xix. p. 76, 1836 (!). Amblyo i doré, Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. Me 276, 1887 (!). Paradoxurus auratus, De Blainville, Ostéogr. ( Viverra), t. 12 (teeth). Paradoxurus Jourdanii, Gray, Loud. Mag. N. H. i. p.579, 1837 (from Mus. Lyons). Hab. India: Nepal. The spot on the side of the face, under the eye, is sometimes very indistinct. The blackish ends of the hairs of the back, when crowded 74 VIVERRIDZ. together at the crease of the netk, and when brushed towards the middle of the back, give the appearance of a dark band or streak ; but there is no real band or streak in this species. Skull swollen. False grinders moderate, rather compressed, coni- cal, blunt, without any internal process; the flesh-tooth triangular, rather longer on the outer edge than the width of the front edge ; the internal tubercles triangular, rather behind the front edge, inner side rather angular; tubercular grinders oblong, transverse, about as wide as the length of the outer edge, inner side narrower and rounded ; hinder tubercular very small, circular. Length of skull 4" 62'", of nose 1” 53"; width of brain-case 1” 6’’, of zygoma 2” 6", This skull is much more ventricose, and the head is much shorter and broader, than in P. bondar. Paradoxurus leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 303, t. 35, 1829, Temm. Esq. Zool. 120, “ band round the loins, the feet, and the tip of the tail pure white,” is probably, from the description, an accidental variety of the P. Grayi. The specimen does not appear to have been preserved. I believe the specimen which I described in 1837, under the name of P. Jourdanii, ‘ Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ i. p. 579, from a specimen which M. Jourdan purchased in London for the Lyons Museum, is the same as the one here decribed. The only character that M. Jourdan gives for Amblyodon is the following :—* Cette 4 laquelle il a donné le nom d’Amblyodon doré - est celle qui offre la disposition dentaire la plus omnivore, celle qui, par conséquent, rappelle le mieux ce qui a lieu dans les Rasores, chez lesquels les deux bords dentaires sont presque égaux en hau- teur et en épaisseur, également tuberculeux, et ont les deux arriére- molaires approchant le plus d’étre égales et semblables dans leurs cétés interne et externe. L’Amblyodon a un pelage fort grossier, rude, assez long et presque unicolore, seulement plus foncé en dessus, autour des yeux, avec les extrémités noires en dessus, comme la Mustela.’—Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 276, 1837, This character suits more than one Indian species; but fortu- nately M. de Blainville, in his valuable ‘ Ostéographie,’ has figured a skull under the name of Paradowurus auratus, which is probably the one named by M. Jourdan, and certainly is the same as the Paradoxurus Grayt of Mr. Bennett. It may be observed that M. Jourdan was in England shortly after I had described the species in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’: he saw my specimens, and even referred to my paper in his ‘ Mémoire’ (p. 275); but he redescribed my Paradoxurus derbianus as Hemigale zebré, and P. Jourdanii as Amblyodon doré, without reference to their synonyms, though the latter is from the same specimen, I believe, as I described with his permission. See Paradowurus laniger, Hodgson, MS. (Paguma laniger, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; P.Z. 8. 1864, p. 542), : P. larvatus, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120(!); Monogr. ii. Hab. Nepal (Hodgson). 13, ARCTO@ALE. 75° This species is only known from a skin without any skull, and in a very bad state. 13. ARCTOGALE. Head conical. Nose compressed, flat, and with a central groove beneath. Whiskers slender, very long, brown. Ears rounded, covered with short hair. Toes 5/5; claws short, retractile. Soles of hind feet broad, bald nearly to the heel. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical. The frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40. patti Je Peters, Handb. fiir Zool, p. 98 (ined.); Gray, P. Z. 8.1864, p. 642. Skull elongate. Nose produced. Brain-case rather wide, but con- stricted and subcylindrical in front. Forehead broad, angular be- hind, and extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbits nearly complete behind, there being an elongated slender process from the side of the forehead, and a well-marked angle on the upper edge of the zygomatic arch. Hinder part of the palate very narrow, with a deep notch on each side in front, on a level with the hinder tubercular; front of palate as wide as two-thirds its length, Teeth small; the flesh-tooth triangular, with a long, narrow internal lobe; tubercular grinders oblong, the first nearly as long as broad. “T have formed this into a genus, on account of the smallness of the teeth and the protraction of the palate.”—Peters’s Letter, Nov. 11,1864, I had already distinguished the genus, but gladly adopt Dr. Peters’s unpublished name to prevent the useless increase of generic names, Arctogale trivirgata. B.M. Blackish brown, slightly silvered with the pale tips to the hairs; back with three narrow black streaks; throat, chest, and undersides dirty white; the head and tail black; feet blackish brown. Paguma trivirgata, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; Temm. Monogr. ii, p. 835, t. 53. £1 (skeleton). : Viverra trivirgata, Reinhardt, in Mus. Leyden. Paradoxurus trivirgatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p.67; Temm. Esq. Zool. 120. : Paradoxurus levidens, fide Parzudaki’s MS. Arctogale trivirgata, Gray, P. Z. S, 1864, p. 548. Hab. Java and Sumatra (Yemm.); Malacca (Finlayson); Tenas- serim (Blyth). The black streak varies in distinctness and length in the different specimens, being sometimes very black and extending from the back of the head to the base of the tail, in others only distinctly visible in the middle of the back. The head and end of the tail are always blacker, and the throat whitish. There is no white spot under or above the eye; so that it cannot be Viverra hermaphrodita of Pallas, which is described as having three dorsal streaks; and I cannot observe any baldness of the frenum in the stuffed specimens. The tail in some lights looks as if it were very obscurely marked 76 VIVERRIDE. with narrow blackish rings; but they are not distinctly defined in any light. : The Museum procured a young specimen from M. Parzudaki, of Paris, under the name of “ P. levidens, inter P. larvatum et P. Grayi intermedius, Ceylon.” The habitat and the affinities are mistakes, Species of this group requiring further examination. Parapoxurvs stiematicus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120. Fur short and smooth ; that of the nape, upper part of the body, the sides, the four members, and the tail is red-brown, with a silvery lustre; the silky hairs of all parts are tipped with yellowish white. Head black-brown, with a fulvous lustre; a pure-white longitudinal band extends from the forehead to the origin of the muffle, cover- ing the ridge of the nose; the ears naked externally, with the base of the inner side hairy. The tail and the end of the tail chocolate. Length of head and body 17 inches, tail 19 inches.— Hab. Borneo (Schwaner, Temm., Mus. Leyden)—A single, very old, male specimen. Size and form of P. trivirgatus. Pazapoxvrvs LEvcotis, Blyth, in Horsf. Cat. India House Mus. p. 66. Fur rather long, soft, silky ; of upper part of the body, neck, head, and two-thirds of the tail tawny, becoming reddish brown on the back and sides; thighs and legs, throat and abdomen, lighter; tail very long, and deep chestnut-brown ; whiskers long, blackish brown; nose with a central white line; ears scarcely covered with scattered yellowish hairs.—Hab. Tenasserim, Arracan(Mus. India). PaRaDoxvgRvs strictus, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p-105. General colour grey, with a slight rusty shade ; two pro- minent white spots on each side of the head, one beneath the eye oblong, tending forward, one behind the eye larger, triangular, tending backward ; five continuous stripes, regularly defined and straight, of a deep black colour, commencing on the neck, extend over the whole length of the body, having on each side beneath an interrupted band of black spots. Abdomen grey. Tail exceeding the body in length ; mixed grey and black at the base; the ter- minal portion black, the colour increasing in deepness towards the extremity. Legs black. Throat grey, with a medial black stripe. Kars developed. Length from the snout to the root of the tail 23 inches, of the tail 25 inches— Hab. India. ParapoxvRvs auapriscriptus, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 106; Gray, P. Z.8. 1853, p.191. General colour grey, with a slight rufous shade extending over the whole of the body, over one-half of tlie tail, over the forehead and the lower part of the ear. On the back and parts adjoining, four well-defined continuous black stripes pass from the neck to the rump, having a shorter interrupted band on each side. The bridge of the nose in the middle, a well-defined narrow streak from the canthus of the eye, the neck, the feet, and the terminal part of the tail are black ; on the upper part of the neck the hairy covering is slightly variegated VIVERRIDZ. 77 black and grey, the separate hairs being grey at the base and black at the tip. The fur is soft, lengthened, and straggling. The entire length of this species is 50 inches, 26 of which are occupied by the head and body, and 24 by the tail. I could not discover any external differences between the specimens which Mr. Hodgson sent, under the name of P. quadriscriptus, from Nepal, and P. musanga (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 191). The skull has not been compared. PaRADOXURUS PREHENSILIS, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, ii. p. 66; Illust. Ind. Zool.; P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 543. Ichneumon ee Hamilton, MS. India House. Viverra prehensilis, De Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. p. 208. Hab. India.—The species, which has only been described from Dr. Buchanan Hamilton’s drawing, copied in my ‘ Indian Zoology,’ has not yet occurred to me. M.Temminck, who never could have seen it, states it to be “a constant variety” of Paradoxurus musanga (Esq. Zool. p. 120); but, as far as I know, P. musanga is confined to the Malay Islands *. Parapoxurvs Finuarsonu, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 68, from Mr. Fin- layson’s drawing in Library of E. India Company; Horsfield, Cat. India House Mus. p. 65.—Hab. Malacca (Finlayson’s drawing).— Probably the same as P. musanga. PaRaDoxvuRus crassicers, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 392 ; Arch. fiir Naturg. 1856, p. 43. PaRaDoxuRus annuLaTus, Wagner, in Schreber’s Sdugeth. Suppl. ii. p. 253; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 386. “P. supra niger fulvo mixtus, subtus ferrugineus, lutescens; cauda nigro annulata, auri- culis dense pilosis.” —Hab. ? (Mus. Munich). * M. De Blainville paid a visit to Dr. Leach in 1816. I accompanied him to the College of Surgeons and the India House, where he was shown the drawings of Buchanan Hamilton. He took notes of these drawings, and on his return he dine a pee in the Bull. Soc. Philom. for 1816, which he was then editing, describing :— 1. Viverra prehensilis, from Ichneumon prehensilis, Ham. MS. 2. Cervus niger, Ham. MS. (By a mistake, he says the drawing of the animal is in the British Museum.) 3. Capra egagnus cogrus, from C. egagnus cogria, Ham. MS. n. 202. 4, Capra egagnus imberbis, from C. wmberbis barbara, Ham. MS., and C. egagnus chaigra, Ham. M8. 3 ; : 5. Antilope quadricornis, Ham. MS., of which he mistook the habitat, “ Hoormadabad,” for the Tndian name of the animal. 78 CYNOGALID®. Fam. 5. CYNOGALID. Head elongate, face produced. Nose rather produced; underside convex, hairy, without any central longitudinal groove. Fur very dense, close, erect, soft, and elastic. Tail cylindrical, short. Toes short, covered with dense hairs, slightly webbed at the base; the claws short, compressed, retractile ; the soles of the hind feet broad, bald for about one-third of their length, the heels hairy. Frenum covered with hair. Skull—orbits only slightly defined above. Viverride, tribe Cynogalina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 521. CYNOGALE. Head elongate. Nose broad, swollen ; underside hairy, without any central groove. Ears small, rounded, covered with short hairs, Whiskers rigid, elongate; a tuft of longer, more rigid hairs under the ears and over the eyes. Tail much shorter than the body, cy- lindrical, covered with short hair like that on the body. Frenum covered with hair. Skull elongate; face much produced, com- pressed ; orbits not defined at all behind, confluent with the zygo- matic cavity; zygomatic arches strong; forehead between the orbits very narrow. Teeth 40; canines compressed; false grinders com- pressed, 3 on each side in each jaw, third without any inner lobe ; flesh-tooth triangular, largely tubercular, nearly as wide as the length of the outer edge; inner lobe very large, rounded on the middle of the inner side; tubercular grinders two on each side in each jaw, large, rounded on the inner edge, rather wider than the length of the outer edge, the hinder one smaller, but similar to the front one in shape. Cynogale, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist, 1886, i. p. 579; P. Z. S. 1836, p. 86; 1864, p. 522 (aot Du Chaillu), : ee Lamictis, De Biainville, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 56. Potamophilus, S. Miiller, Zoog. Ind, Arch. p. 108 (1889). Cynogale velox, Du Chaillu, is an insectivorous mammal. Cynogale Bennettii. BM. Cynogale Bennettii, Gray, Mag. N. H. i. p. 579 (1836); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 86; Eydoux & Soul. Voy. Bonite, t. Viverra lamictis carcharias, Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 281, t. 8a (1837) ; Blainville Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii.; Ostéograph. t. 12 (teeth). Potamophilus barbatus, S. Miller, Zoog. Ind. Archapel, t. 17. Cynogale barbata, Schinz, Syn. Mam. i. p. 888. . Hab. Borneo (Honeywood). Skull—length 49 inches ; nose 1 inch 10 lines ; width of the brain- case 1 inch 43 lines, of zygomatic arch 22 lines. MUSTELID. 79 Fam. 6. MUSTELID. Head elongate. Nose simple, undersurface fluted, with a central longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on each side of upper and under jaws. Feet rounded; the toes short, curved, more or less united by a web at the base, the last joint bent up; the claws short, compressed, acute, retractile. Mustelidee, § Acanthopoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 100. In my paper describing some little-known Mammalia, in the first volume of Charlesworth’s ‘ Magazine of Natural History,’ p. 579, published in 1837, I used the forms and number of the pads on the feet of Mephitis to divide it into three genera, and also showed the importance of observing the size of the bald parts of the soles of the feet in distinguishing the species of Otters; and in the ‘ Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1864 I have used the excellent character which the form of the bald part of the sole affords for the separation of the genera of Viverride. The only naturalist who seems to have followed up the subject is Mr. Hodgson, who, in his paper “‘ On the Tibetan Badger” in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ for 1847, has given, in t. 31, figures of the under part of the feet, showing the form and disposition of the pads, of eight species of Indian Viverride, Muste- lide, and Urside. Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe 1. Mustelina. Head oblong. ‘Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Terrestrial. A, Digitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hairy, with four bald pads in one. Body elongate ; anal glands developed. Tail slender ; tuber- cular grinder short, transverse, * Teeth 38. 1. Marrzs. False grinders 3. Head elongate. Feet very hairy ; space between the pads hairy, the hairs often covering them from sight. ** Teeth 34. 2. Purontus. False grinders 2. Head short, ovate. Feet and space between the pads very hairy. Body stout; underside blackish. 3. Musreta. False grinders 2. Head elongate, narrow. Feet— space between the pads very hairy. Body slender; underside yellow or white. 4, Vison. False grinders 2. Head elongate, narrow. Feet slightly hairy; pads exposed. Body rather slender ; under- side same colour as upper. 80 MUSTELIDZ. 5. Gymnorvs. False grinders 3. Head elongate, narrow. Feet rather naked, bald beneath, between, and rather behind the pads; toes largely webbed. Soles hairy behind. Body slender. B, Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy. Body stout. Tail short, bushy. Anal glands none. False grinders 2. 6. Guxo. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse ; flesh-tooth elon- gate, with a small subanterior inner lobe. C. Plantigrade. Soles of hind feet bald, callous. Body elongate. Anal glands distinct. False grinders 2; tubercular grinder oblong, transverse, 7. Gatera. Tail elongate. Soles of hind feet with a central longitudinal depression behind, and obscurely divided into four large pads in front. Heels hairy. 8. Grisontza. Tail short. Body slender. Tribe 2. Lutrina. Head depressed. Feet normal, rounded; toes webbed. Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse. A. Tail conical, tapering, entirely covered with hair. + The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads. * The muzzle hairy ; only the thin margin of the nostrils bald. 9. Baranera. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Toes rather elongate. ** The muzzle hairy between the nostrils; upper and front edge of the nostrils bald. 10. Lonrra. Toes rather elongate, well webbed; claws sharp. *** The muzzle bald, band-like between the front and upper edge of the nostrils, t Foot oblong ; toes thick, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed ; pads of toes and palm large, close together. 11. Lurra. Orbit of skull defined by a conical process behind. Head and skull elongate. 12, Norria. Orbit of skull defined by a conical process behind. Head and skull short, broad. 13. Lurronscres. Orbit of skull scarcely defined behind. Claws acute, strong. Head and skull elongate. tt Foot oblong ; toes rather slender, free at the end, bluntly or imper- Sectly clawed ; pad of palm large, of toes slender, ple 4 14, Aowyx. Orbit defined behind. Skull broad, depressed. 1. MARTES. 81 Tt The palms and soles of the feet slightly hairy between the pads; the two wner hinder toes with a band of hair on the inner side of the under surface. Muzzle bald, transverse. 15, Hyprogarz. Claws acute. Skull elongate; orbits not defined behind, without any superior orbital prominence. Hind feet elongate. ‘Toes slender, broadly webbed. ttt Palms and soles of feet hairy between the pads. Muzzle bald be- tween the nostris, and produced into an angle on the upper edye. 16. Latax. B. Tail conical, elongate, rather depressed, covered with hair, and with a raised rounded ridge on each side. 17, Preronvra. Tribe 3. Enhydrina. Head depressed. Feet large, elongate, rather fin-like, hairy above and below. Tail short, cylindrical, Grinders massive, flat-crowned. 18. Enuyprts. Tribe I. MUSTELINA. Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Habits terrestrial or arboreal. Mustelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 103. Martine, Burmeister, Baird, N. A. M, p. 148, A. Digitigrade. Soles of the hind fect hairy, with four bald pads in front. Body elongate. nal glands developed. Tail slender, Tubercular grinder short, transverse. 1. MARTES. Teeth 38; false grinders 2. Head elongate; feet very hairy ; space between the pads covered; the hair of the feet is elongate, and more or less completely covers the bald pads at the base of the toes, and hides the toes and claws, especially during the cold weather. Martes, Cuvier; Gray, L. M. B. M. xx. p. 68; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 104; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 166, a, Skull elongate, narrow, with the nose rather produced. * Tail moderate, not so lony as the body and head, bushy. Martes. + The hinder upper tubercular grinder large, massive, nearly twice as long on the inner as on the outer side. 1. Martes abietum. (Pine-Marten.) B.M. Brown ; throat yellow or yellow-spotted. Mustela martes, Linn. S. N. p. 167; Keyserl. § Blas. W. E. i. p. 67; Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 85; Bonap. Faun. Ital. t.; Brandt, Zobel, t. 3; Middendorff, N. u, O. Sib. Stugeth. p. 69, t. 2. £1, 6. G 82 MUSTELID A, Martes abietum, Ray; Gray, List M. B. M, p. 68; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104. Var. 1. vulgaris. Dark brown; throat yellow. Martes vulgaris, Gray. Pine-Marten, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 97. Var. 2. martes, Brandt, Zobel. Martes sylvestris, Gesner, Quad. p. 867, f. 866; Nilsson, Shand. Fauna, 1 p. 171. : Martes sylvatica, Nilss. Sk. Faun. i. p. 41. Length 18 inches, tail 10. Hab. Europe: England and France, B.M.; Russia, B.M. Var. 3. altaica. Paler; nose and feet brown, tail dark, throat and chest yellow. Intermediate between M. abietum and M. zibellina ; but the feet are not so hairy. Skull and teeth like Martes abietum vulgaris. B.M. Martes altaica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. Hab. Altai Mountains. 2. Martes japonica. B.M. Brown; shoulder and outside of thigh blacker ; feet black; head, chin, and upper part of throat dark red-brown; throat and sides of the neck yellow, crown paler; the last upper tubercular grinder longer on the inner side. Martes japonica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104. Hab. Japan. From Mus. Leyden ? The specimen is not in a good state; the fur is evidently in change, the tail being slender, with a long terminal pencil. It is most distinct from the specimen of M. melanopus. In the Museum collection the upper tubercular grinder is smaller than in the ©. abietum, and is much larger than in M. americana. There is an indistinct patch of paler hairs in the front of the ear, on the left side, not seen on the other; the pale brown on the chest is marked with some small dark spots on the lower part. The skull, and especially the brain-case, is broader, compared with its length, than that of Martes abietum and M. zibellina, and is intermediate in form between them and M. foina. 3. Martes brachyura. (Gezolen.) Fur short, fine, close, pale brown ; tail short; ears small, rounded, whitish ; feet very hairy. Length, body 16-17 inches, tail 33 inches. ecu brachyura, Temm.y Fauna Japon. p. 83; Schrenck, Amurland, p- 82. Martes brachyura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 105. Hab. Japan, near Zezo, and the Kurile Islands (Stebold). Described from flat skins in Mus. Leyden. 1. MARTES. 83 4, Martes melanopus. (Japanese Sable.) B.M. Fur soft, yellow-brown ; underside scarcely paler ; orbit, and streak from orbit to nose, and feet blackish ; crown of head paler ; sides of nose, cheeks, and throat white. Martes (Melampus) melanopus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. p. 63; P.Z.S. 1865, p. 105; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91. Mustela melanopus, Temm. Fauna Japon. p. 31, t. 7. f. 3, 4 (animal and skull). Hab. Japan. 5. Martes zibellina, Linn. (Sable.) BM. Fur very soft, black, grey, or yellow-brown ; throat like back, or paler yellowish or whitish ; feet very hairy. Skull and the hinder upper grinders, according to M. de Blainville’s figure, are like those of M. abietum vulgaris. ae zibellina, var. alba and fulyo-flavescens, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. ~ £,5,6. Mustela zibellina, Linn. ; Pail. Spice. Zool.; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull), t. 18. f. (teeth) ; Schrenck, Amurland, p.27; Middendorff, N. u. O. Sib. Séiugeth. p. 68, t. 2. f.1, 2, 3, 5 (pelvis and tail). Mustela zibellina, var. rossica, Brande. Martes zibellina, Brisson. Viverra zibellina, Shaw. Zibeline, Buffon, H. N. Sable, Penn.; Bennett, Garden and Menag. Martes zibellina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 105, a. Fur blackish, with a few white scattered hairs ; under-fur lead- colour ; head and chin greyish, grizzled with pale grizzly hairs. B.M. Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 1. b. Fur blackish, with many white hairs ; under-fur whitish ; orbit, cheeks, throat, and chest whitish. BM. Mustela zibellina asiatica rupestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. c. Yellow-brown ; under-fur yellowish white; head, upper parts of body, neck, throat, and chest whitish ; legs, feet, and tail darker. B.M. Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4. d. Yellowish brown ; under-fur of same colour ; ears and cheeks whitish ; tail dusky, darker ; feet blackish. B.M. Mustela zibellina sylvestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4, e. Fur whitish or white. Hab. North Europe, Asia. Middendorff (Siugeth. N.u. O Sib. t. 2) figures the pelvis and tail of M. zidbellina and M. martes of Siberia; he represents the former as much shorter, and composed of thirteen, and the latter much longer and larger, and consisting of seventeen vertebre. a2 84 MUSTELID. tt The upper hinder tubercular grinder quadrate, rather longer on the inner than on the outer side. 6. Martes americana. (American Sable.) B.M. Brown or yellow; throat yellow; ears and head grey or white ; upper tubercular grinder small. Mustela americana, Turton, Syst. Anim. i. p. 60,1803; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. t. 36. f. 2, t. 27. f. 7. Mustela martes, var., J. Sabine, Franklin’s Voyage; Richardson, F. B.-Amer. ? Mustela vulpina, Rafinesque, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Set. i, (tip of tail white). Mustela zibellina, var. americana, Brandt, Zobel. Mustela leucopus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91. Martes americana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 106. Var. 1. abietinoides. Black-brown; ears pale; head grizzled with white hairs, more or less grey; throat yellow or yellow-spotted ; throat-spot large or broken up into small spots; the head sometimes with only a few grey hairs, and the throat with only a few distinct small spots. B.M. ? Martes vulpina, Rajinesque. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drummond g Lord). Var. 2. huro. Yellow-brown; head and ears whitish ; throat pale yellow; legs, feet, and tail blackish. B.M. Mustela huro, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxix. p. 856; Richardson, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage. Marten of Hudson’s Fur-list. Sable of American traders. Hab. Fort Franklin. Var. 3. leucopus. The head, neck, and chest more white; legs yellow; feet white at the tip. B.M. Mustela leucopus, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 70. Mustela leucotis, Griffith’s An. K. ii. p. 270, t. (misprint). M. Brandt observes, ‘“‘I can find no difference between the Asiatic and American Sables in the characters of the head, ears, tail, or feet; and as, even in respect to colour, the Sable of the Nischnaga Tunzustca, sent home by Middendorff, occupies an intermediate posi- tion between the dark Asiatic and the yellow American Sables, I am induced to consider the American animal rather as a yellowish or mere yellow-brown and less densely furred variety of the Asiatic Sable than as a distinct species or as a pure Marten (Mustela martes).” —Batr. Stiugeth. Russland, 1855. Dr. Baird observes, “I am myself, however, far from admitting the identity of the American Marten with the Russian Sable, although it oceupies a position intermediate between the latter and M. martes in size, length of tail, and coloration as well as intrinsic value of fur. The white-headed varieties of New York are most like the Sable, and 1. martus. 85 the dark-headed one of the western country like the Pine-Marten. I have never seen winter specimens of the latter, nor summer of the former, and am inclined to believe that all may exhibit more white on the head in winter than in summer.”— Baird, I. ¢. p. 157. It is curious that both Brandt and Baird seem to have overlooked the small size of the last tubercular grinder, which separates the American from the Old-World Pine-Martens. The brain-case in the skull of the American specimen we have in the Museum is very thin, and so closely applied to the brain that it shows its convolutions on the outer surface; but this is not shown in the American skull figured by Dr. Spencer Baird. The same is to be observed in the Altaic specimen of M. abietum. There is a series of specimens of the American Pine-Marten in the British Museum, collected by Dr. Lord during his excursion with the Boundary Commissioners. They vary greatly in colour, from pale brown to nearly black; and the throat is variously mottled with yellow. The specimens from Russia have whitish heads, like the WM. leucopus of Kuhl. The stuffed Sables from Russia have short tails; but the tail of one of Dr. Lord’s is almost as short: the tail seems to vary in length; but this may depend on the skinning, and, in the stuffed skins, on the preparation of the animals, ** Tail elongate, slender ; skull elongate, narrow ; nose produced ; upper tubercular grinder massive, broader on the inner side, Pekania. 7. Martes Pennantii. (The Wood-Shock.) BM. Black ; head, nape, and front of back greyish ; tail elongate. The last upper tubercular grinder is large and massive, like that of the European Pine-Marten (M. abietum). Mustela Pennantii, Erxi. Anim. p. 79, 1777; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 149, t. 36. f. 1 (skull). Mustela canadensis, Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 492, t. 134, 1778; Bilainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth), Mustela melanorhyncha, Bodd. Elen. Anim. iy 188, 1784. Viverra canadensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 492, 1800. Mustela nigra, Turton, S. N. i. p. 60, 1806. Mustela piscatoria, Lesson. Viverra piscator, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 414, 1800. Mustela Goodmanii, Fischer, Syn. Mamma. p. 217, 1829. Gulo castaneus, H. Smith. Gulo ferrugineus, H. Smith. Martes canadensis, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. p. 63; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91. Martes Pennantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 107. Fisher, Penn. Quad. p. 223, Wejack, Hearne. Wood-Shock, Haudson’s Bay Comp. List. Pekan (Canadians), Buff. H. N. xiii. t. 42. Pekan Weasel, Penn. Quad. p. 202, 1781. Black Fox, Lewis § Clark. 86 MUSTELID 2. b. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short ; upper cutting-tecth erect ; taal moderate, not so long as body; subcylindrical. Foina. 8. Martes foina. (Beech-Marten.) B.M. Black-brown; throat white.. The tubercular grinder is large, massive, narrow on the inner side, as in the M. abietum, but not quite so large as compared with the other teeth. The pad of the soles always exposed (Baird). Mustela martes, var. fagorum, Linn. S. N. i. p. 67. Mustela foina, Briss. R. A. p. 246; Keyserl. & Blas. W. £. i. p. 67; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 13. f. (teeth). Martes fagorum, Ray. Martes domestica, G'esner. Martes foina, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 167; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 108; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B, M. p. 191. Fouine, Buffon, H: N. vii. t. 18-21. Hab. Europe and Eastern Asia, in houses (England, France). c. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short, broad ; upper cutting-teeth projecting ; tail elongate, slender. Charronia. 9. Martes flavigula, (White-cheeked Weasel.) B.M. Yellowish; head, nape, rump, legs, and tail black ; chin and lower parts white. The tubercular grinder is moderate-sized, transverse, scarcely larger on the inner side; but this is larger, compared with its breadth, than that of the Martes americana. Mustela flavigula, Bodd. Mustela Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Journ, iv. t. 8. Viverra quadricolor, Shaw, Zool. Mustela leucotis, H. Smith, in Grriffith’s A. K. t. Martes Gwatkinsii, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 516. Mustela lasiotis, ZTemm. Martes flavigula, Hodgson, P. Z. S, 1856, p.398; 1858, p. 516; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 108. Martes Elliottii, Mus. E. Ind. Company. Hab. Nepal Hills. See Mustela martes Hens‘icii, Westermann, Bijdrag. tot de Dierk. p. 13, t.? Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. a oe g : 2 8 | eei8/3,| ge a8 as | io | a | ga] s8| 4 EEE Re ins L. | mt 1 | im 1 | ime kb | ie | im Lb Lenpiiefdkillsncdvsemcome | €|240ta 1/8 2/3 ate o nose from front of orbit| 1 0} 0 9/0 103/00 103)010/1 1 palate... seers 1 94}1 5}1 7/1 61 7/2 0 tooth-line from front 13/1 of canine ..........45 J O;1 O71 2/1 1/1 6 ———— lower jaw......... 2 3/1 7/2 O}111)2 0])2 7 —-_——— width over ears 1 4/1 23:1 6/1 6/1 8])1 7 of nose in front of orbit | 0 103} 0 8}|0 9/0 93) 0 103] 0 11 2. puroRIvs. 87 2. PUTORIUS. Skull short, ventricose ; teeth 34, false grinders 2; the upper tubercular grinder Small, transverse, scarcely larger on the inner than on the outer side; head short, ovate; feet hairy, space between the pads very hairy; body stout; underside blackish. Bee Cuvier; Gray, Cat. M. B. M. xx. p. 64; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 108, Feetorius, Keys. & Blas. Mustela putorius, Nilsson, Shand. Fauna, p. 147. * Back uniform. 1. Putorius fetidus. (Polecat.) BM. Fur harsh, rigid, brown; skull scarcely contracted behind the orbits; orbits small; feet and tail black; mouth and ears whitish. Mustela putorius, Linn. S. N. p. 167; Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 37; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 148; Illum. Fig. t. 830; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth). Mustela foetida, Klein. Putorius typus, F. Cuvier. Putorius communis, Cuvier, R.A. Putorius vulgaris, Gray; Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 122, f. 38, 39 (skull). Putorius foetidus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z, S. 1865, p. 108. Fitchet Weasel, Penn. B. Z. p. 136. Var. 1. furo. More or less albino; eyes red. Mustela furo, Linn. Furet, Buff. H. N. vii. t. 26, 27, 28, 29. Var. 2. subfuro, Polecat-Ferret. Yellow; the legs, tail, toes, and tips of the hairs black; head white. Bred from two yellow Ferrets. (Saffron Walden Museum.) Le Furet putoire, Buff. H. N. Supp. t. 27. The skulls vary considerably in the width and depression of the brain-case ; but they are never suddenly contracted in front behind the orbit, as the skull of P. Hversmanniz. 2. Putorius Eversmannii. B.M. Fur soft, black-brown, in winter whitish or yellowish, hairs of back black-tipped ; limbs short; the thighs and end of the tail black ; the skull broad; brain-case suddenly and strongly contracted in front behind the orbits; orbits large. Mustela putorius, var., Pall. Z. R.-A. p. 89. Mustela Hiversmanntt, Less. Man.; Nordm. Faun. Pont. p. 16. Mustela putorius, var. sibirica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. Mustela putorius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 281. 88 MUSTELIDE. Mustela putorius tibetanus, Hodgson, J. .A. S. Beng. xxiii. p: 446, 1849, i; Horsf. Cat. Mus. I. H. p. 108; P. Z, 8. 1856, p. 398. Putorius Eversmannii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 109. Hab. Siberia (Pallas), B.M.; Thibet (Hodgson), BM. ; ; The skull is considerably larger than that of the Putorius fectidus. 3. ? Putorius nigripes. Yellowish brown above, below white; forehead, feet, and end of tail black. Tail and hair at end one-third the length of body and head; length 19 inches, tail 54 inches. Putorius nigripes, Aud. § Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 297, t.93; Baird, N. A, Mamm. p. 180; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 109. Hab. North America, Platte region. Not seen by Dr. Spencer Baird. ** Back spotted or mottled, 4. Putorius sarmaticus. (Vormela, or Peregusna.) 3B.M. Fur soft, brown and yellow, varied above ; head, belly, feet, and tip of tail deep black; frontal band and ears white. Mustela sarmatica, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xix. t. 41. Mustela peregusna, Guild. Mustela preecincta, Ranz. Putorius sarmaticus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z. &. 1865, p. 110. Hab. Russia. 3. MUSTELA. The body elongate, slender. Limbs short; feet moderate ; toes moderate, slightly webbed, covered with hair; space between the pads hairy. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical, covered with elongate hairs. ‘ Skull elongate, depressed; teeth 34; premolars 2.2; upper tu- bercular grinder transverse, scarcely longer on the inner edge. Fur dark above, white or yellow beneath. Mustela, Linn.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xx. p. 65; P. Z, 8. 1865, p. 111. Mustela (Mustela), Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. p. 156. Putorius (partly), Cuvier. Mustela (Gale), Schinz, Syn. Mamma. i. p. 342, * Face without pale spot in front of ears, + Back uniform colour ; tail black-tipped, 1. Mustela erminea. (Stoat, or Ermine.) BM. Brown above ; upper lip, chin, and lower surface of body, inside of limbs, and feet yellowish white; tail brown, shorter than the body, end black. In winter all yellowish white ; end of tail black. Mustela erminea, Linn, SN. i. p. 68; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. ; Tiun. Fig. t. 12; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865,p. WU. aT 3. MUSTELA. 89 on erminea, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 116, f. 40, 41, 42 skull). ees ea Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 90; Buffon, H. N. vii. t. 29. . 2, t. 31. Stoat or Ermine, Penn. B, Zool. i. pp. 89, 67, f. 18. Hab. Europe, England, France ; North Africa. Var. 1. africana. Tail very short, black-tipped, one-sixth the length of body. Hab. North Africa, Algiers. B.M. Var. 2. Kanett. eae Kaneii, Baird, N. 4. Mamm. p.172; Arch. f. Naturg. 1859, p. 9. Hab. Kamtschatka; Tchucktchi country, Siberia. Var. 3. americana. Tail more or less elongate, from one-third to one-half the length of the body. B.M. Putorius noveboracensis, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. i. p. 36, t. 12. fig. 2, t. 14. f. 2, 1842; Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 166, t. 36. £. 3 (skull). Putorius ermineus, dud. § Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 56, t. 59. Mustela Cicognani, Bonap. Fauna Ital. Mustela fusca, Bachman, Journ. A. N. S. Philad. viii. p. 288. Mustela (Gale) fusca, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 248. Mustela vulgaris, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 30. Putorius fuscus, dud. § Bachm. N. A. Quad. iii. p. 234, t. 148, Putorius Cicognani, Bad, M. N. A. p. 161. Putorius longicauda, Richardson, Zool. Beechey, t. 10, 1839. Mustela (Putorius) erminea, var. long-tailed, Richardson, F. B.-A. p. 46, 1829, Mustela longicauda, Bonap, Mag. N. H. 1838, p, 38. Hab. North America, Carlton House, B.M. Bonaparte, Richardson, and Baird have separated the Weasels and Ermines of America and Europe into several species, on minute differences in the length of the tail as compared with the body. Dr. Spencer Baird, in his work on the Mammals of North America, divides the Stoats into six species, by the length of the tail and the extent of the black on the tail. By his specific characters, the ver- tebre of the tail in P. Richardsonz, P. noveboracensis, and P. longi- cauda are about one-half, in P. Cicognani one-third, in P. ermineus one-fifth, and in P. Kaneii one-sixth the length of the body.. When the bodies of several English Stoats have been compared, they show how deceptive that character is. I do not say that they may not be distinct; but, if they are, there must be other charac- ters to separate them besides the mere length of the tail. They are spread over a large extent of country, and some of the presumed species have a large range. The skulls of the English Weazel and Stoat are also found to be rather variable when a large series of them are compared. They change colour when they live in a cold district, and the fur appears to. become finer and denser in the more rigorous climates. Dr. Spencer Baird described P. noveboracensis as having 52 ver- 90 MUSTELID.. tebre, including 4 sacral and 22 caudal; while P. ermneus has, ac- cording to him, only 19 caudal and 3 sacral, which are the typical numbers in the genus. As this has only been observed in one skeleton, it may be only an accidental variation. 2. Mustela Richardsonii. (Richardson’s Stoat.) Dark chestnut-brown ; upper lips and legs entirely brown ; chin and under surface white; tail with a long black tip, depressed ; distichous. In winter entirely white ; tail-end black. Mustela Richardsonii, Bonap. Mag. N. Hist. ii. p. 88; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 112. Mustela erminea, var., Richard. Faun, Bor.-Amer. ay 146. Putorius Richardsonii, Richard. in Zool. Beechey’s Voy, p. 10; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 164. Mustela erminea, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 31, 1842. Putorius agilis, dud. § Bachm. N. A, Quad. pp. 111, 184, t. 140, 1888. Hab. North America: Fort Traveller (Richardson) ; from Halifax to Vancouver’s. Island (Bazrd). I have not seen this species; but Dr. Spencer Baird describes it very particularly. The quantity of white on the upper lip seems to vary. There is in the British Museum an adult female Stoat from Cambridgeshire, which has only a very thin margin of white to the upper lip. In most specimens of the European and American Ermines the white on the lips is very distinct and well marked. The specimen formerly named M. Richardsonit, in the British Museum, has the hinder part of the upper lip white, but the hair is bent back and lost off the front part. 3. Mustela agilis. Reddish grey ; hairs grey, with a broad yellow ring and reddish tip; tail shorter than the body, reddish grey, darker at the tip, beneath greyish white; head black, brown above, with a white border to upper lip, Length 10 inches, tail 4, head 14. Mustela agilis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruviana, p. 110 (not Bachm.); Baird, Mamm., N. A. p. 165; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 118. Hab. Peru, Cordilleras. tt Back and tail uniformly coloured. Gale. 4. Mustela vulgaris. (Weasel.) BM. Brown ; lower lip and beneath white; upper lip and tail brown; tail less than half the length of the body. Winter-fur pure white ; tip of tail sometimes darker. Mustela vulgaris, Briss. R.A. p. 241; Evel. M. p. 471; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 113; Blain». Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 7 (skull), t. 18 (teeth). Mustela gale, Pallas, Zoogr. p. 194 (albino in winter). 3. MUSTELA. 91 Mustela nivalis, Linn. Act. Suec. vi. t. 8; S. N. p. 169. Common Weasel, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 951, t. 7. £17. Hab. North Europe, North Asia, England, France (B.M.). Var. americana. B.M. Putorius vulgaris, Richardson, F. B.-A. p- 145. Putorius Cicognani, Richardson, Beechey’s Voy. p. 10. Mustela vulgaris, Maz. Reise, ii. p. 98. Mustela pusilla, Dekay, N. ¥. p. 184, t. 14. £. 1. Putorius pusillus, Aud. §& Bachm. N..A. Quad. ii. p. 100, t. 64; Baird, M. N. A. p. 159. Common Weasel, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 75; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Nat. 1861, p. 229. Hab. North America. 5. Mustela boccamela. B.M. Chestnut ; upper lip, inside of limbs, feet, and beneath white; tail almost half as long as the body, scarcely darker. Mustela boccamela, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl.; Sundevall, K. V. Akad. Hand. 1841, p. 215; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth) ; aa Isis, 1835; Bonap, Fauna Ital. t.; Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1865, Nisiela subpalmata, Ehrenb. Syn. Mamm. p. 2; Sundevall, K. V. Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 215. Mustela vulgaris, Ritppell. Mustela erminea, var., Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 157, Boccamela, Cette, Hist. Sardinia, v. Hab. South Europe, North Africa, Algiers (B.M.); Cairo (Sun- devall). 6. Mustela alpina. B.M. Pale yellow-brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath yellowish white ; head varied with black-tipped hairs; tail cylindrical, unicolor, not so long as the body and head. Mustela alpina, Gray, L. M. B. M. p. 67; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 114. Mustela al tatcd, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i, t. 98. Mustela gale altaica, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 344. Putorius alpinus, Gebler, Mém. Mosc. vi. p. 218. Hab. Altai Mountains. Varies in the darkness of colour of the lower part of the body ; in some specimens it is decidedly paler, with the line of separation well marked. In some specimens the feet are entirely covered with hair ; and in others the pads are distinct, but covered with hair at the base. ttt Back streaked, 7. Mustela albinucha. B.M. Black; forehead, crown, and nape white; four stripes on the back, converging in front and behind, pale-brownish white; tail white, tapering. 92 MUSTELIDE. Zorilla albinucha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 69, pl. 10. Mustela albinucha, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 114. Hab. Africa, Angola (Sundevall, Tristram). This is a Mustela having the coloration of a Zorilla. ** Face with pale spot in front of ears; back uniform; tail-end black, American. Neogale. 8. Mustela brasiliensis. (Black-faced Weasel.) B.M. Brown; head and tip of tail blackish; spot before ears, another on centre of forehead, chin, and throat white; chest and belly yellow. Mustela brasiliensis, Sewast. Mén. Acad. Pétersb. iv. p. 356, t. 4 (good), 1818; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 114. Mustela (Putorius) brasiliensis, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 18. £3 (skull). Mustela frenata, Licht. Darstell. Siugeth. t. 42; Gray, Voy. Sulph. t. £2, Putorius frenatus, Bachm. N. A. Quadr. ii. p. 71, t. 60; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 178, t. 77. £1, 2 (skull). Mustela javanica, &c., Seba, Thesaur. p. 177, t. 48. f. 4. Mustela erminea, var., Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. p. 92 (from Seba). Mustela gale leucogenis, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 844 (from Seba). Var. 1. Spot before ears and that on forehead confluent. B.M. Var, 2, With a small white spot under the eyes. B.M. In some specimens the feet are white or brown, with white toes; and in others the feet are brown-yellow. Hab. Mexico, Matamoras (Baird); California. Var. 3. brasiliana. Feet white; underside bright yellow. B.M. Hab. Brazil. Dr. Spencer Baird refers M. brasiliensis, Sewastonoff, to this spe- cies with great doubt, though it is a very good description, and mo- derate but characteristic figure. 9. Mustela aureoventris. B.M. Dark brown; head and tip of tail blacker; chin and sides of the throat white; a spot in front of ears, throat, chest, insides of fore legs, and belly golden yellow; whiskers black; tail rather tapering, as long as the body; soles of the hind feet hairy; ears rounded, hairy. Length of body and head 12, tail 8 inches, Var, Fore feet brown, with one or two toes white. Mustela aureoventris, Gray, Proc. Zool, Sce. 1864, p. 55, pl. 8 (young); 1865, p. 115; not Mustela auriventer, Hodgson. flab. Ecuador, Quito (Gould); New Granada (Fraser). This may be a darker variety of the M. brasiliensis, wanting the spot on the forehead. The young from Quito is much darker than oe ‘aa AL. wanthogenys 18 intermediate as regards the spot on the head. 4, vison. 93 10. Mustela xanthogenys. (Yellow-cheeked Weasel.) B.M. Brown; tip of tail black ; spot before the ears, chest, and be- aS yellow ; a small spot under each eye and the chin white; feet white. Mustela _xanthogenys, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 118; Zool. Voy. Sulphur, t.9; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 115. Putorius xanthogenys, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 176. Hab. California. Very like M. brasiliensis ; but the head is coloured like the back, and the spot before the ears is yellow. There is a very small white spot over the orbit on one side. M. de Blainville (Ostéographie) figures the upper jaw of a Mus- tela under the name of M. patagonica, with small teeth and a very short brim-like transverse tubercular grinder, that is quite unknown to me, and very unlike M. Humboldtit, figured on the same plate. 4. VISON. Body elongate, slender. Limbs stout; feet rather hairy; pads bald, exposed; space between them bald. Tail moderate, shorter than the body, hairy. Skull elongate, depressed. Teeth 34; false grinders 2; the upper tuberculated grinder rather large, inner lobe with one tubercle, outer edge with three. Feetorius, Keys. § Blas. p. 21. Mustela, § Lutreola, Schinz, Syn. Mamma. i. p. 346. Mustela, § Putorius, Nilsson, Shand. Faun. p. 152. Putorius (sp.), Baird. Vison, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 115. Body nearly as stout as that of an Otter. Very destructive in farmyards. The pads of all the toes are naked, not overgrown with hair; the soles with four pads placed at the base of the digits, the largest at the line of junction between the third and fourth digits, and well furred between the pads (Baird, p. 178). Feet in summer more naked than in winter. a. The upper tubercular grinder large, the inner half much larger and longer than the outer one; upper lip brown. American Vison. 1. Vison lutreocephala. (American Vison.) BM. Brown ; lower lip and chin more or less white. Mustela lutreola, Foster, Phil. Trans. xii. p. 371. Mustela vison, Briss.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth). Mustela (Putorius) vison, Richardson, Fauna B.-A. p. 48. Mustela (Martes) vison, Desm. Mamm. i. p. 183, 1820. Mustela lutreocephala, Harlan, Fauna Amer. p. 63. Mustela vison, var. americana, Schinz, Syn. Mamma. p. 347. Mustela canadensis, Eri. Syst. i. p. 447. ; Mustela canadensis, 8. vison, Bodd. Elench, Anim. p. 186. 94 MUSTELID£. Mustela winingus, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. vi. p. 70, 1809. Mustela minx, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. pp. 281, 298. Mustela (Lutreola) vison, Wagn. Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 241. Lutra vison, Shaw, Gi, Zool. i. 448, Putorius vison, Gapper, Zool. Journ. v. p. 202; Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quadr. i. p. 250, t. 33; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 87. £. 23 (skull). Vison, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 308, t. 43. Vison lutreocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 116. Jackash, Hearne. Fontereau, La Hontan. Otay, Sagard. Mink, or Minx, Fur-traders, N. A. Var. 1. Darker; throat and chest not spotted. Hab. Vancouver's Island (Dr. Lord). B.M. Var. 2. Chin entirely brown. B.M. Var. 3. Small; darker. Putorius nigrescens, Baird, Mamm. N. A, 180; Aud. §& Bachm. N. A. Quadr, 2nd edit. iii, 104, t. 124. Hab. North America. This animal has been confounded with Mustela lutreola, which is at once known from the Vison by the white spot on the side of the nose and the size of the tubercular tooth. Dr. Spencer Baird thinks that the Mustela rufa of Ham. Smith (Jardine, Nat. Libr. Mamm. xiii. p. 189) is intended either for the Vison or the Pine-Marten (see Mamm. N. A. p. 177). b. The upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half scarcely larger than the outer ; upper lip white in front. Old-World. Lutreola. 2. Vison lutreola. (Mank, Nurec.) BM. Black-brown ; tail-end blacker; spot on side of nose, on upper lip, and chin white. Mustela lutreola, Linn. S. N. i, p. 66; Pallas, Spice. Zool. xiv. p. 46, t.8.f£1. Viverra lutreola, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 5. Lutra lutreola, Shaw; Gloger, N. Act. Acad. N. Cur. xiii. p. 501; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 87. £. 23. Feetorius lutreola, Keys. § Blas. W. E. p. 21. Lutra minor, Eri. Syst. i. p. 451. Tuhcuri leche, Vet. Akad. Hand. 1789, p. 302, t. 40. Vison lutreola, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117. Mank, Milsson, Ilum. Fig. p. 2, t. 8. ? Marsh-Otter, Langsdorff. Hab. Europe. 3. Vison sibirica. (Italse.) B.M. Pale brown ; head blackish, varied ; spot on each side of nose, on upper and lower lips, and front of chin white; tail-end pale brown, like back. Varies, throat more or less white. Mustela sibirica, Pall. Spic. Zool. xiv. p. 86, t. 4. f. 2. Mustela italsi, Temm, Faun. Japon, p. 34, 4, vison. 95 Mustela natsi, Temm. Faun. Japon. t. 7. £. 2 (misprint). Vison sibirica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117. Hab. Siberia (B.M.); Himalaya (B.M.); Japan (B.M.); China Formosa (Swinhoe, BM). ya ( ) pan ¢ )s ? Like V. lutreola ; but much paler and smaller, and tail rather longer, compared with length of the body. Varies greatly in the quantity of white on the chin and throat. Males much smaller. 4. Vison canigula. B.M. Pale reddish brown, scarcely paler beneath ; face, chin, throat, sides of neck, and chest white; tail as long as the body and head, coloured like the back ; feet whitish. Mustela canigula, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng, xi. p. 274, 1842. Vison canigula, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 117. Var. (male?). Fur darker; face less white; chest brown-and- white mottled. B.M. Mustela Hodgsonii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. xi. p. 118, 1843; List MM. B. M. p. 66. Hab. Nepal Hills. 5. Vison Horsfieldii. BM. Dark red-brown, scarcely paler beneath; under lip white; tail elongate, slender, not so long as the body, rather darker at the end. Vison Horsfieldii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 118. Var. 1. Chin white; a small white spot on chest. B.M. Var, 2. Chin brown; edge of under lip only white. B.M. Mustela Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 118. Hab. India, Bhootan (B.M.). Var. 3. Lighter brown. B.M. Mustela italsi, Verreaux (not Temm.). Hab. Japan? (B.M.). 6. Vison subhemachalana. B.M. Pale red bay, scarcely paler beneath ; nose blackish ; small spot on each side of nose, the chin, and sides of lower jaw, and two or three subconfluent spots on the chest white; tail elongate, and shorter than the body and head, black at the tip; body and head 13, tail to tip 7 inches. . Mustela subhemachalana, Gray, C. M. B. M. p.67; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 95. Putorius subhemachalana, Hodgs. Journ. A. 8. B. 1837, p. 868; Wagner, Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 284. Vison subhemachalana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 118. Hab. India, Nepal. 96 MUSTELID.. E g,|3¢/2|4 re 2 5 z ae Fel 2/42] | 3 7A, : 2 aC) - > . Pole in, L | ing L | in, 1 Jing 2 J in 1 Length of skull 2.00... cceeee eens 2 98:2 4/2 33)110/1 11 palate v.20... perusal I 3/1 0/1 0|010/0 102 tooth-line ............66. 1 0/010/0 93/0 830 8 zygoma or orbit ...... 1 3/1 031 0]0 9310 103 lower jaw .........:e0e- 1 83) 1 44/1 32371 O]1 1 Width over the ears .............4. 1 2/1 0/1 0} 0 103} 010 —— at front of orbits ......... 0 83/0 73/0 62/0 5810 6 5. GYMNOPUS. The body elongate, slender. Limbs short; feet large; toes elon- gate, broadly webbed nearly to the tips, covered with scattered hair. Tail elongate, slender; covered with long spreading hair. The soles of the hind feet with three oblong pads, and an arched and a bald space behind them; the heel hairy. Teeth 34; premolars #.2; the upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half rather larger than the outer one. Pemepus Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xx. 1842; P. Z. 8, 1865, p. 119. * Colour uniform above and below ; head pale. 1. Gymnopus leucocephalus. BM. Golden fulvous, nearly uniform, scarcely paler beneath ; head white ; toes elongate, webbed, rather naked, Putorius nudipes, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. EBL aang Desm. Mamm.; Miiller, Verhand.; Blain. Ostéogr. t. 13 (teeth). Gymmopus leucocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119. Var. End of tail paler; feet darker; front of the back with a pale vertical streak, wider and more distinct between the shoul- ders. ; BM. Hab. Sumatra and Borneo. The tail of the specimen in the Paris Museum ig nearly destitute of hair; the soles of the feet are covered with hair. The two stuffed specimens in the British Museum are nearly alike, but the skull of one is much larger than that of the other 3 one is 2 inches 4 lines, and the other 2 inches 2 lines long. ** Belly pale yellow. 2. Gymnopus kathiah. (Kathiah.) B.M. Dark brown; upper lip, chin, throat, chest, underside of body, and front of thighs bright yellow; tail dark brown, shorter than 5. GYMNOPUS. 97 the body and head, tapering, and of the same colour to the ti - P. Length of body’ and head 10, tail 4 inches; the soles of the hind feet bald, pads well developed, exposed, Mustela (Putorius) kathiah, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. p. 702, 1885. Mustela {Kcathats auriventer, Hodgson, J. ALS. B. 2 p. 909. Gymnopus kathiah, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 119. Hab. India, Nepal. @. leucocephalus. G. kathiah. Length of skulll ......sscsesseeseeses oS 1 10% palate.............. signi 1 1 0 9% ——- tooth-line ............... O 9% 0 7 - zygoma and orbit...... 1 1 0 9% Width over ears. ........cecceseeeees 1 0 0 10 in front of orbit............ 0 7 O 5% Length of lower jaw ........0...... 1 4 0 113 3. Gymnopus strigidorsus. BM. Fur dark chestnut-brown, with a very narrow streak of a few longer yellow hairs down the centre of the back ; edge of upper lip, the chin, throat, chest, and a narrow streak down the centre of the belly (wider hindwards) yellow, becoming whiter in the older speci- mens; tail slender, about half the length of the body, dark brown. Mustela strigidorsa, Hodgson, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 398, Mustela strigodorsa, Hodgson, MS.; Gray, P. Z. S, 1853, p. 181, t. 491. Gymnopus strigidorsus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119. Hab. India, Sikim. Very like UM. kathiah, but with a yellow dorsal streak, and the yellow on the belly much narrower. The soles of the hind feet bald; the pads exposed, distinct, developed. 4, Gymnopus africanus. Reddish brown ; beneath pale yellow, with a narrow central lon- gitudinal reddish-brown ventral streak ; tail reddish brown ; hairs long. Mustela africana, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xix. p. 376; Desm. Mamm. . 179, Pitorius africanus, A. Smith, South Afr. Journ. ii. p. 36. Mustela (Gale) africana, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 345. Gymnopus africanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120. The specimen of M. africana in the Paris Museum is like M. er- minea, but lighter, larger, and the belly with only a broad yellow streak on each side, leaving the middle brown ; tail uniform reddish brown, like the back, to the end. H 98 MUSTELIDZ, B, Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy; body stout; tail short, bushy ; anal glands none; false grinders 3. Gulonina.—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 120. 6. GULO. Body and tail bear-like. Soles densely hairy, with 6 small naked pads. ‘Tail about as long as head, very full and bushy. Teeth 38; false grinders ? . 2. Gulo, Gesner, Quad. p. 554; Storr; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120. Gulo borealis. B.M. Brown, with a blackish dorsal disk. cae er oe Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 67; Gunnerus, Act. Nidros. iii. t. 3. £ 5, pci a Cuv. Tab. Elém, p. 112; Schreb. Stéiugeth. p. 525, t. 144, Ursus luscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 71. Gulo luscus, Baird, Mamm, N. A. p. 181. Gulo borealis, Retz, Fauna, p. 25; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 189; Tilum. Fig, xiii. t. 31. Gulo vulgaris, Gray. Gulo wolverene, Gray. Gulo luscus, Richardson; Blain. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 3 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth). Gulo leucurus, Hedenborg. Taxus gulo, Tiedem, Zool. i. p. 377. Gulo arcticus, Desm. Ursus (Gulo) sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiv. t. 2. Glouton, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 278, Supp. iii. t. 48. Glutton, Penn. : Quickhatch or Wolverine, Edw. Birds Sc. ii, p. 108, t. 108; Elis, Hudson’s Bay, i. p. 40, t. 4. Rossomaka, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. p. 188. Jarf, Sundevall, K. Svensk, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1778, p. 222, t. 7, 8. Carcajou, La Hontan. Hab. North Europe and North America, North Asia, Siberia. C. Plantigrade. Soles of the hind feet bald, callous; body elongate; anal glands distinct ; false grinders }; tubercular grinders oblong, band- like; transverse.—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 121. 7. GALERA. Tail elongate; heel hairy; sole with a central longitudinal de- pression behind, and obscurely divided into four large pads in front. Teeth 34; false grinders 2.2. era "Wise Jam.; Gray, List M. B. M. xx, p. 67.; P. Z, S. 1865, Hien Sund, Eira, H. Smith. 8. GRISONIA. 99 Galera barbata. (Tiara.) BM. Black-brown ; head paler ; throat with a large white or yellow blotch. Gulo barbatus, Retzius, Galictis barbara, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 18. f. (teeth). Gulo canescens, Iil. Prod. Galera barbata, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 121. Galea subfusca, Brown, Jam. t. 29. f. 1. Galictis barbara, Wagn. Schreb. Supp. ii. p. 214. Mustela barbara, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 67. Mustela galera, Erzi, Mustela gulina, Pr. Maz. Mustela taira, Griff. A. K. t. Viverra poliocephala, Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. p. 440, t. 23, Viverra vulpecula, Schrebd. Eira ilya, Ham. Smith, Nat. L1b, xiii. p. 202. Guiana Weasel, Penn. Syn. p. 225. Le Grand Furet, Azara, Essai, i. p. 197. Grande Marte, Buff. H. N. Supp. vii. t. 60. Tayra, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 146. Taira, Cuvier, Oss, Foss, iv. p. 481. Huron mago, Azara. Var. peruana. Galictis barbara, var., Tschudi, Fauna Peruana; Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 248. Hab. Tropical America: Trinidad. 8. GRISONIA. Tail short ; body slender ; fur black below, white above; soles of hind feet with an oblong pad behind and four oval pads in front (Zool. Trans. ii. t. 36). Teeth 34; false grinders 3. 2. Grisonia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122. Galictes, Bell, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 45; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 201; 1841, t. 35, 36, 37. Galidictes, Hodgson (not I. Geoff.). Huro, I. Geoff. Eraria, sp., Sund. Eira, sp., H. Smith, Nat. Lib. xiii. p. 201. Grisonia vittata. B.M. Black; crown and upper parts of body white or yellowish white. Var. Back blacker. Viverra vittata, Schreb. Siiugeth. p. 447, t. 124, Mustela vittata, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 18. f. (teeth). Ursus brasiliensis, Thunb. Mém, Acad. Pétersb. vi. p. 401, t. 18. Lutra vittata, Draill, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. p. 487, t. 19. Gulo vittatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 175. Mustela quiqui, Molina, Chali, iv. p. 258. ? Mustela cuja, Molina, Chili, p. 272. 4 H 100 MUSTELID&, Viverra cuja, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 483. Viverra quiqui, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 432. Galictis vittata, Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 203, t. 35. Galictis Allamandii, Bell, Trans, Zool. Soc. ii. p, 204, t. 37. Grisonia vittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122. ; Grison, Buffon, H. N., 6d. Allam, xv. p. 65, t.5; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Fouine de la Guyane, Buff. H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 170, t. 22 & 25. La cuja, Molini, Chili, p. 258. Petit furet, Azara, Essai, i. p. 190. Hab. Tropical and South America. Tribe II. LUTRINA. Head depressed. Feet normal, subdigitigrade; toes webbed. Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Teeth normal; flesh-tooth acutely tubercular ; tubercular grinders oblong, large. The nose convex and hairy beneath, without any central bald longitudinal groove, Aquatic. Lutrina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 123. Lutrine, Baird, M. N. A. p. 183. The first upper false grinder is small, subcylindrical, placed on the inner side of the canine tooth; it is often lost early; it is sometimes to be seen on one side and not on the other; it is nor- mally present in all the species, when perfect. The flesh-tooth of the Otters presents two very distinct forms: in some the inner lobe is moderate, its length only equalling about two-thirds of the outer part of the tooth ; in others it is much larger, equal to the whole length of the outer portion of the tooth. The absolute size of the tooth seems to vary in the different species, and also in the different specimens of the same species, as is also the case with the upper tubercular grinder. A. Tail simple, conical, depressed, rounded on the sides. + The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads; the palm-pads without any small circular warts on their hinder edges, * Muzzle entirely covered with hair ; the upper margin of the nostrils only bald, 9. BARANGIA. - The nose entirely covered with hair; the narrow upper edge of the nostril only bare ; ears short, rounded, hairy. Toes 5/5, rather elongate, broadly webbed, well covered with hair above ; claws dis- tinct, exposed, and blunt at the end. Palms and soles bald; the pads of the toes small, the central pads scarcely separated; the wrist-pad large and oblong. Tail conical, depressed, covered with hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very imperfect, only defined by a slight prominence on the upper and lower edges; nasal and maxillary 9. BARANGIA. ‘101 bones produced to a line even with the middle of the orbit; inter- maxillary very slender. The flesh-tooth acutely tubercular, with the internal lobes on the front part of the inner edge, rounded, slightly more than half the length of the outer edge of the tooth. Tubercular grinder much broader than long. Barangia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 123. 1. Barangia sumatrana. (Barang.) BM. Chestnut-brown, scarcely paler below ; upper lip, chin, and upper part of the throat pale yellow... Lutra barang, F. Cuvier, Dict. 8. Nat. xxvii. p. 246; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101. Barang, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 254. Barangia sumatrana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128. Hab. Sumatra (Raffles); Malacca (B.M.). Known from Lutra leptonyx (Horsfield) by the hairy nose, the larger claws, and the more equal toes; the upper surface of the web of the hind feet covered with close hair, the lower surface bald; the fur short, with numerous polished flattened bristles; the under-fur short, close, pale brown. Skull somewhat like that of Hydrogale; but the nose is more produced, and narrower, only as wide as the distance from the front Fig. 12. Barangia sumatrana. orbit to the intermaxillary suture. The suborbital foramen is not so large, but oblong, transverse, wider at the outer end. 2. Barangia? nepalensis. (Nepal Barang.) Skull, B.M. The nose of the skull is considerably longer and wider, the part between the front of the orbits and the suture of the intermaxillary bones being considerably longer than its width in front of the orbits ; 102 MUSTELIDZ. the nose is arched above. The zygomatic arch is much more bent out, especially at the hinder end. The hinder opening of the palate is wider, and arched in front; the suborbital aperture is oblong, triangular, arched beneath, and nearly as high as wide. Hab. Nepaul (Hodgson). j The imperfect skull above described is in Mr. Hodgson’s collec- tion, and named Lutra monticola; but it is very unlike the skull of either of the two other specimens so named. It agrees with the skull of Barangia sumatrana in the entire want of the tubercular process on the side of the frontal bone, which usually defines the hinder upper edge of the orbit; but it differs from it in so many particulars that I am convinced that it must indicate a separate species. ** The muzale partially hairy ; front and upper edge of the nostrils bald, with the hair coming down in an angle between them in front. 10. LONTRA. The muzzle hairy in the middle in front; upper and front edge of the nostrils bald and callous; the ears oblong, hairy. Toes strong, covered with hair above, half webbed; webs bald; claws strong, acute; palms and soles bald; pads well developed and divided. Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull dilated behind; nose very short, broad; forehead broad, flattened above; hinder edge of orbit marked with acute tubercles above and below; flesh-tooth with a very large rounded internal lobe extending the whole length of the tooth; tubercular grinders rather broader than long. The under- fur very soft, scattered with short stiffer hairs. Lontra, Gray, List Mamm, B. M. xxi. p.70; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 125. Suricoria, Lesson. 1. Lontra enhydris. (The Cayenne Otter.) B.M. The hair on the centre of the nose forming a broad erect band; fur dark chestnut-brown ; the sides of the face, under the ears, and upper part of the throat yellowish. ? Lutra enhydris, F. Cuvier, Dict. Class, H. Nat. xxvii. p. 248; Fischer, Syn. p. 226. Lontra enhydris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 125. Hab. Cayenne (B.M.). M. F. Cuvier does not describe the peculiarity of the muffle; so that I am not certain that this is the species he describes. 2. Lontra brasiliensis. (The Brazilian Otter.) B.M. The hair on the centre of the nose forming a narrow erect band; fur pale brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath rather paler. Lutra brasiliensis, Ray, Blumen, Abbild. t. 93; F. Cuvier, Dict. Set. Nat, xxvii. p. 244. Lutra brasiliana, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 446. 11. Lurra. 103 Lonira brasiliensis, Gray, List B. M. p.70; P. Z. 8. 1865 Lontre d’Amérique, Cuv, Regne Anim. i. p. 151, t. 1. £3. Hab. Brazil (B.M.). 3. Lontra? insularis. (The Trinidad Otter.) Pale chestnut-brown, sides paler; sides of head and belly, lips, chin, throat, and chest yellowish white; under-fur short, very soft ; hairs short and very smooth. Lutra insularis, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p- 346. Lontra? insularis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 125. Hab. Trinidad. *** Muzzle bald on the upper edge and between the nostrils, forming a cross band with a straight upper and lower edge. ; ; } Foot oblong ; toes short, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed ; pads of toes and palm large, close together. 11. LUTRA. The muzzle bald, oblong-transverse, with a straight upper and lower edge; the upper edge of the nostrils bald; the ears oblong, hairy. Toes strong, webbed, covered with hair above, and bald beneath; toes and palm-pads well developed; claws strong, acute. Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate; orbit defined be- hind by a well-developed acute tubercle above and below ; the flesh- tooth with a large inner lobe. Lutra (a and b), Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i, p. 380, 1837. Lutra, Gray, P, Z, 8. 1865, p. 126. a. Forehead and nose of skull flat ; the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth large, almost two-thirds the length of the inner margin of the outer portion of the tooth. The hinder dentiferous portion of the maxillary. bone, bearing the tubercular grinder, produced to the hinder edge of the orbit. { Europe. 1. Lutra vulgaris. (Otter.) BM. The upper edge of the bald muzzle rather produced and angular, nearly as high as broad in the middle, brown, beneath ashy; ears, chin, and throat reddish ashy ; edge of ears ashy. Lutra vulgaris, Zral. Mamm. p. 488 ; Nilsson, Illum. Fig. t. 20; Bell, Brit. Quad. p. 129, f. 4; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 8 (skull), t. 6 er Nee t. 18 (teeth); Bonap. Icon. t.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, Mustela lutra, Linn, S. Ni. ie 66; Retz. F. p. 18. Viverra lutra, Linn. F. S. p. 12; Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 76. La Loutre, Buff. H. N. vii. p. 184, t. 2, xiii. p. 826, t. 45. Otter, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 92, t. 8 f. 19. 104 MUSTELIDE. Var. Black-brown ; throat paler. Lutra roensis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 110, 1834. Hab. Europe, Bohemia (B. I.). 2. Lutra nudipes. Pale red; larger than LZ. vulgaris; the webs of the toes bald. The young mouse-colour. Lutra nudipes, Melchior, Stiugeth. des danischen Staats ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 344; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 126. Hab. Denmark, on the sea-coast. A large Otter in the British Museum was presented by Mr. G. Vaughan as coming from Canada; I cannot discover any character by which it can be distinguished from the common European Otter, and I suspect the habitat given is a mistake. tt Asia. 3. Lutra chinensis. BM. Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse. Fur pale brown ; ends of ears, lips, cheeks, chin, throat, underpart of the body, undersides of the legs, and underside of the base of the tail pale yellow. The suborbital foramen large, oblong, trigonal, nearly as high as wide in the middle; lower edge arched. Lutra chinensis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 580; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 126. Lutra nair, Swinhoe, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 390. Hab. China (Reeves), B.M.; Formosa (Swinhoe), B.M. 4, Lutra indica. B.M. Bald; muzzle square. Fur pale brown, grizzled with white hairs ; lips and under part of the body pale brownish white ; under-fur short, with scattered, slender, elongated hairs. Var. Tip of tail white. Lutra indica, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580; P. Z, 8. 1865, p. 126. Lutra tavayensis, Hodgson, J. A. §. B. viii. p. 319, 1839. ? Lutra nair, F. Cuv. Dict. des Sci, Nat. xxvii. p. 247. Hab. India, Madras (Walter Elliot), B.M. This may be the same as the former, L. chinensis; but I have not been able to examine the skull. 11. turma. 105 b. Forehead and nose of skull convex ; the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth very large, occupying the whole of the inner side of the outer portion of the tooth; the hinder dentiferous portion of the maxillary bone, bearing the upper tubercular grinder, produced behind the hinder edge of the orbit. Lutrogale. * Asia, 5. Lutra monticola. B.M. Grey-ash ground; greyer beneath. Inner lobe of the flesh-tooth very large, as long as outer edge. Lutra monticola, Hodgson, P, Z, 8. 1855, p. 126 (not described); Gra: P.Z. 8. 1865p. 127. ae a Hab. Himalaya. 5 The Museum has received skulls of two distinct species under the above name, one with large and the other with small inner lobe to the flesh-tooth. The skin’s belonging to the skulls with the large teeth are in a very bad condition ; they are probably bleached. Consult also Lutra simul, Horsf. Zool. Journ.; Miiller, Verhand. p- 51; from Sumatra and Borneo, with strong falcate claws. I have not seen this species, nor Lutra katab (Hiigel, Reise) from Cashmere. 6. Lutra Swinhoei. Lutra (Hydrogale) Swinhoei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 182. Two imperfect skulls sent by Mr. Swinhoe from Formosa certainly belong to two very distinct species. The most perfect skull, which wants the cutting-teeth, belongs to the first section of the genus as defined in this Catalogue, with moderate-sized tubercular grinders, and a moderate-sized inner lobe to the flesh-tooth. The second, on the contrary, which only consists of the front portion of the upper jaw, with the teeth in change from the milk to the permanent series, has a very large square tubercular grinder and a very large rounded internal lobe to the flesh-tooth, as in the second section, which I have called Lutrogale. ; I propose to indicate this species by the name of Lutra Swinhoei, It is easily characterized by the small size of the upper cutting-teeth, the series forming only a width of 44 lines; while the series of most other Indian Otters occupy 6 lines (or half an inch), or sometimes rather more. ** America. 7. Lutra macrodus. B.M. Dark brown; upper lip, chin, and beneath paler. Fur rather harsh. Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse; the flesh-tooth with a very large internal lobe, as long as the tooth. Claws large, acute. 106 : MUSTELIDE. Lutra macrodus, Gray, P. Z, S. 1865, p. 128. Hab, Brazil (Parzudaki). Male and female. This Otter is about the size of Lontra brasiliensis; but it is at once distinguished from that species by the large size of the naked muzzle and the harshness of the fur. It is very like L. vulgaris ; but the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth appears considerably larger ; and M. Parzudaki assured me that he had received the pair direct from Brazil, from a collector who shot them. 12, NUTRIA. Like Lutra externally, with the bald muffle transverse, narrowed, and arched below. Skull short, broad. Nose broad. Forehead flat; the orbit defined behind by a well-marked conical tubercle above and below. The flesh-tooth with a very large internal lobe, extending the whole length of the tooth. Hinder portion of the palate short. Nutria, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 128. This genus is at once known from the Otter with the large internal lobes to the flesh-tooth, by the shortness and breadth of the skull and the shortness of the hinder contracted portion of the palate, Nutria felina. BM. Fur dark brown, with scattered, flat, whitish-tipped hairs. Lips, sides, and beneath pale brown. The web of toes scattered with hairs above. Lutvra felina, Molina, Hist. Nat. Chili, plate 2 (skull). Lutra chilensis, Benn. P, Z. Comm. Sci. ii, 1832 (1); Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101 (1). BM. Lutra californica, Gray, Mag. N. #. i. p. 580, 1837 (!); List Mamm, B. M. p. 71 (!); Baird, Mamm., N, A. p. 187 (?). B.M., type. Lutra platensis, Waterh. Zool. Beag. t. 40, f. 4 (skull) ; D’Orb. Voy. A, Mérid. t. 12. f. 23; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.; Verreaux (skull), B. M. Nutria felina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128, Chinchimen, Molina, p. 261. Hab. In the sea, Chili (Bennett); Peru, island of Chiloe (Tschudi) ; California (P. P. King); Kamschatka (Verreauzx). : Mr. Tomes observes, “ The Otter collected in Guatemala by Mr. Salvin agrees with the description and figure of L. chilensis (Waterh.), especially in the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth having the same angular form as in that species. In L. platensis the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth approaches more or less to a semicircular form. Dr. Baird figures the flesh-tooth of LZ. canadensis as in L. platensis” (P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 280). Consult :— (1) Lutra montana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 120. JZ. supra obscura, fusco-rufa, fusco irrorata, subtus nigricans.—-Hab. Peru.— Fresh water, 9000 feet above the sea. Length of body 5-6 inches, tail 10 inches. 13. LUTRONECTES. 107 (2) Lutra paraguensis, Rengger, Siugeth. v. Paraguay, p. 128 ; Wagner, Schreb. Singeth. ii. p. 216; Burm. La Plata, ii. p. 410. Nutria, Azara, Quad. i. p. 304.—Hab. Paraguay. _ (3) Lutra? aterrima, Schrenck, Amurland, p. 43; Viverra ater- ma, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 81; Mustela aterrima, Pallas, Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, i. p. 70.—Hab. Sea of Ochotsk. 13. LUTRONECTES. The muzzle bald, oblong, transverse, with a straight upper and lower edge; the upper edge of the nostril bald. Ears oblong, hairy. Feet rather large ; toes strong, webbed, covered with hair above, and ‘bald beneath ; toes and palm-pads well developed, those of the palm separated from the toes by a broad bald space; claws strong, acute. Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very obscurely defined behind; the flesh-tooth with a large internal lobe about two- thirds of the length of the outer edge. The toes in this genus are strong, thick, and well webbed, rather larger than in the typical Otters. The skulls are not quite the normal skulls of the genus Lutra, as they have scarcely an indication of any tubercle defining the upper hinder portion of the orbit, and only a very obscure angle on the front of the zygomatic process, defining, or rather separating the lower hinder part of the orbit from the mastoid cavity. In this respect the skulls are nearly intermediate in form between the skulls of Hydrogale and Barangia ; they have the hinder edge of the orbit above and below rather more defined than in Hydrogale, and yet less so than in Barangia, where the protuberances that define the orbit behind are much smaller than in Hydrogale. The genus differs from Hydrogale in the skin between the pads being bald as in the true Otters (Lutra). It agrees with Hydrogale and Lutra in the muzzle being entirely bald and square between the nostrils ; while in Barangia the muzzle is entirely covered with hair. The nose of the skull is short; the nasal aperture very oblique, edged on each side by the narrow intermaxillaries, which are continued up and separate the front half of the nasal from the maxille; the infraorbital foramen is very large; the nasal extends back as far as the hinder edge of the maxilla on its sides. Leutronectes Whiteleyi. B.M. Dark brown; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat greyish white. ? Lutra vulgaris, Temm. Fauna Japonica, p. 85; Schrenck, Reisen im Anurlande, p. 48. Lutronectes Whiteleyi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 181. Hab. Japan. Like many other Otters, these so closely resemble the Common European Otter that I am not surprised that M. Temminck should have confounded them with that species. Length of body and head 173, of tail 10 inches. 108 MUSTELIDE. Skull:—Length about 4 inches (back imperfect) ; width at back of zygomatic arch 2 inches 1 line; length of palate 1 inch 73 lines, Fig. 18. bead Intronectes Whiteleyt. of tooth-line 1 inch 74 lines; width at the upper tubercular grinder 1 inch 5 lines. The two skulls slightly differ in the size of the teeth and in the width of the palate. I have great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Henry Whiteley, junior, of Woolwich, who brought it from Hakodadi in Japan, with many other interesting animals, and who has become a martyr to science in the course of his labours as a natural-history collector. Some ardent “ anthropologists” having requested him to procure them some Ainos’ skulls, he tried to procure them, was informed against by a foreign consul who did not appreciate sci- ence, imprisoned in Japan, and then sent home in confinement. When I first saw him on his return he was almost a living skeleton, in a most pitiable state of bodily and mental prostration. Under good nourishment and nursing he has slowly recovered, and is gone to the Peruvian Andes to continue his labours as a zoological collector. d 14, aonyx. 109 tT} Feet oblong, rather elongate ; toes rather slender, Sree at the end, bluntly or imperfectly clawed ; pads of palms large, of toes slender, separate, 14. AONYX. Muzzle bald, oblong, transverse ; upper and lower edge nearly straight. Toes half webbed, index and middle united together to the third joint; claws obsolete or rudimentary and blunt; the inner toe very short, index longer, middle and fourth longest and equal, the fifth shorter than the index. Skull rather short, ventricose, and convex behind; nose short; forehead convex, arched ; orbit defined by distinct conical tubercles above and below. Flesh-tooth with a very large internal lobe, nearly as long as the outer portion of the tooth, with two cross ridges on the crown; the upper tubercular grinder large, massive, rather wider than long. The flesh-tooth of the Aony~ is larger and wider than in the Otters with well-developed claws. The outer margin of the tooth is pro- duced outwards beyond the edge of the jaw, and furnished with a distinct margin. Aonyx, Lesson, Man.p.157 ; Gray, Loudon’s Mag. .N. H. 1857, p. 550 ; P. Z, S. 1865, p. 129. Leptonyx, Lesson. Anahyster, A. Murray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc, Edinb. i. p. 157 (from skull only). * African, Claws very rudimentary. Anahyster. 1. Aonyx Lalandii. B.M. Brown, beneath paler; sides of the face, to the orbits and ears, throat, chin, and chest yellowish, divided from the darker colour by a defined line; shoulders and fore legs darker. Very young animals are greyish white; the cheeks, chin, throat, and chest white; the shoulders browner. Lutra inunguis, F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 248; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 8 (skull). Lutra (Aonyx) inunguis, Fischer, Syn. p. 228. Aonyx inunguis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101. Aonyx Lalandii, Lesson, Man. i, p. 57; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 71; Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 119; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 129. Lutra capensis, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. 1. t. 214. ; Var.? Anahyster calabaricus, A. Murray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. p. 157 (skull, B.M.). Lutra gambianus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 111 (skull, B.M.). Hab. South Africa, in rivers and lakes; Cape of Good Hope (4. Smith); Mossambique (Peters). 4 L. poensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 60 (“Shining brown ; chest, chin, and throat fulvescent; tail half as long as the animal; muzzle bare”), from Fernando Po, described from a skin without feet, which is no longer to be found, is perhaps the same as the former. 110 MUSTELID&. ** Asiatic. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Aonyx. 2. Aonyx leptonyx. (Indian Aonyx.) B.M. Brown, rather paler beneath ; cheeks, chest, and sides of the neck paler; chin and upper part of the throat white. The inner lobe of the flesh-tooth very large. Fig. 14. Aonyz leptonyzx. Lutra leptonyx, Horsf. Zool. Research. vii. t.; Fisch. Syn. p. 277; Wagner, in Schreb. Supp. t. Lutra cinerea, Idhiger, in Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 879. Lutra perspicillata, I. Geoff. Dict, Class. H. N. ix. p. 519. Aonyx Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1887, p. 119. ae Sp OUye, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.p.71; P. Z. 8.1865, p. 130 7) : wenn fusca, Desch. MS. icon ined. B. M. Mustela lutra, Marsden, Sumatra, t. 12. Semul, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 254. Hab. Java; Sumatra. 3. Aonyx indigitata. BM: Brown, paler below ; toes very short; claws short and blunt: Lutra indigitata, Hodgs. Ann, & Mag. N. H. iv.; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 24. f. 8 (skull). Aonyx indigitata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1887, p.119; P. ZS. 1865, p.181; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101. Aonyx sikimensis, Hodgson, Horsf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 109, 1855; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 399, Hab. Nepal Hills and Tarai. Specimen very imperfect. ‘Colour medial earthy brown ; paler below, especially on the head and neck. Length, snout to vent 24, tail 13, head 43, palm 28, planta 34 inches.”—Hodgs. l.c. 15. HYDROGALE. lll 4, Aonyx aurobrunnea. BM. Lutra aurobrunnea, Hodgs. MS.; Ann. §& Mag. N. H.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 126; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 71. Aonyx aurobrunnea, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.1887,p.119; P.Z.8. 18665, p. 181. Hab. Nepal. Specimen in very bad state. Mr. Hodgson states, “ the Otters, in the upper region of the Hi- malaya, are represented by the small golden and brown species, L. aurobrunnea, in the central by Z. monticola and L. indigitata, and in the lower by the large Chinese species L. sinensis” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 126). tt The under surface of the feet, between the finger-pads and palms, sprinkled with scattered soft has; the inner part of the under surface of the two inner hind toes with a band of close, short, soft hairs; the muzzle transverse and bald. 15. HYDROGALE. Like Zutra externally ; but the feet large, elongate, very broadly webbed ; the toes, especially of the hinder feet, long; the pads of the toes and palms are less developed and separated from each other by a greater distance; the under surface of the feet. sprinkled with scattered soft hairs, and the edges of the two inner hind toes have a band of close, short, soft hairs. The skull elongate; the nose very short ; the forehead narrow; the orbit scarcely defined behind, without any indication of a tubercle on either the upper or lower edge. The flesh-tooth with the internal lobe shorter than the outer portion of the tooth; the tubercular grinder rhombic, wider than long ; the hinder portion of the palate rather short, with an arched posterior opening. Hydrogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 181. The nose of the skull very short, much broader than long from front of orbit to the intermaxillary bone; nose-aperture large, oblique; the hinder and outer portion of the upper jaws hairy; the tubercular grinder produced beyond the back edge of the orbit; nasal bones produced beyond the middle of the orbit ; suborbital foramen large, oblong, transverse, occupying half the under edge of the orbit. Hydrogale maculicollis. (Fig. 15.) B.M. Blackish brown; throat, breast, and belly yellow-spotted ; upper lip and beneath paler. : ? Lutra maculicollis, Lichtenstein, Arch, f. Nat. 18365, i. 89, t. Lutra Grayi, J. E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857 (type, B.M.) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 101. Hydrogale maculicollis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 182 (fig. skull). Hab, South Africa, Caffreland; Natal (Verreaus, Brit. Mus.). 112 MUSTELIDZ, Fig. 15. Hydrogale maculicollis. ttt. The palms and so ale eg feet hairy between the pads, the hinder pads with four small circular rugosities; the bald muzzle large, broad, and high, angularly produced above, and continued by a narrow streak to the lips beneath. 16. LATAX. The muzzle bald, large, higher than broad, upper edge angular, pro- duced above, the lower one arched; the feet moderately large; toes strong, hairy above, webbed; claws large, acute; tail conical, covered with hair. Under-fur long, very dense and exceedingly soft, very closely covered with longer silky hair. Skull rather broad, depressed, ventricose behind; the forehead flat, rather broad; orbit defined bya strong acute conical prominence on ‘the side of the forehead behind, above, but not below ; the palate rather concave ; the flesh-tooth large, the inner lobe as large as the outer section of the tooth; the upper tubercular grinder large, massive, rather naa than long. Lataxina, Gray, List. Mamm. BM. seg Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. is & (not Gloger) ; P. Z. S. 1865, P Lutra, § ¢, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. H. 1837, i. p. 880. Latax canadensis. (Canadian Otter.) BM. Black-brown, beneath paler; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat pale ashy-brown ; front of neck grey-brown. ‘Very young black above and below, with very short close fur ; lips whitish ; claws very acute, whitish. Var. Nearly uniform black; under-fur very soft, brown; the upper and lower lip, chin, and idea of throat brown. Lutra canadensis, Sabine, Franklin’s Voy. p. 658; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 126. f£.18; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 184, t. 28 (skull) ; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. Hi. "1837, p. 119. ‘Lutra brasiliensis, Harlan ; Godman, 17. PTERONURA. 113 Lutra hudsonica, F. Cuv. Supp. Buffon, i. p. 194, 1881. Lutra vulgaris canadensis, Wagner, Schreb. Supp. ii. p, 256. Lutra lataxina, F. Cuw. Dict. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 248. Lataxina mollis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 70. Latax lataxina, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. i. p. 119, 1837. Latax canadensis, Gray, P. Z, S. 1865, p. 138. Lutra canadensis, var., et Lataxina mollis, Aud. §& Bachm. N. A. Quad. iii. p. 976, f. 122, 1858. Lutra californica, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 187 (not Gray). Var. Smaller. Lutra destructor, Barnston, Canadian Naturalist, 1863 (fig. foot and skull); see Gray, P. Z, S. 1865, p. 183. Hab. North America, Canada. B. Tail elongate, rather depressed, with a cord-like ridge on each side, 17. PTERONURA. Head depressed ; ears hairy, small; muzzle entirely covered with hair. Fur very soft, short, with a fine short soft under-fur. Feet large and strong; toes 5/5, elongate, strong, widely webbed to the ends; toes on fore feet nearly equal, thumb smaller; the three outer toes of the hind feet are rather longer than the first toe, and the great toe a little smaller; claws large, compressed, acute; soles and palms bald to the heel, striated. Tail conical, tapering, rather depressed, covered with short hair, and furnished with a subcylin- drical prominent ridge on each side; end more depressed, two-edged, and fringed at the tip. Teats four, abdominal. Skull elongate, rather high for an Otter; face very short; nose-opening large, nearly erect; nose with an oblong depression on each side near the orbits ; orbits very incomplete, moderate, with a very large oblong aperture beneath the lower edge, and with an obtuse prominence in the front of the upper edge near the side of the nose; forehead shelving, flat, straight, sides over the orbits straight and short, triangular behind the very small conical supraorbital process ; crown with a very narrow central ridge; brain-case very long, twice as long as the face to the back of the orbits, very narrow and com- pressed in front, broad and swollen behind; zygomatic arch very strong, broad, leaving a very large wide cavity beneath, infraorbital process slightly marked ; the occipital end nearly erect, nearly twice as broad as high; the foramen magnum oblong, transverse; the upper edge of the foramen thick, concave, with two large roundish perforations close together in the upper part for the passage of two plood-vessels to the brain-cavity. Palate rather concave, narrowed behind, with a square hinder nasal opening. The four central cutting-teeth in each jaw moderate, equal, the outer larger and broader. The premolars conical; the front very small, on the inner side of the hinder edge of the base of the canine ; two others conical, with distinct cingulum. The flesh-tooth large, with the inner lobe nearly as long as the outer edge, oblong, the front side being broadest. The last or tubercular grinder oblong, transverse, nearly twice as broad as long, with four distinct tubercles. The I 114 MUSTELIDE. flesh-tooth of the lower jaw oblong, more than twice as long as broad, with three large anterior and one very large posterior lobes ; the hinder or tubercular grinder moderate, with a nearly circular crown. Pteronura, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 134. Pteronurus, Lesson. _Pterura, Wiegm.; Schinz. Pteronura Sandbachii. B.M. Fur bright bay-brown above and below; hairs all nearly of a uniform brown colour; lips and a large irregular patch on the throat and some spots on the side of the throat bright yellow. - Pteronura Sandbachii, Gray, Lowdon’s Mag. N. H. i. p. 580, 1837; ‘Ann. & Mag. N. H. ii. p. 385, t. 14, 1889; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 131; 1868, 2. 66, t. 7 (and skulls). . Pterura Sandbachii, Wiegmann’s Arch. iv. p, 892, 1838(published 1839). Hab. Demerara (Mus. Roy. Institution, Liverpool). Young. Length of adult female (a tanned skin in the possession of Mr. Bartlett), body and head 43, tail 24,67 inches, Throat with two bright yellow streaks and some yellow spots. Var. Kapplerc. B.M. Bright golden brown above and below; hairs brown, with nume- rous white hairs intermixed ; lips, chin, and an elongated streak on each side of the throat, which is dilated behind, and one branch of it extended up to the side of the chest, white. Young duller, greyer; lips and throat spotted, white. Lutra brasiliensis, Krauss, Mus. Stutgardt. Hab. Surinam (Kappler). The white hairs are better seen when the fur is examined by a hand magnifier. Skull of adult :—Length 6, of brain-case from the back edge of the orbit 44, of the zygoma and orbit 84 inches ; width at the zygo- matic arch 32, at the back of ear-opening 31 inches ; height of skull and lower jaw 23 inches. The skull of the young specimen chiefly differs from that of the adult in the space between the orbits and masseter muscles being thicker, and in the supraorbital process before the upper hinder edge of the orbit not being developed. These are the usual characters of the skulls in young animals. The complete hairiness of the nose at once shows that it is not Lutra brasiliensis, as Dr. Krauss named it, which is the type of the genus Lontra. It is probable that there is another species of this genus, which has been described under the name of Lutra solitaria, Natterer. It was obtained by that enterprising traveller and collector at Ypa- nema, in Brazil, and is described as “chestnut-brown, and dirty white beneath.” During the first visit of the British Association to Liverpool in 1837 I observed a depressed-tailed very large-footed Otter in the 17. PreRoNuURA. 115 Museum of the Royal Institution of that town, which had been col- lected in Demerara by Mr. Edmondson, and presented to the Museum by my friend Mr. Sandbach. I brought it before the Natural- History Section, and named it Pteronura Sandbachii. _A description of the specimen was published in ‘ Loudon’s Maga- zine of Natural History ’ for 1837, i. p. 580. Mr. Gould kindly made me a drawing of the specimen during the meeting, which was engraved, with some notes on the genus, in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1839, ii. p. 285, t. 14. This plate is copied in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1838, p. 392, t. 10 (which did not appear until late in 1839). Professor Wiegmann at first doubted the distinctness of the genus from Enhydris, but after he received the plate admitted that the genera were distinct. He proposed to alter the name of the genus from Pteronura to Pterura, The Liverpool specimen has remained unique up to this time, and Pteronura was the only well-established genus of Mammalia wanting in the British-Museum Collection. In the latter end of 1867 the British Museum received from Dr. Krauss the skins of a large female Otter and its cub, under the name of Lutra brasiliensis, which had been obtained in Surinam by Mr. Kappler. As I had lately published a monograph of Mustelide, including the species of Lutrine, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1865, these specimens were entered in the register, and put away for future examination. But the skin which Mr. Bartlett exhibited at the Meeting of the Society, Jan. 9, 1868, having excited new interest as regards the specimens of Otters, the skins in store were examined, and it was soon seen that the Otter from Surinam was not the true Lutra brasiliensis, and was very nearly allied to, if not the same species as, the skin that Mr. Bartlett had exhibited. The spe- cimen chiefly differs from Mr. Bartlett’s skin in the tail being thick and strong, and convex on the upper and lower surface, nearly as in other Otters ; so that the flatness of the upper and under surface of the prepared skin was doubtless produced by the preparation or dressing of it; and it was this excessive flatness that gave the tail such an artificial appearance. I believe that the tail of a Common Otter (L. vulgaris) might artificially be made to resemble the tail of that prepared skin. That there was considerable cause for scepti- cism I think is proved by the experiment that Mr. Bartlett himself made to see if the cord-like margins on the side of the tail were not artificially made and would not disappear in soaking and stretching. As soon as I discovered the Surinam Otter I thought it ought to be compared with the one from Demerara. I therefore wrote to the Secretary of the Royal Institution of Liverpool to request that they would allow the specimen, which I originally described, to be sent to the Museum for me to examine it, and show it to the Zoological Society. He, most kindly and liberally, immediately granted my request, and, on a second application, allowed me to extract: the skull of the specimen, in order that there might be no oe on the I 116 MUSTELIDE. SNR \ Wt At a, Upper surface of skull of Pteronura Sandbachti. b. Upper sectorial tooth and tubercular grinder of P, Sandbachit. 17. PreRONURA. 117 Fig. 17. Side view of skull of Pteronura Sandbachit. 118 MUSTELID. subject of the specific identity, as there is a slight difference in the colouring of the throat, and also a very great difference in the size of the specimens. A careful examination and comparison of the specimen has satisfied me that the Demerara and Surinam Otters are of the same species. The specimen in Liverpool, from Demerara, is a very young animal, with its milk series of teeth. The tail of the Demerara specimen has the same marginal rib as the Surinam one; but in the preparation it has been too much depressed on the sides, and the sides also are artificially extended, giving it a fin-like appearance, which induced me to give it the name of Pteronura. Craspedura, or margined- tailed, would have been a much more appropriate one. The bones have been almost entirely extracted from the skin of the feet, and they have been evidently flattened by the stuffer. The size and flatness of the feet in this specimen, which gave the animal so much apparent relation to the Sea-Otters, do not exist in the unstuffed specimen from Surinam, which has large feet, with very strong toes united by a broad web extending to the end of the toes, and large acute claws, the feet being quite of the normal or usual form of the Otters’, and having no more resemblance to those of the Sea-Otter or Enhydris than is the case in any of the other species of the genus. The skull is very long and has sharply tubercular teeth, which also shows that it is far removed from the very short, broad, square _ skull, with the very broad teeth with hemispherical tubercles, that is so peculiar to the Sea-Otter. The Surinam specimen and the reexamination of the Demerara specimen and its skull have enabled me to give a revised character to the genus. Tribe III. ENHYDRINA. Head depressed. Hind feet large, elongate, rather fin-like, hairy above and below, oblique, truncated; the outer toes largest ; claws small. Tail short, cylindrical. Grinders broad, massive, flat- topped. Flesh-tooth oblong, triangular, transverse ; inner side narrow, tubercular: grinders similar, larger, outer edge narrow. Marine. Enhydrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 135. 18. ENHYDRIS. Tail short, cylindrical. Muzzle bald, oblong, triangular. Soles entirely hairy, like the upper surface of the feet ; claws acute, small. Skull much dilated behind, and swollen. Teeth 34; premolars 2.2; grinders very large, massive, flat-topped. Enhydra, Fleming, Phil. Zool. Enhydris, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 228; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 72; P. Z. S, 1865, p. 185, t. 18, ENHYDRIS. 119 Pusa, Aken, Latax, Gloger (not Gray). Professor Lichtenstein’s figure of the animal, in the Darst. Siugeth. t. 49, represents the hind feet as too small and too much like those of a common Otter. The hind foot is like a compressed fin, quite as much, and even more so than in the case of the Seal. It differs from the foot of the Seal in the toes gradually increasing in length from the inner to the outer one, making the foot appear obliquely truncated. In the Seals, the inner and outer toes are the longest, and the middle ones are the shortest. In some respects the foot of the Sea-Otter resembles that of the Beaver ; but it differs in the toes, as well as in being entirely covered, both above and below, with short, close, silky hairs. The front claws are small, short, and very acute. In the very young animal they are very acute and strongly curved at.the tip, so as to be almost subspiral. The hinder claws are small and acute, rudimentary in the very young specimens. The muftle is bald: it forms a bald edge round the nostrils, which are only separated from each other by a rather narrow septum ; and it forms a rather triangular bald space over them, the upper edge being sloping on each side, and rather arched in the centre. The figures in Capt. Cook’s ‘ Voyages,’ t. 57, give the best idea of this animal, showing the fin-like form of the hind feet ; but the tail appears too depressed and Beaver-like. Enhydris lutris. (Kalan, or Sea-Otter.) B.M. Black, grizzled with silver-white hair. Var. Head white or grey. Lutra marina, Steller, Nov. Com. Petrop. ii. p. 867, t. 16,1751; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 128 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 8 (skull). Mustela lutris, Linn.; Shaw, Mus. Lev. t. Phoca lutris, Pallas, Zoogr. R.-Asiat. i. p. 100. Lutra lutris, 7. Cuv. Supp. Buffon, Mamm. p. 204. Enhydra marina, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 187, 1821; Owen, Odont. t, 128. f.18; Martin, P. Z. S.iv. p. 59, 1836, Osteology; Baird, M,N. A. p. 189. Enhydris lutris, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72; P. ZS. 1865, p. 186, t. 7 (from life). Enhydris Stelleri, Lesson, Man. p. 156. Enhydris ? gracilis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 229. Enhydris marina, Hempr. Licht. Darst. Sdugeth. t. 19; Eversmann, Reise um die Erde, t. 11,12; Schrenck, Amurland, p. 48. Latax marina, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 171. Sea-Otter, Penn., Cook’s Voy. ii. p. 645 ; Menzies, Phil. Trans. 1796, p. 885; Rich. North, Zool. p. 59, Hab. California. What is Lutra lutris, Geoffroy, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. (xxviii. p. 247, t. ), Lutra marina, Desm. Mamm. p. 189, Schreb. Saugeth. (t. 129), with the feet one-third of the length of the body, from Kamtschatka? Is it a badly described Enhydris? 120 MELINIDZ. Section II. DOG-FOOTED CARNIVORA (CYNOPODA). Head elongate. Feet elongate. Toes straight; the last phalange and the claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end; the front ones are often more or less elongated, for digging. Fam. 7. MELINIDE. Head moderate, elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Feet elongate. Toes stright, exserted. Claws spread out, blunt. : Mustelidee, § Platypoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 102. The flesh-tooth of this group is peculiar. In some genera it is of the usual normal shape, with a small internal lobe crowned with a single conical tubercle, as in Mephitis, Zorilla, and Mellivora ; in Conepatus the inner lobe is broader, and has an elongated arched ridge on its inner edge. In some other genera, where the inner lobe is broad, it is crowned with two tubercles; they are distinct and well developed in Tawidea and Helictis, confluent, forming an oblique ridge, in Mydaus, and rudimentary and marginal in Arctonys. The genus Bassaris has, like these genera, two conical tubercles on the inner process of the flesh-tooth. The form of the hinder part, and the position of the hinder open- ing, of the palate vary in the different genera, In Conepatus and Mephitis it is wide and scarcely produced, and nearly in a line with the hinder edge of the grinders. In Mellivora it is wide, but rather further back, in a line with the hinder edge of the orbit. In Meles and Tawidea and Mydaus. it is rather contracted, and placed still further back, being in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch. In Arctonyx it is produced still further back, the opening being rather behind, in a line even with the condyles ; the hinder part of the palate behind the tooth-line is concave below, keeled on the sides above, and swollen on the sides in front. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Plantigrade. Hind feet broad, depressed ; soles bald, callous nearly to the heel; toes short, thick; claws thick. Body heavy. Tail short. Ears short, rounded. Tribe 1. Melina. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate. Palate produced behind. Flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on inner lobe. MELINIDS. 121 * Palate much produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the condyles. 1, Arcronyx. Tubercular grinder elongate. Nose of skull rather produced and contracted. ** Palate moderately produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the muddle of zygomatic arch. 2, Mutzs. Tubercular grinder elongate, oblong. Nose of skull broad. Flesh-tooth moderate, trigonal; inner lobe with a single ridge. 3. Taxrpga. Tubercular grinder large, triangular, oblong; inner side broad. Flesh-tooth large, trigonal, with a broad inner lobe with two tubercles. Nose short, broad. 4, Mypavs. Tubercular grinder oblong, nearly square; flesh- tooth moderate, trigonal, outer edge compressed, inner with two unequal tubercles on a ridge. Nose of skull produced. Tribe 2. Mellivorina. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like; palate only slightly produced behind; flesh-tooth with a small inner lobe and a single tubercle. Fur black below. 5. Meziivora. Skull short, broad. Tribe 3. Mephitina. Tubercular grinder oblong, four-sided. Palate scarcely produced behind; hinder opening in a line with the hinder grinders. Skull short. Nose broad. Fur black, white-striped. 6. Conzratus. Sole of hind feet only divided across. Tail short, bushy. False grinders 8. 7. Merurrts. Sole of hind feet with three pads in front. Tail elongate, flaccid. False grinders 4. 8. Sprtocate. Sole of hind feet with four pads in front. Tail short, bushy, flaccid. False grinders 4. B. Subdigitigrade. Hind feet rather narrow ; soles hairy, with a narrow, elongate, triangular, bald space in front; toes unequal; claws elongate, slender. Tubercular grinder transverse. Tribe 4. Zorillina. Flesh-tooth elongate, with a small anterior inner lobe with a single tubercle. 9. Zortuta. Tail elongate, with flaccid hair. Tribe 5. Helictidina. Flesh-tooth triangular, having a broad in- ternal lobe with two conical tubercles. 10. Hexicr1s. False grinders 3. Tail elongate, subcylindrical. 122 MELINIDA. A. Plantigrade. Hind feet broad, depressed; soles bald, callous nearly to the heel; toes short, thick; claws thick. Body heavy ; tail short; ears short, rounded. Melina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Tribe I. MELINA. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate; palate produced behind ; flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on the inner lobe. Melina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 187. a. Palate much produced behind; hinder opening rather behind, on a line level with the condyles. Nose of skull rather produced, 1. ARCTONYX. Arctonyx, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. p.51; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 70; P. ZS. 1865, p. 187. Synarchus, Gloger, 1842. Skull elongate, broad and truncated behind. Nose elongate, rather compressed, rounded above. Forehead elongate, rounded on the sides. Orbits small, oblong, very incomplete behind; zygomatic arch strong, wider behind; the suborbital foramen circular; the palate concave in front, much produced behind, concave below, pro- minent and keeled on the sides ; hinder opening far back, in a line with the condyles of the lower jaw; opening angular, acute in front; the bulla of the ear oblong, scarcely raised; the tube of the inner nostril vesicular and very thin at the sides. The cutting-teeth un- equal, truncated, worn; the two middle ones smallest; the second on each side rather larger ; the lateral pair much larger, very oblique. Canines conical, compressed, nearly straight, worn on the front edge, bent out at the end. False grinders 4; the first very small, sub- cylindrical, separated by a long diastema; the second compressed, trigonal. The flesh-tooth moderate, triangular, nearly as wide in front as the outer side; the outer edge with a compressed tubercle; inner lobe with two small compressed marginal ridges. Tubercular tooth four-sided, massive, rather longer than broad, truncated in front, and obliquely truncated at the outer hinder side; outer edge with two compressed tubercles. Lower jaw elongate, produced and flattened in front. Cutting-teeth unequal, much worn, rather pro- duced in front. Canines compressed, curved, worn on the front edge. False grinders 2, separated from the canines by a large diastema, compressed. The flesh-tooth large, elongate, oblong-ovate, with two conical tubercles in front, and two pairs of tubercles behind. Tubercular grinder circular. Arctonyx collaris. (Balisoar.) B.M. Yellowish, black-washed ; throat yellow ; feet and a double streak 1. ARCTONYX. 123 Fig. 18. Skull of Arctonya' collaris. 124 MELINID A. on each side of the head black; tail elongate; ears very short, white-edged. Meles taxus, Hardw. MS. B. lM. (!) ; Arctonyx collaris, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith, t. 51 (from Hardwicke’s Drawing); Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 188, 681 (fig. skull). Arctonyx taxoides (Balisoar), Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 589. Arctonix, Evans, J. A. S. B. vii. t. 48. Mephitis assamensis, M‘Clelland, Ind. Rev. 1858, p. 309. Melos collaris, Ogilby, Penny Encye. iii. p. 264, Mydaus collaris, Gray, Ilust. Ind. Zool. t. Arctonyx isonyx, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398, t. 50. Sand-Bear, Bewick’s Quad. p. 257. . Hab. Assam and Arakan. T can find no difference between the specimen of A. isonya (Hodg- son, P. Z. S. 1856, t. 50) and A. collaris. b. Palate moderately produced behind; hinder opening on a line level with the middle of the zygomatic arch. 2. MELES. Head pointed; nose prominent; ears rounded. Body thick, heavy. Limbs short; front claws elongate, for digging. Tail short. Skull elongate, rounded behind; orbits incomplete, only contracted above. Teeth 36; false grinders 3.3. Flesh-tooth moderate-sized, triangular. Tubercular grinder very large, four-sided, oblong, rather longer than broad. Meles, Gesner, Quad.; Briss. R. A.; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 182; Gray, List Mamm., B. M. xxi. p. 70; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 188, Taxus, Cuvier. The bald soles of the hind feet of Tawidea leucurus are oblong, occupying about two-thirds of the length of the foot, hairy behind, with four pads in front; the front and outer one smaller, triangular. The sole of the fore foot is oblong, with four unequal-sized pads in front and one oblong transverse one on the hinder margin (Hodgson, J. A.S8. B. xvi. p. 2, t. 31. £. 4). * Skull ovate, swollen behind; the forehead and upper part of the nose broad, flat above, and rounded on the sides; the face short, thick; the Sresh-tooth of the lower jaw moderate, shorter than the tooth-line occupied by the three premolars. Taxus, Eumeles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 189, 140, Meles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206, 1. Meles taxus. (Badger.) BM. Yellowish grey, black-washed; limbs and beneath black ; face white, with a streak enclosing the eyes and ears black. Ursus taxus, Blumenb. Handl. p. 10. Ursus meles, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p.70; Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 516. 2. MELES. 125 Meles taxus, Boddaert, Elench. i. p. 80; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 142; Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 2 (skeleton), 6 (skull), 9 (teeth); Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 189; 1868, p. 207. Meles europxus, Desm, NV. Dict. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 465. Meles vulgaris, Desm. Mamm. p. 173. Taxus vulgaris, Tiedm. Zool. i. p. 376. Blaireau, Buffon, H. N. vii. p. 104, t. 7, 8 Blaireau d’Europe, Cuvier, R.A. i. p. 145. Common Badger, Penn. Brit. Zool. p.80; Bell, Brit. Quad. p. 122. Hab. North Europe; North Asia. Skull ovate-elongate; face large; forehead flat; nose broad, flat above; orbits incomplete; supraorbital hole large, subquadrangular ; brain-case ovate, narrow behind, obliquely truncated; palate rather concave, flat and produced behind, with a sharp keeled ridge on each side behind ; the hinder aperture angular in front, in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch. Cutting-teeth large, subequal, truncated. Canine conical, slightly curved. False grinders 2; front small, conical; second larger, compressed. Flesh-tooth moderate, trigonal, sides subequal, outer edge with two conical tubercles, outer lobe with two indistinct minute tubercles on the edges. The tuber- cular grinder large, massive, rather longer than broad, front edge concave, hinder rounded, obscurely truncated on the outer hinder margin, outer margin with three unequal slightly raised tubercles. Lower jaw strong; chin arched; cutting-teeth truncated, unequal, the middle one on each side rather behind the others; canines conical; short, curved ; false grinders 3, first very small, deciduous ; second and third compressed, conical; flesh-tooth oblong, elongate, with three tubercles in front and two pairs of tubercles behind ; tubercular grinder small, ovate. Length of skull 5" 3'", of nose 9", of palate 2" 11", of lower jaw 3” 9"; width over ears 2” 3’”, of nose in front of orbits 1” 4’”. Skull large; face very broad and rounded in front; the nasal aperture large, broad, as broad as high, postorbital aperture mo- derate, subcircular.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206, 2. Meles anakuma, Temm. Skull small ; face broad, tapering, narrow, and rounded in front ; the nasal aperture oblong, moderate, higher than-broad ; the post- orbital opening very large, oblong. Meles anakuma, Temm. Fauna Japonica, t.; Gray, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1853, p. 191; 1865, p. 139. as Meles taxus, var., Middendorff, N. und O. Sibir. Sdugeth. p. 3. Meles taxus, var. amurensis, Schrenck, Amurland, xvii, t. 1. £1, 4. Hab. Japan. ; : The skull differs from that of M. tawus and M. lewcurus in being much shorter, and with a rather broad nose (Gray, P. Z. 8. 1853, . 191). . The skull is well figured by Temm. & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, +. 6. The name of this animal is erroneously printed M. ankuma, in P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 140. 126 MELINIDZ. *% The skull oblong, elongate; the forehead and upper part of the nose nar- row, subcylindrical above; face elongate, tapering, rounded in front ; nose-hole moderate, rounded, as broad as long; the flesh-teeth of the lower jaw large, longer than the line occupied by the three premolars. Pseudomeles, Hodgson. 3. Meles leucurus, (Tampha or Tumpha.) For long, flaccid, dark iron-grey, black, grey, and white mixed; hair long, white, with a broad sublunate black band and a white tip; under-fur abundant, long, white; a streak on each side of the forehead blackish-grey-varied; chin, throat, legs, and underside of body black ; tail, sides of head, and body whitish. Taxidea leucura, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 763, t. 31, 1847 ; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.H. xii. p. 221, 1853. Pseudomeles leucurus, Hodgson, MS. 1850. . Meles leucurus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 191; 1857, p. 768; 1865, p. 189; 1868, p. 207; Horsf. Ann. § Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 108, 1855. Taxidea leucurus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 116. Hab. Thibet, “‘ Bhote Plains:” called Tampha (Hodgson). Very like Arctonysx collaris; but the fur of the back is longer and more flaccid, and the chin and throat are black, as well as the belly and legs, which is not the case in that animal. The skull is rather more tapering and more compressed than in the European Badger (1. taxus), which it most resembles. Consult also Meles albigularis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Beng. 1843, p. 589, which is unknown to me. As I observed in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1865, p. 140, the skin is very like that of Arctonyx collaris, but differs in the chin and throat being black, and in the black streak on the face commencing on the side of the front of the nose, including the eyes. 4, Meles chinensis. Fur short, harsh, yellow-brown, varied with black and grey ; tips of the breast-hairs rigid, moderately short, yellow, with a narrow black subterminal ring and yellow tip; under-fur almost entirely absent. Streak from end of nose on each side of the face, including the eye, the back of the ears, chin, throat, legs and feet, and underside of the body black; tail slender, harsh, yellow; some of the hair of the upper part with a black subterminal ring. Arctonyx collaris, no. 206, ¢, Gerrard, Cat of Bones B.M. p. 98. ? Meles taxus amurensis, Schrenck, Amurland, xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4. Meles chinensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 207. ? Meles leptorhynchus, A. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat. sé. 5, viii. (not described). Hab. China, Hongkong (Dr. Hartland), Amoy (H.M.C. Swinhoe). The general colouring is so like that of the European Badger that it is probably the M. tawus, var., of Middendorff (N. u. O. Sibir. Mamm. p. 3), and Meles taxus, var. amurensis, Schrenck, Amurland, 2. MELES. 127 xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4; but the fur is much shorter, and the hair not so oe variegated as that of the European Badger, and very much arsher. Meles chinensis. a, Hinder upper grinders. The skull (figs. 19, 20) is so like that of Meles leucwrus from Thibet, that I should have regarded them as the same, if there were not so much difference in the length and flaccidness and coloration of the fur, and the abundance of the under-fur. This may depend on the. climate. _ The shortness and peculiar colour of the fur are exactly alike in 128 MELINID 2. the specimens sent by Dr. Hartland from Hongkong and by Mr. Consul Swinhoe from Amoy. ; I may observe that when Dr. Hartland’s specimen was sent it was regarded as a young Arctonyx collaris. Fig. 20. Side view of skull of Meles chinensis. I cannot see any appreciable difference between the skull of Meles leucurus from Thibet, given to the Museum by Mr. Hodgson, and the skull of the M. chinensis, sent with the skin from Amoy. Dr. Hartland’s specimen is very young, but it agrees with the other. two skulls in all particulars. The following are the measurements of the skulls of the four species of Meles in the British Museum :— M.ana- | M. leucu- |M. chi M. tazus. kuma. rus. ba Paid in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length, entire ......ccsscceecseseeseeeeee 49 4 8?| 4 9 4 4 from nose to front of orbit...) 1 9 1 6 1 8 1 4 of zygomatic arch............... 2 5 2 0 2 2 21 Of lower jaW......cceeeesseeeeeee 3.4 29 3 0 210 Width of nose in front of line of orbi- . tal apertures see... sceeeeeeeeeeeeenees 1 3 10 10 010 at back part of zygomatic arch} 3 0 2 7 2 8 2 5 ——— of occipital end............0000 1 10 20/22 /] 2 0 of forehead between orbits...) 1 2 011 10 010 | 3. TAXIDEA. 129 3. TAXIDEA. (American Badger.) Nose prominent. Ears rounded. Body heavy, stout. Limbs short. Feet plantigrade. Toes 5/5; front claws elongate, for digging. Tail short. Fur soft, with longer hairs. Skull broad, depressed, and truncated behind. Teeth 34; false grinders 3.3. Flesh- tooth very large, triangular. Tubercular grinder triangular, not exceeding the flesh-tooth in size (see P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 191). Taxidea, Waterhouse, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 848, t. 59, 1841; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 140. Skull depressed, subtriangular, broad and truncated behind ; nose short, broad; forehead small and slightly convex; suborbital fora- men small, trigonal; orbits incomplete behind. Palate flat, rather produced behind; hinder opening arched, not so wide as the side margin. The auditory bulla large, convex, half ovate, vesicular, thin. The cutting-teeth short, strong; four central truncated, outer large, conical. Canines conical, nearly straight. False grinders two, conical; the hinder larger, with a thickened margin on the imner hinder edge. Flesh-tooth large, triangular, nearly as broad in front as on the outer side; outer side with two compressed con- fluent tubercles; inner side broad, with two conical tubercles, the hinder small. The tubercular tooth large, broad, subtrigonal, the inner edge long, the outer short, the hinder edge obliquely truncated. Lower jaw strong; condyles transverse; cutting-teeth in a close line, two middle small, two next larger, and outer largest, the four outer obliquely truncated; canines conical, curved; false grinders three, the first and second small, conical, third compressed, with two confluent tubercles, outer edge thin ; tlesh-tooth oblong, with a single large tubercle in front and two pairs of others, the hind pair curved; tubercular tooth subconical, with three tubercles. Taxidea americana. BM. Grey, black- and white-varied; neck and beneath white; spot before the ears, a narrow streak from nose, above the eyes, to the back, black; feet dark brown. Ursus taxus, Schreb. Sdéugeth. p. 520, t. 142; Buffon. Meles taxus, var. americana, Bodd. Elench. i. p. 186. Meles americanus, Zimm., from Penn, Arct. Zool. i. p. 76. Drugs Bbedenne, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 102; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 469, t. 106. Meles labradoria, Sabine, App. Parry’s Travels, p. 649; Richardson, Fauna Bor,-Amer. p. 40; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 151. Meles Jeffersonii, Harlan, F. Amer. p. 309. Taxidea labradoria, Waterh. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 348, t. 59; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p.70; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p.99; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 202, t. 39. f. 2. Meles labradorius, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 315. Taxus labradorius, Say, Long’s Exped. i. pp. 261 & 369, 1823. Carcajou, Buffon, N. H. Supp. iii. p. 242, t. 49 (not La Houtan). Taxidea americana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 202; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 141. K 130 MELINIDA. American Badger, Penn. Syn. Pa 204. ? Brairo (French Canadians), § Clarke, Trav, ii. p. 40. Siffleur, French Canadians. Flacyotl, Hernandez, Var. Berlandiert. Smaller; reddish above, with a narrow white dorsal streak. Taxidea Berlandieri, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 205, t. 89. f. 1 (Mexico). Var. californica, pale line continued from nape to base of tail (Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 42). (Skull, B.M.) Hab. California (David Douglas); Texas (skull, B.M.). in. lin. Length of skull ...................00. 4 10 Of NOKC svn coy dt nadie pagina’ 1 33 of palate sso sds suse reas he oxee 2 6 of orbit and zygoma ............ 2 5 Width of skull over ears ..............-- 2 6 of nose at orbits ................ 1 8 of skull behind ................ 3 «(OO Length of lower jaw ...............55- 1 56 4. MYDAUS. Head conical. Nose attenuated. Muzzle rather produced, mo- bile, obliquely truncated ; beneath rather bald, with a distinct cen- tral longitudinal bald groove. Nostrils inferior, lateral. Body short; limbs short. Feet plantigrade, soles broad, bald to the heel. Toes 5.5; front claws elongate, strong, unequal; hinder strong, rather acute. Tail short; anal glands distinct. Pkall elongate ; orbit not contracted behind. Teeth 34; grinders 4.4; false grin- ders 2.2, one-rooted (Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. af Mydaus, F. Cuv.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 69; P. Z. 8. wt? . 143. Mephitis Pps Desm. aon, Giloger, 1842. Skull elongate, slender in front; nose elongate, tapering, shelving on the sides; orbit very incomplete, small; suborbital foramen mo- derate, ovate, zygomatic arch flattened, slender ; brain-case ovate, ventricose, truncated behind ; palate slightly concaye, especially i in the middle behind; hinder opening to the nostrils ovate, in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch; bulla of the ears low, slightly convex. The cutting-teeth broad, in an arched line, trun- cated, the outer ones rather the largest, with a.slight notch in the hinder edge ; canine compressed, far from the cutting-tooth ; false grinders two, the first small, second compressed; the flesh-tooth roundish, trigonal, outer edge with a compressed marginal tubercle, inner lobe broad, rounded, with two conical tubercles, the hinder small, and united to the ridge on the outer margin; the tubercular grinder oblong subrhombic, rather longer than wide, the front and 5. MELLIVORA. 131 hinder edges obliquely truncated, with two compressed tubercles on each edge, the inner tubercle largest. ‘Lower jaw rather slender ; chin flattened, shelving; the cutting-teeth truncated, the middle on each side rather behind the rest; canine curved ; false grinders three, compressed, the front small, the third with a conical lobe on the hinder edge; the flesh-tooth oblong, with three compressed. tubercles on each edge; the hinder outer and the front inner being the largest and single, the front outer and hinder inner lobe being double-coned ; tubercular grinder moderate, circular. Length of skull 3” 2'", palate 1" 7", of lower jaw 2”, of nose 1”, width of brain-case over ears 1" 42’”, of nose at front of orbits 9’. Mydaus meliceps. B.M. pes crown, nape, dorsal streak, and tip of a very short tail white. Var. a. Dorsal streak broad in front, and continued to tip of tail. B.M. Var. b. Streak interrupted on withers, narrow behind ; tip of tail white. BM. Var. c. Streak dilated into a broad patch over the withers, narrow behind ; tail, great part white. BM. Ursus foetidus, Desch. MS. Icon. in B. M.! Mydaus meliceps, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t.; Horsf. Java, t.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 474; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 142. Mephitis javanensis, Desm. Mamm. Ms 187, Mydaus javanicus, Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 1 (skeleton). Mydaus javanensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 7 (skull), t. 9 (teeth). Stinkkard or Teledu, Marsden, Sumatra, p. 117. Hab. Sumatra (Raffles). Tribe II. MELLIVORINA. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like; palate only slightly produced behind; flesh-tooth with a small internal lobe, with a single tubercle. Fur black below, white above. Mellivorina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 143. 5. MELLIVORA. Head depressed; nose blunt; ears indistinct. Body stout, de- pressed; legs short, strong; plantigrade. Toes 5.5; front claws elongate, very strong, the bald sole of hind foot occupying the whole undersurface, only slightly divided across about one-third of its length from the front (Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. t. 31. f. 2). Tail ‘short, subcylindrical. Skull contracted behind; orbits very incom- plete, scarcely contracted behind. Teeth 32; premolars 3. 2; grinders # (Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 2). F K 132 MELINIDE. Mellivora, Stor.; F. Cuv.; Gray, L. M. B. M.v. p. 68; P. Z 8. 1865, pp. 143, 680. Ratelus, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Schinz, Syn. p. 329. Lipotus, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1841, p. 211. Ursitaxus, Hodgson, Asvat. Research. xix. p. 60, 1836. Melitonyx, Gloger, 1842. De Blainville figures the skull and teeth of M. indica and M. ca- pensis, t. 11 and t.13; he represents the tubercular grinders of M. indica as much smaller than those of M. capensis, and the flesh- tooth as more unequally triangular (see t. 13). 1. Mellivora indica. (Bharsiah.) B.M. Black ; the back iron-grey; crown of head white.—Gray, P. ZS. 1865, p. 680. Ursus indicus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 470, 1800. Meles indica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 161. Indian Badger (Ursus indicus), Hardw. Linn. Trans. ix.p. 115, t. 9. Indian Badger, Penn. Ratelus mellivorus, Benn. Zool. Gard. p. 18 (fig. good). Mellivora ratel, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 96. Mellivora ratelus (Indian var.), Fraser, Cat. Zool. Gardens, 1862, p.9; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1835, Ratelus indicus, Schinz; Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, P- 1138. Mellivora indica, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 6 (skull) ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 143, 680; Selater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98. Mustela indica, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth). Ursitaxus inauritus (Bharsiah), Hodgson, Asiat, Research. xix. p. 60, J. A, S. Beng. 1836, p. 671. Hab. India (called “ Beejoo ”), Nepaul (called “ Bharsiah ”). Skull ovate, elongate; nose short, concave on the sides, flat above; forehead short, convex; orbits incomplete ; suborbital fora- men small, ovate. Brain-case swollen behind and truncated. Palate nearly flat in front, concave behind and slightly produced; hinder opening of the palate large; keeled on the sides, front edge arched ; as wide as long. Four middle cutting-teeth equal, truncated, the side ones conical, with a recurved tip; canines conical, nearly straight; false grinders two, crowded, thick, conical: flesh-tooth trigonal ; outer edge rather the longest, with two conical confluent tubercles; the inner lobe anterior, roundish, with an acute conical tubercle: tubercular grinder transverse, band-like; outer half nar- row, inner half considerably wider, rounded on the inner edge. Lower jaw strong; chin arched; cutting-teeth crowned, truncated, the middle one on each side behind the others; canines conical, curved back ;- false grinders three, rather crowded, thick, conical ; the flesh-tooth oblong, of moderate size, with three conical tubercles in a single longitudinal series ; tubercular grinder none (or small or early deciduous). ine din Length of skull .......... 0.0.0.0... 5 4 POlAtO eos ely eases Byes eas Ne 2 4 lower jaw ............000. 3 6 — orbit over ears ............ 2 3 MEPHITINA, ‘ 133 The skull is very like Gulo in general form; but the upper flesh- tooth is triangular, and the larger internal lobe in Gulo is oblong, longitudinal, with a small internal lobe near the front end. 2. Mellivora ratel. (Ratel.) B.M. Black ; the back iron-grey ; the crown and a broad streak down each side to the tail white.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680. Known from M. indica by the greater quantity of white on the head and the broad white lateral edge to the iron-grey colour on the back. Skull higher. Gulo capensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 176. Ursus mellivorus, Cuv. Tab. hh m. p. 112, 1798. Viverra capensis, Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 450, t. 185. Viverra ratel, Sparrm. Act. Stockh. 1777, t. 4. £. 2. Mellivora capensis, F. Cuv.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 6 (skull), t. 2 (skeleton) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98. Mellivora ratel, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 68; P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 145, 680. Viverra mellivora, Bhimenb. Naturg. p. 97. Ursus mellivorus, Blumenb. Naturg. edit. 10, p. 99. Taxus mellivorus, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 377. Lipotus mellivorus, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1841, p. 211. Mellivora capensis, Peters. Ratelus capensis, Schinz. Meles mellivora, Thunb. in Mém. Pétersb. iii. p. 107. Ratelus typicus, A. Smith. Mustela capensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 18. f. (teeth). Stinkbinksen, Kolbe. Blaireau puant, La Caille, Voy. p. 182. Fizzler Wace Penn, Syn. p. 224. Honey-Weasel, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 395. Ratel, Sparrm. Kong. Vet. Akad. Handi. 1777, p. 49, t. 4. f. 3. Hab. South Atrica (Sparrman); East Africa, Sennaar (Sunde- vall); Tette (called “Seve,” Peters). 3. Mellivora leuconota. Smaller: black; back white, purer towards the crown. Mellivora leuconota, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 98, t. 8. Hab. West Africa. Zoological Gardens. Smaller than WM. ratel. Mr. Sclater, when describing this species, copied my specific characters for the two known ones (see P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680; 1867, p- 98). Tribe III. MEPHITINA. Tubercular grinder oblong, quadrangular. Palate scarcely pro- duced behind, nearly in a line with the hinder end of the tooth- line. Fur black, white-streaked. Skull short. Mephitina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145. The flesh-tooth in the three genera which Lichtenstein and most compilers have kept together under the name of Mephitis differs 134 MELINIDE. very considerably. In Mephitis and Conepatus it is short and broad; in Mephitis the inner lobe has a conical tubercle, and in Conepatus it has along, marginal, semilunar one. In Zorilla the flesh-tooth is elongate, slender, much longer than broad, and it has a conical tubercle on its subcentral small inner lobe. The tubercular grinder in the first two genera is broad, massive, and square; in Zorilla it is oblong and transverse. 6. CONEPATUS. Head conical; nose produced, hairy, and without any central groove beneath; muzzle produced, bald above, obliquely truncated beneath; nostrils inferior; ears orbicular, scarcely visible. ‘The hind feet large, broad; the soles naked, half the length of the foot, oblong, broad, rugose and warty, rounded behind, divided into two convex parts by a cross groove, scarcely subdivided into smaller pads; front claws very long. Tail short, bushy, subcylindrical. Teeth as in Mephitis. Teeth 32; false grinders 2.2; but fiesh- tooth with long, marginal, semilunar tubercle. Conepatus, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837; P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 145. Marputius, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, i. ee Licht. Abhand. Akad. Berl. fiir 1836, p. 214, published Lycodon, D’ Orbigny. Ozolictus, Giloger, 1842. It has been supposed that Lichtenstein has the priority for the subgenus Thiosmus, because the paper appears nominally in the ‘Transactions’ for 1836, and my paper in the ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1837 ; but there cannot be a doubt that my paper was anterior, for Lichtenstein quotes it throughout. Conepatus nasutus. BM. Black, with one or two white dorsal streaks. Tail short, bushy, white or white-and-black varied. Conepatus nasutus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 146. Var. 1. nasuta. Black, with a very broad white dorsal streak ; from forehead to tail white. B.M. Mephitis nasuta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 39; Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, i. ; Fraser, Zool. Typica, t. Mens pov Licht. Ab. Akad. Berl. 1838, p. 271; Darstell. t. 44, £2. Thiosmus mesoleuca, Less. Marputius nasuta, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, i. Viverra putorius, Mutis, Act, Holm. 1769, p. 68. Viverra ee Gmelin, S. N. Mephitis (Thiosmus) marputio, Licht. Abh. Ak, Berl. 1836, p. 270. Me hase) Thiosmus) leuconota, Licht. Abh, Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 270 38). Mephitis intermedia, Saussure, Rev. Zool. 1860, p. 6. Mephitis mesoleuca?, Tomes, P. Z, S. 1861, p. 280, 6. CONEPATUS. 135 Mephitis longicaudata?, Tomes, P. Z. S, 1861, p. 280. The Chinche (Viverra chingu), Molina, Essai H. N. du Chili, p. 240. Hab. Mexico; New Granada; Santa Fé de Bogotd ; California. The Mephitis (Thiosmus) Moline, Licht. 1. c. p. 272, with the white dorsal streak broken into five oval spots, is probably only an accidental form of this variety. Var. 2. Humboldtii. Black or blackish brown, with a very broad dorsal streak, like var. 1, with a narrow black streak up the centre of the back, widest in the middle. BM. Conepatus Humboldtii, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 681, 1837. Mephitis Humboldtii, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth). Conepatus Humboldtii, Owen, Odont. t. 11, 12. wi patagonica, Licht. Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 275, t. sie (Lyncodon) patagonica, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. ix. t. 18. £. 4 skull). ? Mephitis Westermannii, Reinhardt, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1856, p. 270. Mephitis conepate, Desm., Waterh, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. pp. 29, 176. Yaguare, Markel, Falk. Patagon. p. 128. Hab. Magellan Straits. B.M. Var. 3. chilensis. Black; back with two broad white streaks, which are confluent on the forehead and continued to the tail; tail black and white. In one specimen the lateral streaks are narrow, interrupted on the side of loins, and in another, very young, narrow and not united on the forehead. B. Conepatus Humboldtii, var.,Gray,Mag.N. ZH. i. p. 581, 1887 (!). B.M. Conepatus amazonicus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 69,1842 (1). B.M. Mephitis furcatus, Wagner, Schreb. Séugeth. Suppl. ii. p. 129. Mephitis chilensis, F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. xiii. p. 126. Mephitis suffocans, Iihger, Licht. Darstell. t. 48. Mephitis (Thiosmus) amazonica, Licht, Abhand. Akad. Berlin fiir 1836, p. 275, t. (1838) (1). Type, B.M. Mephitis (Thiosmus) chilensis, Licht. Abhand. Ak, Berl, 1838, p. 272; vay, P, Z. 8. 1848 (1). B.M. Mephitis (Thiosmus) quitensis, Licht. J. c. p. 278. Gulo quitensis, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 346. Moufette du Chili, Buffon, H. N. Suppl. vii. p. 288, t. 57. Mephitis of Chili, Griffith, A. K. ii. t. Conepatus chilensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 97 (!). B.M. Marputius chilensis, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, 1. (!) B.M. Hab. Chili (Bridges, B.M.); Magellan Straits (King, B.M). Buffon’s figure represents the tail too long and broad; it is a subcylindric tuft only, not so long as the body without the head. Var. 4. Lichtensteinii. Black; crown and nape with a broad white blotch, separated behind into two narrow nearly parallel white streaks on the middle of the back, reaching nearly to the loins; tail, end-half white. B.M. Hab. Tropical America. This specimen is much distorted in stuffing ; the tail is elongated 136 MELINID. by the stretching out of the hinder part of the body, so as to make it look like a Mephitis, for which the stuffer evidently mistook it. From the examination of the stuffed and unstuffed skins, I have considered all the specimens we have in the British Museum to be varieties, because the differences in the coloration appear to pass into one another; but when we have the power to compare the living animal and the skeleton of each, we may discover that some of them are distinct species, having a peculiar geographical range. Professor Lichtenstein notices another species, under the name of M. Gumille, on the authority of a notice of Skunk called “ Maskutio” and “Mafutiliqui” in Gumilla’s ‘Orinoko’ (vol. ii. p. 276), which is said to have many decurrent streaks and a villous tail. 7. MEPHITIS. Nose short, underside hairy, with a distinct central groove; muzzle small; ears ovate, hairy, exposed. Hind feet moderate, subplanti- grade; sole bald nearly or quite to the heel, the front portion di- vided into three large pads, placed in an arch; front claws elongate, arched, strong, white. Tail elongate, as long as, or longer than the body, with long, flaccid, dependent hair. Skull ovate; orbit incom- plete. Teeth 34; false grinders 2; upper tubercular grinder small, moderate-sized. Mephitis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 147. Mephitis, § 1, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, “ The foetid liquid is secreted by two glands; which empty directly into the rectum, and are enveloped in a thick muscular membrane, the contraction of which causes the ejection of the fluid to a considerable distance ; it is said, however, to be restrained by holding the animal up by the tail ; when first discharged, it is said to be phosphorescent at night.”—Baird, Mamm. N. A. p.191. See also ‘‘ Anal Pouches of the Mephitis americana,” Warren, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii. p. 175, 1850; Wyman, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1844, p. 110. Prof. Lichtenstein divides this into two subgenera—“ planta pilosa” for M. mesomelas, and “ planta subnuda” for M. chinga and the other species. I find the extent of the baldness of the sole varies in the different specimens of the same variety, both in the young and old specimens. The form and number of the pads are always alike, only becoming more marked in the older examples. * Tail as long as body. 1. Mephitis varians. B.M. Black, with two white streaks, converging and united on the crown; tail elongate, bushy; hair flaccid, black, generally white at the base, or all white. Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837; P. ZS. 1865, p. 148; aird, Mamm. N. A. p.193; Mexico, PP. 19, 192 (skull). Me eae) macroura, Aud. § Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. t. p. 102 (not echt. ). 7. MEPHITIS, 137 Var. a. mesomelas. Crown white; streak broad, continued from the crown to the end of the tail; face with a narrow white streak. Mephitis mesomelas, Licht. Darstell. d. Saugeth. t. 45. £2; Abh. - Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 277. Mephitis occidentalis, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 194. Moufette de 1’ Amérique Septentrionale, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. Var. b. mephitica. Like a, but no white streak on the face ; back- streaks narrowed and almost interrupted on the loins. B.M. Mephitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 195. Var. ¢. varians. Like a, with face-streak; but back-streak not reaching beyond (and some specimens not even to) the middle of the back, the white on the crown varying in size atthe same time. B.M. Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, t.; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 193; Memico, p. 192, t. 60. f. 2 (skull). Var.d. Likec; but no white face-streak; the spot on the crown with a pair of short streaks behind, not reaching to the shoulders. BM, Var. ¢. chinga. Face-streak broad; crown-spot and dorsal streaks very broad, occupying nearly the whole upper surface of the body, a short black dorsal streak from the base of the tail to or towards the shoulders, Mephitis chinga, Tiedemann, Zool. i. p. 861; Licht, Darstell. d. Stiu- geth. t. 45. f.1; Pr. Max. Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, p. 218. Mephitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N. A. i. p. 195. Mephitis chinche, Fischer. Mustela chinga, Blain». Ostéogr."Mustela, t. 13 (teeth), t. 1 (skeleton), t. 6 (skull). Viverra mephitis, Griffith. Chincha americana, Lesson. Mephitis americana, De Kay, Zool. N. Y. t. 12. f..1. : Mephitis americana, var. hudsonica, Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i. Cltacha, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 300, t. 89 ; Pennant, Arct. Zool. Mamm. p. 40; F. Cuv. & Geoff. Mamm. Lith. t. Skunk, Kalm. Wegak, or Skunk, Hearne. Enfant du Diable, Charlevoix. Hab. North America. Mephitis Mephitis varians, ¢c. varians, 0, in.. lin. in, lin. Length of skull .....ccc.sscsscosecesersesceseeonsees 3 0 2 9 ——— NOE naessscsscccorercsvecceeenvesscccosscssseeces 0 103 0 lo —— zygoma and Orbit ..........ssesseeeeesseeeene 1 3} 1 2 =e Palate: cctsiccrssnscvedsaaseaneiwanedaesiecnsscon. 1 1 OF loWelt JAW: t; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 57; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498. Cuon primevus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. p. 81. Canis himalayanus, Lesson. Hab. Nepal (Hodgson, B.M.); Cashmere (Abbott). 2. Cuon alpinus. B.M. Canis alpinus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p.34; Van der Hoeven, ' Kais. Akad. d. Wiss, vii. t.17 (teeth); Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 57; Schrenck, Amurland, p. 48. Cuon alpinus, Gray, P, Z. 8. 1868, p. 498; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. p. 81. Hab. Siberia, Altai Mountains (Brandt) (skull, B. M.). Skull very like that of the preceding species, if different. 8. Cuon sumatrensis. B.M. Skull—nose short, broad, swollen, slightly raised above the nose- line; nasals produced behind the hinder upper edge of the maxil- laries. Canis (familiaris, var.) sumatrensis, Hardwicke, Linn. Trans. xiii.. p. 235, t.25; Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 249. Canis sumatrensis, F. Cuv. Diet. dH. N. viii. p. 557. Cuon sumatrensis, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. p. 81; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 498, 499 (skull). Hab. Sumatra (B.M.); Malacca (Carlton, B.M.); Java (Les- chenault, B.M.). The skull figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr. t. 8) is that of a domestic Dog, perhaps from Java. The skull in the British Mu- seum is very like that of the Cuon alpinus. A skeleton sent from Paris, and marked “ Canis javanicus” (160 e), is a Cuon; and the skull is so like that of Quon sumatrensis that I cannot discover any difference between them. I suppose this is the animal named Canis rutilans by Boie, and O. hodophylaw, C. hodophilax, and C. hip- pophylax by Temminck in the ‘ Fauna Japonica,’ called Jamainu, said to have small, erect ears, and to be of the form and size of a Wolf. 3, CUON. 185 Fig. 24. Skull of Cuon sumatrensis. (Sumatra, No. 160 a.) 186 CANIDZ. 4, Cuon dukhunensis. (Dhole.) B.M. Skull—nose slender, elongate; nasal bones the same length. Forehead much raised above the nose-line. Canis dukhunensis or Kolsum, Sykes, P. Z. S. Cuon dukhunensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 87; P. Z. S. 1868, p.500; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 81. Canis dhola, Gray, Griff. A. K. Canis familiaris, var., Lliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 100. Wild Dog or Dhole, Williamson, Wild Sports. ? Dhole, Wooler. Hab. India; Deccan (Sykes, B.M.). The skull, in the British Museum, from Col. Sykes is of a young specimen changing its milk-teeth. There is a second skull in the Museum (158 6), received trom the Zoological Society under the name of Canis dukhunensis ; but it appears to be rather the skull of C. primevus. 1. pri- a : . dukhu- ea wine, C. sumatrensis. porn 158 e. | 16la. | 1604. 160. 162 a. in, lin. | in. lin. | in. lin. Jin. lin.} in. lin. Length from nose to occipital condyle! 6 9/7 0/6 3 3; 6 of nose from front of orbits...) 2 9/211)/2 7/2 8; 3 0 of lower jaW ......cccsecceeeeeeee 5 4/5 9/411/5 2} 410 Width of brain-case, over ears ......... 26/2 7/2 412 4) 2 28 of forehead between orbits ..| 1 4/1 6/1 3]1 23) 1 1 of nose at preorbital foramen.| 1 6/1 9/1 53/1 5 1 5 at back of zygomatic arches...} 4 1/4 3/3 8/311] 3 6 Height of jaw at front of orbit........ 38 3/3 3[211/3 3] 211 All adult but 162 a. 4, LUPUS. (Wolf.) Head moderate, elongate ; nose moderate, tapering. Upper pre- molars slightly separated; the upper flesh-tooth in the same line as the other grinders. Lupus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501. 1. Lupus vulgaris. (European Wolf.) BM. Canis lupus, Linn. Fauna Suecica, p.3; Syst. Nat. i. p. 58; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84. Lupus vulgaris, Brisson, R. A. p. 285; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 501. Lupus sylvestris, Aldrov. Digit. p. 173, fig Wolf, Pennant. Loup, Buffon, H. N. vii. p. 39, t.3 (skull). Loup d’Europe (C. lupus), Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 3 (skeleton), t. 6 (skull). Hab. Kurope, France (B.M.). 4, Lupus. 187 Var. Black. Black Wolf. Canis lycaon, Eraleben, Syst. p. 560; Schreber, Siugeth. p. 353, t. 89. Canis lupus niger, Herm. Obs. Zool. p. 82. Loup noir, Buffon, H. N. ix. p. 362, t.41; F. Cuv. Mamm, Lith. t. Black Wolf, Shaw. Hab. Europe, Pyrenees. 2. Lupus chanco. (The Chanco or Golden Wolf.) B.M. Fur fulvous, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and grey hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure white. Head pale grey-brown ; forehead grizzled with short black and grey hairs. Length of the body and head 42, tail 15 inches. Skull 83 inches long. Canis chanco, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 94; Ann. § Mag. N. H. ser. 3. xii. p. 475; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501. ? Lupus laniger, Hodgson, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1847, Hab. Chinese Tartary (Lieut. W. P. Hodnell, B.M.). The skull 1422 a is that of a normal European Wolf and about the same size (but the nose is longer, rather more slender); and the teeth, as well as the shape of the skull, are very similar to those of that animal. Two small grinders below bebind the canines. 3. Lupus occidentalis. (American Wolf.) B.M. Skull—forehead convex, rounded ; internal nostrils broad in front and narrow behind. Canis lupus griseus et albus, Sabine, Journ. p. 654; Aud. §& Bachm, N. A. Quad. iii. p. 276, 1854, Canis lupus occidentalis, var. griseus et albus, Richard. F. Bor.-Am. i. p. 66, 1829, Gants oogidentalis, Dekay, Z NY.’ p48, 27. £9; © Bad, Mamm. N. A. p.105; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84. (Skull 165 e.) Canis variabilis, Pr. Max. Reise N. A. ii. p. 95, 1841. ? Lupus gigas, Townsend, Journ, Acad. N.S. Phil. ii. p. 75, 1850. Lupus occidentalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501. Canis lupus canadensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull). Hab. North America (B.M.). Var. 1. nubilus. «Colour light sooty or plumbeous brown.” Canis nubilus, Say, Long’s Exped. i. p. 168, 1822. Canis occidentalis, var. nubilus, Spencer Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 111. Var. 2. mexicanus. “Fur varied with grey and black; neck maned more than usual; a black or dusky band encircling the muzzle; a dusky slope down the fore leg.” —Baird. Canis mexicanus, Linn. S. N.i. p.60. Canis occidentalis, var. mexicanus, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 118. Xoloit cuintli, Hernand. Mex. p. 479, fig. Lupus mexicanus, Brisson, R, A. p. 287. 188 CANID As. Loup de Mexique, Buffon, N. H. xv. p. 149. Mexican Wolf, Penn. Cuetlachti, Fernand. N. Hisp. p. 7. Hab. Mexico (Hernand.); Santa Cruz; Sonora. Var. 3. ater. Black Wolf. B.M. Forehead of skull concave in the central line; internal nostrils narrow, parallel. — Canis lycaon, Harlan, Fauna Amer. p. 126, 1828, Canis lupus ater, Rich. F. Bor.-Am. i. p.70; Aud, §& Bachm. N. A. Quad. p. 126, t. . f. 7, 1851. Canis occidentalis, var. ater, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p.113. (Skull 165 ¢, B.M.) Hab. Florida; Georgia. Var. 4. rufus. Mixed red and black above, lighter beneath. Canis lupus, var. rufus, Aud. § Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 240, t. 82, 1851. Canis occidentalis, var. rufus, 8. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 118. Hab. Texas. 4. Lupus aureus. (Jackal.) B.M. Skull—nose sloping on the sides, broad in front of orbits. The sectorial tooth is placed obliquely in respect to the line of the pre- molars and tubercular grinders. Canis aureus, Linn. S. N.i. p. 59; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 39, t. 38; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 58; F. Cuw. Mamm. Lith. t.; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull, var. barbarus), t. 6 (var. mareoticus, skull rather wider). Canis barbarus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 54. Barbary Jackal, Pennant, Quad. i. p. 260. ae ret ae Kampf. Amen. Exot. p. 418, t. 407. £3; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1 . 504. Canis 2 oanin Reichenbach. Thos, Pliny. Chacal adivé, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 255, Supp. iii. t. 16. Schakall, 8. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. p. 80, t.13: Giildenst. in Nov. Com. Petrop. xx. p. 449, t. 10. Jackal, Penn., Shaw. Hab. India; Ceylon (Reid). The several skulls in the British Museum differ from each other. 163 ¢ is very wide at the zygomatic arches. Length 5 inches 4 lines, width 3 inches 3 lines. The aperture of the internal nostril is wide, 8 lines, much wider than in other skulls. ‘The skull of a Jackal from Barbary, sent to the Zoological Gardens by E. W. Drummond Esq., 163 d:—length 5 inches 1 line, width 3 inches 1 line; aperture of internal nostril 6 lines. 163. Nepaul. Presented by B. Hodgson, Esq. A skeleton with skull in the British Museum, 163 & (Canis aureus, part., Gerrard), from the Zoological Gardens is peculiar. Length 5. DIEBA. 189 5 inches 4 lines, width 2 inches 2 lines, internal nostril 5 lines. The skull like that of Lupus aureus; but the coronal ridge is rather dilated or vase-shaped in the middle of the length, and the upper hinder tubercular grinders rather larger in comparison with the other grinders. They are perhaps different species. 5. Lupus pallipes. (The Landgak.) B.M. Coronal crest linear, high ; upper sectorial teeth large, elongate. Canis apa Sykes, P. Z. 8.1831, p.101; Gray, List Mamm. B.M. p.58; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 82. Canis lupus, Hodgson ; Elliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 101. Saccalius indicus, Hodgson, MS. Lupus pallipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 504, Hab. Nepaul (Hodgson) ; India (Oldham, 163 e). 5. DIEBA. Head moderate, elongate; nose rather elongate. Upper pre- molars slightly separated; the upper flesh-tooth prominent in the tooth-line and placed obliquely to the other teeth. Tail straight to the hocks. Dieba anthus. (Dieb.) B.M. Skull (816 e)—forehead flattish, rather concave; pterygoid bones converging behind. Sectorial teeth prominent in the tooth-line and placed obliquely to the other teeth. Internal nostril narrow, sides parallel. Canis anthus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. xxii. t.; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 44, t.17; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85. Lupus anthus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 502, f. 3 (skull). Hab. West Africa, Senegal (F. Cuvier); Algiers; Tunis (Frazer) ; North Africa; Egypt; Nubia (Riippell, Christie). Var. Head narrow. Skull (816 a) very like that of D. anthus (816 e), from the Zoological Gardens. The forehead and face very much narrower compared with its length; the whole length of the face, from the end of the palate to the front teeth and the canines, is smaller. Hab. Algiers and Tunis. There is another skull, 816 6 (fig. 25, p. 190), from Tunis, that is somewhat intermediate in width; it wants the occiput. 816c. 8163. 816a. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length of skull .........ccccceccceecceeeeeeteeesereceaeees 6 7 G6 5? 6 2 Width at zygomata....... 4 2 39 #3 6 at foramen ....... _— _— _ before orbits 1 6 1 5 1 3 of palate at outer hinder edge of sectorialteeth 2 5 ire) 2 1 CANID AE. 190 Fig. 25. bey, CZ (Tunis, No. 816 d.) Skull of Dieba anthus. 6, SIMENIA. 191 Bt PRD eee NT EGO ay } ee | ee, 2. oe 192 CANIDE, 6. SIMENIA. B.M. Head elongate ; nose very slender, elongate. Skull with a very slender elongate nose; the premolars small and very far apart. Simenia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 506. Simenia simensis. (Abyssinian Wolf.) BM. Canis simensis, Riippell, Abyss. Fauna, t. 14; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 58; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones Mamm. p. 82. Simenia simensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506, f. 4. Hab, Abyssinia (Riippell, type in B.M.). © Skull 1624 (fig. 26). Length 7 inches 9 lines. Coronal ridge linear. 7. CHRYSOCYON. Head very long; nose slender. Pupils round. Tail short, reach- ing only to the hocks. Skull elongate; nose very long, slender; coronal crest single, linear ; postorbital process thick, convex above, bent down at the tip. Premolars approximate, large. Sectorial tooth in the same line as the other teeth. Internal palate narrow. Chrysocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs; Burmeister, Faun. Bras. p. 24; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 506. * Upper sectorial tooth moderate. Chrysocyon.—Giray, J. c. p. 506. 1. Chrysocyon jubata. (Guara.) B.M. Canis mexicanus, Sonn. Nouv. Dict. vi. p. 505 (not Sobeed eer jubatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 198; Burm. Faun. Brasil. t. 21, t. 26. Chrysocyon jubata, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89; Gray BZ. 8. 1868, p. 50. i : ee Canis eal aes Pr, Max. Beitr. ii. p. 384. 0.15; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull) Loup rouge, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 154, iv. t. 1. cesta Hab. South America (solitary); Paraguay (Azara); Brazil (Pr. Maz.) ; Buenos Ayres. r é %& Upper sectorial tooth transverse, very large. N eocypn.— Gray, 1. e. p. 506. , 2. Chrysocyon latrans. (Prairie-Wolf. Coyote.) B.M. Skull 171 a very like Lupus anthus; but nose longer and more slender. Muzzle short, like that of a Fox; tail short, like a Wolf’s. Canis latrans, Say, in Long’s Exped. i. p. 168; Aud. § Bachm, N. A. Quad. ii. p. 150, t. 71, 1829; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 118; Ger- rard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B, M. p. 58; Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 7 (sicull). Vulpes velox, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. n. 1287 a. Chrysocyon (Neocyon) latrans, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506. 8. CANIS. 193 Var. Small. oe frustror, Woodhouse, Proce, Ae. N. 8. Philad, iv. p. 147 (1850), . 157 (1851). Sima Wolves, Dupretz. Burrowing Dog, Lewis § Clark. Cased Wolves, Furrier’s List. Lyciscus cagotis, Ham. Smith, Nat. Inb. Dogs. P Canis ochropus, Eschsch, Zool. Atlas, i. t. i; Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. p. 59; Zool. Sulph. p. 32, t. 10. Hab. North America (in packs): Upper Missouri (Zong) ; Cali- fornia (B.M.). “ Replaces the Jackal of the Old World. Brings forth its young in a burrow. Barks like a Domestic Dog.”—S. Baird. Skulls 171 a,b,c. Width at zygomata 3 inches 4 lines; length of palate 3 inches 5 lines, of the upper jaw at the hinder edge of the sectorial tooth 2 inches, at the base of the canines 1 inch 1 line. 1237 a. “ Vulpes velow, Rich.” Skull 171¢. Length 7 inches; width at zygomata 3 inches 10 lines, at preorbital foramen 1 inch-3 lines, at outer hinder end of the sectorial tooth 2 inches 1 line, of the upper jaw at the base of the canines 1 inch 1 line; length of palate 3 inches 9 lines, B. Dogs. Tail elongate, curved or curled ; Fg ‘al muscle only separated dy a line or coronal ridge. —Gray, P Z. S. 1868, p. 508, 8. CANIS. (Dog.) Head moderate or elongate. Ears often dependent or recurved. The small hinder tubercular grinder of the upper and lower jaws well developed. Canis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508. 1. Canis familiaris. (Dog.) B.M. Canis familiaris, Zinn, S. N.i. p. 56; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 57; P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 508 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. 82. Cars a domesticus, Linn, Mus. Adolph. Frid. i. Canis familiaris Terres Nove, Blanv. Ostéogr. Wants, t. 8 (skull). Chien, Buffon, H. N. v. ae t. 16. Chien domestique, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 152. Dog, Penn. Common Dog, Shaw. Hab. The World where inhabited by man. Skull 1667. Bhotea Dog (black and tan). Nepaul (Hodgson). Length 8 inches 2 lines. Very like the skull of the Wolf of ee Skull 1665. Tibetan Mastiff. Nepaul (Hodgson). Eee inches. Skull 166. Bull-Dog (fig. 27, p.194). Utrecht Collection. B.M. Var. 1. Canis familiaris nepalensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (teeth). 0 194 CANID. Fig. 27. \ Skull of Bull-Dog. (No. 166.) 8. CANIS. 195 Var. 2. Canis familiaris japonicus, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 10. f. 5, 6 (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat, of Bones of Mamm. p. 84. Var. 3. Canis familiaris chinensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, f. (skull). BM Var. 4. Canis familiaris Nove Hibernie, Fischer, Syn. p. 186 (called « Poull”), Var. 5. Native Dog of New Zealand. Fur rather long, black- and white-varied. B.M. 2. Canis ceylanicus. Chien sauvage indien, Vossmar, Descript. 1775, t. Canis ap ames Shaw, Zool. i. p. 312; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509. Ceylon Dog, Penn. . Hab. Ceylon. 3. Canis tetradactyla. Chien Spee de Cayenne, Actes de la Soc. d’H. N. de Paris, i. & 115; Meyer, Zool, Am. i. p. 184. ? Canis familiaris cayanensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7* (skull). Canis tetradactyla, Fischer, Syn. p. 292; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509. Hab. Cayenne. 4. Canis dingo. Ears erect. Tail elongate. Tubercular grinders 3.—Blainville. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Handb. p. 103; Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. p- a . ZS, 1868, p. 509; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84. Canis familiaris Australasie, Desm. Mamm. p. 190; Blainv. Ostéogr. t.8 (skull). Dingo or Australasian Dog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 277, £. 76. Hab. Australia. Var. sumatrensis. Skull short; face short, broad. Tubercular grinders 2, well developed.— Gray, 1. c. p. 509. Canis familiaris sumatrensis, Hardw. Linn, Trans. xiii. p. 235, t. 28. Canis sumatrensis, Fischer, Syn.'Mamm. p. 186, Hab. Sumatra. ; The Domestic Dog has been bred into various well-marked varie- ties, some of which have existed from the earliest historical period, and are to be found everywhere the companions of man. New varieties are very rarely if ever produced ; and some of the old or well-known varieties have a great tendency to die out, at least for a time. Indeed all varieties are only to be retained by careful breeding and weeding—that is, by the destruction, or at least ex- clusion from breeding, of the examples that do not come up to the standard. If this is not done, they soon deteriorate into the common Cur or the Pariah Dog of India. Most varieties occur of very different sizes—from very large to large, middle-sized, small, or very small. ‘ The varieties always present the same general external appearance, and often have a peculiar colour. For example, the Poodles always 02 1 N OO POwbh 196 CANIDEE. have curly hair. Other varieties occur with either long or short smooth hair, with bristling or rough hair, curly hair, or with a nearly naked skin; the latter generally also have imperfect teeth, or teeth that early decay or drop out. . Straight-haired ..{Greyhound ...... Black - and - tan] Spaniel. Terrier. Large-sized ....| Deerhound. Small-sized ....|Italian Greyhound] Toy Terrier. . Soft silky hair... .|Thibet Greyhound Spaniel. . Soft curly hair ..[....... sesso eee Poodle. . Harsh wiry hair . .| Irish Greyhound. .| Wiry or rough- haired Terrier. . Naked or nearly so.) Naked Greyhound] Naked Terrier. .| Naked Spaniel. » Short -legged or]... eee eee eee Turnspit Dog . .| Turnspit Dog. Turnspit. Scotch Terrier. . Bull-head with im-|............004. Bull-Dog...... a Charles perfect upper jaw. paniel. Bull-Terrier. . Small variety ....)..... ihe Bigeananan es Pug-Dog...... Japan Sleeve- Dog &c. . Large-eyed Dog ..|....... ee eee eee Toy Terrier... .| J caer og. Some varieties are malformations, as (1) the Bull-Dog and the Pug Dog have a short, imperfect upper jaw and a broken nose; but this malformation occurs as a subvariety among Spaniels, as in the Japanese Sleeve-Dog ; and (2) other Dogs (continued by breeding) have the lips, on the sides of the mouth, very large and pendulous, as the Mastiff. Several varieties also occur presenting (3) short- legged long-bodied breeds,—as the Turnspit, the Scotch Terrier, and the Muff-Dogs or Short-legged Spaniels. There is another variety (4) with very large, protruding eyes, which, in some of the Dogs of Japan, where this breed is esteemed, are sometimes so large and prominent as to be easily knocked out of the orbit by accident. The Domestic Dog presents three distinct forms of ears. (1) Some, as the Spitz Dog, have short ovate, erect, hairy ears; (2) others, like the Greyhound, have elongated ears that are folded together, bent backward on the sides of the head; while (3) the Hound and Spaniels have broad ears bent down on the sides of the head. When the varieties with different forms of ears are bred together, intermediate forms may be observed. The tail, in most varieties, is elongated, tapering and generally white at the end; it is often more or less curved, and sometimes closely spirally bent. But the tails of many Domestic Dogs are cut; and some few breeds are said to be born tailless. But I have never seen any examples of the latter. Varieties which are very distinct in their external form, length and kind of hair, and colour, have skulls so alike that they are not to be distinguished by any appreciable character. Thus it is im- possible to distinguish the skull of a Terrier from that of a Spaniel, 9. LYCALOPEX. 197 or either of these from that of the Pariah Dog of India, or the “ Mongrel Cur” as it is called in England. _ Some of the figured and named varieties, as the Lion-Dog (Chien- lion, Buffon, v. t. 40. f.2; Canis familiaris leoninus, Gmelin), are described from Dogs that had been artificially trimmed; and of some, as the Prick-EKared Dog, the ears had been artificially clipped; and the same is the case with some of the short-tailed Dogs. If the varieties of Dog are stumblingblocks to the systematic zoologist, which some say they are (for what reason I cannot con- ceive), they are never mistaken by their wild allies. It is true that a Wolf will breed with a female Dog, but so will a wild Pheasant with a domestic hen. The system of improving the breed of do- mestic animals by breeding and weeding seems to have been coex- istent with human civilization; and to keep up the good breeds it is as necessary to be carefully attended to now as in the earliest period, showing that the varieties produced have no tendency to become perpetual. The varieties of the Dog, like the varieties of Oxen, Sheep, Pigs, Poultry, and Pigeons, are limited; and the limits seem to have been early discovered, as most, if not all, of the varieties now exist- ing seem to have been known in the earliest historical period, and even anterior to it. How any one can think that the differences between varieties of domestic animals are such as zoologists would use. to distinguish genera and species, is a mystery that I cannot understand; and the theory that the variation produced by breeding and weeding, or selection as it is called, is to be regarded as the origin of the dif- ference between natural species, is more astonishing, and can only have arisen for want of careful study of the subject. There are some minds so constituted, even among the well educated, who believe in animal magnetism, metallic tactors,*table-turning, phrenology, spiritualism, mesmerism, the great pyramid, natural selection, and mimicry of animals—and some even two or more of these theories in succession, or at the same time. I do not know of any work giving a systematic or scientific de- scription of the varieties of Dogs. Professor Fitzinger, in the ‘ Trans- actions of the Vienna Academy,’ has written a long paper on the- history of the different varieties and breeds, similar to the paper on. the breeds of Sheep. c. Fox-TarLEp Wotves. Tail elongate, reaching below the heels, more or less curved, and covered with more or less. elongated hair not forming a full brush, South America. Fox-tailed Wolves, Gray, P. Z, 8. 1868, p. 511. 9. LYCALOPEX. Pupil circular. Tail reaching below the hocks. The upper tu- percular teeth oblong, taken together much longer than the flesh- tooth. South-American. 198 CANIDAL. Cerdocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs, p. 289, 1889. Lycalopex, Burmeister, Fauna Brasil. pp. 24, 381; Gray, P. ZS. 1868, p. 511, 1. Lycalopex vetulus. B.M. Tail very long, bushy; underside pale yellow. Snout reddish brown. Coronal ridge narrow linear. Canis vetulus, Sund. Bras. p. 21, t. 40, Canis Azare, Pr. Wied, Abild. t. Canis a ie vatulus, Burmeister, Faun. Bras, p. 87, t. 23, t. 28. £1, +. 29. £1 Lycalopex vetulus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 511. Hab. Brazil. 2, Lycalopex fulvicaudus. B.M. Underside of tail reddish yellow. Temporal muscles separated by a well-marked narrow lanceolate crown, which is linear for one- fourth of its length behind (see Burm. t. 28. f. 2). The upper sectorial tooth short, broad, thick; upper tubercular teeth large, nearly similar in size and form. Canis fulvicaudatus, Sund. Bras. p. 20. Canis Ugeslep) fulvicaudus, Burm. Faun. Bras. p. 40, t. 24, t. 28, f. 2, t. 29. f. 2. Lycalopex fulvicaudus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 511. Hab. South America. Skull 820 a is very like those figured by Burmeister, t. 28. f. 2, t. 29. f. 2; but the lower edge of the lower jaw is not so much arched. Skulls 821 @ and 6 both differ from 820 @ in the upper sectorial and the tubercular grinders being smaller than they are in that skull. In 820 a the upper sectorial tooth is thick, nearly triangular, broad, and with a well-marked lobe on the front of the inner edge. In 821 a it is nearly of the same form—if anything, rather more equi~ laterally triangular; but it is smaller than in 820 a. in. lin, Skull 820@ .acccec0ccssereews 4 3 long. Skull 8200 uc cscs n ee cme ee aie sw 40 ,, It is evident that the teeth of these Dogs vary in size in the same species. Var. 1. chiloensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 511. BM. Upper sectorial tooth compressed, with inner front lobe rather in front of the front edge of the tooth; crown of skull flat, narrow, sub-vaseshaped. Hinder opening of the palate broad, expanded. Skull 821 6, 4 inches 2 lines long. Vulpes Azaree (Ohtloe), Waterhouse, MS. Vulpes vetulus (partly), Gerrard, Cat. Bones of Mamm. (821 6). Hab. Chiloe. 10, PSEUDALOPEX. 199 10. PSEUDALOPEX. Tail elongate, reaching below the hocks. Pupil elliptical in the daylight. Skull with a linear coronal ridge; the upper tubercular teeth taken together scarcely so long as, or very little longer than the flesh-tooth. Pseudalopex, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 24,44; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 512, : BYE siguiscceng! * The fore legs grey externally; soles of the feet blackish brown. 1. Pseudalopex Azare. (Agoua rachay.) B.M. Tubercular grinders 3; front always largest. Canis. Azare, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 888; Abbild. t.; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, xiv. t. 7; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull). Canis brasiliensis, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 222. Vulpes Azaree, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87. Agoua rachay, Azara, i. p. 317. Canis melanostomus, Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. 1848, i. p. 858. ea A ea a Azare, Burm. Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 44, t. 28. f. 3, t, 29. f. 3. Pseudalopex Azar, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 512. Canis Azare, Van der Hoeven, t. 1. f. 8. Hab. South America: Brazil (Pr. Maw.); Paraguay (Azara) ; Patagonia (Darwin). ** The fore legs entirely red-yellow ; soles of the feet red-brown. 2. Pseudalopex griseus. B.M. Fur reddish-yellow-grey ; legs red-yellow. Size small. Canis griseus, Gray, P. Z. 8. iv. pp. 88, 128, t. 6; Mag. N. H, 18387, . 678. : Velves Canis ( t. 25. Pseudalopex griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512. Hab. Patagonia (King). pens Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88. seudalopex) griseus, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 28, 48, 3. Pseudalopex magellanicus. (Colpeo.) B.M. Fur fox-red ; back blackish. Large-sized. Canis magellanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 88; Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 578; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, x.t.5; Burmeister, Faun. Bras. t. 6. £3. Canis (Pseudalopex) magellanicus, Burm. Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 51; Reise La Plata, ii. p. 405; Wiegm. Arch. 1862, p. 329, Pseudalopex magellanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512. Canis cancrivorus americanus, Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 27 (skull). Vulpes magellanicus, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836, p. 578; List Mamm., B. M. p. 61; Gerrard, Cat. Bones of Mamm. p. 87. ? Canis Azaree, Waterhouse. ? Colpeo, Canis colpaceus, Molina. 200 CANIDE, ? Canis tetradactyla, Meyer. Chile Fox, Shaw, Zool. p. 329. - Hab. Chili and Bolivia (Bridges); Strait of Magellan (Darwin). In the British Museum there are skulls from Chili, marked 184 a, 184 ¢, and 184 f, Vulpes magellanicus, which are those of adult animals, and have a linear crest extending the whole length of the crown. There is another skull, evidently from the same series, no. 184 e, also without any skin belonging to it, which has its adult teeth, but is not so large or aged as the others. It has a broad flat crown (separating the temporal muscles), which is wide in front and taper- ing to the occiput ; and the side margins are rather curved in, giving it a slightly vase-like form. Length 5 inches 7 lines, width 2 inches 11 lines. There are also a skull and skeleton (no. 1846) foom Chili, of which the skull is intermediate in size between the larger skulls and the small one. The coronal crest is linear; but there is an indication of the vase-shaped crown-plate on each side of the central ridge. Nos. 817 a, 6, ¢, d, e are five smaller skulls, named Vulpes Azare, sent from Bolivia by Mr. Bridges. They are very similar externally, but they vary considerably in the size of the upper tubercular grinders as compared with the other teeth, and slightly in the form of the lobes of the upper sectorial tooth. The hinder upper tubercular is always of the same form as the penultimate, but smaller. The internal lobe of the sectorial tooth of V. magellanicus from Chili, 184 ¢, is rather larger, with the front edge on a level with the front edge of the body of the tooth; in the small skulls from Bolivia the lobe is very slightly in front of the line of the fore edge of the tooth. I believe these all belong to one species ; and they are very like the skulls figured as Canis crancrivorus, var. brasiliensis, by Bur- meister, Fauna Bras. t. 27. They are very different in the form of the crown and other details from the skull figured as C. Azare by Blainville, Ostéogr. t. 4, and by Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 28. f. 4. 4, Pseudalopex antarcticus. B.M. Canis antarcticus, Shaw, Zool.i. p. 331; Desm. Mamm. p. 199; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 59; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, ii. t. 4. Antarctic Fox, Penn. Pseudalopex antarcticus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513. Hab. Falkland Islands. 5. Pseudalopex gracilis. Canis (Pseudalopex) gracilis, Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 406; Arch, Naturg. 1862, p. 180. Pseudalopex gracilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513. Hab. Pampas of Mendoza. 11. rHovs. 201 11. THOUS. Skull elongate; nose tapering, moderate. Temporal muscles se- parated by a vase-shaped crown. Teeth 44=29; two tubercular grinders in each side of the upper, and three in each side of the lower jaw, the two hinder circular, the hindmost very minute. Tyeelepes, § 1, Burmeister. Thous, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 514. There are three skulls in the British Museum, all showing the additional hinder lower grinders. One, 1033 6, has a group of four small hinder tubercular grinders on one side of the lower jaw, which displaces and throws out of the regular line the larger penultimate tubercular lower grinder. 1. Thous crancrivorus. (Crab-eating Dog.) B.M. Tail moderately long. Snout blackish. Canis cancrivorus, Desm. Mamm. p.199; Blainv, Ostéogr. t. 9 (skull), t. 12 (teeth), t. Viverra cancrivora, Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. p. 185; Actes de la Soc. @ HN. & Paris, i. p. 115. Canis brasiliensis, Lund, Bras. 1842, t. Canis melampus, Wagner. Vulpes brasiliensis, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88. Ca (Lycalopex) cancrivorus, Burm. Fauna Bras. p. 24, t. 22, t. 27. LL, 4. Thous crancrivorus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514. Lycalopex cancrivorus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89. Chien cS bois, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vii. p. 146, t. 38. Chien sauvage, Fermin in Holl. Equin. p. 10. ? Canis thous, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 60. Surinam Dog, Penn. Hab. French Guiana, in small packs. 2. Thous fulvipes. B.M. Canis fulvipes, Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, p.11; Waterhouse, Zool. Beagle, t. 6 (1839) (type in B.M.). Vulpes fulvipes, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88. ? Canis (Lycalopex) entrerianus, Burmeister, Uebersicht der Sdéiugeth. von La Plata, ii. p. 400, 1861; Arch. Naturg. 1862, p. 180. Thous fulvipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514. Hab. Chili (Bridges). Section Il. Vutpivz. Skull thin, elongate. Postorbital process of the frontal bones bent but little downward, the antertor edge turned up; a longitudinal shallow pit or indentation at its base. Pupil of eye often elliptical, erect. Head slender. Upper incisors scarcely lobed. Subfam. III. VULPINA. Vulpina, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p.121; Gray, P, Z. 8. 1868, p. 514. 202 "ANID, p. THE Foxrs. The tail elongated, reaching to the ground, covered with abundance of soft hair forming a brush, with a gland above the base. Eyes often nocturnal, with oblong erect pupils—Gray, 1. ¢. p. 515. 12. VULPES. Muzzle long. Temporal crests of the skull linear or nearly linear. Ears moderate, erect, acute. Tail with soft fur and long hairs uniformly mixed. Bulle of the ear-bones moderate, oblong, strongly keeled, angular. Vulpes, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p.121; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515. * Large. European. 1. Vulpes vulgaris. (Fox.) B.M. Canis vulpes, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59; Blainv. Ostéogr, t. 4 (skull) ; 59 Gray, Cat, Mamm. B. M. p. 59. Vulpes vulgaris, Brisson, R. A. p. 239; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p.86; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515. Var. 1. Tail-end black. Canis alopex, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59. BM. Renard charbonnier, Buffon, H. N.. vii. p. 82. Brant Fox, Penn. Var. 2. crucigera. Fulvous, with a black dorsal cross, Vulpes crucigera, Brisson, R. A, p. 240; Gesner, Quad. f. at p. 90; Aldrov. Quad. Digit. p. 221, f. at p. 222. Cross Fox, Penn. Hab. Europe. Var. 3. melanogaster. B.M. bet melanogaster, Pr. Bonap., Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86. : Hab. Italy. ™ Large. African, 2. Vulpes nilotica. (Sobora or Tahaleb.) B.M. Skull—crown-line narrow behind, elongate triangular in front half. Canis niloticus, Geoff. Cat. Mus. Paris; Desm. Mamm. p. 204 ; Lech. er p. = ; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p.41, t.15; Gray, Cat, Mamm. Canis ay tiacus, Sonnini, Nowv. Dict. dH. N. vi. p. 524; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t.15; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 19. Vulpes niloticus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85; Gray, P. Z, 8. 1868, p. 615. Hub. North Africa; Egypt. Called “ Tahaleb” by the Egyptians, « Sobora” by the Arabs. Skulls 172 a, b, ¢,d. Length 5, width 23 inches. 12. vuxpEs. 203 3. Vulpes adusta. (The Burnt Dog.) Canis adusta, Sundevall, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Manun. p. 85. Vulpes adusta, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 5165. Hab. South Africa. Caffraria (Sundevail) (called “ Candué”). 4. Vulpes variegata. (Schom or Abu.) BM. Canis-variegatus, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 31, t.10; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t.; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 59. Canis mesomelas, var., Riippell, Cat. Mus. Vulpes variegata, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 516. Hab. Upper Egypt and Nubia, called “ Abu Schom” by the Arabs (Riippell), 5. Vulpes mesomelas. (Tenlie.) B.M. Canis mesomelas, Ehrenb. Stiugeth. p. 370, t.95; Gray, List Mamm. B. M., p. 58. Canis variegatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 30. Vulpes mesomelas, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 516. Jackal, Kolbe, Besch. des Vorgeb. d. g. Hoffn. p. 150. Cape Jackal, Shaw. Renard du Cap, Cuv. #. A. i. p. 158, Hab. South and East Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Kolbe); Abys- sinia (Riippell). *** Large. Asiatic. 6. Vulpes flavescens. (The Persian Fox.) B.M. Skull—crown-line of adult narrow linear, of young tapering back- wards to occiput. Vulpes flavescens, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 18438, xi. p.118; List of Mamm. B. M. p. 60; P. Z. 8S, 1868, p.516; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86. Hab. India, Salt Range (Oldham). Skulls 1175 a, b,c. Length 5 inches, width 23. 7. Vulpes montana, (Hill-Fox). B.M. Vulpes montanus, Pearson, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1836, p. 313; Gray, Lest Mamm. B. M. p.195; P. Z. S. 1868, p.516; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones.of Mamm. p. 86. Vulpes nepaulensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, Canis himalaicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 183; Royle, Ilust. Cash- mere, t. (B.M.). Hab. Nepal (Rev. R. Ewing); Thibet. Skull 176 a. 8. Vulpes Griffithsii. Vulpes Griffithsii, Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 516. Hab, Afghanistan. 204 CANIDE. eke Small. Asiatic. 9. Vulpes ferrilatus. BM. Vulpes ferrilatus, Hodgson; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 516. Hab. Thibet. 10. Vulpes leucopus. B.M. Vulpes leucopus, Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 516. Hab. North-west India: Mooltan. 11. Vulpes japonica. B.M. Skull—crown-plate elongate, slender, tapering behind to the occi- put (adult). Vulpes japonicus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86; Gray, P. Z, 8. 1868, p. 517, Hab. Japan. Skull 180a. Length 5 inches, width 23. Fig. 28. ag ess Skull of Vulpes bengalensis, (India, No. 1748.) 12. Vulpes bengalensis. (Kokree.) B.M. Skull—crown-plate wide towards the occiput, vase-shaped. Canis bengalensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 230, Canis rufescens, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 3. Canis kokree, Sykes, P, Z. 8. i. p. 101. Canis corsac, Blyth. Vulpes corsac, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. Vulpes indicus, Hodgson. Vulpes bengalensis, Gray, Il. Ind. Zool. ii. t.2; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517, £.6; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86. Bengal Dog, Penn. Quad. i. p. 160. : 12. vuLPEs. 205 Var. Canis xanthurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 68. Canis chrysurus, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836, p. 577. Hab. India; Bengal. Skulls 174a-f. Length 43 inches, width 22. 13. Vulpes pusilla. (Small Fox.) Vulpes pusilla, Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1854, p. 729; Gray P.Z. 8. 1868, p. 517. a Hab. Pendschab ? 14. Vulpes karagan. (Karagan.) “ Larger than the Corsac.”, Canis karagan, Eral. Syst. p. 556. Vulpes karagan, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517. Canis melanotus, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 44. Karagan, Schreb. Séugeth. p. 359. Karagan Fox, Shaw. Hab. Ural and Tartary. 15. Vulpes corsac. (Corsac.) BM. Canis corsac, Zinn, 8. N. i. p. 223; Tiles. Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xi. p. 400, t. 49; Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat, i. 41, t.4; Blain». Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull). Vulpes corsac, Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. p. 62; P, Z. 8S. 1868, p. 518. P Isatis or Adive, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 17. Corsac Fox, Penn. Corsac, Cuv. Régne Anim, i. p. 155. Bab. Tartary, in deserts; Siberia. F *¥*4* Targe. American. 16. Vulpes pennsylvanica, (Cross Fox.) B.M. Hair long, silky and soft; tail very full, composed of an under- far with long hair distributed uniformly among it. Tail with a white tip; feet and ears black. Ears with both sides covered with hair. y Canis fulvus, Rich. Fauna B.-Amer. p. 93, 1829; Aud. § Bach. N. A, Quad. ii. pp. 263, 414, tt. 87, 116, iii. p. 70; Desm. Mamm. . 208. Garis argentatus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 328. Canis vulpes, var. 5. pennsylvanicus, Bodd. Elench. i. p. 96, 1784. Canis decussatus, Geoff. Mus. Pur.; Desm. Mamm. p. 203. Canis cruciger, Schreb. Stugeth, t. 91a. Renard argenté, Charlerois, N. France, i. p. 196; Cuv. R.A. i. p. 155; Geoff. Mam. Lithog. Renard de Virginie, Palisot de Beawvois, Bull. Soc. Philom. Pennsylvanian Brant Fox, Penn. Vulpes fulvus, S. Baird, N. A. Mam. p. 128; Gerrard, Cat, of Bones of Mamm. p. 85. 206 CANIDE. Canis vulpes nigra americana, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skeleton). Vulpes pennsylvanica, Gray, P. Z, 8. 1868, p. 518. Hab. North America. Var. 1. fulva. “Reddish yellow; back behind grizzly; throat greenish ; a narrow line on the belly white; ears behind, and tips of caudal hairs, except terminal brush, black.” Skulls 173 a, 8, ¢, d. Var. 2. decussatus. “ Muzzle and underparts, with the legs, black ; tail blacker than in var.1; a dark band between the shoulders, crossed by another over the shoulders.” Canis decussata, Desm. B.M. Canis fulvus decussatus, Rich., Baird. Vulpes fulvus decussatus, dud. § Bach. Cross Fox. Var. 3. argentata. ‘Entirely black, except on the posterior part of the back, where the hairs are annulated with grey; tail-tip white ;” foot-pads often covered with hair. Canis argentatus, Shaw. Canis hits argentatus, Rich., Baird. Vulpes fulvus argentatus, dud. § Bach. Renard noir d’Amérique, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 12 (skeleton). Silver or Black Fox. Var. 4. macrura. Larger, varies in colour like the smaller varieties ; foot-pads covered with hair. Skulls 1402 a, 6. Length 5} inches, width 23. Vulpes macrourus, Baird, in Stansbury’s Explor, Great Salt Lake, p. 309, 1852; Mamm. N. A. p. 130. Vulpes utah, Awd. §& Bach. Proc. A. N. 8. Philad. v. p.114; N. A. Quad. iii. p. 255, t. 151. ? Vulpes fulvus, Pr. Maz. Reise, ii. p. 98, 1841. Hab. Great Salt Lake. 17. Vulpes velox. (Burrowing Fox.) B.M. Canis velox, Say in Long’s Exped. i. p. 486, 1823. Vulpes velox, Aud. §& Bach. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 18, t. 52, 1851; S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 183; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519. Burrowing Fox, Lewis & Clarke’s Travels, ii. p. 851. * Kit-Fox, Lewis § Clarke, ibid. Canis cinereo-argentatus, Sabine, Franklin's Jour. p. 658; Blain. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull). Canis vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Rich. F, B.-A. p. 98, 1827. Vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Gray, Inst Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard, ‘at. of Bones of Mamm. yp. 87. Canis microtis (or Kit-Fox), Reichenb. Regne Anim. i. p. 10, f. 72, 78. Hab. North America, Missouri, burrowing in the earth. 13. FENNECUS. Ears large, elongate, hairy, spreading. Tail elongate, bushy, covered with soft hairs. Pupil roundish ? 13. FENNECUS. 207° Skull elongate; brain-case ovate. Temporal muscles separated from each other by a very wide urn-shaped crown to the occiput. Upper premolars compressed ; flesh-tooth compressed, with a small internal process in front; tubercular grinder much wider than long. Bulle of ears very large, thin, swollen and rounded below. Africa. Fennecus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 519. 1. Fennecus dorsalis, (Sabora.) BM. Canis dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1887, p.182. (B.M.) ? Canis famelicus, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 15, t. 56. Canis Riippellii, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. iv. p. 508. Fennecus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 519. Hab. Sandy deserts of Nubia and Cordofan (called “Sabora” by the Arabs); West Africa, Senegal (B.M.). 2. Fennecus zaarensis. (Fennec.) B.M. Canis zerda, Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 242 ; Leuchart, Isis, 1825, p. 211; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 5, t. 2. Fennecus zaarensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519. Canis cerdo, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 75. Canis fennecus, Lesson, Man. p. 168. Megalotis cerdo, Teng. Prod. p. 131. Fennecus cerdo, Gray, Denham, i. p. 85. Fennecus arabicus, Sonnini & Desm. N. Dict. d’H. N. xi. p. 342. Fennecus Brucei, Desm. Mamm. p. 235; Ene. Méth. t. 108. f. 9. Viverra aurita, Blumenb. Handb. p. 95. Vulpes minimus zoarensis, Skjéldebrand in K. Vetens, Akad, Hand, 1777, p. 265, t, 6. Vulpes zoarensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p.62; Gerrard, Cat of Bones of Mamm. p. 87. Fennec, Bruce, Travels, v. p. 128, t. 28. Animal anonyme, Buffon, H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 148, t. 19. Whitish Dog, Shaw (from Bruce). Hab. Northern Africa (Bruce, Riippell), Algiers. Skull 182 ¢. 3. Fennecus pallidus. (Hosseen.) B.M. Canis pallidus, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 38, t. 11. Vulpes pallidus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87. Fennecus pallidus, Gray, P. Z. 8.1868, p. 520. Hab. Darfur and Cordofan (Riippell) (called “ Abu Hosseen” by the Arabs). Skull 8144; orbits very large. Skull 814 6, described by M. de Blainville when in the Museum of the Zool. Soc. 4. Fennecus caama. (The Asse.) B.M. Skull—the crown broad, vase-shaped, rather contracted behind, and linear near the occiput. 208 CANIDZ. Canis caama, A. Smith,South African Quart. Journ. Vulpes caama, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87. Hab. South Africa (Dr. A. Smith). The skull 815 a in the British Museum, out of this skin, is very like that of Urocyon virginianus in the form of the crown-plate, but it differs from that skull in the bulle of the ear-bones being longer, more ventricose and rounded, and in the last upper tuber- cular grinder being small and more triangular, narrower on the inner edge. Fig. 29. Skull of Fennecus caama. (South Africa, No. 815 a.) 14. LEUCOCYON. - Tail very full and bushy ; soles of feet densely furred. Fur, of the adult, white ; of the young, greyish lead-colour. Pupil oblong, erect. Skull short; nose broad below the orbits. Leucocyon, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 521. Leucocyon lagopus. B.M. Canis lagopus, Linn. Fauna Suec. p. 4; S. N. i. p. 59; Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 51, t. 5; Tilestus, Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xi. p. 375, t. 47; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull). Canis (Vulpes) lagopus, Rich. F. Bor.-Amer. i. p. 83, 1829. Vulpes lagopus, Aud. § Bach. N. A. Quad, ii. p. 89, t. 121, 1829; nape Inst Mamm. B. M.p. 60; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88. Teugocron lagopus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521. Renard blanc, Buffon, H. N. Suppl. vii. t. 61. Arctic Fox, Pennant, Shaw. (Skulls 780 a, c,d.) Junior? Sooty black. Skull shorter and broader. Canis fuliginosus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 851. (Skulls 1816 a, b, ¢.) Sooty Fox, Pennant. - 15. wrocron. 209 Isatis gris, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. Vulpes fuliginosus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88. Vulpes lagopus (Arctic Fox), Aud. & Bach. N. A. Quad. iii. t. 122; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 187. Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop., v. p. 858. Hab. Arctic region: Newfoundland (Audubon). Var. smaller? Pessez or Golubri. Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. p. 858; Thienem. Canis lagopus, Pallas, Zoogr. R.-Asiat. i. p. 51, t.5; Tiles, N. Act. Nat, Cur. xi. p. 375, t. 47. Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. v. p. 358; Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 872 (part.). Hab. North Asia. BE, BrisTLE-TAILEepD FoxEs. Tail elongate, covered with soft elongated hair and with a central concealed crest of stiff hairs unmixed with soft Sur. Skull—temporal muscles separated by a wide flat crown, narrow at the oceiput.—Gray, P. Z, 8, 1868, p. 521. 15. UROCYON. Muzzle short. Temporal crests of the skull always widely sepa- rated. Postorbital process thin, spread out, concave above. gd e}eo|s 2, 38 Sa) 33|'8| Es) fal ba /Sa] § | ba | fa |88/83|f2/ 83 ota (RR ie ye TR TR RR Ig IA Iq la Length of skull ...... [40 (87 [36 (86 (82/241 |...... 32/2 ml2at/40 ls 4jails 4 width, op Otmaine, |1.6 [144/16 f26]14 f1 2 ial eee pee TT Woe lacs 1 2} idth, at centre o: : zygoma, of fore- 2 23/2 0})2.03/21 ]19 j1 83/18 |20 |1 7 J18 128 J110]1 21 OO cassverscconses Wace beckendofl iy 7 146 ie |e jaa |. wivapae lia leo lio i1 elt ol & Width of band at middle of erown f|0 8 02 | 0}/0.6 [0.6 10 7 1068/08 | run |osnn 09 11 Of uu. 0 10 over con O85 os. idles! neat 07 |07 |o8 jo7 /06 Jo 52/07 Jo 6s|0 6 jos jostlo 7/0 5\0 7 at outer edge i "of tooth-line, at $13 [1-2 [14/12 ]11-}1 og/10 {1 of]0 102/09 |1 281 OJ... ob _ first molar........, ‘ Wide ee? St] 0 74/0 7h} 8 o7 |o6 jo 7 fo 6lo6slo 6 |...... 09 lo shu. 0 6 RHINOCEROTIDE. 295 Suborder IV. NASICORNIA. Nose rounded, with one or two horns, on a central line, formed of agglutinated hair. Upper lip prehensile.. Cutting- teeth of upper jaw rudimentary or wanting, of lower jaw un- equal, shelving ; outer one elongate, projecting; central ones cylindrical, deciduous. Toes 8.3, nearly of same length, radiating, more or less free, all reaching the ground. Nasicornia, I/kger, Prodr. 1811. Fam. 4. RHINOCEROTID. Nose simple, with one or two horns on the central line. Upper lip subprehensile. Toes three or five, united into a broad clavate foot, each with a separate broad nail-like hoof. Teeth :—Incisors variable or wanting, C.9.0, P.M.4.4, M.2.3,=28. Molar teeth with distinct roots. Rhinocerina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 186. Rhinoceroten, Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 191. Rhinoceratide, Owen, Odont. p. 587; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 332, 1845. Rhinoceratina, Bonap. Prodr. Mast. p.11; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828. Rhinocerosidiz, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1858. Rhinocerotide, Gray, P. Z, S. 1867, p. 1005. Synopsis of the Genera. I. The skin divided into shields by well-marked folds. Skull with the inter- maxillary free, elongate; upper cutting-teeth long; nasal bones produced, conical. Asiatic Rhinocerotes. 1. Ruarvoceros. Horn single, anterior. Lumbar and neck-folds of the skin well developed. Part of the occipital bone, near the occipital condyle, and the condyles themselves prominent. 2, CeratorHinus. Horns two, one behind the other. Lumbar and neck-folds of the skin rudimentary. Occipital end of the skull flat. Condyle not prominent. II. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horns two. Skull—internasal cartilaginous; intermacillary free, very small; wpper cutting-teeth none ; nasal bones broad, rounded. African Rhinocerotes. 8. Ruuvasrer. Head short, compressed; upper lip with a cen- tral prominence. Skull short behind; occiput erect; nasal bones rounded in front; lower jaw thick in front; grinders small, in arched series. 4, Cerarorurrium. Head elongate, truncated; upper lip square. Skull elongate and produced behind ; occiput erect, produced above; nasal bones broad, convex, truncated and sharp- 296 RHINOCEROTID&. edged in front; lower jaw tapering in front; grinders large, in straight lines. IIL. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horn single, Shull—inter- nasal bony; nasal, internasal, and intermacillary all united into one mass. ‘Asia and Europe. 5. Ca@Loponta. The Rhinocerotes of Asia and Africa are known by the conforma- tion of their jaws. The African species are easily distinguished by the form of the head and of their nose-horns. . The species of Asia, on the other hand, are very difficult to separate from each other by any external character, and are only to be characterized by the form of their skulls and the locality which they inhabit, each zoological district having a peculiar species ; and very probably there are yet species to be described, as the Rhinoceroses of China, of Beloochis- tan, and other countries which have not been examined by zoologists. The British Museum contains a good series of preserved specimens of this family, and a large series of skeletons, skulls, and horns; and there is also a very rich collection of skulls from different loca- lities in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,—the two collections affording good materials for the revision of the species of this group. I have to thank the Council of the College of Surgeons, and Mr. Flower, the energetic Curator of their Museum, for their kindness in allowing me to examine the skulls in their collection. In the British Museum there are specimens of five species, viz. one R. unicornis and two R. javanicus from Asia, and four specimens from Africa (viz. two R. bicornis, one R. simus, and one R. keitloa), the three latter species being the animals that were collected and preserved under the superintendence of Sir Andrew Smith. The Indian species (A. unicornis) has been often figured from life, amongst others by Dr. Parsons, in the ‘Phil. Trans,’ 1742, 1748, t. 1,2; BR. sumatranus by Mr. Bell from life in the ‘ Philoso- phical Transactions ;’ and R. javanicus, by Dr. Horsfield; and the two latter also by Solomon Miiller, in his ‘ Verhandlung,’ who gives good figures of the adult and young. Three African species have been well figured by Dr. Andrew Smith, in his ‘ Illustrations of the animals of South Africa,’ and two of them by Capt. Cornwallis Harris, in his ‘ Portraits of the Wild Animals of South Africa,’ t.16 & 19; so that the external appear- ances of these animals are well known. The osteology of the species has been well represented by Camper, by Pallas (in ‘ Nov. Com. Petrop.’ 1777), by Cuvier (in the second volume of his ‘Ossemens Fossiles’), and further illustrated in De Blainville’s valuable ‘ Ostéographie.’ In the British Museum there are three skeletons and ten skulls of the Asiatic species, and a sheleton and four skulls of the African Ehinocerotes. The osteological collection in the British Museum is quite a modern creation, and has been made under great difficulties and with RHINOCEROTIDA. 297 very limited funds. The Trustees at first objected to have any skulls or other bones; but it was proved to them that mammalia and other vertebrates could not be studied without a collection of skulls, The fact, was, one of the Trustees, Sir R. Inglis, was also a Trustee of the Hunterian Collection (certainly offices that are not incompatible with each other; for my uncle, Dr. E. W. Gray, one of my predecessors in my present: office, was, on the purchase of the Hunterian Col- lection, named one of the Trustees); and he stated to me that he was urged to prevent the collection of osteological specimens in the British Museum, as being a rival and injurious to the collection at the College of Surgeons. The difficulty was to a great extent re- moved when Mr. Bryan Hodgson offered the Museum his very large collection of skins and skeletons from the Himalayas, which were to be accepted together or declined together. Since that time the col- lection has rapidly incréased, and, though it was much depreciated by Professor Owen in his evidence before the Royal Commissioners on the affairs of the British Museum, was then, and I believe is now, the best-determined and largest ‘osteological collection in Europe. As to the rivalry, if any exists, it is to the benefit of both collec- tions, for it is conducive to the activity of the Curator of each; but I have always felt, and the present Curator of the Museum of the College of Surgeons believes, that they are able greatly to assist each other. I.only know that I take almost as much interest in the col- lection of the College as in that under my own care. In the British Museum there is a skull belonging to the Indian one-horned type; it is the skull of a young animal with premolars of the milk series and the first permanent grinder appearing. It is considerably larger than the skulls of the Indian species of the same age, and therefore indicates a species fully as large as that animal. The skull is so different from that species in its compressed form and proportions that there can be no doubt that it belongs to a very distinct species, which has not before been observed. There are also two skulls from Borneo, which belong to a distinct and hitherto undescribed species. The Museum of the College of Surgeons contains two skeletons and thirteen skulls of the Asiatic and three skulls of the African Rhinocerotes. One of these skulls is very interesting ; it belongs to the one-horned Indian group, and is much like that of R. unicornis in general characters. It is an adult skull, with all the permanent teeth ; and it is so much smaller than the skull of the adult or even a half-grown animal of that species, that it indicates an animal not more than half, or perhaps one-third, of the size of the common Indian Rhinoceros. — There are generally one or more skulls of the animals of the genus to be seen in the larger local museums, as, for example, at Man- chester, Leeds, and York. If these skulls could be collected together and compared, they would form a most interesting collection for study ; unfortunately they are generally without any certain history as to habitat &c. Cuvier, in his essay above quoted, has given an excellent résumé 298 RHINOCEROTID &, of the history of the former knowledge of the animals; and I have only to observe that he did not discover that the skull figured by Camper, which he copied (t. 2. f. 7) and regarded as the skull of the adult Rhinoceros bicornis, is the skull of the Rhinoceros keitloa. He mentions R. simus as a distinct species, from M. de Blainville’s note on the animal (from Mr. Burchell’s M8.) in the ‘ Journal de Physique.’ The horns of these animals attracted the attention of Dr. Parsons, who figured several of them in a paper in the ‘ Philosophical Trans- actions’ for 1742 and 1743, among the rest the horns of some African species, which have, since Cuvier’s time, been determined, chiefly by the form of the horn, to be distinct species. Some of these horns are still in the British Museum. t. 3. f. 4, 5. Rhinoceros bicornis, in B. M. t. 3. f. 6. Rhinoceros simus, in B. M. t. 8. f. 7. Rhinoceros Oswelliz, in B. M. t. 3. f. 8, 9. Rhinoceros keitloa? In the British Museum and in the Museum of the College of Surgeons there is a large series of the horns of both the Asiatic and African species. I. The Astatic Rutwocrrotses. Skin divided into shields, separated by distinct folds. Nuse-horn single, or with a small second hinder one; nasal bones produced, conical, acute; internasals cartilaginous ; inter- maxillary well developed, free; upper cutting-teeth two, compressed, well developed. Lower jaw attenuated in front, with a straight lower edge. Teeth 34:—IL}4.1. C.2.%. PM. 4.4. M.}.3.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1006. Rhinoceros, § 2, Gebel, p. 205. Rhinoceros, Gray, List. of Mamm. B. M. 1840. Rhinocéros munis de dents incisives, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 89. The British Museum has a series of skulls of the four Asiatic species, showing the form of the skull in the different ages of the animal, from the just born to the adult or senile state. There is a considerable difference in the form of the skull between the species which has one and that which has two horns, especially in the form of the occipital end of the skull and in the size of the occipital condyles. The difference is well represented in Bell’s figure of the skull of the Sumatran animal. I at first had a difficulty in distinguishing the difference between the skulls of the Javan and Sumatran species; but this arose from the British Museum having received from the Leyden Museum, through Mr. Franks, a skeleton of the Javan species under the name of R. sumatranus. But when I received a skull of the two-horned species from Pegu, the mistake in the name of the skeleton was soon discovered. Some of the specimens of skulls of R. unicornis and R. javanicus in the British Museum have the foramen in the front of the orbit aver RHINOCEROTIDE. 299 the front and others over the hinder edge of the second premolar. In both the specimens of R. sumatranus it is over the back edge of the first premolar. _ The first premolar in the three adult specimens of R. unicornis is smaller than the same tooth in R. javanicus, and appears to be earlier shed ; for in two of the skulls it has entirely disappeared with the alveolus that contained it, and in the other.one the tooth is there, but it is nearly rootless and the alveolus is nearly absorbed, The two large lateral lower cutting-teeth have a sharply keeled inner edge; but the teeth often wear almost entirely away, so that this form is lost. The grinders of the milk or first series have much larger and more equal folds on the outer side than those of the permanent set; in the latter the front fold is linear and near the front margin of the tooth. The teeth in some specimens appear to be rather smaller than in others ; but there is a difference in the comparative size of the teeth with regard to each other in the series, As to presence or absence the small central lower incisor teeth seem to be liable to considerable variation. In one adult skull from India there are two incisor teeth; and in another there are two holes, but they are crowded together and are closing up. In three specimens of R. javanicus there are no central lower in- cisor teeth, nor space for them; between the two large ones in the two other skulls, which are from younger animals, the central lower incisor teeth are well developed and cylindrical, being much the largest in the smaller and younger specimen. The lachrymal bone varies in the different species, and is very characteristic. In #. javanicus and R. nasalis it is large, roundish, nearly as wide as high. In R. wnicornis and R. stenocephalus it is narrow, oblong, erect, about twice as high as wide. In Ceratorhinus sumatranus it is very large, rather irregular-shaped, forming a con- siderable part of the cheeks of the skull. It differs a little in size and form in the specimens of the same species, but retains its general and distinctive forms. There is a considerable variation in the size and form of the cavity under the zygomatic arch in the skulls that appear to belong to the same species. Thus in the four specimens of R. unicornis, which are nearly adult, two of them have the cavity short and broad, and two long and narrow. The same may be observed in the skulls of R. javanicus and R. nasalis. The aperture is widest, compared with its length,.in the oldest specimens. This may probably be a sexual distinction; one of the skulls with a short wide opening is known to have belonged to a male. The size and form of the cavity is, no doubt, greatly influenced by the age of the animal. The masseter muscle becomes thicker and shorter as the animal increases in age, the transverse width of the skull under the muscles becoming less as the animal becomes more aged (see some measurements, showing the fact, under R. javanicus). The same is shown to be the case in the series of skulls of R. unicornis. : 300 RHINOCEROTIDE. Mr. Edward Blyth has published a memoir on the living Asiatic species of Rhinoceros, with figures of some of the skulls in the Mu- seum of the Society, which may be consulted with advantage (see Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151); but unfortunately I have not had the opportunity .of comparing the skulls with those in the London collections :— g Rhinoceros indicus: narrow type of skull, t. 1. f. 1, t.2. f. 1. _ RR. sondaicus: broad type of skull, t. 1. f. 2, t. 2. f. 2, from the Bengal Sundarbans and Tenasserim; t. 1. f. 3, t. 2. £.3, aged, from Java. R. sumatranus, t. 3. f.1, 2 (male), t. 3. f. 3 (female). R. swmatranus, Tavoy, t. 4, f. 1-4. The figures are from photographs, and they show the form of the occiput in the three species, confirming the fact that the occiput of the two-horned species is always flat and erect. 1. RHINOCEROS. Skin divided into distinct shields by deep folds. Lumbar fold well marked, and extending from the groin to the back. Horn one, short, conical. Upper lip with a central prominence. Skull :—fore- head broad, flat, or only slightly rounded; the occipital end shelving from the occipital condyle to the occipital crest; the occipital con- dyles large, oblong, very prominent; lachrymal bone moderate. The skulls of the larger number of species of this genus have the forehead and the upper surface of the nose flattened; this is seen in the living animal. But one species, of which there is only a single skull of a young animal in the British Museum, has the forehead and nose subcylindrical (that is, high on the central line and arched on the sides), as is the case with the Sumatran and the African Rhinoceroses. This character, I have no doubt, is equally visible in the living animal. A. Forehead and nose behind the horn flat. Nose square on the sides above; nasal short...... R. javanicus. Nose shelving on the sides above; upper jaw slightly contracted before the grinders. Nasal broad, elongate ...... Mah Gass eNOS R. unicornis. Nasal narrow, short ..........ee.ceeeeeeee R. nasalis. Uppers jaw much contracted before the grinders; nasal narrow, BHOMb) “sisweesiiee gas ca mbes eats es tteieacd R. Floweri. B. Forehead and nose subcylindrical, shelving on the sides above; nasal ClON FALE: cance itu iit Gaya ea wns wee e mies R, stenocephalus, A. The forehead and the nose behind the base of the horn flat, both in the living animal and skull, TWurhinoceros—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p, 1009. , * Upper jaw slightly contracted in front of the grinders, 1. Rhinoceros javanicus. (Javan Rhinoceros.) BM. Skull broad; forehead behind the horn broad, flat, or slightly 1. RHINOCEROS. 301 concave, obscurely keeled on the sides near base of horn; intermax- illary bone elongate, slender, straight, without any upper process; lachrymal bone roundish, nearly as wide as high; nasal bones not quite two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown. Rhinoceros javanicus, F. Cuv. et Geoff. Mam. Lith.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.; Solom. Miiller, Verh. t. 88 (3 2); Gray, P. ZS. 1867, p. 1009. Rhinoceros javanus, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1 (skeleton), t. 2 (skull, adult and jun.), t. 7 (teeth). Rhinoceros sondaicus (R. unicorne de Java), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 33, t. 14. f. 2 (skull), t. 17, 18 eo Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.; Horsf. Zool. Java, t. (animal); Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 1. f. 2, 8, t. 2. £2, 3 (skull). Hab. Java. Skull of type from Mus. Leyden. In the British Museum there are three skulls belonging to this species :— 1. A skeleton of an adult animal with a skull, purchased from the Leyden Museum, from Java. 2. An adult skull, received from the Zoological Society. 8. A skeleton with the skull of a half-grown animal, received from the Leyden Museum through M. Franks as R. sumatranus, from Sumatra. The skull agrees in all particulars, especially in the form of the occiput and the concavity and breadth of the forehead and nose, with the adult skull of BR. gavanicus from Java; so that there must have been some mistake in the name and habitat; perhaps the wrong skeleton was sent. There is also an adult skull which has had the nasal bone cut off (722h), which was received from the Zoological Society under the name of FR. wnicornis; but I have little doubt it is a A. javanicus, perhaps from Sir Stamford Rafiles. In the oldest skull (723d) the aperture under the zygoma is 3 inches 7 lines wide in the widest part, and 4 inches 9 lines long. In the adult skull (723 a) the aperture is 3 inches wide and 6 inches 1 line long. In the skull of the young specimen (723¢) the aperture is 2 inches 2 lines wide, and 4 inches 7 lines long. The greater width is produced by the skull under the zygoma becoming so much narrower as the animal becomes aged. In 723d this part is only 4 inches 7 lines, and in 723. it is 5 inches 9 lines wide. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there are five skulls that appear to belong to this species, but one or two of them are in a bad condition (nos. 2970 and 2971, the rest are not numbered). Camper, who paid great attention to this species of Rhinoceros, in a letter to Pallas, printed in the ‘ Neue nord. Beytriige’ (vii. p. 249), first pointed out that there were two Asiatic one-horned Rhinocerotes with upper incisors. His specimen, by the misfortunes of war, fell’ into the hands of Cuvier, and was described by him in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ (ii. p. 26). Cuvier regards the height of the occipital arch and the want of the apophysis on the upper edge of the intermaxil- lary as the chief character of the Javan species; but the apophysis 302 RHINOCEROTID.E. is-generally absent in the Indian species, it appears only to be found in the skulls of the very old males of that kind. 2. Rhinoceros unicornis. (Indian Rhinoceros.) B.M. Skull:—Forehead broad, flat, concave; nose behind the horn convex, subcylindrical, rounded at the sides; lachrymal oblique, longitudinal, oblong, rather four-sided ; intermaxillary bones broad, thick, with a bony process on the middle of ‘the upper edge ; nasal bones short, broad, about two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown; zygomatic arch of the adult rather convex. Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. S..N.i. p.104; Gray, List Mamm. B.M. p. 186; P. ZS. 1867, p. 1010; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 286; Cuvier, Oss, Foss. ii. t. 4. £1; ” Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull, adult). Rhinoceros asiaticus, Blumenb. Handb, ig 10, Abbild. t. 7 B. Rhinoceros indicus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. t Oss. Foss. ii. p. 5, t. 1-4 (bones); F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; 5 chins, Syn. p. 333; Owen, Cat. Osteol. R. C. 8. p. 518, nos. 2975 to 3074. i). Rhinoceros, Parsons, Phil, Trans. 1742-48, p. 525, t. 1, 2 (from ife Rhinoceros inermis, Lesson, Cat. Hab. India. The skull figured by Cuvier and by De Blainville for the skull of R. unicornis, probably from the same skull in the Paris Museum, has a broad bony process on the middle of the upper edge of the intermaxillary bones. The skeleton and skull in the British Museum (722), from an adult male specimen that lived for several years in the Zoological Gardens, has this bony process well marked ; so that it seems common in the species, if not a peculiar character of it. Mr. Blyth thinks that “the adult male Rhinoceros that lived in the Zoological Gardens for several years, stated to have been captured in Arakan, was R. sondaicus.”’ He proceeds, ‘The two Asiatic one- horned species, indeed, resemble each other a great deal more nearly in external appearance than the published figures of them would lead to suppose ; certainly no sportsman or ordinary observer would distinguish them apart, unless attention had been specially called to the subject.” —Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 182. This explains how the species, now described for the first time, may have been overlooked. In the British Museum there is the skeleton (722 9) with the skull of an adult animal that lived for several years in the Zoological Gar- dens, referred to by Mr. Blyth, and a skull from a just born animal, which was presented by Mr. Bryan Hodgson from Nepal. There are in the British Museum other skulls which have been received from various persons without any special habitat that can be relied on, which appear to ‘belong to this species. They are all without the process on the upper edge of the large thick inter- maxillary bones. 1. A fully adult skull (722d), marked “ India?”. 2, An adult skull (7227) that was purchased of a dealer, without any specified locality. 1. RHINOCEROS, 303 In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is the skeleton of an adult animal (no. 2969 a) that formerly had the long front horns of an African Elephant placed on its nasal bones, which Mr. Flower, the present. Curator, has properly removed. There are also skulls of half-grown or female animals, with the seventh grinder just showing itself, of this species (nos. 2975, 2976), with a large oblong erect lachrymal. All these skulls have thick intermaxillaries, and the front of. the upper jaw, at the base of the intermaxillaries, is not suddenly con- tracted. In the three adult skulls it is 3 inches 9 lines wide; in the younger skull in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) it is 3 inches 3 lines. The width of the diastema between the cutting-teeth and the front premolar is 2 inches 6 lines in all the specimens. There is a stuffed specimen and a mounted skeleton of. a young animal, just showing the horn, in the Free Museum at Liverpool, and the skull of a second of the same age. These two animals died on the voyage from Calcutta to Liverpool, were named BR. sondaicus by Mr. Blyth, and preserved by Mr. Moore, the energetic Curator of that Museum. Mr. Blyth informs me there is a skeleton of R. sondaicus in the Anatomical Museum of Guy’s Hospital, called BR. indicus. The Indian Rhinoceroses are long-lived. Mr. Blyth speaks of a pair that lived about forty-five years in captivity in Barrackpoor park: they were exactly alike in size and general appearance; they never bred; there is no difference in the horns or form of the skulls in the two sexes (Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxxi. p. 155). The foetal skull of R. unicornis (no. 722 D) in the British Museum, received from Mr. Bryan Hodgson, is short; the brain-case is oblong, ovate, swollen, and convex behind; the nasal bones are about as long as they are broad at the hinder edge, transversely convex above in the middle of their length and in the deep central groove in front above; the nasal cavity is long, high, and wide; the nasal. bones are three-eighths of the entire length to the occipital crest; the length of the skull from the nasal to the front of the orbit is two- fifths of the entire length to the occipital condyles. The inter- maxillaries are well developed, rather thick and short; they each bear two blunt teeth, scarcely raised above the alveolus, the first on each side is much larger and thicker than the hinder one, which is small and conical. There are three grinders developed on each side, the second and third being rather more developed than the small front one. There appears to have been a fourth tooth on each side. more or less developed ; but it and the cavity have been lost. The palate is narrow and deeply concave, nearly of equal width, but the sides are less erect and more expanded behind than in front; the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is narrow, and rather in front of a line even with the hinder edge of the third grinder ; the. length of the palate from the front edge of the intermaxillaries is rather more than from the end of the palate to the suture between the basal sphenoid and the basal occipital bone. The vomer is com- pressed, and forms a well-marked broad ridge, which is much higher 304 RHINOCEROTIDZ. in front, and divides the internal nostrils. The lower jaw has the incisors just developed, and slightly projecting beyond the alveolus ; they are oblong, with a rather sharp edge on each side. There are cavities for four grinders on each side; the small first ones are lost ; the second and third are equally developed, just projecting and with smooth enamel edges; and the fourth are being developed, the crown being sunk rather below the aveolar edge. Rhinoceros cucullatus (Wagner, Schreb. Saugeth. vi. p. 317 ; Giebel, Saugeth. p. 202), described from a specimen in the Munich Museum, appears to be only a specimen of A. wnicornis, with a second horn added by the preserver. 3. Rhinoceros nasalis. B.M. ~- Skull elongate, the forehead and nose flat above, nose rounded on the sides in front; the nasal bones narrow, tapering, short, about two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the nasal to the occipital crest; the zygomatic arch flat; lachrymal bone narrow, oblong, erect ; ‘the upper jaw only slightly contracted in front of the grinders (34 inches wide). Rhinoceros nasalis, Gray, P. Z, 8. 1867, p. 1012, figs. 1, 2: (skull). Hab. Borneo? There are two not quite adult skulls in the British Museum (nos. 7236 and 723c) which appear to belong to this species. They slightly differ from each other; but this may be sexual. They agree with R. unicornis in the flatness of the crown, forehead, and nose,- and in the nose being rounded on the sides, and also in the slight contraction of the upper jaw in front of the grinders, and in the comparative flatness of the zygomatic arch. They chiefly differ from the skull of that species of the same age,—l, in the greater length of the skull; 2, in the breadth and flatness of the forehead ; 3, in the line of the forehead not being so concave; 4, in the comparative’ slenderness and shortness of the nasal bones, they are only two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the end of the nasal to the occipital crest, while in the skull of 2. unicornis, nearly of the same age, in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) the nasal bones are at least four-ninths of the entire length. The nasal bones are narrower and more tapering, their length being about once and one-half the breadth of the base. The upper jaw behind the internasal is only slightly contracted. They are at once known from R. javanicus by the greater length and narrowness of the skull, and the rounded form of the upper part of the nose, but they agree with the non-adult skull of that species in the shortness of the nasal bones. The two specimens rather vary from each other in the width of the nasal. 7236 is a not quite adult animal; it is just showing the last or seventh grinder, but it wants the intermaxillaries. It was purchased of a dealer, and has been marked “ R. sondaicus, Cuvier, Java,” by some previous possessor. The habitat may depend on the person having decided it to be R. sondaicus. The skull differs from 723 ¢ in the nasal being broader and more gradually tapering. 305° 1, RHINOCEROs. Skull of Rhinoceros nasalis. ig. 34. 306 RHINOCEROTIDE. Fig. 35. Skull of Rhinoceros nasalis. 1. RHINOCEROS. 307 _ 723 ¢ is nearly in the same state of dentition, as the seventh molar is Just appearing. This was purchased of a dealer, who said that he received it direct from Borneo. The forehead, nose, and especially the nasal bones are narrower than in the preceding. These skulls, from their size, indicate a species about the size of or rather smaller than R. unicornis. ** Upper jaw much contracted and very narrow in front of the grinders. 4, Rhinoceros Floweri. Skull: —the forehead and nose flat above, the nose rounded on the sides in front; the nasal bones very slender, rather more than two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown; the zygomatic arch convex, arched outwards, having a very large roundish cavity for the temporal muscles; lachrymal bone elongate, expanded on the cheeks ; the upper jaw suddenly contracted and very narrow (only 21 inches wide) in front of the grinders; the diastema very long, longer than in the aduit R. unicornis, being 23 inches long. Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Prep. Mus. Coll. Surg. p- 506. no. 2934, Tennu, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 269. Rhinoceros Floweri, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1015, figs. 3, 4, Hab. Sumatra (Raffles). Skull, Mus. Coll. Surgeons, no. 2934. A skull of this species is in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, described by Professor Owen, as above cited, who calls it the cranium of a male Sumatran Rhinoceros (presented by Sir Stam- ford Raffles, P. Z. 8.), observing that “the cranium offers no indica- tion of the short hinder horn of this two-horned species.” It is so distinct in form and size that I have no doubt of its belonging to a most distinct species. I propose to designate it after the energetic Curator of the Museum of the College of Surgeons, who in the few years that he has had charge of the collection has wonderfully im- proved it and increased its usefulness, not only to the zoological stu- dent, but for professional studies. The skull is at once known from all the others I have examined by the convex prominent form of the zygomatics, and the contraction of the front of the upper jaw behind thé cutting-teeth. It indicates a small species, not more than half the size of the common Indian Rhinoceros (R. unicornis). ; The skull no. 2934 is that of an adult animal with all its perma- nent teeth. It was named R. sumatrensis by Professor Owen: but it certainly is not a skull of that species ; for the occipital end of the skull is projected and the condyle produced, and, though the skull is that of an adult animal, there is no mark of the root of the second horn, which is always well marked in the adult skull of that species. It is also distinguished from that species, as it is from It. unecornis and R. javanicus, by the convexity of the zygomatic arch and the size of the cavity for the temporal muscles. It has been suggested that this skull may have ae to an x RHINOCEROTIDZ, 308 “Skull of Rhinoceros Flowert. 1. RHINOCEROS. 309 Fig. 37. Rhinoceros Flowert. 310 RUINOCEROTID.E. Indian Rhinoceros that had been kept in a menagerie, and so very poorly fed that it never arrived at its full growth. The skull shows no sign of disease of any kind ; the teeth are well worn down, as if it had had abundant food. Starvation is not likely to produce any such change in the proportions of the parts as this skull presents when it is compared with the skull of the adult R. unicornis, or even when compared with the skull of a young FR. unicornis of nearly the same size. Starvation is not likely to have decreased the growth, and at the same time to have extended the size and thickness of the temporal muscles, which is so characteristic of this interesting species. This skull having formed part of the collection of Sir Stamford Raffles renders it probable that the animal was a native of Sumatra. Sir Stamford had in his collection a few specimens from other loca- lities—some obtained from Singapore, that being the general entre- pot for the productions of the Malay peninsula and islands. There being in this collection only the upper jaw preserved goes far to prove that it is not the skull of a menagerie specimen as has been suggested. Sir Stamford Raffles observes, “There is another animal in the forests of Sumatra never yet noticed, which in size and character nearly resembles the Rhinoceros, and which is said to bear a single horn. The animal is distinguished by having a narrow whitish belt encircling the body, and is known to the natives of the interior by the name of Tennu. It has been seen at several places; and, the description given of it by several persons unconnected with each other corresponding generally, no doubt can be entertained of the existence of such an animal” (sec Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 269; Blyth, l. c. p. 164). Ihave little doubt that the skull here described is that of the Tennu. B. The forehead and nose subcylindrical, rounded on the sides. Rhinoceros. 5. Rhinoceros stenocephalus. B.M. Skull (half-grown) like that of &. wnzcornis of the same age, but narrower and compressed: the forehead is narrow and subcylindrical ; the nose much narrower and more slender; the nose is semicylindrical at the base of the horn; the nasal bones narrow, gradually tapering in front, more than twice the length of the width at the base of the nasal, more than four-fifths of the length of the forehead from the internasal suture to the occipital crest ; lachrymal narrow, oblong, erect, about twice as high as wide. Rhinoceros stenocephalus, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 1018, f. 5, 6. Hab. Asia. . There is a single skull of a half-grown animal of this species in the British Museum (722 ¢), which was received from the Zoological Society, without any special habitat. In the roundness of the nose it shows some affinity to the skull of R. sumatrensis ; it is different from that species in many particulars, in the prominence of the 4 1, RHINOCEROS. 311 Z Ny Rhinoceros stenocephalus. : 312 RHINOCEROTID A. Rhinoceros stenocephalus. 2. CERATORHINUS. 313 occipital portion of the skull, and especially of the occipital condyles. When placed by the side of a R. unicornis of the same size and con- dition of teeth it stands rather higher, and is immediately known by the length and slenderness of the nose and nasal bones. The following fossil species probably belong to this genus :— 1. Rurnoceros Leproruines, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9, 10, 11; Blainv. Ostéogr. t.; Gray, J. ¢. p. 1021. Rhinoceros Cuvieri, Desm. Mamm. p. 402. Hab. Fossil. 2. Rurnocrros incistvus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss, ii. p. 89, t. 6. f. 9, 10; Blainy. Ostéogr. p. 1; Gray, Z. ¢. p. 1021. Hab. 2 Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9. £7) figures a fossil skull of a. species of this genus from a drawing made at Milan by M. Adolphe Brongniart. See also an imperfect skull figured by Blainville (Os- téographie, t. 14, figure at left upper corner of the plate). : 2. CERATORHINUS. Skin divided into shields by deep folds, the lumbar fold rudimen- tary, short, only occupying the middle of the space between the groin and the back. Horns two: front longer, curved backwards ; hinder small, conical. Skull :—forehead narrow, flat; the upper part of the nose on each side of the horns narrow, rounded, sub- cylindrical ; the occipital region erect, the part near the condyles rather concave, the occipital condyle short, broad, oblong, placed obliquely inferior, scarcely prominent; lachrymal bone very large, irregular-shaped. Ceratorhinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1021. 1. Ceratorhinus sumatranus. B.M. Rhinocéros bicorne de Sumatra, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 27, t. 4, iii. p. 42, t. 78. £ 8 (from Bell, skull). Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuvier; Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull 2), t. 7 teeth). Panel de Java, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. (not good). Sumatran Rhinoceros, W. Bell, Phil. Trans. 1798, p. 3, t. 2,3, 4; Home, Phil. Trans. 1821, p. 270, t. 21, 22. Rhinoceros sumatranus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 268; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. (skull); Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282; Miiller, Verhand. t. 35 (old and young); Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 306, 1862, p. 1; Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 3, f. 1, 2, 3. Rhinoceros Crossii, Gray, P. Z, 8.1854, p. 270 fig. (horns); Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282. Ceratorhinus sumatranus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1021. Hab. Sumatra (Bell); Tavoy, near Siamese frontier (Blyth) ; Pegu (Theobald, B. M.). a 314 RHINOCEROTIDE. There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum :— 1. Adult, with a roughness on the forehead and nose made by the roots of the horns, from Pegu. 2. A skull of a two-thirds-grown animal, with the seventh grinder just appearing; it has the fore- head and nose smooth. This was received from the Zoological So- ciety, and is probably from Sir Stamford Raffles’s collection from Sumatra. The horn in the British Museum named R. Crossii, I have no doubt, from the figure that Mr. Blyth gives of the skull (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1862, t. 4), he is right in referring to this species. When I described this horn I was told by several persons that it was only the horn of an African Rhinoceros that had been artifici- ally prepared and bent back after being boiled; but the colour and structure of the horn showed that that could not be the case, and ‘that it was the horn of a Rhinoceros which I had not before seen. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is a beau- tiful skeleton (no. 2938) of this species, received from Sir Stamford Raffles. There are also three skulls of adult or nearly adult age,— viz. nos. 2935, 2936, and 2948 ; the latter is cut open longitudinally to show the brain-cavity. From the roughness on the forehead in the adult skull, the hinder horn must be situated further back in this species than in the African Rhinocerotes; the centre of the roughness is over the orbit. Oneof the skulls shows a rudimentary canine on one side of the upper jaw, placed in the front edge of the intermaxillary suture; this animal was just obtaining its first per- manent molar. The skull figured by Bell, and copied by Cuvier, represents the erect position of the occipital plane, as also does De Blainville’s figure of the skull of a female. Mr. Blyth, who has seen these animals alive, thinks the horn that I provisionally described as R. Crossii is the horn of an adult male C. swmatranus. He says that the horns of the females are smaller than those of the males—observing, at the same time, that there is no difference in size in the horns of the two sexes of R. wnicornis of India. In Bell’s figure of the skull the intermaxillaries are represented as curved downwards. This may have been an individual peculiarity ; they are more or less bent down obliquely in the skulls I have seen, but always in a straight di- rection. The Rhinocéros de Java of M. F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithogr.) is only a more accurate figure of the R. swmatrensis. ~ M. Cuvier, in the first edition of the the ‘Régne Animal,’ says the Rhinocéros de Java is smaller than the R. sumatranus; but in the second edition he refers to his brother’s figures in the ‘Mamm. Lithogr.,’ and alters his description; so that both R. swmatrensis and BR javanensis are established on the Sumatran Rhinoceros, This species is erroneously called by Jardine, in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ “ 2. sumatrensis, the Lesser one-horned Rhinoceros.” The horns of the Rhinoceros are exceedingly difficult to procure ; they are eagerly bought up at high prices by the Chinamen, who 2, CERATORHINUS. 315 not only value them as medicine, but carve them into very elegant ornaments (Blyth, J. ¢. p. 158). 2. Ceratorhinus monspellianus. Rhinocéros de Montpellier, Marcel de Serres. Rhinoceros monspellianus, Blainv. Rhinoceros megafhinus, De Cristol; Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Frang. ii. p. 43, ili. t. 2. Ceratorhinus monspellianus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1023. Fossil, Hérault, France. This species chiefly differs from R. swmatranus in the nose behind the base of the front horn being prolonged and subcylindrical. This species has been mixed up with R. tichorhinus (see Gervais, I. ¢.). II. The Arrican Rurnocerotes. The skin uniform, without any strong fold, except at the junction between the head and body. Nose with two horns, one behind the other, front longest. Skull—occiput and condyles not produced; nasal bones free, produced, broad, rounded in front; intermaxillaries rudimentary, very small; upper cutting-teeth none. Lower jaw arched below, thick, Teeth 28:—I. $.8. C. 2.4, P.M.4.4. M. 2.3. Rhinaster, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1840; Gerrard, Cat, Bones B. M. p. 281. The African Rhinocerotes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1023, I am not aware that any adult African Rhinoceros has been seen living in this country; and the external appearance of the species is chtefly known by the excellent figures given by Dr. Andrew Smith, in his ‘Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa,’ who figures Rhinoceros bicornis, R. simus, and R. keitloa. The speci- mens of these three species which he collected and had stuffed by M. Verreaux under his own superintendence, are in the British Museum. There are two-well marked forms of these animals, characterized by the shape of the head and skull. The first (or short, blunt- headed, narrow-nosed group) includes two, and the second (or long- headed, broad, square-nosed group) includes one well-marked species, and probably another distinguished by the form of the horns, of which only the horns are known. There is a not quite adult skull of A. bicornis, and two adult skulls and two very young skulls of 2. stmus, in the British Mu- seum; and a skeleton of FR. keitloa, previously only known from the description and figure of Camper. Cuvier figured two of these skulls, but considered them the adult and young of the same species. Unfortunately, R. Oswellit is only known from the horns; I am not aware that any skin or bones of the species have been brought to Europe. There is a large number of the horns of each of the species in the Museum collection; and they were known to Par- sons, who figured them in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 316 RHINOCEROTID&. 1742 and 1743; and the specimens which he figured are now in the British Museum. There is considerable divergence of opinion among travellers re- specting the horns of the African Rhinocerotes. Dr. Andrew Smith observes, “I do not think that the horns of the same species of African Rhinoceroses are subject to any great variations in respect to relative length.” Capt. Cornwallis Harris, on the contrary, after describing the horns of C. bicornis as unequal, says “the horns are sometimes nearly of the same length.” Further on he observes “ that some- times accident or disease renders the front horn the shortest of the two.” « The relative length of the horns varies a little in different indi- viduals of R. bicornis ; but the hindermost one in both sexes is inva- riably much the shortest, and in young specimens it is scarcely visible when the other is several inches in length.”—A. Smith. “In R&R. keitloa the young have horns of equal length.”—-A. Smith. 3. RHINASTER. (Black Rhinoceros.) Head short, high; forehead convex; nose rounded in front. Upper lip with a central conical process. Horns two, unequal. Skin smooth, not divided into shields by plaits. Skull short, high; the portion of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or “seventh grinder not so long as the portion in front of it, the occiput erect, the upper margin only slightly produced over it; forehead concave, shelving; nasal bones on the sides convex, subspherical ahove, rounded in front. Tooth-line curved, bent up at each end. Lower jaw thick in front. Shoulder with a more or less developed Kunch. Rhinaster, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1024. “Living in herds; a ‘ browser,’ feeding on leaves and young shoots of trees. It frequents forest and bush country, avoiding grassy plains.”—Kirk, P. Z. 8S. 1864, p. 655. A. Horns cylindrical, conical, front recurved, hinder short ; head short and high, compressed in front ; forehead flat, narrow; upper lip sub- truncate; shoulder-hump rudimentary. Rhinaster.— Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1024. 1. Rhinaster bicornis. (Bovili.) BM. Horns unequal, cylindrical at the base, and conical, blunt, the hinder smaller, front recurved ; shoulder-hunch rudimentary, neck- grooves well marked. ‘ Pale brown ;” upper lip truncated, scarcely produced in the centre. Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. ran 1742-48, t. 3. £.3, 4. Rhinoceros bicornis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 104; Sparrm. K. Vet, Akad. Handl. 1778, t. 9; A. Smith, Il. Z 's. Africa, t. 2. Rhinocéros bicorne du Cap part) Giebel, p. rine Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 29, t. 4. f. 7,t.16. £ 10; Blainv, Ostéogr. Onguligrades, t. 3,4 (skull &e, ). 3. RHINASTER. 317 Rhinoceros africanus, Desm. Mamm. p. 400; Harris, Portraits of Wild Animals of 8. A. p. 81, t. 11 (hors at p. 85); Duvernoy, Arch. du Mus. vii. t. 8. Rhinoceros Brucei, Blainv. Rhinoceros niger, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p, 385. Rhinaster bicornis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1024; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B, M. p. 282. In the British Museum there is the skull of a nearly adult animal. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine skull of an adult of this species (no. 2941), and the upper jaw covered with skin (no. 2942) and with the two horns attached to it. The horns are both circular at the base, regular conical, and blunt at the tip. Schinz, who compiled a monograph of the genus, in his Synopsis named a species R. niger, after Capt. Alexander’s description of the Black Rhinoceros in his ‘ Travels into the Interior of South Africa.’ B. Horns compressed, conical, elongate. Head short, swollen in front ; forehead convex, shelving on the sides, Upper lip acute in the middle, Keitloa. 2. Rhinaster keitloa. (The Keitloa or Ketloa.) B.M. Upper lip with a central prominence, acute; horns elongate, hinder compressed, sharp-edged, often as long as the front one, front one rather compressed, recurved ; shoulder without any hunch; skin pale yellow-brown. Skull short; face short from front edge of the orbit to the end of the nasal, not so long as from the front edge of orbit to occipital condyle. Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1025. Var. 1. keitloa. The horns of nearly equal length; the hinder compressed, sharp-edged before and behind; the front one rather compressed, broad and flat in front. Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. lvi. p. 32, t. 2. f. 8,9, B.M. Rhinoceros ketloa or keitloa, A. Smith, Cat. S. A. Mus. p. 7, 1837; Tilust, Zool. 8. A.t. 1; Schinz, Syn. Mam. p. 337. Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; Gerrard, Cat, Bones B. M. Var. 2. Camperi. The horns both compressed and sharp-edged in front and behind, the front one twice as long as the hinder; upper lip with an acute central prominence. Rhinoceros bicornis capensis, P. Camper, Act. Petrop.1777, ii, p. 193, t. 8, 4, 5, 6 (copied Blumenbach, Abbild. t.7. f. a). Rhinoceros bicornis (adult), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii, t. 4. f. 5 (skull copied from Camper). : Rhinoceros ——, Sparrman, Voy. ii. t. 3. Rhinoceros Camperi, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 885 ; Monogr. t. 1. Black Rhinoceros, Baker, Albert Nyanza, it. p. 275; Nile Tributaries, fig. at p. 865 (head and horns). Hab. South Africa (Dr. A. Smith's type in B. M.). 318 RHINOCEROTIDE. There is a skeleton of this species in the British Museum, pur- chased of Mr. Jesse, obtained during the Abyssinian expedition. “The length of the head of R. keitloa, in proportion to the depth, is very different from that of R. bicornis. Upper lip distinctly pro- duced ; inside of the thigh black. The horns are of equal length and development in the young animal.”—A. Smith. This species is peculiar from the length of the hinder horn; but Schinz describes the front horn as very long, and the hinder short, conical. Peter Camper (in ‘Act. Petrop.’ 1777, part 2, p. 193) described the head of a two-horned Rhinoceros which he received from the Cape of Good Hope. He figures the head and the skull in great detail. The upper lip has a distinct central process, or prehensile lobe ; and the horns are both compressed and sharp-edged before and behind, the front one is the longest and regularly curved, the hinder well developed and elongate. The end of the nose of the head and skull is rounded and not square, and the nasal bones are not truncate, as in the skulls of R. simus in the British Museum. I believe Camper’s to be the first description of the R. keitloa of Dr. A. Smith. Schinz gave the name of R. Camperi to a species which he says is R. bicornis of authors, and which is figured by A. Smith under that name in the ‘ Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa;’ but he describes the front horn as very long and recurved, and the hinder horn as small, triquetrous, compressed ; while the hinder horn of R. bicornis is always conical, with a circular base. Schinz’s R. Camperi appears to be a compilation from the figures of Sir A. Smith’s 2. bicornis and Camper’s description and figure of the head of R. keittloa. P. Camper, in giving the figures of this species, properly made the drawings like a diagram, without attending to the rules of per- spective, so that the compass can be applied to any part. He gives a particular name to these figures, and calls them Catograph. In Camper’s figure the length from the back edge of the seventh molar to the front edge of the small intermaxillary is considerably greater than the distance behind the hinder edge of the last molar to the occipital condyle. In De Blainville’s figure of R. stmus, and in the two specimens in the British Museum, the length from the hinder edge of the seventh molar to the front edge of the small intermaxil- lary is rather less, or about the length behind the hinder edge of the seventh molar to the outer part of the occipital condyle. The Keitloa is recognized as a species distinct from R. bicornis by the tribes of natives; they have a different name for the two species. nif Cuvier had had a series of the skulls of R. bicornis he would never have thought that the skull figured by Camper was the adult of R. bicornis. The skulls of the different species alter very little in form during the growth of the animal when they have passed the very youngest, nearly foctal, state. 4, CERATOTHERIUM. 319 4, CERATOTHERIUM. Head elongate, produced behind ; forehead flat; nose very broad, square at the end; upper lip bovine, rounded. Horns two, very unequal, hinder small. Skin smooth, not divided into shields. Shoulder with a well-marked hunch. Skull elongate; the portion of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh grinder as long as the one in front of it; occiput erect, the upper margin much produced behind the condyle ; forehead concave ; nose straight, rounded ; nasal bones very broad, convex above, truncated, with a sharp edge in front; lower jaw thick, tapering in front; molars large; teeth-line straight. The skull of the very young animal has a very convex, nearly hemispherical prominence on the nasals, and is broad and rounded in front; but the prolongation of the hinder part of the skull is shown in the feetal skull in which the milk-grinders are only just appearing, the proportion of the hinder and anterior portions being nearly the same as in the adult skulls; the occiput is erect, without any marked projecting crest. Ceratotherium, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1027. “Gentle and a ‘grazer ;’ living in open plains, feeding on grass.” —A. Smith. “The first animal that disappears before firearms.”— Kirk, P..Z. S. 1864, p. 655. 1. Ceratotherium simum. (Mahoohoo.) B.M. The front horn very long, slender, subcylindrical, recurved; hinder very small, conical; nose broad, high, square. ‘ Pale grey-brown; shoulder, buttocks, and belly darker.” The face of the skull from the front edge of the orbit longer than the portion of the skull behind this place. Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, t. 3. £.6 (front horn). Rhinoceros simus, Burchell; Blainv. Journ. de Phys, \xxi. p. 163, t. (head, horns bad) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss, ii. p. 28; Burchell, Travels, ii. p. 75; A. Smith, Zool, S. A.'t. 19 (animal); Cat. S.A. Mus. p. 9,1837; Blainv. Ostéogr. a eee t.4(skull &.); Duvernoy, Arch, du Mus. vii. t. 2,3 (skull), t. 8 (skull, junior) ; Selater, P. Z. S, 1864, p. 100. Rhinoceros Burchellii, Desm. Mamm. p. 401. Rhinoceros simus (Chicore), 4. Smith. Rep. p. 68, 1836; Harris, Sports in S. Africa, p. 371. : Rhinoceros camus, Ham. Smith; Griffith, A. K. v. p. 746. Rhinaster simus, Gray, Inst Mam. B. M. 1840; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282. ? Rhinoceros Gordonii, Blainv. Ceratotherium simum, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 1027. The Square-nosed or White Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros simus), Harris, Portraits of Wild Animals of S. A. p. 97, t. 19 (horns at p. 101). White Rhinoceros or Witte Rhinaster, Colonists, Cape G. H. Chickore or Mohoohoo, Buketana and Matabite. Hab. South Africa (Burchell; Dr. A. Smith, type spec. B. M.); Central Africa (Kirk). 320 RHINOCEROTIDA:. There is a well-stuffed young specimen of this species in the British Museum, and two skulls of adult and two of very young animals. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine adult skull of this species (no. 2960 a) with the two horns attached to the skin. It was obtained from Mr, Gordon Cumming’s col- lection. It is 85.inches long from the end of the nasal to the occipital crest. The front horn is very long, slender, straight, and recurved ; the front edge of the horn is worn by the animal rubbing it on the ground. De Blainville obtained, when he was in London, from Mr. Burchell the drawing of the head of this species (engraved in the ‘Journ. de Physique’); but the horns were added after it passed out of Bur- chell’s hands, and are not the horns of the species. In the British Museum there are two skulls of very young ani- mals of this species that were received with the adult skulls in the collection ; the milk-grinders are being formed, but could only just have been seen through the gums. The skulls are elongate, sub- cylindrical, and have a rounded nose, with a large nearly hemi- spherical prominence near the end of the upper surface for the support of the front horn. The grinders are very large compared with the size of the skulls, and occupy a great part of the cavity of the mouth; the hinder one is placed in the centre of the length of the underside of the skull from the nose to the condyle. The larger of these young skulls (1003 bd) is very like the smaller one ; but there is a fourth grinder being developed behind the third one ; it is not elevated above the edge of the alveolus, and has no smooth enamelled edge. The small first grinder is only very little more developed than in the smaller skull. The line of grinders occupies 63 inches. The intermaxillary bones are deficient. The palate ends, as in the smaller skull, in a line even with the back edge of the third grinder. The hinder part of the skull has lengthened more rapidly than the part in front of the edge of the palate. The nasals are slightly longer, compared with the length of the skull, than in the smaller specimen ; they are 4} inches long, the entire length being very nearly 14 inches—that is to say, nearly three- tenths of the entire length. The front of the nasal is more dilated on the sides, and becoming broader and more truncated as in the adult skulls. The lower jaw of this specimen is considerably longer than the other ; and there is little difference in the state of the teeth, except that the second and third grinders on each side are higher out of the gums, rather more worn on the edge, and the first and fourth grinders are rather more developed and larger, the first on the two sides not being quite equally developed, but one more exposed than the other. The smaller specimen (1003 c) has three grinders appearing ; the smallest front one is least developed, hardly raised above the alveolus, and not showing any smooth enamel; the second and third grinders 4, CERATOTHERIUM. 321 are nearly equally developed, the ridges being high and edged with enamel; the rest of the teeth are minutely rugulose; the hinder edge of the third grinder is on a line even with the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. The skull is 12 inches from the intermax- illary to the convexity of the condyle; the teeth-line is 43 inches long. The facial portion (that is, the skull from the front of the intermaxillary to the front edge of the internal nostril) ig only two- fifths of the entire length ; it is the same length as from the front edge of the internal nostril to the suture between the basisphenoid and the basioccipital bone. Length from intermaxillary to front edge of internal nostril or end of palate 4 inches 7 lines, from end of palate to convexity of occipital condyle 73 inches. The inter- maxillary of one side is lost; the other has a narrow lower edge, not showing any appearance of cutting-teeth. The nearly hemi- spherical prominence on the nose is hollow, with thin even parietes ; the cavity extends far back, and is open behind. The face, from end of nasal to the front edge of the orbit, is shorter than the part of the skull behind it, being from front end of nasal to front edge of orbit 5 inches 4 lines, from front edge of orbit to occi- pital crest 7 inches 2 lines. Nasal bones short and broad, being about two-sevenths of the entire length of the skull to the occipital crest. The lower jaw shows four grinders and a cavity behind the fourth ; the second and third grinders are most developed, raised above. the alveolus, and furnished with a smooth enamel edge ; the first small grinder is just showing, as is also the case with the fourth grinder, which is rather more developed than the front one; neither of these teeth is raised above the edge of the alveolus; the front edges marked with two or three series of small circular pits; but no cut- ting-teeth are visible. In the Free Museum at Liverpool is the head of a large specimen, collected by Mr. Burke in Lord Derby’s exploring party. The skin of the head is stuffed, and the skull kept separate. An adult skull without the lower jaw is in the Museum of the London Missionary Society in Bloomfield Street, London, E.C., that was obtained by the Rev. John Campbell. The Rev. John Campbell gives a figure of the head of this animal before the skin was removed, in his work entitled ‘Travels in South Africa, Second Mission’ (2 vols, 8vo, London, 1822), where it is called the “head of a Unicorn killed near the City of Mashow” (plate at p. 294 of the second volume). The artist has added a regular series of nearly equal-sized square teeth all along both aws. é This figure is copied in Froriep’s ‘ Notizen’ for 1822, at vol. ii. p. 98; and a notice of the skull is given at p. 152 of vol. i. of the same journal, 322 RHINOCEROTIDA. 2. Ceratotherium Oswellii. (Kobaaba.) 3B.M. (horn). The front horn very long, thick at the base, bent back and then forward at the end, the front of the tip worn flat. Trés-grande corne de Rhinocéros, Buffon, N. H. x. t. 8. f. 5. Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1748, t. 3. f. 6. Rhinoeeros Oswellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 46, f. (horn); Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 146. Pe nent Oswelli, Andersson, Lake Ngami, p. 386, f. (head), p. 888, . (horny. on ae Oswellii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1029. Kobaaba, Baines, Land and Water, July 28, 1866, f. Hab. South Africa. I have not seen any specimen, or even a skull, of this species, and I do not believe there is one in any European Museum. Camper probably knew 2. Oswellix. He observes, “ Cornu ante- rius A D in hoc specimine incurvum adeo fuit ut alterum E F H, tamquam inutile reddiderit. Verum non ita in omnibus; possideo alterius cranii partem, cujus cornu anterius rectum, et antrorsum inclinatum est.”—Camper, l.c. p. 186. Mr. Baines gave a foetus of the Kobaaba to the Royal College of Surgeons (killed 8rd of June, 1862). He has shown me a series of drawings of the recently killed Kobaaba. One group represents the &. simus and R. Oswell side by side. The horns of the two are very different in appearance. Mr. Baines says Mr. Chapman was informed by the natives that they had never seen a young Kobaaba=C. Oswellii. Mr. Baines says that it is possible that the horn, being worn away at the end by the constant friction on the front as it passes through the bushes, may bend forward in the older specimens. The Kaffirs make the horns of the cattle bend by scraping them on the sides towards which they wish them to turn, Schinz gives the name of niger to the Rhinoceros horn figured by Andersson ; but he describes it as curved back, in the same words as he described the horns of the other African species. Camper compares the labial process to a finger, and says it is not unlike the lobe at the end of the trunk of the Elephant. See M. F. Fresnel’s “ Sur l’existence d’une espéce unicorne de Rhinocéros dans la partie tropicale de l’Afrique” (Comptes Rendus, xxvi. 1848, p. 281). See also A. Smith’s ‘ Dlust. Zool. 8. A,’ t. 1, where he says the natives mention a one-horned African species. IIL Skin smooth, even. Shull elongate. Intermaxillary bony, short ; the nasal, internasal, and the intermaxillaries united into one mass, Asia and Europe, fossil. 5. CHLODONTA. Nose with two horns. Skull elongate ; face rather produced ; nasal bones broad, rounded in front; cutting-teeth none; intermaxillaries 5. CoeLODONTA. : 323 very short; internasal bony, uniting the nasals, the intermaxillary, and maxille into one mass. Hab. Asia, Europe, Africa. Rhinocéros 4 narines cloisonnées, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64. Ccelodonta, Brown, 1831; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1030. Celodonta Pallasii. BM. Rhinoceros, Pallas, Acta Acad. Petrop. 1777, ii. p. 210, t. 9; Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. p. 447, t. 9, 10. Rhinoceros tichorinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64, t. 7. f. 1 (skull), t. 8, 9, 11, 14 (bones) ; Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 13 (from Pallas). Rhinoceros Pallasii, Desm. Mam. p. 402. Rhinoceros antiquitatis, Blainv. Rhinocéros de Stberie, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. p. 19, t. 1, 3, 4. Ceelodonta Pallasii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1031. Hab. Siberia, in the ice ; fossil, Himalaya &c. The following measurements are given in inches and lines, taken by a pair of callipers; so they are a straight line (or chord) from point to point indicated, and not a line over or along the surface. I believe they are sufficient for all zoological purposes; but it is the fashion of some zoologists and comparative anatomists to give measurements with three, and sometimes even four places of deci- mals, this arising from their taking a metre, about 39 inches, for the unit, which requires one decimal place for any measured or part of a measured inch or space under 39 inches, two for any similar measurement under 4 inches, and three for any under 5 lines. Others, to avoid this evil, write of 20 or 130 mm. (millimetres) ; but this is as inconvenient, as the latter wnit is as much too small as the other is too large. On pointing out this evil to a naturalist, who has published long tables with such admeasurements, he replied, did it not look very scientific? I fear, unfortunately, there is a desire to mystify general readers, and a quackery in natural history as in other less ennobling studies. I have never yet met with a naturalist, even German or French, that could show me the size of a bone marked in the French me- trical system; few cannot do this with considerable accuracy when marked in inches or feet, The having a measurement of well-known different lengths, as yards, feet, inches, or lines, which bear a relation to some parts of our own bodies, is a great advantage not found in the metrical system. 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EOOT |"? S9eT je T9PT |? T9PT |? ZEL)'? SEL|"9 SEL] "FEES | “SLES |"2 BBL)? GEL SBEL|"2 BLIP SEL"? ech ; : Ss =P = = “enue = ‘ont SB | envevu zr 2 “egUAooIUn “A senaqunan lay = 3 -DAPOUNE “OT es § 5 S oe * SETIFERA, 325 Suborder V. SETIFERA. The nose truncated, with a bony button on the crest over the nostrils, used for grubbing up roots. The toes in tri- angular hoofs in pairs; front pair large, posterior pair not reaching the ground; the outer one sometimes wanting. Cutting-teeth in each jaw normal, subequal; canines of male recurved. Sus, Linn.; Cuvier. Setifera, Idiger, Prodr. 1811. Suidee, Bonap. Prodr. Syst. Mastol. Pachydermata fissipeda, Latr. Reg. Anim. p. 596, 1880. Setigera, Fits. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. 1864. Pachyderma paridigitata, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.; Burmeister, 1840, Ungulata isodactyla seu artiodactyla, Owen, Odont. The distribution of Swine into species and the species into genera and families is attended with considerable difficulty ; this probably arises from three peculiarities of the group :— 1. That most of the wild or presumed wild species are easily re- duced to a domestic or semidomestic condition. 2. That the domestic breeds return to their wild condition, even in countries situated far away from their native habitats, and that, under favourable circumstances, the newly enfranchised animals are able to hold their own against the native and colonial cultivators. 3. That the domestic, and possibly the wild species have a great facility in breeding together, having fertile offspring. There are very few countries that have, or are presumed to have, a native race of Pigs, where some of the kinds are not kept in a more or less domestic state. This is even the case where the animal is | regarded with disgust and never eaten as food, except by the lowest class of the inhabitants, as in India. “Wild Hogs abound in the Dukhun, and the male attains to a very great size. I am not satisfied that there is any specific differ- ence between the European and Asiatic Wild Hogs. Every village abounds in hogs. The Village Hog is of the same colour as the wild animal, mostly a rusty black, and the only variations are slate-black or slate-brown; but it is not above two-thirds of the size of the latter. Tail never curled or spirally twisted. They dispute with the Pariah dogs the possession of the offal matter thrown out of the houses, and are the public scavengers.” —Sykes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11. “The Indian Wild Hog differs considerably from the German ; the head of the former is longer and more pointed, and the plane of the forehead straight, while it is concave in the European; the ears of the former are small and poirfted, of the latter larger and not so erect. The Indian is altogether a more active-looking animal. The German has a stronger and heavier appearance. The same differ- ences are perceptible in the domesticated individuals of the two countries.” Sykes, l.¢. p. 30. In some of the islands of the Pacific the woods are stocked with. 326 SETIFERA. wild swine that are the produce of the litter of one breeding sow that has been introduced. As an instance of the facility and rapidity with which the Pig may be completely naturalized and become a pest, one may mention New Zealand, where ‘some of the pigs introduced by the colonists have escaped and their offspring have spread themselves over the country, and are now a pest to the colonial farmer and breeder of sheep, destroying the crops of the former, and following the ewes and eating the lambs as they are dropped on the sheep-walk. A reward of so much per head is paid for all the pigs that are destroyed in several parts of that colony. T have attempted to arrange the genera of Suide in natural groups. All the genera are well defined, and, I believe, distinct. The only doubtful one is my genus Centwriosus, which was established on an animal which is as yet only known in a domesticated state, and one that breeds with facility with the Domestic Pig of Europe, and the mules are fertile. The species of Pigs have been very much misunderstood. Pigs belonging to very distinct genera have been considered varieties of the same species, or only domestic varieties of the Common Hog. The genera and species have been gradually unravelled. As an example, I may here observe that Desmarest regards Sus porcus (Potamocherus porcus) as only a domestic variety of Sus scrofa. Fischer considers Sus koiropotamus (Potamocherus larvatus) a synonym of Sus larvatus, the type of the genus Phacocherus. Fitzinger, in his Essay on the Setifera, in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte ’ of the Vienna Academy for 1864, has brought together what has_ been written on the subject, and has given a useful synopsis of the species as characterized by their external characters. Unfortunately we have not any good works on the Domestic Pig, or clear history of the origin of several of the most approved breeds, some of which are most probably the result of the interbreeding of several varieties. Desmarest, in his ‘Mammiféres,’ gives a list of the domestic varie- ties divided into subvarieties (see Mamm. p. 390). Youall (‘ Pig,” 1860) and Richardson (‘On the Pigs and their Origin,’ 1847) have written on the English breeds. Little information respecting the species of the family is to be ob- tained from travellers; they are generally satisfied with stating that a wild boar was observed, sometimes adding that it afforded good sport, and rarely make any observations respecting the Domestic Pigs. They often include under the name of “wild boar” species of different genera, as the French naturalists do under the name of sanglier. The skins of Pigs are rarely preserved, except by profes- sional collectors; and they only cdllect the wild specimens ; so that the specimens in Museums are limited in number and kinds, and afford very imperfect materials for the systematic zoologist. The domestic animals of the different countries inhabited by man, and especially the effect of the climate or local circumstances on those that have been introduced from other countries, have yet to be SUID. 327 studied. There is no subject which naturalists living in a different country have so entirely neglected, because they have supposed that everything respecting it is known, while the truth is no animals are so imperfectly known or understood. Take, for instance, the Horse, which is so completely naturalized in North and South America, and so locally distributed in Africa—abundant, prosperous, and high- bred in some parts, very rare and, when present, greatly deteriorated in others, even in the same latitudes. It is the same with the Pig. Indeed these large animals, common to a great part of the inhabited world, are less known than the species of the Rats, Mice, Squirrels, Bats, and such small and comparatively unimportant animals, as far as man is concerned, who generally classes them with vermin. * The premolars permanent, forning with the molars a continuous series of teeth. Fam. 5. SUID. Head pointed. Snout blunt, slender. Ears large. Body com- pressed. Legs slender. Skin covered with close bristly hairs. Grinders tubercular, with a few separate roots. Canines prismatic, triangular ; upper recurved from the base. Teeth 44 or 40:—Cut- ting-teeth 3.3; premolars 4.4 or 3.2; molars 3.3. Tail elongate, rarely absent. Teats 10 or rarely 8. Young of wild races striped on the sides. Suina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mamm. B. M. p. 284; Bonap. Prod. p.5; Giebel, Stiugeth. p. 221. Setigera, Fitz. Sitz, Akad, der Wiss. 1864, p. 383. Suide, Owen, Odont. i. p. 543; Gray, P. Z. S, 1868, p, 22. Suidex, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1842, p. 160. Suide, § 3, Schinz, Syst. Verz. ii. p. 344, The change in the dentition of the Pig is represented by De Blain- ville, ‘ Ostéographie, Onguligrades,’ Sus, t. 8, and by Owen, ‘ Odont.’ p- 524, t. 140. Buffon (Hist. Nat. v. p. 110) erroneously says that the milk-teeth of the Pig are not changed, and remain permanent. At page 181 he quotes (Aristotle, Des Animaux, lib. 2. chap. 1) further that the Pigs never lose any of their teeth. The crown of the grinders are many-lobed, especially the hinder one, which is larger than the rest. “The progressive increase of size in the molar teeth as they are situated further back in the mouth may also be noticed as a family characteristic, which, with the complication of the crown and devé- lopment of the teeth, reaches its maximum in the Phacochceres.”— Owen, Odont. p. 544. 328 SUID. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Typrcan Swine (Suma). Cutting-teeth £; intermaxillary short; diastema between the cutting-teeth and grinders short; canines thick, spread out; the sheaths of the upper canines spreading out and then bent up at the end; premolars 4.4; molars 3.3. a, Wild Swine. Face elongate. The ears erect, moderate, hairy. Colour uniform or grizzled; young yellow, streaked. Skull elongated; facial line straight ; forehead convex. 1. Sus. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end. Skull—nose convex, rounded and smooth on the sides above ; concavity on the cheeks reaching to the edge of the orbit. Male with a ridge across the upper part of the base of the sheath of the canines. 2. Porcura. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail rudimentary. Skull—nose tapering, rather thickened on the edge in front of the orbit. Canines small, spreading; upper not recurved, without any ridge on the sheath. 3. Poramocuarus. Ears elongate, tapering, acute, and pencilled at the tips. Tail thick, high up on the haunches. Skull— nose flattened above and rather thickened on the upper edge ; concavity of the cheeks separated from the orbit by a broad ridge. Males with the upper edge of the nose warty in front, and with a large process from the upper part of the sheath of the canine tooth. Females with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of the canines. b. Domesticated Swine. The ears more or less dependent, often very large. Colour black, white, or variegated ; young like parents. ' Skull short; facial line sunken; forehead and top of nose flat ; nose margined on the sides, 4. Scrora. Face smooth or nearly so. Sheath of upper canine with a longitudinal ridge at the base. 5. Cenrvriosus. Face strongly concentrically wrinkled. Sheath of upper canine with a large rounded tubercle at the base.. B. Apnormat Swine (Bapreussina). Cutting-teeth +; intermazilla, and maxilla in front, forming a large diastema between the cutting- teeth. and grinders ; canines erect, parallel; the sheaths of the upper canines bent up from the base, and closely applied to the side of the jaw ; premolars 3.3, the front ones early deciduous. 6. Baprrussa. A. Typrcan Swine (Suma), Cutting-teeth & (the outer upper rarely deciduous) ; intermaailla short; diastema between the cutting-teeth and grinders short; canines thick, spreading out on sides of head; sheath of upper canine spreading out and bent up at the end; premolars 4.4, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 22. =e The depression in the skull behind the hinder nasal opening is without any pits on the sides behind. 1. sus. 329 a, Wild Swine, The ears erect, hairy. Colour of fur uniform or more or less grizaled. Young yellow, streaked. Skull elongate; facial line straight ;, forehead convex.—Gray, 1. c. p. 22. 1. SUS. Face conical, simple, or with two or three small warts on each cheek. Fars ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end. Skull elongate; the forehead and upper part of nose rounded on the sides ; upper part of the intermaxillary bone smooth; nose very long, tapering, convex, rounded and smooth on the sides above; concavity on the cheek deep, continued nearly to the orbit behind. Canines well developed, of upper jaw recurved; the sheath of the upper canine (of the males at least) with a longitudinal ridge across the upper part of the base. Hab. Europe, Asia, and the Malay Islands. Sus, Linn; Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 180, 1868, p. 22; Owen, Odont. p. 534, t. 140. f£ 1; Fitz, Sitz. Akad. der Wiss, 1864, p. 384; F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 208, t. 85. The head and skull lengthened absolutely, and as compared with its width, as the animal increases in age, and~especially as it reaches adult and old age. The nasal bones of the skull elongated as the animal increases in age. In the young they seldom extend beyond a line even with the larger foramen on the side of the face; but in the adult they are generally much produced behind it (P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 131). The descriptions and the figures of the two jaws in F. Cuvier’s ‘Dent. Mamm.’ p. 208, do not agree; he says there are 14 grinders in each jaw, and divides them into 6 false molars and 8 molars in the upper, and 2 false and 6 molars in the lower; the 2 is perhaps a mistake for 8. The front lower premolar is far from the canine and second premolar; three upper and four lower premolars com- pressed; the last grinder elongate, longer than broad. Fitzinger, in his monograph, divides the Pigs thus, according to the presence or absence of warts on the face :— Warts none :—Sus leucomystaax, S. timorensis, S. vittatus, S. bar- batus, S. cristatus, S. sennaariensis. Warts small, under eyes :—S. scrofa. Warts three—one large, on the mandible, covered with long bristles, and a small one under the eye, and the other above the canines :—S. verrucosus, S. celebensis. The Pigs may be divided geographically :—Europe, S. scrofa; Asia Minor, S. libycus ; India, S. cristatus, S. andamanensis ; Africa, S. sennaariensis ; Malay Islands, S. verrucosus, S. celebensis, S. bar- batus, S. vittatus, S. temorensis; Japan and Formosa, S. leucomys- tax. 330 SUIDE. + Head moderate, with three small warts, and one at the back angle of lower jaw. Skull with the lower jaw above half as long again as the height at the occiput; concavity in front of orbit deep, and narrow behind. Nape erect.—Gyay, 1. c. p. 23. 1. Sus verrucosus. B.M. Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur with scattered bristles; yellowish or blackish brown, beneath yellowish white; bristles above the man- dibular wart white. Warts three :—one on the cheek, large, covered with long bristles; another below the eye, smaller; a third above the canine teeth, small. Sus verrucosus, Bote, MS.; S. Miiller, Verhand. i, 42. p.175, t. 28 (adult), t. 32, f. 14 (skull); Gerrard, Cat, Bones B. M. p. 278; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 23. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 225. Hab. Java; Borneo; Ceram. The skulls in the British Museum are :— No. 712¢. An adult skull from Java. Length 16 inches, height at occiput 82 inches (see Miiller, Verh. t. 32. f. 3, 4). Nose rather broad behind, tapering from the orbits, more compressed in front; concavity on cheek very deep; forehead convex; zygomatic arch very large, swollen, convex externally. The side of the lower jaw much swollen and prominent. The nose of this skull is much wider than that of the skull from Ceram (712d). ~ No. 1862a. An adult skull, without cutting-teeth and canines, and rather broken on the nose, received from Mr. Wallace as the skull of S. vittatus from Borneo, is very similar to no. 712¢ from Java, 143 inches long, 8? inches high at the occiput. The forehead not quite so convex; but in almost all other respects they agree, except that the sides of the lower jaw are not so much swollen and convex. These skulls are known from those of S. vittatus by the concavity in the front of the orbit being very deep, ovate, and narrow behind, instead of broad and square (that is, ending in a nearly straight line). Three other adult skulls, apparently belonging to the same species, were received without any habitat (but probably from Java or some other Dutch colony) from the Utrecht Museum. One is 15 inches long, 93 inches high at the occiput; the second 16 inches long, 92 inches high at the occiput; the third, length 15, height at the occiput 84 inches. Var. ceramica. No. 712d. Skull, adult. A Wild Boar from Ceram, collected by Mr. Wallace. Length 15 inches, height at occiput 8 inches. Nose tapering, very narrow, compressed and deeply concave on each side in front of the orbits; the zygomatic arch large, swollen, and convex externally; the crest on the sheath of the upper canine is narrow and short. No. 712 f. An adult skull, obtained from the Utrecht Museum, named “ Sus larvatus,’’ without any habitat, which is very like 712d from Ceram, but considerably larger, being 164 inches long 1. sus. 331 and 88 inches high; the nose is broader and rather wider in front over the canines; the crest on the hinder part of the sheath of the upper canine is similar, smaller, but thicker. In both skulls the crest on the canine is much shorter and less marked, and the sides of the lower jaw are swollen, but not so swollen and convex as in 712¢ from Java. The specimen from Ceram (712d) differs from all the others in the nose being much narrower, more compressed, and apparently longer compared with the length of the brain-case. Otherwise the four skulls from the Utrecht Museum and the one from Java (712 ¢) are all very much alike. Mr. Blyth considers his Sus ceylonensis (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xx. p. 173; Sus zeylanensis, Blyth, MS. photogr.) a variety of S. barbatus, which he says has been introduced from Borneo to Ceylon. Judging from the photograph of the skull, which has Sus zeylanensis written on it, it is much shorter and thicker than the skull of S. barbatus. The photograph is much more like that of Sus verru- cosus. tt Head moderate, and without warts. Skull with the lower jaw about half as long again as high at the occiput ; concavity on cheek in front of the orbit wide behind.—Gray, 1. c. p. 25. a. Skull—concavity on cheek in front of the orbit deep behind, and separated Jrom the orbit by a well-marked ridge. 2. Sus celebensis. B.M. Black-brown above and below; bristles on upper mandibular wart white. Ears moderate, nakedish ; fur with scattered bristles. “Head with three warts; the wart on the upper jaw large; the one under the eye and the other over the canine-teeth very small, indistinct.” Sus celebensis, S. Miiller, Verhandl. i. PP 172, 177, t. 28 * (animal and skull); Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 25. Sus verrucosus 8, Wagner, Schreb. Stiugeth. Suppl. iv. p. 299. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 235. Hab. Celebes (S. Miiller). B.M. Skull rather more than half as long again as high ; concavity on the cheek in front of the orbit very deep behind, separated from the orbit by a high narrow ridge; sheath of upper canine with large light crest-like ridges (see Miiller, Verh. t. 28*. f. 2, 3). _ 8. Sus vitattus. BM. Yellowish or brown-black, with a white streak from the end of the nose to the angle of the mandible. Ears moderate, nakedish ; ~ fur with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Skull short; concavity in front of orbit broad and deep, near the orbit, but sepa- rated from it by a broad ridge. 332 SUIDZ. Sus vittatus, Bote, MS.; 8. Miiller, Verhand. i. 42. pp. 172, Ee 29 (animal), t. 82. £5 (skull) ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. t. 5 (skull) ; . Z, S. 1860, pp. 442, 443; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 277; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 25. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 225. Hab. Java; Borneo; Amboyna; Macassar; Banka. A skeleton (712 ¢) of a Pig, received from the Zoological Society under the name of the Javan Pig (Sus verrucosus), seems to belong to this species; but the concavity in front of the eye is scarcely as deep as usual, perhaps arising from its having been long in confine- ment. No 1362. Skull of an adult male of Sus vittatus from Amboyna, from Mr. Wallace. Nose rather wide before in front of the orbit, and then with parallel sides ; concavity in front of orbit deep and large, separated from the front of the orbit by a narrow raised con- vex edge. Canines thick; crest at base strong. Length 124, height at occiput 8 inches. The processes of the sheaths of the upper ca- nines are curved back, sharp-edged above, and straight and truncated at the end. No. 1362d. Skull of adult, very like 1362 ¢, also from Amboyna, from Mr. Wallace’s collection. Length 12, height 84 inches. The concavity in the front of the orbit is deeper and the ridge separating it from the cavity of the orbit more marked. The process of the sheath of the upper canine is similar, but rather larger, the upper edge is sharp-edged at the end, longer, more ovate, convex, and rugose. No. 1362. Skull of an old male from Batchian, from Mr. Wal- lace’s collection. Length 13, height at occiput 8} inches. Very like 1862 d from Amboyna; but the forehead is narrower and flatter, and the nose broader, being rather wider in front over the canines than in front of orbits; the concavity in front of the orbit similar and deep, and with well-marked outer orbital ridges. The process of the sheath of the upper canine is shorter, thicker, blunter, with a rounded end, and without any distinctly sharp-crested front edge. No 13626. Skull of an adult, with well-worn grinders, a “ Wild Boar from Java,’ from Mr. Wallace’s collection. Length 13, height 83 inches. Very similar to 8. vittatus from Amboyna (1362 ¢ and 1362 d) ; but the nose of the skull is rather broader, especially in front, and the sheath of the upper canine is only fur- nished with a well-marked ridge behind. The concavity on the cheeks is very deep and wide in front, but not so well marked and deep on the hinder edge, where it is separated from the orbit by a wide flattish space. No. 1362 f. Skull of an animal developing the hinder molar ; the concavity in front of the orbit not so deep and well marked, as usual behind; zygomatic arch and lower jaw swollen on the sides; the ridge of the sheath of the canine slight and sharp-edged. From the Utrecht Museum ; probably from Java or some of the Dutch colonies. Length 13, height 7 inches. No. 1362g. A skull of an adult, received from the Utrecht Mu- 1. sus. 333 seum without any habitat, but most probably from Java, is very like the preceding; it is 12} inches long and 72 inches high at the oc- ciput. 4, Sus leucomystax. (Japanese Pig.) B.M. Blackish brown; fur dense, bristly; streak on lower jaw and underside of body white. ars rather large, densely pilose. Head without any wart. Sus leucomystax, Temm. Fauna Japon. Mamm. p. 6, t. 20; Fitzinger, Setigera, p. 887; Swinhoe, P. Z, 8, 1865, p. 466; Gray, P. ZS. 1868, p. 26. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Siugeth. p. 226. Sus taivanus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 382, 1866, p. 419. Porcula taivana, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 360, 1864, p. 381. Hab. Japan; Formosa (Swinhoe); Nagasaki (Swinhoce). Mr. Swinhoe gave an account of the habits of the Pig in Formosa (P. Z.8. 1862, p. 361). It is a Sus, and not a Porcula. Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 361) thinks this is a Wild Pig, the original stock of the Chinese Domestic Pig. _ My. Blyth says this is the animal from which the Chinese Do- mestic Pig is supposed to be derived. There are three animals in the Zoological Gardens (Feb. 1867) which appear to be a domestic race from Formosa, although not much altered save in colouring from the wild animals (Blyth, Land and Water, Feb. 16, 1867, . 84). ; ae we Fraser has just received from the Island of Formosa, per the ‘ Maitland,’ one Boar and one Sow of a red variety, and one Sow in pig, black variety, of a new species of Pig (Sus taévanus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) supposed to be the wild origin of the well- known Chinese Pig (Dec. 1867).”—P. Z. S. 1868, p. 27. 5. Sus cristatus. B.M. Bristles of forehead, occiput, and back elongate, forming a mane; cheeks with a beard. Yellowish brown, black-varied ; beneath dirty white. Nose and extremity brownish. Hars moderate, nakedish, covered with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Hoofs white. Sus scrofa, Eliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 216, 1839, 1; Adams, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 531. ; Sus scrofa, var. indicus, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. M. E. I. C. p. 198; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5. Sus indicus, Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. p. 185, 1840; Horsjfield, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 180, 1856, p. 406; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xv. p. 261; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 850; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. t. 5 (skull); P. Z. S. 1848, p. 78, 1850, p. 158, 1852, p. 130, 1860, p. 181; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 277, Sus bengalensis, Blyth, Jaurn. A. S. Bengal, xxix. p. 304. Sus cristatus, Wagner, Miinch, gel. Anzeig. 1x. p. 585, 18389; Fitz. Sttz. Akad, d. Wiss. xlix. pp. 389, 417, 1864; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, . 27, Sus aper, Hodgson, J: A. S. Beng. x.-p. 911. 334 SUID. Sus affinis, Gray, Cat, Osteol. B. M. p. 71, 1847. Sus scrofa, var. isonotus, Hodgson, Icon. B. M. t. p. 216. Hab. India; Malabar (Blainv.); Nepal, Tarai and mountains (Hodgson); Banks of Punjab (Adams); Penang, Singapore, and Lanedy Island (Fitzinger), Mr. Bryan Hodgson describes two varieties (see Journ. A. 8, Bengal, i. pp. 245 & 911) as inhabiting the Tarai and mountains of Nepal :—1. aipomus: tusk large ; forequarters high. 2. zsonotus : tusk small; back nearly horizontal. ‘There is a figure of the latter variety in his drawings in the British Museum (t. 216): the nape and back are much crested. 716 u, Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 93 inches. “ Mar- quis.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 716 p. Skullof adult male. Length 14, height 82 inches. Marked “ Bilmareeah, S. indicus.” 716%. Skull of adult male. Length 153, height9} inches, Marked * Sus babirusa.” Malabar (see Blainv. Ostéog. +. .). 716 x. Skull of adult male. Length 144, height 83 inches. 716 g. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. « Mar- quis.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson. 716 o. Skull of adult male. Length 154, height 9Linches. India; Sir John Boileau. 716 f. Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 83 inches, Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 716}. Skull of adult male. Length 13, height 83 inches. India; General Hardwicke. 716 y. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. India; G. H. Money, Esq. 716 #. Skull of adult male, broken. India Museum, Zoological Society. 7161. Skullof adult male. Length 13, height 9 inches. Nepal; Tarai ; Professor Oldham. 716. ¢. Skull of adult male. Length 134, height 8 inches. “ Wild Boar of the plains.” Nepal; B.H. Hodgson, Esq. Forehead nearly flat. 716 d. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 83 inches. “Wild Boar of the plains.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson. 716, Skull of adult female. Length 143, height 83 inches. India. Professor Oldham. 716 v. Skull of nearly adult female. Length 123, height 74 inches. Neilgherries. Sus affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. p. 71, 1847. 716. Skull of young male? Length 13, height 73 inches. Tarai, Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 716 w, Skull of young male. Length 10, height 62 inches. Tarai, Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Sus bengalensis, Blyth (type). 716m. Skull of young female. Length 10}, height 73 inches. Tarai, Nepal; Dr. Oldham. 716 g. Skullof young female. Length , height inches. Nepal; B. H. Hodgson. Nose much narrower and contracted behind in 1. sus. 335 front of the orbit, perhaps the character of the female sex. The skulls of female exotic Pigs are very rare in collections. This series of skulls differ in the depth of the concavity on the hinder part of the cheeks in front of the orbit. Itis very deep, and with a well-defined wide ridge behind in 7160, 716 v, and 716k. It is less marked in the others, in different degrees of distinctness and depth. ; In the skulls of the younger animals the concavity is very shallow behind, and gradually shelving off to the orbit, as in 716, 716 w, 716 m, 716 q, 716. It is one of these skulls (716w) that Mr. Blyth marked as like his type of S. bengalensis. The skull of this species is like that of Sus verrucosus from the Malay Islands; but all the skulls differ from the skulls of S. verru- cosus in the flatness of the zygomatic arch, compared with the thick swollen form of the zygoma in all the skulls of that species. The sides of the lower jaw are convex and swollen, but not so much so as the lower jaw of S. verrucosus. b. Concavity on the.cheeks o, the skull in front of the orbit shallow behind, only separated from the orbit by a narrow ridge. 6. Sus timorensis. B.M. Yellowish or blackish brown, generally with a white streak from the nose to the angle of the jaw. Ears moderate, nakedish ; fur with scattered bristles, maned. ‘Head without any warts.” Skull (young)—the concavity in front of the orbit shallow behind, and only separated from the orbit by a slight ridge. Sus timorensis, 8, Miiller, Verhand. i. pp. 42, 173, 178, t. 31. f. 1-3; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 28. Sus vittatus 8, Wagner, Schreb. Stiugeth. Suppl. iv. Sus scrofa, var., Gebel, Sdugeth. p. 225. Sus, sp., from Dampier Straits, Sclater, List of Vert, Animals Zool. Gard. ed. 3. p. 87. n. 235. Hab. Timor and Rottie. Like S. vittatus, but smaller. 1501 a. A skull of a young animal, very like the one figured by Miiller (Verhand. t. 32. f. 2,3); it is marked “ young female Babirussa,” from Mr. Wallace’s collection. It is certainly not a Babirussa, having six upper cutting-teeth and short intermaxillaries, but is more probably a young female of the preceding. It has the concavity in front of the orbit shallow, and only separated from the orbit by a narrow ridge. 1501 ¢. Skull with the last grinder being developed (on one side only), perhaps young male? Inscribed “a Wild Pig, Makassar.” Length 10, height at occiput 6 inches. Nose broad behind, taper- ing in front from orbit ; concavity in front of orbit large, not deep, and extending close up to the.edge of the cavity; the hinder suture of the parietal bone is produced and angular behind. 1501 b. A rather larger skull, also developing the last molar, and 336 SUIDE. probably a young male. A Wild Pig, Ternate, from Mr. Wallace’s collection. Length 123, height 53 inches. It is very similar to the above in all particulars, particularly in the shallowness of the con- cavity in front of the orbits, and in the crest-like form of the ridge behind the base of the sheath of the upper canines; hinder suture of the parietal produced and rounded behind. The shallowness of the concavity on the cheeks of these specimens may depend on the youth of the animal, as it is to be found in the skull of the young Sus indicus. It is not always a character of youth, as it is found shallow and shelving off behind in the skull of the very old Sus andamanensis and S. scrofa. There is the skin and skeleton (1501 d) of a “ Wild Pig from Dampier Straits, in the Eastern archipelago,” that was brought to the Museum by Mr. Swinhoe. It does not appear to differ from S. timorensis of §. Miller; and the skull is very like the skull from Ternate (1501 6). A specimen was living in the Society’s Gardens. Mr. Bartlett thinks that the latter is “a domestic Pig running wild, because he has seen two specimens of them, both of which had white markings about the legs in a very irregular manner and other characters of the domestic Pig.” 7 7. Sus andamanensis. (Andaman Pig.) B.M. The concavity of the cheeks in front of the orbit deeply concave, shallower behind, shelving off to the orbit, and only separated from the orbit by a narrow ridge; in the male the sheaths of the upper canines with a well-marked ridge; the concavity in front of the orbit very wide ; in the female the concavity narrower, and sheaths of the canines not developed. Sus andamanensis, Biyth, photogr. MS.; Sclater, List of Vert. Anim. Zool. Gard, ed, 3. p. 37; Gray, P. Z, S. 1868, p. 30. Hab. Andaman Islands. Living in the Gardens of the Society. Also a hybrid between the female Andaman Pig and the male Wild Pig from Dampier Straits. A skull of an adult male in the British Museum, without lower jaw (no. 1497 a):—The four front upper cutting-teeth very large, entire, square ; the hinder lateral one very small, early deciduous. Lower cutting-teeth six, subequal, close together ; upper canines very large, recurved, with a deep central ridge on the upper edge ; con- cavity in front of the orbits very wide and deep ; sheath produced, . with a well-marked longitudinal crest on the upper reflexed edges. A complete skull of an adult female (no. 1497 5) very similar to preceding, but concavity in front of the orbit narrower behind :— Upper canine small, compressed, without any developed sheath; no ridge above its root. Lower canines very large, subtrigonal; the first, two-rooted premolar on the hinder part of its base separated a short distance from the second premolar, Upper eutting-teeth three, the first very large; the second on the right side, and both the hinder ones have fallen out, and the cavity left is filled up. 1. sus. 337 The skull of this species is more nearly allied to the Babirussa than any others of the Pigs (Sus), the part in front of the canines being rather more produced than in other species, but not nearly so much so as in Babirussa ; and the two hinder upper cutting-teeth are very small and often deciduous. In the skull of the adult male, for example, they were very small, but the pits they filled are present; in the adult female, the pits they filled are entirely oblite- rated. By a curious coincidence, the second upper cutting-teeth on the right side of the jaws of the skulls of both the male and female animals are wanting, and the pits they filled are obliterated; but this may be only an accidental circumstance, as the tooth on the other side is well developed. 8. Sus scrofa. Ears large, densely hairy. Fur blackish brown, densely bristly. Wart under the eye small. Skull elongate, slender; the concavity on the cheek in front of the orbit wide, shallow behind, shelving towards the orbit, and only separated from it by a narrow ridge. Sus aper, Brisson; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 180, 1856, p. 406. Sus scrofa, Linn.; Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 225; P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 158, 1858, p. 531, 1860, pp. 183, 448; Blain. Ostéogr. Onguligr. t. 1. £46; Fitz. Setiyera, p. 348; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 80. Sus setosus aper, Bodd. Elench. Anim. i. p. 157. Sus scrofa aper, Eral. Syst. R. A. i. p. 176. Sus fasciatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 184. Sus scrofa fasciatus, Schreb. S. p. 822 (jun.). Sus scrofa ferus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 217; Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 13, f. 1, 2, 3 (skull and palate); Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull, 3). Sanglier, Buffon, H. N. v. p. 176, t. 24, f. 1 (skull). Hab. Europe. Var. Domesticated. Head short, slender. Ears erect, pointed. Limbs short, slender. Hair of body rather crisp, ferruginous or blackish brown. Junior fasciated. Cochon ture, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sez. Nat. ix. p. 512. Cochon ture ou de Mongolitz, Desm. Mamm. p. 891. Sus scrofa domestica turcica, Fischer, Syn. p. 422. ? Sus scrofa, var. (Maltese Pig), Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 189. Hab, European Turkey ; Hungary; Vienna; Borneo. Skull of adult (713 ¢), with diseased teeth and alveoli. Length 14, height 9 inches. From the Zoological Gardens; probably from Germany. The concavity on the cheeks wide, shallow behind, and gradually shelving off to the orbit. The sheaths of the upper canines with a well-marked elevated ridge behind. Skull of adult (713m). Length 15, height 8 inches. From Ger- many. Skull of adult (713 f). Length 15, height 73 inches. From the Museum of the Zoological Society. Skull of adult (713 7). Length 14, height 72 inches. Germany, from Dr. Giinther. Z 338 SDIDA. Skull developing the last molar (713). Length 13, height 63 inches. Germany, from Mr. Gerrard. A skin and skeleton of a Wild Boar from Barbary (Sus scrofa bar- barus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 443), received from the Zoological Gardens. Skull (712 7) does not differ from the skull of the Wild Boar from Germany. 713k and 713%. Two skulls of young animals from the Zoological Society. 7 139. Skull of a nearly adult animal; purchased of a dealer. 9. Sus libycus. Animal ? Sus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 31. ? Sus scrofa, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 84. Hab, Asia Minor (Xantus), Skull in the British Museum, pre- sented by Sir Charles Fellows. Skull of adult (713 a). Length 143, height 83 inches. The concavity on the cheeks in front of the orbits very broad and very shallow, with a broad concavity in the middle; the hinder part moderately deep, separated from the orbit by a rather narrow well- marked prominent ridge. Nose narrow, and compressed over the lateral foramen. The sheath of the canine with only a slight ridge behind it. The skull is very distinct from all the skulls of the Wild Boars from Germany in the British Museum. : The Wild Boar of the Holy Land, described by Mr. Tristram, may be the same. He observes :— “Abundant in the wooded hills and maritime plains alike. Swarms ip all the thickets by the Jordan and Dead Sea, and in the forest-country east of Jordan. Extends even to the bare wilderness of Judea, and almost into the desert, where there is no cover, and where its only food is the roots of the desert bulbs.”—Tristram, P, Z, 8. 1866, p. 84. 10. Sus sennaarensis, Fur dense, bristly, dull olive-black yellow-varied. Ears moderate, densely pilose. Head without any warts. Sus sennaarensis, Fitz, Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. xix. p. 865, 1864; Seti- gera, p. 888; Gray, P. Z. S, 1868, p 32. Sus larvatus, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss. x. p. 362. ? Sus scrofa (Egypt), Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 6 (skull). ? Cochon des Négres, Buffon, H. N. Quad. v. p. 123. Hab. North Africa: Sennaar; Kordofan; Sudan. Called “ Qua- druk” by the Arabs. Dr. Murie says he has often seen and eaten the true Wild Boar of the genus Sus in Africa, as well as the Potamocherus on the west coast. I have never seen any, or the skull of one. 2. PORCULA. 339 ttt Head very long, slender, without warts, The skull elongate, more than twice. as long as high; concavity in front of the orbit deep. Cheeks bearded. Euhys. 11. Sus barbatus. B.M. Back covered with ochraceous, sides and beneath with black bristles ; nose, extremities, and tuft at end of tail blackish. Skull much compressed, very long, slender. Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur with scattered bristles. Head very long, slender; sides of the jaws covered with crisp hairs ; crown and occiput covered with short hairs. Head without any warts. Sus barbatus, S. Miller, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. 1839, v. p. 149; Verhandl. i. pp. 42, 173, 179, t. 30, 81; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278; Fitzinger, Setigera, p. 392; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 82, Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Séiugeth. p. 225, Hab. Borneo. Called “‘ Wite Warken.” 712 a. Skull of adult, from Borneo, presented by J. Brooke, Esq. Length from end of nasal to occipital crest 19 inches, 93 high at occiput. Exactly like the figure in Miiller’s ‘ Verhand.’ t. 31. f. 45. 712. Skull of a young animal changing its teeth, from Borneo. Capt. Sir EK. Belcher. Length 114 inches, 5 inches high at occiput. Nose very slender, attenuated ; nose from the orbit double the length of the distance from the front of the orbit to the occiput ; the zygo- matic arch flat, thin. 2. PORCULA. Head conical, moderate. Ears small, erect, hairy. Cheeks with- out any tubercles. Tail very short, rudimentary. Cutting-teeth §, two upper front largest, the lateral lower small; intermaxillary mo- derate, not produced; canines small, scarcely elevated above the - other teeth, the upper one rather spread out, but not reflexed ; premolars 4 . 4. Porcula, Hodgson; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278, 1852; Fitz. - Sttz. Akad. d. Wiss. 1864, p. 404; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 33. The skull chiefly differs from Sus in being shorter and much smaller. The number and form of the teeth and of the intermaxil- laries are the same as in Sus. * Back and nape maned. 1. Porcula papuensis. (The Bene.) B.M. Ears moderate, erect, nakedish, internally white. Fur very bristly above, with scattered bristles beneath ; bristles of nape and back longer, forming a black mane; brown and reddish above, black and white beneath. Young. Dark brown, with five fulvous streaks. Ben, Forrest, Voy. p. 97, t, 2, 3. ; . Sus papuensis, Lesson §& Garn, Bull. Sci. Nat, vii. pp. 80, 96; Du- Zz 3-40 SUID, perrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool.i.t.8; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185; P. Z.8, 1858, p. 107. Porcula papuensis, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss, 1864, p. 23;° Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 33. Papuan Hog, Low, Breeds of Domestic Anim. ii, p. 1. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Stiugeth. p. 226. Hab. New Guinea. Called ‘ Ben’ or ‘ Bene.’ Lesson and Garnot described the skull as having only five grinders on each side of each jaw; but this animal was probably not full- grown. Canines not longer than the other teeth. Tail very short. * Back and nape without any mane. 2. Porcula salviania. BM. Fur very bristly above, nakedish beneath ; black-brown, grey- or yellowish-washed. Earsnaked. Back without any crest. Porcula salviania, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xvi. pp. 428, 593, t.12, 13, xvii. p. 480, t. 27; Horgfteld, P. Z. 8.1853, p. 191; Fits Sitz. Akad. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 25; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 38. Porcula salvania, Gerrard, Cat. Bones, p. 278; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 406, Mamm. pl. 37. Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdiugeth. p. 226. Pygmy Hog of the Saul Forests, Hodgson. Hab, Nepal; Sikkim; Saul Forests in Tarai. Skull (1077 a) from the Saul Forests. Presented to the Museum by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. It is that of an animal developing the last molar. In form the skull is very like that of Sus, but shorter; the forehead is convex; the nose tapers in front of the orbit, is rather swollen and wide over the deeply concave cheeks ; the concavity is deepest in the middle of the cheeks, and it is only separated from the orbit by the narrow edge of the orbit. The .canines are small, the upper ones not recurved. 3. POTAMOCHERUS. Face elongate, with a bony protuberance on each side, halfway between the nose and eyes. Lars elongate, suddenly tapering, and ending in a pencil of hairs. Tail thick, elongate, high up on the rump. Skull elongate; brain-case swollen ; nose nearly of the same width the whole length, rounded above, with a rather thickened upper margin, and a deep concavity on the cheeks extending nearly to the front of the orbit, and partly over and nearly covering the malar process that supports the zygomatic arch. Male swollen and often warty on the sides in front; sheath of the canine with a large broad process on the upper part of its base. Female, side of the nose simple, and the sheath of the canine with a well-marked ridge across the upper part of its base. Teats four. Young four at a birth, with longitudinal stripes. Koiropotamus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185. Choiropotamus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1852. 3. POTAMOCHERUS. 341 Potamocherus, Gray,.Ann. §& Mag. N. H. xv. p. 66; P. Z.S. 1868, p- cr Sclater, P. Z. 8.1860, p. 301; Fitz. Sitz, Akad. d. Wiss. 1864, Phascochcerus, sp., Jardine. Phacocheerus, sp., Lesson in Tabl. R. A. 1841, p. 162. 1. Potamocherus africanus. (Bosch Vark.) B.M. Ears densely hairy; internally white, with black edge and tuft. Fur black. Head and back whitish or yellowish ; forehead and back black-varied ; large spot beneath the eyes black. Skull.—-Male, the lateral tubercular ridge prominent, and elevated above the upper surface of the nose; lateral process on the base of the sheath of the upper canine broad, compressed, reaching to the level of the upper surface of the nose. Female with transverse ridge at the base of the sheath of the upper canine. African Wild Boar, Daniel, African Scenery, t. 22. Sus africanus, Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 827; P. Z. S. 1852, p. 181; Blain». in Laur. et Bazin, Anat. Phys, t. 11. £. 9 (teeth) ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 8. f£.1; Gray, Griffith's A. K. t.; Reichenb. Naturg. d. Pachyd, t. 38, £. 129. Sus larvatus, F. Cur. Mém. Mus. vii. p. 447, t. 22; A. Smith, 8. A. Quart. Journ, p. 90; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. t. (skull). Sus koiropotamus, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. vii. t.1; P. ZS. 1852, p. 131. : Koiropotamus africanus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185. Choiropotamus larvatus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1852. Phacocheerus koiropotamus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 162, 1841. Sus koiropotamus, Desmoulins, Dict. Class. H. N.t. 7, Q. Sus choiropotamus, Reichenb. Naturg. d. Pachyd. t. 83. f. 48. Potamochcerus larvatus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. xv. p. 66; Fitz. Sttz. Akad. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 19. Potamocheerus africanus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 131, 1858, p. 58, 1860, p. 443, 1868, p. 34; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279; Kirk, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 656, Phascochcerus larvatus, Jardine, Nat. Libr. p. 282, t. 28. Sanglier 4 masque, Sganzin, Mém. Strasb. iii. p. 1, t. 1. Female, skull with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of the upper canines.—P. Z. S. 1868, p. 35. Sus capensis, Gray, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones B. M. p. 277 (skull). Hab. South Africa, called “ Bosch Vark;” Central Africa, Zam- besi delta, called «* Njulvi” (Kirk). “‘Scarcely any two specimens of this species exhibit the same colour ; some are brownish black variegated with white, and others are almost entirely of a light reddish-brown or rufous tint without the white variations ; indeed such are the varieties that it is scarcely possible to say what are the most prevailing colours.”— fat : ; Hert agcets 7, 7 pastes, af fete satay eater ated je > cor Beet t ae es yet iataeee « ) ij s tes ante Haas th a paste ie ays ) eeerty (ee : fe c ‘ Ses see Sor tah Ato hates Ds sttePoarcrmnceeat ; kes erieee ( et c 4.2 qe Pe cz aoe eee re Eee een “ ? goes Shel tes x Se ‘a Cre igs = Spee eo 4 ee So wins 3 he ae aie eee petty Et 7 int pecs Me ee os Petes nee me ee oleae e543 Pea aie. 3 iy 9 wir