Cornell alniversity Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Saqe 1891 Se, eer ! 3fiafigeow. 7673-2 “bi ii J Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028099152 The Victoria thistory of the Counties of England EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE IN FIVE VOLUMES VOLUME I a THE | VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND DEVONSHIRE LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED N.rz0eae +4\ This History is issued to Subscribers ‘only By Archibald Constable & Company Limited and printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode H.M. Printers of London INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF HER LATE MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE THE TITLE TO AND ACCEPTED THE DEDICATION OF THIS HISTORY THE ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY His Grace Tue Lorp Arcu- BISHOP OF CANTERBURY His Grace Tue Duke oF Beprorp, K.G. President of the Zoological Society His Grace Tue Duxe or Devon- SHIRE, K.G. Chancellor of the University of Cam- bridge His Grace Tue Duke oF Porrranp, K.G. His Grace Tue Duke oF Areyit, K.T. Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Eart oF Roszzery, K.G., K.T. Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Earr oF CovEeNnTRY President of the Royal Agricultural Society - Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Viscounr Dition Late President of the Society of Antiquaries Tue Rr. Hon. true Lorp Lister Late President of the Royal Society Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Lorp Atverstong, G.C.M.G. Lord Chief Justice Tue Hon. Watter RotuscuiLp, M.P. Str Freperick Potrock, Barr., LL.D., F.S.A., Etc. Sir Joun Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., erc. Sir Epwarp Maunpe Tuomp- son, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., Ere. Director of the British Museum Sir Crements R. Marxkuam, K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A. President of the Royal Geographical Society Sir Henry C. Maxwett.-Lyrte, , K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., erc. Keeper of the Public Records Sir Jos. Hooxer, G.C.S.1.,M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., erc. Str Arcuipatp Gerxiz, LL.D., F.R.S., ere. Rev. J. Cuartes Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., erc. Lionet Cust, M.V.O., M.A., F.S.A., ETc, Director of the National Portrait Gallery Cuartes H. Firtu, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Modern History, Oxford Ausert C. L.G. Gtnruer, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Pu.D. Late President of the Linnean Society F. Haverrietp, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A. Cot. Duncan A. Jounston, C.B., Late Director General of the Ordnance Survey Pror. E, Ray Lanxestzr, M.A., F.R.S., erc. Director of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington Recinatp L. Poorz, M.A. University Lecturer in Diplomatic, Oxford J. Horace Rounp, M.A., LL.D. Watter Rye W. H. Sr. Joun Hors, M.A. Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries Among the original members of the Council were Tue tare Duxe or Ruttanp, K.G. Tue rate Marquess or SaLisBuryY Tue tate Dr. Manvetr Creicuton, Bishop or Lonpon Tue tare Dr. Struses, Bishop oF OxForpD Tue tate Lorp Acton Tue tate Sir WitLiam FLower Tue tate Proressor F. York Powe. and Tue tate Cor. Sir J. Farqu- Harson, K.C.B. General Editor —Wiu1am Pace, F.S.A. GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT The Vicroria Hisrory of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history, and archzology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it her own name. a worthy and permanent monument to her memory. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form. Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history. vil In the Vicroria History each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of many, for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar undertakings, The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past and of the social, institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than welcome to the man of culture. THE SCOPE OF THE WORK The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks; a new translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social, and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc.; and topography. ‘The greater part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private papers. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given HISTORICAL RESEARCH It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political, ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to generation. ‘The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research. The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con- tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that although an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto robbed the results of much of their value. In the Vicrorta Hisrory, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible. THE RECORDS COMMITTEE Sir Epwarp Maunpe Tuompson, K.C.B. C. T. Martin, B.A., F.S.A. Sir Henry Maxweti-Lyrez, K.C.B. J. Horace Rounp, M.A., LL.D. W. Jj. Harpy, F.S.A. S. R. Scarcitt-Birp, F.S.A. F. Manan, M.A. W. H. Srevenson, M.A. F. Marrtanp, M.A,, F.S.A. G. F. Warner, M.A., F.S.A. viii FAMILY HISTORY Family History is, both in the Histories and in the supplementary genealogical volumes of chart Pedigrees, dealt with by genealogical experts and in the modern spirit. Every effort is made to secure accuracy of statement, and to avoid the insertion of those legendary pedigrees which have in the past brought discredit on the subject. It has been pointed out by the late Bishop of Oxford, a great master of historical research, that ‘the expansion and extension of genealogical study is a very remarkable feature of our own times,’ that ‘it is an increasing pursuit both in America and in England,’ and that it can render the historian most useful service. CARTOGRAPHY In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro- graphical, Botanical, Archeological, and Domesday maps; also maps illustrating the articles on Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The Series contains many hundreds of maps in all. ARCHITECTURE A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other monastic foundations. In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture, ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. Pegrs, M.A., F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work :— ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE J. Bison, F.S.A., F.R.LB.A. W. H. St. Joun Horr, M.A. R. Bromrietp, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. Kwnowtss, F.S.A., F.R.LB.A., Harotp Braxspgar, F.S.A., A.R.LB.A. J. T. Mickreruwaire, F.S.A. Pror. BALpwin Brown, M.A. Roranp Paut, F.S.A. ArrHur §. Flower, F.S.A., A.R.IB.A. J. Horace Rounp, M.A., LL.D. GrorcE E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. Percy G. Stone, F.S.A., F.R.IB.A. J. A. Gorcn, F.S.A., F.R.LB.A. THACKERAY TURNER. GENEALOGICAL VOLUMES The genealogical volumes contain the family history and detailed genealogies of such houses as had at the end of the nineteenth century seats and landed estates, having enjoyed the like in the male line since 1760, the first year of George III., together with an intro- ductory section dealing with other principal families in each county. The general plan of Contents and the names among others of those who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as follows :— Natural History Geology. Ciemenr Ruip, F.R.S., Horace B. Woopwarp, F.R.S., and others Paleontology. R. Lypzxxer, F.R.S., etc. Contributions by G. A. Bouncer, F.R.S., H. N. Dixon, F.L.S., G. C. Drucz, M.A., Flora F.L.S., Water Garstanc, M.A., F.L.S., Hersert Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. I. Pocock, Fauna Rev. T. R. R. Sreesinc, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B. Woopwarp, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and other Specialists Prehistoric Remains. Str Joun Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., W. Boro Dawkins, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Geo. Cuincu, F.G.S., Joun Garstane, M.A., B. Litt., F.S.A., and others Roman Remains. F. Haverriztp, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A. Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. Hercurgs Reap, F.S.A., Recinatp A. Smiru, B.A., F.S.A., and others Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. Horace Rounp, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists Architecture. C. R. Peers, M.A., F.S.A,,W. H. Sr. Joun Hopz, M.A., and Haroup Braxspgar, F.S.A., A.R.LB.A. Ecclesiastical History. R. L. Poorz, M.A., and others Political History. Pror. C. H. Firrn, M.A., LL.D., W. H. Srevenson, M.A., J. Horace Rovunp, M.A., LL.D., Pror. T. F. Tout, M.A., Pror. James Tarr, M.A., and A. F. Pottarp History of Schools. A. F. Leacu, M.A., F.S.A. Maritime History of Coast Counties. Prof. J. K. Laucuron, M.A., M. Oppenuerm, and others Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities Agriculture. Sir Ernest Crarxz, M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and others Forestry. Joun Nisper, D.CEc., and others Endy tricss Arts and Miaualacties | By Vireo aadierls Social and Economic History Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. Cumine and others Hunting Shooting } By Various Authorities Fishing, etc. Cricket. Home Gorpon Football. C. W. Atcock av oe que i DIU, ea LOY Popo, _LGL2 THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF DEVON EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. VOLUME ONE LONDON JAMES STREET HAY MARKET 1906 County Committee for Devonshire THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL FORTESCUE Lord Lieutenant, Chairman Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Eart or Mount Enpc- cumBE, P.C., G.C.V.O. Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Viscount SIDMOUTH Tue Rr. Hon. Toe Lorp AucKkLanp Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Lorp Porrimorg, P.C. Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Lorp CoLeripcE Tue Hon. W. F. D. Smrrn, M.P. Tue Rr. Hon. Sir Joun H. Kennaway, Barr., P.C., C.B., M.P. Tue Rev. THe Hon. GraHaM COoLBORNE, M.A. Sir Rozerr §. Ciirron, Barr. Sir Henry Hoare, Barr. Sir Freperick Pottock, Bart., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A. Six Cuarues D. Cave, Barr. Sm Georce W. Kexewicu, K.C.B., M.P. Cot. Sir Roserr T. Wuirte-THomson, K.C.B. Sir ALFRED W. Crort, K.C.ILE. Sr Roper Lerusripcz, K.C.I.E. MaxweELt Apams, Esq. J. SPARKE Amery, Esa. P, F. §. Amery, Esq., J.P. Tue Rev. S. Barinc-Goutp, M.A. His Honour JupcE BERESFORD T. N. Brusuriep, Eso., M.D., F.S.A. D. W. R. Bucuanan, Esa. Rozert Burnarp, Esq., F.S.A., J.P. Tue Rev. Proressor CHapMAN, M.A., LL.D. R. Pearse Cuore, Eso. Tue Rev. W. H. Datiincrr, D.Sc., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. GrorcE M. Doz, Esa. SamueEL Dorner, Esa. Tue Rev. Canon Epmonps, B.D. Epmunp A. S. Euiot, Esa, M.R.CS., M.B.0.U. Freperick T. Erwortuy, Esq., F.S.A. Tue Rev. J. Erskine-Risk, M.A. H. M. Evans, Esa. A. T, Eve, Eso., K.C., M.P., J.P. Harovince F, Grrrarp, Esq, F.S.A. A. H. A. Hamitron, Eso., M.A., J.P. Tue Rey. S. G. Harris, M.A. James Hing, Esq., F.R.I.B.A. W. H. Hupzesron, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. T. Cann Hucues, Eso., M.A., F.S.A. Joun Jackson, Esa., J.P. Tue Rev. F. Emtyn Jones, M.A. G. Lampert, Esq., M.P. ArtTuur J. Lawman, Esa. W. A. Linpsay, Esa., K.C., M.A., J.P., D.L., F.S.A., Windsor Herald G. B. Lonesrarr, Eso., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., FS.A. Hucu C. F. Lurrrett, Eso., M.P. Joun Y. A. Morsugap, Eso. J. S. SmyrH Oszourneg, Esq., J.P. W. Burp Pearsz, Esa. Tue Rev. J. B. Pearson, D.D. J. D. Pricxman, Eso. Tue Rev. Oswatp J. Retcuer, M.A., B.C.L., F.S.A. C. E. Rosinson, Eso., M.Inst.C.E. J. Brooxine Rows, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S. ALEXANDER SOMERVAIL, Esq. GEorGE STAWELL, Esa. Tue Rev. T. R. R. Sreszinc, M.A., F.R.S., F.ZS. J. Srevens-Neck, Esa., J.P. Tue Rev. W. H. Tuornron, M.A. T. Warnwricut, Esa. Epwarp WinpgatT, Esq. H. B.S. Woopuouss, Esa. R. Hansrorp Wortu, Esa, C.E. xili CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE Dedication The Advisory Gotinel of ue Vicere History General Advertisement ‘ The Devonshire County Committee . Contents List of Illustrations Preface . Table of Abbreviations Natural History Geology Palaeontology Botany Introduction Fi Summary of Orders . Botanical Districts Brambles (Rxdi) Roses (Rasae) Vascular Cryptogams Mosses (Musci) Liverworts (Hepaticae) Freshwater Algae Marine Algae . Lichens (Lichenes) Fungi Zoology Marine . Non-Marine Molluscs Insects Orthoptera (Earwigs, Grass- hoppers, Crickets, etc.) Neuroptera (Dragons eae Lace- wings, etc.) Hymenoptera Phytophsga (So Siies, etc.) . Cynipidae (Gall-fies) By W. A. E. Ussuer By R. Lypexxer, F.R.S., PGS. PLS. By W. P. Hiern, M.A. ” 9 ”? ” By the Rev. W. Moyze eee F. " Ss. 7 ”? ”? By W. P. Hiern, M.A. By E. M. Houmgs, F.L.S. ” 2? > ” 9 ”? ” ” ”? 2? > ” ” ” ” By Recinatp Austen Topp, B.Sc. (Vic.) . By B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S. Edited by Herserr Goss, F.L.S., late Secretary to the Entomological Society By Gzorce C. Bicnett, F.E.S. By Cuarzes A. Brices, F.E.S. By Grorce C. Bicneut, F.E.S. Ichneumonidae = (Ichneumon Flies) Braconidae Oxyura Chalcididae . Hymenoptera Aculeata (Ants, Wasps and Bees) : Chrysididae ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”? ” ” > ” - ” ” ” ” ” ” 2 ” ” ” ¥ xV 190 CONTENTS Natural History (continued) Zoology (continued ) Insects (continued) Coleoptera (Beetles) ri . Lepidoptera ee aces coe terfiies) Lepidoptera See (Moths Diptera (Flies) - Hemiptera Heteroptera (Bugs) Hemiptera Homoptera . Aphididae Spiders Crustaceans Fishes , 7 . Reptiles and Batrachians Birds Mammals é Early Man Anglo-Saxon Remains the Devonshire Introduction to Domesday . Translation of the Domesday . Feudal Baronage 7 Ancient Earthworks . 5 . * Devonshire OF VOLUME ONE By the Rev. Canon Fowrzr, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S. By the late Cuas. G. Barrett, F.ES. ” 9 ” ” 2”? By Ernest E. Austen By Grorce C, Bienett, F.E.S. ” ” ” ” ” > By the late F. O. Pickarp- ee M. A. By the Rev. T. R. R. Srespine, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. By J. T. Cunnincuam, M.A. . By E. Ernesr Lowe, F.L.S. By Witutam S. M. D’Urzan - By J. Brooxinc Rows, F.S.A., F.L.S. By R. Burnarp, F.S.A. By Rectnatp A. Smits, B.A., F.S. 7 By the Rev. Oswaip J. Reicuez, M.A., B.C.L., F.S.A. ” ” 2? ” By J. Cuartes Wa. xvi PAGE 190 208 211 230 239 242 243 245 253 277 288 2gI 335 341 373 375 403 551 573 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Coast of North Devon, Lynton. By Witiiam Hype Srontispiece Sections of Kent’s Cavern . ; a : ‘ 342 Plan and Sections, Cattedown Cave 345 Skulls from Cattedown Cave 346 Plan of Grimspound : 351 Legis Tor, plan of Hut 2, with Seaton of pie 353 Foales Arrishes, Hut No. 1 354 Group of Hut Circles on Standon Dews 355 Plan of Fernworthy Cairns 356 Ruined Kist yielding Burnt Bones ana Cain Ne: 1, F enamel Getto) 357 Urn from Cairn No. 1, Fernworthy 358 Dress-fastener from Cairn No. 1, Fernworthy 358 Flint Knife from Cairn No. 1, Fernworthy 359 Plan of Kist, Chagford Common 359 Plan of Barrow and Section, Chagford Common : 360 Food Vase or Beaker from Barrow, Chagford Common 360 Section of Cairn, Hurston Ridge 361 Plan of Kistvaen, Langstone Moor ‘ 361 Flint Knives and Scrapers from Kistvaen on itched Hill 362 Sections of Barrows on Broad Down and Gittisham Hill 5 : : : - 363 Bronze Objects ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ 2 : : : . full-page plate, facing 364 Plan of Cranbrook Castle . : : F : ‘ ‘ é ‘ 3 7 “5 » 366 Bronze Mirror, Stamford Hill 367 Stone Row and Ménhir at Maddocks Daga * ‘ : 367 Stone Row and Ménhir at Maddocks Down (Reconstincted) . ‘ . . 368 Triangle on Challacombe Common ; 5 368 Quadrilateral, Longstone Allotment, Chipmaa Darvon 5 . . 369 Maddocks Down and Chapman Ménhirs. Views and Outlines . . 370 Longstone, Chapman Barrows . nee Ménhir, Tee Down } felipige plate, Forme | 370 Parallelogram and Triangle, Furzehill Common, over Hoaroak Water 371 Inscribed Sword-guard of Bronze, from Exeter. ‘4 : : - 373 Sword from Thames at the Temple. . ‘ : 5 . 374 Ancient Earthworks— Earthwork on Littlecombe Hill, Branscombe 575 The Castle, Dunterton 576 Embury Beacon, Hartland 576 Earthwork at Ilfracombe 577 Marisco Castle, Lundy Island 578 Camp at Okehampton 578 High Peak, Otterton 579 Camp at Parkham 579 Hawksdown Castle, Axmouth 580 Hembury Castle, Buckland Brewer 581 Cadbury Castle. 581 xvii LIST OF Ancient Earthworks (continued)— Posbury Camp, Crediton Dumpton Great Camp, Luppitt . Membury Castle . Musbury Castle Belbury Castle, Ottery St. Mary . Hembury Fort, a Sidbury Castle . Stockland Great Castle Slapton Castle, Stokenham . Denbury Camp, Torbryan Woodbury Castle Greenway Camp, Brixham . Camp at Buckland Brewer . Castle Dyke, Chudleigh Clovelly Dykes . Milber Down Camp, Coffinswell. Old Barrow Camp, Countisbury . Prestonbury Castle, Drewsteignton Shoulsbury Castle, High Bray Holne Chase Castle . Berry Castle Camp, Huntshaw Camp at Lustleigh Cranbrook Castle, Moreton Himes Wooston Castle, Moreton Hampstead . Camp at Northcott . < Blackbury Castle, Southleigh Cranmore Castle, Tiverton Castle Dyke, Ashcombe Broadbury Castle, Beaworthy The Castle, Berrynarbor Camp at Bishop’s Nympton Camp at Charles : Camp at Chawleigh . Camp at Chittlehampton The Castle, Chulmleigh Camp at Cornwood . : Cotleigh Castle, Dunsford . Camp at Dunterton . Farway Castle . Halwell Castle . Stanborough Camp, Halwell The Castle, Knowstone Roborough Castle, Lynton . Stock Castle, Lynton . Camp at Mamhead The Beacon Martinhoe Camp at Milton Abbot Camp at Parracombe. 6 Voley Castle, Parracombe . Roborough Camp, Pilton Camp at Roborough . Camp at Shaugh Prior ILLUSTRATIONS xviii PAGE 582 583 583 584 585 586 587 588 588 589 590 591 591 592 593 594 594 595 596 596 597 597 598 598 599 600 600 601 6o1 602 602 603 603 603 604 604 604 605 605 605 605 606 606 606 606 607 607 608 608 608 608 609 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Ancient Earthworks (continued) — The Castle, Shirwell . é : ‘ ‘ ; ‘ ‘ ‘i é ‘< Burleigh Dolts, South Huish ‘ ‘ : : ; ‘ : ‘ ‘ . 606 Camp at South Molton. ‘ F : 3 . . . : th . 610 Camp at Stoke Canon : ‘ : é : . : : : ‘ . 610 Woodbury Camp, Stoke Picniie : : . ; ‘ . F : . . 610 Camp at Stoke Rivers. ‘ F é ‘ ; ‘ : : : ‘ . . 611 Camp at Stoke Rivers : F : - . ‘ F ; . ‘ . 61F Camp at Stowford . . ‘ F : ; : é < . . . 611 Camp at Tavistock . : : : ‘ : : : : : ; . 612 Higher Bury Camp, Tedbaon , . . i es : ‘ é , . 612 Huntsham Castle, Tiverton ‘ é : : ‘ . 3 ‘ : - . 612 Camp at Ugborough . ‘ ‘ ‘ a P : . ‘ : A ‘ - 612 Berry Castle, Witheridge . , . 7 : E ‘ A i : ‘ . 613 Berry Castle, Woolfardisworthy . i : . i ; < : : 7 . 613 Barnstaple Castle . 5 E ‘ : . ‘ : i ; , - 614 Castle Roborough, Loxhore . : - . : : . é 3 : . 614 Kenwith Castle, Northam . ‘4 : 3 i : . ‘ : ‘ ‘ -, 615 Castle Court, North Tawton . : i . : ‘ : ei é 3 - 615 Croft Castle, Winkleigh . F . zi 5 - : : F ‘i , - 615 Bampton Castle 3 . a : : a . : : : : - 616 Camp at Bridestowe . : . : ei 2 . ; . . ‘ . 616 Hembury Castle, Buckfastleigh . : . . ‘ . . . 2 j - 617 The Rings, Loddiswell : : . . . i ; . . . . 617 Castle Dyke, Highweek . : F 3 3 7 . . . : - 618 Lydford Castle . : . . : : ‘ 5 : : - . : - 619 Camp at Milton Damerel . é : ‘ Bed . : ‘ : 5 . 620 Okehampton Castle . ? : : : ; , F é ‘ : ‘ - 620 Holwell Castle, Parracombe 5 . ‘1 ; ‘ ‘ F ‘ : ‘ . 620 Plympton Castle é a 3 : ; . i A j ; : ‘i . 621 Durpley Castle, Shebbear . é 2 : : . : : : : é - 621 Totnes Castle . E é . : - : a . . : : ‘ . 622 Camp at Wembworthy . # : : : 3 : é : : ‘ - 622 Hemyock Castle ‘ . . : r : : : ° : : - 623 Banks at Braunton . j : . . : : . . ‘ : - 624 Gallants Bower, Danie ‘i ; ri . . . . 7 . , - 624 LIST OF MAPS Geological Map of North Devon . ‘ : : : ‘ : : between xxviii, 1 Geological Map of South Devon : . . . . a oe 7 : 3. 123 73 Orographical Map . : e : . . . A . . 7 ‘ » 40, 4I Botanical Map. : : - : : j : . ‘ A ‘ . sy UR Be Pre-Historical Map . is . . . . : : : : . . »» 340, 341 Domesday Map ‘ A - . 5 : . F : : : . »» 402, 403 Ancient Earthworks Map . ~ 7 : ‘ ¥ : ‘ : 5 . 5 S925 5:73 xix PREFACE EVONSHIRE can scarcely be said, at the present time, to possess a county history according to the modern interpre- tation of that title. Antiquaries and topographers from the early part of the seventeenth century have devoted much time and study to its topography, but they have either claimed to do no more than make a general survey of the county or have special- ized on some particular parish or district. Sir William Pole, who died in 1635, left a large manuscript collection for the history of the county, much of which was unfortunately destroyed during the Civil Wars ; a portion, however, that survived, was published in 1791, under the title of Collections towards a description of the County of Devon. After him came Thomas Westcote, a less careful worker, whose View of Devonshire and Pedigrees of Most of our Devonshire Families, although com- pleted about 1630, were not published till 1845. Tristram Risdon owed much to his predecessors in his Chorographical Description or Survey of Devon, completed in 1630. This work was for some time circulated in manuscript, but in 1714 an incomplete edition was published by Curll in two volumes, and in 1811 a perfect edition with additions was published under the editorship of Rees, one of the publishers, John Taylor, F.R.S., William Woollcombe, M.D., and the Rev. John Swete. The Rev. Richard Polwhele did not realize his more ambitious attempt at a History of Devonshire, the first part of which was published in 1793. His scheme was somewhat on the lines of the present work, but his ‘chorographical’ descriptions of parishes, arranged under deaneries, are meagre and the general history of the county poor. Since that date many valuable works bearing upon the history and antiquities of certain parishes and districts have been issued, while the papers in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association are among the best of the publications of local archaeological societies. The Editor wishes to acknowledge the great assistance he has received from Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, F.S.A., who has been ever ready with advice and help ; and to express his obligations to Mr. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., for kindly reading the proofs of the Domesday Introduction; to Mr. I. Chalkley Gould, F.S.A., for his assistance and suggestions with regard to the article on Ancient Earth- works ; and to the Dartmoor Exploration Committee, Mr. R. H. Worth, F.G.S. and the Rev. J. R. Anderson for the loan of blocks for illustrations of the article on Early Man. xxi Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.) Acts of P.C. Add. . . Add. Chart. Admir. . Agarde . Anct. Corresp.. . Anct. D. (P.R.O.) A 2420 Ann. Mon.. Arh Cane Archd. Rec. Archit. Assize R. Aud. Off. Aug. Off. Ayloffe Bed. . Beds . Berks Bdle. BM. .. Bodl. Lib. . Boro. ; Brev. Reg. . Brit. . Buck. Bucks Cal. . Camb. . Cambr. . Campb. Ch. Cant. Cap.. Carl «lg Cart. Antiq. R. C.C.C. Camb. . Certiorari Bdles. (Rolls Chap.) Chan. Enr. Decree R. Chan. Proc. Chant. Cert. Chap. Ho. . Charity Inq. ; Chart. R. 20 Hen. III. pt. i. No. 10 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re- cord Commission) Acts of Privy Council Additional Additional Charters Admiralty Agarde’s Indices Ancient Correspondence Ancient Deeds(Public Record Office) A 2420 Annales Monastici Antiquarian or Antiquaries Appendix Archezologia or Archeological Archzologia Cantiana Archdeacons’ Records Architectural Assize Rolls Audit Office Augmentation Office Ayloffe’s Calendars Bedford Bedfordshire Berkshire Bundle British Museum Bodley’s Library Borough Brevia Regia Britain, British, Britannia, etc. Buckingham Buckinghamshire Calendar Cambridgeshire or Cambridge Cambria, Cambrian, Cam- brensis, etc. Campbell Charities Canterbury Chapter Carlisle Carte Antiquz Rolls Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge Certiorari Chapel) Chancery Enrolled Decree Rolls Chancery Proceedings Chantry Certificates (or Cer- tificates of Colleges and Chantries) Chapter House Charity Inquisitions Charter Roll, 20 Henry III. part i. Number 10 Bundles (Rolls Chartul. . Com. Pleas . Conf. R. Co. Plac. Cornw. . Corp. Cott. CrRe.« Ct. of Wards Cumb. . Cur. Reg. Ds 6 = & D.andC. . De Banc. R. Dec. and Ord Derb. Devon Dioc. Doc... Dods. MSS. Dom. Bk. Dors. . Duchy of fase Dur... East. Eccl... Eccl. Come Edw. Eliz. Engl. . . Engl Hist. Rev. Enr. ets Epis. Reg. . Esch. Enr. ee : Excerptae Rot. Fin. (Rec. Com.) Exch. Dep. Exch. K.B. Exch. K.R. Exch. L.T.R. . Xxiil ‘(Exch. Dep. Keeper’s Rep. Chartulary Charles Cheshire Chester Church Goods (Exchequer King’s Remembrancer) Chichester Chronicle, Chronica, etc. Close Roll County Colchester Collections Commission Common Pleas Confirmation Rolls County Placita Cornwall Corporation Cotton or Cottonian Court Rolls Court of Wards Cumberland Curia Regis Deed or Deeds Dean and Chapter De Banco Rolls Decrees and Orders Deputy Keeper’s Reports Derbyshire or Derby Devonshire Diocese Documents Dodsworth MSS Domesday Book Dorsetshire Duchy of Lancaster Durham Easter Term Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical Commission Edward Elizabeth England or English English Historical Review Enrolled or Enrolment Episcopal Registers Escheators Enrolled Accounts Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission) Exchequer Depositions Exchequer King’s Bench Exchequer King’s Remem- brancer Exchequer Lord Treasurer’s Remembrancer Exch. of Pleas, Plea R. Exch. of Receipt . Exch. Spec. Com. . Feetof F.. . . Feod. Accts. (Ct. of Wards) Feod. Surv. (Ct. of Wards) Feud. Aids . fol. . .. Foreign R. . Forest Proc. Gaz. Gen. Geo. Glou. . . . . Guild Certif. (Chan.) Ric. IT. Hants Harl. Hen. Heref. Hertf. Herts Hil. . Hist. Hist. MSS. Com. . Hosp. . Hund. R. Hunt. Hunts Ing. a.q.d. . Ing. p.m. Inst. . Invent. . Ips. . Itin. . Jas. . Journ. Lamb. Lib. Laney. ae as. aen~ L. and P. Hen. VIII. Lansd. — Ld. Rev. Rec. . Leic. 2. Le Neve’s Ind. Lib. . Lich. Linc. Lond. m Mem. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll Exchequer of Receipt Exchequer Special Commis- sions Feet of Fines Feodaries Accounts (Court of Wards) Feodaries Surveys (Court of Wards) Feudal Aids Folio Foreign Rolls Forest Proceedings Gazette or Gazetteer Genealogical, Genealogica, etc. George Gloucestershire or Gloucester Guild Certificates (Chancery) Richard II. Hampshire Harley or Harleian Henry Herefordshire or Hereford Hertford Hertfordshire Hilary Term History, Historical, Historian, Historia, etc. Historical MSS. Commission Hospital Hundred Rolls Huntingdon Huntingdonshire Inguisitionsad quod damnum Inquisitions post mortem Institute or Institution Inventory or Inventories Ipswich Itinerary James Journal Lambeth Library Lancashire or Lancaster Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII. Lansdowne Land Revenue Records Leicestershire or Leicester Le Neve’s Indices Library Lichfield Lincolnshire or Lincoln London Membrane Memorials Memo. R. . Mich. Midd. . . Mins. Accts. Misc. Bks. (Exch. Exch. T.R. or Aug. oR, Of.) Mon. Monm. . Mun. Mus. N. and Q. . Norf.. Northampt. Northants Northumb. . Norw. Nott. N.S. . Pontos: hire Palmer’s Ind. . Pal. of Chest. . Pal. of Dur. Pal. of Lanc. Par. . Parl... Parl. R. . Parl. Surv. . Partic. for Gts. Pats: de. cs P.C.Ce 5 Peticis’ 2 Peterb. . Phil. Pipe R. . Plea R. . Pop. Ret. Pope N ich. Tax. (Rec. Com.) P.R.O. we 4 Proc. Proc. Soc. Antiq. ; pt. . Pub. . RR... Rec. 3 Recov. R. Rentals and Suv, ; Rep. . Rev. . Ric. . XXiVv Memoranda Rolls Michaelmas Term Middlesex Ministers’ Accounts Miscellaneous Books (Ex- chequer King’s Remem- brancer, Exchequer Trea- sury of Receipt or Aug- mentation Office) Monastery, Monasticon Monmouth Muniments or Munimenta Museum Notes and Queries Norfolk Northampton Northamptonshire Northumberland Norwich | Nottinghamshire or Notting- ham New Style Office Originalia Rolls Ordnance Survey Oxfordshire or Oxford Page Palmer’s Indices Palatinate of Chester Palatinate of Durham Palatinate of Lancaster Parish, parochial, etc. Parliament or Parliamentary Parliament Rolls Parliamentary Surveys Particulars for Grants Patent Roll or Letters Patent Prerogative Court of Canter- bury Petition Peterborough Philip Pipe Roll Plea Rolls Population Returns Pope Nicholas’ Taxation (Re- cord Commission) Public Record Office Proceedings Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Part Publications Roll Records Recovery Rolls Rentals and Surveys Report Review Richard Rof. . . . Rot. Cur. Reg. Rute a aes Sarum Ser... Sess. R. . Shrews. . Shrops Soc; <) «4 Soc. Antigq. . Somers. . Somers. Ho. S.P. Dom. . StaR . . . Star Chamb. Proc. Stat. . ee 8 Steph. Subs. R. Suff. . Surr. Sus... . . . Surv. of Ch. Liv- ings (Lamb.) or (Chan.) TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Rochester diocese Rotuli Curiz Regis Rutland Salisbury diocese Series Sessions Rolls Shrewsbury Shropshire Society Society of Antiquaries Somerset Somerset House State Papers Domestic Staffordshire Star Chamber Proceedings Statute Stephen i Subsidy Rolls Suffolk Surrey Sussex Surveys of Church Livings (Lambeth) or (Chancery) Topog. . Trans. Transl. . Treas. Trin. Univ. Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com.) Vet. Mon. . V.C.H. . Vic. . vol. . Warw. Westm. . Westmld. Will. Wilts Winton. Worc. Yorks XXV Topography or Topographi- cal Transactions Translation Treasury or Treasurer Trinity Term University Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record Commission) Vetusta Monumenta Victoria County History Victoria Volume Warwickshire or Warwick Westminster Westmorland William Wiltshire Winchester diocese Worcestershire or Worcester Yorkshire A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE GEOLOGICAL MAF: 445! 15' 4 On the same scale ume a ay a aes ohn “ j 20_.- 24 i Sy Fy y a aa Ss Ne ‘ wh sh slg Ewell Bay, BS my, AP ae AOE wx st Velez, ars Ph ss Cr yy, AY ; Po oy aS : (Seas) aN BS? ay, } \ _ aathoms_ Lunt, = Cas. Fan eo ee o j ) Ockh er ae Nob ove Ho H Me Shodliz, B 2. 2 id 1 51’ ; 51 Morite Pt OP, dbetonbuak oy me. 10! 10" i H . = XM DB ar , es ne. 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WI) bury sali el ee aig 2 big Olah aC opaug Eby Ei x — The Edinburgh Geographical Instimte rary anne —— —————— ——————————————— oO 1 2 4 4 5 6 iz, 8 THE VICTORIA HISTORY ORF NORTHERN SECTION. BASED ON THE INDEX MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 45' 30' Z 15 i a 2, The Foreland . EXPLANATION OF COLOURING % pre 0" = o % 8 [ FET > § 5 ee tare uisard | Pilton Beds $ ‘ ountisbuny PLEISTOCENE [1 : | x s AN fe | Alnavium UPPER; Baggy Beds ‘ z u NAF, — : c |= ae f dita) fas ee \] Pickwell Down Grits oe y Brgndo, TERTIARY | Bovey Beds L— == | Morte Slates v — —— o ?MIDDLE ij Selbornian partly overlaid by z (7 DEVONIAN) 2 Wy 3, CRETACEOUS (meee) Clay with Flints ‘and Chert™ ° zz = > MIDDLE IUracombe Slates we Ke " 7 4 euper Marl ff ; 6 w | Hangman Grits 2 UPPER Sandstone i 7 eI heneamces © Lower | Dnton Beds PA Pebble Beds( ? up TLE ee | My z BRU ICE Eza) li | Foreland: Grits 70! 7 UT, MIDDLE aise Re Se ee = aed Iie B Levee feslp = D : Dy vi PayQ € & LOWER Sand, Rock, Breceia ete Yo asic Ei ALOT Pee iy Wig Wai z = ermiarn — Low Devonian) : j by : a \ Felsite Opper Culm Bz Acioic) s, - Simn. CARBON- wo | Grane WH AWN i, _IFEROUS Middle Culm Se ae SOM, I! he Lower Culm with Limestone Development 7d AN DY al Zing Tie ISS leoft, Yi", Citi as ? a A ou “Whiter We Tpitige A NZ AG Brompton }- 5 ey ; 0 a A AS Ta wr inys ) Ralph : ae) : VA y . iN D sory ae Sy 1 ‘e ) eS Pah Whitghielipe et | SS re 4 mT = : ¥ a drOL. ye) Me 7 fi Wig PARE Pe ; Tinga Ex 7 : im ay et ei Ho ‘eC Bi A ve te = bm e eN . i ay | (ba) Se Ree eat qi SER i Si t 4) Rfno A u 3 2 one J, ae & =<) Any Wed or 7| i Shoxkede \— i lsde 2) Na its (‘Size ; ae NE We a ide _F— SS 5 = So Vesteot AL ne EASTWARD, Nivaterslade> \¥ owen < CONTINUATION J.G.Bartholomew —£ COUNTIES OF ENGLAND GEOLOGY N Devon the south-western peninsula of England attains its greatest breadth from the Foreland on the shores of the Bristol Channel to Prawle Point on the English Channel, a distance of 75 miles. From this axis of greatest breadth the distance between the Channels decreases eastward to about 35 miles from Sidmouth northward. This expansion of the peninsula includes the highest land in England south of Derbyshire ; the Exmoor highlands on the north, and the tor-crowned hills of Dartmoor on the south, being for the most part above the 1,000 feet contour. An orographical map distinguishing heights of, and over, 1,000 feet brings these uplands of west Somerset.and Devon in line with the mountainous areas of Wales. The eastern border of the Welsh highlands if prolonged to Watchet and from thence southward across the Devon and Somerset boundary and by Exeter and Chudleigh to Newton Abbot and Torquay, divides Devon into two areas differing in their physical features and geological structure. The western area comprises north, central and south Devon. It is composed of older rocks than those in the eastern area, and exhibits a more diversified surface with bolder hills and narrower valleys. The westerly trend of the rolling hill ranges of Exmoor is main- tained throughout north Devon, the general summit-level declining southward and rising again toward Dartmoor. To the south of Dartmoor the summits are much lower and the higher features run westward from Staddon Heights, near Plymouth, to Southdown Cliff and Scabbacombe Head on the coast south of Berry Head. In the Start and Bolt districts the scenery is grander than on any other part of the Devon coast ; this is due to the rugged character of the rocks rather than to altitude, as the height rarely exceeds 400 feet. The western area is drained by the rivers Taw, East and West Okement, Teign, Dart, Avon, Erme and Yealm, all of which rise in the highlands of Dartmoor ; by the Torridge and Tamar with sources not far from Hartland Point on the north coast ; and near its eastern margin by the Exe and its tributaries. In the eastern area the Blackdowns, from 500 to 800 feet in height, and the Haldons, from 700 to 800 feet, are the dominant elevations. They are disconnected portions of a great tableland, or peneplain, which once doubtless extended over the whole of the eastern area, and has been breached and cut back to its present limits by the river Exe and its tributaries the Culm and Clyst, and by the Otter, Sid and Axe. I I I A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE A minor feature forming an escarpment on Westdown Hill near Budleigh Salterton runs northward to Talaton, attaining a height of over 580 feet on Woodbury Common. Apart from these elevations the features of the eastern area are low and tame in comparison to those of the western, except near the border where the newer sediments mantle the slopes and cap the summits of the older rocks, attaining heights of from 700 to 800 feet. Tongues of the newer rocks with their accompanying features run westward through Tiverton and Crediton, causing the eastern area to dovetail irregularly into the western. It will therefore be seen that the terms eastern and western area are synonymous with the extension of the newer and older rocks respectively. It may not be out of place here to give a brief general outline of the distribution of the rocks in each district and of their general structure, as these have so clear a connection with the physical features of the county, commencing with the older rocks or Paleozoic area. The northernmost and most of the southernmost parts of this area are composed of Devonian rocks, the marine sediments of the epoch between the deposition of the Carboniferous and Silurian, during which the Old Red Sandstone was accumulated in lakes and estuaries. The Devonian rocks of north Devon, consisting of great alternating masses of slate and sandstone, were deposited in shallower water and nearer to land than the corresponding rocks of the southern district. The latter consist principally of slates with local masses of limestone and contemporaneous volcanic rocks. Grits and silty intercalations are almost entirely confined to the lower horizons which crop out between Staddon Heights on the Plymouth coast and Southdown Cliff near Berry Head, reappearing on the north in the environs of Paignton and in the higher hills of the Torquay promontory. By fossils and by strati- graphical position the rocks of Upper, Middle and Lower Devonian agé have been traced, both in the northern and southern outcrops. The strike, or outcrop, of the northern rocks is nearly east and west. The strike distribution of the southern Devonian rocks is in an easterly and westerly direction ; except in parts of the district between Chudleigh and Ivybridge where it is deflected in rough parallelism to the Dartmoor granite boundary. The Devonian areas are separated by rocks of Carboniferous age, extending from Tavistock, Okehampton and Ashburton over the great central district to Bideford Bay, Barnstaple and Morebath. These rocks are of a type met with in Germany and are called Culm Measures ; they consist of an assemblage of grits, shales and sand- stones with plant remains, upon a series of fine grained sediments with beds of chert, calcareous bands and local limestone developments, con- taining marine fossils. The discovery of Radiolaria in the chert beds by Fox and Hinde’ led them to infer that the deposition of these Lower Culm rocks took place in deep water. * Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. (1895), vol. li. pp. 609-67. 2 GEOLOGY The general strike of the Culm Measures is east and west, but in the vicinity of the Dartmoor granite these rocks, as well as the Devonian, show in most cases deflections of strike in distinct accommodation to the irregularities of its boundary,’ a fact shown on De la Beche’s map. Where unfaulted their lower beds are in contact with Upper Devonian rocks on the north and south. The uppermost beds of the Culm Measures occur in two bands on the latitudes of Torrington and Eggesford, but they die out eastward toward Tiverton. From the above it will be apparent that the Culm Measures form a broad synclinal curve, or trough, from beneath which the Devonian rocks emerge on the north and south. That this structure is shallow is proved by the repetition of the upper beds in two synclinal undulations, troughing out eastward ; by the innumerable small curves repeating the beds in the coast section, and in all exposures continuous across the strike for any distance ; and by the repetition of the Lower Culm rocks by folds between Bamp- ton and Burlescombe and on either side of Dartmoor. The Devonian rocks are also repeated by innumerable small folds, or contortions, and the strain has often been so great that the inverted folds have snapped, or yielded to the pressure to such an extent that their axes are lost on the shear of small thrust planes. There are also many faults. In north Devon, in spite of these structures, the general continuity of the subdivisions is unbroken and their features are well marked and con- tinuous ; but in south Devon the rocks are much displaced and dis- turbed and in consequence the surface is more irregular. In no part of the area is the evidence of these contractile movements more apparent than in the (? pre-Devonian) mica and quartz schists and altered basic rocks of the Start, Prawle and Bolt districts. These have had their original bedding planes gnarled, crumpled and broken so that it is generally impossible to trace the minor foldings, and strain cracks or planes which simulate bedding have been produced. Throughout the Devonian area the cleavage planes appear to have resulted from the strains to which the bedding was subjected ; in some rocks making, if developed at all, a very partial appearance ; in others varying in direction and amount of dip, being most horizontal where gnarled, or zigzagged, bedding indications are very highly inclined or vertical. The latter character is well displayed in argillaceous Upper Devonian strata on the west of Dartmoor, by structures simulating even bedding with low dips (as in the altered basic rocks of the Prawle coast). The prevalence of southerly cleavage dips and of bedding curves inverted toward the north has made the work of piecing together the complicated structures of south Devon one of great difficulty, whilst it proves that the earth movements were lessening northward. 1 Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. (1892), vol. xxxviii. pp. 181-93. 3 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE These movements were post-Carboniferous, and acting from south to north produced the east and west lines of folding so gener ally mani- fested throughout the Paleozoic area; but the obvious deflection of the strikes, as they sway round the discordant mass of Dartmoor granite, would certainly indicate the existence of that mass in its present site while the north and south contractile movements were in operation. These movements had not only ceased prior to the deposition of the earliest sediments in the eastern part of the county, but an interval in time had elapsed of sufficient duration to permit of the denudation of an enormous amount of the crumpled strata of older rocks ; so that the lower beds of the newer formations are found to rest on Lower Devonian rocks near Paignton and Cockington, on Middle and Upper Devonian at Torquay, Newton Abbot, etc., on Lower Culm Measures near Exeter and Burlescombe, and on Middle Culm Measures in the Crediton, Collumpton and Tiverton districts. The old term New Red Sandstone has been applied to the earliest sediments of the newer rocks, because, although their lower beds have with reason been correlated with part of the German Permian and their uppermost subdivisions with the Trias, in lithological character and conditions of deposit their several members are linked together, and sharply contrasted from the much older strata beneath and the succeeding rocks into which they pass above. Their lower beds, consisting of clays (local), conglomerates and breccia and soft sandstones, fill old creeks and valleys in the Carboni- ferous rocks in the Tiverton and Crediton districts, and, in the vicinity of these valleys, they occur as outliers at Hatherleigh, Stoodleigh and other places on higher ground. These strata dip at higher angles from the margin of the older rocks than elsewhere. Igneous rocks are plentiful in the breccias of the Crediton valley, of Exeter and of the Teignmouth coast, and contemporaneous lavas challenge comparison with the Melaphyr decken of the German Permian. These rocks are suc- ceeded by Marls, which form comparatively low land rising westward to the scarp of the overlying Pebble beds. This Pebble-bed feature is conspicuous from West Down Hill, Budleigh Salterton, over the Common lands to the northward, and shows the north and south strike and easterly dip of the rocks. The Pebble beds pass under a series of Sandstones with irregular calcareous concretions, and these are in their turn overlain _ by the Keuper Marls. The succeeding Rhetic strata separating the New Red Sandstone from the Lower Lias clays and limestones are inconspic- uous ; both Rhetic and Lias being confined to the eastern margin of the county, where they are seldom well exposed owing to the overlap of the Cretaceous rocks of the Blackdown tableland. The Cretaceous rocks, mainly consisting of Selbornian sands overlain near the eastern boundary of the county by Chalk, cover the older Secondary formations, resting in succession on Lower Lias, Rhetic beds, Keuper Marls, and the upper beds of the succeeding sandstones. They have been removed by denudation from the intermediate beds 4 GEOLOGY between the Blackdowns and the Haldons, and in the large outliers of Great and Little Haldon rest on the lower beds of the New Red Sandstone series. The Cretaceous tableland is capped by an accumulation of clay with flints and chert and coarse gravel, which is considered to be of Eocene (Bagshot) age by Reid. In the broad depression of the valley of the river Bovey and between Milber Down, Kingsteignton, and New- ton Abbot the Eocene clays, sands and lignite beds occur, and the sands and gravels often dip sharply under them from off the higher ground on their margin. A smaller flat at Petrockstow, north of Hatherleigh, is also probably an Eocene lake basin, as it contains similar white clay to a depth of over 80 feet and lignite veins were said to occur in it. Here also sands and gravel containing cretaceous fragments are found. Quartz gravel with flints occurs near Rivaton farm 4 miles to the west of the Petrockstow depression at about 500 feet above the sea level ; and flint gravel at Orleigh Court 54 miles in a north-north-west direction from the Petrockstow depression. These occurrences, to which a patch of flint and quartz gravel at Colford, near Yeoford, may be added, suggest the extension of Bagshot sands and gravels, if not of Cretaceous rocks, over a considerable part of the Culm Measure area. The presence of patches of New Red rock at Broad Sands (on the Paignton coast), at Durl Head (near Berry Head), at Slapton and Thurle- stone, and at Portledge mouth on the northern coast, tends to show that a considerable part of the coast line of the older rocks has been deter- mined by the old margin of the New Red rocks. The inliers of older rock, such as some of the Lower Culm lime- stone hills (near Burlescombe), the Culm Measures of Spraydown (south of Bradninch) and the Devonian rocks of the Torquay promontory, are not far from the older rock margin; they prove that the floor of the older rocks on which the earlier New Red sediments were deposited was uneven or hummocky. The Lower New Red breccias and sands appear to have been gravelly accumulations carried down by torrential rivers into broader channels or lakelets, where they passed out into and inosculated with sand. From vents in or bordering these channels trappean rocks were locally outpoured, and, overlapping the sediments already formed, en- croached on the older rocks, as may be seen in the relations of the patches spared by denudation near Dunchideock, Poltimore, etc. There appear to have been masses or dykes of quartz-porphyry in the main areas of deposit in the Crediton valley and in the district south of Exeter, as the boulders of that rock are often large enough to forbid transport from a distance, and there is no source in the exposed area of older rocks from which they could have been derived. Felsitic rocks in line with and vicinity of the Crediton valley confirm this supposi- tion. Ormerod called attention to the large percentage of felspar crys- tals of the variety known as Murchisonite in the Lower New Red breccias south of Exeter. To account for these phenomena R. N. 5 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Worth propounded the theory that the Dartmoor granite is the stump of an old volcano, the effusive materials from which were removed by denudation and incorporated in these breccias. The presence of Upper Devonian fossils of north Devon types in some of the stones in the Lower New Red breccias of Tiverton, Silver- ton and Cadbury suggests a current from the north or north-west. It seems therefore that the outliers of Lower New Red gravel at high levels are the relics of the valley bottoms of a contour which has been since so entirely changed by denudation that not a vestige of the higher land in their vicinity is left. The succeeding New Red sub- divisions point to more tranquil deposition, except the well worn pebbles of the Budleigh Salterton beds, which, from the replacement of pebbles of extraneous derivation by those of local origin as they are traced north- ward, seem to indicate the pushing forward of a shingle beach during a period when the sea may have gained access to the lacustrine areas. The succeeding Sandstones contain Labyrinthodont remains, and under- lie the Keuper Marls without any appearance of discordance. There is no proof of the nature of the denudation of the palzozoic surface subsequent to the deposition of the Lower New Red beds until the Cretaceous period, when, after the earlier Secondary rocks by an uprise on the west, or a depression on the east, had been tilted, the Cre- taceous sea cut a plane across them on which the earlier Cretaceous sediments were transgressively overlapped and the descending series of older formations overlain. In this and the subsequent deposition of the Eocene clays and gravels the older rock area was no doubt invaded, and the irregularities of its earlier contour planed and modified. On the Cretaceous tableland the clay or loam with flints or chert fragments attains a thickness of 30 feet or more in places, filling pipes in the Greensand, and in the Chalk where present. It is very rare to find any extension of water-worn gravel on the Cretaceous summits, such as is found near Staple Hill on the Black Downs and on Great Haldon. This accumulation seems to be connected with the planing of the Creta- ceous rocks about the period of their emergence in Tertiary times, and suggests the shorn remnants of argillaceous Tertiaries deposited on the relics of the Chalk, which had become mixed with flints and been carried down by subsequent percolation into pipes and potholes dissolved out of the subjacent rocks. The accumulation has been displaced with the Greensand on which it rests by a considerable north and south fault, repeating in Stockland Hill the escarpment above Honiton. Between Haldon and Kingsteignton near Oldchard, Hestow farm and Ideford, saccharoid red-brown siliceous boulders are met with. They are probably greywethers and—coupled with the sands and gravels retained in potholes in the Devonian limestone and those fringing the Bovey valley—they point to a considerable amount of Eocene denudation and subsequent removal of resultant deposits. The lake basins of Bovey and Petrockstow do not appear to be due to local subsidences on fault lines, although the high dips of the sands on the south of the Bovey 6° ’ / GEOLOGY valley suggest such an explanation. In advocating a granite origin for the Bovey valley clays, and combating Maw’s opinion to the contrary, Pengelly alluded to the occurrence of derivative crystals of felspar in one of the beds. From the relative positions of the gravels on the heights, and the gravels, sands and clays in the valleys, we may infer that they represent successive stages in the denudation effected in Bagshot times, subsequent to the Tertiary planing of the Cretaceous surface. In Devon no proofs of Pliocene deposition have been found, although some of the gravels at high levels may belong to this period. The evidences of Pleistocene denudation are confined to the results of a long period of fluviatile erosion. Patches of gravel, marking stages in the excavation of the present river valleys, are of more frequent occurrence on the newer rocks than the older. The raised beaches rarely indicate a depression of more than 40 or 50 feet, but that they were elevated many feet above their present position is proved by the evidences of submerged forests on the foreshore in Torbay, Salcombe Estuary and Bigbury Bay on the south coast, and at Westward Ho on the north. Intermediate between the beach formation and the forest growth, prob- ably at a time when the elevation of the beaches reached its maximum limit, a quantity of talus was shed from the high land over the land- ward margin of the raised beach platform. ‘This old talus or Head is found in pinnacles on the old beach platform, insulated from the main cliffs by recent marine erosion in several places between Start Point and Plymouth Sound. In inland localities, especially on higher lands and near stream sources, there are flats or gentle slopes of marshy land with clay soil and fragments and boulders of local rock which may date to this period. We may also ascribe to it the ‘head’ or white surface clays of the Bovey valley, which contain Betula nana, Salix cinerea, S. myrtilloides, identified by Professor Heer. The evidence of a colder climate furnished by this flora, and by the more rapid disintegration of exposed rock surfaces leading to the forma- tion of talus fans or screes in favourable situations, is led up to by proofs of the prevalence of a somewhat colder climate during the formation of the old beaches. Hunt cites the shells Zrophon truncatus and Pleurotoma turricula obtained from the raised beach on the Thatcher rock in evi- dence of this. An additional proof is afforded by the rare occurrence of large worn boulders of extraneous rocks on the old beach platform. Of this the granite boulder overlain by the raised beach at Saunton (Barnstaple Bay) is the familiar example. Two boulders, also of large dimensions, occur on the old beach platform on the east side of the _ Prawle. These boulders seem to indicate transport by floe ice, or by casual bergs drifted on shore many miles away from their sources. The ; forest growth must have flourished over a much more extended foreshore, when the raised beaches stood high above sea level, and their growth was circumscribed during the succeeding period of subsidence, which allowed the sea to gain access to its old cliff bounds in the older rock area and to encroach beyond them in the newer, 7 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE The cavern accumulations and their fauna were coeval with these Pleistocene changes, and prove the co-existence of man with the extinct mammialia, besides affording evidence of his handiwork in Paleolithic, Neolithic and more recent times. Pengelly records the discovery of bones of Cervus elaphus, Bos longifrons and Elephas primigenius in the Tor- bay submerged forest ; and two molars of E. primigenius, said to have been obtained from the submerged forest at Sidmouth by P. O. Hutchinson, were presented to the Exeter Museum. The Exe has the most anomalous course of any of the Devonshire rivers, crossing the softer strata of the Tiverton and Crediton valleys without deflection, and traversing the Culm rocks across their strike between these valleys and on the north of Exeter. When the previous extension of the Lower New Red gravels over this part of the Culm area is taken into account the phenomenon is easily explained. Devonshire has a voluminous geological literature commencing with the pages devoted to geology in Polwhele’s History of Devonshire (1793- 1806), which are well worthy of perusal. The general distribution of the older and newer rocks and the extension of the granite were outlined by De la Beche, assisted in south Devon by Godwin-Austen. The results of their gratuitous labours are to be seen amongst the first maps published by the Geological Survey after its establishment in 1835 ; in De la Beche’s Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, published in 1839 ; and in 1842 in the article by him in Memoir I. of the Geological Survey. The group- ing of the older rocks into Carboniferous and Devonian was effected by Sedgwick and Murchison in 1838. Amplifying the correlation of Lonsdale, they regarded the Devonian rocks as the marine representatives of the Old Red Sandstone. They gave the name Culm Measures to the Carboniferous rocks, from the local occurrence of seams of culm or anthracite in them in north Devon. In 1837, 1838 and 1841 the Rev. D. Williams, Weaver, and Professor J. Phillips published classifica- tions of the Culm rocks. The succession of the Devonian rocks of north Devon given by De la Beche in his Report, and endorsed by Pro- fessor Phillips, Hall and Etheridge, was disputed by Professor Jukes and Professor Hull, who claimed the uppermost horizons as Carboniferous and the lowermost as Silurian. Dr. Hicks, with the assistance of the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, relying on fossils discovered in what had been regarded as an unfossiliferous subdivision, advocated the faulted upthrust of pre-Devonian rocks in an otherwise unbroken Devonian succession. Dr. Holl attempted to decipher the broken structures of the Devonian of south Devon, but more light was thrown upon the problem by Champernowne, who, from careful observations in the field, constructed a detailed map of the area between Chudleigh and Dartmouth. In con- sequence of the acceptance of this map by the Geological Survey, as set forth in the Report of the Director-General for the year 1887, a detailed survey was begun in 1888 on 6-inch maps, during the progress of which the structural relations of the rocks were unravelled by Ussher. 8 GEOLOGY The subdivision of the New Red rocks, completed in 1880, was not published till after the appearance of the new series 1 inch maps (sheets 325, 339 and 350), to which the lines were transferred from the old ordnance sheets 21 and 22, part being still unpublished. ‘The mica-schists and altered igneous rocks of the Start, Prawle and Bolt districts were claimed as Archean in 1874 by Professor Bonney, which opinion, subsequently endorsed by Miss Raisin, was combated by A. R. Hunt and other writers in favour of an extremely altered phase of the neighbouring Devonian rocks. The New Red succession on the coast given by Whitaker was amplified and extended throughout the county and the results published by Ussher. The Rev. A. Irving and Professor Hull propounded classifications of the series, in which the Budleigh pebble bed was taken as the base of the Trias. The whole series had been regarded as Keuper by Pengelly. The Cretaceous rocks have been investigated by Fitton, Meyer, the Rev. W. Downes and Jukes-Browne. The Bovey clays and lignites, described as Miocene by Pengelly and Professor Heer, were referred to the Eocene by Starkie Gardiner. The plastic clay of De la Beche and supra-cretaceous gravels were subsequently referred to the same general period (Bagshot) by C. Reid. The cavern deposits of the Torquay and Brixham districts were exhaustively worked and described by Pengelly, those of the Plymouth district by R. N. Worth. The raised beaches and submerged forests and other Pleistocene phenomena were treated by Pengelly, Hunt and others. The study of recent marine action and of the submarine geology of the English Channel has been prosecuted by A. R. Hunt. In the older rocks paleontological research is represented by the Tables of D’Archiac and De Verneuil in the Geological Society's Transac- tions ; by Professor Phillips’ Figures and Descriptions of Palzozoic fos- sils ; and (specially relating to the faunas of the Torquay and Newton Abbot limestones, and of the Upper Devonian strata of north Devon) by Whidborne’s Monographs in the Palzontographical. As regards the igneous rocks of the county, the granite has been described by De la Beche and by many subsequent observers, including R. N. Worth and General MacMahon ; the volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Paleozoic area by Champernowne, Rutley, MacMahon and by Watts and Teall ; the volcanic rocks associated with the Lower New Red by Vicary, Bernard Hobson and Teall. In the following table of stratified rocks and deposits the highly altered rocks of the Start, Prawle and Bolt are given the subordinate position, and will be first described because they occupy the most southerly part of the county, have furnished no fossils, and are marked off by their greater alteration and compression from the Devonian rocks on the north, without prejudice to the prob- ability that they may be an extremely altered phase of these rocks. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Recent Alluvium and stream gravels. Peat or peaty soil Sand and shingle beaches. Blown sand Pleistocene Submerged forests Head or stony loam exposed on the coasts, white clays with Betula nana in the Bovey valley Raised beaches; old river gravels contempo- raneous with raised beaches and marking prior and subsequent stages in the excavation of the present valley system Cavern deposits ranging from recent to (?) early Pleistocene Tertiary Bagshot . Residue of pre-existent Cre- taceous and Tertiary rocks Clays with lignite bands, sands and gravels of the Bovey valley and of Petrockstow Gravels at higher levels. Gravels on the Cre- taceous tableland Clay with flints and chert Cretaceous Chalk Sands, etc., represent- ing Upper Greensand, Malmstone, and Gault Clay Selbornian Upper Chalk. Chalk with many flints on hard nodular chalk, zones of Micrasters and Holaster planus Middle Chalk (Turonian). Chalk with layers of flint (zone of Terebratulina). Hard chalk, in- cluding Beerstone (zone of Rhynchonella cuvieri) Lower Chalk (Cenomanian). Quartziferous limestone and calcareous sandstone (chalk present at Membury) Chert beds on sands with shell bands and layers of sandstone with concretions, used for whet- stones in parts of the Blackdowns, on nearly unfossiliferous sands Sands with beds of clay in tunnel near Honiton and at Whitecliff and Branscombe on the coast Liassic Lower Lias Beds of limestone and dark shale. In the lower part (zone of Ammonites planorbis) limestone beds predominate Rhetic White Lias Black Shales White or cream-coloured limestones and marly beds With Avicula contorta—and a bone bed—on grey and greenish marls New Red Sandstone Series Keuper. Upper New Red | Lower Keuper or Bunter Fe 3} Bunter or Permian Red and greenish cuboidal marls with veins of gypsum, with sandy and calcareous layers, in lower part more or less silty Red sandstones, in parts with calcareous concre- tions and two or three bands of a concretionary brecciated character ; occasional pebbles, and false-bedding in lower part Pebble beds with foreign pebbles gradually giving place to rocks of local derivation, northward Red marls (cuboidal) without gypsum Red marls with thick even beds of red and whitish sandstone, developed at Straight Point, where they contain local calcareous concre- tionary beds and brecciated bands Io New Red Sandstone Series (continued) GEOLOGY Lower , New Rea t Permian Red rock-sand, brecciated in the upper part and with beds of breccia on the coast, and breccia with sand-rock. Trap rocks of Silverton, Killerton and Poltimore districts Breccia with numerous igneous fragments, mur- chisonite, etc., ina loamy sand matrix. North of Crediton valley, gravels and gravelly breccia with few igneous stones. Trap rocks of Dunchideock, Exeter and Crediton districts. Trap rocks of Tiverton (Washfield, etc.) district Breccio-conglomerates of Watcombe and Petitor crags, Oddicombe, and Paignton, etc. ; also sands and breccias Loamy breccia and clays of Watcombe and Petitor Carboni- ferous Upper Culm Measures . Middle Culm Measures . Lower Culm Measures . Hard, thick, even-bedded, grey grits, intercalated with dark shales Irregular and even grits, sandstones and shales, in locally variable association Hard shales with limestone bands locally develop- ing into limestones with Posidonomya becheri and Goniatites spiralis, etc., succeeded by hard shales and chert beds (Radiolaria) based by dense mudstones and dark shales. Contem- poraneous volcanic rocks near the base of the series in Tavistock and Ashton districts : Devonian Rocks of North Devon Upper Devonian. . . Middle Devonian, or Silurian upthrust by faults (Hicks) Middle Devonian . Lower Devonian . Pilton beds. Argillaceous slates with beds of grit and calcareous fossiliferous lenticles Baggy beds. Slates with Lingu/a, brown sand- stones with Cucullea Pickwell Down beds. Grits of various colours and purple slates Morte slates. Greenish and grey slates. Strick- landinia lirata and Orthis rustica, etc., found by Dr. Hicks; previously regarded as un- fossiliferous Ilfracombe slates. Silvery and grey slates with limestone bands and lenticles, intercalated with grits toward their base Hangman grits. Red quartzose grits with Natica and Myalina in upper part, grits thick and thin bedded variously associated with, or in, slates. (Middle Devonian of Etheridge) Lynton beds. Irregular grey, partly calcareous, slates intercalated with thick, even-bedded grits Foreland grits. Shaly grits and thick-bedded hard grits associated in places with red slates. (Glengariff grits of Hull) Devonian Rocks of North Devon Upper Devonian . Buff, greenish and grey slates ; purple-red, green- mottled slates In the limestone areas these slates contain calcareous nodules, concretionary limestone and thin, shaly, red-brown limestone, locally with Bidesheim Fauna TT A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Upper Devonian (continued) . | In the upper part of limestone masses the con- tinental base of the Upper Devonian is repre- sented by massive limestone, generally coralline (as at Lummaton, Chudleigh, Ilsham, etc.) ; by beds of limestone on shalstein (as at Black- head and Goodrington) Middle Devonian. . . . | Bedded limestones, generally coralline, shaly and slaty limestones at base (Eifelian) on slates South of Totnes volcanic rocks (Ashprington Devonian development) on slates Rocks of Between Totnes and the Plymouth limestone South the series is represented by slates with volcanic Devon rocks and local patches of limestone (continued) Lower Devonian. . . . | Staddon grits. Quartzose grits and sandstones irregularly associated with slates and shales Meadfoot, Looe and Ringmore beds. Irregular slates with grit or siltstone beds, slates with siliceous and calcareous films Dartmouth slates. Reddish and buff slates, purple-red and green glossy slates, with sili- ceous films and occasional beds of hard grit and quartzite Archzan of Hornblende-Epidote schists. An altered series Bonney, etc. of basic rocks Altered Mica and quartz schists. Altered grits, slates Devonian and shales, originally similar in composition of Hunt, etc. to Lower Devonian rocks on the north MICA AND QUARTZ SCHISTS AND HORNBLENDE EPIDOTE SCHISTS ? The mica and quartz schists are a highly altered series of slates or shales, for the most part interbanded with harder siliceous materials (grits or silty bands) of the same types as are encountered in the De- vonian area; their dark grey colour forms a marked contrast to the prevalent green hues of the hornblende-epidote schists in junction sections. The hornblende-epidote schists are a highly altered series of basic rocks, diabases and diabase tuffs similar to those in the Devonian area. They may be termed green schists, although locally exhibiting pronounced red, buff and brown colours, as in the section at Hope. These rocks are the newer group, as in the interfoldings with the mica schists at their junction, in such sections as the Portlemouth Coast and Southpool Creek, they decrease in thickness downward from the surface, the mica schists exhibiting the opposite tendency. At their junction there is often an appearance of interbanding of the green and dark grey schists. The mica and quartz schists of the Start Point district are separated from those of the Bolt by a syncline of the green schists, which, running in a north-westerly direction across the Salcombe estuary, coalesces with a band of green schists prolonged westward from the Bickerton valley. * See Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xvii. pt. 3, pp. 119-35. 12 HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE GEOLOGICAL MAFP- 4 7 jh hii AMA fi SREGIS ighes ~~ P“=Tyme Cobb. ty, On th e same scale CONTINUATION EASTWARD a \ rshwood : oes ~ prow stat Lon Ter ayy Wenn e> pat Ze Zl NS & ee Woche SF * El a Z * eS. 3= Hy he idan 7 ¢Eduteot es ( lef TS a, UY ee wo ‘er ; Oy aay ho \\) Ta EXPLANATION OF COLOURING \ Blown Sand Gravels, Alluvta ete. PLEISTOCENE Tih Bovey Beds CRETACEOUS — | Middle Lias Lower Lias TERTIARY (EOCENE) pee Chalk, overlaid by Cay with Flints and Chert Selbornian partly overlaid by Clay with Flirts and ht JURASSIC | White Lias ete. — | l 3 4 Ths Edinlurgh Geographical Institnte SCALE 4 MILES TO AN INCH = —— = o 1 2 a ry 3 6 7 ae THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF Jy SOUTHERN SECTION. BASEO ON THE INDEX MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (\ Ad \ =) ng we lipsham) Ba EN / A J GI; clan 0 vd ah Mig "Bolt Mes a 2 NY )) Slapton i ands: x5) Ta ReaT. PVE es Se /Sleérries / (Bante 9) Rendham He? Yew jb Tor i abbicombe B; yp Quay, ; > Berry Head / BHM | f Sharkhar P? 325 F¢ | Sands » rock Is hiombe Sands ombe H® 8 / EXPLANATION oy CONTI OF COLOURING NUED w { —1|40 / z Keuper Marl aft e | 2 UPPER, Sandstone 2 pee ee Pa Pebble Beds (? Bunter) | [=] | & MIDDLE Marls ete. | = a 5 | i LOWER Sand. Rock, Breceta ete. Middle Culm CARBONIFEROUS ore 1) Lower Culm with Limestone Development | Altered Rocks, Peak Hall type Zi BRER } (Upper Devonian &Lower Culm?) < | | ne Devonian Slates, | Where distinguishable - f | Middle Devonian Slates Z MIDDLE! ° | Middle Devonian Limestone x | Staddon Grits | w LOWER) Meadfoot Beds i) | Dartmouth Slates | —___— | se | METAMORPHIC |—————+ ERUPTIVE Mica Schists Folsite and Elvan Dykes 1o' Hornhlende Epidote Schists Partly Contemporaneous (Permian to Low Devonian)||50° 45' 30' COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, County Boundary shown thus J.G.Bartholomew GEOLOGY These bands on coalescing strike westward to the coast at Bolt Tail and Outer Hope, where they form a syncline separating the mica quartz schists of the Bolt from a narrower band of the same series on the north. The mica and quartz schists of the Start district in a complex anticline, therefore, separate the green schists of the Prawle from those of the Bickerton valley. These main structures are rendered shallow by an innumerable series of minor folds, accompanied by gnarling and small thrusts, as shown in the Hall Sands cliff. The minor folds are also indicated by joints, or strain planes, breaking the mica-quartz schists into vertical or horizontal masses, so well shown in the rugged outlines of Bolt Head ; or by isolated synclinal masses of the green schists as at ‘Spirit of the Ocean’ Cove near Start Point. The green schists, where they occur in mass, are often intersected by even planes which give them an appearance of bedding, frequently seen to be at variance with the contorted foliation of the rock. Although the distinction between these rocks and the grey, com- paratively unaltered, Lower Devonian slates which bound them on the north is everywhere strongly marked, it is hardly possible to fix on any definite boundary in the numerous junction sections afforded by the coasts and the intermediate creeks of the Salcombe estuary. This is due to the presence of an intervening series of rusty brown rocks in which hard carbonates are generally present; these form a zone, of several chains in breadth, with which both the Devonian slates and the altered groups seem to be connected. The green schists are separated from the Devonian by these brown rocks from Malborough eastward, and from Malborough to Hope, where mica schists bound the Devonian slates, to judge from their presence at Hope Headland and Mouthwell ; though not exposed their occurrence may be assumed. At Malborough the mica and quartz schists are peroxidated. At Lannacomb Mill, on the Start coast, they exhibit pinkish and grey tints, and quartz-albite (pegmatite) veins are plentiful. These however occur occasionally in the Lower Devonian rocks. The junction brown rocks seem to be a series of partly calcareous and siliceous materials associated with slates and volcanic rocks, but, apart from the hard carbonates in them, they are too rotten for petrographical investigation. Faults and thrusts occur in these junction rocks, but no evidence of a great thrust plane, or fault, separating the altered and unaltered rocks from east to west has been obtained. The altered rocks conform in strike to the Devonian on the north, and there seems to be no proof of their having experienced a prior movement to that to which the latter were subjected. DEVONIAN ROCKS OF SOUTH DEVON The Devonian rocks of south Devon consist mainly of argillaceous sediments. These are associated in the Lower Devonian with more or less fine grained grits and silty rocks in very variable proportion. The Middle Devonian succession varies in different districts and in different 13 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE parts of the same district. Slates invariably form the lower beds; but in the area between Ashburton, Chudleigh and Brixham they are over- lain by limestones mostly of coralline growth, interrupted here and there at various stages by incursions of volcanic materials ; in the area south of Totnes volcanic eruptions put a stop to their extension. At Plymouth and Yealmpton limestones and volcanic rocks are also present on the slates, and between these limestone areas the general horizon of the limestones is marked by a mass of volcanic rocks in slates. Argil- laceous slates form the bulk of the Upper Devonian, they also contain volcanic rocks in places, and, although they locally furnish fossils and in the limestone areas contain calcareous beds of marked character, their boundary with the Middle Devonian slates can seldom be ascertained. Owing to the characters in common shared by different horizons, and to the variations in composition, or association, displayed by the same horizons traced along their strike, the Devonian subdivisions though generally distinct seldom admit of precise delimitation. The whole series has moreover been thrown into a number of small folds broken by thrusts. Where rocks of different resisting power have been folded to- gether, such as grits and slates, or limestones and slates, numerous faults have dislocated and displaced them. Cleavage throughout the area is dependent on the relative powers of resistance of the rocks and on the nature of the local stresses to which they were subjected, consequently the same beds may be shales in one place and slates in another. Lower Devonian.—The Lower Devonian rocks occupy the area be- tween the highly altered rocks of the Start and Bolt districts and a line of outcrop extending from Staddon Heights (near Plymouth) to the vicinity of Sharkham Point (near Brixham), along which they rise in dominant features above the Middle Devonian districts. Further north they reappear in an anticline broken by faults which terminates some miles west of Paignton. Another anticline still more broken by faults forms the highest land in the Torquay promontory. Coast Sections—The relations of the Lower Devonian subdivisions are best shown by a comparison of the coast sections. The Plymouth coast section under Staddon Heights exhibits a series of red-brown grits, slates, shales and sandstones (the Staddon grits) in inverted and plicated junction with Middle Devonian slates. The Staddon grits pass down into the Meadfoot beds at Bovisand Bay, where grey slates with hard grit beds and irregular knubbly, partly calcareous, slates overlie dark grey slates and shales with one or two thin seams of igneous rock. These beds contain occasional crinoids, Zapbhrentis, etc., and at the south end of Crownhill Bay give place to a slaty calcareous series with limestone bands containing Monticuliporoid corals, sandy decomposed red rocks with indeterminable brachiopods in abundance, and hard red grits, correspond- ing to the Looe rocks. These near Andurn Point are in faulted junction with glossy red and greenish Dartmouth slates. 14 GEOLOGY The Dartmouth slates, intercalated at intervals with beds of hard grit and quartzite (which on the Revelstoke coast display numerous contortions), extend to a little beyond Hoist Point. Near Piskeys Cove Pteraspis was found in them. Diabases and volcanic rocks occur in them at the mouth of the Erme and in other places. Near Hoist Point the Dartmouth slates give place to dark grey, locally red stained, slates and shales with siliceous bands, crinoidal lime- stone films and a horizon of crushed brachiopods. These have been called the Ringmore beds; they are in plicated association with dark grey slates, locally red-stained, in which Pteraspis was found at Ayrmer Cove by Brook-Fox. At the bend in the Avon, near its mouth, the calcareous fossiliferous bands come in again, with (?) Monticuliporoid remains, near to an inlier of Dartmouth slates. From Avonmouth to Hope the section consists of dark grey slates with siliceous bands in places and occasional traces of fossils. Bands of igneous rock of the Torcross type occur in places. Interlaminated beds and slaty fine grits with calcareous and hard carbonate bands come on at Beacon Point and Woolman’s Point. The Beacon Point rocks traced across the promontory exhibit developments of grit, most conspicuous north of Malborough and near Beeson; their horizon is everywhere separated from the altered rocks by dark grey slates without igneous bands. Throughout this section there is a constant repetition of horizons by plication, and there are numerous faults. The eastern coast proceeding from the altered rocks northward begins with dark slates, as at Hope, overlying interlaminated beds which contain crinoidal limestone films, at Tinsey Head, and hard grit beds, at Beesands. The Tinsey Head and Beesands beds correspond to the Beacon Point and Woolman’s Point beds. The only doubt as to the succession in these two sections is whether these rocks are a normal outcrop or an anticlinal repetition of the Ringmore beds. In either case, as every member of the series has its representative in the Looe area, the rocks must be regarded as parts of the Meadfoot series. On the east coast the Ringmore beds are not well shown. From Strete Gate to Scabbacombe Head the Dartmouth slates form the cliffs with igneous rocks here and there and grit beds. Proceeding southward from their faulted junction with the Middle Devonian, south of Berry Head, the Lower Devonian section commences with Staddon grits, grits and sandstones associated with slates and shales, succeeded by dark slates with masses of dense fine grit, probably the top of the Meadfoot series. In Southdown cliffs these give place to slates, locally reddish, with very occasional crinoidal films and a seam of igneous rock. On the south of Man Sands dark slates and interlaminated beds with pale greenish igneous rocks of the Torcross type are in plicated association with dark grey and red shales and slates with seams of crin- oidal limestone with (?) Monticuliporoid corals corresponding to the Ring- more beds. At Long Sands a mass of dense thick-bedded fine grit comes in. Whether this is a repetition by fault or fold of the grits in the 15 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE north part of Southdown Cliff, or a local development, is not clear. The dark slates on either side of it contain hard black patches, in one of which on the north side Preraspis structure was visible. At Scabba- combe Sands the Ringmore beds reappear—dark grey and red shales. and slates with siliceous bands, grits, and crinoidal films, also lenticular red limestone, identical with limestone on East Looe beach (which is characterized by irregular calc spar patches, probably Monticultporoid corals). The junction of these beds with the Dartmouth slates is in- accessible, and probably a fault. Though faults or thrusts have the effect of causing sections in the same rocks to exhibit differences, on the whole the correspondence of the beds on the north with those on the south side of the Dartmouth slates is too complete to be due to accidental similarity in different groups. ‘The Dartmouth slates, so named by Sedgwick, are therefore the oldest Devonian rocks in south Devon and occur in an anticline. Their northern boundary is faulted between Plymouth and Modbury and also near Dartmouth, but near East Allington their persistence is rendered doubtful by the flattening out of the main structure in a series of folds. They consist of slates, shales often silty, with occasional hard grit beds, and exhibit pink, red, green and purple blended tints, but over a large part of their extension their colours are not to be clearly distinguished from those of higher horizons. Their connection with the Preraspis beds of Polperro has been traced through the intervening area, but their continuity across Cornwall to Watergate Bay where Preraspis was found in them by Howard Fox is doubtful. Pzeraspis has been found at Higher Ford near Wembury, and obscure fish remains in Strete Cliffs. The occurrence of Preraspis in dark slates on the north of Long Sands and near Ayrmer Cove renders the range of that fossil above the Dartmouth slates very indefinite. The Dartmouth slates are somewhat similar in character to the Gedinnien slates of the Rhine section and to the glossy Gedinnien slates of the Ardennes, and they appear to be homotaxeous with them. Under the term Meadfoot beds are embraced rocks corresponding to the Taunus quartzite, etc., rocks of Lower Coblenzien, and possibly in part of Upper Coblenzien age, so unsatisfactory is their boundary with the Staddon grits, which are Upper Coblenzien. The types of the lower beds are taken from the Looe district in east Cornwall, which pre- sents resemblances to all the varieties of rocks in natural or faulted contact with the Dartmouth slates in Devon. The Looe fauna is mainl characterized by such forms as Spirifer primevus, Orthis hipparionyx, Rhynchonella pengellyana, Streptorhynchus gigas and Pleurodictyum, and by irregular calcite patches in the lenticular limestones referred to in all the Devon sections as (?) Monticuliporoid corals. These rocks are cut out by the fault boundary of the Dartmouth slates between Membland and Wembury ; they can in no case be separated from the Meadfoot beds. The most fossiliferous rocks, or rather the best preserved fossils, are found in the fault-broken Torquay anticline and in the larger Paignton 16 GEOLOGY anticline, in which districts the Dartmouth slates are not represented. Spirifer primevus and Homalonotus remeri (?) were found near Hope’s Nose. Leptena Jooensis was doubtfully recognized at Hope farm, Orthis bhipparionyx in the New Cut and the New Drive, with spined ‘Homalonoti. Rbynchonella pengellyana was doubtfully recognized with Leptena looensis by Davidson in the Saltern Cove railway cutting. Spirifer primevus was found in the Ringmore beds. Amongst the Cob- lenzian fossils Strophomena Jatecosta (= Tropidoleptus rhenanus), Chonetes sordida, C. plebeja are common, Rensselleria strigiceps occurs in Plymouth and Torquay districts. Spirifer macropterus is said to occur at Meadfoot beach. Bellerophon trilobatus, with spined Homa/onott, has been found near Halwell (south-south-east of Stanborough House), also at Torquay. Tenta- culites occur in the higher beds near Plymouth, also on Warberry Hill, Torquay, where Beyrichia wilckensiana was found. Spirifer hystericus was obtained near Cockington, but the identification of Spirifer cultrijugatus near Kilmorey is very doubtful. Zaphrentid corals and crinoids are the most persistent forms throughout the extension of the Meadfoot beds, but are very seldom found in the Staddon grits. Pleurodictyum is not confined to any particular horizon above the Dartmouth slates, and ranges into the overlying Middle Devonian (Eifelian slates). Through decal- cification and crushing the fossils of the Lower Devonian rocks between the Brixham and Plymouth coasts are seldom specifically determinable. In their main outcrop the Staddon grits are so unfossiliferous that it is by no means certain whether the fossiliferous red beds of Lincombe Hill should be classed with them or regarded as red stained Meadfoot beds. The Meadfoot beds contain irregular, knubbly, partly calcareous slates which resemble those of the Lynton beds of north Devon, and the Staddon grits present many lithological similarities to grits in the Hang- man group. Middle Devonian.—The lower (or Eifelian) Middle Devonian slates present two types, of which the irregular slates of Berry Park (north of Totnes) and the more even slates of Mudstone Bay are examples. In the slate areas between Plymouth and Totnes limestone bands are locally encountered, as at Ugborough, at the base of the volcanic rocks. In the limestone areas thin-bedded and slaty, or shaly, limestones pass down into the slates by intercalation, as at Daddyhole and Hope’s Nose. Some- times these limestones are separated from the limestone above by slates and volcanic rocks, as at Batten Bay, Plymouth. The characteristic fossil of these beds is Ca/eola sandalina. It is very scarce, having been found at Daddyhole, and at Paytoe, or Peloe (east of South Brent), where dark limestones have been locally developed in the slates—and it has been said to occur at Chircombe Bridge. On the borders of the great volcanic development (the Ashprington series of Champernowne) south of Totnes, limestones of this series, often crowded with rugose corals such as Cyathophyllum damnontense, C. helianthoides, and Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, locally intervene between the volcanic rocks and the slates below. I 7 3 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Amongst the fossils of the Eifelian limestones and slates are the following : Phacops Jlatifrons, Gryphaus punctatus, Cyphaspis, Rhynchonella . procuboides, Kayseria lens, Pentamerus galeatus, Productus subaculeatus, Spirifer speciosus, S. curvatus, Atrypa reticularis, A. aspera, A. desquamata, Cyrtina whidbornet, Heliaster filiciformis and Hehiolites porosus. The Ashprington volcanic series occupies an area of about ten square miles, between Dittisham and Totnes, and consists of shalsteins (embracing tuffs and lavas), sheared diabases often vesicular, with intrusive masses of aphanitic and porphyritic diabase. The eruptions began during, and just prior to, the deposition of the Eifelian limestones and probably continued into the Upper Devonian period, as we find the limestone, which is mostly of coralline growth, interrupted by local vulcanicity in the upper part near Goodrington and at Black Head, Torquay, and at lower stages in different parts of the limestone districts, according to their proximity to local centres of vulcanicity in action at different times during the period represented by the volcanic rocks of the Ashprington series. The limestone masses passed out irregularly on their borders into slates or slates with volcanic rocks. The Torquay and Babbacombe bedded limestones, partly represented by the Marldon, Little Hempston, and Dartington limestones, belong to the series immediately overlying the Eifelian, and above these come massive limestones such as those of Lummaton, Kingskerswell, the Daisons. In fact, where calcareous growth has been uninterrupted, the upper beds have a more or less massive character, and the lower a more or less evenly, or distinctly, bedded aspect. The south Devon limestones are locally dolomitic. They are rich in Stromatopora, favositid corals, and A/veolites. Brachiopods are most plentiful in the lower and upper horizons. The Continental boundary between the basement (RAynchonella cuboides) zone of the Upper Devonian and the Stringocephalus, or Middle Devonian, limestone should be taken in the upper massive limestones. In the Lummaton limestone the shelly material is very restricted but very prolific ; in it Whidborne records the discovery of 106 specimens of Rbynchonella cuboides and 25 of Stringocephalus burtini ; at Woolborough 42 of the former, and 18 of the latter. Rhynchonella cuboides has also been found at Barton near Lummaton, at Langs Copse in the Bradley Woods, and at Lower Dunscombe. The Ramsleigh (with Acervularia pentagona), Petitor, Isham, Kersewell Down, upper part of Kingsteign- ton (north of), and upper part of the Brixham limestones belong to the same category, in which the Goodrington (Favosites cervicornis) bedded limestones must also be included, and perhaps part of the Plymouth limestone near Plymstock station. Upper Devonian.—The relations of the Middle and Upper Devonian strata are rendered much more complex by the resistance offered by the Dartmoor granite to the forces which compressed and contorted them. Thus from Plymouth northward to Tavistock is a series of slates ver unfossiliferous which from their Sees seem mainly to belong to the I GEOLOGY Upper Devonian, although the existence in Plymouth Museum of a specimen of slate with Pleurodictyum, from Cann quarry (south of Bickleigh), renders it probable that Middle Devonian slates may be folded up with them, that fossil having been found in Eifelian slates at Bishopsteignton and near Marldon. Between the southern spur of Dartmoor, at Ivybridge, and the Middle Devonian shalsteins the occurrence of Upper Devonian is doubtful, as the slates are in line of deflected strike with those includ- ing the Eifelian limestone of Paytoe. To the north of this, and east of Buckfastleigh, there is no doubt as to the occurrence of Upper Devonian slates, in the area between the Buckfastleigh and Ashburton limestones and those of Ogwell, Denbury and Torbryan ; imperfect indications of the Biidesheim fauna (small Gonzatites and Bactrites) having been obtained at Wrigwell House, and Entomis serrato-striata, etc., near Highweek, at Knowles Hill, Newton Abbot, and also in the railway cutting near Kingsteignton. The Ashburton are, therefore, separated from the Newton Abbot limestones by a syncline. Cardiola retrostriata and other Frasnien forms have been obtained in nodules in the slates (Knollen Kalk) by the Teign near Combe Cellars. Liver-coloured shaly limestones and concretionary limestone beds are found in contact with the massive lime- stones of Chudleigh, Kingsteignton, Petitor, Isham. Gomzatites such as G. intumescens and G. sagittarius have been found in them at Lower Dunscombe ; near Whiteway farm; and at Petitor (where they mark the sides of a syncline occupied by Upper Devonian slates). At Anstey’s Cove the slates contain Entomis serratostriata and also at Goodrington. The Biidesheim fauna discovered at Saltern Cove by Mr. Lee is well known; the same fauna occurs in similar beds in contact with the Brixham limestone near Ivy Cove. Upper Devonian slates are faulted and folded up in the Lower Culm Measures north of Bickington. Entoms, Clymenia, etc., occur in them. At Druid and Holne Bridge near Ashburton Spirifer disjunctus is found in greenish Upper Devonian slates and mudstones, which have their counterparts near Beer Ferrers, on the Tavy, where the same fossil has been found. On the whole the Upper Devonian strata are very unfossiliferous—the prevalent tint is pale greenish grey but Indian red and green slates of the Mutley type are often present, especially in the Torquay, Newton and Paignton districts. DEVONIAN OF NORTH DEVON The succession of these strata is so well given in the section in De la Beche’s Report,’ that it would hardly be necessary to refer to them after the classification given in the table, but for the older date assigned to the Morte slates. ~ Lower Devonian.—The thick and thin bedded quartzose grits of the Foreland with interbedded claret coloured slates form the lowest series and are homotaxeous with the Dartmouth slates. Seen from the sea these rocks pass under the Lynton beds, but their junction is a fault in the 1 Described on pp. 46-53. 19 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Lynn valley, on the north side of which, near Oare (in west Somerset), a patch of Lynton beds rests upon them. The Lynton beds consist of bluish-grey irregular slates, partly calcareous and interstratified with even bedded grits; they contain decomposed brown patches with fossil casts. Slates and grits of similar character occur in the Meadfoot beds with which the Lynton beds are homotaxeous. Amongst the badly preserved fossils recorded from these beds Valpy* mentions Tentaculites scalaris, and numerous casts of Megalodon cucullatum as occurring at Woodabay, and Kayser obtained Spirifer hystericus and Chonetes sarcinulata in the Valley of Rocks, Lynton. The Lynton beds pass under the Hangman group, the boundary runs from the coast through Martinhoe, to the south of Barbrick Mill and by Farley, crossing the Somerset boundary rather more than a mile south of Malmsmead. The Hangman grits consist of brownish, green, buff and, locally, purplish-red mudstones and slates with grits and flaggy sandstones (the Trentishoe beds). Grits are prevalent in the upper beds, which contain types met with in the Staddon grits. Natica and Myalina have been found in red grits in the upper part of the series. They are homotaxeous with the Staddon grits, but it does not necessarily follow that they may not be in part of Eifelian age. Stringocephalus burtini has been found in the slates with grit beds which overlie them in West Challacombe Bay and form the base of the Ilfracombe slates. The boundary runs on the north of Holstone and Parracombe to Oare Oak on the county boundary. Middle Devonian—The Ilfracombe slates are dull grey and silver grey with occasional seams, lenticles and beds of limestone, and with intercalated grits toward their base. The calcareous beds contain a characteristic Middle Devonian fauna. Valpy records however Rensse/- leria strigiceps, Tentaculites scalaris, and in his general list gives Stegano- dictyum cornubicum (of McCoy—now recognized as Pteraspis) and Rhynchonella cuboides (more probably R. procuboides) with such character- istic Middle Devonian forms as Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, Helzolites porosus and Stringocephalus burtini. In the Lynton railway cuttings no boundary could be drawn between the Ilfracombe slates and the Morte slates. Morte Slates—The lower beds of the Morte slates contain hard brown siliceous bands, and are succeeded by hard greenish slates and slaty mudstones. On the coast the slates make jagged reefs and are intersected by quartz veins. Gritty beds occur in the lower portion at Slade and Flat Point ; these were regarded by Hicks as a repetition of the lower, or Challacombe Bay, beds of the Ilfracombe group, the irvervening beds being treated as a syncline. Valpy was informed by a workman that fossil casts had been found at Slade. Hicks’ fault boundaries have not been discovered by the upholders of the normal sequence, but, in view of the Lower Devonian age claimed for the 1 Notes on the Geology of Ilfracombe and the Neighbourhood (Twiss & Sons, Ilfracombe. Not dated). ® Neu Fabrb. fiir Mineralogie (1889), vol. i. p. 182. 20 GEOLOGY fossils found at Treborough (in west Somerset) and recorded in the second part of his paper, it is quite possible that a detailed survey might justify his views. Stricklandinia lirataand Orthis rustica with some new species including Lingula mortensis were found by him in Mullacot quarry, south of Ilfracombe. The Morte slates pass under the overlying Pickwell Down grits at Foxhunters Inn by the Ilfracombe railway. From the coast, on the south side of the Woolacombe valley, the junction can be easily traced by West Down to the vicinity of Arlington, where it is shifted by a south-easterly fault to Button farm, on the north of Bratton Fleming, and thence runs westward by Office farm to the Somerset boundary at Span Head. An intrusive felsite occurs in the Morte slates, near, or at, their junction with the Pickwell Down grits south of Bittadon,’ on the south of Hewish Down, at Smitha Park, Button Wood, and Office farm. Upper Devonian.—The Pickwell Down grits consist of dull purple, red and greenish grits, sandstones, slates and mudstones, and have only yielded ligneous traces. The Baggy beds consist of greenish slates con- taining Lingula, overlain by brown micaceous sandstones and flags containing Cucullea. The Pilton beds consist of grey or dull greenish argillaceous slates, with intercalated beds and masses of brownish grit. They contain lenticles of fossiliferous limestone, now mostly represented by brown friable residua in which an abundant Upper Devonian fauna has been obtained by Professor Phillips, T. M. Hall and subsequent observers. The Pickwell Down beds have been taken as the base of the Upper Devonian. At North Molton Ridge a synclinal in this series terminates, carrying the junction of the Pickwell Down and Baggy beds to East Buckland, whence (probably as a fault) it runs by Molland to Dulverton, crossing the county boundary near East Lipscomb farm. The junction of the Pilton beds with the Culm Measures is seldom exposed in section ; through the irregularity of the county boundary this line crosses it in three places, viz. near East Anstey, near Perry (east of Brushford), and finally near Clayhanger. The relations of the Culm and Upper Devonian are frequently faulted between Barnstaple and Clay- hanger. CARBONIFEROUS As the relations of the Culm rocks, west of a line drawn from Hartland Point to Okehampton and nearly as far south as Tavistock, have never been systematically investigated, the lines on the map are generalized suggestions, especially in the Lower Culm area where U Devonian slates and volcanic rocks and Lower and Middle Culm Measures are known to be in plicated and faulted association. The absence of volcanic rocks in the Devonian and Lower Culm Measures of the northern outcrop, and their presence, together with masses of intru- sive greenstone (on either side of Dartmoor, but chiefly on the west), in 1 Bonney, Geol. Mag. 1878, p. 207. 21 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE the southern outcrop of these rocks, render the relations of the Lower Culm in the latter area much more complex than in the former. Lower Culm.—In both areas where the succession is complete the upper beds consist of shales with hard mudstones with limestone bands. In the northern outcrop this subdivision sometimes mainly consists of shales with mudstones ; sometimes of shales, mudstones and limestones ; sometimes, as in the Westleigh quarries, chiefly of limestone, in which chert from the segregation of silex is locally met with, as well as dolo- mitic rock. In the southern outcrop, from the Tamar to Doddiscombs- leigh, this horizon is distinguished by blackish shales with hard even mudstones and occasional developments of limestone ; it makes a plicated sinuous junction with the overlying grits and shales which carries it southward round Dartmoor. It is recognizable in the inliers in the Middle Culm rocks north of Kingsteignton and near Bickington. —Pos- donomya becheri is the characteristic fossil of these beds but Gonzatites spiralis is even more plentiful in the Chudleigh district, especially near Waddon Barton. . Below the Posidonomya beds come the Coddon Hill chert beds; these and all the Lower Culm cherts of this horizon collected by Fox and examined by Dr. Hinde yielded Radio/aria. On the northern outcrop these beds are generally parti-coloured, grey, pale buff and white ; on the southern outcrop they are pale grey, dark grey, or black. Near Bick- ington they form the base of the Culm, and occur as outliers on the Upper Devonian near Tamerton Folliott. The thickness of the chert beds is variable, and there is reason to think that this horizon is locally represented by bands of chert in dark shales and mudstones. It is so plicated that it is difficult to believe that its maximum development attains to 100 feet. The basement beds of the Culm consist of dark shales with occas- ional seams of chert or mudstone in the northern outcrop, and with hard even bedded, sometimes pale banded, mudstone in the upper part in south Devon, where present. Contemporaneous volcanic rocks seem to be associated with these beds in the Tavistock area. In the Ashton and Trusham district contemporaneous tuffs, etc., come in, in, or just above the chert beds. Middle Culm.—The Middle Culm Measures are a variable series ; they contain interbedded (thin or thick) grits and shales ; irregularly — associated hard, even and irregular, developments of grit in shales; even- bedded sandstones and marly-splitting sandy shales ; coarse and fine grey~ wacke locally conglomeratic, associated with dark uneven shale in variable proportion. Their lower beds vary considerably in different parts of the area. Between Crediton and Chudleigh they consist of hard, thin, even bedded grits intercalated in splintery shales; in the northern outcrop, of inter- calations of even bedded grits (with anthracite seams near Bideford, Alverdiscot, etc.), sandstones and shales. On the south of Chudleigh the sandstone and greywacke type prevails. In Ugbrooke Park and 22 GEOLOGY the district south of Oldchard and Ideford, and in the faulted outliers between Newton Abbot and Ipplepen, beds of coarse and fine grey- wacke, associated with dark argillaceous shales, contain conglomerates in which fragments from the Lower Culm cherts and hard mudstones are distinguishable in association with materials derived from granitoid and volcanic rocks. These beds rest on the upper horizon of the Lower Culm, but sometimes on dark shales which may be locally their own lower horizon. At Efford and Lower Compton (near Plymouth) even beds of grey- wacke with shaly partings and occasional small dark shale fragments rest on dark shales, upon Upper Devonian slates associated with volcanic rocks. The greywackes are generally coarse and are largely made up of materials derived from gneissose, and many varieties of volcanic rocks. At Tavistock dark Middle Culm greywacke displays a similar de- rivation. At Beer Alston station a patch of grey chert underlies an outlier of plant-bearing greywacke and shales. This evidence is cor- roborated by the greywackes of Wearde (south of Saltash) which rest on Upper Devonian slates and volcanic rocks. It proves conclusively (unless we regard the unconformable greywacke as contemporaneous volcanic grits of Upper Devonian or Lower Culm age) that a consider- able unconformity exists in part of south Devon and southern Cornwall between the Middle and Lower Culm, accounting for the complete destruction of the latter and the incorporation of its materials, together with volcanic rocks in abundance, in the newer sediments. Whilst the Middle and Upper Culm rocks contain plants, said to connect them with the calciferous sandstones of the north, the fine grained sediments and Radiolarian cherts of the Lower Culm denote deep water. It is there- fore less remarkable that there should be a marked unconformity between them, than that their succession should be so uniform and regular over the greater part of the Culm area. Whether this is due to a gradual elevation not shared by those parts of the sea bed where the crust had been weakened by igneous intrusions and late Devonian and early Carbon- iferous volcanoes (such as Brent Tor), or to irregularities in the sea bed, due to the outpouring of igneous rocks from such volcanoes and to dis- turbance thereby of existing sediments, opens a wide field for conjecture. Upper Culm.—The Upper Culm Measures, owing to their massive even bedded character, dark shale partings and pale grey colour, exhibit, in the coast section near Clovelly and in the exposures by the river Torridge, more beautifully than any other series of rocks in Devon the numerous curves that prevail everywhere throughout the Paleozoic area. This ability to undergo contortion without snapping makes their chief value as the index of the axis of the great Paleozoic trough and amply justifies their separation from the Middle Culm. Although the term greywacke might be applied to most of the Culm and many of the Devonian grits its use is here restricted to rocks of a markedly felspathic character and betraying distinct derivation from vol- canic as well as sedimentary materials. 23 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE IGNEOUS ROCKS IN THE PALHOZOIC AREA The igneous rocks in the Paleozoic area may be divided into four classes: the contemporaneous volcanic rocks, rocks which may be either contemporaneous or intrusive, intrusive greenstones, intrusive felsites. The first two classes are confined to south Devon. There can be no doubt that many of the sheared rocks in the Dartmouth slates are contemporaneous; of this class a thyolitic felsite at the south end of Blackpool Sands (near Stoke Fleming) and an amygda- loidal diabase at Muxham Point (Erme Mouth), both displaying well marked fluxion structure, are examples. In the Meadfoot group the Torcross type (apparently a modified diabase) is often of doubtful origin, but diabase porphyrite quarried south of East Charleton and many of the sheared bands in the Kingsbridge creeks and elsewhere are evidently contemporaneous. In the Middle Devonian and Upper Devonian (more locally) the contemporaneous rocks include tuffs, shalsteins, amygdaloidal and slaty diabase, or diabase tuffs. In the Ashton and Tavistock districts there are also volcanic rocks in the Lower Culm. Near Devonport Workhouse and south-east of Plympton there are ex- amples of intrusive and contemporaneous basalts. Intrusive Greenstones are very numerous especially in the Middle and Upper Devonian, and in the Lower Culm locally, but the possibility of some of them being con- temporaneous volcanic rocks must be admitted. Examples of epidiorite occur among altered Lower Culm rocks on Cox Tor near Tavistock, east of Canonteign and south-west of Bagtor in the Chudleigh area. Dolerites may be seen in the Middle Devonian in Borough quarry (west-north-west of Denbury), Yarner Beacon near Dartington, in the Lower Devonian at Capton near Morleigh ; ophitic dolerite in Lower Culm, north of Place Barton (near Ashton), south of Christow ; in Upper Devonian on Knowles Hill (Newton Abbot) ; in Middle Devonian near Lower Ware (Kingsteignton) and south of Dittisham corn mill, etc. Leucophyre.—In Lower Culm east of Huish near Hennock, and railway cutting north of Ashton. Diorite.—In Lower Culm south of Standcombe farm near Bick- ington. Porphyritic diabase.—Dunhill quarry south of Brent, very common in Middle Devonian. Aphanite is also very common in the Middle Devonian. Granular diabase is met with in Middle and Upper Devonian. An example occurs at Carey Arms (Babbacombe). At Fremington Pill in north Devon in the Lower Culm there is a dyke of highly altered basalt (specimen identified by Teall). Dr. Busz’ classes the Botter Rock near Hennock with the leuco- » phyres. He also notes a Labrador porphyry allied to the leucophyres * Sitz d. Niederrheinische Gesell. im Bonn. 1893, p. 83. 24 GEOLOGY on Babbacombe beach, and near the granite at South Brent a (quartz- mica-diorite) kersantite. Lamprophyres are met with in the Culm at Rose Ash in north Devon. Inthe Upper or Middle Devonian on the east of Ingsdon House. Some dykes of decomposed rocks allied to the Exeter traps occur in the Lower Culm north of Kitton Barton (south of Ashbrittle). Fe/sites.—Felsitic dykes occur between Tavistock and Plymouth in Cann Wood near Bickleigh, on Roborough Down near Walkhampton, at Horrabridge, Lopwell and Morwell Down, in Upper Devonian slates. Between Modbury and Kingston at Whympston Wood there is a spheru- litic granophyre and several exposures of spherulitic banded and nodular felsites near Tor, Wastor and Shearlangston. Small exposures of felsite are met with in Putshill Copse and near Mounts east-north-east of Wood- leigh (? of date of Permian eruptions). The Bittadon felsite in the Morte slates has been alluded to. Decomposed elvans occur in Middle Culm rocks on Itton Moor, at Gribbleford Bridge, etc., on the north of Dartmoor. At Meldon and in Cann quarry white granite dykes, or aplites, are visible. Near Christow there is a small mass of quartz- porphyry. Near Woolley west of Bovey Tracey a rhyolitic rock borders the granite. GRANITE The Dartmoor granite is about 225 square miles in extent. It is, generally speaking, a coarsely porphyritic granite with large orthoclase felspars, quartz, biotite and muscovite, and is more or less schorlaceous especially towards the contact margin. At Trowlesworthy Tor a red granite, consisting of red felspar schorl and fluorspar, has been noted by Worth.’ Finer grained granite is met with, here and there, in intrusive elvans very difficult to trace, sometimes in nearly horizontal bands, some- times in small patches, and sometimes at the margin from which it passes into the coarser variety. MacMahon ’* mentions the Tavy valley between Hill Town and White Tor as a good locality for studying the relations of the coarse and fine granites, which here suggest ‘ the imperfect mixing of two portions of the granite magma in different conditions of fluidity.’ Rutley * described a junction at Brazen Tor where amphibolite is in contact with schorl-spotted fine grained granite passing within 100 yards into porphyritic granite. Dr. Busz noted three varieties of granite in contact with Culm hornfels in a quarry near Bovey Tracey—coarse granite with large ortho- clase crystals, fine grained granite, and rock with large crystals of plagio- clase yellowish orthoclase and large quartz grains in a fine grained grey matrix. The presence of schorl, and of fluid inclusions in the quartzes, has been shown by Hunt* to be characteristic of the Dartmoor granite, and 1 Rowe, 4 perambulation of Dartmoor (third edition revised, etc., 1896), p. 244. 2 Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. xlix. p. 389. 3 Geol. Survey ‘Memoir on Brent Tor,’ p. 38. * Geol. Mag. June, 1899, p. 256. I 25 4 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE in this and other respects it differs markedly from the granitoid fragments in the Middle Culm rocks. At Clasiwell Pool south of Princetown the granite is kaolinized, also at Shipley Bridge and Leftlake (north-west of Brent) where there were formerly china clay works. West of Cornwood there are two isolated masses of granite; the smaller is Hemerdon Ball; the larger, on Headon Down, is worked for china clay, also worked on the adjacent part of the main mass on Lee Moor, and near Cadover Bridge on the Plym. The Dartmoor granite is divided laterally by impersistent planes which give it an appearance of stratification with dips toward the surrounding rocks. The tors are due to the intersection of these planes by more or less vertical or inclined joints. Contact Alteration —From its rather regular northern boundary and greatest axial breadth the granite extends southward with most irregular boundaries. Its longest axis is from north to south. The limit of alteration or contact zone seldom exceeds a mile in breadth, but is often less, the breadth being determined by the subterranean slope of the granite. Within this zone are Culm rocks, chiefly Lower Culm, from Tavistock round the north margin to Holne on the east. Upper Devonian slates occur on Wallaford Down and, except perhaps near Dousland, from Cornwood to Tavistock. The cleavage or schistosity of the rocks was affected by dynamic agencies before metamorphism. MacMahon’ has described felsites and rhyolites at Sourton Tors, a mica diorite at South Down, and tuffs with matrix rendered similar by contact-metamorphism to the base of a rhyolite from Sourton Tors and from Meldon. On the flank of Cox Tor ‘beds of fine grained volcanic dust’ have been ‘converted into a mixture of augite and felspar.’ The dol- erites have been converted into epidiorites. Bandéd dark green and cream- coloured rocks occur on Peak Hill near Dousland. These were examined by Teall, who considered their original character as probably decomposed igneous rocks containing carbonate. Similar banded rocks with a por- cellanized appearance occur near Ivybridge, Wrangaton and South Brent ; and in their vicinity dark rocks with chiastolite are met with above Ivybridge and in the contact zone near South Brent. It is probable therefore that Culm and Upper Devonian rocks with associated volcanic rocks occur on the margin of the granite in these localities in which there are also intrusive greenstone masses. An example of the latter near Dousland was considered by Teall to have been originally an ophitic dolerite. Garnets are found at Shaugh and Peak Hill amongst other localities, axinite near Sourton, Walkhampton and South Brent, etc. Teall detected a foliated scapolite pyroxene rock amongst the altered rocks near Dousland.” The Upper Devonian slates usually exhibit a spotted alteration on the west of Dartmoor and become mica schists. Dr. Busz* described the contact zone by the Avon above South Brent as composed of andalusite hornfels, andalusite schist, chiastolite * Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. 1. p. 338. 2 Proc, Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. (1900), vol. xlvi. 3 Op. cit, 26 GEOLOGY schist, knoten glimmerschiefer, actinolite hornfels and actinolite schist, with a dyke (gang), several metres in thickness, of garnet rock with actinolite and axinite. Variously claimed as a post-carboniferous plutonic intrusion, a Per- mian volcano, an upthrust in the period before the deposition of the Middle Culm, or as an ancient granite* modified amongst its surround- ings at a comparatively late stage in the post-carboniferous movements (during a rise in the isogeotherms accompanied by the injection of elvan dykes), the Dartmoor granite, owing to its size and shape and the mani- fest effect its presence has had on the strikes and distribution of the surrounding rocks, remains the sphinx of Devon geology. NEW RED SANDSTONE SERIES : The coast section exhibits numerous faults in the New Red rocks ; these in the Lower breccias are often accompanied by high dips which become lower toward the east. In inland districts faults can only be traced by the displacement of lithologically distinguishable horizons. The Lower New Red rocks show a remarkable attenuation toward Exeter, and further north their development is exceedingly irregular ; in rounding the spurs or inliers of the Culm rocks (at Pinhoe, Spray- downs near Collumpton, at Westleigh and Whipcots) being so feeble and inadequate as to suggest either a faulted or unconformable junction with the overlying Marls, rather than the outward replacement of coarser by finer sediment. Watcombe Clays.—These consist of red rather silty finely micaceous clays or marls, with intercalated beds of comminuted slate in the lower part, exposed in Petitor Combe, and overlain by about 20 feet of similar material occasionally showing annelid tracks, where they pass under the conglomerates in Watcombe Combe. These clays lose their distinctive characters, becoming a loamy or clayey breccia, when traced inland. Their thickness on the coast may be about 1 50 feet. Watcombe Conglomerate.—These beds are typically exposed in Wat- combe and Petitor Crags. They are characterized by large well worn fragments of Devonian limestones associated with grit, quartz, and some igneous materials in a sandy matrix. Contemporaneous erosion is shown in them in Oddicombe Cliffs, where they contain thick beds of sand. If these rocks extend north of the Teign estuary they are represented by sand or sandstone about 20 or 30 feet thick at Bishopsteignton. On the coast they can scarcely be less than 500 feet. They seem to be lower in the series than the earliest evidences of contemporaneous trap. They pass under the next series at Mincombe and form the base of the cliff at the Ness. Teignmouth or Boulder Breccias.—These beds form a brecciated and boulder-studded red sandy loam. ‘The boulders are chiefly of quartz- 1 Worth, Trans. Plymouth Instit. (1888-9). 2 Somervail, Report Brit, Assoc. Bristol (1898) and Geo/. Mag. (Dec. 4), vol. v. p. 509. 3 Proc. Somerset Arch. etc. (1892), vol. xxxviii. 27 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE porphyry (of a type hitherto only met with near Christow on the border of Dartmoor). The stones include a great variety of altered and igneous rocks. The quartz-porphyry boulders are sometimes almost unworn and so large that they must have been derived from rocks in their immediate vicinity. These rubbly breccias locally contain harder beds of breccia or breccio-conglomerate with limestone pebbles, In 1887 a boring for water at Combe, near Teignmouth, was carried to a depth of 332 feet in them. They overlie the trap (quartz basalt) patches of Dunchideock, Knowl and Westown. Dawlish Breccia and Sands ——At Holcombe Tunnel the rubbly Boulder Breccias are succeeded by the Dawlish Breccias—the Murchi- sonite beds of Ormerod—beds of sand-rock thickly studded with rather small fragments of altered and igneous rocks and murchisonite, with occasional coarser bands of breccia. The breccias of the Crediton valley are of this type. These rocks contain intercalations of sandstone and vary from sand to breccia most irregularly along the coast from Dawlish to Exmouth. The materials become differentiated toward Exeter and form an upper series of sands at Topsham, upon the Heavitree breccias, the basement beds being brecciated loam and sand, which overlie the trap rocks of Pocombe and Northernhay. The sands of Broadclist and Poltimore seem to be the upper beds of the series, and there are several patches of trap associated with them.’ With the narrowing of the Crediton valley at Newton St. Cyres the sands give place to breccia full of igneous fragments, which overlies the trap patches of Posbury, Halse and Greenslade on the south, and of Knowle and Spencecombe on the north side of the valley. These trap patches rest on sand and breccia, which on the north side of the valley seems to be largely formed of tuffs. A similar phenomenon is observ- able under the Washfield traps. The gravelly breccias occur over sands in the Spraydown Culm inlier, and are found to pass from the Culm highlands irregularly out- ward into sand, often through breccia or brecciated sands. They contain fossiliferous stones (Strophalosia caperata, Rhynchonella pleurodon), from the Upper Devonian area on the north, in the railway cuttings of the Exe valley line north of Tiverton.” The Rev. W. Downes attributed these stones to volcanic ejectamenta, and pointed out the presence of fragments referable to the Washfield traps in the cuttings near Bolham. At Cole- ford Lodge near the margin of the Stoodleigh Beacon outlier a small patch of trap seems to rest on the gravel. The Upper Devonian fragments, also found in the gravels near Cadbury, Uplowman and Silverton, point to the explanation given in the introductory notes (see p. 5). The Halber- ton breccias seem to be the upper beds of the Lower New Red in that neighbourhood. The strikes of the Lower New Red rocks, as might be expected from the trend of the creeks, etc., in the older rocks, are more * For relations and petrology of trap rocks, see Geol. Survey Memoir on the country around Exeter (1902), chap. iv. ? Downes, Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1881, pp. 293-7. 28 GEOLOGY often east and west than north and south. The developments of breccia in the Crediton valley, and of the older boulder breccias south of Ide, are to be expected in areas of active vulcanicity, where deposition was taking place. The association of rhyolitic rock with andesite’ overlain by an outlier of Lower New Red at Horswell House near Thurlestone is confirmatory of this view. Trap Rocks.—The trap rocks range in composition from trachytes or orthophyres to basalts or melaphyres (Teall, Exeter Memoir, p. 33). They occur in local clusters or as isolated patches, which are the relics of many sheets or flows of lava emitted from different eruptive foci. The distribution of the traps with reference to the Lower New Red sands and breccias is such that it is impossible to regard them as the products of a single period of eruption, unless it be conceded that the coarse breccias with igneous fragments which overlie them at Dun- chideock and many other places are higher in the series than the sands which underlie them in the Killerton district. If we take the traps collectively as an horizon in the New Red rocks the relations of the lower sub-divisions of the group must be regarded as interchangeable to a much greater extent than can be proved to be the case. On this assumption the thick series of marls with beds of sandstone between Exmouth and Straight Point might indicate the outward passage of the coarser marginal deposits into finer sediments. The overlying marls would then be the upper beds of the Permian, and the Budleigh Salterton Pebble-beds the base of the < as advocated by the Rev. A. Irving.’ Although contemporaneous trap rocks do not occur in the coast section, the horizon of the Dunchideock trap would appear to be below the boulder-bearing breccias of the Teignmouth and Labrador Inn coast, and above the breccio-conglomerates of Watcombe, Petitor, Oddicombe, etc., which die out northward from Newton Abbot. The acceptance of a definite trap horizon would therefore place these breccio-conglomerates on the same horizon as the sands underlying the Killerton trap rocks. A volcanic agglomerate is often associated with the traps (at Pocombe, Culmjohn near Killerton, Posbury, etc.), identical with the ‘thonstein porphyr’ of Germany. The obvious correlation of the traps with the German Melaphyr decken, or Middle Sétern, renders the cor- respondence of the rocks above the Watcombe conglomerate with the Upper Sétern and Wadern beds of the Nahe sections very probable, as there are many points of resemblance. The Watcombe conglomerate, etc., would then be Lower Sétern. T. M. Hall®* described the occurrence of a thin porphyritic grani- toid vein in the New Red cliff at Portledge Mouth on the north coast. The breccia and sandstone outliers at this place are in line with the out- 1 Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xvii. pt. 3, p. 131. 2 Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. for May, 1888, p. 149. 3 Hall, Trans. Devon Assoc. 1879. 29 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE liers on the north of the Tiverton valley. In the intervening distance of 30 miles the Minette dyke of Rose Ash * occurs. MIDDLE NEW RED On the coast a series of red marls with thick even beds of red and whitish sandstone, displaced by numerous faults, are succeeded on the north of Straight Point by red marls (probably about 500 feet thick) with a bed or two of sandstone ; these pass under the Budleigh Salterton, Pebble-beds on Westdown Hill. The Straight Point sandstones seem to be near the top of the intercalated series; in occasional brecciation they strongly resemble Lower New Red beds, but they also contain an irregu- lar bed of dolomitic aspect, not found in the lower series. The marls in their cuboidal fracture resemble the Keuper marls, but do not contain gypsum or the thin calcareous and sandy bands found in that series. No continuous development of sandstones can be traced northward from the coast. Disconnected and frequently faulted patches of sandstone occur near Exmouth, Littleham, Withycombe, Lympstone, Woodbury, White- cross, Aylesbeare, and east of Rockbeare. North of Whimple sandstones have not been detected in the marls. Faults preclude any certain esti- mate of the thickness of these beds which on the coast from Exmouth to Westdown Hill can scarcely be less than 800 feet, but they attenuate northward and at the Somerset boundary may not exceed 200 feet. Their junction with the sandstones and breccias of the Lower New Red is so anomalous as to suggest unconformable overlap ;_ whilst in their relation to. the overlying Pebble-beds nothing of the kind has been proved. The slight irregularities in junction and occasional seams of marl in the base of the Pebble-beds’ are the least that could be expected from the change in physical conditions. Whether the marl series should be classed with the Nottingham Permian Marls (as suggested by Irving), the Upper Zechstein of the Harz, etc., or with the upper beds of the Upper Rothliegende of the Nahe sections, or whether they represent the whole or part of the Bunter, is open to question. UPPER NEW RED SANDSTONE Pebble Beds.—The Budleigh Pebble-bed is the thinnest member of the New Red series, rarely exceeding 80 feet in thickness. Its marked character enables the presence of faulted relations to the beds above or below to be easily detected. There are many breaches in its continuity owing to faults, especially between Sidmouth Junction and Kentis- beare, The percentage of Silurian and Devonian quartzite pebbles,” which forms so distinguishable a feature on the coast, decreases northward towards Uffculme. The pebbles from Talaton northward are on the 1 Downes, ‘Mica Trap Rose Ash,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. 1884. 2 Rev. A. Irving, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. May, 1888, p. 156. 3 Vicary and Salter, ibid. August, 1864, p. 283 ; Davidson, ibid. Feb. 1870, p. 70; Thomas, ibid. Nov. 1902, pp. 620-32. 30 GEOLOGY whole smaller than those further south and there is an increased per- centage of quartz and grit pebbles. From a study of the minerals in the Pebble-bed Thomas also deduced the existence of a main current from the south, joined near Burlescombe by a confluent westerly current to which he ascribed a rise in the percentage of heavier materials north of Uffculm accompanied by the appearance of new minerals such as garnet and cassiterite. The Pebble-beds display much false bedding, are irregularly inter- calated with beds, seams and masses of sand, and are locally represented by sands with beds and seams of pebbles. ‘There is no sharp line of de- marcation between them and the overlying Sandstones in the lower part of which occasional pebbles are found. Upper Sandstones.—The thick-bedded red sandstones which overlie the Pebble-beds often display false bedding. They are irregularly per- vaded by calcareous matter which stands out in an irregular network from the softer sandstone, in many parts of the coast section, and obscures the bedding planes. Their outcrop at Sidmouth is cut off by fault letting down the Keuper marls at Chit rock. Thirty chains from this they crop out at the base of the cliff and at the surface near Ladram Bay, where faults repeat the base of the marls, so that their total thickness is represented between the large Otterton outlier and the outcrop of the pebble beds at Knowl near Budleigh Salterton and may not exceed 250 feet. Irregular calcareous concretionary brecciated bands occur in this series, in several places ; they are well shown in the upper part, at Lad- ram Bay and at, and near, Otterton Point, where Irving’ noted subangu- lar fragments of slate, vein quartz, trap, reddish granite, felspathic grit and quartzite in one band ; the estimated position of the Otterton Point beds is about 100 feet above the Pebble-beds. Whitaker’ discovered the jaw of Hyperodapedon in the Otterton Point beds in 1868. Dr. Johnston Lavis* discovered remains of Ladyrinthodon in talus from the cliff on the west slope of High Peak Hill. The horizon is considered by Metcalfe * to be a bed of lighter colour in the Sandstones, not far below their junc- tion with the overlying Marls. Dr. Carter also discovered osseous structures in these localities. "The junction of Sandstones and Marls is sometimes, as at Windygate, difficult to find (through the sandy nature of the base of the latter) and local intercalations are also met with, but otherwise there is no sign of passage beds. The Sandstone outcrop is persistent but greatly attenuated through faults in places, as at Payhembury. Keuper Marls.—These beds consist of red and green variegated, cuboidally splitting marls, less calcareous toward their base and locally sandy. They. occasionally contain beds of sand-rock, 15 feet of which caps the marl cliff at Seaton. Veins, filaments, and bands of gypsum are common between Branscombe Mouth and Salcombe Mouth. Calcar- eous or marlstone bands are also present, and in the lower beds shaly 1 Irving, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 1902, p. 153. 2 Thid. May, 1869, p. 152. 3 Tbid. vol. xxxii. p. 274. 4 Ibid. May, 1884, p. 257. 31 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE sandstones and marlstone bands are prevalent. In these thin bands numerous pseudomorphs after rock salt were found at Windygate (the cliff between Peak and High Peak Hills). In one of these beds Hutch- inson* found numerous casts of equisetoid plants. In a boring put down near Lyme Regis in 1901 the Keuper Marls were penetrated to a depth which may be estimated at about 1,130 feet, without reaching their base. Jukes-Browne’ gives an abstract of their succession as follows :— ft. in. Marls without gypsum. . . 2. © 6 © «© © © © © F224 7 Marls with veins of gypsum. . . . . . - + « « 118 10 Clays with beds of gypsum . . . . «© 1 ee e + 6313 10 Gypsiferous marls with three beds of calcareous sandstone . 134 0 Hard clays and marls with gypsum . . . «. « «© + + 297 7 Hard silty and micaceous clays with some gypsum . . . I40 5 1,129 3 Teall* attributes the prevailing colour of the New Red rocks mainly to the (lateritic type of decomposition) ‘ subaerial decomposition of rocks containing ferriferous compounds’ ‘so common in tropical regions of the present day.’ ‘ Under this mode of decomposition the iron becomes oxidized and deposited as a coating on the grains of quartz and other undecomposed minerals. The red material thus produced would mantle the slopes, fill up the hollows, or be spread out as flat fans over the low ground by torrential action. It would also be deposited in lakes, lagoons or seas. In the presence of decomposing organic matter the ferric oxide would be reduced, the red colour would disappear, and the iron would take the form of a sulphide or carbonate. Thus the change in the colour seen near Axmouth at the junction of the Rhetic and Keuper was directly connected with the absence of fossils from the latter and their abundance in the former deposit.’ RHATIC BEDS Owing tothe Cretaceous overlap the Rhztic beds cannot be traced continuously from the coast. They crop out, but are cut off by fault in Pinhay Bay. Their main outcrop in Dowlands Cliff is largely concealed by cretaceous debris from the landslip, but at Culverhole H. B. Wood- ward * gives their thickness as 63 ft. 8 in., made up in descending order of 15 feet of thin bedded white lias limestones based by an impersis- tent bed of Cotham Stone, upon 18 feet of black shales containing Avicula contorta, Cardium rheticum, Pecten valoniensis, etc., with a bone bed at their base containing Acrodus, Hybodus, etc. The succeeding passage beds to the Keuper consist of 10 feet of green marl upon 20 feet of alternating pale greenish and cream-coloured marls with hard 1 P. O. Hutchinson, Trans. Devon Assoc. vol. xi. p- 383. > Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. May, 1902, p. 288. _ * Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1899), xvi. pt. 3, pp. 141, 142 5 Exeter Memoir, 1902, p. 76. * Proc. Geol. Assoc. xvi. pt. 3, p. 135. 32 GEOLOGY marly limestone bands and blackish clays. In the boring east of Uplyme the black shales seem to be very much thicker, perhaps 40 feet, and the overlying white lias limestones are about the same thickness as at Culverhole. Rhztic beds are at the surface in the valleys north of Uplyme, bounding the Lias, and in three inliers in the valley of the Axe, and fringing the Cretaceous rocks of Dalwood and Membuty. LOWER LIAS Through the denudation of the Greensand Lower Lias is at the surface in the valley of the Yarty north of Knap Cops ; in the valley of the Axe between Membury, Hawkchurch and Axminster ; and in the Up- lyme valley. Jukes-Browne estimates the thickness in the boring east of Uplyme as ‘ probably’ 62 ft. 4 in. From Pinhay Bay eastward the four zones, into which the interbedded limestones and shales of the Lower Lias have been divided, are encountered in ascending series.’ The basement zone of Ammonites planorbis estimated at from 22 to 24 feet in thickness commences with thin shales full of spines of Echinoderms. The next zone characterized by 4. angulatus is about 24 feet ; the over- lying 4. bucklandi zone about 38 feet, and the zone of 4. semuicostatus about 1g feet. CRETACEOUS The Greensands are capped by faulted masses of Chalk near Mem- bury and Wilmington. The chief extension of Chalk is along the coast between Lyme Regis and Salcombe Mouth. Jukes-Browne pre- fers the term Selbornian for the so-called Upper Greensand of Devon- shire, as this term includes Greensand, Malmstone and Gault clay, where typically developed in descending order, but clays or marl like Gault may occur in the highest stages. The clayey beds found near the base of the formation at Culverhole, in the South-Western Railway tunnel east of Honiton (north of Off- well), and south-east of Dalwood Common, perhaps also on Shute Hill (where the chert-beds are exposed), may be equivalent to the Malmstone or Upper Gault (zone of 4. rostratus) in Jukes-Browne’s opinion. Five shafts were sunk in the construction of the tunnel east of Honiton.” In the three westernmost of these clay with chert (resting on chert beds, broken up but perhaps partly in situ) from 33 to 54 feet in thickness, overlies the following succession :— ft. ft. Grey sand with springs . . . . . «. . from 62 to 96 Yellow sand, very wet. . . . 2s . » 18 ,, 20 Gault clay, blueand brown . . . 3. Os 7 Black Sand: = 2.035 0 Gp ear eee » 40 4, 50 Layer of white sand. . . . ». « «© . 1 Sandy clay . » 10 4 12 1 Oyart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 1902, vol. lviii. pp. 280, 281. 2 Jukes-Browne, ‘Cretaceous Rocks of Britain,’ Mem. of Geol. Sur. p. 213. 1 33 5 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE In the clay bed the Rev. W. Downes’ found Inoceramus concentricus, Pecten quadricostatus, Acteon affinis, and other shells. The Rev. W. Downes divided the Greensands of the Blackdowns and the Haldons into 15 zones or beds, numbered from the base upward, as follows in brief abstract :— Bed 15. Orbitolina chert, local, seen at Smallacombe Goyle, Little Haldon; in layers, 6 feet. Bed 14. Schorlaceous sand not glauconitic. Exegyra occasional, Haldon. 8 feet. Bed 13. ‘Littoral concrete’ of Prof. Duncan. ‘Three shell beds in sand. Exogyra abundant. Trigonia vicaryana, Vermicularia, (? about 2 feet). The above he considered to be higher than the Blackdown beds. Haldon. Sand with several layers of cherty sandstone. Pecten quadricostatus and Exogyra abundant. About 35 feet. Blackdown. Sand with layers of cherty sandstone passing upwards into chert. Pecten quadricostatus characteristic. About 25 feet. Bed 11. Variegated fine sand with thin impersistent shell bands, fossils broken and waterworn. Pectunculus sublevis and Trigonia affinis abundant. 18 feet. Bed 10. (Fitton’s bed 1) Very fossiliferous sandstone layers with sand partings. Cyprina cuneata, Exogyra conica, common; Trigonia scabricola, probably characteristic. About 3 feet. Bed 12 Beds 10 and 11 were thought to have a meagre representation at the base of the Greensand of the Haldons. Jukes-Browne’ considers bed 13 represented in bed 12 Blackdown ; Haldon bed 12 to be 11, not © 35, feet; that bed 14 is above 15, and that both are partly, or altogether, represented by the chert beds on the Devon coast. Bed 9. (Fitton’s bed 2) Thin layer of concretions used for scythestones. ‘ Hard fine vein.’ Bed 8. { Very fossiliferous bed in sand, Turitella granulata the prevailing fossil. Bed 7. | As above, Pectunculus umbonatus prevalent. Murex cakar often perfect. In beds 7 and 8 (together corresponding to Fitton’s bed 2) the fos- sils occur in clusters and have evidently been deposited in still water. The beds blend, though generally found in the order given. Their united thickness is about 4 feet. Bed 6. (Fitton’s bed 4) Sand with concretionary layers; few fossils including Inoceramus sulcatus, Pectunculus umbonatus ; known as ‘ Gutters.’ About 5 feet thick. Bed 5. Known as ‘Burrows.’ Concretionary beds divided by sand layers and used for building purposes, sometimes for whetstones. Few fossils, chiefly Inoceramus sulcatus and Trigonia aliformis. About 4 feet. Bed 4. (Fitton’s bed 6) ‘Bottom stones,’ concretions used for whetstones. Pec- a Ineceramus and Trigonia as above. From a few inches to 5 eet. Bed 3. (Fitton’s ‘Rock-sand’ bed 7) ‘Bottom rock,’ sand, few fossils including Trigonia aliformis, About 4 feet. Bed 2. (Fitton’s bed 8) Thin layer (a few inches) of concretions used for ‘scythe stones. ‘Soft fine vein.’ Beds g to 2, inclusive, have formerly been largely quarried for whetstones on Punchey Down. * Geol. Mag. July 1886, pp. 309, 310. 2 Op. cit. p. 225. 34 GEOLOGY Bed 1. Homogeneous whitey-brown sand, ‘ white rock,’ unfossiliferous and without current bedding. About 30 feet. Jukes-Browne* agrees in Downes’ conclusion that the beds g to 1 inclusive have thinned out between Sidmouth and Haldon. The sections on the north side of Great Haldon’ give a total thickness estimated at 66 feet, whilst total thicknesses exceeding go feet have been recorded on Little Haldon.* The total maximum thickness of the Selbornian in Devon is about 200 feet. Chalk.—The Lower Chalk as seen on the coast and in the outlier between Offwell and Widworthy* (east of Honiton) consists of cal- careous sandstones (containing Ammonites mantel, Pecten asper, etc.), often very coarse and pebbly at the base, with an upper horizon of quartziferous limestone with glauconitic grains containing Scapbites @qualis, etc. The upper bed is sometimes absent. Jukes-Browne applies the term Cenomanien to this arenaceous equivalent of the Chalk Marl. The Lower Chalk of Membury is of a more ordinary type. The thick- ness of these beds varies, being in part of the outlier east of Honiton as much as 40 feet, of which the upper bed is only 2 feet. The Middle Chalk consists of white chalk with many flints, the zone of Terebratulina gracilis. It is about 80 feet thick in the coast near Beer, and forms the upper 52 feet of the large Beer quarry. The lower zone of hard chalk characterized by Réynchonella cuvieri is about 40 feet thick on the coast. It forms the lower part of the large quarry at Beer, of which the follow- ing downward succession is given by Jukes-Browne :— feet Hard compact yellowish limestone passing down into hard shelly chalk. 2 Rough yellowish nodular chalk with Inoceramus ee aoe cuvieri, etc... oo soe » Dag Good crystalline freestone i in ‘several beds . i Chole. Ue Ste Ve a SS ES The Upper Chalk consists of chalk with many flints passing down into hard nodular chalk (chalk rock). The upper part is characterized as the zone of Micraster cortestudinarium, the lower part as the zone of Holaster planus. A prominent black flint band has been taken as the separating line at Whitecliff. TERTIARY AND TERTIARY REMANIES The clay with flints and chert varies from a red-brown clay with unworn and broken chalk flints, where it rests on the Chalk or in the vicinity of Chalk outliers, to a yellowish-brown clay or loam with, or without, broken chalk flints over, or mixed with, the chert fragments where it rests on Greensand. The Rev. W. Downes* noted that the flinty clay on Blackdown, south of the latitude of Kentisbeare, capped the cherty accumulation without admixture. Quartz grains are occa- sionally met with in the clay, and any extraneous material, such as 1 Geol. Mag. July 1886, p. 225. ? Ibid. p. 220. 3 Ibid. pp. 224, 225. * Quart. Fourn. Geol, Soc. Aug. 1898, vol. liv. pp. 240-50. See also Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc. 1899, vol. xvi. pt. 3, pp. 134, 138-9. 5 Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. Feb. 1882, p. 83. 35 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE boulders of flint breccia in the pits on the hills near Sidmouth, may be easily accounted for by gradual subsidence over the pipes which have been dissolved out of the.subjacent Chalk or Greensand. In a quarry on Salcombe Hill one of these pipes was seen penetrating Greensand with beds of chert to a depth of nearly 20 feet ; the narrow termination of the pipe for 5% feet was filled with sand, above this to the surface with clay with nodular chalk flints. In the same section are pipes of sand which do not extend more than 3 or 4 feet in the Selbornian. The accumulation is confined to the plateaux; its thickness varies from a few to over 30 feet. Where the plateau has been broken by fault, as in the valley on the west side of Stockland Hill, the stony clay has been displaced with it.. The upheaval and denudation of the Cretaceous sea bed, the deposition of argillaceous and loamy Tertiary materials, whether Woolwich and Reading beds or London Clay, and the subsequent solvent action of percolating water corroding the Chalk remnants or calcareous Selbornian beds, and substituting clay or loam derived by filtration from the overlying materials, explain the local variations of the accumulation. There are some old marl pits on Brown Down (between Yarcombe and Otterford) which seem to have been opened in dark drab-brown clay without stones. Between Otterford and Church Staunton small quartz pebbles occur in red clay, which was seen resting on reddish loamy sand with occa- sional pebbles and fragments of chert. South of Stockland Hill, toward Dalwood Down, 5 to 6 feet of coarse brown and grey quartzose sand with whitish spots and a few chert stones occurs on the summit. A patch of gravel rests on the Selbornian north of Burnworthy farm (near Staple Hill) ; its southern limits are within the Devon boun- dary. A pit gave the following downward section :— Red-brown loam with irregular whitish streaks, with occasional quartz pebbles throughout, 3 to 4 feet. Pale buff and red-brown sand with whitish mottling and an impersistent seam of fine quartz gravel, 2 to 3 feet. Red-brown gravel, mostly of small irregular quartz pebbles, with angular frag- ments of siliceous rock and chert, close together in a clayey matrix ; seams of finer gravel and coarse sand are present, 5 feet exposed. Large pebbles of quartz, flint, and dark grey slaty rock occur in the lower part of the deposit. This gravel was doubtfully ascribed to the Tertiary period in 1878.” The Haldon Gravels were pronounced to be Bagshot by Reid in 1898.’ He describes the plateau gravel on Great Haldon as ‘ mainly composed of large boulders of “ annealed” or toughened chalk-flint weathered to a considerable depth. . . . Mixed with these is much Greensand chert * De la Beche’s Report, p. 311—faults near Wambrook. ? Ussher, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 1878, p. 452. ® Reid, ibid. 1898, pp. 234-6. 36 GEOLOGY and veined Palzozoic grits like those so conspicuous further east. At Haldon Paleozoic rocks are somewhat more common in larger pieces, less worn, and Purbeck rocks are naturally absent; in other respects the Haldon and Dorset gravels are of identical composition and appearance, containing similar seams of white clay and rough quartz sand.’ At Upcott (or Lower Uppercott) limestone quarry, north-east of Chudleigh and about 200 feet lower than the Haldon gravels and clay, or loam, with flints, a mass of fine (? Selbornian) sand, subordinate to coarse sand and fine gravel with some worn chalk flints, has been pre- served through the dissolution of the limestone, and forms the most northerly indication of the spread of the Milber Down and Kingsteign- ton, etc., sands and gravels. These gravels bound the lignitiferous clays and sands very irregularly. They exhibit high dips at Staple Hill, Woolborough and other places towards the depression occupied by the clays and sands. Near Lower Staple Hill Reid saw the gravels passing under the lower beds of the pipe clay. De la Beche observes,’ ‘ Upon these [gravels] the clay and sands of the Bovey deposit may be seen to rest. He however considered that the gravels overlaid ‘ undisturbed Greensand,’ as a boring near the Bovey Heathfield Pottery * was carried to a depth of ‘nearly 300 feet through sands resembling those on Haldon’ without reaching their base and without encountering lignite beds. These marginal beds vary in composition, Culm fragments being most frequent toward the west. A patch of worn granite sand overlain by coarse gravel with granite boulders (and some white flint apparently) near Lustleigh, south of Alsford farm, points to the extension of the deposit in that direction. About two miles north of Kingsteignton Reid notes a section of 12 feet of ‘coarse gravel of well rounded large chalk flints . . .; much small quartz ; Paleozoic grits, coarse and fine; radiolarian chert (common) and red jasper (one pebble); greenstone and ash; Greensand chert (one large block)’ on 3 feet of buff schorlaceous sand. Towards Hac- combe he noted numerous large water-worn blocks of Greensand chert and large Chalk flints in the gravel. Near Staple Hill he found it ‘largely composed of quartz, veined grit, radiolarian chert, and igneous rock’ with ‘several masses of Greensand chert and two rolled Chalk flints.’ The sand and gravel has been retained in hollows and potholes on the surface of the limestone north of Kingsteignton, and outliers are found on the Culm and New Red rocks. On the south-east of Ug- brooke Park, near Old Chard and Underhays, large reddish siliceous boulders, intensely hard and in places brecciated, accompany the deposit. At Hestow farm, south of Ideford, there is a mass of these boulders, which seem to be greywethers. Pengelly * gave detailed sections of the lignite pits of Bovey, the 1 Report on the Geology, etc. pp. 257, 248. 2 Pengelly and Heer, Péi/. Trans. 1862, vol. clii. p. 1022, etc. 37 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE deeper exposure exhibiting over 120 feet of alternating beds of sand and clay and of clay with 27 bands of lignite. At the Potteries near Heath- field station H. B. Woodward’ summarizes the section as ‘a variable series of grey and white clays, carbonaceous sands, and occasional lignite beds.’ ‘It was mentioned that a boring had been carried to a depth of 520 feet from the surface through clays, sands and lignites without reach- ing the base.’ ‘An excellent section of the lignite-series with bands of potters’ clay’ is visible ‘in the “Great Plantation” east of Preston Manor Clay Works.’ At Abbrooks gravel is interbedded with the clay. Comparing the Bovey lignite flora to the fossil plants in the marine series of the Bournemouth beds, Starkie Gardiner says, * ‘ when we com- pare the ferns as Osmunda (Pecopteris) lignita, Lastrea bunburyt, the cactus (Palmacites demonorops), the fruits, conifers or dicotyledons, it is seen that by far the larger proportion are not only specifically identical, but occur exactly in the same combinations and manner of preservation.’ Reid * however, pending a re-examination of the Bovey flora, does not regard the botanical evidence as conclusive. De la Beche reconciled the great difference in level between the Greensand said to occur beneath the Bovey clays and that of the Haldons by subsequent disturbance of the beds, or by previous erosion, in either case combined with faults.‘ ‘At Orleigh Court near Bideford, 43% miles from the green sand of the Black Down Hills, and 36 miles from that of Great Haldon,’ De la Beche® referred to a patch of sand, ‘a few acres in area,’ resem- bling the fox mould of the Greensand near Lyme Regis, with ‘ superin- cumbent gravel’ similar to ‘that on the Haldons and Black Downs,’ composed of flint and chert in which Ga/erites albogalerus, Sphatangus coranguinum, etc., were found. About twenty-five years ago no good sections of these deposits were visible ; red earthy clay with chalk flints and broken flints and chips was however exposed, and fragments of in- durated coarse quartzose sand were met with in the vicinity. South of Rivaton farm (on a common south-east of Stapledon), 54 . miles south-south-east of Orleigh Court, gravel of rather small angular and subangular, and occasional pebbly, quartz, chips and worn nodular pieces of blackish, red, and brown flint, with angular and subangular Culm grit stones in a sand of similar derivation, occurs at 500 feet above the sea, on the summit level of the Culm Measures of the vicinity. The Petrockstow depression (between Torrington and Hatherleigh) lies 24 miles east of this gravel. This depression is 4§ miles in length from N. 30° W. to S. 30° E., and about three-quarters of a mile broad, but narrowing northward. ‘The flattish surface consists of a Head of clay with slightly worn fragments of Culm grits and quartz and gravelly seams, from 5 to 10 feet thick ; beneath this stiff unctuous white clay ' Proc. Geol. Assoc. for 1900, pp. 426, 427. ? Quart. Fourn, Geol. Soc. 1879, p. 227. 3 Reid, op. cit. p. 236. * Op. cit. p. 236. See also Geological Manual, p. 200. 5 De la Beche, op. cit. pp. 236, 249. 38 GEOLOGY with drab bands has been encountered in a shaft sunk at the Clay Works between Lower Marland and Moor Hill farms to a depth of 80 feet without reaching its base. At 56 feet from the surface, veins (or irre- gular beds) of lignite, seldom exceeding a foot in thickness, were en- countered. These clays were described and correlated with the Bovey clays in 1879. About a quarter mile from Petrockstow church fine gravel (chiefly of worn quartz and occasionally bound in ferruginous cement) and coarse sand contains a few fragments of whitish sandy rock, in one of which a portion of Echinus was found, denoting derivation in part from Selbornian materials. ‘Towards Huish gravel is also worked. These gravels may be marginal deposits of, or overlie, the clays. At about 11 miles north-west of Haldon Belvidere and about 14 miles from the Petrockstow depression, a patch of gravel rests on the Lower New Red breccia, at a quarter of a mile west of Colford (near Yeoford). A pit 5 feet deep showed (twenty-seven years ago) pale buff gravel of small subangular quartz stones with broken well-worn chalk flints and a few pieces of dark grey slaty rock. This cordon of observations points to the north-westerly extension of Cretaceous rocks and of Tertiary deposits between Haldon and Bide- ford Bay, and it is not improbable that a detailed survey of the Culm area would afford further evidence. The large tracts of disintegrated granite in the drainage depressions of Dartmoor may be, in part, the relics of Tertiary gravels and sands, dating to a period when the lakes of Petrockstow and Bovey were fed by streams rising in the granite. The sloping surface of the Cretaceous plain from Black Down south- ward, coupled with the difficulty in distinguishing sand associated with Tertiary gravels from Greensand which may underlie them, in view of the great thickness of sand said to underlie the Bovey pipeclays in that depression, calls for additional and protracted investigations in the Bovey valley and on its borders, before we can reconstruct the former extension of the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, and assign a definite reason for discrepancies in level with reasonable hope of success.” The simple ex- planation given in the prefatory notes of deposits left at different stages in the processes of Tertiary denudation has been provisionally adopted. The planed surfaces of the Devonian limestone hills of the Torquay, Brixham and Plymouth area probably date from Permian times, as out- liers of Lower New Red on the surface and in fissures are found near Waddeton and Brixham, etc. ; but, as in the case of the potholes in the limestone north of Kingsteignton, these materials may have been re- moved during, or prior to, the deposition of Tertiary gravels and sands, and subsequently corroded hollows may have retained, very locally, traces of Tertiary deposition. On the Hoe, Plymouth, averaging 100 feet above mean tide, 1 Ussher, ‘On the Deposits of Petrockstow in Devon,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1879. 2 Godwin-Austen attributed the discrepancies in level to subsequent movements (Quart. Fourn, Geol. Soc, vol. vi. p. 91). 39 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Worth' records the occurrence of clayey earth with scattered pebbles of quartz, schorl rock, grey grit, felspar, hornblende schist and brown pumiceous rock with iron ore and vein stuff. In this deposit patches of white clay, similar to Bovey clays, are present. The pebbles range up to over 12 lb. in weight. The gravelly clay rests on white, drab, cream-coloured and red sand, fine and quartzose, and coarse and schorla- ceous. These deposits also occur in hollows in the limestone of Catte- down. On the northern slope of Cattedown, 60 to 70 feet above datum, Worth discovered a gravel deposit in clayey subsoil. The pebbles, run- ning up to 34 lb. in maximum weight, betrayed derivation from fissures in the limestone, being partly encrusted with stalagmite. Flint (mostly chalk flint) pebbles, well rolled and up to 2 1b. in weight, formed 40 per cent, and in another place 67 per cent, of the stones; next came schorl rock and quartz; amongst the limestone pebbles one of Lias limestone, two probably Culm limestone, and one of freestone like Beer stone, were found. Stones of grits of various kinds, of Culm chert (probably), Elvan and other granitoid rocks, shalstein, diabase, epidiorite, andesite, volcanic grit (probably from the Wearde-Efford beds=? Middle Culm) were also found. Whether the above are Tertiary or remanics of Tertiary or early Pleistocene gravels is not apparent. PLEISTOCENE Gravels left at considerable heights above the adjacent or neighbour- ing lines of drainage, marking early stages in the elaboration of the existing contour, are met with in the watersheds of the Exe and its tributaries, and less frequently in the valleys of the Paleozoic area. These gravels are composed of materials derived from the catchment areas in which they occur. Flint and chert are usually more or less abundant in the old gravels on the cliffs near Dawlish and east of Exmouth. In the Pebble-bed districts, west of Ottery St. Mary and near Bud- leigh Salterton, their materials have been so largely re-deposited that it is difficult to define their actual limits. A good instance of re-deposition of Lower New Red sands and breccia is shown in the railway cutting between Langstone Point and Dawlish,” where it overlies an old gravel of the Exe, composed of well rolled flint, chert and derivatives from New Red breccia, which rests at 70 feet or more above datum, on sand and breccia (excepting inclined indications of bedding, very similar to the re-deposit). The coastline at the time the old gravels east and west of Exmouth were deposited was situated a considerable distance seaward of its present limits, and some of these gravels were probably contem- poraneous with the raised beaches. RN. Worth, ‘On the Geology of Plymouth,’ Trans. Plymouth Instit. for 1875 ; ‘Some Detrital Deposits associated with the Plymouth Limestone, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn. for 1888. 7 Ussher, ‘On the Mouth of the River Exe,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. 1878; ‘The Geology of Dawlish,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. 1881. 40 HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE | OROGRAF+ 40' LS 5r E 1 ‘Beawoi te Sta. Bhi I ipSe-\\_Sphsyte y Gants y > pI 7, r= y \\ + aN Ge NG 40' The Edinburgh Geographical Institate 20' Scale of Miles = 1 o1l2z%3 45 67 8 9 10 THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF ‘ Nt itary} Craurch, A 7? (Bsn Eee. § | 5 Vi 0 5S SEALY A SY iw i REFERENCE NOTE ‘| above 2000 feet 1750 to 2000 feet 1500 to 1750 feet 1250 to1500 feet 1000 to 1250 feet 800 to 1000 feet 600 to 800 feet 400 to 600 feet 200 to 400 feet Sea Level to 200 feet SEA LEVEL SAND Sea Level to 50 feet 50 to 100 feet below 100 feet 40’ e THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND GEOLOGY At Exeter remains of old gravels of the Exe rise to over 100 feet above the alluvium. It is rare to find any more or less continuous ex- tension of the older gravels in the Secondary area and still more so in the Paleozoic area. Good examples of gravels at various levels mark stages in the excavation of the Dart valley’ above Totnes. In the Teign valley many instances have been described.” On a Culm sand- stone quarry south of Bideford an old gravel of the Torridge was observed at about 70 feet above the adjacent alluvium. A good example of more recent gravel is visible at 10 feet above the alluvium of the same river at Beam Bridge, north-west of Torrington. The best terrace features of the Taw are in the vicinity of Umberleigh ; of the Tamar at and north of Rumleigh House, opposite Calstock ; of the Tavy north of Lopwell ; of the Plym between Shaugh Bridge and Bickleigh Bridge ; of the Avon at Avonwick and South Brent ; of the Erme between Keaton Bridge and Ivybridge. All these indicate a comparatively recent stage in the exca- vation of their respective valleys, although in some cases they occur at 50 to 100 feet above the adjacent alluvia. The stream valley deposits bear out the remark of Godwin-Austen.” ‘There is not perhaps a single valley through which a river or even a brook at present takes its course, along which alluvia are not found at elevations such as the existing streams in their most swollen state never have attained.’ Raised Beaches.—The raised beaches rest on rock platforms at eleva- tions which nowhere indicate a depression of 100 feet and seldom of more than 20 to 30 feet. The raised beach under the Hoe is described by Hennah* as from 2 to 3 feet of cemented sand and water-worn pebbles from 15 to 18 feet above high water mark. Dr. Moore gives the height of the Hoe raised beach as 35 feet above high water. Between Prawle and Start Points the steep slopes are fringed by a strip of ground, 40 to 120 yards wide, composed of Head or stony clay, sloping gently seaward, from heights of 50 to 100 feet, to the cliff line which is formed by it for about 3 miles. The accumulation shows signs of admixture with old beach material in places at its base, which rests on a well-defined rock platform a few feet above high water mark. ' Upon this platform at Malcombe Point two large water-worn erratic boulders rest. In view of the boulders at the base of the Saunton raised beach it is more probable that these were stranded during the raised beach period than from the ballast of a wreck. The Head is 30 feet thick or more in the cliffs. The raised beach at the south horn of Hope’s Nose consists of stratified shelly sand, with pebbles and shells in the lower part, and its base, according to Godwin-Austen,’ is 31 feet above high water mark. Old beach materials rich in shells are scattered over parts of reef platforms, at 10 to 20 feet above high water mark, on the Thatcher rock. Hunt’ Ussher, ‘On some Old Gravels of the River Dart,’ etc., Trans. Devon Assoc. 1876. Ormerod, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 423, etc. Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, Vol. vi. p. 439. * Op. cit. ser. 1, vol. iv. p. 410. Op. cit. p. 441. Hunt, ‘The Raised Beach of the Thatcher Rock,’ etc., Trans. Devon Assoc. 1888, pp. 225-52. 6 I 41 aaw wp A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE concludes that the shells afford evidence of a different contour, of shelv- ing shores and abundance of sand, whilst species such as Trophon trunca- tus indicate colder conditions ; Torbay being then, if hollowed out, not deeply indented. Raised beach materials, generally shelly, occur at 10 to 20 feet above high water in places on the Brixham coast. Near Sharkham Point, the raised beach materials have been mixed with rubble from a hematite mine ; they consist of small flint, slate and quartz pebbles, comminuted shells and sand. On the north coast there are traces of raised beach at 8 to 15 feet above high water mark, between Morthoe and Woolacombe, and at the south end of Woolacombe beach, the pebbles being mostly of local derivation, but small well worn flint are present and a few of grani- toid rocks. From the south side of Baggy Point to Braunton Burrows for about 2 miles raised beach materials are more or less continuously visible resting irregularly, at from 2 to 15 feet above high water mark, on a platform cut in Upper Devonian slates, and overlain by a variable thickness of Head (said by Pengelly to be in places roo feet). Toward Baggy Point, Sedgwick and Murchison * state that the coarser shingles, in parts 19 feet thick, rise rapidly to the north to a height of 60 or 70 feet above high water mark. The upper part of the deposit consists as a rule of laminated consolidated sand upon coarse shelly concrete with pebbles, occasionally of flint. On the south side of Saunton promontory about 50 feet of laminated brownish sandstone, overlain by 8 feet of Head, rests on horizontal layers of cemented grit and quartz pebbles with shells, about 10 feet thick, welded in the interstices of the slate reefs at about 10 feet above high water mark. Toward Northam Bur- rows, south of Croyde, a cave worn in the consolidated beach discloses a large boulder of slaty rock behind which the red granite boulder is seen partly cemented in more or less consolidated beach material, false bedded in places, and containing pebbles. The boulders rest on the rock reef at 2 or 3 feet above high water mark. There are traces of raised beach containing occasional flint pebbles between Appledore and Westward Ho, 5 to 10 feet above high water mark. From Westward Ho pier for half a mile the raised beach is more or less continuously visible ; it consists of Culm grit pebbles, similar to those of the modern beach but rather smaller, associated with sand, from 6 to 20 feet thick and from 8 to 25 feet above high water mark. North of Fremington old gravels, from 10 to 25 feet thick, occur at from 8 to 15 feet above high water mark, and extend eastward through Muddlebridge and Hele to the Taw valley north of Tawstock Park on higher land which is flanked on the south by a flattish tract of clay. At Roundswell, in this tract, 100 feet above the sea, Maw’ describes a well section in which 78 feet of smooth tough brown homogeneous clay, * Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 281. ? Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 447. 42 GEOLOGY with stones in the upper 12 feet, and driftwood at 40 feet from the surface, was penetrated and found to rest on a gravelly beach similar to that at Fremington and at the same level. He also records a well sinking at Roundswell hamlet mill in 1862, through 40 feet of smooth mostly unstratified brown clay to gravel beach. Near Upper Rounds- well the clay is said to be go feet thick, thinning eastward and westward. The phenomena suggest an old channel of the Taw filled with gravel contemporary with the raised beaches, subsequently deepened during their elevation and filled with river mud overlain by Head, or subaerial washes from the neighbouring slopes. Submerged Rock Valleys, Head, etc.—If the old valley, above described, were re-excavated and submerged it would afford an apposite illustration of the submerged rock valleys of the Dart, Plym, Tamar and Tavy de- scribed by Codrington.’ Outside Kingswear jetty a stiff deposit with granite and quartz boulders was proved beneath the silt. The rock bed of the Tavy, in the deepest parts 25 to 68 feet below spring tide low water at the viaduct, was found to be covered by 2 to 4 feet of stiff yellow clay with small granite boulders, under the silt. Patches of clay with stones were found here and there on the rock sides or bottom under the silt which partly fills these submerged valleys. Codrington con- sidered the stony clays to be relics of boulder clay, and that the valleys had been excavated to their present depth before the glacial period. The Yealm and Salcombe creeks may be also regarded as submerged rock valleys. At Puslinch by the Yealm a sinking of 40 feet was made without reaching rock.’ At Splat Cove a gravel deposit, probably contemporaneous with the raised beaches, occurs, at about 15 feet above high water mark, near the mouth of the Salcombe estuary. These valleys were no doubt in existence during the raised beach period, but the argument against their excavation to their present depth at that time is rather favoured by the general absence of rock platforms and of contemporary gravels along their borders. The modifying and deepening of existing valleys, especially in their seaward extension, during the period of elevation which succeeded the raised beach formation, accords best with the phenomena described. At Rum- leigh on the Tamar there are terraces marking successive steps in this erosion. The clayey gravel terrace with granite boulders, cited by Cod- rington, bounds the alluvium near Gawton Mine and belongs to the same series of accumulations as the Head on the coast which ‘marks a time when the degradation of the surface proceeded much more rapidly than by the mere effects of decomposition, and when fragments of rock far exceeding the motive power of any rainfall were conveyed down slopes along which the minutest particles of matter, only, are now carried.’® 1 Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. liv. pp. 262-76. 2 Worth, ‘The Geology of Plymouth,’ Trans. Plym. Inst. 1875. 3 Godwin-Austin, ‘On the Superficial Accumulations of the coasts of the English Channel,’ Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. 43 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE It is not improbable that river ice may have assisted in this work of denudation and transport and even have aided during the closing stages of the elevation in the processes of excavation. The Head on the coast and the fluviatile Head is often seen to pass into the detrital infillings of valley bottoms; of this there are good examples in the Bolt district, between the Start and Prawle, and in the deposit near Gawton Mine. The insulated pinnacles of coast Head near Peartree Point, on the old beach reef, face two of these valleys. At Venericks Cove (between the Prawle and Salcombe estuary) and on Ivy Island (Revelstoke coast) there are insulated patches of Head on the old beach reef. The relics of Head adhering to the cliffs in positions where no modern talus could rest testify at once to the antiquity of the accumulation and to the denudation it has undergone. The Head of the Bovey valley contains here and there ‘ patches of fine potter’s clay in which the clay diggers occasionally meet with stumps and roots of trees, the latter so ramifying as to indicate that they are in situ; in addition to these remains leaves have occasionally been met with, from which the dwarf birch (Betula nana) and three species of willow (Salix cinerea, S. repens, S. amygdalina) have been determined. These plants betoken a climate much colder than that which at present obtains in Devonshire.’* Underlying the clay, which in one of the sections was 10 feet thick and under g feet of unfossiliferous clay and sand, 13 feet of sandy clay with angular and subangular stones was encountered. The term ‘ Head’ does not postulate more than the inclusion of the deposits to which it is applied in the same general period, in which the land attained its maximum elevation and began to subside. Of the vegetation of this period the dwarf birch and willows of the Bovey Head are the earliest examples of which we have evidence, the submerged forest traces are the latest. Submerged Forests—Between Saunton Down and the mouth of the Taw estuary Claypole” observed Scrobicularia clay in which roots and rootlets were locally plentiful, projecting through the sands above low water mark. Outside the south end of Northam Pebble Ridge for 200 yards along the shore, nearly as far out as low water, Ellis* found peat with prostrate boughs and trunks of birch, alder and oak mixed with roots and acorns on a band, a few inches thick, of closely packed broken Culm grit pebbles upon blue clay. In the Exeter Museum the Westward Ho forest is described as peat 2 feet on—blue clay submerged 23 feet at high water, containing remains of wild boar, goat, long-fronted ox, wolf, roe- buck, red deer, and bones of birds and fishes, 2 feet thick on—a kitchen midden, a dark line of mould containing numerous flints all of Palezo- lithic types, split bones, leg bones of ox and red deer, bits of pottery, a 1 Pengelly, Presidential Address, Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1867 3 Phil. Trans. vol. clii. p. 1019. ? Claypole, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. vol. vii. pt. i. p. 16. 3 Ellis, Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1866, p. 80. 44 GEOLOGY stone pounder, charcoal, cockle and periwinkle shells. The position of the kitchen midden needs verification. T. M. Hall,’ in 1864, recorded the exposure at Westward Ho of 4 feet of peat with trunks of between seventy and eighty large trees, appar- ently oak, birch and hazel, hazel nuts, flint flakes, bones of deer, ox, wild boar, wolf, etc. He found decomposed pointed stakes driven in a rude semicircle into a quantity of small perfectly angular stones which, in places, were observed under the peat. In south Devon.—In Bigbury Bay, close to the north end of the Thurlestone Rock reefs, Pengelly* records the exposure of dark blue clay tage trunks of trees, including oak, at 150 feet seaward of high water mark. _ At North Sands, in the Salcombe estuary, peat with remains of trees, including oak, is sometimes disclosed by gales. At Blackpool near Stoke Fleming brown clay with twigs, nuts, leaves, tree trunks and rooted stumps, and bluish clays on the land- ward side, were exposed in 1869.° In 1881 the forest traces were again visible.* On Tor Abbey Sands 10 feet of peat with trees has been seen, also on the foreshore at Paignton where the blue clay associated with the forest bed is often visible. In this Torbay Forest, at Tor Abbey Sands, Goodrington and Broad Sands, bones of red deer, wild boar, horse, long-fronted ox and mammoth are said to have been found.° The peat passes under the alluvial clay of the Paignton and Goodrington marshes. Signs of submerged vegetation have been observed at Sid- mouth. The extensive peat bogs on Dartmoor may be included in the same period of arboreal extension. The slower rate of denudation during the later stages of the sub- sidence, which led to the advance of the sea to its present bounds and to the final submergence of the lower forest areas, is exemplified by the narrow waterways of the present streams and rivers excavated in their older and broader beds, by the silting up of estuaries and the formation of sandbanks like the Warren, or of gravel beaches as in the case of the Otter, Sid, and lesser streams across their mouths. During this movement of subsidence oscillations seem to have taken place, and to this cause the occurrence of recent estuarine conditions in sites no longer affected by them, as in the case of the Alphington gravels, has been ascribed by Godwin-Austen. How far such oscillations may have contributed to the formation of such gravel beaches as Slapton Sands, and the Northam Pebble Ridge, is open to conjecture. Caverns.—The bone caves and fissures of Devon are naturally con- fined to the limestone areas of Plymouth, Yealmpton and Torquay. Hall, Proc. Soc. Antig. for 1 Dec. 1864. “On a Newly Discovered Submerged Forest, etc.’ Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1866, Pengelly, Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1869. Hunt, ‘ On Exposures, etc.’ Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1881. Pengelly, ‘ The Submerged Forests of Torbay,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1865. 45 no em © be A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Remains of extinct mammalia have been found in the osseous fissures of Oreston ;* above a raised beach on Plymouth Hoe, 35 feet above high water, perhaps washed down from fissures in the limestone = in Cattedown Quarry, in caverns with a connecting passage, the entrance to which seems to have been from above; in the Yealm Bridge Cavern, proved to have been an hyena den; in Windmill Hill Cavern, Kent’s Cavern and Chudleigh Cave. Windmill Hill Cavern, Brixham (discovered in 1858), consists of a series of north and south galleries, in the direction of the jointing of the limestone, with an entrance about half way up the hill, at 94 feet above high-water mark. The deposits in descending order consisted of :— Stalagmite not always present, up to over a foot in thickness. Reddish Cave-earth, averaging 2 to 4 feet thick, with limestone fragments and occasional pieces of stalagmite, probably remains of an old floor. For about 40 feet from the entrance a thin peaty layer rested on the Cave-earth. Animal remains occurred sparingly in the stalagmites ; abundantly in the Cave-earth. Waterworn shingle of pebbles of limestone, quartz, greenstone, grit and shale, 2 to 6 feet thick. : The formation of the cave is thought to have been carried on simultaneously with the excavation of the valley.‘ In Kent’s Cavern,’ near the entrances (which overlook the valley between Anstey’s Cove and Meadfoot beach) were found a layer of black leaf mould, from 3 inches to 1 foot thick, granular stalagmite up to 5 feet in thickness and below, a black band of 4 inches of charred wood. Under the above, Cave-earth with angular limestone fragments occurs, probably to a thickness of over 12 feet in places. An older stalagmite floor, called the crystalline stalagmite, is found in parts of the cave, in places 12 feet thick and containing bones of bears. Beneath this is the oldest deposit—a breccia composed of sub- angular and rounded pieces of dark red grit, some quartz pebbles, and very rarely small angular limestone fragments with stalagmitic coating, in a sandy paste. Happaway and Anstey’s Cove and Buckfastleigh Caves call for no special reference. Boulders, etc.—The evidences put forward in support of the pre- valence of glacial conditions prior to the formation of the raised beaches are: The clay with flints on the cretaceous plain®; the stony clays on sides or bottom of submerged rock valleys; and the occurrence on high land of large boulders considered to have come from a distance. The * Worth, ‘The Geology of Plymouth, Trans. Plymouth Inst. 1875, and ‘The Bone Caves of the Plymouth District,’ ibid. 1879 ; ‘ The Cattedown Bone Cave,” ibid. 1887-8. * Dr. Moore, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1841 ; Trans. of Sects. p. 62. ® De la Beche, Report, etc. p. 414. * Report on the Exploration of Brixham Cave, Proc. Roy. Soc. No. 137 (1872), and Pil, Trans. 1873, PP. 471-572. ; 5 From papers by Pengelly, Fours. Plymouth Inst. 1875 ; Trans. Devon Assoc. 1882, p. 691. * Ussher, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 1878, pp. 453, 456. 46 GEOLOGY first may be dismissed as a purely theoretical and unnecessary assumption. The second cannot be disproved, but can be equally well accounted for during the period of denudation and rapid accumulation subsequent to the raised beach formation. The felsitic boulders near Stapledon Com- mon south-west of Torrington’ occur at intervals in a north and south line, just as the harder portions of a dyke would remain and withstand surface denudation. The large quartz rock blocks near Gawton’ and elsewhere are the portions of the local slates most interpenetrated by quartz veins which have survived the denudation of their less durable surroundings. The boulders of siliceous rock near Hestow farm and elsewhere between Chudleigh and Kingsteignton have been ascribed to greywethers from denuded Tertiaries, otherwise it would be difficult to explain their presence. Economic.—The county is rich in materials for the manufacture of pottery, bricks and tiles. The Watcombe ware is made from the Lower New Red clays of that locality, and the Aller ware from the clays of the Bovey valley ; these also furnish materials for bricks and tiles. China clay is worked in the decomposed granite of Headon Down, Lee Moor and Cadover Bridge at and near the south-western border of Dartmoor. Bricks are manufactured from alluvial clays and Head, as at Rumleigh and near West Looe; from the soil of the Keuper marls; from the Middle New Red marls; from the clays and brecciated clays of the Lower New Red at Exeter, Tiverton, etc. The Cretaceous rocks furnish the best building stone, in the Beer stone, and whetstones on Blackdown. The Lower New Red breccias and breccia conglomerates, near Paignton, Torquay, Exeter and Halber- ton are quarried for building stone and wallstone. The Permian trap rocks afford good building material, as may be seen in most of the churches in the districts in which they occur. The Middle and Upper Culm rocks furnish grits and sandstones, locally used for building purposes. The seams of anthracite near Bide- ford, Alverdiscot, etc., are used in the manufacture of a pigment called ‘ Bideford black.’ The Coddon Hill beds are quarried for gravel and road metal. The Westleigh limestones are quarried for lime-burning and build- ing purposes. Interbanded Lower Culm rocks have been used with other materials in the construction of Tiverton church. The Devonian limestones furnish ornamental and ordinary building stones, lime, and road metal. The Upper Devonian rocks have been quarried for slates near Buckfastleigh and elsewhere. The Eifelian have been more largely quarried for the same purpose, at Harbertonford for instance. ‘The Lower Devonian grits are locally suitable for building purposes ; the slates of the Meadfoot series are quarried for roofing slate in the Kingsbridge district, and often for building stone, where the 1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1876 ; Trans. of Sect. p. 110 5 and Ussher, ‘On the Deposits of Petrockstow,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. 1879. 2 Codrington, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 1898, pp. 271-2. 47 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE cohesion of the laminz is pronounced, and for flags, ‘ lidstones,’ or hedge stones. The granite in places forms a good building stone, and where dis- integrated furnishes material for gravelling walks, etc. The hornblende-epidote schists are used for building purposes and road metal. . The diabases, dolerites, etc., are used for road metal. Near Trus- ham a hard greenstone has been dressed for building purposes, and here and there the diabases are quarried for building materials. Such felsites as the Roborough stone are suitable for building and for road metal, 48 PALHONTOLOGY HE centre of interest in regard to the vertebrate paleontology of Devonshire is formed by the fossil remains obtained from the caves and cavernous fissures on the south coast: these cavern deposits being the first which were scientifically examined in Britain, and the first to afford evidence of the co-existence of man with the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and other extinct Pleistocene mam- mals. ‘Two of the most energetic workers in this field of research in the county were the late Rev. J. MacEnery and the late Mr. W. Pengelly, but many other paleontologists took a prominent part in this important investigation. The earliest discovery of the occurrence of mammaliferous cave deposits in the county appears to have been made in 1816 by Mr. Whidbey, at that time in charge of the works connected with the Plymouth breakwater." From the now well known cavernous fissures at Oreston near Plymouth that gentleman obtained numerous bones and teeth of large mammals, which were submitted to Sir Everard Home, by whom they were brought to the notice of the Royal Society in 1817, four years previous to Dean Buckland’s announcement of the discovery of fossil bones in Kirkdale Cave, Yorkshire. Other remains, including those of the lion, cave hyena, Merck’s rhinoceros and mammoth, were obtained from fissures in the neighbourhood at later dates, some of these and of the original specimens being described in Owen’s British Fossil Mammals and Birds. Other cavernous fissures near Yealmpton, about seven miles from Plymouth, were explored in the years 1835 and 1836 by Mr. Bellamy and Colonel Mudge, and yielded remains of similar animals.” It has been thought probable that the bones were for the most part carried into both the Oreston and the Yealmpton fissures by the streams which flowed through them, although the suggestion has been made that the more cavernous portions were from time to time the resorts of hyznas, by which some of the bones may have been introduced. Caves at Berry Head, Torbay, were explored at an early date by the Rev. Mr. Lyte. «Kent’s Hole,’ the longest known and in some respects the most celebrated of all the Devon caves, was ascertained to contain mammalian remains in 1824, and its strata were systematically excavated and the 1 See Pengelly, ‘ Literature of the Oreston Cavern,’ Trans, Devon Assoc. 1872; and Dawkins, Cave- Hunting. 2 See Pengelly, ‘The Literature of the Caverns near Yealmpton, South Devon,’ Trams. Devon Assoc. 1870, I 49 7 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE bones and teeth carefully examined and identified by Mr. MacEnery during the five years following.’ In these excavations it was definitely ascertained that flint implements of human manufacture occurred in association with the remains of the extinct mammals. Although the fact of this association was subsequently verified by other scientists, it was not generally accepted until a similar state of things was found to occur in Brixham Cave. The fissures at Brixham, known as the Windmill Cave, were dis- covered accidentally in 1858, and their contents explored in that and the following year by an influential committee, of which Mr. Pengelly and the late Dr. Hugh Falconer were members.” It was here, as already stated, that MacEnery’s assertion as to the contemporaneity of the extinct mammalian remains with objects of human workmanship was fully and undisputably confirmed. Since however this is a subject con- nected more closely with the existence of prehistoric man in the county than with vertebrate paleontology, attention may here be restricted to the more important species of mammals obtained from Devonshire cavern deposits. In the superficial layers of the floor of both Kent’s Hole and Brix- ham Cave occur remains belonging to domesticated species, such as the Celtic shorthorn and the sheep or goat ; and to these no further refer- ence is necessary, except the bare mention that remains of the former animal have also been found in the county at Berry Head. It may be added that the remains of the rabbit recorded from Brixham Cave may also not improbably belong to a later epoch than the majority of those of the other mammals. In the report of the committee for the exploration of Brixham Cave Professor Busk* recorded twenty species or races of mammals (inclusive of the rabbit and Celtic shorthorn) as having been definitely identified from that cavern. Later investigations have somewhat en- larged the number, and the following list includes all the more impor- tant species known to occur in the deposits of Oreston, Kent’s Hole and. Brixham Cave. Most interesting of all are the canine and incisor teeth of the sabre-toothed tiger discovered by MacEnery and others in Kent’s Hole, for it was upon the evidence of these that Owen named the species Macherodus latidens. For many years these were the only remains of that species known from any British cavern, but this great tiger has been subsequently recorded from Creswell Crags, Derbyshire. Of these precious teeth one is in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, two are preserved in the British Museum, while a fourth is in the Albert Museum at Exeter, Teeth and other remains of the cave lion (Felis leo spelea), some of which are in the British Museum, have been obtained both from Brixham Cave and Kent’s Hole, while those of the wild cat (F. catus) are known from the latter cave. Far more abundant * See Pengelly, ‘Literature of Kent’s Hole,’ Trans. Devon Assoc. 1868-70. ? See ‘Report on the Exploration of Brixham Cave,’ Proc. Royal Soc. xx. 514. 3% Phil. Trans. 1873, p. 517. 50 PALHZONTOLOGY are the jaws and teeth of the great cave hyena (Hyena crocuta spelea), an extinct race of the living spotted hyzna of south Africa, remains of this animal occurring in the Oreston fissures as well as in Brixham Cave and Kent’s Hole. The wolf (Camis lupus) and the fox (C. vulpes) have likewise been recorded from the same three localities, but the badger (Me/es meles) appears to be known only from Kent’s Hole and Brixham, and the otter (Lutra /utra) from Kent’s Hole alone. Remains of the polecat (Mustela putorius) have been identified from Brixham Cave and Berry Head, and those of the stoat (M. erminea) from Kent’s Hole, Berry Head, a raised beach near Plymouth, and possibly Oreston. The polecat has been stated to occur also in the Plymouth raised beach, but it is not certain that the remains have been rightly identified. Of the brown bear (Ursus arctus) teeth and jaws occur in the Oreston, Brix- ham and Kent’s Hole deposits ; and remains from the same three locali- ties have been assigned to the North American race of the same species commonly known as the grizzly, but the identification is somewhat doubt- ful. The great extinct cave bear (U. spe/eus) appears to have shared the accommodation afforded by Brixham Cave and Kent’s Hole with the cave hyena, or perhaps the bears may have used each of these caves as a den at one time and the hyznas at another. Among the smaller mammals, jaws of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum) have been discovered in Kent’s Hole, and those of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) in Kent’s Hole and Brixham Cave. Remains of the field vole (Microtus agrestis) have been identified from Kent’s Hole; those of the water vole (M. amphibius) from Brixham, Kent’s Hole and Oreston; and those of the bank vole (Evotomys glareolus) from Kent’s Hole and Brixham Cave. The mouse (Mus musculus) has been recorded from Kent’s Hole, but it does not seem certain that its remains are not of later date than those of the other mammals; and the same remark, as already said, will apply to those of the rabbit (Lepus cuniculus), which occur in Brixham Cave and Kent’s Hole. The same two caves have yielded remains of the common hare (L. europaeus), and of the little pica or tailless hare (Ochotona pusilla), a species now unknown in Britain. Turning to the hoofed or ungulate mammals, of which the remains were probably in most cases dragged into the caves by hyznas and bears, although carried by water into the Oreston fissures, we have evidence of the great extinct wild ox or aurochs (Bos taurus primigenius) at Oreston, Brixham and in Kent’s Hole. ‘The Pleistocene bison (B. priscus) does not appear to have been recorded from either of the two caves named, although its remains are said to occur in some cavern deposits in the county. The so-called Bison minor, named by Owen in his British Fossil Mammals and Birds on the evidence of a leg-bone from Oreston, is identical with the Celtic shorthorn already mentioned. Deer are repre- sented by the red deer (Cervus e/aphus) and the extinct giant fallow deer or ‘Irish elk’ (C. giganteus) in Brixham Cave and Kent’s Hole, by the roe (Capreolus capreolus) at Brixham, and the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 51 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE in all the above-named caverns, as well as in the Oreston fissures. Remains of the Pleistocene race of the hippopotamus (H:ppopotamus _ amphibius major), always rare in cavern deposits, have been recorded from _ Kent’s Hole, and those of the wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus) from the Ores- ton fissures. Teeth and other remains of the wild horse (Eguus caballus fosstlis) occur in Brixham and Kent’s Cave, as well as in the Oreston fissures ; and two upper molar teeth from Oreston were regarded by Owen" as indicating a fossil ass or zebra, which was named Asinus fossilis, but their right to distinction has not been subsequently recognized. The three common Pleistocene species of rhinoceros have been recorded from the county. Of these the woolly Siberian species (RAinoceros antiguitatis), a near relative of the living Burchell’s rhinoceros of south and central Africa, occurs in Brixham and Kent’s Cave and at Oreston, as well as in another Pleistocene deposit near Plymouth. ‘The leptorhine rhinoceros (R. leptorhinus), another two-horned species, distinguished by the simpler form of its upper molar teeth, is recorded from Brixham Cave, and the closely allied Merck’s rhinoceros (R. mercki) from Oreston. The latter identification is important, since the species in question has been re- corded elsewhere from British caves only at Gower in Glamorganshire. Finally, the mammoth (E/ephas primigenius), a near relative of the exist- ing Indian elephant, is abundantly represented by teeth and other remains in Brixham Cave, Kent’s Hole and the Oreston fissures. It has also been recorded from Sidmouth. ‘ The bird remains’ from Devonshire include a tarso-metatarsus of the snowy owl (Nyctea nyctea) from Kent’s Hole, the bones of the buz- zard (Buteo duteo) from Brixham Cave, a femur from Kent’s Hole assigned to the blackcock (Tetrao tetrix), and a considerable series of bones from Brixham Cave referred to an undetermined species of sheldrake (Tad- orna). All the above are in the British Museum. In addition to these there is said to be a falcon nearly allied to or identical with the pere- grine (Falco peregrinus), the evidence resting on bones from a cave at Berry Head. Passing on to the Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations of the county, we have first of all to refer to remains of that remarkable reptile Hypero- | dapedon gordom from the Keuper of High Peak near Sidmouth. The reptile in question, which was first made known on the evidence of remains from the Trias of Elgin, is a relative of the tuatera, a lizard-like reptile now inhabitating two small islands near New Zealand, and the sole existing representative of a once numerous order. The Sidmouth specimen, a fragment of the upper jaw, is described by Huxley in vol. xxv. (p. 146) of the Quarterly fournal of the Geological Society. The only other English county in which remains of Hyperodapedon have been discovered is Warwick. ‘The Sidmouth Keuper has likewise yielded remains of the primeval salamanders, or labyrinthodonts, the * Brit, Foss. Mamm. and Birds. ? See Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus. 1190. 52 PALZONTOLOGY majority of which are characterized by the sculptured bones of the skull and the curiously complicated internal structure of their teeth. A lower jaw of one of these creatures from Sidmouth has been made the type of a species by Professor H. G. Seeley* under the name of Labyrinthodon /avist, while various unnamed remains of the same group obtained from Sidmouth and Budleigh Salterton have been described by Mr. A. T. Metcalfe.’ From the Rhetic formation of Axminster and Axmouth remains of a small number of species of fishes have been recorded, none of which however were named on the evidence of Devonshire specimens. They include two species of an extinct genus allied to the existing Port Jack- son shark, namely Hyéodus minor from Axminster and H. c/oacinus from Axmouth. A fine specimen from the former locality belonging to the type commonly known as Nemacanthus monilifer is not improbably refer- able to Hybodus minor” A tooth of a ganoid or enamel-scaled fish known as Saurodon tomicus, belonging to the same family as the more common Lepidotus, has also been obtained from the Rhetic bone bed at Axmin- ster. Another family of ganoids is represented in the last mentioned deposit by scales referable to a fish originally described from the Trias of Germany under the name of Gyrolepis albertii. The Culm Measures of the county (like the Devonian formation) seem to be singularly poor in fish remains, although those of two species have been recorded from Instow. The first of these, Ca/acanthus elegans, is typically an American species belonging to the group of fringe-finned ganoids, of which the sole survivors at the present day are the bishir and an allied type, both from Africa. The second, Elomichthys aitkent, is a species of a genus belonging to the same family (Pa/eoniscida) as the above-mentioned Gyro/epis, and named on the evidence of Devonshire specimens obtained by Mr. J. Aitken. In marked contrast to their comparative abundance in the fresh- water Old Red Sandstone of Herefordshire is the scarcity in the approxi- mately equivalent marine Devonian strata of Devonshire of remains of those extremely primitive Paleozoic fishes respectively classed as Ostra- codermi and Arthrodira. From the Lower Devonian of Mudstone Bay there has however been obtained part of the head-shield of a pteraspid (Ostracodermi), although it is insufficient to allow of generic identifica- tion. This and similar remains from the Devonian of Polperro in Cornwall were originally described as fossil sponges, under the name of Steganodictyum cornubicum." "The evidence for the presence of Arthrodira in the Upper Devonian of the county is afforded by an imperfect dorsal plate from Chudleigh, preserved in the collection of the British Museum, and probably referable to the typical genus Coccosteus.” It is one of the numerous specimens from the west of England presented to the national collection by the late Mr. J. E. Lee of Caerleon. 1 Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. xxxii. 278. ? Ibid. x. 257. 3 See A. Smith Woodward, Cat, Foss. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii. 116. 4 See E. R. Lankester, Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. xxiv. 546, and Woodward, op. cit. 175. 5 See Woodward, op. cit. 293. 53 BOTANICAL HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE ’ 40" 20' 4 ee | Hegyc Chickens | i iN | C | | | av J 0 Barustaple % ox | | ° Bidetord B ay | ApplefdoreS)f Ee es aD Q | Abbot, fans FOS 51 eo i oe \K—7 \ S j 7 oe “Wholfardiswor hadioberhe\ 4 Me ik 4o'\| ag —— ENE aa ey Sy : or ere —} ace stone y f Camelford IE ‘Y Rees? Sta.fDelabole Port f = \ d N W EES N 20 Bent 2 Sa SS Lae emer | 2%) % GribbinHead Hone Parnt. Ste’ = Fea heBlack Head. Head me | ew gg Stoke + Boroughs Bigbuny, “Lc Turlestdfie »Chapel Pt DEee Sst in fe N G Marlo doin #6, Bolt Taal: BRS E I Salcombel Dodman Ft | | Ss | H ar | Eddystone os | | Tagine Bolt | | 40' 20" i The Ediuburgh Gee ormphic al Jashinte THE VICTORIA HISTORY O DISTRICTS. 40' 20 ie pa | —_ ee. Sr ee i aa Bes | | 1 4d om Sip ah er , Bhrnham Ss a rf Ne | 2 j } Se | ; | Es ie f i # | yo | Ree = ab / \ z Se %, = f } e, vA ee a ys a | =, ~, Clastyibury St | = Sa | 3 = aaa 2 aol = perens/ Northmolton gre Wivelis combe Spe { Sete \ EY SN @lborebatih-. = =-2. ff Yet A / ; g¢Langport Northover af a < oy | e i Charmouth igh i rl ymeRe 0 7 Seven Rock Pt GNerhole Pt | Hopes Nose | as) Zi Pornquay | GPois don \\ *Tor Bay | ra | J St Berry Head | | es L a ¢ AVON. ee wee we RR we BE Lyd, a tributary of the IY 2 2% ewe 2 ws SB Tamar or ee ARCs oe ee We OR Se. Cag Dyas ek Se a SEES Ge Yeo (east), a tributary of the Taw « 2 8 © TQ 4 ie For botanical purposes a suitable and convenient division of the county into districts is required. This matter was discussed by Jones and 56 BOTANY Kingston in their Flora Devoniensis (1829) ; they pointed out that owing to the great variety of soil and inequality of surface there is probably no county in the kingdom that presents a more diversified appearance, and that although there are varying degrees of fertility and luxuriance accompanying the principal geological formations, there are no peculiar vegetable features applicable to the general distribution of the flowering plants by which it is easy to distinguish such formations from each other; the ploughman’s spikenard (Inula Conyza) and a few other species affect the Devonian system; the old man’s beard (Clematis Vitalba) also grows more luxuriantly among the crevices of those rocks than elsewhere ; while the roast beef plant (Iris fatidissima) and the elm prevail mostly on the new red sandstone ; but none of these plants is exclusively confined to any particular formation. Proximity to the sea- coast produces an important botanical effect, and the same species may be traced along the coast and occur on various kinds of geological forma- tions ; ‘thus the most characteristic botanical division of the county would be into the central inland portion and those on either side of it that border on the sea. That there is a great difference not only between the mean annual temperatures of these tracts, but also a much greater variation in the mean temperatures of the different months of a year in the former than in the latter, experience sufficiently proves. These differences arise from the elevation and exposure of the one, as well as the large extent of boggy and unreclaimed land it includes, and the sheltered and cultivated state of the other, together with its prox- imity to the ocean’ (Jones and Kingston, Flora Devoniensis, ii. 203). In the result these authors did not form botanical districts for the purpose of their book. Subsequently H. C. Watson for his Topographical Botany divided the county into two vice-counties, south Devon and north Devon, separated by an imaginary line which was roughly adapted to the watershed ; it began by the Cornish boundary at the river Tamar about midway between Tavistock and Launceston, thence passed over the ridge of Dartmoor, joined the Grand Western Canal at Tiverton and followed the course of that canal to the Somerset boundary in the parish of Holcombe Rogus ; these two divisions are manifestly insufficient for the present work. In 1881 a botanical record committee was formed at Barnstaple in connection with the Barnstaple Literary and Scientific Institution (the predecessor of the North Devon Athenzum) for collecting detailed and systematic records of the natural distribution of north Devon plants, that is of wild plants occurring in the part of the county drained by rivers and streams which ultimately empty their waters into the sea on the north coast; for this purpose the north Devon area of 158 parishes and parts of parishes was divided into eleven districts, which were broadly based on the existing hundreds of the county but with some modifica- tions. These districts are too small to be adopted in this work, though they were suitable for the objects of the local committee. The division of the county into districts now made is designed to t 57 8 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE study botanical convenience ; they are moderate in number, not very unequal in size, easy to be defined, and their limits can be traced on the ordnance maps ; they are each named after a principal town therein, as follows : 1, Barnstaple ; 2, Torrington; 3, South Molton; 4, Exeter ; 5, Honiton ; 6, Torquay ; 7, Plymouth ; 8, Tavistock. The Barnstaple district contains the whole of the north coast ; the Honiton, Torquay and Plymouth districts together contain the south coast ; the Barnstaple district is entirely and the Torrington and South Molton districts are mostly north of the watershed ; the Honiton and Plymouth districts are entirely, and the Exeter, Torquay and Tavistock districts are mostly south of the watershed. The most fertile districts are those of Exeter, Honiton and Ply- mouth ; those of Torquay, Barnstaple and South Molton are about the average of fertility ; and those of Tavistock and Torrington are the most barren. Chalk is found only in the Honiton district over a limited area. The summary on the opposite page, showing for each natural order the number of genera and species in the county, is drawn up generally in accordance with Hooker’s Students Flora of the British Islands (ed. 3), but the census of species is calculated on the scale of the London Catalogue of British Plants (ed. 9). ‘The enumeration in the Catalogue included a considerable number of sub-species, colonists, aliens and casuals; it is therefore necessary for the sake of just comparison to count for the purpose of the census all such like plants occurring in Devonshire under circumstances similar to those which occasioned their inclusion in the Catalogue ; but where the circumstances are substantially different they are not counted. The setter-wort (He/leborus fetidus) is regarded as native in the chalk pastures and thickets of southern and south-eastern England, but in Devon it occurs only as colonist or casual; it is therefore not counted in the census. . The American cress (Barbarea precox) is an alien, but is well estab- lished in many parts of England and as such is mentioned in the Catalogue ; it occurs in like manner and is spreading in Devon, and is therefore counted. , Barbarea intermedia is treated in the Student's Flora only as a sub- species occurring in cultivated fields, but in the Catalogue it is numbered as a species; in south Devon it occurs as a colonist, and under these circumstances it is counted in the census. The cushion-pink or moss-campion (Si/ene acaulis) according to Ray was found in Devon by Mr. Gidley, and Hudson in 1778 recorded it as occurring on Dartmoor. There isno modern record of its occurrence there, and there is reason to suspect that some other plant was intended by the old authorities ; it is therefore not counted. The bryony (Bryonia dioica) has several times been reported as occurring in the county. Polwhele in his History of Devonshire, i. 96 (1797), under the synonym of B. a/ba, stated that ‘ the beautiful berries of the bryony or wild vine very much ornament our hedges during the winter months, and the exprest juice is formed into an ointment as a 58 BOTANY SUMMARY OF ORDERS Number of Number of Number of Number of Genera Species Genera Species PHANEROGAMIA 47. Boraginee . 8 15 DICOTYLEDONES 48. Convolvulacez. 3 6 A eciccepenie 49. Solanacee . 5 6 50. Plantaginez 2 6 PoLyPETALa 51. Scrophularinee (ex- Thalamiflore cluding Lathrea) 13 40 1. Ranunculacez . 10 ex 52. Orobanchee (in- a. Berbevides ; ; cluding Lathrea) 2 6 3. Nymphzacez . > 4 53- Lentibularinee 2 4 4. Papaveracez 4 8 54. Verbenacez M 5. Fumariacee 2 7 55- Labiate. 7 46 6. Crucifere . 24 57 INCOMPLETA 7. Resedacez . I 3 56. Illecebraceze 3 3 8. Cistinee I 2 57. Amaranthacez. I I 9. Violacez I 10 58. Chenopodiacez 6 20 10. Polygalee . I 3 59. Polygonaceze 3 21 11. Caryophyllee . II 41 60. Aristolochiacez I I 12. Portulacee . 1 I 61. Thymelzacez. I I 13. Tamariscinee . I I 62. Loranthacee 1 I 14. Hypericinee 1 14 63. Santalacee . I I 15. Malvacee . 3 5 64. Euphorbiacee . 2 11 16. Tiliacez I 2 65. Urticacee . 4 6 17. Linee 2 4 66. Myricacee . 1 I 18. Geraniacez. 3 18 67. Cupuliferz . 7 8 19. Tlicinee I I 68. Salicinez : 2 13 20. Empetracez I I 69. Ceratophyllez . I I Calyciflore GyMNosPERMZ 21. Celastrinez . I I 70. Conifer P 2 2 aay Bhemnee << : * || MONOCOTYLEDONES 23. Sapindacez . I 2 ; 24. Leguminosze 15 64 Microsperma 25. Rosaceze 12 102 71. Hydrocharidez 2 2 26. Saxifragee . 3 7 72. Orchidee . 8 a2 27. Crassulaceze 4 II Efigyne 28. Droseracez. I 3 73. Iridee . 3 5 29. Lythracez . 2 2 74. Amaryllidez 3 7 30. Haloragex . 3 8 75. Dioscoree . I I 31. Onagrariex. 3 12 . 32. Umbbelliferz 29 49 ‘Coronan ms 33. Araliacee . I I 76. Liliaceze 11 16 34. Cornacee . I I 77. Juncee . 2 19 MonoperaLz Nudiflore 35. Caprifoliacee . 4 6 78. Typhacee . 2 5 36. Rubiacez 4 13 79. Aroidez 2 3 37. Valerianez . 3 8 80. Lemnacez . I 4 38. Dipsacez 2 5 Apocarpa 39- Composite . 42 96 81. Alismacez . 3 4 40. Campanulacez. 5 6 82. Naiadacee . . 21 41. Ericacez 3 4 Gh 42. Plumbaginee . 2 4 aii la 43. Primulacez. 7 13 83. Cyperacez , 7 62 44. Oleaceze 2 2 84. Graminee . 41 100 45. Apocynacez I 2 46. Gentianee . 5 9 Totals . All 1,138 59 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE specific for childblains.’ There are other unsatisfactory records for its occurrence both in north and south Devon. Mr. Moyle Rogers found it as a casual on a garden wall at Teignmouth, but he does not on this account regard the species as a Devon plant. Mr. Ralph Morgan of Heavitree also about twenty years ago found it growing in the hedges of Stoke Wood about 2§ miles from Exeter, but on subsequent searches failed to find it again, and he agrees that without further evidence the species ought not to be included in the Devon list. The sea-cudweed or cotton-weed (Diotis maritima) was reported by Withering (Bot. Arr. p. 707) to occur in the county, and in Croydon’s Torquay Guide, p. 163 (1841), it was recorded under the name of ‘Gnaphalium maritimum (sea cotton-weed)’ for Babbicombe. The old records are probably correct, but there is reason to fear that the plant is now extinct in the county, and it is therefore not included in the summary. Altogether about 125 species, which are included in the London Catalogue, and of which the records for the county are considered on various grounds to be unsatisfactory, have been rejected and are thus excluded from the census. The summary shows 867 Devon species of dicotyledons and 271 species of monocotyledons ; these figures are nearly in the proportion of 16 to 5. In Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis (1829) the number of dicotyledons mentioned is 605 and that of monocotyledons 193 ; these are approximately as 47 to 15. In Ravenshaw’s List of Plants in Devon (1872) the corresponding proportion is 60 to 19. In Mansel-Pleydell’s Flora of Dorsetshire (ed. 2, 1895) the number of dicotyledons is to that of monocotyledons nearly as 19 to 6; this is a rather smaller proportion of dicotyledons than prevails in Devon. In Archer Brigg’s Flora of Ply- mouth (1880) the proportion is nearly 7 to 2. The Student’s Flora of the British Islands (ed. 3, 1884) contains species of these groups, the numbers of which are approximately in the proportion of 31 to 11. The London Catalogue (ed. 9, 1895) contains corresponding figures which are nearly as 3 to 1; this comparatively high proportion is due to the enumeration of the critical species of the brambles and hawkweeds. A comparison of these sets of figures nicely confirm the general law arrived at by Robert Brown (Appendix iii. to Flinders’ Voyage to Terra Australis, vol. 2, pp. §37, 538) in 1814, ‘ that from the equator to 30° of latitude, in the northern hemisphere at least, the species of Dicotyledonous plants are to Monocotyledones as about 5 to 1; in some cases considerably exceeding, and in a very few falling somewhat short of this proportion ; and that inthe higher latitudes a gradual diminution of Dicotyledones takes place, until in about 60° N. lat. and 55° S. lat. they scarcely equal half their intratropical proportion.’ The larger dicotyledonous orders are comparatively more fully represented in Devon than are the monocotyledons. The following list shows in descending scale, for each order represented by at least as many species as Hypericinez, the percentage borne by the number of Devon species to that in the London Catalogue :— 60 BOTANY Hypericinee . 100 Scrophularinee 71 Juncacee 63 . Caryophyllee 57 Geraniacee . 78 Umbellifere . 71 Graminee 60 Orchidee. . 50 Labiate . . 77 Polygonee. . 70 Boraginee 60 Naiadacee . 50 Chenopodiacez 74 Ranunculacee 66 Rosacez . 60 Liliacee . . 44 Leguminose . 72 Crucifere . . 66 Cyperaceez 58 Composite . 41 The low place taken by Composite is mainly due to the exceedingly large number of species of Hieracium enumerated in the Catalogue, many of which are very local ; and Devonshire is not rich in number of species for this genus. The general percentage for all the flowering plants is rather greater than 61. The general character of the county flora belongs to the Atlantic type of H. C. Watson ; the majority of the species are of course members of the British type of that author, and many of them come under the head of the English type, but the type having the largest percentage of representation is the Atlantic. The extended distribution of several of the rarer species to the Channel Islands deserves notice, and conversely it appears that the rarer species of the Channel Islands are well repre- sented in Devon ; Marquand in his Flora of Guernsey (1901) gives a list of thirty-four species which have a comital census below ten, that is, plants found in less than ten out of 112 counties and vice-counties into which England, Wales and Scotland are divided, according to the last edition of the London Catalogue ; in this list are enumerated nineteen Devon species. ‘Through this connection a relationship can be traced to the floras of Brittany and Normandy ; in some instances however our species extend to the west of France, as also to Spain or Portugal, etc., without representation in the Channel Islands. We have some plants occurring in no other English county : the génotte of Guernsey (Romulea Columne) occurs on Dawlish Warren and nowhere else in Britain, and is absent from Ireland ; it extends to the west of France, the south of Europe and the north of Africa. The round-headed club-rush (Scirpus Holoschenus) grows plentifully on Braunton Burrows, the only other station for it in the British Isles being north Somerset, where it has been rediscovered apparently in small quantity ; Sir J. D. Hooker gives the Channel Islands for the plant, but I know no other authority for the statement ; the foreign distribution in Europe is from Belgium southwards, also in north Africa and Siberia. The Irish spurge (Euphorbia biberna) in Britain grows only in the Lynton neigh- bourhood ; besides the south and west of Ireland its foreign distribution is the west part of France and the north of Spain. PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS The following table, prepared from Mr. Edward Mawley’s reports in the Quarterly ‘fournal of the Royal Meteorological Society, exhibits the dates of the first flowering of thirteen common plants for Tiverton (in the Exeter botanical district, Miss M. E. Gill being the observer), Westward Ho (in the Barnstaple district, H. A. Evans and Miss Patterson being successively the observers), Barnstaple (in the latter district, Thomas 61 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Wainwright being the observer), and for the average of the British Isles, respectively, during each of the eight years 1894-1901. In the table each number in the columns under the names of the plants indicates the number of the day of the year on which the plants were first observed to have expanded flowers ; thus (except in the leap year 1896) 13-31 were in January, 32-59 in February, 60—go in March, gi—120 in April, 121-51 in May, 152-81 in June, 182-212 in July, 213-43 in August, 244-73 in September, and 274-99 in October. =| Bl alse ie S| FleSl) slo bles! S/R e S| 8] < BeiSs] FS Ss 2S) FSi Sook] 38/8 s/B ee o/s Station Year NSS a] § o/s Fs/ORiPO BS a8 aS loses TayoSia 8/8 8 SE eB s slS8/ oye] sf ses es] s BO 8/8 S/H Ses] Bgl o e/g Sim ga 8) OS 6] SIES) Sams; s/s; “) Si Bw S| & “bps Ses rT Tiverton, 1894] 27 | 44 | 82 | 81 | 95 |rzz |110 [135 |144 |158 | — | — | — 270 ft, alt. |1895} — | — | 91 |110 | — |120 |135 |147 [156 |166 | — | — |268 1896] 28 | 69 | 79 | 83 | 97 |x14 |r15 |142 [137 |150 | — | — [267 1897| 48 | 58 | 78 | 83 | 95 |102 |120 [142 |150 |165 | — | — [263 1898} 17 | 26 | 78 | 80 |rrx {128 [133 [153 |161 [168 | — [191 |263 1899] 24 | 59 | 85 | 88 112 |129 |132 |135 |156 |169 | — | — [256 1900] 51 | 74 |¥OX |100 [113 |132 |x2n |r4z [x51 [162 | — |197 | — 1901! 57 | 49 | 97 |103 [115 |124 134 |148 [156 |159 | — | — [281 Westward Ho,|1894 — | 46 | — | — | 92 | — | — — 1186 | —]}|— | — 130 ft. alt. |1895) — | — | — 12x |rax [130 |rg1 [161 [167 [177 | — |187 | — 1896) 27 | — | — | 84 |104 |r11 130 |r42 | — 194 | — [181 | — 1897) 56 | — | — | — 10g |118 |124 J122 |125 |194 | — |190 [290 1898) — | — | — | 91 | 96 | 97 |132 |136 [157 |198 | — |200 [278 1899) 71 | — | — | 93 |138 |127 |144 [154 |157 |196 | — [187 |269 1900] 60 | — | — |104 |126 |132 |143 j161 [153 |203 | — | — [297 1901) 40 | — | — 111 [116 |125 139 |147 [168 |199 | — |198 [299 Barnstaple, 1894, 28 | 51 1 75 | 71 | 89 |105 |113 |140 154 |170 | — |169 |277 go ft. alt. |1895/ 76 | 81 | 93 |108 |1og [raz |137 |151 |159 178 | — 1173 |269 1896 27 | 45 | 82 | 76 | 76 |115 |120 [138 |138 178 |196 |163 |254 1897) 14 | 46 | 83 | 78 | 85 |122 |126 |146 |143 |180 195 |169 |253 1898) 13 | 46 | 81 | 70 |100 |124 [12d [148 |145 172 |208 |183 255 1899] 22 | 54 | 85 | 78 |106 |123 |136 |147 |156 170 |205 |196 |257 1900 24 | 44 | QI |100 |r12 |123 [141 [151 |162 |177 |204 |189 |264 1901) 37 | 56 | 97 |1o2 jrxz [127 |137 [145 [161 [185 194 |175 |268 British Isles 1894) 30 | 58 | 85 | 86 |104 |113 |120 \147 |164 190 |192 |195 |274 1895) 71 | 79 | 98 |117 [120 |129 |141 149 |159 |18r |172 |184 |265 1896] 32 | 58 | 83 | 90 |109 |r21 |125 143 |148 |179 |186 |181 |266 1897/ 41 | 57 | 83 | 97 |r14 (132 |138 154 |162 189 |188 |191 |272 1898) 27 | 49 | 84 | 9x [x16 |134 [137 [155 [165 |193 |194 |197 [273 1899) 41 | 63 | 96 |rox [118 1138 |142 157 |164 |189 |190 |193 |274 1900} 54 | 78 jrox |r12 [125 [138 |144 ‘158 1166 I91I |193 |198 |280 1901 46 | 67 | 97 |112 |122 |133 |r41 152 |16x |186 (188 189 |272 BOTANY Hybrids are supposed frequently to be produced among the species of several genera, such as Epi/obium, Carduus, Cnicus, Verbascum, etc. ; in the case of the first of these genera, Mr. N. E. Brown in the third part of the supplement to the third edition of English Botany, gave in 1892 twenty-seven cases of hybrids, the following nine of which occurred in Devon :— Epilobium aggregatum, Celakovsky, a supposed cross between E. mon- tanum and E. obscurum E. aschersonianum, Haussknecht, between E. /anceolatum and E. parvifiorum E. dacicum, Borbas, between E. obscurum and E. parviflorum E. lamotteanum, Haussknecht, between E. /anceolatum and E. obscurum E. neogradiense, Borbas, between E. /anceolatum and E. montanum E. rivulare, Wahlenberg, between E. palustre and E. parviflorum E. schmidtianum, Rostkov., between E. obscurum and E. palustre E. thuringianum, Haussknecht, between E. tetragonum (adnatum) and E. obscurum E. weissenburgense, F. Schultz, between E. tetragonum (adnatum) and E. parviflorum To this list may be added :— E. ligulatum, Baker, between E. obscurum and E. palustre a hybrid between E. 4irsutum and E. parviflorum a hybrid between E. Airsutum and E. montanum The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the county gene- rally includes the following works :— Camden’s Britannia, edition by Edmund Gibson (1695). The catalogues of plants given at the end of each county were communicated by ‘the great botanist of our age, Mr. Ray’ ; that for Devonshire, on page 42, consisted of ten species, nine of them being flowering plants. John Ray : Synopsis methodica stirpium britannicarum, tum indigenis, tum in agris cultis locis suis dispositis ; additis generum characteristicts specterum descriptionibus et virium epitome. Editio tertia (1724). Fourteen species of flowering plants are mentioned as occurring in Devonshire. Camden's Britannia, edition by Richard Gough (1789). The list of ‘rare plants found in Devonshire,’ on page 41, contains thirty-five flowering plants. Richard Polwhele : The History of Devonshire vol. i. (1797), chap. 5, pp. 81-100, ‘The indigenous plants of Devonshire.’ ‘ From the eastern part of the county Mr. Wel- land, rector of Talaton, and Miss Burges of Tracey near Honiton’ favoured the author ‘with botanical observations ; from the neighbourhood of Exeter, Mr. Weston, late rector of Mamhead, and Mr. Swete of Oxton house [in Kenton] ; from the north-east and the north of Devon Dr. Cruwys of Tiverton and Dr. Wavell of Barnstaple ; and from the Southams Mr. Cornish of Totnes and Mr. Yonge of Puslinch [in Newton Ferrers].’ Dawson Turner and James Sowerby, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (1800), v. 234-41; ‘ Catalogue of plants observed in a tour through the western counties of England made in June 1799.’ This catalogue mentions seventeen species including six cryptogams as occurring in Devon, Dawson Turner and Lewis Weston Dillwyn: The Botanist’s Guide through England and Wales (1805), i. 194-212, ‘ Devonshire.’ This enumerates nearly a hundred flowering plants for the county. ; John Pike Jones: 4 botanical tour through various parts of the counties of Devon and Corn- wall (1820), pp. Viil., 74. 63 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE John Pike Jones and J. F. Kingston : Flora Devoniensis : or a descriptive catalogue of plants growing wild in the county of Devon, arranged both according to the Linnezan and natural systems, with an account of their geographical distribution, etc. (1829), pp. x. 3 part i. pp. xi—xlvii., 162; part ii. pp. Ixvii., 218. This contains 798 species of flowering plants, besides cryptogams. Hewett Cottrell Watson : The ato Bikani Guide to the localities of the rarer plants of Britain, 2 volumes (1835 and 1837). Vol. i. 12-27 (1835), ‘Devon’; i. o-2 (18 ‘Devon supplement.’ = The irene se i, conducted by George Luxford (1841-54); ser. ii, edited by Alexander Irvine (1855-63). ; : William Strong Hore, in the Phytologist, i. 160-2, ‘ List of plants found in Devon- shire and Cornwall, not mentioned by Jones in the Flora Deveniensis, with remarks on the rarer species’ (March, 1842). The Botanical Gazette,edited by Arthur Henfrey, 3 volumes (1849-51). The reports of the Botanical Exchange Club (1 859-1901). Edited by John Gilbert Baker (1859-68, 1879). » William Foggitt (1865, 1866). » Henry Trimen (1867, 1868). » John T. Boswell (1869-75). » JF. Duthie (1875). »» Thomas Richard Archer Briggs (1 876-9). »» Reginald A. Pryor (1878). y»» Charles Bailey (1880). » James Groves (1881, 1886, 1890, 1894, 1900). »» Frederic Arnold Lees (1882). » W.H. Beeby (1884, 1897). y»» George Nicholson (1885, 1888). »» Edward F. Linton (1887, 1891). » George Claridge Druce (1889, 1893, 1898). » Arthur Bennett (1892). » William R. Linton (1895). » J. Walter White (1901). Thomas Fitzarthur Torin Ravenshaw : 4 new list of the flowering plants and ferns growing wild in the county of Devon (1860); and a second edition with supplement in 1872. The Fournal of Botany, British and Foreign,vols. 1-9, edited by Berthold Seemann (1863- 71); vols. 10-17, edited by Henry Trimen (1872-9); vols. 18-41, edited by James Britten (1880-1903). Isaiah Waterloo Keys, in the Transactions of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Corn- wall Natural History Society (1866-71), ‘ Flora of Devon and Cornwall.’ The same Author in the Phytologist, 1850, iii. 1022-4, ‘Plants found in Devon- shire and Cornwall in addition to those contained in Jones’ Flora Devoniensis and in the Phytologist.’ Hewett Cottrell Watson: Topographical Botany, 2 vols. (1873, 1874); also the second edition, edited by J. G. Baker and W. W. Newbould (1883). The reports of the Botanical Record Club, edited by Frederic Arnold Lees (1874~87). William Philip Hiern, in Deacon & Co.’s Devon and Cornwall Court Guide and County Blue Book (1896), pp. 97-129, ‘ The Botany of Devonshire.’ ; Frederick Hamilton Davey: 4 tentative list of the flowering plants, ferns, etc., known to occur in the county of Cornwall, including the Scilly Isles (1902), p. vii. ‘ Plants re- corded for Devon but not known to occur in Cornwall.’ BOTANICAL DISTRICTS 1. BARNSTAPLE This district consists of the north-western or Barnstaple parliamentary division ; it contains about 215,669 acres, being about 207,316 acres of land and inland water besides about 8,353 acres of foreshore and tidal water ; it includes Lundy Island. The mainland is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Bristol Channel, on the east by the county of Somerset, and on the south by the South Molton and Torrington botanical districts and for a small part by the county of Cornwall; it thus includes the whole of the 64 BOTANY northern sea coast of Devonshire, and no part of it is more than 13 miles distant from that coast ; its drainage is wholly to the north coast ; it comprises fifty-seven civil parishes. The principal rivers are the Torridge with its tributary the (West) Yeo, the Taw (with its tributaries the Caen, the Brady and the North Yeo), the Heddon, and the West and East Lyn; it includes the most northerly (Foreland Point in Countisbury) and the most westerly (Knap Head in Hartland) parts of the county. It consists of the petty sessional divisions of Bideford and Braunton and the municipal boroughs of Bideford and Barnstaple; it comprises the seventeen parishes of the Bideford poor-law union and the forty parishes of the Barnstaple -union ; fifty-one of the parishes are rural and six are urban. The highest part is Chapman Barrows, 1,575 feet above sea-level, at a point about 4 miles distant from the coast. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Abbotsham East Down Marwood Alwington East Putford Monkleigh Arlington Fremington Morte-Hoe Ashford Georgeham Newton St. Petrock Atherington Goodleigh Newton Tracey Barnstaple (urban) Hartland Northam (urban) Berry Narbor Heanton Punchardon Parkham Bideford (urban) High Bray Parracombe Bishop’s ‘Tawton Horwood Pilton, East (urban) Bittadon Ilfracombe (urban) Pilton, West Bratton Fleming Instow Sherwill Braunton Kentisbury Stoke Rivers Brendon Landcross Swimbridge Buckland Brewer Landkey Tawstock Bulkworthy Littleham near Bideford Trentishoe Challacombe Loxhore Welcombe Clovelly Lundy Island West Down Combmartin Lynton (urban) Westleigh Countisbury Martinhoe Woolfardisworthy near Bideford Nearly the whole of the part of the district which lies north of Barnstaple town and on the Devon and Somerset branch of the Great Western Railway belongs to the Devonian period, the successive beds of which are arranged in nearly parallel strips. The Lower Devonian formation includes the Foreland sandstones and the Lynton beds ; the Foreland sandstones occupy the north coast from Lynmouth to the Somerset county boundary, and are mainly limited on the south by a line about 44 miles long from Lyndale to the county boundary about 2 miles inland from Glenthorne ; the Lynton slates and grits come next, and are limited on the south by a line about 7 miles long, starting from the coast at Woody Bay, passing by Barbrook Mill and reaching the county boundary, the breadth of the area being about 14 miles opposite Lynmouth and about two-thirds of a mile near the county boundary. The Middle Devonian formation includes the Hangman grits, the Ilfracombe slates and limestones, and the Morte-Hoe slates. The Hangman grits run along the south side of the Lynton beds, and are limited on the south by a line about 94 miles long, starting from Lester Cliff near Comb- martin, passing by Parracombe rectory and reaching the county boundary on Thorn Hill in the south-eastern part of Lynton parish, the breadth of the area being mostly about 2 miles ; the Ilfracombe slates and limestones follow next, and are limited on the south by a line about 154 miles long, starting from the north coast at Lee Bay near Ilfracombe, passing by Kentis- bury Ford and reaching the county boundary near Moles Chamber, the breadth of the area being mostly 21-24 miles; the Morte-Hoe slates form the next beds, and are limited on the south by a line about 17 miles long, starting from the coast at Woolacombe, passing by West Down village and Smithapark in Loxhore, and extending to the point where the South Molton botanical district reaches the county boundary near North Twitchen in the north part of North Molton, the breadth of the area being mostly about 2 miles. The Upper Devonian formation includes in following order the Pickwell Down sand- stones, the Cucullza or Marwood or Baggy beds, and the Pilton beds. The Pickwell Down sandstones are limited on the south by a line about 17 miles long, starting from Bloodhill on the south side of Morte Bay, passing by Georgeham and Sherwill villages and nearly reaching Holswater Bridge in High Bray, after crossing about a mile and a half of the parish of Charles in the South Molton botanical district before entering the parish of High Bray, the breadth of the area being about 2 miles at the western end and 1-1} mile towards the eastern end ; the I 65 9 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Cucullza beds are limited on the south by a line about 18 miles long, starting from the south end of the Baggy Point prominency, passing by Kingsheanton in Marwood and by Stoke Rivers village to Barton Wood, reaching High Bray after crossing about three quarters of a mile of Charles parish in the South Molton district, also throwing out a spur in the parish of Stoke Rivers from the village to Akeford about 14 miles long in a W.S.W. direction, the breadth of the main area being about half a mile and of the spur rather less ; the Pilton beds begin at the coast at Croyde Bay, and their boundary on the south follows a line so as to include Santon, Braunton and Heanton Punchardon villages ; it then crosses the river Taw, and just avoiding Bickington village recrosses the Taw a little above the town of Barnstaple ; it passes on to Landkey Newland, strikes the Devon and Somerset Railway near Swimbridge station, and follows the course of the railway to the boundary of the South Molton district. At the mouth of the Taw and Torridge estuary there is a delta, each of the three sides of which measures about 5} miles; it includes a considerable area of blown sand outside the marshes ; in this tract lies the famous botanical ground known as Braunton Burrows. Nearly the whole of the remainder of the district belongs to the Carboniferous system, locally termed Culm Measures ; the fertility of the soil over most of this system is much inferior to that of the Devonian formation. The Radiolarian (Codden Hill) beds in the Lower Culm Series extend at intervals along a nearly straight line a short distance south of Barnstaple in narrow bands through the parishes of Fremington, Tawstock, Bishop’s Tawton, Landkey and Swimbridge. There is an isolated patch of New Red Sandstone by the coast of Bideford Bay, between Peppercombe and Portledge in the parish of Alwington ; there is also a small piece of Green- sand near Orleigh Court in Buckland Brewer. The geological information for this and the other districts is mainly derived from sections of the original one-inch ordnance survey maps, coloured to indicate the different formations by Mr. Joseph Green Hamling, F.G.S., of Barnstaple, who has kindly lent them for the purpose ; he states that the colourings were copied by him from similar ones made by the late Mr. Townshend Monckton Hall, F.G.S. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables :— Taste I ‘Calculated for the decade 1890-9 from the records given by Symons and Wallis in British Rainfall. x : M 1 No. of d Station et Mes pres aaa pe ahioe say ids aie more of rain fell. Parracombe. . . . . 795 45°18 179 Arlington Court . . . 613 51°67 206 Barnstaple . . 2... 25 33°10 171 Horwood . .... 288. 33°24 189 Gammaton, Bideford . . 335 37°94 172 Northam ..... 173 34°35 183 Hartland Abbey . . . 222 39°22 165 TABLE 2 Partly taken from Mr. A. Chandler’s paper above referred to, partly calculated from articles on the climate of Devon in various volumes of the Reports of the Devonshire Association and partly calculated from figures furnished by Mr. Thomas Wainwright, secretary of the North Devon Atheneum, Barnstaple. Mean Mean Alti- |Mean annual pee percent-| Mean oes Mean Mean Station tude, rainfall, pect age of | percent- | temper- annual annual pan saches seibl humidity age ature, | minimum | maximum ee “a of the | of cloud ae temperature| temperature air eit Lynmouth. . . . 20 48°5 —_ _ — _ Arlington . . . . | 612 es — — — — ae aie ees eres 3 35 30°63 34 83 | 65:4 | siz 26°86 81°8 Rarattacie Cui 2> % 7 3147 34 81 59°3 | 51°6 | 27°95 82°37 PlOe ae « 25 38°56. — 79 | 66°3 | S10 22°2 83°52 Horwood . . . . | 288 — = — —_ — 1 812 bbotsham 8 — * A soe ee 7 -- — — _ 20°33 84°83 Northam . .. . | 173 — — — — — 21°67 84°67 BOTANY The district is abundantly supplied with the rampant fumitory (Fumaria capreolata) ; Curtis in his Flora Londinensis, fasc. 6, tab. 47, published in the latter part of the eighteenth century, gave a good figure of the species, and in the text accompanying his plate stated that it was plentiful about Barnstaple ; the sub-species have been recently discussed and arranged by Mr. H. W. Pugsley in the Fournal of Botany for April and May, 1902, pp. 129-36, 173-81, tab. 436, where he enumerated six British sub-species, namely : 1, F. capreolata proper (= F. pallidiflora, Jord.); 2, F. speciosa, Jord. ; 3, F. purpurea, Pugsl.; 4, F. muralis, Sond. ; 5, F. Bor@i, Jord. ; and 6, F. confusa, Jord. ; all of which except the fourth occur in the Barnstaple district. Mr. Pugsley has kindly examined the specimens in my herbarium and has also favoured me with notes on the distribution of these plants in Devon ; it thus appears that F. Borei is by far the commonest sub-species in the county, and in north Devon whole fields may sometimes be seen coloured purplish with its flowers, while the other sub-species are comparatively sporadic. Besides the typical form of F. Bor@i four varieties are recognized : I, var. minor, Clavaud ; 2, var.ambigua, Pugsl. ; 3, var. serotina, Clav. ; and 4, var. muraliformis, Clav., the three latter of which are met with in the Barnstaple district, and the first at Dawlish in the Torquay district ; the typical form is more prevalent in south Devon, and in north Devon the variation is rather in the direction of ambigua ; the sub-species F. speciosa has been found at Lynmouth in this district and at Salcombe near Kingsbridge in the Plymouth district ; and the sub-species to which Mr. Pugsley has given the name purpurea, and which so far as known is not found out of the British Isles, occurs at Lee near Ilfracombe and at Woolacombe in Morte-Hoe parish, both stations being in this district, in situations similar to those of F. capreolata (proper) and sometimes mixed with it. The sea-stock (AZatthiola sinuata) was mentioned by Polwhele in 1797 as occurring on the rocks adjoining Braunton Burrows, and it still ornaments the maritime cliffs there. Braunton Burrows is also noted as the classical station for Viola Curtisii, a sub-species of the wild pansy (V. tricolor); the plant is very abundant, and the colours of the flowers are mostly different shades of yellow but occasionally a violet intermixture occurs. The St. Peter’s wort (Hypericum elodes) is frequent in boggy grounds and about shallow pools on the high moors, where with its pale yellow flowers it forms a conspicuous feature ; it was recorded for the county in such places in Gibson’s edition of Camden’s Britannia of 1695. The erect golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium) grows in the valley of the North Yeo not far from Barnstaple, where it was recorded in 1797 ; the common golden saxifrage (C. oppositifolium) is much more common and plentiful, and in spring forms a beautiful decoration of wet banks and the sides of watercourses. Epilobium tetragonum, sub-sp. E. obscurum, was first reported as a British plant in 1856 by C. C. Babington, who found it at Ilfracombe ; it is common in the district. Wild madder (Rubia peregrina) was mentioned in Gibson’s edition of Camden’s Britannia of 1695 as growing on the rocks near the bridge at Bideford and all along the hedges on both sides of the road between Westleigh and Bideford, and in many other places ; it still abounds in several parishes not far from the north coast; it was found on 7 July 1662, by Ray at Devil’s Point, Stonehouse. : Senecio squalidus is thoroughly established on rocks and walls at Bideford ; it was recorded by W. S. Hore in the Phytologist, 1842, i. 163, and by H. C. Watson, New Botanist’s Guide (1835), i. 20 as collected by Hooker. Hieracium murorum, sub-sp. (H. pallidum, var.) H. Schmidtii, var. devoniense, a critical form of hawkweed, grows not far from the sea-coast east of Ilfracombe ; it is very local. Mentha pubescens, a sub-species of MM. aquatica, was recorded on the authority of Mr. Ley in the Botanical Record Club Report, 1883, p. 193, from ‘streamside, on coast opposite Alving- ton [Alwington]’; an authentic specimen in the British Museum herbarium for this record belongs rather to AZ. aquatica proper ; I am not aware of any other record for the sub-species AM. pubescens in the county. The garlic germander (Teucrium Scordium) is very plentiful on Braunton Burrows, more so probably than in any other part of England ; it formerly occurred in many counties, but is now limited to a few and has generally become very rare. ‘ The Irish spurge (Euphorbia hiberna) grows in the neighbourhood of Lynton, in the valley of the East Lyn river and its tributary the Badgeworthy water in north Devon and west Somerset and nowhere else in England ; it was found there in 1840 and recorded by N. Ward in the Phytologist, July 1841, i. 21. The mountain twayblade (Listera cordata) was discovered by N. Ward and W. S. 67 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Hore on Codden Hill near Barnstaple in 1840-3 ; it was recorded in the Phytologist in 1841, but during recent years it has not been noticed there. The round-headed bull-rush (Scirpus Holoschenus) still grows in considerable quantity on Braunton Burrows, where it was recorded by Gibson in his edition of Camden’s Britannia in 1695; in England it is almost peculiar there and does not grow in any considerable quantity elsewhere in Britain. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. Barbarea precox, R. Br. Brassica oleracea, L. Eriophila vulgaris, DC., sub-sp. E. brachy- carpa, Jordan Camelina sativa, Crantz Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl — tetrandrum, Curtis Spergularia rupestris, Lebel Tamarix gallica, Sm. (not L.) = T. anglica, Webb Hypericum undulatum, Schousb. Lavatera arborea, L. Linum angustifolium, Huds. Geranium rotundifolium, L. Erodium maritimum, L’Herit. Oxalis corniculata, L. — stricta, L. Genista tinctoria, L., var. humifusa, Syme Medicago maculata, Sibth. Trifolium subterraneum, L. — maritimum, Huds. Lotus hispidus, Desf. Poterium muricatum, Spach. Pyrus Aria, Sm., sub-sp. P. latifolia, Syme Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. Sedum Telephium, L. (S. purpurascens, Koch) — rupestre, Huds. Eryngium maritimum, L. Carum Carui, L. — segetum, Benth. Sium angustifolium, L. Pimpinella major, Huds. Crithmum maritimum, L. Valerianella carinata, Loisel. Erigeron acris, L. Onopordon Acanthium, L. Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill, Hypocheeris glabra, L. Lactuca muralis, Fresen. Campanula Trachelium, L. Statice Limonium, L. — auriculefolia, Vahl Primula veris, L. Centunculus minimus, L. Chlora perfoliata, L. Anchusa sempervirens, L, Myosotis palustris, L., var. M. strigulosa, Reichenb, Convolvulus Soldanella, L. Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. (and a golden- yellow variety) Hyoscyamus niger, L. Verbascum Blattaria, L., sub-sp. V. virgatum, Stokes Linaria spuria, Miller Scrophularia Scorodonia, L. Mimulus luteus, Pursh (not L.), M. Langs- dorfii, Donn. Sibthorpia europza, L. Bartsia viscosa, L. Pinguicula lusitanica, L. Utricularia vulgaris, L. Nepeta Cataria, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Scleranthus annuus, L. Atriplex littoralis, L. Polygonum maritimum, L, Rumex rupestris, Le Gall Daphne Laureola, L. Mercurialis annua, L. Taxus baccata, L. Malaxis paludosa, Sw. Epipactis latifolia, Sw., sub-sp. E. purpurata, Sm., var. E. media, Fries — palustris, Crantz Ophrys apifera, Huds. Scilla autumnalis, L. Juncus acutus, L. — obtusiflorus, Ehrh, Sparganium ramosum, Huds. (8, neglectum, Beeby) Alisma ranunculoides, L, Potamogeton trichoides, Cham. Ruppia maritima, L., sub-sp. R. rostellata, Koch Carex stricta, Good. — pendula, Huds. — distans, L. Phleum arenarium, L. Calamagrostis Epigejos, Roth Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. Catabrosa aquatica, P. Beauv., and var. littor- alis, Parn. Glyceria distans, Wahlenb. Bromus racemosus, L. Agropyrum junceum, P. Beauv. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— — Pike : 4 catalogue of plants which grow in and near the parish of Biddeford, 1759. N. Ward, in the Phy/ohgist, vol. i. part 2, July 1841, List of rare plants found in Devonshire in the year 1840, p. 21, ‘at or within six miles of Lynton.’ Banfield’s Guide to Ilfracombe, Lynton, Clovell 1850), ‘ Botany,’ pp. 115-28. , and the neighbouring towns, etc., new edition (about BOTANY George Maw, in the Physohgist, 1853, pp. 785-95, ‘Notes on the rare plants occurring in the neighbourhood of the estuary of the Taw and Torridge.’ T. F. Ravenshaw, in the Péysolgist, December, 1862, pp. 355-9, ‘Plants of Braunton Burrows, North Devon.’ The a aah : ‘Botany of North Devon,’ 1877 (extracted from Stewart’s North Devon Hand- ook, ed. iv.). Martin M. Bull, in the Fournal of Botany, 1875, p. 296, ‘Hypericum bceticum, Boiss., in North Devon,’ Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, in the Fournal of Botany, 1877, pp. 361-3, ‘ Notes on a few North Devon plants.’ The same Author in the same Fournal, 1879, pp. 330-3, and 1882, pp. 9-16, ‘On some North Devon plants.’ Herbert Arthur Evans: 4 hand-list of the plants occurring within seven miles of the United Services College, Westward Ho, and supplements (1881-6). This list affects twenty-two parishes of this district and six of the Torrington district. William Philip Hiern, in Twiss & Son’s [Wustrated Guide to Ilfracombe and North Devon (1888), chap. 12, pp. 86—go, ‘ Notes on the flora of Braunton parish, North Devon.’ C. E. Larter (Miss) : Notes on the botany of North Devon (1897). 2. ToRRINGTON This district consists of the Great Torrington petty sessional division (the smaller and western portion of the Northern or South Molton parliamentary division) and the Holsworthy and Hatherleigh petty sessional division (the northern part of the Western or Tavistock parlia- mentary division) ; it contains about 217,429 acres, being about 217,397 acres of land and inland water besides about 32 acres of foreshore and tidal water; it is wholly inland, but a small portion is washed with tidal water up the Torridge ; it is bounded on the west by the county of Cornwall, on the north by the Barnstaple botanical district, on the east by the South Molton and Torquay botanical districts, and on the south by the Tavistock botanical district. It comprises 59 civil parishes, 42 of which are drained wholly to the north coast, 12 wholly to the south coast, and 5 partly to both coasts. It includes all the 21 parishes of the Hols- worthy poor-law union, one parish (Northcott Hamlet) in the Launceston union, 16 out of the 28 parishes of the Okehampton union, and 21 out of the 23 parishes of the Torrington union ; 56 of the parishes are rural and 3 are urban. The parish of Okehampton Hamlets includes a small piece of Dartmoor and contains High Willhays and Yes Tor, 2039°4 and 2029°6 feet of altitude respectively, the highest points of southern England. The lowest part is at the north-west corner of the parish of Weare Giffard by the river Torridge, which is below high-water level of ordinary tides. The principal rivers are the Torridge with its tributaries the West and East Okement and the Waldon, the Tamar (which forms the western border for some distance), and the Taw for short distances on the eastern border. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Abbotsbickington Great Torrington (urban) Northcott Hamlet Alverdiscott Halwill Northlew Ashbury Hatherleigh Okehampton (urban) Ashwater Highampton Okehampton Hamlets Beaford High Bickington Pancrasweek Beaworthy Hollacombe Peters Marland Belstone Holsworthy (urban) Petrockstow Blacktorrington Holsworthy Hamlets Pyworthy Bradford Huish Roborough Bradworthy Huntshaw St. Giles in the Wood Bridgerule, East Iddesleigh Sampford Courtenay Bridgerule, West Inwardleigh Shebbear Broadwoodkelly Jacobstowe Sheepwash Buckland Filleigh Langtree Sutcombe Clawton Little Torrington Tetcott Cookbury Luffincott Thornbury Dolton Meeth Weare Giffard Dowland Merton West Putford Exbourne Milton Damarell Yarnscombe Frithelstock Monkokehampton 69 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Nearly the whole of the district belongs to the Carboniferous system, and a large propor- tion of the land is poor in quality. There is a patch of New Red Sandstone about the town of Hatherleigh, and a larger patch about a mile broad more or less stretching from Jacobstowe village to Exbourne and Sampford Courtenay villages and further eastwards. There is a small patch of Greenstone about a mile south-west of Hatherleigh town; across Okehampton Park are some bands of Greenstone and a small patch of Limestone. In a quarry near Furzehill, not far from Hatherleigh, two Elvan bosses come up along the bedding planes of the Culm Measures and terminate abruptly at some feet from the surface (W. A. E. Ussher). The southern part of Okehampton Hamlets penetrates about 3 miles into Dartmoor and is granite. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which have been obtained in the way explained under the Barnstaple district :— Taste 1.—DecapE 1890-9 Mean annual No. of days Station eae Mean ae rainfall, on which ‘o1 in. or more of rain fell Petrockstow . . . . . 332 38°45 189 Okehampton. . . . . 521 45°54 — TaBLeE 2 — Altitude, Mean annual rainfall, Temperature in Fahrenheit degrees te) . ai ot feet inches Mean minimum Mean maximum Alverdiscott . . . . 330 _ 19°25 85°75 Great Torrington . . 336 44°73 22°5 85 St. Giles in the Wood . 420 — 18°8 84'8 Okehampton. . . . 521 49°26 — = A rare form of water-crowfoot (Ranunculus tripartitus = R. intermedius) occurs in the _ moorlands of the district ; south of Okehampton, according to Mr. Moyle Rogers, it grows usually on mud or in very shallow water, with its petals frequently 5-veined and as large as those of R. /enormandi, in company with which it is often found. ‘The common scurvy grass © (Cochlearia officinalis var. littoralis) grows near Holsworthy about 9 miles from the sea; the same botanist observes that the occurrence of this maritime plant in several inland places in this district (and a like observation applies to the Barnstaple district) points to its former cultiva- tion in the neighbourhood. ‘The mountain or English stonecrop (Sedum anglicum) is plentiful in rocky, stony and gravelly places, and is prevalent in the granite area; it was recorded for such stations in the county by Hudson in 1778. The milk-thistle (Silybum marianum) has long been established at the base of the common at Great Torrington. The marsh gentian (Microcala filiformis) was discovered in Clawton parish 11 September 1883, by Mr. Archer Briggs and recorded in the Fournal of Botany, xxi. 316 in the same year; it had been reported for the county, but without precise locality, by Hudson, in 1778. The stalked speedwell (Veronica montana) is fairly frequent in the hilly woods and thickets of the district; it was mentioned in 1797 by Polwhele on the authority of Dr. Wavell as a rare plant growing in a lane near Torrington leading towards Holsworthy. Red mint (AZentha sativa, sub-sp. AZ. gentilis) was reported from Winscott in Peters Marland by Polwhele in 1797. The Devonshire or Dutch myrtle (Afyrica Gale) has been found in good quantity by Mr. Moyle Rogers in Upper Bridgerule bog. Quercus Robur.—‘ On an estate of Dennis Rolle, Esq., near Great Torrington, an oak tree was cut through about 1776, the body of which measured thirteen feet six inches diameter; and on the plane of the section two couples danced a country dance. . . In Okehampton Park is an oak which deserves attention for its girth and spread’ (Polwhele in 1797). The haretail rush (Eriophorum vaginatum) is not uncommon in bogs on high moors; Polwhele recorded it near the road leading from Clovelly to Kilkhampton. The wood melic-grass (Melica nutans) was recorded by Polwhele in 1797 on the authority of Dr. Wavell as occurring in a wood near Dolton; this record has been doubted. Keys in his Flora of Devon and Cornwall wrote: ‘As no later botanist has found it, it is scarcely worth while to insert it here. It is marked with an “o” for Devon in Cyd. Brit” The difficulty of accepting it is increased when it is remembered that Linnzus included both 70 BOTANY of our species of melic under his AZ. nutans, that the second species (AZ. uniflora) was separated by Retzius in 1779, that Hudson in the second edition of his Flora Anglica in 1778 in distinguishing our two species had kept the name of JZ. nutans for what is now called AZ. uniflora, and that Polwhele, who was familiar with Hudson’s work, and per- haps knew nothing of that of Retzius, called his plant ‘wood melic-grass,’ which Hudson gave as the English name of his AZ. nutans (that is MM. uniflora of Retzius), and did not mention any second species of the genus. On the other hand there is a specimen extant with a note purporting that it had been collected by Miss Griffiths in a ‘ wood near Dalton,’ and the specimen belongs to the species now usually known as 4. nutans, that is MZ. montana, Huds. Fl. Angl. (1778), ed. 2, p. 37. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Berberis vulgaris, L. Mimulus luteus, Pursh (not L.), M. Langs- Brassica campestris, L.,.sub-sp. B. Rapa, L., dorfii, Donn var sylvestris (B. Brigssii, Wats.) Sibthorpia europza, L. Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. Veronica scutellata, L., var. hirsuta, Weber Viola canina, L., sub-sp. V. lactea, Sm. Bartsia viscosa, L. Stellaria media, L., sub-sp. S. umbrosa, Opiz Pinguicula lusitanica, L. Sagina apetala, L., sub-sp. S. ciliata, Fries Verbena officinalis, L. — nodosa, E. Mey. Calamintha officinalis, Moench Hypericum undulatum, Schousb. Melissa officinalis, L. Erodium moschatum, L’Herit. Scutellaria minor, L. Genista tinctoria, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Trifolium filiforme, L. Stachys ambigua, Sm. Vicia Orobus, DC. Lamium Galeobdolon, Crantz Potentilla Comarum, Nestl. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, L. Agrimonia Eupatoria, L., sub-sp. A. odorata, Polygonum Persicaria, L., var. P. nodosum, Miller Pers. Poterium officinale, Hook. f. Rumex acutus, L. Pyrus communis, L. Euphorbia amygdaloides, L. — torminalis, Ehrh. Salix triandra, L. — Aria, Sm., sub-sp. P. latifolia, Syme — alba, L., var. S. vitellina, L. Drosera intermedia, Hayne Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Myriophyllum alterniflorum, DC. Epipactis latifolia, All. Callitriche verna, L., sub-sp. C. pedunculata, — palustris, Crantz DC. Habenaria viridis, R. Br. Carum verticillatum, Koch — bifolia, R. Br. Caucalis nodosa, Scop. Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. Galium uliginosum, L. — biflorus, Curtis Valerianella Auricula, DC. Tamus communis, L. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. Ruscus aculeatus, L. Anthemis nobilis, L. Polygonatum multiflorum, All. Artemisia Absinthium, L. Potamogeton crispus, L. Arctium Lappa, L. (A. majus, Schkur), and Heliocharis multicaulis, Sm. sub-sp. A. minus, Schkur Scirpus sylvaticus, L. Centaurea Cyanus, L. — Savii, Seb. & Maur. Carduus nutans, L. — fiuitans, L. Cnicus pratensis, Willd. Rhynchospora alba, Vahl Picris echioides, L. Carex vulpina, L. Leontodon hirtus, L. — pallescens, L. — hispidus, L. — distans, L., and Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. sub-sp. C. fulva, Good. Campanula rotundifolia, L. — levigata, Sm. Lysimachia vulgaris, L. — vesicaria, L. Centunculus minimus, L. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Trisetum flavescens, P. Beauv. Littorella lacustris, L. Avena fatua, L. Linaria Elatine, Miller — strigosa, Schreb. Antirrhinum Orontium, L. Poa compressa, L. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— Rev. W. Moyle Rogers in the Fournal of Botany, 1882, pp. 9-16, ‘On some north Devon plants.’ 71 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE The same author in the same Fourna/, 1883, pp. 16-20, 37-42, 101-4, 132-5, and 1886, pp. "8-14, 78-82, 104—10, 144-8, 176-81, ‘On the flora of the upper Tamar and neigh- bouring districts.’ ’ Thomas Richard Archer Briggs in the Fournal of Botany, 1884, p. 170, “On some Devonian sta- tions of plants noted in the last century.’ a Miss Helen Saunders in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association (1 898), xxx. 200, ‘Oke- hampton.’ es ; , The same author in the same Transactions (1901), xxxiii. 470-2, ‘Great Torrington. 3. SourH Motron This district consists of the petty sessional divisions of South Molton and Crediton and the municipal borough of South Molton ; it forms the larger and eastern portion of the northern or South Molton parliamentary division, and contains about 233,415 acres of land and water ; it is wholly inland, and is bounded on the west by the Torrington botanical district, on the north partly by the Barnstaple botanical district and partly by the county of Somerset, on the east by the Exeter botanical district, and on the south by the Torquay botanical district. It comprises 61 civil parishes, 38 of which are drained wholly to the north coast, 11 wholly to the south coast, and 12 partly to both coasts. It includes all the 29 parishes of the South Molton poor-law union, 28 out of the 30 parishes of the Crediton union, 2 (Ashreigney and Winkleigh) of the Torrington union, and 2 (Bondleigh and North Tawton) of the Oke- hampton union ; 59 of the parishes are rural and 2 are urban. The highest point is on Five Barrows Hill in North Molton parish, 1,618 feet above sea- level ; the lowest part is perhaps near Hawkridge bridge in Chittlehampton parish, about 33 feet altitude ; another low part is by the river Creedy about 3 miles from Exeter. The principal rivers are the Taw with its tributaries the Bray, the Mole, the little Dart and the (South) Yeo, and the Creedy. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Ashreigney East Buckland Rackenford Bishopsnympton ; East Worlington . Romansleigh Bondleigh Eggesford Roseash Bow Filleigh Sandford Brushford Georgenympton Satterleigh and Warkleigh Burrington Kennerleigh Shobrooke Charles Kingsnympton South Molton (urban) Chawleigh Knowstone Stockleigh English Cheldon Lapford Stockleigh Pomeroy Cheriton Fitzpaine Mariansleigh Thelbridge Chittlehamholt Meshaw Twitchen Chittlehampton Molland Upton Hellions Chulmleigh Morchard Bishop Washford Pyne Clannaborough Newton St. Cyres Wembworthy Coldridge North Molton West Anstey Colebrooke North Tawton West Buckland Creacombe Nymet Rowland Winkleigh Crediton Hamlets Poughill Witheridge Crediton Town (urban) Puddington Woolfardisworthy near Crediton Down St. Mary Queensnympton Zeal Monachorum East Anstey The greater part of the district belongs to the Carboniferous system ; but, as in the Barnstaple district, nearly the whole of that part which lies to the north of the Devon and Somerset branch of the Great Western Railway is Devonian. ‘The Upper Devonian beds run eastwards in continuation of those in the Barnstaple district on the west ; the Pickwell Down sandstones run across the parishes of Charles, North Molton, Twitchen, Molland, West Anstey and East Anstey, the breadth of the area varying from 4 to 2} miles; the Cucullza beds run along the south side of the Pickwell Down sandstones, through the parishes of Charles and North Molton, the breadth of the area being mostly about half a mile ; there are also three other patches of the Cucullza beds which are surrounded by or adjoin the Pilton beds : one about 44 miles long by about } mile broad, extending from a point about a mile north of Castle Hill in Filleigh nearly to Limeslake in Bishopsnympton ; another about 74 miles long by two-thirds of a mile broad at the widest part, tapering towards each end, and extending 72 BOTANY from a point near Upcot in North Molton to the Somerset county boundary near East Lips- combe in East Anstey ; and the third about half a mile long by about one-sixth of a mile broad at the eastern end, extending from West Lipscombe in East Anstey eastwards to the county boundary ; the Pilton beds extend for about 15 miles from west to east through the parishes of Charles, West Buckland, East Buckland, Filleigh, South Molton, North Molton, Bishopsnympton, Twitchen, Molland, West Anstey and East Anstey. There are several narrow patches of limestone within the areas of the Lower Culm Measures and Pilton beds in Filleigh and other parishes eastwards about the same latitude. There is a tract of New Red Sandstone measuring about 164 miles from west to east, widen- ing from 1 to 3? miles from north to south, and extending through the parishes of North Tawton, Bow, Zeal Monachorum, Clannaborough, Down St. Mary, Colebrooke, Crediton Hamlets, Crediton Town, Sandford, Upton Hellions, Shobrooke, Newton St. Cyres and Stockleigh Pomeroy. Mineral veins occur in the south part of the parish of Newton St. Cyres, within the areas of both the New Red Sandstone and the Culm Measures. In the parish of West Buckland, in a quarry within the Lower Culm area and close to the southern boundary of the Pilton beds, the mineral called Wavellite occurs ; it is a crystal- line mineral, a phosphate of alumina. With reference to the climate of the district calculations made from the records of British Rainfall show that the mean annual rainfall during the decade 1890-9 at South Molton, 430 feet altitude, was 42°35 inches, and that the mean annual number of days on which ‘or inch or more of rain fell was 198. According to Mr. A. Chandler the mean annual tempera- ture at South Molton is 48°4° Fahr., and the percentage of possible sunshine is 36. Calcula- tions made from Mr. T. Wainwright’s figures show that for the last few years at Romansleigh Rectory, 590 feet altitude, the mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures were 22°3° Fahr. and 80'2° Fahr. respectively ; at Filleigh School, 368 feet altitude, the corresponding figures were 17°55° Fahr. and 83°5° Fahr. At the latter place the mean annual percentages of the humidity of the air and of cloud respectively during the years 1894-1900 were 84 and 70. "The yellow vetchling or tare (Lathyrus Aphaca) is not common; it was recorded by Polwhele in 1797 as occurring in Chittlehampton, but it has not been recently reported thence. The ivy bell-flower (Wahlenhergia hederacea) was said by Gibson in 1695 to be no less common in this county than in Cornwall, in the like places ; it is still plentiful in several parts of the district. The Jacob’s ladder (Polemonium ceruleum) was found by Miss H. Saunders of South Molton on 23 July 1892, with white flowers in a wood in the parish of North Molton ; it was probably only a casual there; the species is found also in the Plymouth district, and is not counted in the census of Devon plants. The yellow monkey-flower (AZimulus Langsdorffii),a North American plant, is established in several places and increasing in quantity ; it is the 17. /uteus, Pursh, not L. (see Journ. Bot. 18 . 6). are ee laurel (Daphne Laureola) is diminishing in the county; it occurs in the parish of Chittlehampton, and Dr. Wavell reported it from Raleigh Wood near Barnstaple. The beech tree (Fagus sylvatica), according to Polwhele, is by far the most thriving of the trees in Rackenford, which is a parish with a clay soil south-east of South Molton ; in 1797 there was a remarkably fine beech standing in the churchyard, the middle girth of which was 152 feet, the least diameter of the spread of the branches being 67 feet ; in the parish of Woolfardisworthy there were two widely spreading beech trees, so lofty as to be a sea- mark, growing on an estate called St. James’ Tree (High Tree), adjoining the South Molton and Exeter road. Robin’s bastard daffodil (Narcissus eystettensis) has long been established in a field in the parish of Charles in this district ; it is considered to be a form of a double-flowered variety of the common Lent lily (N. pseudo-narcissus) ; the perianth segments are repeated over and over again in regular order forming six rows, and no corona of the ordinary kind is developed ; it was figured by Parkinson in 1629 (Paradisus, p. 107, n. 4), who called it the ‘lesser French double bastard daffodil.’ The Molland lily (Lilium pyrenaicum) is thoroughly established in the parish of Bishops- nympton, not far from Molland ; it has maintained its position there for half a century. Funcus tenuis was discovered by G. Don in Scotland in 1795 or 1796, but for many I 73 Io A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE years it was missed from the British flora until found in Herefordshire and recognized by Mr. Towndrow in 1884; in 1895 it was observed in moderate quantity in the parish of South Molton. The moss-rush or gorse-corn (F. squarrosus) is plentiful on high moors in the district. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :-— Ranunculus auricomus,L. Fumaria capreolata, L. (F. pallidiflora, Jord.) sub-sp. F. confusa, Jord. Corydalis claviculata, DC. Thlaspi arvense, L. Viola sylvestris, Fries, sub-sp. V. Reichen- bachiana, Boreau Stellaria aquatica, Scop. Hypericum Androsemum, L. — quadrangulum, L. (H. dubium, Leers) Geranium pratense, L. — columbinum, L. — lucidum, L. Euonymus europzus, L, Rhamnus Frangula, L. Genista tinctoria, L. Melilotus altissima, Thuill. Trifolium striatum, L. — filiforme, L. Vicia tetrasperma, Mcench Geum intermedium, Ehrh. Poterium Sanguisorba, L. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. Ribes Grossularia, L. — rubrum, L.. — nigrum, L. Sedum Telephium, L. — rupestre, Huds., and sub-sp. S. Forsterianum, Sm. — reflexum, L. Myriophyllum spicatum, L. Epilobium angustifolium, L., form E. brachy- carpum, Leight. — hirsutum, L. Carum segetum, Benth. Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L. Viburnum Lantana, L. Adoxa Moschatellina, L. Valerianella Auricula, DC. Inula Conyza, DC. Anthemis tinctoria, L. Artemisia Absinthium, L. Centaurea nigra, L., var. C. decipiens, T’ausch Serratula tinctoria, L. Cnicus pratensis, Willd. Cichorium Intybus, L. Hieracium murorum, L. (H._ sylvaticum, Gouan, not Sm.) — murorun, L., sub-sp. H. pallidum, Fries) Hieracium sylvaticum, Sm., not Gouan (H. vulgatum, Fries) Campanula rotundifolia, L. Lysimachia vulgaris, L. Anagallis tenella, L. Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Verbascum Blattaria, L. Rhinanthus crista-galli, L., sub-sp. R. major, Ehrh. Mentha viridis, L., var. M. paludosa, Sole. Calamintha Acinos, Clairv. Scutellaria minor, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Stachys annua, L. Galeopsis Tetrahit, L., var. G. bifida, Boenn, Scleranthus annuus, L. Polygonum Bistorta, L. Rumex pulcher, L. Humulus Lupulus, L. Carpinus Betulus, L. Castanea vulgaris, Lam. Populus alba, L. Salix fragilis, L. Neottia Nidus-avis, L. Listera ovata, R. Br. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Epipactis latifolia, All., and . sub-sp. E. purpurata, Sm. Orchis Morio, L. Habenaria viridis, R. Br. — bifolia, R. Br., and sub-sp. H. chlorantha, Bab. Galanthus nivalis, L. Polygonatum multiflorum, All. Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. Typha latifolia, L. Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. Scirpus sylvaticus, L. — Savii, Seb. & Maur. Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Carex pracox, Jacq. Panicum Crus-galli, L. Setaria viridis, P. Beauv, Milium effusum, L. Molinia cerulea, Moench Catabrosa aquatica, P. Beauv. Melica uniflora, Retz. Bromus racemosus, L, The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— Rev. W. Moyle Rogers in the Fournal of Botany, 1879, pp. 330-3, ‘On some north Devon plants ’ (Zeal Monachorum, etc.). Miss Helen Saunders in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1894, xxvi. 451-66, ‘A list of plants growing wild in the parish of South Molton, and in the neigbouring parishes of North Molton, Filleigh, Chittlehampton, George Nympton, Satterleigh, King’s Nympton, and Bishop’s Nympton.’ The same author in the same Transactions, 1898, xxx. 198-200, ‘ Botanical Notes,’ and 1901, xxxiii. 473 ‘ Botanical Notes, No. ii.’ BOTANY The Rev. W. Moyle Rogers kindly sent to me for inspection a catalogue marked by him in June 1885, for plants seen in the parishes of Bishopsnympton, Knowstone, Molland, Roseash and West Anstey. 4. Exerer This district consists of the north-eastern or Tiverton parliamentary division and the parliamentary borough of Exeter ; it contains about 215,652 acres, being about 214,439 acres of land, inland water and saltmarsh, besides about 1,213 acres of foreshore and tidal water ; it is bounded on the west by the South Molton botanical district, on the north by the county of Somerset, on the east by the Honiton botanical district, and on the south by the Torquay botanical district ; it consists of the three petty sessional divisions of Tiverton, Cullompton and Wonford and of the municipal borough of Tiverton ; it is entirely inland, but parts of the parishes of Kenton, Powderham, Exminster, Topsham and Alphington are washed with tidal water. It comprises 65 civil parishes, all of which are drained to the south coast, except a fractional part of Cruwys Morchard that is drained by the small stream Dalch, a tributary of the river Taw, and except bits of the three parishes of Clayhanger, Hockworthy and Holcombe Rogus that are drained by the river Tone. It includes all the 26 parishes of the Tiverton poor-law union, the 5 Devonshire parishes in the Wellington (Somerset) union, 29 out of the 50 parishes of the St. Thomas union, 3 parishes (Broadhembury, Payhembury, and Plymtree) in the Honiton union, and the 2 parishes in the city of Exeter ; 60 of the parishes are rural and 5 are urban. The principal rivers are the Exe with its tributaries the Culm and the Clyst, the Tone for a short distance at the north-eastern boundary, and the Teign for a short extent on the south-west side. The highest part is in the parish of Broadhembury, 930 feet above sea-level, and the lowest part is below high-water level of ordinary tides. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Alphington Dunchideock Plymtree Ashcombe Exeter (urban) Poltimore Ashton Exminster Powderham Bampton (urban) Halberton Rewe (with Upexe) Bickleigh near Tiverton Heavitree (urban) St. Leonard Bradninch Hemyock St. Thomas (urban) Brampford Speke Hockworthy Sampford Peverell Broadclist Holcombe Burnell Shillingford Broadhembury Holcombe Rogus Silverton Burlescombe Huntsham Stoke Canon Butterleigh Huxham Stoodleigh Cadbury Ide Templeton Cadeleigh Kenn Thorverton Christow Kentisbeare Tiverton (urban) Clayhanger Kenton Topsham Clayhidon Loxbeare (with Calverleigh) Uffculme Clysthydon Mamhead Uplowman Clyst St. Laurence Morebath Upton Pyne Cruwys Morchard Netherexe Washfield Cullompton Oakford Whitestone Culmstock Payhembury Willand Doddiscombsleigh Pinhoe The Carboniferous system occurs chiefly in the northern and western parts of the district, that is to say, more or less in 20 out of the 26 parishes of the Tiverton union, 2 in the Wellington union, 21 out of the 50 parishes of St. Thomas union, also in parts of the city of Exeter. Patches of Radiolarian (Codden Hill) beds occur about Bampton and Holcombe Rogus in the northern part of the district, and about Ashton in the southern part. The New Red Sandstone formation occupies a considerable portion of the eastern and southern parts of the district. Greensand occurs on the eastern side of the district, in the parishes of Culmstock, Hemyock, and Clayhidon, along the Blackdown Hills by the border of the county, also in 75 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Uffculme, Kentisbeare and Broadhembury ; the Haldon Hills at the south-west border belong to the Upper Greensand formation. Patches of Greenstone occur north of Great Haldon, also between it and Exeter. Limestone occurs near Hockworthy and Holcombe Rogus, and about Bampton. Trappean rocks occur between Loxbeare and Washfield ; there are also several patches about Silverton, and one at Exeter. The Upper Devonian system extends into the parishes of Morebath, Bampton and Clayhanger, about the most northerly part of the district. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which have been obtained in the way explained under the Barnstaple district :-— Taste 1.—Dezcapz 1890-9 Stati Altitude, | Mean annual rainfall, Mean annual number of days on re feet inches which ‘or inch or more of rain fell Huntsham . ...... 640 45°28 203 Cullompton . es Se See WR 202 33°72 181 Exeter, Devon and Exeter Inst. . 155 29°81 160 Exeter, Manston Terrace. . . 166 2Q'Id 173 Christow, Kennick, Waterworks . 842 40°74 199 TABLE 2 Mean Mean Mean . Altitude,} Mean | annual aces annual oe percent- ‘Eemp ene e rene SBrecs, . feet annual | number | PT°2*98°) number | Perce = age of & ais b rainfall f us of hours| 78°F | cloud . 4 eet ache id e humidity A possible * Mean at| Mini- } Maxi- seartevel| tnenes | suntess | at gam.| 4°" Isunshine| 7 gam. | mum | mum 3 days shine 9 a.m. Cullompton. .| 202 | 34:26 | 69 — 1475 | 34 69 | 491 | 17°01 | 83°46 Exeter. . «| 155 | 30°23 | — 77 _— 35 — | 50°7 22 83 The wild rocket or stinkweed (Diplotaxis muralis) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as growing about Exeter. The procumbent pepperwort or wart-cress (Senebiera didyma) was also recorded by Hudson at the same time on the authority of Mr. W. Newbery as growing in waste places about Exeter; a peculiarity in the inflorescence was noticed at Plymouth and was the subject of a communication made to the Plymouth meeting of the British Association in 1878. The toadflax-leaved St. John’s wort (Hypericum linarifolium) grows in great luxuri- ance and abundance on a rocky cleave in the parish of Christow more than a mile from the river Teign; it flowers from the middle of June to the beginning of October and attains 18 inches or more in height; the leaves are at first only very slightly or scarcely revolute, their midribs being very prominent beneath ; their hue is somewhat glaucous, and they are remarkably blunt, narrowing only a little from the base to the apex; their stems appear to be uniformly ascending, never erect or prostrate, and they are obscurely two- edged; there is a rigid look about the whole plant, and a regularity of outline in the leaves and in the especially bright yellow petals distinguishes the species from all other British ones ; the peculiar resinous smell so characteristic of the tutsan is very strong in this species (Moyle Rogers). It was first recorded in Britain in 1840 by the Rev. Thomas Hincks as having occurred among granite rocks near the banks of the Teign in the summer of 1838 (Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 275). _ The yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis corniculata) was first recorded as a British plant in 1795 as occurring in several places in the neighbourhood of Exeter, having been found by Mr. J. Turner (Fourn, Bot. 1892, p. 277); Mr. Moyle Rogers could not but regard it as truly indigenous at Trusham (a parish in the Torquay district and bordering this district), where it occurred not only in three lanes and in considerable quantities but also on an open furzy down where it looked quite as much native as Rumex Acetosella, Sedum angh- cum and Geranium pusillum, which grew beside it. The red valerian or drunken sailor (Centranthus ruber) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as plentiful in Devon on old walls and in waste places, and it was reported by Jones and Kingston as likewise occurring at Exeter; with white flowers it occurs on the cliffs at Dawlish (Jordan) and on the old city walls at Exeter (Parfitt); it is quite naturalized in several places. 76 BOTANY The sweet flag (Acorus Calamus) grows in the Exeter canal, where it has long been established and produces catkins. For a discussion on the question whether this plant is native in Britain see Fourn. Bot. 1871, p. 163. The deer’s-foot grass (Agrostis setacea) was reported by Hudson in 1778 as occurring on the dry elevated heaths of Haldon near Exeter and elsewhere in Devon; it is locally abundant. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Aquilegia vulgaris, L. Nuphar luteum, Sm. Nasturtium palustre, DC. Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br., sub-sp. B. inter- media, Boreau Cardamine impatiens, L. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. Viola hirta, L. Linum angustifolium, Huds. Geranium rotundifolium, L. — Robertianum, L., var. G. modestum, Jordan Genista anglica, L. Medicago maculata, Sibth. Melilotus officinalis, Desv. Lotus angustissimus, L. Potentilla argentea, L. Alchemilla vulgaris, L. Poterium Sanguisorba, L. — officinalis, Hook. f. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Sedum Telephium, L. — reflexum, L. Hippuris vulgaris, L. Callitriche verna, L., sub-sp. C. obtusangula, Leg. Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. & Maur. Carum segetum, Benth. Sison Amomun, L. Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm. Foeniculum officinale, All. CEnanthe pimpinelloides, L. Silaus pratensis, Besser Caucalis arvensis, Huds. Rubia peregrina, L. Galium tricorne, Stokes Valerianella Auricula, DC. Dipsacus pilosus, L. Inula Conyza, DC. Bidens cernuus, L. — tripartitus, L. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curtis Picris hieracioides, L. Crepis biennis, L. Tragopogon pratensis, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. Specularia hybrida, Alph. DC. Lysimachia vulgaris, L. Anagallis arvensis, L., var. A. czrulea, Schreb. Anagallis tenella, L. Samolus Valerandi, L. Vinca minor, L. Erythraea Centaurium, Pers., sub-sp. E. pul- chella, Fries Lithospermum arvense, L. Verbascum Blattaria, L., sub-sp. V. virgatum, Stokes Linaria repens, Miller Sibthorpia europza, L. Bartsia viscosa, L. Orobanche major, L. — minor, Sutton Pinguicula lusitanica, L. Thymus Serpyllum, L., sub-sp. T. Chama- drys, Fries Calamintha Acinos, Clairv. Salvia Verbenaca, L. Scutellaria minor, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Galeopsis Ladanum, L. Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Scleranthus annuus, L. Chenopodium polyspermum, L. Hydrocharis Morsus-ranz, L. Malaxis paludosa, Sw. Neottia Nidus-avis, L. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Epipactis latifolia, All. Galanthus nivalis, L. Polygonatum multiflorum, All. Luzula Forsteri, DC. Sparganium simplex, Huds. Lemna trisulca, L. — polyrrhiza, L. Butomus umbellatus, L. Scirpus sylvaticus, L. Carex muricata, L., sub-sp. C. divulsa, Good. — pallescens, L. — Pseudo-cyperus, L. Alopecurus geniculatus, L., sub-sp. A. bul- bosus, Gouan Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth Trisetum flavescens, P. Beauv. Avena fatua, L. Glyceria fluitans, L., var. G. plicata, Fries Bromus erectus, Huds. — madritensis, L. Hordeum pratense, Huds. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— George Stacey Gibson in the PAytohgist, ii. 676-83, ‘ Notice of some localities of plants in Cornwall, etc., in the 8th month, 1846,’ p. 683, Exeter, 1846 (3). 77 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE T. W. Gissing in the PAysohgist, June 1855, ‘ Botanical notes from South Devon,’ p. 29. Fred. Mackenzie in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1865, i. pt. 4, 68-71, ‘On the flora of the neighbourhood of Tiverton.’ Rev. W. Moyle Rogers in the Fournal of Botany, 1878, pp. 15-25, ‘Notes on some south-east Devon plants’ ; and 1879, pp. 9-13, ‘On some south-east Devon plants.’ The same Author in the same Fournal, 1882, pp. 70-6, 121-4, 133-6, 177-83, 206-9, 239-43, 262-6, ‘A contribution towards a Flora of the Teign Basin, S. Devon.’ W. S. M. D’Urban : ‘A sketch of the Natural History of the neighbourhood of Exeter,’ extracted from Besley’s Book of Exeter (1871), ed. ii. pp. 105-11, ‘Botany’ ; this account included plants from the Honiton and Torquay besides the Exeter botanical district. Miss Helen Saunders in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1901, Xxxiii. 473, * Botani- cal Notes, No. ii.’ Thomas Richard Archer Briggs in the Fournal of Botany, 1884, pp. 172, 174, ‘On some Devonian stations of plants noted in the last century.” 5. Honrron This district consists of the eastern or Honiton parliamentary division, excluding how- ever the parish of Churchstanton (transferred in 1896 from Devon to Somerset) and including the parishes of Chardstock and Hawkchurch (transferred at the same time from Dorset to Devon) ; it contains about 173,178 acres, being about 171,078 acres of land, inland water and saltmarsh, besides about 2,100 acres of foreshore and tidal water. It is bounded on the west by the Exeter botanical district, on the north by the county of Somerset, on the east by the county of Dorset, and on the south by the English Channel ; it consists of the four petty sessional divisions of Axminster, Honiton, Ottery and Woodbury ; it comprises 60 civil parishes, all of which are drained to the south coast, 53 being rural and 7 urban ; it contains all the 16 parishes of the Axminster poor-law union, 26 out of the 29 parishes of the Honiton union, and 18 out of the 50 parishes of the St. Thomas union. ‘The most easterly part of the county is in the parish of Hawkchurch on the Dorset border. The principal rivers are the Clyst, the Otter, the Sid, and the Axe with its tributary the Yarty ; the estuary of the Exe forms part of the western boundary. The highest part of the district is near Sheldon, about 930 feet above sea-level. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the dis- trict :— Awliscombe East Budleigh Rockbeare Axminster Farringdon Rousdon Axmouth Farway Salcombe Regis (urban) Aylesbeare Feniton Seaton (urban) Beer Gittisham Sheldon Bicton Harpford Shute Branscombe Hawkchurch Sidbury Buckerell Honiton (urban) Sidmouth (urban) Budleigh Salterton (urban) Kilmington Southleigh Chardstock Littleham and Exmouth (urban) Sowton Clist Honiton Luppitt Stockland Clist St. George Lympstone Talaton Clist St. Mary Membury Uplyme Colaton Raleigh Monkton Upottery Colyton Musbury Ven Ottery Comberaleigh Newton Poppleford Whimple Combpyne Northleigh Widworthy Cotleigh Offwell Withycombe Raleigh Dalwood Otterton Woodbury Dunkeswell Ottery St. Mary (urban) Yarcombe The New Red Sandstone formation occupies most of the western portion of the district, and extends to Honiton as well as along the valley of the Otter to the Somerset county boundary ; it also ascends the valleys of the Sid and the Axe and most of their tributary streams. The Cretaceous beds occupy the chief part of the rest of the district, mostly on the eastern portion ; there is also a patch of it at Blackhill near Withycombe Raleigh. The Lias beds extend along the cliffs from Culverhole Point eastwards to the Dorset boundary, also inland about Uplyme, and around Axminster except the western side. 78 BOTANY Chalk occurs near the coast from Axmouth to Pinhay, also about Beer Head and Brans- combe, with a small patch between Salcombe Regis and Weston Mouth, and there it is the most westerly example of chalk in England ; small patches occur also near the Blackdown Hills. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which have been obtained in the way explained under the Barnstaple district :— Taste 1.—Decapz 1890-9 Station Altitude, | Mean annual rainfall, Mean annual number of days on feet inches which ‘or inch or more of rain fell Clevelands, Axmouth . . . 476 33°43 164 Rousdon . 2. ww we 516 31°47 170 TABLE 2 Mean Mean Mean Mean Altitude,) Mean | annual | percentage] annual vee percent- ‘Temperature in Fah. is a Stati feet annual | number of number | PErceni- age of SV ERABS SDBUS tation F wigs age of above | rainfall, of humidity | of hours ossible cloud sea-level| inches | sunless at of sun- | POSS at |Meanat| Mini- | Maxi- i sunshine days 9 a.m. shine gam. | gam. | mum mum Rousdon . .| 516 |31'94 | 70 86 1688 | 38 66 | 49°52 | 24°43 | 78:27 Sidmouth . .| 186 | 32°79 | — 81 1671 38 64 | 51°83 | 23°17 | 80°30 Exmouth . . — |34°17 cae = = = — —_ = = The meadow rue (Thalictrum flavum) was recorded by Jones and Kingston in 1829 as occurring by Bishop’s Clyst bridge, and Mr. James Jermyn of Exeter tells me that it still exists there and has spread in the immediate neighbourhood. ‘The all-seed (Polycarpon tetra- phyllum) was also recorded by Jones and Kingston ; it was found originally onsome old walls at Lympstone by the Rev. William Newberry of Bushey, and subsequently by Miss Filmore. The flower of the Axe (Lobelia urens) was first discovered in Britain by Mr. William Newbery of Stockland, Devon, on high ground in a boggy moor on Shute Common, between Axminster and Honiton, in October 1768 ; it still maintains its place there, and has also been found in east Cornwall and on the borders of Dartmoor. The tea-plant, a species of Lycium, often planted for ornament by cottagers, is a native of Greece and the Mediterranean region, etc., and is naturalized about Exmouth ; it is not the original L. barbarum of Linnzus, which belongs to hot dry tracts in north Africa and south Persia, and which differs from our plant by the corolla-tube being shorter and by the still shorter stamens; our plant is L. halimifolium, Miller, which is perhaps identical with L. chinense, Miller. The twiny-leg (Bartsia viscosa) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as occurring in Devon, a precise locality probably being on the side of a rivulet that runs by the bog nearest Budleigh Salterton, and plentifully in the marshy ground just at the end of the village (Journ. Bot. 1884, p. 172). The spear-mint (Mentha viridis) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as occurring in watery places and at the banks of streams near Exmouth ; it is also reported from Sidford. The shrubby stonecrop or glasswort (Sueda fruticosa) was recorded by Hudson in 1762 as inhabiting the sea-coast of Devon ; it is also mentioned in Cullen’s Flora Sidostiensis (1849) as indigenous to the vicinity of Sidmouth ; Budleigh Salterton is given in Stewart’s Torquay Flora on the authority of Miss A. Griffiths as a station for it, but specimens from that locality in that lady’s herbarium at Torquay, labelled ‘Chenopodium—? Budleigh Salterton,’ seemed to Dr. Trimon to be a procumbent form of S. maritima (Keys) ; these records do not appear to justify the retention of 8. fruticosa in our county flora. The mistletoe (Viscum album) was recorded by Jones and Kingston in 1829 as occurring in an orchard at Holcombe Rogus on the borders of Somerset, on the authority of the Rev. A. Neck ; it was also reported in Flora Sidostiensis as occurring at Harpford, Larkbere, and as plentiful on Pin farm, Otterton ; the last record has been confirmed during recent ears. j The Portland spurge (Euphorbia portlandica) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as occurring on the sands of the sea-shore near Exmouth, the precise locality apparently being near the 79 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE passage on the sands at Exmouth (see Journ. Bot. 1884, p. 173) 5 it has also been reported from Branscombe (FV. Sidostiensis, p. 38). The twig-rush (Cladium Mariscus) occurs in boggy ground at Hawkchurch Copse as recorded in the Flora of Dorset; Mr. Mansel-Pleydell verified this station, which contributes a good record for this genus to the Devon flora as a consequence of the transfer in 1896 of the parish of Hawkchurch from Dorset to Devon; there is however a less satisfactory record of this plant for Dartmoor. The loose-flowered or reflected meadow-grass (G/yceria distans) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as growing in sandy places near Exmouth ; it was also reported in 1829 by Jones and Kingston on the authority of the Rev. Dr. John Jacob of Devonport as occurring near Topsham. The sea lyme-grass was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as inhabiting the sea- coast near Exmouth ; it was also reported from the same station by Jones and Kingston in 1829 on the authority of Miss Filmore, and by Ravenshaw in 1860 on the authority of Mr. Edward Parfitt, but according to a manuscript note in the British Museum herbarium copy of Ravenshaw’s List, Mr. Parfitt’s specimens are Triticum (Agropyrum) junceum ; it has been also reported from Paignton and Goodrington sands in the Torquay district ; Sir Joseph Hooker in his Student’s Flora does not extend the distribution of the species to Devon, and Mr. Moyle Rogers has closely searched the Exmouth station and Dawlish Warren for this rare grass, and concludes that it is now absent from south Devon ; recent observations however in other parts justify its retention in the county flora. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in ~ the district :— Clematis Vitalba, L. Artemisia maritima, L., and Ranunculus Lingua, L. var. A. gallica, Willd. Nuphar luteum, Sm. Senecio erucifolius, L. Glaucium luteum, Scop. Centaurea Calcitrapa, L. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. Carduus crispus, L., var. C. acanthoides, L Senebiera didyma, Pers. Cnicus eriophorus, Roth Crambe maritima, L. Cichorium Intybus, L. Reseda lutea, L. Picris ne oe ada L. Helianthemum vulgare, Gertn. — echioides, L. Viola palustris, L. Hypocheeris glabra, L. Silene nutans, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. Cerastium semidecandrum, L. Campanula Trachelium, L. Hypericum montanum, L. Statice Limonium, L. Malva rotundifolia, L. ; Primula veris, L. Lavatera arborea, L. Vinca major, L. Erodium moschatum, L’Herit. Chlora perfoliata, L. — maritimum, L’Herit. Erythrea Centaurium, Pers., sub-sp. E. pul- Oxalis corniculata, L. chella, Fries Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC. Gentiana Amarella, L. Lotus angustissimus, L. Lithospermum purpureo-ceruleum, L. Hippocrepis comosa, L. Plantago media, L Vicia bithynica, L., var. latifolia, Syme, and Verbascum nigrum, L. var. sapuitifolia: Syme Veronica Anagallis, L. Lathyrus Aphaca, L. Pinguicula lusitanica, L. — Nissolia, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. — sylvestris, L. Chenopodium Vulvaria, L. Drosera intermedia, Hayne — murale, L. — anglica, Hudson Atriplex laciniata, L. Hippuris vulgaris, L. — portulacoides, L. Carum segetum, Benth. Daphne Laureola, L. Sium latifolium, L. Euphorbia Paralias, L. Crithmum maritimum, L. Populus alba, L., sub-sp. P. canescens, Sm. Daucus Carota, L., sub-sp. D. gummifer, Lam. Salix repens, L., var. S. fusca, L. Cornus sanguinea, L. Ceratophyllum demersuin, L. Viburnum Lantana, L, Epipactis palustris, Crantz Sambucus Ebulus, L. Ophrys apifera, Hudson Rubia peregrina, L. Ruscus aculeatus, L. Galium Cruciata, Scop. Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Asperula cynanchica, L. Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Aster Tripolium, L., var. discoideus, Syme Luzula Forsteri, DC. Anthemis nobilis, in Alisma ranunculoides, L. 80 BOTANY Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. Alopecurus geniculatus, L., sub-sp. A. bul- Butomus umbellatus, L. bosus, Gouan Zostera marina, L., var. angustifolia, Fries Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. Scirpus Caricis, Retz. Glyceria Borreri, Bab. Scheenus nigricans, L. Lepturus filiformis, Trin. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— Theodore H. Mogridge: 4 descriptive sketch of Sidmouth (1836), pp. 65-86. R. C. R. Jordan in the PAysosogist, January 1844, p. 828, ‘ Exmouth.’ W.H. Cullen : Flora Sidostiensis ; or a catalogue of the plants indigenous to the vicinity of Sidmouth (1849). T. W. Gissing in the PéAytologist, June 1855, ‘ Botanical notes from South Devon,’ pp. 27, 28. Zachary James Edwards: Ferns of the Axe and its tributaries, also of Lyme, Charmouth, Uplyme, and Monkton Wyld, with an account of the fower Lobelia urens (1862). George P. R. Pulman : Book of the Axe (1875), ed. 4. W. Moyle Rogers in the Fournal of Botany, 1878, pp. 22-5, ‘Notes on some south-east Devon lants.’ Miss Hs Saunders in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1901, xxxiil. 469, 4.70, ‘ Bot- anical Notes No. ii.’ John Clavell Mansel-Pleydell: The Flora of Dorsetshire (1895), ed. 2; for the parishes of Chard- stock and Hawkchurch. Thomas Richard Archer Briggs in the Fournal of Botany, 1884, pp. 168-74, ‘On some Devonian stations of plants noted in the last century.’ 6. Torouvay This district consists of the Mid or Ashburton and the Torquay parliamentary divisions ; it contains about 206,193 acres, being about 204,175 acres of land, inland water and salt- marsh, besides about 2,018 acres of foreshore and tidal water ; it is bounded on the west by the Tavistock and Torrington botanical districts, on the north by the South Molton botanical district, on the east by the English Channel, and on the south by the Plymouth botanical district. It consists of the three petty sessional divisions of Crockernwell, Paignton and Teignbridge, and the municipal borough of Dartmouth; it comprises all the 38 parishes of the Newton Abbot poor-law union, 2 parishes (Cheriton Bishop and Hittisleigh) of the Crediton union, 9 parishes of the Totnes union, 6 parishes of the Okehampton union, and 3 parishes (Bridford, Dunsford and Tedburn St. Mary) of the St. Thomas union, altogether 58 civil parishes, of which 45 are rural and 13 are urban ; its drainage is wholly to the south coast, except portions of South Tawton and Spreyton (in the Oke- hampton union), which are drained by the upper reaches of the river Taw and its tributary the (South) Yeo ; it contains part of Dartmoor. The principal rivers are the Teign (with its tributaries the North Teign, the Waller brook on the west, and the Bovey), and on the south the Dart with its tributaries. The highest part is Cawsand Beacon, 1,785 feet above sea-level. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Abbotskerswell Dartmouth (urban) Kingskerswell Spreyton Ashburton (urban) Dawlish, East (urban) Kingsteignton Staverton Bickington Dawlish, West Kingswear Stoke Gabriel Bishopsteignton Drewsteignton Lustleigh Stokeinteignhead Bovey Tracey Dunsford Manaton Tedburn St. Mary Bridford East Teignmouth (urban) Marldon Teigngrace Brixham (urban) Gidleigh Milber (urban) Throwleigh Broadhempstone Haccombe with Coombe Moretonhampstead Torbryan Buckland in the Moor Hennock North Bovey Tormoham (urban) Chagford Highweek (urban) Ogwell Trusham Cheriton Bishop Hittisleigh Paignton (urban) West Teignmouth Chudleigh Holne St. Mary Church (urban) Churston Ferrers Ideford (urban) Widdecombe in the Moor Cockington Ilsington St. Nicholas (urban) Wolborough (urban) Coffinswell Ipplepen South Tawton Woodland The Carboniferous system spreads across the northern portion of the district and passes round the granite to the central parts, extending south of Holne. The New Red Sandstone formation prevails on the eastern side following the coast from Dawlish warren with a short interruption to Paignton and penetrating generally a few miles anlene: 81 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Devonian rocks occur in the southern part of the district from Bickington and Newton Abbot to Ogwell, Ashburton, Broadhempstone, Woodland, and Staverton, on Warberry Hill, and at Barton near Torquay. Granite occupies a considerable tract on the Dartmoor or western side of the district. Patches of Greenstone are numerous and occur mostly in the central and southern parts of the district within the limits of the Carboniferous and Devonian systems. Greensand occurs on Great Haldon along the border of the Exeter district and on Little Haldon ; patches of it also occur north of Kingsteignton, near Newton Abbot, and on Milber Down. Limestone occurs at Berry Head and on the south side of ‘Torbay, reaching inland as far as Churston Ferrers village ; also about Torquay between the Devonian rocks and the New Red Sandstones ; there are also inland patches irregular in size and outline on the eastern side of the district. The miocene formation is represented by the Bovey beds, where a tract of lacustrine origin, about 82 miles long by 32 miles broad in the widest part, extending from Kingskerswell to a little beyond Bovey Tracey, contains a deposit of lignite, which has been used as fuel for two centuries at least, and which is of chief interest in the county geology. There is a tin mine in the north part of the parish of Ashburton, and mineral veins and stream tin occur in the Dartmoor portion of the district. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which have been obtained in the way explained under the Barnstaple district :— Tante 1.—Dzcape 1890-9 Station Altitude, | Mean annual rainfall, Mean annual number of days on feet inches which ‘or inch or more of rain fell Bonniclif, Teignmouth . . . 260 31°27 167 Watcombe Park, Torquay. . . 483 34°76 176 Kingsteignton . . . 2... 27 | 34°63 157 Abbotskerswell . 2. 2. 1. 150 36°86 139 Bovey Tracey . . . . . . AIS 45°84 179 Holne Vicarage. . . . 650 53°43 198 Druid House, Ashburton . . . 572 49°99 179 Ideford, Chudleigh. . . . . 300 34°58 181 Tottiford, Chudleigh . . . . 718 41°63 193 "Erusham, we. See aes 322 37°27 182 Tape 2 M M M M , Altitude,| Mean Sanaa Penner sual ae sends A entpeeatate 18 Fahvdearecs Station feet annual | number of number ace 9 age of average annual above | rainfall, of humidity | of hours} 28°,° cloud sea-level| inches | sunless at of sun- Pomible at Mean at] Mini- | Maxi- daa : hi sunshine y' g a.m. shine g a.m. Q a.m. mum mum Dawlish. 2. . «| — | 3613 | — — — = = =< ae = Teignmouth . .| 70 | 34°99 | — 82 —_ 36 64 | 50°6 | 22°05] 80°08 Torquay, Cary Green . . . | 12 — 56 79 1897 | 3 61 2°04 | 24° “96 ee 9 9 52°04 24°93] 77°9 Hill . - «| 286 | 34°24 | 59 82 1712 | 39 61 | 5r°o | 25°17] 80°5 Brixham . . — 1|43°04 — = ae ease ost are = om, Teignbridge . . | 27 |3613] — — = = a —_ es = Highweek . . .| — |40°00 | — — = = a = = = Bovey Tracey . . | 415 |45:18 | — — _ — — oa _ = Chagford . 2. 2 | — [53:20 | — — —_ = = = = =: Tottiford, Chud- leigh. . . «| 718 |4rtro | — — = _ a ae meas = Ilsington . . «| — |s§170o5 | — — — = = = = = Holne Vicarage . | 650 | 64:48 | — == = = = pry es 2 Ashburton, Druid House . . . | 584 | 52:22 | — 83 — 36 64 | 50°3 | 23°27} 79°77 82 BOTANY The white mountain rock-rose (Helianthemum polifolium) is very rare as a British plant, and along Torbay is one of the most striking features in its flora ; it was recorded by Jones and Kingston in 1829 as occurring on the cliffs at Babbicombe and Torquay. The tree mallow (Lavatera arborea) was recorded as a frequent Devon plant by Hudson in 1778 ; it was found on the Thatcher, Torbay, by the Rev. Aaron Neck as recorded by Jones and Kingston in 1829. The extreme abundance of Geranium lucidum in the Trusham neighbourhood is quite a feature in the flora, and one that can hardly fail to catch the eye of even non-botanical observers ; it covers walls and hedge-banks and occupies favourable spots in the woods (Moyle Rogers). In the same vicinity, according to Moyle Rogers, Trifolium subterraneum is especially plentiful, as well as in south-east Devon generally ; the turf wherever undisturbed is usually full of it, almost to the exclusion of the common clovers ; in some of the more stony fallows and on the open downs T. fiiiforme and T. glomeratum dispute the ground with it. J. striatum, T. arvense and T. procumbens are also frequent ; IT. minus is to be met with everywhere in the lanes and woods and along the borders of fields, while in one or two bare rocky spots at Trusham, and at the Chudleigh Rocks, T. suffocatum is in as great quantity as almost any other species; J. scabrum Mr. Moyle Rogers found nowhere else in the neighbourhood than at the last mentioned station, where it is abundant together with most of the other species ; T. hybridum was rapidly spreading throughout the region, and 7. medium was observed only in the neighbouring parish of Ashton in the Exeter district (Fourn. Bot. 1878, p. 18). Lotus hispidus was found by Mr. J. Woods near the castle at Dartmouth in June 1828 (Fourn. Bot. 1892, p. 308). . The great sundew (Drosera anglica) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as inhabiting Devon marshes, a precise locality probably being on Bovey Heathfield, according to a manu- script note of Sir Francis Henry Drake (‘fourn. Bot. 1884, p. 169). Bupleurum aristatum was first found in Devon by the Rev. Aaron Neck at Marble Rocks, Torquay, and sent to Sowerby 19 January 1802; it was figured in English Botany (tab. 2468); recent specimens from the same neighbourhood have been sent to me by Mr. Eden Phillpotts of Torquay. The goldilocks (Aster Linosyris) was discovered in September 1812, by the Rev. Charles Holbeach of Farnborough, Warwickshire, on the rocky cliff at Berry Head ; it was figured in English Botany (tab. 2505) (see Fourn. Bot. 1893, p. 247). The wild purslane or purple spurge (Euphorbia Peplis) was recorded by Hudson in 1788 as inhabiting the sands of the sea-coast near Exmouth, the precise locality probably being, according to a manuscript note of Sir Francis Henry Drake, among the sands near the first rocks between the Warren and Dawlish ; the species is apparently extinct at this station, for Mr. Moyle Rogers closely searched for it there without success (‘Fourn. Bot, 1878, p. 25 and 1884, p. 173); there are however records for other stations in the county. The Devon- shire or Dutch myrtle (AZyrica Gale) was recorded by Hudson in 1778, as inhabiting marshes in Devon, a precise locality probably being, according to a manuscript note of Sir Francis Henry Drake, about half a mile from the road following the hedge on the right hand as soon as Bovey Heathfield is reached from Chudleigh, in great plenty ; it still grew on Bovey Heathfield in 1884 (Fourn. Bot. 1884, p. 173). Romulea Columne was discovered on 24 March, 1834, by Mr. W. C. Trevelyan and Mr. John Miford on Dawlish Warren and still maintains its place there (for a note on this plant see Dr. Shier in Report Devon Association, 1883, xv. 286-9). The grape hyacinth (AZuscari racemosum, Miller) was found many years ago at Paignton, and a few plants of it were seen 12 April 1900 at Goodrington by the Rev. H. Carr Smith. Erica carnea, L., was recorded by Dr. H. F. Hance in Fourn. Bot. 1867, p. 136, as occurring in June 1852 on a heath near Newton Abbot ; he distinguished this species from E. mediterranea, L.; there is no other authority for either of these plants in the county, and a search for Dr. Hance’s specimen in the British Museum (Natural History), where his collection is deposited, has failed to find it. Gladiolus communis, L., var. illyricus (Koch), was reported by W. G. Smith in Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 220, on the authority of Mrs. Gulson, to occur sparingly at Bitton Wood near Teignmouth. The late Rev. Anson W. H. Cartwright of Teignmouth, 6 March 1902, kindly sent to me the following note : ‘I made enquiries again yesterday of an old friend who has lived adjoining the Bitton property for more than forty years and in Teignmouth all his life, and he told me that he had never heard of Bitton Wood, but that his children in the ‘ sixties’ 83 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE and early ‘seventies’ used to call a certain portion of Bitton, near the Shaldon Bridge, the wood, and it is possible that the late Mrs, Gulson referred to this portion of the property in her communication to Mr. Smith. It may have been that she wrote to him the wood at Bitton and that he abbreviated her words into Bitton Wood. My friend, who is a retired medical man, had never heard of Gladiolus illyricus, and was surprised that the late Rev. R. Cresswell, who botanized extensively, had never come across it, if it were to be met with in the locality named.’ The fingered sedge (Carex digitata) is given in the Student’s Flora as extending to Devon; the only precise locality for it in the county appears to be ‘ copse close by Forde Bog’ on the authority of Stewart’s Handbook of the Torquay Flora, p. 1423; the late Dr. Trimen saw the specimen in C. Eyre Parker’s herbarium at Torquay, and he considered it to be another species, namely C. ovalis. The evidence therefore for the retention of C. digitata in our county flora is insufficient. Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S., the keeper of the Kew Herbarium, has favoured me with the following notes on the wild vegetation of the immediate neighbourhood of Dart- mouth and Kingswear in July 1902 :— ‘The lower Dart is not a rich district for the botanist, as there are neither open downs nor commons, and the woods are mostly artificial ; characteristic coast plants too are almost entirely wanting in consequence of the absence of conditions favourable to their existence ; but the hedgerow vegetation is perhaps unusually varied and is this season very luxuriant and beautiful, being in no way marred by dust. ‘Conspicuous and abundant above all other herbaceous plants is Centranthus ruber, locally named “ Pride of Dartmouth” ; it not only grows on waysides, wastes, banks, walls, railway cuttings and embankments, but it extends for miles along the hedgerows and is evidently on the increase ; it was perhaps most effective in the old workings of the stone quarry at the junction of the roads on the hill above Kingswear church, where it covered the waste with a dense growth between 2 and 3 feet high and bore clusters of flowers from 6 inches to a foot in length ; intermixed with the ordinary red there was sufficient of the white-flowered variety to form a very pleasing contrast; there was also a very striking edging of it over- hanging a very considerable length of a terrace-wall on the road between the quarry and the cemetery. The red valerian is here a colonist of an exceedingly vigorous type, spreading and increasing with the same rapidity as Epilobium angustifolium does in the south-eastern counties, though it does not enter the woods; of the Epilodium I did not see a single plant in this part of Devonshire. ‘Similarly the abundance of Tamus communis (black bryony) in the hedgerows caused one to miss Bryonia, with which it is commonly associated in some parts of England, Sussex for example. ‘The small wood by the road leading down to Kingswear cemetery, at the top of the creek, is probably natural, and consists largely of stunted oak (Quercus sessiliflora), interspersed with large weather-beaten hollies of great age; ash, beech and hazel are also present, and elder abundant and conspicuous, being in full flower. The profusion and size of the honey- suckles on the shrubs and small trees are remarkable ; bracken form the greater part of the undergrowth, and richly coloured foxgloves abound, especially in the half open spaces ; seen from the road in varying lights these glades are very effective. "The wood on the right bank of the creek, I was told, was partly planted, though it consists mainly of native trees ; I found no rare plants in it, but I was struck by the large size of such common things as Heracleum, Angelica, Cnicus palustris, Galium Aparine, Scrophularia nodosa and many others, and I never saw Cotyledon so large ; isolated plants of the latter were 3 feet high, forming a pyramid of branches supported by a dense tuft of unusually large radical leaves, with stalks from 9 inches to a foot long. ‘I do not know the names of brambles, but I distinguished only three obviously distinct sorts; the commonest was a very ornamental kind, with robust habit and nearly orbicular abruptly acuminate leaflets, dark glossy green above and silvery beneath, and large pink flowers in very large broad clusters ; the next in degree of predominance was a white-flowered sort, with obovate bright green leaflets something like what has been called corylifolius ; the least common of the three was relatively small and slender, with small white flowers in elongated panicles and remarkable in having very long narrow, almost caudate, sepals. Incomplete specimens of these Rubi were submitted to the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, who thought the first might be Rubus robustus, P. J. Muell.; the last a curious state or form of his own angustifolius (a variety of R. leucostachys, Schleich.) ; but the second one he would not venture to name from flowering specimens only. 84 BOTANY ‘Among plants of gregarious occurrence I particularly noted Echium, Origanum, Rubia and Erythrza Centaurium ; Clematis in more or less artificial plantations was observed climb- ing to a height of 30 to 40 feet, and Cuscuta Epithymum, on furze overhanging a terrace wall, was at least 6 or 7 feet long and very effective. Calystegia silvatica, a native of south-eastern Europe, having pure white flowers twice the size of those of C. sepium, has become established among the furze and brambles opposite “ Fern Bank,” Kingswear, and in several other places, where it forms a fine show from early morning until it closes its diurnal flowers about midday.’ The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Thalictrum minus, L. Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix — hirsutus, Curtis — parviflorus, L. Papaver Argemone, L. Cardamine impatiens, L. Barbarea vulgaris, R.Br., sub-sp. B. inter- media, Boreau Raphanus maritimus, L. Silene gallica, L., var. S. anglica, L. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis, var. C. pumi- lum, Curtis Sagina subulata, Presl Hypericum calycinum, L. — linarifolium, Vahl Geranium pusillum, L. Oxalis corniculata, L. — stricta, L. Ononis reclinata, L. Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC. Medicago maculata, Willd. Lotus angustissimus, L. Hippocrepis comosa, L. Vicia tetrasperma, Moench, sub-sp. V. gracilis, Loisel. — bithynica, L. Lathyrus Nissolia, L. — hirsutus, L. Spirea Filipendula, L. Potentilla argentea, L. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Sedum reflexum, L., var. S. albescens, Haw. Callitriche verna, L., sub-sp. C. obtusangula, Le Gall Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. & Maur. Bupleurum tenuissimum, L. Trinia vulgaris, DC. Crithmum maritimum, L. Cnanthe pimpinelloides, L. Viburnum Lantana, L. Rubia peregrina, L. Galium tricorne, Stokes Asperula cynanchica, L. Valerianella carinata, Loisel. Silybum marianum, Gertn. Hieracium murorum, L., sub-sp. H. palli- dum, Fries Hypocheeris glabra, L. Lobelia urens, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. Centunculus minimus, L. Lithospermum purpureo-ceruleum, L. Cuscuta europza, L. — epithymum, Murr., sub-sp. C. Trifolii, Bab. Littorella lacustris, L. Verbascum Blattaria, L., sub-sp. V. vir- gatum, Stokes Bartsia viscosa, L. Lathrza squamaria, L. Orobanche major, L. — minor, Sutton, sub-sp. O. Hedere, Duby Mentha sativa, L., sub-sp. M. gentilis, L. Calamintha officinalis, Moench, sub-sp. C. sylvatica, Brompf. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Salicornia radicans, Sm. Thesium linophyllum, L. Carpinus Betulus, L. Malaxis paludosa, L. Spiranthus autumnialis, Rich. Orchis Morio, L. — pyramidalis, L. Ophrys apifera, Hudson Scilla verna, Hudson — autumnalis, L. Luzula Forsteri, DC. Lemna gibba, L. — polyrrhiza, L. Potamogeton trichoides, Cham. Heliocharis acicularis, Sm. Scirpus Savii, Seb. & Maur. Carex disticha, Hudson — paludosa, Good. — riparia, Curtis Anthoxanthum Puelii, Lecog. & Lamotte Alopecurus agrestis, L. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. Poa compressa, L. Glyceria Borreri, Bab. Bromus erectus, Hudson Agropyrum junceum, P. Beauv. Lepturus filiformis, Trin. Hordeum pratense, Huds. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :—- John Pike Jones: 4 Botanical Tour through various parts of the Counties of Devon and Cornwall (1820), pp. 2-13, 41-64, 74. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward in the PAysohgist, July 1841, i. pt. 2, pp. 20, 21, ‘List of Rare A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Plants found in Devonshire in the year 1840 ’—at or within 3 miles of Torquay ; also near Holme Chase and on the borders of the river Dart. Robert C. R. Jordan in the PAysohgist, January 1844, pp. 827, 828, ‘ Rare Plants observed in the neighbourhood of Teignmouth, Devon.’ Robert Batterby, M-D., in the PAytolgist, September 1844, i. 1079, ‘ Note on Iris foetidissima with double flowers.’ ; Samuel Hannaford : Flora Tottoniensis: A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns growing Wild in the vicinity of Totnes (1851), and Supplement (1852). Fraser Halle: Letters, Historical and Botanical ; relating chiefly to places in the vale of Teign, and par- ticularly to Chudleigh, Lustleigh, Canonteign and Bovey-Tracey (1851). Thomas Waller Gissing in the PAyshgist, June 1855, ‘Botanical Notes from South Devon,’ pp. 25-8. Robe Stewart: Handbook of the Torquay Flora (1860). T. B. Flower in the Physohgist, September 1860, p. 288, ‘ Additional Devonshire Plants.’ Rev. W. Moyle Rogers in the Fournal of Botany, 1878, pp. 15-25, ‘Notes on some south-east Devon Plants’ ; and 1880, pp. 9-13, ‘On some south-east Devon Plants’ ; the same author in the same Journal, 1882, pp. 70-6, 121-4, 133-6, 177-83, 206-9, 239-43, 262-6, “A Contribution towards a Flora of the Teign Basin, S. Devon.’ Miss Helen Saunders in the Transactions of rhe Devonshire Association, 1898, xxx. 201, ‘ Ashburton.’ Thomas Richard Archer Briggs in the Fournal of Botany, 1866, p. 288, ‘ Unrecorded Stations, mostly near Plymouth, of some uncommon Plants, etc.’ ; 1868, p. 58, ‘ Ononis reclhinata in Devonshire’; 1879, p- 314, ‘Devon Plants’; 1884, pp. 168-74, ‘On some Devonian Stations of Plants noted in the last century.’ Edward Croydon: The Torquay Guide, etc., by several literary gentlemen (Torquay, 1841), ‘ Botany,’ pp. 132-69 ; another edition (1852 ?), pp. 270-80, The Handbook for Torquay. Edward and — Henry Croydon: The Teignmouth Guide, ed. 16, ‘Wild Flowers,’ pp. 137, 138; no date. Cornelius’s Guide : Dawlish, Historical and Topographical, ed. 2, ‘The Botany of Dawlish,’ pp. 75- 82; no date. : J. A. Walker in the PAytohgist, 1845, ii. 24, 25, ‘On the Influence of the mild Climate of Torquay on Flowering Plants.’ Robert C. R. Jordan in the Phytologist, 1845, ii. 338, 339, ‘Occurrence of Alyssum calycinum and Narcissus biflorus near Dawlish.’ Fenton J. A. Hort in the PAysohgist, 1848, ili. 321, 322, Note on Alsine rubra, var. media, Bab.’ ; p. 322, Torquay and Dawlish. C. E. Lartor (Miss) : Manual of the Flora of Torquay (1900). 7. PLyMouTH This district consists of the Southern or Totnes parliamentary division, the municipal boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the parish of East Stonehouse ; it contains about 200,874 acres, being about 195,068 acres of land, inland water and saltmarsh, besides about 5,806 acres of foreshore and tidal water ; it consists of the three petty sessional divisions of Ermington and Plympton, Stanborough and Coleridge, and South Roborough, except the municipal borough of Dartmouth, but with the addition of those of Plymouth and Devonport ; it comprises all the 26 parishes of the Kingsbridge poor-law union, 18 out of the 27 parishes of the Totnes union, and 13 out of the 20 parishes of the Plympton union, besides the three towns of Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse, altogether 60 civil parishes, of which 51 are rural and g are urban; the drainage is entirely to the south coast; it includes part of Dart- moor. The principal rivers are the Dart, the Avon, the Erme, the Yealm, the Tory brook, and (on the western border) the Plym. The highest part is 1,692 feet above sea-level, at Petre’s Bound Stone in the parish of Buckfastleigh West, where it joins the Torquay and Tavistock botanical districts. It includes Prawle Point, in the parish of Chivelstone, the most southern part of the county. It is bounded on the west by the county of Cornwall, on the north by the Tavistock and Torquay botanical districts, and on the east and south by the English Channel. —_ The following is a complete list. in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the dis- trict :— Ashprington Buckfastleigh, East (urban) Cornwood Aveton Gifford Buckfastleigh, West Cornworthy Berry Pomeroy Buckland Tout Saints Dartington Bigbury Charleton Dean Prior Blackawton Chivelstone Devonport (urban) Brixton Churchstow Diptford 86 Dittisham East Allington East Stonehouse (urban) BOTANY Modbury Morleigh Newton Ferrers Slapton South Brent South Huish Ermington North Huish South Milton Halwell Plymouth (urban) South Pool Harberton Plympton Maurice Stoke Fleming Harford Plympton St. Mary Stokenham Holbeton Plymstock (urban) Thurlestone Ivybridge (urban) Portlemouth Totnes (urban) Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (urban) _ Rattery Ugborough Kingston Revelstoke Wembury Littlehempstone Ringmore West Alvington Loddiswell Salcombe (urban) Woodleigh Malborough Sherford Yealmpton By far the largest portion of the district belongs to the Devonian period. The southern part of the county from Malborough and South Pool villages to Bolt Head and East Prawle is Metamorphic or Altered Devonian, interspersed with patches of Greenstone ; there is Green- stone also about Prawle Point, and several patches of it are distributed within the Devonian area. Limestone rocks occur in the southern parts of Devonport, East Stonehouse and Ply- mouth, extending about 12 mile nearly due east of Plymstock church; there are also patches of limestone about Yealmpton, North Huish, Buckfastleigh, etc. The part of the district which belongs to Dartmoor is granite. ‘The Carboniferous system occurs to a limited extent round the granite area between it and the Devonian area. Mineral veins occur near Buckfastleigh. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which are obtained as explained under the Barnstaple district :— Taste 1.—Decape 1890-9 Station Altitude, | Mean annual rainfall, Mean annual number of days on feet inches which ‘ox inch or more of rain fell Buckfastleigh 250 56°16 175 Dittisham 360 42°52 151 Ivybridge 400 45°76 187 Revelstoke 180 37°74 148 Devonport 201 33°10 186 TABLE 2 Mean Mean | | Altitude, | Mean | percentage asl Mean | Temperature in Fah. ReEres Stati feet annual of number ae average annual tation above | rainfall, | humidity | of hours al sea-level | inches at of sun- Esabiieees Mean at} Mini- Maxi- 9 a.m. shine 9g am. mum mum Buckfastleigh 250 54°53 79 — 36 49°6 | 17°29 | 81°20 Totnes . — 52°98 _ — _ — — — Kingsbridge — 37°30 — — = —_ = — Prawle Point — | 29°60 — — — 49°8 — = Ivybridge _ 51°69 — — —_ _ _ — Plympton — 63°36 — — = = _ == Plymouth 116 | 36°30 83 1631 | 37 5o'9 | 24°16 | 79°16 At Plymouth during the years 1895-1901 the average annual number of hours of sunshine was 1,7624, and the average number of sunless days was $9 in a year. Archer Briggs in his Flora of Plymouth (1880), p Xxi, ., gives the following average figures for the 15 years, 1865-79, at Plymouth, N. lat. 50° 224’, W. long. 4° 73’ :-— Barometer, reduced to mean sea-level at 32° Fahr. ie in inches 29°945 35 % » monthly maximum 5 . 30°39] ” ” ” ” minimum ” + 29°321 87 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Temperature in shade, annual, in Fahrenheit degrees. . . «© - 51°60 5 5 mean monthly maximum ,, . - » + « « 58°22 oe <5 ey » minimum , . + + « « «+ 44°99 Hygrometer: mean monthly—dry bulb . . . - + + + © © + 50°84 5 3 » wetbulb. . . 2. 6 se ee + + 48°94 4 - » dew-point. coe we © & we $696 » percentage of humidity. . . . 87 Rainfall : number of days on which ‘or inch or more of rain fell ina year 184 3 total annual, in inches . . . . ee e+ + + + + +) 377541 Wind : number of days on which it blew from N. by E. to E., annual 76 E. by S. to S. 5 66 > ” ” ” 9 s. by W. to W. ” 107 ” ” ” ” ” W. by N. to N. y 86 ¥§ calm . . 1... ee Neuer. sedge 30 ? ” ” > ” The ramping fumitory (Fumaria capreolata) is frequent in the district ; the sub-species F. pallidiflora was first recorded for Britain by C. C. Babington in 1860, and the first locality for it given by him was Salcombe ; the sub-species F. confusa was considered by Archer Briggs to be the one most common in the county. Hypericum undulatum was first recorded as a British plant by Archer Briggs in 1864 from the neighbourhood of Plymouth ; it has subsequently been noticed in the Barnstaple, Torring- ton and Tavistock districts ; it occurs also in Cornwall. The Plymouth strawberry (Fragaria muricata) is a monstrous state of the common straw- berry (F. vesca) and was first found in a Plymouth garden ; Parkinson in his Paradisus (1629) figured it on page 527 with the name of ‘the prickly strawberry,’ and on page 528 referred to it as follows: ‘One Strawberry more I promised to shew you, which although it be a wilde kinde, and of no use for meate, yet I would not let this discourse passe, without giving you the knowledge of it. It is in leafe much like unto the ordinary, but differeth in that the flower, if it have any, is greene, or rather it beareth a small head of greene leaves, many set thicke together like unto a double ruffe, in the midst whereof standeth the fruit, which when it is ripe, sheweth to be soft and somewhat reddish, like unto a Strawberry, but with many small harmlesse prickles on them, which may be eaten and chewed in the mouth without any maner of offence, and is somewhat pleasant like a Strawberry ; it is no great bearer, but those it doth beare, are set at the toppes of the stalks close together, pleasant to behold, and fit for a Gentlewoman to weare on her arme, etc., as a raritie in stead of a flower.’ A somewhat similar plant is figured by Barrelierus, Plant. Gall. Hispan. et Ital. (1714), tab. 90, with the name of Fragaria spinoso fructu. Yor further particulars see Briggs, F/, Plym. p. 108 and Fourn. Bot. 1898, p. 127, where a figure of it is reproduced from the Gardener’s Chronicle for 1887. The crimson grass-vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia) was stated by Polwhele in 1797, on the authority of Mr. Cornish of Totnes, to be very common in the southern parts of the county, and (Polwhele added) in every other part; it appears during recent years not to be common, and about Plymouth to be spasmodic in its occurrence. The sweet-scented agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria, sub-sp. A. cdorata) was recorded in 1853 as occurring in Devon and Cornwall, and by Archer Briggs in 1866 as in the Plymouth district ; it occurs also in the Torrington, South Molton, Torquay and Tavistock districts. The field eryngo (Eryngium campestre) was found by Ray 7 July 1662, and recorded by him (Cat. Pl. Angi. [1670], ed. 1, p. 105), ‘on a rock which you descend to the Ferrey from Plymouth over into Cornwall’; Archer Briggs found -it still there in 1880; but it was reported in 1891 to be nearly extinct owing to the greater public use of the site. Carum verticillatum was found by Archer Briggs about a mile from Cornwood railway station 3 August 1882 ; previous records of it for the county had been called in question. The moth mullein (Verbascum Blattaria) was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as inhabiting gravelly places about Plymouth and Ashburton ; the sub-species V. virgatum also occurs in the district and may have been the plant intended by Hudson. The abundance of the balm-leaved figwort (Scrophularia Scoredonia) about the town of Kingsbridge is a very noticeable feature in its botany ; in 1878 there was plenty of it on the hedge banks all round the town and in many spots some miles beyond ; also in greater or less quantities in a south-easterly direction a little beyond Charleton, at a station near East Down, by the lane ascending the hill from Frogmoor, and between the hamlet of Ford and Chivel- 88 BOTANY stone 3 or 4 miles from Kingsbridge up to 400 feet of altitude ; in a southerly direction on the lower road to Salcombe as far as the little vale on the southern side of Callapit ; and in a south-westerly direction at West Alvington, at a station within a quarter of a mile from Malborough village about 320 feet high nearly 4 miles from Kingsbridge, and in the parish of Thurlestone on the eastern bank of the Avon estuary close to the hamlet of Bantham ; the flowers of S, Scorodonia are rather brighter in colour than those of either 8. nodosa or S. aquatica, the purple taking more of a reddish tint, and it is decidedly the prettiest of the three species ; wasps are as partial to its flowers as to those of the other two species ; it must not be supposed that the mica-slate formation has anything to do with the occurrence of this plant, since it is not on this rock but on the Devonian slate that it grows in such great quantity (Archer Briggs). The Cornish money-wort (Sibthorpia europea) was recorded by Bishop Gibson in 1695 as occurring in Devon no less frequently than in Cornwall and on the like watery banks, and Hudson in 1762 reported it as frequent in both counties by streams and springs ; Jones and Kingston in 1829 on the authority of Sir Francis Drake and Mr. Hudson reported it about the springs in the village of Tor near Harford. Ray had placed this as a bastard species under Alsine, and some of the old botanists suspected that it was a hybrid between Chry- sosplenium alternifolium and Hydrocotyle vulgaris. It is on record that Linneus, thinking that the English had erroneously multiplied the species, doubted the existence of the plant, until in 1750 Dr. Sibthorp of Oxford convinced him of its reality by sending to him a good specimen (Polwhele). It occurs also in the Barnstaple, Torrington, Exeter and ‘Tavistock districts. The round-leaved mint (Mentha rotundifolia) is by no means rare in the county, and in some spots of the extreme southern part of this district it is quite a common plant and apparently indigenous. The bastard balm (Melittis Melissophyllum) was recorded in 1650 on the authority of Dr. Richard Heaton of Dublin as found near Totnes; it is more frequent in this county than elsewhere in England, and occurs in all the districts. A) grandiflora, with a larger very handsome corolla, can scarcely be distinguished ; it was reported from the neighbour- hoods of Barnstaple and Ashburton. f The strap wort (Corrigiola littorals) was recorded in 1787 by Stokes in his edition of Withering’s Botanical Arrangement, p. 322, as found on Slapton Sands and near the Start Point. Scirpus Savii is not uncommon in the district; it is eb the ‘smooth sea rush- grass of Plimmouth’ mentioned in Parkinson’s Theatrum botqnicum (1640), p. 1271 and figured on p. 1270. ; Sea kale (Crambe maritima) was cultivated in 1795 from plant: originally obtained from Slapton Sands (PAytologist, September 1860, p. 288). ( The snow-flake (Leucojum cestivum), until recently found on|the banks of the Dart, is now apparently quite extinct (British Association Report for 1891, p. 362). The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. Lotus angustissimus, L. Papaver hybridum, L. Brassica alba, Boiss. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. Raphanus maritimus, Sm. Silene noctiflora, L. Sagina apetala, L., sub-sp. S. maritima, Don. Spergularia salina, Presl, var. Lepigonum neg- lectum, Kindb. — rupestris, Lebel Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L, Hypericum hirsutum, L. Lavatera arborea, L. Geranium sanguineum, L. — perenne, Huds. Medicago denticulata, Willd. Trifolium fragiferum, L. — resupinatum, L. Lotus hispidus, Desf. 89 Vicia lutea, L. Prunus Cerasus, L. Pyrus germanica, Hook. f. Mpyriophyllum spicatum, L. Callitriche verna, L., sub-sp. C. obtusangula, Le Gall Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. & Maur. — roseum, Schreb. Pimpinella major, Hudson Crithmum maritimum, L. Peucedanum sativum, Benth. & Hook. f. Daucus Carota, L., sub-sp. D. gummifer, Lam. Sambucus Ebulus, L. Galium verum, L., var. ochroleucum, Syme Dipsacus sylvestris, L. Inula Conyza, DC. — crithmoides, L. Serratula tinctoria, L. 12 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Hieracium umbellatum, L., var, monticola Euphorbia portlandica, L. (H. monticola, Jord.) — Paralias, L. Lactuca virosa, L. — Peplis, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. Mercurialis annua, L. Specularia hybrida, Alph. DC. Salix triandra, L Statice auriculzfolia, Vahl (S. binervosa, G. Taxus baccata, L. E. Sm.) Neottia Nidus-avis, L. Centunculus minimus, L. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Erythrea Centaurium, Pers., sub-sp. E. pul- Orchis Morio, L. chella, Fries — pyramidalis, L. Convolvulus Soldanella, L. Ophrys apifera, Hudson Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. Ruscus aculeatus, L. Hyoscyamus niger, L. Allium vineale, L. Linaria supina, Desf. — oleraceum, L. Mimulus luteus, Pursh. (not L.), M. Langs- Scilla autumnalis, L. dorfii, Donn Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Bartsia viscosa, L. Colchicum autumnale, L. Orobanche minor, Sutton, sub-sp. O. ame- Luzula Forsteri, DC. (Koch thystea, Thuill. Ruppia maritima, L., sub-sp. R. rostellata, Pinguicula lusitanica, L. Zannichellia palustris, L. Mentha Pulegium, L. Zostera nana, Roth Calamintha officinalis, Moench, var. Briggsii, Scirpus parvulus, Roem. & Schult. Syme Carex divisa, Hudson Chenopodium polyspermum, L. — Benninghauseniana, Weihe — murale, L. Anthoxanthum Puelii, Lecog. & Lamotte — rubrum, L., var. C. botryodes, Sm. Briza minor, L. Polygonum aviculare, L., sub-sp. P. Roberti, Poa bulbosa, L. Loisel. Agropyrum repens, P. Beauv., sub-sp. A. Daphne Laureola, L. acutum, Roem. & Schult. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district include the following works :— George Banks: The Plymouth and Devonport Flora, 8 parts (1830-2). John Jacob : West Devon and Cornwall Flora, 18 parts (183 [= 7). Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward in the Phytologist, July 1841, i, pt. 2, p. 21, ‘List of rare plants found in Devonshire in the year 1840 ’—at or within 8 miles of Devonport. Samuel Gibson in the PAysohgist, April 1842, i. 179, ‘On British species and varieties of the genus Sagina.’ Samuel Hannaford : Flora Tottoniensis ; a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns, growing wild in the vicinity of Totnes (4851), and supplement (1852). Thomas Rich=:2 archei Briggs i in the Physohgist, August 1861, pp. 253, he * Dates of flowering of plants in the vicinity of Plymouth’ ; p. 256, ‘ Scrophularia vernalis’ ; December 1861, pp. 368-71, ‘ Localities of some uncommon plants and of varieties of common species within twelve miles of Plymouth’ ; July 1862, p. 223, ‘List of early flowering plants observed in flower near Plymouth, with the date of their first appearance’; August 1862, pp. 255, 256. ‘Polygonatum multiforum and Viburnum Lantana’ ; September 1862, pp. 286, 287, ‘A new Epilbium ?” ; October 1862, pp. 313, 314, Epilsbium. The same author in the Fournal of Botany, 1863, pp. 376-8, ‘Stations of some uncommon plants in Devon and Cornwall’; 1866, pp. 287-90, ‘Unrecorded stations, mostly near Plymouth, of some uncommon plants, etc.’ ; 1867, pp. 309-11, ‘ Unrecorded stations of and notes respecting some Plymouth plants’ ; 1868, pp. 205—7, 327, 328, and 1869, pp. 318-20, ‘Notes respecting some Plymouth plants’ ; 1870, pp. 190, 191, ‘On the fertilization of the primrose (Primula vulgaris, Huds.)’ ; 1870, pp. 356, 357, ‘ Viola odorata, L., and V. lactea, Sm., in S.W. England,’ and ‘Carex distans, L.’ 3 1871, pp. 241, 242, ‘ Stations of, and remarks on, some Plymouth plants’ ; 1871, p. 306, ‘Plants near Plymouth’; 1872, pp. 141-5, “On some peculiarities in the Botany of the neighbourhood of Plymouth’ ; 1872, p. 153, ‘ Asarum europeum, L., not a Plymouth plant’ ; 1872, pp. 259-61, ‘ Notes respecting some Plymouth plants’ ; 1873, PP. 374, 375, ‘Notes on some Plymouth plants with stations’ -. 1874, pp. 327, 328, ‘Notes on some plants of the neighbourhood of Plymouth, with stations’ ; 1875, pp. 266, 267, ‘ Notes respecting some Plymouth plants, with a few unre- corded stations’ ; 1875, pp. 294, 295, ‘ Rumex rupestris, Le Gall, a British species’ ; 1875, p 297, ‘Plymouth plants’; 1876, pp. 275-8, 280, 286, ‘ Report of the curator of the Botanical Exchange Club for the year 1875’; 1878, pp. 292-9, ‘Some notes on the flora of the extreme south of Devon’; 1879, pp. 18, 19, ‘ Scirpus parvulus, R. & S. in S. Devon’ ; 1879, pp. 245, 246, ‘Extracts from the report of the Botanical Exchange Club for 1877-8’ ; 1879, p. 314, ‘Devon plants’; 1881, pp. 312, 313, ‘ Leontodon hastilis, Lu” ; go BOTANY 1882, p. 283, ‘Carum verticillatum in 8. Devon’ ; 1884, pp. 168-74, ‘On some Devonian stations of plants noted in the last century’ ; and other papers on the brambles and roses. The same author : Flora of Plymouth ; an account of the fowering plants and ferns found within twelve miles of the town (1880). Guilding in the PAysohgist, 1847, ii. 767, ‘ Linaria supina near Plymouth.’ J. W. N. Keys in the PAysohgist, 1847, ii. 938-40, ‘On the claims of Linaria supina to a place in the British Flora.’ W. Pamplin in the PAysolgist, iii. 166-70, ‘ List of habitats of plants recorded in MS. in a copy of Blackstone’s “‘ Specimen botanicum,”’ p. 167 (Plymouth, 1848). Fenton J. A. Hort in the PAytologiss, iii. 321, 322, ‘Note on Abine rubra, var. media, Bab.” p. 322 (Plymouth, 1848). J. W. N. Keys in the PAytohgist, 1849, iii. 459-61, ‘Dates of the flowering of British plants,’ and pp. 537-40, ‘ On the flowering of British plants.’ 8. Tavistock This district consists of the three petty sessional divisions of Midland Roborough, Tavistock and Lifton, being the greater part of the southern portion of the western or Tavistock parliamentary division ; it contains about 230,106 acres, being about 228,224 acres of land, inland water and saltmarsh, besides about 1,882 acres of foreshore and tidal water ; it comprises all the 25 parishes of the Tavistock poor-law union, 5 out of the 6 Devon- shire parishes of the Launceston union, 4 out of the 28 parishes of the Okehampton union, and 7 out of the 20 parishes of the Plympton union, altogether 41 civil parishes, one only of which is urban, and all of which are drained to the south coast except parts of Lydford, Bridestowe and Sourton (which parts are drained by the West Okement river towards the north coast); it is bounded on the west by the county of Cornwall, on the north by the Torrington botanical district, on the east by the Torquay botanical district, and on the south by the Plymouth botanical district. It is entirely inland, but part of the south-western corner is washed with tidal water ; it contains the chief part of Dartmoor Forest, including Cranmere Pool so-called, a centre on the moor not far from the sources of several of the principal rivers of the county, the West Okement, the East Okement, the Taw, the North Teign, the East Dart and the Tavy ; other streams in the district are the South Teign, the West Dart, the Walkham, the Lyd, the Tamar (which forms the western border against Cornwall for a considerable distance) with its tributaries, the Carey, the Caudworthy Water, the Ottery (on the north-west), the Meavy and the Thrushel ; about 2 miles south of Cranmere Pool the moor ascends at Cut Hill to 1,981 feet above sea- level. The following is a complete list in alphabetical order of the civil parishes in the district :— Bere Ferrers Lamerton Sheepstor Bickleigh near Plymouth Lewtrenchard Sourton Bradstone Lifton Stowford Bratton Clovelly Lydford Sydenham Damarel Brentor Marystow Tamerton Foliott Bridestowe Mary Tavy Tavistock Hamlets Broadwood Widger Meavy Tavistock Town (urban) Buckland Monachorum Milton Abbot Thruselton Compton Gifford North Petherwin Virginstowe Coryton Peter Tavy Walkhampton Dunterton St. Budeaux Werrington Egg Buckland St. Giles in the Heath - Weston Peverell Germansweek Sampford Spiney Whitchurch Kelly Shaugh Prior The south-western part of the district belongs to the Upper and Middle Devonian system, the north-western to the Carboniferous, and the eastern part is chiefly Dartmoor granite ; several Greenstone patches mostly running in lines from west to east traverse the Devonian part, and some others of an irregular outline traverse the Carboniferous part ; several mineral veins and stream tin occur in the granite part. The climate of the district is illustrated by the following tables, which have been ob- tained as explained under the Barnstaple district :— gI A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Taste 1.—Decape 1890-9 : Altitude, | Mean annual rainfall, Mean annual number of days on orange feet inches which ‘or inch or more of rain fell Bere Ferrers. . . 2. 1. 1 ss 100 41°87 185 Tavistock, Public Library. . . . 283 43°81 198 Polapit Tamar, Werrington . . . 315 36°79 — TaBLlE 2 Mean M Altitud M annual num- aa Mean {Temperature in Fah. degrees, i me “ ei ber of days P capa percent- average annual Station Ps . rl on which h . dit age of saa oy mi 9 | +o1 inch or Seed possible M tt! Mini Maxi scea-leve! inches more of at sunshine ean ai inl- aXlI~ rain fell 9 a.m. gam. | mum | mum Lee Moor, Shaugh. . . . — 68:01 — — — — — — Head Weir, Plymouth Reservoir] 720 | 58°25 174 — _ — — — Statsford, Whitchurch. . .| 594 | 53°00 203 83 35 49°8 | 20°15 | 82°43 Beer Alston. . . . . «| 124 | 40°48 196 — — 5it | 23°67 | 81°67 Princetown Prison. . . . | 1359 | 78°59 183 92 31 45°8 | 20°98 | 76°58 The columbine (4guilegia vulgaris) is frequent in many parts of the county, and appears to be native in some places, as for instance in the southern part of the district ; it is not con- fined to a calcareous soil. The shepherd’s cress (Teesdalia nudicaulis) is widely distributed over the district, with a preference for granite rocks; it also affects the neighbourhood of the coast in other districts. The larch-leaved spurrey (Sagina subulata) is locally rather common on moors and downs ; it was recorded by Jonesand Kingston in 1829. The dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia) grows sparingly in several stations, preferring very dry spots. The common flax (Linum usitatissimum) is not now cultivated in the district, but the plant occurs casually ; Polwhele in 1797 stated that every species of flax grew on Dartmoor and its cultivation might there be turned to good account. The small-fruited pear (Pyrus communis, var. P. cordata) was first recorded for England by Dr. Boswell Syme in 1871, on the authority of Archer Briggs; it was figured in the Fournal of Botany for 1876, tab. 180 ; it occurs also in east Cornwall, and a nearly similar form is found in western France. Tillea muscosa was discovered by Archer Briggs on 13 May 1861, in Egg Buckland ; in dry seasons it soon passes out of flower and dies. ‘The smaller long-leafed sundew (Drosera intermedia) is native in several stations; it was reported by G. Banks in 1830 as occurring occasionally in company with the round-leaved sundew (D. rotundifolia). The profusion of Epi/cbium lanceolatum in many parts of the southern part of the district and elsewhere near Plymouth is a very striking fact; while abundant over a considerable extent of the country, it is rare in certain localities or altogether absent ; it ascends above 500 feet near Roborough village, but mostly grows in low and warm situations especially where slaty or shaly soils prevail, though it is not confined to such places; it may often be - seen growing abundantly on banks or railway cuttings; the flowers differ conspicuously in colour from those of E. montanum, being of a rosy or pinkish hue and not purplish ; they are pure white at the time of opening, but soon assume colour (Archer Briggs). The Cornish bladder-seed (Physospermum cornubiense) was first reported for Devon in a paper read at the Plymouth meeting of the British Association in 1841 as occurring in an oak coppice near ‘Tavistock about a quarter of a mile from New Bridge; it is believed to exist still in that neighbourhood and ascends up to 400 feet altitude above sea level, favouring partially shaded woodland glades; it is rare and local. The pale butterwort (Pinguicula lusitanica) was first recorded as a British plant in 1666 as occurring in boggy meadows midway between Okehampton and Launceston; it is one of the common and characteristic plants of the peaty and moorland areas. Arum italicum was detected by Archer Briggs in May 1884 in the parish of Egg g2 BOTANY Buckland in company with the common cuckoopint (4. maculatum) ; its presence there is possibly the result of ancient cultivation. The cowberry (Vaccinium Vitis-idea, L.) has been recorded from Fur Tor, Dartmoor ; its occurrence there requires confirmation. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting species which occur in the district :— Ranunculus marinus, Fries, var. R. confusus, Godr. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. Nasturtium sylvestre, R. Br. Viola canina, L. (V. flavicornis, Sm.) Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl Spergularia salina, Presl — media, Pers. Hypericum undulatum, Schousb. — linarifolium, Vahl Geranium pusillum, L. Empetrum nigrum, L. Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC. Medicago denticulata, Willd. Melilotus alba, Desr. Trifolium scabrum, L. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Sedum Telephium, L. — reflexum, L. Pimpinella major, Hudson Foeniculum officinale, All, Viburnum Lantana, L. Rubia peregrina, L. Inula Conyza, DC. Antennaria dioica, R. Br. Anthemis nobilis, L. Artemisia Absinthium, L. Carlina vulgaris, L. Cichorium Intybus, L. Crepis biennis, L. Lactuca virosa, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichenb. Specularia hybrida, Alph. DC. Primula veris, L. Lysimachia vulgaris, L. Centunculus minimus, L. Anagallis tenella, L. Erythrea Centaurium, Pers., sub-sp. E. pulchella, Fries Gentiana campestris, L. Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr., and sub-sp. C. Trifolii, Bab. Littorella lacustris, L. Linaria minor, Desf. Sibthorpia europza, L. Orobanche major, L. Mentha sativa, L., sub-sp. M. rubra, Sm. Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth. Salvia Verbenaca, L. Melittis Melissophyllum, L. Lamium purpureum, L.,sub-sp. L. hybridum, Vill. Scleranthus annuus, L. Chenopodium polyspermum, L. Polygonum Bistorta, L. — lapathifolium, L., sub-sp. P. maculatum, Trimen & Dyer Euphorbia Lathyris, L. Myrica Gale, L. Salix triandra, L. — fragilis, L. — alba, L. Taxus baccata, L. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Epipactis latifolia, All. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. — viridis, R. Br. — bifolia, R. Br., and sub-sp. H. chlorantha, Bab. Iris foetidissima, L. Narcissus biflorus, Curtis Galanthus nivalis, L. Convallaria majalis, L. Luzula Forsteri, DC. Typha latifolia, L. — angustifolia, L. Triglochin palustre, L. — maritimum, L. Zostera nana, Roth Scirpus lacustris, sub-sp. S. carinatus, Sm. — triqueter, L. — Savii, Seb. & Maur. Carex montana, L. — extensa, Good — distans, L. Milium effusum, L. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Poa compressa, L. Glyceria fluitans, L., var. G. plicata, Fries — maritima, Mert. & Koch — distans, Wahlenb. Bromus erectus, Hudson — racemosus, L. Lepturus filiformis, Trin. The literature dealing with the flowering plants of the district includes the following works :— George Banks: The Plymouth and Devonport Flora, 8 parts (1830-2). John Jacob : West Devon and Cornwall Fla, 18 parts (1835-7). Thomas Richard Archer Briggs in the PAyso/gist, August 1861, p. 256, ‘Tillea muscosa’ ; December 1861, pp. 368-71, ‘ Localities of some uncommon plants and of varieties of common species within twelve miles of Plymouth’; September 1862, pp. 286, 287, ‘A new Epibbium 2’ ; December 1862, pp. 353-5, ‘Botany of Dartmoor, Roborough Down, etc.’; February 1863, p. 445, ‘ Rbynchospora.’ The same author in the Fournal of Botany, 1863, p. 377, ‘Stations of some uncommon plants in 93 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Devon and Cornwall’ ; 1864, pp. 45, 46, ‘Hypericum undulatum, Schousb., a recent addition to the British Flora’ ; 1866, pp. 287-90, ‘Unrecorded stations, mostly near Plymouth, of some uncommon plants, etc.’; 1867, pp. 309-11, ‘ Unrecorded stations of, and notes respecting some Plymouth plants’; 1868, pp. 205-7, 327, 328, and 1869, pp. 318-20, “Notes respecting some Plymouth plants’; 1870, pp. 223, 355, ‘ Gentiana campestris, Linn.’ 3 1870, p. 357, ‘Carex distans, L.” ; 1871, pp. 214, 215,” Pyrus communis, Linn., var. Briggsii “(Syme, Rep. Lond. Bot. Ex. Club), 1870’; 1871, pp. 241, 242, ‘Stations of, and remarks on, some Plymouth plants’; 1871, p. 306, ‘Plants near Plymouth’; 1872, pp- 141-5, ‘On some peculiarities in the Botany of the neighbourhood of Plymouth ’ ; 1872, pp. 259-61, ‘ Notes respecting some Plymouth plants’; 1873, pp. 172, 173, ‘ Carex montana, Linn., in Devon’ ; 1873, pp. 237, 238, ‘A second station for Carex montana, Linn., in Devon’ ; 1873, pp. 374, 375, ‘Notes on some Plymouth plants, with stations’; 1874, PP- 327, 328, ‘ Notes on some plants of the neighbourhood of Plymouth, with stations’ ; 1875, pp. 266, 267, ‘Notes respecting some Plymouth plants, with a few unrecorded stations’; 1875, p. 296, ‘Scirpus triqueter, L., in Cornwall and Devon’; 1876, pp. 277, 282, 286, ‘Report of the curator of the Botanical Exchange Club for the year 1875’; 1879, p. 314, ‘Devon plants’; 1881, pp. 151, 152, ‘A state of Carex pilulifera, L., approaching var. Leesii’ ; 1884, pp. 168-74, ‘On some Devonian stations of plants noted in the last century’; 1884, pp. 212, 213, ‘Arum italicum, Mill, in Devon’; 1887, pp. 208, 209, ‘Remarks on Pyrus communis v. cordata, Desv.’ ; 1888, pp. 236, 237, ‘Remarks on Pyrus /ati- filia, Syme’ ; 1888, p. 378, ‘ Arum italicum, Mill., and 4. maculatum, Linn.’ ; 1889, pp. 244, 245, ‘ Orchis latifolio-maculata, Towns (?) in Devon’; 1889, pp. 270, 271, ‘ Hybrid thistles from Plymouth’ ; and other papers on the brambles and roses. The same author: Floraof Plymouth ; an account of the flowering plants and ferns found within twelve miles of the town (1880). F. H. Goulding in the PAysohgist, 1849, iii. 643, ‘New locality for Hypericum lnariifolium? Samuel Rowe: 4 perambulation of the ancient and royal Forest of Dartmoor and the Venville precincts, ; ed. 3, by J. Brooking Rowe (1896) ; chap. xvii. pp. 350-98, ‘ The botany of Dartmoor and its borders,’ furnished by Francis Brent. THE BRAMBLES (Radi) There are very few, if any, districts of equal extent in Great Britain that have had their brambles so diligently studied as south Devon. This remark is especially true of as much of the county as lies within twelve miles of Plymouth, and so is included in the late T. R. Archer Briggs’ Flora of Plymouth; but it is scarcely less applicable to such further parts of south Devon as intervene between that district and Exeter. The brambles of the western half of north Devon are also fairly well known. On the other hand very little has yet been done by students of the genus in the extreme east of the county extending from Exeter to the Dorset border in the south, and from Ilfracombe to the Somerset border in the north. The total number of bramble forms already known for the county is 87. Of these 58 are classed as species, the remaining 29 taking rank as sub-species or varieties. Out of the aggregate number 87, 66 are known to occur in south Devon, the number for north Devon being 63 ; while 49 only are common to both divisions. In the abundance of the individual bushes as well as in the number of distinct forms, the southern vice-county as a whole seems considerably richer than the northern ; and further research is hardly likely to reverse this estimate. On the north coast the forms are comparatively few; and though many of great interest are found in the valley of the Upper Tamar and on parts of the moorland between that river and the town of Crediton, no part of the north seems likely to be found so full of different brambles as the country near Plymouth or the valley of the Teign. 94 BOTANY South Devon is especially rich in our rarer British forms ; no less than 16 of these having been actually added to our present list, as new for the British Isles, from that vice-county. Fourteen were thus found and distinguished (though not all at once rightly named) by Mr. Briggs before the publication of his Flora in 1880, within 7 or 8 miles of Plymouth, viz. Rubus opacus Focke, R. affinis Wh. & N., var. Briggsianus Rogers, R. erythrinus Genev., R. dumnoniensis Bab., R. ramosus Briggs, R. micans Gren. & Godr., R. Boreanus Genev., R. anglosaxonicus Gelert, R. Borreri Bell Salt., var. dentatifolius Briggs, R. radula Weihe, sub-sp. anglicanus Rogers, R. oigocladus Muell. & Lefv., R. mutabilis Genev., var. nemorosus Genev., R. thyrsiger Bab., R. botryeros Focke. ‘The remaining two were discovered a few years later: R. Rogersu Linton, near Moreton Hampstead in the Teign basin; and R. firtus W. & K., var. rubiginosus (P. J. Muell.), in Bickleigh Vale, about 5 miles from Plymouth. Fifteen out of these sixteen well-marked bramble forms (i.e. all but R. nemorosus, Genev., which is still unknown away from the Plymouth neighbourhood) have now been found in other parts of England ; but south Devon is still the chief home of about half of them, and especially of R. ramosus, R. Boreanus, R. thyrsiger and R. botryeros, all characteristic plants of more than one district in the imme- diate neighbourhood of Plymouth. Other rare British brambles found in south Devon are R. integribasis P. J. Muell. (Chagford and Milber Down), R. 4olerythros Focke (Plym- bridge Road, Egg Buckland; and the Kingston neighbourhood), R. Questierti Lefv. & Muell. (Pamflete near Kingston), and R. divexiramus P. J. Muell. (between Beer Alston and Tavistock). Two more, the names of which may still be open to some doubt, are R. macranthelos Marss. (so far found nowhere in the British Isles except in two localities near Plympton St. Mary and on the border of Dartmoor near Cholwich- town) ; and R. /eucanthemus P. J. Muell. (near Fancy, Egg Buckland). Several of these rarer south Devon brambles have not yet been detected in north Devon; but the latter vice-county is by no means badly furnished with rarities of its own. Of these the most interesting are R. sulcatus Vest., Holsworthy and Thornbury Road; R. cariensis Genev., neighbourhood of Lynton (its first recorded British station), and several localities from Pyworthy and Holsworthy to Barnstaple and Ilfracombe ; R. danicus Focke, Marnwood; R. mollissimus Rogers, be- tween Holsworthy and Thornbury and Westward Ho!; R. setulosus Rogers, near Otterford, by the Somerset border ; R. Bloxamianus Colem., Bideford ; R. Grifithianus Rogers, Lynton ; R. thyrsiger Bab., Clovelly ; R. Kaltenbachiti Metsch., Heanton Punchardon and Molland; and R. ochrodermis A. Ley, Marnwood. With the exception of R. ¢hyrsiger these are all still unknown for south Devon. THE ROSES (Rosa) Though Devonshire can perhaps hardly claim the highest rank for the number of its species of wild roses, there is no other English county 95 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE where our essentially southern forms are to be found in greater beauty or greater abundance ; as there can be but few where the distribution of those forms has been so well ascertained. Rosa mollis Sm., R. sepium Thuill. and R. glauca Vill. are the only real species in our British list which are believed to be wholly wanting ; and of these the very local A. sepium is alone at all likely to be found so far south. £. rudbiginosa Sm. was con- sidered by so good a judge as the late T. R. Archer Briggs to be native in ‘bushy spots’ in the Plymouth neighbourhood ; but it occurs very sparingly in the county generally, and is no doubt usually only ‘a garden escape’ when its presence in a given locality is not due to the action of birds. Our other species, seven in number, R.. pimpinelloiaes Linn., R. tomentosa Sm., R. micrantha Sm., R. obtusifolia Desv., R. canina Linn., R. systyla Bast, and R. arvensis Huds., all occur abundantly ; though R. pimpinelloides and possibly R. obtusifolia are more local than the rest, in Devon as in other English counties where they occur. A. pimpinelloides in both divisions of the county is found chiefly (perhaps exclusively) within a few miles of the sea, though often locally abundant there ; while R. obtusifolia, though mostly common enough, may possibly be rather scarce in some parts of the county. It is certainly frequent in much of the country between Plymouth and Dartmoor and in the Teign basin in south Devon, and in the northern division between the Upper Tamar and Okehampton. It is however one of our least generally known roses, and so its exact distribution in the county as a whole is still but imperfectly ascertained. R. micrantha Sm. and the two aggregate species AR. tomentosa Sm. and A. canina Linn. are so generally distributed that no special localities need be named for them. The numerous varieties of the two latter are also exceedingly well represented. A. arvensis Huds. is quite common ; and in almost every hedge one of the most strikingly beautiful of all our ‘dog-roses’ is the very luxuriant pink-flowered £. systy/a Bast, which is chiefly southern, although it has been found as far north as Hertfordshire. Allied to this but easily distinguished from it are the very constant varieties or sub-species A. /eucochroa Desv. and R. pseudo-rusticana Crep. These seem more thoroughly at home in Devon than in any other English county, the former being common and the latter locally abundant especially in the Teign Valley, where it was first observed in 1877. Both become rare in Dorset, and as yet are almost unknown further north. CRYPTOGAMIA AcrRoGENs. VASCULARES FILICES The county is remarkable for the luxuriance and beauty of the ferns which abound on hedgebanks and among the rocks, etc. With the object of protecting these and other interesting plants the Devon County 96 BOTANY Council resolved on 20 March, 1902, ‘that it is desirable that there should be added to the existing bye-laws a bye-law prohibiting the up- rooting of ferns and flowering plants or shrubs on land within the County Council area to which the public have access; and that the subject be referred to the General Purposes Committee for consideration and report.’ In accordance with this resolution the committee commu- nicated the wishes of the council to the Home Secretary, whose approval to the proposed bye-law would be necessary. The reply from the Home Office contained the following remarks :— ‘If it is confined to cases where serious damage and disfigurement is caused in public highways, etc., there may not be much difficulty from the legal point of view in framing the bye-law, but the Secretary of State would not be willing to allow a bye-law which would be likely to injure unsuspecting poor people residing in the district, or to lead to the punishment of young children. Possibly however the bye- law could be restricted in its operations so as not to involve any danger of this, e.g. by confining it to particular places to be indicated by notices. If however it is pro- posed that the bye-law should only apply to rare ferns or plants, the difficulties in framing it are likely to be greater. In any event a bye-law which would prevent any person from taking one or two common ferns or plants from the roadside for his own use, would in the opinion of the Secretary of State be inadmissible.’ Having regard to this view on the part of the Secretary of State the committee did not recommend the council to take any further action in the matter. ‘Few of us accustomed to wander on our moors and take an interest in its flora can have failed to notice the diminution, it may be said destruction, of some of our rarer ferns. Osmunda regalis has been utterly eradicated from near Cornwood where it once grew with fronds six feet high; Lastrea Fornisecii has been reduced to a few plants at Shaugh ; the two Hymenophylla, once so abundant in the valley of the Cad, and on the rocks near the Meavy, can now scarcely be met with, and the little oak fern, always extremely rare, is entirely gone. Asplenium lanceolatum, Ophioglossum, and the mounwort, still linger on; the difficulty in finding them has conduced to their preservation, and it is to be hoped that those who are acquainted with their habitats will hesitate to divulge their localities to others than those who will carefully protect them. A few years since might be seen in the streets of Plymouth itinerant fern collectors who were exposing for sale large mats of Hymenophyllum, torn ruthlessly from their rocks, the scars on which remain in the Meavy and Cornwood valleys to the present day’ (Francis Brent in Rowe’s Perambulation of Dartmoor [1896], ed. iii. p. 352). The filmy ferns (Hymenophyllum tunbridgense and H. unilaterale) are met with among mosses in damp and shady places in the Barnstaple, Torquay, Plymouth and Tavistock districts, but they are rather rare and local; the former was recorded by Hudson in 1778 as occurring on Dartmoor, but it is diminishing in consequence of the rapacity of col- lectors. The maiden-hair fern (Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) was formerly plentiful on the coast of south Devon and occurred in several stations about Ilfracombe, Combmartin, etc., in north Devon ; but it has been wantonly plundered and is now very scarce and is mostly restricted to spots difficult of access; on 14 May 1902, at Ilfracombe, a boy of thirteen years of age in attempting to gather this fern fell down the Hillsborough cliff and died in consequence of the injury sustained. I 97 13 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE. The bracken (Péeris aguilina) and the hard-fern (Lomaria Spicant) are common and abundant in all the districts; each is represented by several named varieties. . The parsley fern (Cryptogramme crispa) was found by N. Ward in 1840 within 6 miles of Lynton, but only one plant was then seen ; it has also been recorded from the neighbourhood of Glenthorne about the same distance from Lynton on the authority of W.S. Hore and from Challacombe, all in the Barnstaple botanical district ; in recent years it has been found about Chagford on the north-east side of Dartmoor. Among the spleenworts the wall-rue (Asp/enium Ruta-muraria), the English maiden-hair (4. Trichomanes), the black spleenwort (4. Adtantum- nigrum), and the lady fern (4. Filtx-famina), with several varieties, are common and generally distributed; as varieties of the last 4. rheticum is recorded for Barnstaple, 4. mo/le is said to be frequent, and 4. mcisum is reported from the parishes of Marwood and Bittadon. The forked spleenwort (4. septentrionale) was found by N. Ward in 1840 in tolerable quantity in the crevices of a loose stone wall facing the north at an elevation between 1,000 and 1,100 feet in Countisbury parish near Glen- thorne, also according to Ravenshaw by Miss Hill in the same locality in 1856, but it does not appear to have been seen there during recent years and may perhaps be extinct; Mr. Moyle Rogers has recorded it as having occurred in considerable plenty in 1881 on some high rocks between Chudleigh and Dartmoor. The green spleenwort (4. viride) ison record as having occurred more than thirty years ago on the moor near the head of the river above Petertavy; a specimen was seen and examined by C. C. Babington who did not dispute the identification. The sea spleenwort (4. marinum) is rather frequent along the maritime rocks of both north and south Devon, but it is becoming comparatively scarce through the greed of collectors; the variety acutum has been reported from Croyde in the parish of Georgeham. The spear spleen- wort (4. /anceolatum) occurs in many stations in south Devon and less frequently in north Devon, but in several places where it was formerly quite plentiful it is now nearly or quite extinct through the action of collectors and dealers. The rusty-back fern (4. Ceterach) is rather common about Plymouth and in some other parts of south Devon ; in north Devon it is local and rather rare, occurring in the parishes of Marwood, Kentis- bury, Horwood, Fremington, Instow, Bideford, Buckland Brewer, Braun- ton and (in 1882) in Barnstaple, all these in the Barnstaple district ; also in Bishopsnympton in the South Molton district, and in Okehampton in the Torrington district ; it has also been reported from Lynmouth. The hart’s tongue (Scolopendrium vulgare) with numerous varieties is very common and abundant, producing handsome effects in many laces. The bladder fern (Cystopteris fragilis) is very rare in the county ; there are satisfactory records of it in the parish of Cornwood ; it is also reported from Ilfracombe, Tiverton, St. Thomas, Lynton, Bickleigh and Woodside near Plymouth ; the sub-species C. a/pina has been reported 98 BOTANY from Diptford rectory in the Plymouth district, the specimen having been verified by Mr. Moore of Chelsea (Ravenshaw). The prickly fern (Aspidium aculeatum) is widely distributed ; the sub-sp. A. /obatum is reported from Barnstaple, and its variety /onchitt- doides from Ilfracombe and Challacombe ; the sub-sp. 4. angulare is com- mon, and numerous varieties are recorded from the neighbourhoods of Barnstaple, Ilfracombe and other places in the same district ; the variety alatum is given in English Botany, ed. iii., for Ottery St. Mary, on the authority of Wollaston, and the variety gracile is stated to occur in Devon. The male fern (Nephrodium Filix-mas) is a common and conspicuous species ; the var. affine is recorded by Moyle Rogers from Moretonhamp- stead and Trusham and is widely distributed ; the var. Borreri (the golden male fern) is also frequent ; and the var. abéreviatum is comparatively scarce, being reported from Hartland and Ilfracombe. The crested shield fern (NV. spinulosum) is not very common in the typical form; the sub-species N. di/atatum however is frequent and is a very handsome fern, the var. manum occurs at Ilfracombe, the var. Aspid- ium Boottii is reported from Ilfracombe, Challacombe and Hartland ; the var. 4. dumetorum is also reported from Ilfracombe and Challacombe ; several other varieties occur. The hay-scented fern (N. e@mulum) is widely distributed but appears to be very scarce in some districts ; it is frequent in the upper Tamar country, not uncommon though local in the Barnstaple botanical district, rare according to Mr. Moyle Rogers in the area of the Teign basin and rather common within 12 miles of Plymouth. The marsh fern (N. Thelypteris) is very rare ; it occurs in Braunton Marsh inthe Barnstaple district, and has been reported from Kingskerswell in the Torquay district. ‘The sweet mountain fern (N. Oreopteris) is locally abundant and occurs in all the districts. The common polypody (Po/ypodium vulgare) is plentiful in all dis- tricts; the variety with pinnatifid segments (P. cambricum) is represented by the form crenatum which is reported as frequent in north Devon ; other varieties are also recorded for north Devon. The beech fern (P. Phegopteris) is rare and very local ; it was re- corded by Hudson in 1778 for thecounty, a precise locality probably being in the parish of Petertavy in the Tavistock district ‘on the side of the hedge on the left of the road twixt Wilsworthy hamlet and Black Down Gate just beyond a lane that turns to the left hand’ (Yourn. Bot. 1884, p. 174); there are several other stations for it on Dartmoor ; in the Barnstaple botanical district it occurs in the parish of Challacombe near Exmoor ; it is said to have disappeared from the banks of the river Dart _ through the depredations of collectors. The oak fern (P. Dryopteris) is also very rare and local ; there are several recorded stations on Dartmoor ; in the Barnstaple district it occurs in the parishes of Parracombe, Bratton Fleming and Challacombe, and it is reported from Ilfracombe. The flowering fern (Osmunda regalis) was formerly abundant in all districts, but is now rapidly disappearing from many places through the action of fern collectors and dealers. 99 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE The adder’s tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) is local, but is satisfac- torily recorded for all the districts except that of South Molton ; in some places it is locally plentiful. The moon-wort (Botrychium Lunaria) is local like the last and re- corded for the same districts. ; Nephrodium cristatum, Rich., was included by Jones and Kingston in their Flora Devoniensis, part ii. p. 108 (1829), but without precise locality ; it was also recorded for Ilfracombe by Ravenshaw in 1860 ; also by the late Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, Flora of Dorsetshire, ed. 2, p. 329, on the authority of Z. Edwards as occurring in the parish of Hawkchurch (now transferred to Devon), but the author of that Flora informed me that he could not guarantee the record; on the whole evidence it does not appear that the species should remain in our list of Devon ~ plants. : A popular account of the ferns, especially in the northern part of the county, is given by Mrs. Charlotte Chanter, Ferny Combes (1856). An account of the ferns in a portion of south-east Devon is given by. the Rev. Zachary James Edwards: The Ferns of the Axe (1862). The following is a complete list of the species of Devonshire ferns _after the nomenclature adopted in the Student’s Flora :— Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm. Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. — unilaterale, Willd. var. lonchitidoides, Hook. f, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, L. sub-sp. A. angulare, Willd. Pteris aquilina, L. Nephrodium Filix-mas, Rich. Cryptogramme crispa, R. Br. var. affine, Hook. f. Lomaria Spicant, Desv. var. Borreri, Hook. f. Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L. var. abbreviatum, Hook. f. — septentrionale, Hull — spinulosum, Desv. — Trichomanes, L. sub-sp. N. dilatatum, Desv. — viride, Hudson var. nanum, Hook. f. — marinun, L. var. Aspidium, Boottii, Tuck. — lanceolatum, Hudson var. A. dumetorum, Sm. — Adiantum-nigrum, L, — emulun, Baker — Filix-foemina, Bernh. — Thelypteris, Desv. var. A. rheticum, Roth — Oreopteris, Desv. var. A. molle, Roth Polypodium vulgare, L. var. A. incisum, Hoffm. var. P. cambricum, L. — Ceterach, L. — Phegopteris, L. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm. — Dryopteris, L. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. Osmunda regalis, L. sub-sp. C, alpina, Desv. Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. sub-sp, A. lobatum, Sw. EQUISETACE The following is a complete list of the species occurring in the county :— Equisetum arvense, L. Equisetum limosum, L. — maximum, Lam. var. E. fluviatile, L. — sylvaticum, L. — hyemale, L. (?) — palustre, L. — variegatum, Schleich. The corn horsetail (E. arvense) and the marsh horsetail (E. palustre) are common and generally distributed. The great horsetail (E. maximum) is widely spread and has been reported from the Barnstaple, South Too BOTANY Molton, Exeter, Honiton and Torquay botanical districts. The wood horsetail (E. sy/vaticum) is not very common; it has been recorded from the South Molton, Honiton and Plymouth districts ; Moyle Rogers did not see it in the Devon parts of the upper Tamar country and remarked on its absence. ‘The water horsetail (E. /imosum) is found in most of the districts; the variety E. fluviatile also occurs not less commonly. E. variegatum is rare in the county, but it occurs in the Barnstaple, Honiton and Torquay districts. The Dutch rush (E. Ayemale) has been reported from the Honiton district, but possibly in error. LYCOPODIACE The following species occur in the county :— Lycopodium clavatum, L. L. inundatum, L. L. Selago, L. The common club-moss (LZ. c/avatum) is rather rare and local; it grows in a few stations in the northern parts of the Barnstaple and South Molton botanical districts ; it is reported also from Haldon, the Blackdown Hills, Ugborough Beacon and Dartmoor. The marsh club-moss (L. iundatum) is rare and local ; there are satisfactory records for it in the Barnstaple, Honiton, Torquay and Ply- mouth botanical districts. The fir-moss is also local ; it has however been found in all the botanical districts except Torrington. SELAGINELLACE/ Selaginella selaginoides, Gray (the prickly club-moss) has been re- corded from Dartmoor and from Trentishoe Down in the Barnstaple botanical district, but both these records require confirmation. MARSILEACE The pillwort or pepper grass (Pilularia globulifera, L.) was recorded in 1797 by Polwhele as occurring on Blackdown; it has occurred also near Lympstone, according to Jones and Kingston (F/. Dev. ii. 111) on the authority of Miss Filmore. MUSCI (Mosses)? The Moss Flora of Devonshire differs from that of the neighbour- ing county of Cornwall, chiefly in the absence of a few species of a distinctly southern type, such as Péilonotis rigida, Hookeria laetevirens, and Fissidens serrulatus, whilst on the other hand it includes many species of a distinctly subalpine type that have not been recorded for Cornwall. Of these the following may be mentioned :—Tetradontium Brownianum, Catharinea crispa, Cynodontium polycarpum, Cynodontium virens, Blindia acuta, Dicranoweissia crispula, Dicranum spurium, Orthotrichum Hutchinsiae, Grim- mia Donniana, Grimmia Hartmanni, Grimmia montana, Grimmia ovata, 1This and the following orders, by E. M. Holmes, F.L.S. Io! A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Glyphomitrium Daviesit, Bartramia ithyphylla, Webera cruda, Mnium serra- tum, Plagiothecium pulchellum, Habrodon Notarisi, and Hypnum eugyrium. — The rare species Ditrichum subulatum appears to find its northern limit in Devon, and several other rare species, although found in N. Wales, Ireland, and warm localities in Scotland, do not, so far as is known, extend further eastward than Devon, such as Fissidens polyphyllus and Tortula canescens. Leptodontium gemmascens and Webera Tozert, Eurhynchium circinnatum and E. striatulum, are rare except in the southern counties. Only one species, Barbula cordata, recently detected in North Devon by Mr. E. M. Holmes, is found in no other county in Great Britain. G/yphomitrium Daviesii, which is usually confined to basaltic rocks, occurs only on Cocks Tor, which is remarkable as being the only tor of trap rock in the granitic expanse of Dartmoor. Two other rare species have lately been added by Miss C. E. Larter, viz. Barbula gracilis and Pottia commutata. Grimmia montana, so far as England is concerned, has been found only near Fingle Bridge, in Devon. The rare Orthodontium gracile, localand rare on sandrocks, and rare on tree stumps, and known outside Britain only in France and California, was found by Mr. E. M. Holmes on a rotten tree stump near Shaugh Bridge. The usually mild winters allow of the development of fruit in many species rarely found in that state, such as Bryum roseum, Breutelia arcuata, Hypnum brevirostre, Brachythecium illecebrum, Heterocladium betero- pterum, Antitrichia curtipendula, and Zygodon viridissimus. In the limestone districts around Plymouth and Torquay, Trichostomum nitidum forms a prominent feature of the dry stone walls, whilst Eurhynchium circinnatum often covers the rocky banks for many yards. Inthe reddish soil round Totnes and Newton Abbot, and on the yellow clay slate on the confines of the Moor, Schistostega osmundacea and Epipterygium Tozeri (the latter rarely in fruit), form a characteristic feature of the damp bare hollow portions of the hedge banks, and in similar situations Tortula cuneifolia and Pottia Starkeana often occur in quantity. | In Jones and Kingston’s Flora of Devon, 1829, 175 species are recorded. In ‘The Mosses of Devon and Cornwall,’ by E. M. Holmes and F, Brent, published in the Transactions of the Plymouth Literary and Scientific Institution in 1887, the number was increased to 306 species, and in the Moss Flora of Devon, by E. Parfitt, a few more species are enume- rated. The list now given includes 336 species, but probably many species will yet be added by subsequent observers.’ The species recently added are chiefly due to the investigations of Mr. W. Mitten, Miss C. E. Larter, and Mr. E. M. Holmes, in North Devon ; and to Mr. E. D. Marquand and Mr. L. J. Cocks on Dartmoor and the county generally, and their initials are placed after the rarest of the species. Mr. E. M. Holmes’s collection of Devonshire and other mosses is now in the Herbarium of Cambridge University, and the collection of Mr. Parfitt’s mosses and other cryptogams has recently been 1 A list of mosses of the Lynmouth district was published in Science Gossip, Sept. 1900, pp. 99-102, but it contained no species new to the county, 102 BOTANY presented to the Torquay Museum by Mrs. Vicary, of Newton Abbot, into whose possession it had come by purchase. The nomenclature adopted in this list is that of Dixon and Jameson, The Student's Handbook of British Mosses, ed. 2 (1904), and Horrell, Te European Sphagnaceae (1901). MUSCI SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. 1-8 — crassicladum, Warnst. 1 — cuspidatum,R. and W. 8 var. submersum, Schimp. (L.J.C.) — cymbifolium, Ehrh. 1,8 — fimbriatum, Wils. 6 — inundatum, Warnst. (L.J.C.) — molluscum, Bruch. 4-6, 8 — obesum, Warnst. 8 — papillosum, Lindb. 8 var. normale, Warnst. 1 — recurvum, R. and W. var. mucronatum, Warnst. 8 — rigidum, Schimp. 1, 6-8 — rubellum, Wils. E. — rufescens, Warnst. 1, 5 — squarrosum, Pers. 8 var. laxum, Braithw. 8 — subsecundum, Nees. 1, 8 var. contortum, Schimp. 6,8 var. obesum, Wils. 8 — subnitens,R. and W. 5 var. violascens, Warnst. 5 var. flavo-rubellum, Warnst. (L.J.C.) var. purpurascens, Schlieph. (L.J.C.) ANDREAEACEAE Andreaea crassinervia, Bruch. 8 — falcata, Schimp. 8 — petrophila, Ehrh. 6, 8 *— Rothii, Web. and Mohr. 8 "TETRAPHIDACEAE Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. 4, 6, 8 Tetradontium *Brownianum, Grev. 8 BuxBauMIACEAE Diphyscium foliosum, Mohr. 1, 6, 8 var. acutifolium, Lindb. 8 PoLyTRICHACEAE *Catharinea crispa, James. 8 — undulata, W. and M. 1,4, 7 Polytrichum aloides, Hedw. 1, 7,8 — alpinum, L. 8 — commune, Linn. 1-8 var. perigoniale, B.andS, 8 var. fastigiatum, Braithw. 6, 8 — formosum, Hedw. 1, 6,8 — gracile, Dicks. 8 — juniperinum, Willd. 1-8 — nanum, Brid. 1-8 var. longisetum, Haw. 8 — piliferum, Schreb. 1-8 — urnigerum, Brid. 1, 4, 7 Dicranaceaz Pleuridium alternifolium, Rab. 4-8 — axillare, Lindb. 4, 6, 7 — subulatum, Br. and Schimp. 1-8 Ditrichum homomallum, Hpe. 1, 8 *— subulatum, Hpe. 7,8 (E.M.H.) Ceratodon purpureus, Brid. 1-8 Rhabdoweisia denticulata, B. and S. 8 — fugax, B. and S. 6, 8 Cynodontium Bruntoni, B. and S. 8 *— polycarpum, Schp. 8 *— virens, Schp. 8 Dichodontium flavescens, Lindb, 6, 8 — pellucidum, Schp. 1, 8 Dicranella cerviculata, Schp. 8 — crispa, Schp. 7 — heteromalla, Schp. 1-8 — rufescens,Schp. 7 *— secunda, Ldb. 6 — squarrosa, Schp. 1, 4, 8 — varia, Schp. 1-8 Blindia acuta, B.and S. 1, 8 Dicranoweisia cirrhata, Ldb, 1-8 *— crispula, Ldb. 8 Campylopus atrovirens, De Not. 8 — brevipilus, B.andS. 8 — flexuosus, Brid. 6, 8 var. paradoxus, Husn. 8 — fragilis, B. and S. 1,5, 7 — pyriformis, Brid. 1, 8 Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. 1, 4, 5,7 — fuscescens, Turn. 4, 7 — majus, Turn. 1, 6 — scoparium, Hedw. 1-8 — Scottianum, Turn. 6, 8 (L.J.C.) *— spurium, Hedw. 8 (E.M.H.) Leucobryum glaucum, Schimp. 1, 4, 6 FisstDENTACEAE Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. 1,4, 8 — bryoides, Hedw. 1-8 — Curnowii, Mitt. 8 — decipiens, De Not. 1,8 — exilis, Hedw. 1,6 — incurvus, Starke. 7 — osmundoides, Hedw. 8 — polyphyllus, Wils. 6, 7 (E.D.M.) — pusillus, Wils. 7, 8 var. Lyelli, Braithw. 7, 8 — taxifolius, Hedw. 1-8 — viridulus, Wahl. 1, 7. var. fontanus, Braithw. 7 GrimMIacEAE Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. 1-8 var. gracilis, W.andM. 8 var. rivularis, W. and M. 1, 6, 8 — decipiens, Lindb. 2,7, 8 var. robusta, Ferg. 7 103 A HISTORY GrimMIaceakE (continued ) *Grimmia Doniana, Sm. 1, 8 (E.M.H.) *— Hartmanni, Schp. 6 (E.D.M.) *— leucophaea, Grev. 5, 7, 8 *_ — maritima, Turn. 1, 6,7 *_ *— montana, B. and S. 6 *_ *— orbicularis, Bruch. 1, 6-8 — *— ovata, Schwegr. 1, 6 — *— patens, B. and S. 8 _— — pulvinata, Sm. 1, 6, 8 — — trichophylla, Grev. 1, 6, 7 *_ Racomitrium aciculare, Brid. 1, 6, § — canescens, Brid. 1, 6, 8 var. ericoides, B. and S. 8 — fasciculare, Brid. 1, 6, 8 — heterostichum, Brid. 1, 8 var. alopecurum, Hub. 8 var. gracilescens, B. and S. — lanuginosum, Brid. 1, 8 — protensum, Braun. 8 — sudeticum, B. and S. 1,8 Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Furnr. 1, 2, 6, 8 Glyphomitrium Daviesii, Brid. 8 Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. 1, 5, 6, 8 var. leucophaea, Schp. 8 i 2, 6, 8. a TorTULACEAE Weissia crispa, Mitt. Trichostomum crispulum, Bruch. OF DEVONSHIRE Torruraceaz (continued ) Barbula fallax, Hedw. 1-8 var. brevifolia, Schultz. 1 gracilis, Schwaegr. 1 (C.E.L.) Hornschuchiana, Schultz. 6, 7, 8 lurida, Ldb. 1, 7 revoluta, Mitt. 1, 6, 7. rigidula, Mitt. 1, 6, rubella, Mitt. 1, sinuosa, Braithw. spadicea, Mitt. 6 tophacea, Mitt. 1, 6, 7 unguiculata, Hedw. 1-8 var. apiculata, Braithw. 7 vinealis, Brid. 1, 7 *Leptodontium flexifolium, Hpe. 2, 8 gemmascens, Braithw. 56 5, 6,7 1 (C.E.L.) crispata, C.M. 1, 6,7 microstoma, C.M. ‘tortilis, C.M. var. subcylindrica, Schpr. 7 verticillata, Brid. 1, 6,7 viridula, Hedw. 1-8 var. amblyodon, B. & S. 1,7 var. densifolia, B. & S. 1 I, 6, 7 var. viridulum, Braithw. 6 Acaulon muticum, C.M. 5, 6, 7 — flavovirens, Bruch. 1, 6, 7 7 _Var. minus, Braithw. 6 — littorale, Dixon. 1, 7 — triquetrum, C.M. 6 — mutabile, Bruch. 1, 6, 7 ee curvicolle, Ehrh. 1,7 — nitidum, Schimp. 1, 6, 7 Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. 1-8 *__ tenuirostre, Lindb. 1, 8 Peni sai ie &T. 6 — tortuosum, Dixon. 6, 7 Pottia eer a 1 (C.E.L.) Pleurochaete squarrosum, Lindb. 6, 7 eo en ae 2 Pe *Cinclidotus Brebissoni, Husn. 4, 6,7 mai ice ale eae te — fontinaloides, P. Beauv. 1, 4, 6 — intermedia, Furnr. 1, 4, 5,7 var. littoralis, Dixon 6 ENCALYPTACEAE — lanceolata, C.M. 5, 6,7 25 minutula, Firnr. 4, 5,7 ps Ng cron Hedw. 1, 6,8 — recta, Mitt. 1, 4, 6,7 — Vulgaris, Fiedw. 0, 7 ~— Starkeana,C.M. 5, 6,7 ORTHOTRICHACEAE truncatula, Ldb. 1-8 Wilsoni, B & S. 1, 6 (E.M.H.) *Zygodon conoideus, H. & T. 8 Tortula aloides, De Not 1-8 — Monugeotii, Brid. 1, 8 — ambigua, Angstr. 1, 4,7 — Stirtoni, Schp. 1, 6,7 — atrovirens, Lndb. 1, 6 — viridissimus, R. Br. 1, 5-8 *— canescens, Mont. 6 (E.M.H.) var. rupestris, Lindb, 1 — cuneifolia, Roth. 1, 4-7 subsp. Stirtoni, Schp. 7 *— inclinata, Hedw. 7 (E.M.H.) Ulota Bruchii, Hornsch. 1, 6, 8 — intermedia, Berk. 6,7 — crispa, Brid. 7, 8 — laevipila, Schwgr. 6, 7 *—. Hutchinsiae, Hamm. 1, 6, 8 — lamellata, Ldb. 6 — phyllantha, Brid. 1, 6, 7, 8 — marginata, Spr. 5, 6 Orthotrichum affine, Schrad. 1-8 — muralis, Hedw. 1-8 — anomalum, Hedw. 1, 6,7 var. rupestris, Wils. 6, 7 var. cylindricum, Schimp. 7 — papillosa, Wils. 8 *— cupulatum, Hoffm. 2, 4, 6 — rigida, Schrad. 1, 4, 6,7 — diaphanum, Schrad. 1, 7 — ruraliformis, Dixon. 1, 6 — leiocarpum, B. & S. 5, 6, 7, 8 — ruralis, Ehrh. 7 — Lyellii, H. and T. 1,2, 6, 8 — subulata, Hedw. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 — pulchellum, Sm. 5, 6, 8 Barbula convoluta, Hedw. 1-8 — rivulare, Turn. 6 var. Sardoa, Bruch. 7 *— cordata, Dixon. 6 (E.M.H.) — cylindrica, Schimp. 1, 7, 8 rupestre, Schleich. 4, 6 stramineum, Hornsch. 5 tenellum, Bruch. 1, 5,7 BOTANY ScHISTOSTEGACEAE Bryacgak (continued ) Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr. 6, 7, 8 Bryum roseum, Schreb. 1, 8 *— torquescens, B. and S. 7 SPLACHNACEAE *— uliginosum, B. and S. 1 *Mnium affine, Bland. 1, 8 Splachnum ampullaceum, L. 5, 6, 8 ines var. Turnerianum, Dicks. ‘ 8 — cuspidatum, Hedw, 2, 6, 8 — sphaericum, L. 8 — hornum, Linn, 1-8 — punctatum, Linn. 1-8 — rostratum, Schrad. 1, 6, 7, 8 Funariackakz — serratum, Schrad. 6, 8 Physcomitrella patens, B. and S. 6, 7 — stellare, Reich. 1, 6, 8 Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid. 1, 2, 7 *— subglobosum, B. and S. 7 Funaria calcarea, Wahl. 6, 7 — undulatum, Linn. 1, 6, 7, 8 var. patula, B. and S. 6, 7 — ericetorum, Dixon. 4, 8 FonTINALACEAE — fascicularis, Schp. 1, 5-8 Fontinali : veg Ta a soe te el a a ee *— Templetoni, Sm. 1, 4, 6 subsp. Dalecarlica, B. and S. 8 MEESIACEAR CRYPHAEACEAE Aulacomnium androgynum, Schwegr. 4, 6 Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. 1, 7 — palustre, Schwgr. 1, 4, 6, 8 *var. aquatilis, Schp. 6 BarRTRAMIACEAE NECKERACEAE Bartramia ithyphylla, Brid. 1, 8 Neckera complanata, Hubn. 1, 7 — pomiformis, Hedw. 1, 4, 6, 7, 8 — crispa, Hedw. 1, 6, 7 var. crispa, B. and S. 6, 8 — pumila. Hedw. 1, 4, 6,7, 8 *Philonotis calcarea, Schimp. 1. var. Phillippeana, Milde, 8 — fontana, Brid. 1, 4, 6,8 Homalia trichomanoides, Brid. 1, 7 var. falcata, Brid. 6 Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid. 1, 6, 7, 8 Breutelia arcuata, Schp. 1, 2, 6, 8 LeucoponTacEag BRYACEAE Antitrichia curtipendula, Brid. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 sare nie ele Seer s (E.M.H.) aise er ped a . eptobryum pyriforme, Wils. : 9 + 1; Webera albicans, Sehimy. 1, 6, 8 Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. 1-8 — annotina, Schwer. 1, 6 Pterogonium gracile, Sw. 1, 7, 8 — carnea, Schimp. 1, 4, 6, 7 — cruda, Schwgr. . 8 LEsKEACEAE — elongata, Schwgr. 8 Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. 4, 6, 7 — nutans, Hedw. 1, 6, Anomodon viticulosus, Hook. and Tayl. 1, 6, var. longiseta, B. and S. 8 7, 8 ae gle a ie ae *Leptodon Smithii, Mohr. 6, 7 Bryum affine, Lindb. 7 Heterocladium heteropterum, B. and S. 1, 7, 8 ~— alpinum, Huds. 6, 7, 8 Thuidium tamariscinum, B. and S._ 1, 8 — argenteum, Linn. 1-8 var. majus, B. and S. 7 Pypnaczaz tropurpureum, W. and M. 6 Sia Sheet, 7 a Climacium dendroides, W. and M. 6, 8 caespiticium, L. 1 and 8 *Orthothecium intricatum, B. and S. — calophyllum, R.Br. 1 (W.M.) *var. robustum, B. and S. 8 — capillare, Linn. 1-8 Camptothecium lutescens, B. and S._ 1, 6, 7 Donianum, Grev. 1, 6 — sericeum, Kindb, 1-8 erythrocarpum, Schwgr. 7, 8 Brachythecium albicans, B. and S._ 1, 6-8 filiforme, Dicks. 8 *— caespitosum, Dixon. 7 inclinatum, Bland. 1,7 — glareosum, B. and S. 6-8 intermedium, Brid. 7 — illecebrum, De Not. 4, 6, 7 *_ Muhlenbeckii, B. and S. 8 — plumosum, B. and S._ 1, 6-8 murale, Wils. 5,7 _— populeum, B.andS. 1,7, 8 1,8 — purum, Dixon. 1-8 1, 6, 8 — rivulare, B. and S. 1, 6-8 — rutabulum, B. and S$. 1-8 var. longisetum, B. and S. 7 — velutinum, B. andS. 1-8 pallens, Swartz. pendulum, Schp. 1 pseudo-triquetrum, Schwg. 1, 6, 8 var. compactum, B. and S. 1 I 105 14 — obconicum, Hornsch. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Hypnaceak (continued ) Hypnaceak (continued ) Hyocomium flagellare, B. and S. 1,7, 8 Hypnum commutatum, Hedw. 1, 8 Eurhynchium abbreviatum, Schimp. 7 *__. cordifolium, Hedw. 1, 4, 6 — circinnatum, B. and S. 6,7 — cupressiforme, Linn. 1-8 — confertum, Milde. 1, 4, 6,7 var. elatum, B. and S._ 1, 6-8 — crassinervium, B. and S. 1, 6, 7 var. ericetorum, B. and S. 6,8 — megapolitanum, Milde. 7 var. filiforme, Brid. 1,758 — murale, Milde. 7 var. minus, Wils. — myosuroides, Schmp. 1, 7 var. resupinatum, Schp. 1, 6-8 var. rivulare, Holt. var. tectorum, Brid. 8 — myurum, Dixon. 1, 6, 8 — cuspidatum, Linn. 1, 6, 7 var. robustum, B. and S. 8 — elodes, Spr. 1 — piliferum, B. and S. 6-8 var. Mackayi, Schp. 1 — praelongum, Hobk. 1-8 *_ eugyrium, Schp. 1 var. Stokesii, B. and S. 1, 6-8 — exannulatum, Gumb. 4 — pumilum, Schimp. 1, 6, 7 var. purpurascens, Schp. 8 — rusciforme, Milde. 1, 6-8 *__ falcatum, Brid.. 1 var. Atlanticum, Brid. 1, 5, 7, 8 var. gracilescens, Schp. 1 (C.E.L.) *__ speciosum, Schimp, 4 — fluitans, Linn. 8 — striatulum, B. and S. 7 var, falcifolium, Ren. 8 (L.J.C.) — striatum, B. and S. 1-8 *_— imponens, Hedw. 7 — Swartzii, Hobk. 1,7 — lycopodioides, Schwgr 1, 8 var. atrovirens, B, and S. 7 — molluscum, Hedw. 1, 6-8 — tenellum, Milde. 1, 6,7 — ochraceum, Turn. 8 var. scabrellum, Dixon. 6, 7 — palustre, Huds. 1, 6-8 Plagiothecium denticulatum, B. and S. 1-8 — Patientiae, Lindb. 6, 8 var. Donii, Lindl. 2, 8 — revolvens, Sw. 1, 4, 6, 8 — depressum, Dixon. 1-8 *var, Cossoni, Ren. 8 — elegans, Sull. 1, 8 — riparium, L. 4-6 — latebricola, B. and S. 7 — scorpioides, L. 8. — pulchellum, B. and S. 6 — Schreberi, Willd. 1, 6, 8 — sylvaticum, B. and S. 1, 7, 8 — Sendtneri, Schp. 8 — undulatum, B. and S.- 1, 7,8 — stellatum, Schreb. 1, 6, 8 Amblystegium filicinum, De Not. 1, 6, 8 var. protensum, B. and S. 1,6 *_~ fluviatile, B. and S. 6 — stramineum, Dicks. 1, 6, 8 *_. irriguum, B. and S._ 1, 6 — uncinatum, Hedw. 4, 6, 8 *— yradicale, B. and S. 4 Hylocomium brevirostre, B. and S. 6 — serpens, B. and S. 1-8 ; — loreum, B.andS. 8 Hypnum aduncum, Hedw. 7 — splendens, B. and S. 1, 6, 8 var. Kneiffii, Schip. 7 — squarrosum, B. andS. 1-8 — chrysophyllum, Brid. 6, 7 — triquetrum, B. and S. 1-8 HEPATICAE (Liverworts) The county of Devon is peculiarly adapted for the growth of these moisture-loving plants, the stony streams and sheltered ravines of Dartmoor affording many species that are absent in less favoured counties. The number of species represented in the county amount to about half of those known to occur in Great Britain and Ireland. Those which are absent are chiefly of a northern character or which usually grow at an elevation of over 2,000 ft. Several also that occur on sandstone rocks in other counties do not occur on the less porous granite of Devon. The number of Hepaticae recorded from Devon exceeds that of Cornwall by twenty-five species, which are chiefly of such as occur on the higher parts of Dartmoor. But on the other hand Cornwall is richer in recorded species of Azccia, the following not having yet been detected in Devon, viz., Riccia bifurca, R. cilufera, R. glaucescens, R. sorocarpa and R. tumida. On Braunton Burrows however, Riccia crystallina, which is not recorded for Cornwall, forms a marked feature of the dried-up ponds in the - 106 BOTANY autumn. Targionia Micheli also, which is not recorded from Cornwall, is not unfrequent i in Devon, although very restricted in its growth in the localities in which it occurs. In Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis, published in 1829, only thirty Devonian species of Hepaticae were recorded. This number was increased by Mr. E. M. Holmes to about seventy as enumerated in the ‘Scale Mosses and Liverworts of Devon and Cornwall,’ published in vol. iii of the Annual Reports and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society in 1867. The list of Hepaticae given in Ravenshaw’s Botany of North Devon (1876) contains three species not previously recorded for Devon, viz., Nardia hyalina, Diplophyllum obtusifolium, and Petalophyllum Ralfsu. In 1885 Mr. E. Parfitt published a list of seventy-three species in the Trans- actions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, xvii, pp. 367-424. In this list two of the additional species are recorded by Mr. E. D. Marquand, F.L.S., viz., Nardia obovata and Lepidozia cupressina, and two others, viz., Aneura pinnatifida, and Riccia fiuitans, by Mr. E. Parfitt. The nomenclature adopted in the following list of Devonshire Hepaticae is that of the Handbook of British Hepaticae, by Dr. C. Cooke, supplemented by McVicar's Key to the British Hepaticae (1906). The rarer species are denoted by an asterisk. HEPATICAE JUNGERMANNIACEAE (continued ) Scapania compacta, Dum. 1, 6, 8 JUNGERMANNIACEAE a es ae Frullania dilatata, Dum. 6-8 — irrigua, Dum. 8 “— fragilifolia, Tayl. 1, 8 — nemorosa, Dum. 1, 6-8 — Tamarisci, Dum. 1, 6, 8 — resupinata, Dum. 4, 7,8 *Jubula Hutchinsiae, Dum. 1, 8 *— subalpina, Dum. 4 *Lejeunea calcarea, Lib. 1, 6 — uliginosa, Dum. 8 *_ hamatifolia, Dum. 1 *— umbrosa, Dum. 8 — Mackaii, Dum. 1, 6-8 — undulata, Dum. 4-6, 8 — cavifolia, Lindb. 1, 6, 8 _Diplophyilum albicans, Dum. 1-8 — ulicina, Spruce. 1, 2, 8 — Dicksoni, Dum. 8 Radula complanata, Dum. 1-8 *_ obtusifolium, Dum. 8 Porella laevigata, Carr. and Pears. 1, 6, 8 Lophocolea bidentata, Dum. 1, 4, 8 * pinnata, Lindb. 6 — heterophylla, Dum. 1, 6, 8 — platyphylla, Carr. and Pears. 1-8 Chiloscyphus polyanthus, Dum. 1, 6, 8 *— Thuja, Carr. and Pears. 8 Plagiochila asplenioides, Dum. 1-8 Ptilidium ciliare, Nees. 1, 8 — spinulosa, Dum. 1-8 Trichocolea tomentella, Nees. 1, 6-8 f. flagellifera, Carr. 8 *Anthelia julacea, Dum. 6 Aplozia crenulata, Dum. 1, 6-8 *Pleurozia cochleariformis, Dum. 6, 8 — gracillima, Dum. 1, 4, 6-8 Bazzania trilobata, Carr. and Pears. 1, 6-8 *— lanceolata, Dum. 4 Kantia arguta, Carr. and Pears. 8 *— lurida, Dum. 1, 8 — Sprengelii, Carr. and Pears. 1, 8 : — pumila, Dum. 4, 6, 8 — Trichomanis, Carr. and Pears. 1, 6-8 *— riparia, Dum. 1, 8 * *Lepidozia cupressina, Sw. 8 — sphaerocarpa, Dum. 8 — reptans, Dum. 1, 6, 8 Jungermannia attenuata, Lindb, 1 Blepharostoma setacea, Mitt. 1, 7 — barbata, Schrad. 1, 6, 8 —- trichophylla, Dum. 8 — capitata, Hook. 8 Cephalozia bicuspidata, Dum. 6, 8 — excisa, Dicks. — connivens, Spruce. 4, 7,8 var. Limprichtii, Lindb. 6 var. minus, Mart. 7, 8 *— exsecta, Schmidt. 6 — divaricata, Dum. 1, 7, 8 — exsectaeformis, Steph. 8 — lunulaefolia, Spruce. 8 — incisa, Schrad. 7, 8 — sphagni, Spruce. 8 — intermedia, Lindb. 8 Adelanthus decipiens, Mitt. 1 *— Lyoni, Tayl. 8 107 A HISTORY JUNGERMANNIACEAE (continued ) Jungermannia turbinata, Raddi. 1, 7 -— ventricosa, Dicks. 1, 4, 7, 8 Mylia anomala, Carr. and Pears. 1, 4 Gymnocolea affinis, Wils. 5, 6 — inflata, Dum. 5, 6, 8 Saccogyna viticulosa, Dum. 1, 6-8 Nardia compressa, Carr. and Pears. — emarginata, Carr. 1, 8 var. minor, Cooke. 8 1, 4 OF DEVONSHIRE JUNGERMANNIACEAE (continued ) Metzgeria furcata, Dum. 1, 8 — pubescens, Raddi. 6 Aneura latifrons, Lindb. 1, 7 — multifida, Dum. 1, 6-8 — pimatifida, Nees. 4 —- pinguis, Dum. 1, 4-8 MarcHanTIACEAE var. aquatica, Ldg. 8 Niaxchaat : * : archantia polymorpha, Lindb. 1, 4, 8 a pie slo : Pe 8 Lunularia se Mich. 1-8 i aberas Wee a pine Reboulia hemisphaerica, Raddi. 1, 6-8 =~ Pease Sauce Ss Dumortiera irrigua, Nees. 1, 6 at Hele Care| aR Fegatella conica, Corda. 1, 7, 8 6 : Targionia hypophylla, Linn. 1, 6, 7 Gymnomitrium crenulatum, Gottsche. 8 Fossombronia caespitiformis, De Not. 2 — Mittenii, Tindall. 1 — pusilla, Dum. 1, 4, 6,7 Petalophyllum Ralfsii, Gottsche. 1 Pellia calycina, Nees. 1, 8 — epiphylla, Corda. 1, 8 var. endiviaefolia, Dicks. 1 Pallavicinia Lyellii, Spruce. 1 *Blasia pusilla, Linn. 6, 8 Metzgeria conjugata, Lindb. 8 RIccIacEaE Riccia ciliata, Hoffm. *— crystallina, Linn. 1 *— fluitans, Linn. 4 — glauca, Linn. 4, 6 *Anthoceros dichotomus, Raddi. 6 — laevis, Linn. 1, 8 — punctatus, Linn. 1 ALGAE (FRESH-WATER) This small group of Cryptogams has received very little attention from Devonshire botanists. Except a few species mentioned in Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis, and about thirty-five species enumerated in Ravenshaw’s Botany of North Devon, there are only available the general records of Devonshire species in Smith’s Synopsis of the British Diatomaceae, and in G. F. West’s British Desmidiaceae. For these groups the nomenclature of these works has been followed, and that of Cooke’s British Freshwater Algae (1882-4) for the remainder. Apparently the only botanist who has during recent years investigated the fresh- water algae of the county is Mr. A. W. Bennett, F.L.S., who published a list of species found in Devonshire and Hampshire, in the ‘fournal of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1890, pp. 1-14, pl. 1. CYANOPHYCEAE NosrocHackaz Nostoc commune, Vauch. 7 — pruniforme, C. Ag. 6 — verrucosum, Vauch. 8 OscILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya ochracea, Thur. Oscillatoria limosa, C.Ag. ScyTONEMACEAE Scytonema Myochrous, C. Ag. 1 Stigonema ocellatum, Thur. 1 RIvunaRIACcEAE Rivularia calcarea, E.B. 1 — dura, Kitz. 6 \ CHLOROPHYCEAE PaLMELLACEAE Porphyridium cruentum, Nag. Hydrurus penicellatus, C. Ag. — Ducluzelii, Rabenh. Tetraspora gelatinosa, Vauch. ProrTococcacEAE 1,7 ZYGNEMACEAE Protococcus viridis, Ag. Spirogyra porticalis, Vaulh. var. decimina, Cke. 6 — tenuissimum, Harv. f, inflata, C. Ag. 6 Zygogonium ericetorum, Kitz. var. terrestris, Cke. 108 VaAucHERIACEAE Vaucheria dichotoma, Lyngb. — Dillwynii, C. Ag. — geminata, Walz. — sessilis, Vauch. var. ornithocephala, C. Ag. CoNFERVACEAE Cladophora crispata, Kutz. — glomerata, Kitz. 1 OEDOGONIACEAER Oedogonium princeps, Harv. 1 ULoTrRicHAcEAE Hormiscia bicolor, Cke. 1 CHARACEAE Chara aspera, Willd. — connivens, Braun. — contraria, Kitz. 1 — fragilis, Desv. — obtusa, Desv. — syncarpa, Chev. — vulgare, L. 6 Nitella flexilis, C. Ag. 6 — opaca, C. Ag. Tolypella glomerata, Leonh. DESMIDIACEAE Closterium abruptum, G. West — acerosum, Ehr. — aciculare, T. West — angustum, Kitz — Cornu, Ehr. — costatum, Corda. — Dianae, Ehr. — didymotocum, Corda — Ehrenbergii, Menegh. — gracile, Bréb. — intermedium, Ralfs. — Jenneri, Ralfs. — Leiblinii, Kutz. — lineatum, Ehr. - — Lunula, Nitzsch. — moniliferum, Ehr. — parvulum, Nag. — rostratum, Ehr. —- setaceum, Ehr. — striolatum, Ehr. Cosmarium cucumis, Ralfs. — granatum, Breb. var. subgranatum, Nordst. — Hammeri, Reinsch. — homalodermum, Nordst. — pachydermum, Lund. — Phaseolus, Bréb, — pseudopyramidatum, Lund. — pyramidatum, Bréb. — Ralfsii, Bréb. — tinctum, Ralfs. Cylindrocystis diplospora, Lund. BOTANY CHLOROPHYCEAE (continued) DESMIDIACEAE (continued ) Euastrum affine, Ralf. — ansatum, Ralfs, — bidentatum, Nag. — binata, Ehr. f, hiascens, Gl. f, secta, Turn. crassum, Kitz. denticulatum, Gay Didelta, Ralfs. dubium, Nag. elegans, Kitz. erosum, Lund. gemmatum, Bréb. humerosum, Ralfs. inerme, Lund. insigne, Hass. insulare, Roy. pectinatum, Bréb. rostratum, Ralfs. — sinuosum, Lenorm. Gonatozygon Brebissoni, De Bary — monotoenium, De Bary Micrasterias denticulata, Bréb. — oscitans, Ralfs. var. mucronata, Wille. — papillifera, Bréb. — rotata, Ralfs. — truncata, Bréb. Netrium Digitus, Itzig. and Rothe. — oblongum, Litken Penium curtum, Bréb. — cylindrum, Bréb. — didymocarpum, Lund. — Libellula, Nordst. — margaritaceum, Bréb. — minutum, Cleve. — navicula, Bréb. — truncatum, Bréb. Pleurotaenium Ehrenbergii, De Bary — Trabecula, Nag. Spirotaenia condensata, Bréb. Staurastrum pileolatum, Bréb. Tetmemorus Brebissoni, Ralfs. — laevis, Ralfs. ah ae ee ee DIATOMACEAE Achnanthes brevipes, C. Ag. — longipes, C. Ag. : Amphipleura implexa, Bréb. Amphitetras antediluviana, Ehr. Bacillaria paradoxa, Gmel. Berkleya fragilis, Grev. Biddulphia pulchella, Gray Campylodiscus Ralfsii, W. Sm. Diatoma vulgare, Berg. Encyonema prostratum, Kitz. Eupodiscus Ralfsii, W. Sm. Exilaria fasciculata, Grev. — fulgens, Grev. Fragilaria capucina, Desn. — hyemalis, Lyngb. 1,8 Gomphomena truncatum, Ehr. 1 Grammatophora marina, Kitz. 1, 6 — serpentina, Kitz. 1 A HISTORY DIATOMACEAE (continued) Homoeocladia martiana, C. Ag. 1, 6 Isthmia enervis, Ehr. — nervosa, Kitz. Licmophora flabellata, C. Ag. 1 Mastogloia Danseii, Thw. _ Melosira varians, C. Ag. 1 Micromega comoides, C. Ag. 1 OF DEVONSHIRE DIATOMACEAE (continued) Raphidospora paradoxa, Kitz. — poliaeformis, Kutz. 1 Rhabdonema adriaticum, Kitz. 1 Schizonema Dillwynii, C. Ag. 1, 6 — dubium, Harv. 6 — fasciculatum, C. Ag. 6 — Grevillei, C. Ag. 1, 6 — helminthosum, Chauv. 6 — gracillimum, W.Sm. 6 — laciniatum, Harv. 6 — molle,W. Sm. 5 — obtusum, Grev. 6 — parasiticum, Harv. 1 — ramosissimum, C. Ag. 1, 6 — Smithii,C. Ag. 1,6 — torquatum, W.Sm. 6, 7 Nitzschia Taenia, W. Sm. 1 Odontidium hyemale, Kitz. 1 Pleurosigma quadratum, W. Sm. 1 — transversale, W. Sm. Podosira Montagnei, Kiitz. 6 Podosphaenia Jurgensii, Kitz. 6 — implicatum, Harv. 7 — virescens, C. Ag. I RHODOPHYCEAE BaTRACHOSPERMACEAE Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth. 7 var. confusum, Harv. 7 — vagum, C. Ag. 8 LEMANEACEAE Lemanea fluviatilis, C. Ag. 1, 4, 6, 7 ALGAE (MARINE) Few counties in Great Britain with a rocky coastline have been so thoroughly worked for marine algae as Devonshire. ‘The earlier records are some of them very doubtful, as many of the species were not well understood at the end of the eighteenth century. Thus in Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis the following species are recorded which are extremely unlikely to have occurred, and then can only have been in the form of drift weed, or detached from ships visiting the Devonshire ports from the north of England or the Mediterranean. Of these Odonthalia dentata, Lyngb., is recorded by Withering, and Fucus (Cystoseira) barbatus, Turn. by Hudson and Stackhouse. Specimens of the Gulf weed, Sar- gassum natans and S. bacciferam have undoubtedly been thrown up on the beach here and there after storms from the south-west, either brought by the Gulf Stream, or thrown overboard when nearing English shores, by sailors who had collected it as a curiosity. At the date of publication of the above-mentioned work in 1829, 106 species of seaweed were recorded as natives of Devonshire, excluding the doubtful species. Mrs. A. W. Griffiths, who died at Torquay in 1857, was regarded by Professor Harvey as ‘ facile regina’ of British algologists, and probably did more than any other algologist of her day in discovering new British species and recording accurate observations on the life history of these plants. She superintended the issue by Mary Wyatt of four fasciculi of Algae Devonienses, which are still extant in most of our national museums and in many private collections. Miss Cutler, of Sidmouth, who died in 1866, contributed largely to the knowledge of the seaweeds of district 5 ; and Mrs. Gulson, of Exmouth, discovered the very rare Atractophora hypnoides near that town. Dr. J. Cocks, of Plymouth, who — died at Devonport in 1861, published at Plymouth a series of eighteen fas- ciculi of British seaweeds between 1855 and 1860, illustrating the majority of the species found in that neighbourhood. He was the first to detect }@ fe) BOTANY the rare Stenogramme interrupta in Britain. About the same date (1861) Mr. J. Boswarva, of Plymouth, published a Catalogue of the Marine Algae of Plymouth, including 221 species, or rather more than half of the then known British marine algal flora. The Rev. W. S. Hore, of Plymouth, gathered the first plant of Bornetia secundiflora found in Great Britain near the Mewstone, in Plymouth Sound. His remarkably fine collection of twenty-one folio volumes, con- taining chiefly Devonshire seaweeds, was in 1906 presented to the North Devon Athenaeum at Barnstaple by his sister at the suggestion of Mr. W. P. Hiern, M.A., together with three folio volumes of mosses and lichens containing many Devonshire species. In 1888 Mr. E. Parfitt compiled a list of the marine algae of Devon (Trans. of the Devon Assoc. for the Advancement of Science and Literature, xxi, pp. 338-82), in which the number of Devonshire species was raised to 318. Two of the species mentioned by him must, however, be omitted from the Devonshire flora, viz., Delesseria angustissima, Ag., which is a North British species not known to occur south of Yorkshire, and Ra/fsia deusta, Berk., which is the R. verrucosa, Aresch., the true R. deusta, Ag., not occurring in Britain. The list here given, in which the number of species occurring in Devon is raised to 468, is probably the richest and most complete county list of marine algae, except possibly that of Dorsetshire. These additions are largely due to the investigations of Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., who for a long series of years has visited the shores of Devon. New species were also detected during the last forty years by the Rev. R. Cresswell, formerly of Teignmouth; Mr. J. Ralfs, chiefly at Ilfracombe; Mr. J. Brebner, F.L.S., at Plymouth ; and Mr. E. A. L. Batters, F.L.S. The names of most of these algologists have been perpetuated in the British genera Battersia, Cutleria, Griffithsia, Ralfsia, and the exotic genera (Gulsonia, Holmesia, Horea), and in the species Rhodochorton Brebneri, Schizothrix Cresswell, and Nitophyllum Hilliae. The last mentioned was so named in honour of Miss Hill, of Plymouth, who died in 1830, and who was described by Dawson Turner as a ‘most indefatigable and faithful observer.’ The following species have as yet only been detected in Devon ; four of them, indicated by a!, have been issued in Mr. Holmes’s Fasciculi of Algae Britannica Rariores, of which eleven were issued be- tween 1882 and 1905; these may be seen in most of our national and university herbaria. Microcoleus tenerrimus, Gom. Ectocarpus ovatus, Kjellm. Oscillatoria rosea, Batt. var. arachnoideus, Reinke. ! Schizothrix Cresswellii, Harv. ! — Padinae, Sauv. — lardacea,Gom. ! Sphacella subtillissima, Reinke. Rivularia australis, Born. Ralfsia disciformis, Crn. Halosphaeria viridis, Schm. Lithoderma simulans, Batt. Codiolum gregarium, A. Br. ! Acrochaetium entophyticum, Batt. Prasinocladius lubricus, Kuck. Gigartina Teedii, Lamour. Ulvella lens, Crn. Polysiphonia pennata, Schm. Endoderma leptochaete, Hu- Rhodochorton Brebneri, Batt. ber. — pallens, Hauck. Ectocarpus Microspongium, Batt. Hymenoclonium serpens, Batt. — Battersii, Born. Grateloupia minima, Crn. III A HISTORY CYANOPHYCEAE CHROOcOcCACEAE Anacystis parasitica, Ktitz. 5 CHAMAESIPHONACEAE Dermocarpa Leibliniae, Born. 6 — violacea, Crn. 6, 7 Hyella caespitosa, Born. and Flat. 6, 7 — voluticola, Chod. 7 LynoByaczaE Spirulina versicolor, Cohn. var. laxa, Gom. 7 OscILLATORIACEAE Oscillaria rosea, Batt. 7 Phormidium Ectocarpi, Gom. 7 — aestuarii, Lieb. f. ferruginea,Gom. 7 Lyngbya Agardhii, Gom. 7 — majuscula, Harv. 1, 5-7 Symploca hydnoides, Kiitz. var. genuina,Gom. 5, 6 — atlantica, Gom. var. purpurea, Batt. 7 Plectonema Nostocorum, Born. 5, 6 — terebrans, Born. and Flah. 7 Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Thur. 5 — tenerrimus,Gom. 6 Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum, Kitz. var. genuina,Gom. § Schizothrix Cresswellii, Harv. 5 — lardacea,Gom. 6 — vaginata,Gom. 5 RivuariaceaE Calothrix aeruginea, Thur. 5, 6 — confervoides, Ag. 5-7 — parasitica, Thur. 7, 8 — pulvinata,Ag. 5 — scopulorum, Ag. 5,7 Dichothrix gypsophila, Born. and Flah. 5 Brachytrichia Balani, Born. and Flah. 5 Isactis plana, Thur. 5 Rivularia atra, Roth. — australis, Harv. 6 — Biassolettiana, Menegh. — bullata, Berk. 6 — mesenterica, Thur. 6 5-7 1,557 CHLOROPHYCEAE ProrococcacEaz Chlorochytrium Cohnii, Wright. 6 PALMELLACEAE Gloeocystis adnata, Nag. 1, § Halosphoera viridis, Schm. 7 CHARACIACEAE Codiolum gregarium, A. Br. 1, 5, 6 Prasinocladus lubricus, Kuch. 7 OF DEVONSHIRE CHLOROPHYCEAE (continued ) BLasTosPORACEAE Prasiola stipitata, Suhr. 6 ULvacgaE Uvella Lens, Crn. 7 Monostroma laceratum, Thur. 7 — latissimum, With. 5 — Wittrockii, Born. 7 Enteromorpha clathrata, J. Ag. var. Linkiana, Batt. 5, 6 var. procera, Hauck. 6 | var. prostata, Le Jol. 6 — compressa, J. Ag. var. complanata, J. Ag. var. nana. J. Ag. 5-7 — crinita, J. Ag. — erecta, Hook. 6 — Hopkirkii, McCalla. 5 — intestinalis, Link. var. bullosa, Le Jol. 1 var. Cornucopia, Kitz. 7 var. flagelliformis, Le Jol. 7 var. ventricosa, Le Jol. 7 — lingulata, J. Ag. 6 — Linza,J. Ag. 4 —— minima, Nag. 5 — paradoxa, Kitz. 6 — prolifera, J. Ag. 6 var. tubulosa, Reinb. 6 — Ralfsii, Harv. 5 — ramulosa, Hook. 7 — torta, Reinb. 6 — usneoides, J. Ag. 6 Ulva Lactuca, Linn. var. latissima, DC. 5-7 var. myriotrema, Borr. 6 var. rigida, Le Jol. 6 [A] ULorTricHacEagE Ulothrix flacca, Thur. 5-7 _ — implexa, Kitz. 5 — speciosa, Kitz. 6 5,6 CHAETOPHORACEAE Acrochaete parasitica, Oltm. 5 Endoderma viride, Lagerh. 6 — leptochaete, Huber. 6 ‘Tellamia contorta, Batt. 5,7 CLADOPHORACEAE Urospora bangioides, Holm and Batt. — isogona, Batt. 6 Chaetomorpha aerea, Kitz. 1, 5, 6 — litorea, Cook. 7 — Melagonium, Kitz. 5, 6 — tortuosa, Kitz. 1, 5, 7 Rhizoclonium arenosum, Kitz. 6 — implexum, Batt. 1, 5, 6 — Kochianum, Kitz. 7 — riparium, Harv. 5, 6 Cladophora albida, Kitz. var. curvula, Kitz. — falcata, Harv. 7 — flexuosa, Harv. 112 6, 7 1,6 5-7 6,7 BOTANY CHLOROPHYCEAE (continued ) CuaporHoraceaE (continued ) Cladophora fracta, Kitz. 7 var. flavescens, Harv. 7 — glaucescens, Harv. — gracilis, Kitz. 6,7 — hirta, Katz. 5 — Hutchinsiae, Harv. 5-7 — Magdalenae, Harv. — Neesiorum, Kitz. var. humilis, Batt. 5 — pellucida, Kutz. 6, 7 — rectangularis, Harv. 6 — refracta, Aresch. 1, 6 — rupestris, Kittz. 5, 6 — sericea, Kitz. 5-7 — utriculosa, Kitz. 5-7 Acrosiphonia arcta, Kitz. 5-7 var. radicans, Batt. 6 var. centralis, Harv. 6 — uncialis, Kitz. 1, 6,7 — bombycina, Batt. 6 — lanosa, Kutz. 1, 5, 6,7 GomonTIAcEaE Gomontia polyrhiza, Born. and Flah. 5-7 PHYLLOSIPHONIACEAE Ostreobium Queketti, Born. and Flah. 5, 7 BRrYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis hypnoides, Lam. 1, 6 — plumosa, C. Ag. 6,7 Derbesia tenuissima, Crn. 5-7 VaAUCHERIACEAE Vaucheria sphaerospora, Nordst. f. dioica, Rosenv. 5 SPONGODIACEAE Codium adhaerens, Ag. 6,7 — Bursa, C. Ag. 6,7 — tomentosum, Stackh. 1, 5, 6 PHAEOPHYCEAE DEsMARESTIACEAE Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. 1, 5-7 — Dresnayi, Lamour. 7 — ligulata, Lamour. 5-7 — viridis, Lamour. 5-7 DicryosiPHONACEAE Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, Grev. 5-7 PuNcTARIACEAE Phaeostroma pustulosum, Ruck. 5 Litosiphon pusillus, Harv. 5 Phloeospora brachiata, Born. 1, 6,7 — Stictyosiphon tortilis, Reinke. 7 Striaria attenuata, Grev. 1, 5-7 Punctaria latifolia, Grev. 5-7 var. laminarioides, Holm. and Batt. var. lanceolata, Batt. 6 — plantaginea, Grev. 1, 5-7 — tenuissima, Grev. 7 I PHAEOPHYCEAE (continued) ScyTosIPHONACEAE Phyllitis Fascia, Kutz. 5—7 var. debilis, Hauck. 7 var. tenuissima, Batt. 7 Scytosiphon lomentarius, J. Ag. 5-7 ASPEROCOCCACEAE Asperococcus bullosus, Lamour. 1, 5-7 — compressus, Griff. 1, 5-7 — fistulosus, Hook. 5-7 var. vermicularis, Batt. 5-7 EcTocaRPACEAE Streblonema aequale, Oltm. 9 — tenuissimum, Hauck. 6 — velutinum, Kitz. 5,7 — volubile, Thur. 5-7 — Zanardinii, Crn. 6 Ectocarpus Battersii, Born. § — clandestina, Sauv. 5 — confervoides, Le Jol. 5-7 var. arcta, Kjellm. 6 var. pencilliformis, Kuck. 5, 6 — Crouani, Thur. 5-7 — fasciculatus, Harv. 5-7 var. draparnoldioides, Crn. 5 — fenestratus, Berk. 6, 7 — globifer, Kitz. 5 var. rupestris, Batt. 5 — granulosus, Ag. 1, 5-7 var. refracta, Batt. 6 Hincksiae, Harv. 1, 6, 7 Holmesii, Batt. 1, 7, 6 Lebelii, Crn. 5 Microspongium, Batt. 7 Mitchellae, Harv. 6 ovatus, Kjellm. var. arachnoides, Reinke. 1 — Padinae, Sauv. 5 — penicellatus, J. Ag. 6,7 — repens, Reinke. 5 — Sandrianus, Zan. 1 — secundus, Kitz. 1, 6,7 — siliculosus, Kitz. 5, 6 var. hiemalis, Kuck. 6 var. spalatina, Kjellm. 5 var. subulata, Hauck. 7 — simplex, Crn. 5, 6 — solitarius, Sauv. 5 — terminalis, Kitz. 5 — tomentosus, Lyngb. 1, 6, 7 Pylaiella litoralis, Kjellm. 5-7 f. firma, Kjellm. 5-7 f. longifructus, Batt. 7 f. parvula, Kjellm. 5 f. subglobosa, Kuck. 6 Isthmoplea sphaerophora, Kjellm. 1, 5-7 Myriotrichia clavaeformis, Harv. 5-7 — densa, Batt. 7 — filiformis, Harv. 6, 7. — repens, Batt. 7 He at ARTHROCLADIACEAE Arthrocladia villosa, Duby. 5-7 15 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE PHAEOPHYCEAE (continued) ELacHIsTACEAE Myriactis pulvinata, Kitz. 5-7 — stellulata, Batt. 6 Elachistea flaccida, Aresch. 5-7 — fuciola, Fries. 5-7 — scutulata, Duby. 6, 7 — stellaris, Aresch. 5, 6 SPHACELARIACEAE Sphacella subtilissima, Reinke. Sphacelaria cirrhosa, J. Ag. var. aegagrophila, Griff. 5, 6 var. fusca, Holm. and Batt. var. nana, Griff. var. pennata, Hau 6 ck. — olivacea, Pringsh. 5, 7 — plumigera, Holmes. — radicans, Harv. 1, 6 Cladostephus spongiosus, J. Ag. — verticillatus, J. Ag. 5-7 Halopteris filicina, Ktitz. 1, var. sertularia, Batt. Stypocaulon scoparium, Kitz. 7 5-7 5-7 6 1, 5,6 5-7 5-7 Myrionemaczaz Myrionema aecidioides, Sauv. — strangulans, Grev. 5 var. punctiformis, Holm, and Batt. Ulonema rhizophorum, Fosl. Hecatonema maculans, Sauv. Chilonema Nathaliae, Sauv. — ocellatum, Sauv. 5 Ascocyclus Hispanicus, Sauv. — orbicularis, Magn. — sphaerophorus, Sauv. Ralfsia clavata, Farlow. — disciformis, Crn. 7 — spongiocarpa, Batt. — verrucosa, Aresch. 6,7 5 6 7 5-7 5 5 5-7 5 Lithoderma fatiscens, Aresch. 7 — simulans, Batt. 7 CHORDARIACEAE Spermatochnus paradoxus, Kitz. Stilophora rhizoides, J. Ag. Chordaria flagelliformis, C. Ag. Mesogloia Griffithsiana, — vermiculata, Le Jol. Castagnea contorta, Thu Grev. 5-7 Tr. — virescens, Thur. 5-7 — Zosterae, Thur. 6 Petrospongium Berkeleyi, Nag. Leathesia difformis, Aresch. 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 SPOROCHNACEAE Sporochnus pedunculatus, C. Ag. Carpomitra Cabrerae, Kiitz. 5-7 CuorDACEAE Chorda Filum, Stackh. 5-7 var. subtomentosa, Aresch. — tomentosa, Lyngb. 1, 6 5 5-7 6,7 PHAEOPHYCEAE (continued) LaMINaRIACEAE Laminaria Cloustoni, Edm. 5-7 — digitata, Lamour. 5-7 — saccharina, Lamour. 5-7 Saccorhiza bulbosa, De la Pyl. 5-7 Alaria esculenta, Grev. 1 CuTLERIACEAE Cutleria multifida, Grev. 5-7 Fucaceag Fucus Areschougii, Kjellm. 5, 6 — ceranoides, L. 6, 7 — platycarpus, Thur. 6,7 — serratus, L. 6, 7 f. angustifrons, Stackh. 5 f. integer, Turn. 5 Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol. 1, 5-7 Pelvetia canaliculata, Dene. & Thur. 1, 5~7 Pycnophycus tuberculatus, Kitz. 1, 6, 7 Himanthalia lorea, Lyngb. 1, 6, 7 Halidrys siliquosa, Lyngb. 1, 5-7 var. minor, Turn. 5, Cystoseira discors, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — ericoides, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — fibrosa,C. Ag. 1, 5-7 TILOPTERIDACEAE Tilopteris Mertensii, Kitz. 1, 5-7 Akinetospora pusilla, Born. 1, 5-7 var. crinita, Batt. 1, 6, 7 DicryoTacgaE Dictyota dichotoma, Lamour. 1, 5-7 var, implexa, J. Ag. 5-7 — ligulata, Kutz. 5, 6 Taonia atomaria, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 var. divaricata, Holm and Batt. 6 Padina Pavonia, Gaill. 5-7 Dictyopteris polypodioides, Lamx. 1, 5-7 RHODOPHYCEAE PorPHYRACEAE Conchocelis rosea, Batt. 5-7 Goniotrichum elegans, Le Jol. 5, 7 — cervicornis, Reinsch. 7 Erythrotrichia Boryana, Berth. 7 — carnea, J. Ag. 6 Bangia fuscopurpurea, Lyngb. 1, 6, 7 var. Lejolisii, Holm. and Batt. 6 Porphyra coccinea, J. Ag. 7 — laciniata, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 var. umbilicalis, J. Ag. 5, 6 HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE Acrochaetium Chylocladiae, Batt. 6, 7 — Daviesii, Nag. 1, 5-7 — entophyticum, Batt. 7 — microscopicum, Nag. 6 — secundatum, Nag. 5-7 — virgatulum, J. Ag. 5-7 Nemalion lubricum, Duby. 5, 6 — multifidum, J. Ag. 6,7 Helminthocladia purpurea, J. Ag. 5,6 Helminthora divaricata, J. Ag. 5-7 i i BOTANY RHODOPHYCEAE (continued) CHAETANGIACEAE Scinaia furcellata, Biv. 5-7 Choreocolax Polysiphoniae, Reinsch. 7 — tumidus, Reinsch. GELIDIACEAE Harveyella mirabilis, Schmitz. and Reinke. — pachyderma, Batt. 1, 5, 6 Atractophora hypnoides, Crn. 6 Naccaria Wiggii, Endl. 5-7 Pterocladia capillacea, Born. 1, 5, 6 Gelidium aculeatum, Batt. 1, 6 var. abnorme, Batt. 1, 6 — attenuatum, Thur. 5, 6 var. confertum, Batt. — corneum, Lamour. 7 — crinale, J. Ag. 1, 5, 6 var. spathulatum, Hauck. 5 — latifolium, Born. 5, 6 var. flexuosum, Batt. 6 var. laciniatum, Batt. 6 — pulchellum, Kutz. 6 — pusillum, Le Jol. 5-7 — sesquipedale, Thur. 5, 6 GIGARTINACEAE Chondrus crispus, Stackh. 1, 5-7 var. aequalis, Batt. 5, 6 var. filiformis, Turn. 5, 6 var. lacera, Turn. 5, 6 var. patens, Turn. 5, 6 var. plana, Turn. 1, 5, 6 var. stellata, Batt. 1, 5— var. virens, Turn. 1, 5— Gigartina acicularis, Lam. 1, 5-7. [Torquay, in fruit] — mammillosa, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 f. acuta, Good. and Woodw. 5 f. incurvata, Turn. -7 — pistillata, Stackh. 7 — Teedii, Lamour. 6 Phyllophora Brodiaei, J. Ag. 6, 7 — membranifolia, J. Ag. 5-7 — palmettoides, J. Ag. 5-7 — rubens, J. Ag. 5-7 — Traillii, Holmes and Batt. Stenogramme interrupta, Mont. Gymnogongrus Griffithsiae, Mart. — Norvegicus, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 Ahnfeltia plicata, Fr. 1, 5-7 Actinococcus aggregatus, Schm. — subcutaneus, Rosen. — peltaeformis, Schm. 5, 6 Colacolepis incrustans, Schm. Sterrocolax decipiens, Schm. Callophyllis flabellata, Crn. — laciniata, Kutz. 1, 5-7 Callocolax neglectus, Schm. Kallymenia Larteri, n. sp. 1 — microphylla, J. Ag. 1 5,6 6, 7 1, 6 1, 5-7 5, 6 1, 5-7 1, 5-7 1-7 1, 6,7 RHoDOPHYLLIDACEAE Cystoclonium purpureum, Batt. f. cirrhosa, J. Ag. 1 Catenella repens, Batt. 1, 5-7 115 RHODOPHYCEAE (continued ) RuopopuyiuipaceaE (continued ) Rhodophyllis appendiculata, J. Ag. 1, 6, 7 — bifida, Kitz. 1, 5-7 SPHAEROCOCCACEAE Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Grev. Gracilaria compressa, Grev. 4-7 — confervoides, Grev. 1, 5-7 var. gracilis, Turn. 1, 6 var. procerrima, Turn. 5 — multipartita, J. Ag. 7 Calliblepharis ciliata, Kitz. — jubata, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 f. divaricata, Holm. and Batt. f. dilatata, Holm. and Batt. 7 RHODYMENIACEAE 5-7 1, 5-7 6,7 Rhodymenia nicaeensis, Holm. — palmata, Grev. 1, 5-7 f. laciniata, Holm. and Batt. 6 f. marginifera, Harv. 1, 5-7 f. sarniensis, Grev. 6 f. simplex, J. Ag. 6 f. sobolifera, J. Ag. 6,7 — palmetta, Grev. 1, 5-7 f. flabelliformis, Kitz. Cordylecladia erecta, J. Ag. Lomentaria articulata, Lyngb. — clavellosa, Gail. 5-7 — rosea, Thur. 5,7 Champia parvula, Harv. 5-7 Chylocladia kaliformis, Hook. var. patens, Harv. 6, 7 var. squarrosa, Harv. 6, 7 -— ovalis, Hook. 1, 5-7 var. subarticulata, Kitz. — reflexa, Lamour. 1, 5-7 Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb. var. uncinatum, C. Ag. 5, 6 5, 6 5-7 5-7 1, 5-7 5, 6 I, 5-7 5-7 DELEssERIACEAE Delesseria alata, Lamour. 1, 5— — Hypoglossum, Lamour. 1, 5 var. arborescens, J. Ag. 6 var. crispa, Crn. 6 —7 — ruscifolia, Lamour. 1, 5-7 — sanguinea, Lamour. 1, 5~7 — sinuosa, Lam. 1, 5-7 Gonimophyllum Buffhami, Batt. 5, 6 Nitophyllum Bonnemaisonii, Grev. 1, 5—7 var. crassinervia, Batt. 1 — Gmelini, Grev. 1, 5-7 — Hilliae, Grev. 1, 5-7 — laceratum, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 f. ciliifera, Kitz, 6 f, uncinata, Grev. — litteratum, J. Ag. 6 — punctatum, Grev. var. crispata, Harv. 7 var. ocellata, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 — reptans,Crn. I, § — Sandrianum, Zan. 6 — uncinatum, J. Ag. 6 — venulosum, Zan. 7 — versicolor, Harv. 1, 7 1,5 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE RHODOPHYCEAE (continued) RHODOPHYCEAE (continued) BonNEMAISONIACEAE CrRaMIaceakE (continued ) Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, C. Ag. 6,7 Pleonosporium Borreri, Nag. 1, 5-7 — hamifera, Har. 6 var. fasciculatum, Holm. and Batt. 6 Rhodochorton Brebneri, Batt. 7 RHODOMELACEAE — floridulum, Nag. 5-7 Bostrychia scorpioides, Mont. 1, 6, 7 — membranaceum, Magn. 5,7 Rhodomela subfusca, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — pallens, Hauck. 5 var. firmior, J. Ag. 6 — Rothii, Nag. 1, 5-7 Laurencia coespitosa, Lamour. 1, 5-7 Callithamnion Brodiaei, Harv. 6, 7 — obtusa, Lamour. 5-7 — corymbosum, Lyngb. 1, 5-7 — pinnatifida, Lamour. 5-7 — Dudresnayi, Crn. 7 Halopithys pinastroides, Gmel. 5-7 — granulatum, C.Ag. 1, 6,7 Chondria dasyphylla, C. Ag. 5-7 — Hookeri, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — tenuissima, J. Ag. 6,7 — polyspermum, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 Polysiphonia atrorubescens, Grev. 1, 6, 7 — roseum, Harv. 6,7 — Brodiaei, Grev. 5-7 — tenuissimum, Kitz. 1, 7 var. densa, Holm. and Batt. 5-7 — tetragonum, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — elongata, Grev. 1, 5-7 var. brachiatum, J. Ag. 1, 5,7 var. rosea, J. Ag. 1, 5~7 — tetricum, C. Ag. 1, 5,7 — elongella, Harv. 5-7 Callithamnion bipinnatum,C. Ag. 6,7 — fastigiata,Grev. 1, 5-7 Seirospora byssoides, Crn. 6, 7 — fibrata, Harv. 1, 5-7 — Griffithsiana, Harv. 7 — fibrillosa,Grev. 5-7 Compsothamnion gracillimum, Schm. 1, 5-7 — foetidissima, Cocks. 7 — thuyoides, Schm. 1, 5~—7 — fruticulosa, Spreng. 5-7 Plumaria elegans, Schm. 1, 5-7 — furcellata. Harv. 5-7 Antithamnion cruciatum, Nag. 6, 7 — nigrescens, Grev. 1, 5-7 — Plumula, Thur. 1, 5-7 — obscura, Grev., J.Ag. 5 Hymenoclonium serpens, Batt. 7 — Rhunensis, Thur. 1 Crouania attenuata, J. Ag. 7 — simulans, Harv. 6,7 Spyridia filamentosa, Harv. 5-7 — subulata, J. Ag. Ceramium acanthonotum, Carm. 1, 5-7 var. Griffithsiana, J. Ag. 6 — arborescens, J. Ag. 6 — subulifera, Harv. 6 — botryocarpum, Griff. 6, 7 — urceolata, Grev. 1, 5-7 — ciliatum, Ducluz. 1, 5-7 var. patens, J. Ag. 1, 5-7 var. formosa, J.Ag. 6,7 var. sticta, Grev. 5-7 — variegata, Zan. 7 — violacea, Grev. 1, 5-7 var. allochroa, J. Ag. 6 Pterosiphonia complanata, Schm. 7 — parasitica, Schm. 6, 7 — pennata, J.Ag. 5 — thuyoides, Schm. 1, 5-7 Brongniartella byssoides, Bury. 1, 5-7 rubrum, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 Dasya arbuscula,C. Ag. 6, 7 strictum, Harv. 6, 7 — ocellata, Harv. 1, 5-7 var. delicatum, J. Ag. 7 Heterosiphonia coccinea, Falk. 1, 5-7 — tenuissimum, J. Ag. 5-7 circinnatum, J. Ag. 6, 7 Crouanianum, J. Ag. 6 Deslongchampsii, Chauv. 1, 6, 7 diaphanum, Roth. 1, 5-7 echionotum, J. Ag. 6, 7 fastigiatum, Harv. 5-7 flabelligerum, J. Ag. 6,7 fruticulosum, Ktitz. 6 gracillimum, Harv. 6, 7 pennatum, Crn. 7 ee a ee f. tenuis, Aresch. 6 — vimineum, J. Ag. Cae Microcladia glandulosa, Grev. 5-7 Spondylothamnion multifidum, Nag. 1, 5-7 CryPTONEMIACEAE Spermothamnion barbatum, Nag. 1, 7 Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm. — roseolum, Pringsh. 5 — Turneri, Aresch. 1, 5-7 : GRATELOUPIACEAE Trailliella intricata, Batt. 5-7 Grateloupia dichotoma, J. Ag. Ptilothamnion pluma, Thur. 1, 5,7 — minima, Crm. 1,6 Griffithsia corallina, C. Ag. 1, 5-7 — filicina,C. Ag. 5-7 — Devoniensis, Harv. 6, 7 var. intermedia, Holm. and Batt. 1, 5, 6 — setacea,C. Ag. 1, 5-7 Halurus equisetifolius, Kutz, 1, 5~7 Dumonriaczaz Bornetia secundiflora, Thur. 6, 7 Dilsea edulis, Stackh. 1, 5-7 Monospora clavata, J. Ag. 5-7 Dumontia filiformis, Grev. 1, 5-7 Monospora pedicellata, Sol. 5-7 Dudresnaya coccinea, Crn. 5-7 116 RHODOPHYCEAE (continued ) NEMASTOMACEAE Schizymenia Dubyi, J. Ag. 7 BOTANY RHODOPHYCEAE (continued) HILpDENBRANDTIACEAE Hildenbrandtia Crouani, J. Ag. 6 Halarachnion ligulatum, Kutz. 1, 5-7 — prototypus, Nardo. 1, 5-7 Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. 1, 5-7 ; CoRALLINACEAE Schmitziella endophloea, Born. and Batt. 6 Choreonema Thureti, Schm. 5 Polynoides rotundus, Grev. 1, 5-7 Melobesia callithamnioides, Falk. 6, 7 — Corallinae, Solms. 5-7 — farinosa,Lam. 1, 5-7 — Lejolisii, Rosenv. 7 — zonalis, Fosl. 7 Dermatolithon hapalidioides, Fosl 5, 6 — Laminariae, Fosl. 6 — macrocarpum, Fosl 5-7 — pustulatum, Fosl. 7 Lithophyllum corticiforme, Fosl. 1, 5-7 — incrustans, Fosl. 5-7 — Lenormandi, Fosl. 1, 5-7 -—— lichenoides, Fosl. 5-7 — membranaceum, Fosl. 1, 5-7 Phymatolithon polymorphum, Fosl. 1, 5-7 Corallina officinalis, L. 1, 5-7 — rubens, Ellis and Soland. 1, 5-7 var. corniculata, Hauck. 5-7 —- squamata, Ellis. 5-7 LICHENES (Lichens) RHIZOPHYLLACEAE SQUAMARIACEAE Erythrodermis Alleni, Batt. 7 Rhododermis elegans, Crn. 7 — Georgii, Holmes. 6 — parasitica, Batt. 7 Rhododiscus pulcherrimus, Crn. 7 Petrocelis cruenta, J. Ag. 1,6 Cruoria pellita, Lyngb. 7 — rosea, Crn. 7 Cruoriopsis gracilis, Batt. 7 — Hauckii, Batt. 7 Cruoriella Dubyi, Schm. 5, 6 Peyssonelia Harveyana, Crn. 7 — Rosenvingii, Schm. 5, 7 — rubra, J. Ag. 7 — rupestris, Crn. 7 The county of Devon, like that of Cornwall, is especially suited to the growth of lichens, which require a moist atmosphere and pure air for their development. It has the advantage over Cornwall of a greater variety of geological strata, so that the species occurring on limestone are more numerous, and those occurring on the higher elevation of Dartmoor are more subalpine in character. In Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis 142 species are enumerated. In the Lichens of Devon and Cornwall by Mr. E. M. Holmes, published at Plymouth in 1869, the number was increased to 346. A few rare species have been detected by lichenologists visiting the county, of whom may be mentioned the Rev. J. M. Crombie, and the late Dr. H. B. Holl, Professor Dickie of Aberdeen, and Admiral Jones, but the majority of species added to the Flora since the publication of the Flora Devoniensis in 1829 have been detected by Mr. E. M. Holmes, Mr. E. Parfitt, Mr. E. D. Marquand, and Mr. W. H. Wilkinson. Amongst the rarer species found on Dartmoor and its ravines may be mentioned Stictina Thouarsi, and S. crocata ; Umbilicaria pustulata, the fruit of which is of very rare occurrence, but has been met with on Cosdon Beacon and Kis Tor; and Leptogium Burgesst. "The warmer portions of the coast line, including Torquay, Bolt Head, and Lynmouth, are remarkable for a large number of rare species that are almost unknown north of the Channel Islands and Cornwall. Of these may be mentioned Stigmatidium venosum, Parmelia oltvetorum, Roccella phycopsis, and R. fuci- formis, the last two apparently finding their northern limit at Lynton. At Torquay, Dirina repanda, Sticta aurata, Physcia chrysophthalma, Placodium 117 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE cirrochroum, and P. xantholytum are amongst the rarer southern species. At Bolt Head, Physcia leucomela and P. speciosa occur. The Graphidiei are well represented in the county by rare species. Ofpegrapha involuta, not recorded for any other English county, occurs, as well as Graphis Ruiziana and O. Jentiginosa, at Ivybridge, and at Lynton O. grumulosa and Chiodecton sarniense are met with. Lithographa dendrographa has been found in several localities, being commoner in the county than has been hitherto supposed ; it is usually found on elm trees in the same situations where the rare Lecidea carneo-lutea also occurs. Synalissa symphorea, which was first recorded from St. Vincent’s rocks in Gloucestershire, has not recently been found there, and Torquay, and Portland in Dorset are now the only two British localities known for it. The Co//emet are well represented in the limestone districts of Plymouth, Torquay, and Newton Abbot, but the Cafciei and the genus PA/yctis, which are more abundant on trees in drier counties, are of comparatively rare occurrence in Devon. On the other hand the species of the genus Pertusaria are more frequently found in fruit in the Dartmoor ravines than in any other county, including such species as P. globulifera, P. velata, P. dealbata, and P. amara, the fruit of the last, which occurred abundantly one year at Lydford, not having been detected elsewhere in Great Britain. The nomenclature followed in this list is that of Crombie, British Lichens (1894) as far as Urceolaria, and Leighton’s Lichen Flora of Great Britain (1879) for the remainder of the list. The rarer species are indicated by an asterisk. LICHENES EPHEBACEI COLLEMACEI (continued) Ephebe pubescens, Nyl. 4, 6, 8 *Collemodium fluviatile, Ny]. 1 *Gonionema velutinum, Nyl. 6 *— fragile, Nyl. 6 *—— Schraderi, Nyl. 6,7 — turgidum, Nyl. 7 im Lane Deuleeceulon boboauit Nyl. 6,8 *Collema auriculatum, Hoffm. 7 *Leptogium Burgessii, Mont. 7, 8 subsp. granosum, Nyl. 6 [Chudleigh] — lacerum, Gray. 6,7 — cheileum, Ach. 4,7 f. fimbriatum, Nyl. 6, 8 f. nudum, Nyl. 6, 7 subsp. pulvinatum, Nyl. 4, 6, 7 *— concinnum, Flot. 7 — muscicolum, Fr. 6 , — crispum, Ach. *— palmatum, Mont. 8 subsp. ceranoides, Nyl. 1, 4, 6 *— tenuissimum, Koerb. 6 — cristatum, Hoffm. 6 *— tremelloides, Grey. 1, 6 — flaccidum, Ach. 1-7 *— polyphyllum, Nyl. 6 *— furvum, Ach. 7 Lichina confinis, C. Ag. 6, 7 var. tunaeforme, Nyl. 7 — pygmaea,C. Ag. 6,7 — glaucescens, Hoffm. 6 *Synalissa symphorea, Nyl. 6 — granuliferum, Nyl. 6,7 — melaenum, Ach. LICHENACEI f. marginale, Ach. 6 — microphyllum, Nyl. 4 Cauicter — nigrescens, Ach. 5-7 *Calicium curtum, Turn. and Borr. 6 — plicatile, Nyl. 6, 7 *— hyperellum, Ach. 2 — pulposum, Ach. 6, 7 *— quercinum, Pers. 6 f. compactum, Nyl. 6 f. chlorodes, Nyl. 6 — tenax, Ach. 7 f. lenticulare, Nyl. 6 var. coronatum, Koerb. 7 Sphinctrina turbinata, Leight. 4 118 LICHENACEI (continued) SPHAEROPHOREI *Sphaerophoron compressus, Ach. 8 — coralloides, Pers. 6, 8 — fragilis, Ach, 6, 8 BaroMYce1 Baeomyces rufus, DC. 7 var. subsquamulosus, Nyl. 8 — roseus, Pers. 1 STEREOCAULEI Leprocaulon nanum, Nyl. 1, 6, 7 *Stereocaulon coralloides, Fr. 8 — denudatum, Floerke. 8 — evolutum, Graewe. 6, 8 *— tomentosum, Fr. 8 CraponizI Cladina rangiferina, Nyl. 1, 8 — sylvatica, Nyl. 8 —— uncialis, Nyl. 6 f. adunca, Cromb. 8 f. bolacina, Cromb. 6 f. turgescens, Cromb. 8 Cladonia alcicornis, Floerke. 6, 8 — bacillaris, Floerke. var. subcoronata, Nyl 8 — bellidiflora, Floerke. 8 — caespititia, Floerke. 6 — cariosa, Flk. 6 — cervicornis, Schoer. 6-8 — coccifera, Schoer. 8 subsp. pleurota, Cromb. 8 — cornuta, Fr. 8 — deformis, Hoffm. 8 — degenerans, Floerke. f. anomaea, Floerke. 8 — delicata, Floerke. 1 — endiviaefolia, Fr. 5 — fimbriata, Fr. f. tubaeformis, Fr. 6 subsp. fibula, Nyl. 8 — firma, Nyl. 6 — Floerkeana, Fr. 8 f. trachypoda, Nyl. 8 — furcata, Hoffm. 6 subsp. racemosa, Nyl. f. recurva, Floerke. 6, 7 — gracilis, Hoffm. 8 f, spinulifera, Cromb. 6 — Lamarckii, Nyl. 6 — macilenta, Hoffm. 1, 6 var. coronata, Nyl. 6, 7 f. carcata, Nyl. 8 — ochrochlora, Floerke. 6 f. ceratodes, Floerke. 6 — pityrea, Floerke. 8 — pungens, Floerke. 6 f. foliosa, Flk. 5 — pyxidata, Fr. 1, 6,7 f. chlorophaea, Floerke. 6 — scabriuscula, Nyl. 6 — sobolifera, Nyl. 6 BOTANY LICHENACEI (continued) CraponiEt (continued ) Cladonia squamosa, Hoffm. 7 subsp. adspersa, Nyl. 1 — subsquamosa, Nyl. 7, 8 *— verticillata, Floerke. 1 Rocce.iet *Rocella fuciformis, DC. 1, 7 *— phycopsis, Ach. 1, 7 RamaLinet Ramalina calicaris, Nyl. 6, 7 — cuspidata, Nyl. 1, 6-8 f. minor, Nyl. 7 subsp. breviuscula, Nyl. 6 *— evernioides. Nyl. 6 — farinacea, Ach. 6,7 — fastigiata, Ach. 1-8 — fraxinea, Ach. 1-8 var, ampliata, Ach. 1, 8 — pollinaria, Ach. 7 *— scopulorum, Ach. 7 — subfarinacea, Nyl. 7, 8 Usne1 *Usnea articulata, Hoffm. 4, 6 f. intestiniformis, Cromb. 6 — ceratina, Ach. 6 var. scabrosa, Ach. 8 f. ferruginascens, Cromb. 6 — dasypoga, Nyl. 6,8 — florida, Ach. 6-8 — hirta, Hoffm. 7 ALECTORIEI *Alectoria bicolor, Nyl. 6, 8 *— jubata, Nyl. 6 subsp. chalybeiformis, Ny]. CErTRARIEI Cetraria aculeata, Fr. 8 f. hispida, Cromb. 8 *Platysma diffusum, Nyl. 6 *—— Fahlunense, Nyl. 6 — glaucum, Nyl. 6,7 f. fallax, Nyl. — ulophyllum, Nyl. 6, 8 PaRMELIEI *Evernia furfuracea, Fr. 6, 8 f. ceratea, Nyl. 6 — prunastri, Ach, 1-8 “var. stictocera, Hook. 1, 6 Parmelia Borreri, Turn. 7 — caperata, Ach. 6,7 — cetrarioides, Nyl. 1, 6,8 — conspersa, Ach. 7, 8 f. isidiata, Leight. 8 — exasperata, Nyl. 5 — fuliginosa, Nyl. 7 — laevigata, Ach. 1, 6,7 119 8 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE LICHENACEI (continued) Parmeter (continued ) *Parmelia lanata, Walls. 8 *— olivetorum, Nyl. 1 — omphalodes, Ach. 6, 8 var. panniformis, Ach. 6 * — perforata, Ach. 7 — perlata, Ach. 1, 6, 8 var. ciliata, Nyl. 6, 8 — pertusa, Schoer. 1,7 — physodes, Ach. 6 f. tubulosa, Mudd. 6 — prolixa, Nyl. 1 subsp. Delisei, Nyl. 7 — revoluta, Nyl. 1, 6 var. rugosa, Cromb. 6 — subaurifera, Nyl. 8 — saxatilis, Ach. 1, 8 f. furfuraceaea, Schoer. 7 — scortea, Ach. 7 f. concrescens, Cromb. 7 — sinuosa, Ach. 6 *— tiliacea, Ach. 6, 7 subsp. carporrhizans, Cromb. 6, 8 *_- tristis, Nyl. 8 SricTeE1 Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoffm. 6-8 Lobarina scrobiculata, Nyl. 5, 7, 8 *Sticta aurata, Ach. 6 *Stictina crocata, Nyl. 7, 8 *— Dnufourei, Nyl. 1, 6, 8 — fuliginosa, Nyl. 1, 6-8 f. ciliata, Holmes — intricata, Nyl. 6 “var. Thouarsii, Nyl. — limbata, Nyl. 4, 6-8 — sylvatica, Nyl. 6-8 Ricasolia amplissima, Leight. 6-8 — laetivirens, Leight. 1, 6-8 PELTIGEREI *Peltidia aphthosa, Ach. 6 var. 5. leucophlebia, Nyl. 8 Peltigera canina, Hoffm. 1-8 — horizontalis, Hoffm. 6, 8 f. muscorum, Schl. 6 — polydactyla, Hoffm. 1, 5-8 — rufescens, Hoffm. 1, 6, 8 f. praetextata, Floerke. 6, 8 — scutata, Leight. 6-8 — spuria, Leight. 1, 6, 7 *Solorina saccata, Ach. Nephromium Lusitanicum, Nyl. 6-8 var. Hibernicum, Nyl. 8 *— parile, Nyl. 5-8 Physcia adglutinata, Nyl. 7 — aipolia, Nyl. 6 var. anthelina, Cromb. 6 — aquila, Ny]. 6-8 *— astroidea, Nyl. 7 — caesia, Nyl. 6 *— chrysophthalma, D.C. 6 LICHENACEI (continued ) ParricErEl (continued ) Physcia ciliaris, DC. 6, 7 — erosa, Leight. 6 *_ flavicans, DC. 1, 6-8 *— leucomela, Mich. 1, 6, 7 — lychnea, Nyl. 6 — parietina, De Not. 7, 8 _ f. cinerascens, Leight. 6 f. ectanea, Nyl. 6 — pulverulenta, Nyl. 6,7 var. angustata, Nyl. 6 / subsp. venusta, Nyl. 6 *—t speciosa, Nyl. 7 — stellaris, Nyl. 5 var. leptalea, Nyl. 7 subsp, tenella, Nyl. 7 — ulothrix, Nyl. 6 var. virella, Cromb. 6 * GyropPHoreEl Gyrophora cylindrica, Ach. 6, 8 f. fimbriata, Ach. 8 *_ flocculosa, Turn. and Borr. 8 — polyphylla, Turn. and Borr. 8 f, monophylla, Turn. and Borr. 6 f. congregata, Turn. and Borr. 8 — polyrrhiza, Krt. 6, 8 — torrefacta, Cromb. 2, 8 — proboscidea, Ach. 6 Umbilicaria pustulata, Hoffm. 2, 6, 8 Coccocarpia plumbea, Nyl. 7 var. myriocarpa, Nyl. 2, 7 Leproloma lanuginosum, Nyl. 6-8 Pannaria brunnea, Nyl. 1, 6, 7 — nebulosa, Nyl. 6 — rubiginosa, Del. 8 var. caeruleo-badia, Mudd. 2, 6, 7 Pannularia nigra, Nyl. 6, 7 — triptophylla, Nyl. 1, 8 — carnosa, Cromb. 1, 6, 7 Placodium callopismum, Mudd. 5-7 subsp. sympagea, Nyl. 1, 6 — candicans, Mudd. 6 *— cirrochroum, Cromb. 5, 6 *— fulgens, Ach. 1. — lobulatum, Smrft. 6 — murorum, Leight. 6, 7 — xantholytum, Nyl. 6, 7 *Psoroma hypnorum, Ach. 6 Squamaria crassa, Huds. 6 Lecanora, aipospila, Wahlb. 6 —albella, Ach. 6 — allophana, Nyl. 6 — angulosa, Ach. 6 var. chondrotypa, Stiz. 6 — atra, Ach, 6,7 — atrocinerea, Ny]. 7 : — aurantiaca, Nyl. 7 i subsp. erythrella, Nyl. 7 | *— badia, Ach. 7 — calcarea,Somm. 6, 7 i var. contorta, Nyl. 6 var. Hoffmanni, Somm. 6 * * 120 LICHENACEI (continued) Gyroruorel (continued ) Lecanora cerina, Ach. 7 Pertusaria amara, Nyl. * var. stillicidiorum, Nyl. 8 subsp. haematites, Nyl. 6 chalybea, Schaer. 6 cinerea, Somm. 7 citrina, Ach. 6 f. depauperata, Cromb. 6 coccinea, Cromb. 8 coilocarpa, Nyl. 5 crenulata, Nyl. 6 Dicksonii, Nyl. 6 erysibe, Nyl. 6 expallens, Ach. 6 var. lutescens, Nyl. 6, 7 ferruginea, Nyl. 1, 6, 7 var. festiva, Nyl. 7 fuscata, Nyl. 7 galactina, Ach. 6,7 gibbosa, Nyl. 1 glaucoma, Ach. 1, 7 holophaea, Nyl. 1, 7 intumescens, Koerb. 6 irrubata, Nyl. 6 f. incrustans, Cromb. 6 subsp. calva, Nyl. 6 lacustris, Fr. f. 7 Nylanderiana, Nyl:-. 6 ochracea, Nyl. 6,7 orosthea, Ach. 6 pallescens, Nyl. 6 parella, Ach. 1,7 var. Turneri, Nyl. Parisiensis, Ny]. polytropa, Schaer. 7 prosechoides, Nyl. 1 pruinosa, Nyl. 1 pyracea, Nyl. 6 roboris, Nyl. 6 rugosa, Nyl. 6 simplex, Nyl. 1, 6, 7 sophodes, Ach. 6 squamulosa, Nyl. 6 subcarnea, Ach. 6 subfusca, Nyl. 6, 7 var. campestris, Schaer. 6 sulphurea, Ach. 6, 7 symmictera, Nyl. 6 var. aitema, Ach. 8 syringea, Ach. 6 tartarea, Ach. 7, 8 subsp. subtartarea, Nyl. tetrasticha, Nyl. 6, 7 varia, Ach. 6, 8 variabilis, Ach. 6 var. ecrustacea, Ny]. 6 ventosa, Ach. 8 vitellinula, Nyl. 5 7,8 6-8 ceuthocarpa, T. and B. 6, 7 communis, DC. 5, 6 concreta, Nyl. 1, 6 dealbata, Nyl. 8 globulifera, Nyl. I 5, 6, 8 BOTANY LICHENACEI (continued) GyropHorel (continued ) “Pertusaria lactea, Nyl. 6 * leioplaca, Schaer. 1, 6, 8 f. hexaspora, Nyl. melaleuca, Sm. 6 multipunctata, Nyl. 1,5, 6 f. laevigata, Cromb. 6, 8 *— pustulata, Ach. 6 velata, Nyl. 7 Wulfenii, DC. 1, 5, 8 Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach. 6 Phlyctis agelaea, Koerb. 4-6 argena, Koerb. 6 Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. 6 subsp. bryophila, Ach. 1, 6 *Lecidea abietina, Ach. * alboatra, Leight. 4 f. epipolia, Leight. 4 albocoerulescens, Leight. 6 alocizoides, Leight. 6 arceutina, Ach. 6 aromatica, Sm. 5-7 atroalba, Ach. 6 calcarea, Leight. 6 candida, Web. 6 canescens, Dicks. 4, 6 carneolutea, Leight. 5 citrinella, Ach. 6, 8 coarctata, Leight. 7 f. elachista, Leight. 1, 7 f. globulosa, Leight. 7 f. ornata, Leight. 7 concentrica, Dav. 7 confluens, Web. 6, 7 contigua, Fr. 4, 6, 8 f. limitata, Leight. 7 corneola, Ach. 6 crustulata, Ach. 4 cupularis, Leight. 6 cyrtella, Ach. 6 dealbatula, Nyl. 6 decolorans, Flk. 8 dilutiuscula, Nyl. disciformis, Fr. 5, 7 discolor, Hepp. 6 effusa, Sm. 6 var. fuscella, Fr. 6 var. inundata, Fr. 6 Ehrhartiana, Ach. endoleuca, Nyl. 5,6 enterochlora, Tayl. 6 enteroleuca, Ach. 7 erysiboides, Nyl. exanthematica, Leight. 6 flexuosa, Fr. f. aeruginosa, Borr. 6 Flotovii, Koerb. 4 fuscoatra, Ach. 8 geographica, Linn. 8 grossa, Pers. 4-7 herbarum, Hepp. 1 incompta, Borr. 4 lucida, Ach. 4, 6,7 lurida, Swartz. 6 16 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE LICHENACEI (continued ) GyrorHore! (continued ) Lecidea lutea, Dicks. 2, 4, 6, 8 ~—— lutosa, Mont. 6 — mammillaris, Gon. 6 — milliaria, Fr. 6 — myriocarpa,DC. 7 — obscurata, Schaer. — Oecederi, Web. 6 — oxyspora, Tul. 8 — pachycarpa, Duf. 4 — parasema, Ach. var. elaeochrona, Ach. 7 — parasitica, Flk. 4, 7, 8 — Parmeliarum, Sommf. 6-8 — petraea, Wulf. 5,6 — premea, Ach. 1, 5,7 f. teichogena, Nyl. 3 — prominula, Borr. 4, 6 — protrusa, Fr. 6 — pulverea, Borr. 5, 6, 8 — quernea, Dicks. 5 — rivulosa, Ach. 6,8 — rubella, Ehrh. 4, 6, 7 — sabuletorum, Flk. 6 — Salweii, Borr. 1,7 — sanguinaria, Linn. 6 — sphaeroides, Dicks. 4, 6 — spododes, Nyl. 5 — squamulosa, Deak. 6 — stellulata, Tayl. — subdisciformis, Leight. 6 — sylvicola, Flot. var. infidula, Nyl. 6 — Taylori, Mudd. 1, 6,7 — tenebrosa, Flot. 1 — tricolor, Leight. 4 — truncigena, Ach. 5 — Turneri, Leight. 6 — uliginosa, Schrad. 4 f. fuliginosa, Ach. 4 — verruculosa, Borr. 1 — vesicularis, Hoffm. 1, 6, 7 — violacea, Crouan. 1 — viridescens, Schrad. 4 GraPHIDIEI Arthonia astroidea, Ach. 4, 6 — cinnabarina, Wallr. 7, 8 var, anerythrea, Nyl. 7 var. kermesina, Nyl. 4, 6 *— proximella, Nyl. — pruinosa, Ach. 5,7 — punctiformis, Ach. 6 f. galactina, Ach. 6 — spadicea, Leight. 4, 6 — Swartziana, Ach. 6,7 *— trachylioides, Nyl. 6 — varians, Dav. 1 ~ — vinosa, Leight. 6 *Chiodecton albidum, Tayl. var. Sarniense, Salw. 1, 6 Graphis dendritica, Ach. f. obtusa, Leight. 6 f, Smithii, Leight. 5-8 LICHENACEI (continued) Grapuipie1 (continued ) Graphis elegans, Sm. 6, 7 — inusta, Ach. 5, 7 f. vera, Leight. 5 *— Lyellii, Sm. 5, 6, 8 *— Ruiziana, Fée. — scripta, Ach. 5,7 f. diffusa, Leight. 4, 6 f. eutypa, Ach. 4 f. recta, Humb. 1 f. minuta, Leight. 6 var. serpentina, Ach. 4, 6 — sophistica, Nyl. var, pulverulenta, Sm. 4, 6 “Lithographa cerebrina, Schaer. 6 *— dendrographa, Nyl. 1, 5-7 *— tesserata, Nyl. Opegrapha atra, Pers. 7 f. arthonoidea, Leight. 5 f. denigrata, Ach. 4 f, nigrita, Leight. 4 f. parallela, Leight. 6 — confluens, Ach. 1 — grumulosa, Duf. 1 — herpetica, Ach. 7, 8 f. rubella, Pers, 4 f. vera, Leight, 4, 7 f. rufescens, Pers. 4 *— involuta, Nyl. 7 — Leightonii, Cromb. 6 — lentiginosa, Lyell. 7 — lyncea,Sm. 4-6 — saxicola, Ach. 1,7 var. Chevalieri, Leight. 5 f. gyrocarpa, Zw. 1 var. De Candollei, Stizb. 6 f. diaphora, Ach. 4, 6 — varia, Pers. 7 f. notha, Ach. 4,6 f. pulicaris, Light. 4, 7 f. rimalis, Fr. 4 — viridis, Pers. 4, 6 — vulgata, Ach. 4, 6,7 f. stenocarpa, Ach. 6 Stigmatidium circumscriptum, Tayl. 1, 7 — crassum, Dub. 4, 7 *— Hutchinsaie, Leight. 1, 7 *— venosum, Ach. 1 PyYRENODE! Endocarpon fluviatile, DC. 6-8 var. euplocum, Ach. 7 — hepaticum, Ach. 7 — miniatum, Ach. 1, 6 var. complicatum, Sw. 6 — rufescens, Ach. Melanotheca gelatinosa, Chev. 6 *Normandina laetevirens, Ach. 8 — pulchella, Borr. 1-8 *Verrucaria antecellens, Nyl. 7, 8 — biformis, Borr. 4, 6, 7 — calciseda, DC. 6,7 var. purpurascens, Hoffm. 4 122 BOTANY LICHENACEL (continued.) LICHENACEI (continued ) Pyrenover (continued ) Verrucaria chlorotica, Ach, Pyrenovet (continued) f. carpinea, Schaer. 4 f. codonoidea, Leight. 6 Verrucaria marina, Deak. 6 — conoidea, Fr. 6 — maura, Wahlb. 7 — epidermidis, Ach. 7 — mauroides, Schaer. 6 var. analepta, Ach. 4 — murina, Leight. 4, 6 f. fallax, Nyl. 4 — mutabilis, Borr. 5, 6 var. cinereo-pruinosa, Schaer. 6 — nigrescens, Pers. 6 — fuscella, Turn. 4 — nitida, Weig. 1, 5 — gemmata, Ach. 6,7 — perminuta, Deak. 6 — glabrata, Ach. 7 f. nitidella, Deak. 5, 6 var. dermatodes, Borr. 4 — platypyrenia, Nyl. 6 — glaucina, Ach. 7 — polysticta, Borr. 4 — hymenogonia, Nyl. 4 — punctiformis, Ach. 4 — immersa, Leight. 6 — pyrenophora, Ach. 6 — integra, Nyl. 6 — rugulosa, Borr. 6 *— laevata, Ach. 6 —- rupestris, Schrad. 7 — litoralis, Tayl. 6 var. muralis, Ach. — margacea, 4, 6 var. subalbicans, Leight. 4, 6 var. papillosa, Ach. 6 — Salweii, Leight. 1, 4 var. acrotilla, Ach. 6 — sublitoralis, Leight. 1, 5 FUNGI The following list is compiled from the records published in Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis (1829) and Ravenshaw’s Botany of North Devon. To these have been added a list from the Transactions of the British Mycological Society, made during a visit of the Society to Exeter and its neighbourhood, in 1go1, for which the writer is indebted to the kindness of Mrs. A. Montague, of Crediton, a well-known and accurate mycologist. There has also been added a list of the fungi collected by the late Mr. E. Parfitt, of Exeter, which the writer has been permitted to see by the favour of Dr. H. Humphreys, of Torquay, the collection having recently been presented to the museum of that town by Mrs. Vicary, of Newton Abbot, into whose possession it had come some years ago. There were originally twelve folio volumes of drawings illustrating these fungi, made by Mr. Parfitt, but these cannot be traced as yet; and as many of the fleshy species are in bad condition, their identifications cannot be confirmed, and are in such cases omitted from the list. With the exception of districts 4 and 6 the fungal flora of Devon has been very little investigated, and the list here given is therefore probably far from an exhaustive one. The general arrangement followed in this list is that of Cooke’s Hand- book of British Fungi (1871), supplemented by Massee’s British Fungus Flora (1892-5), and Plowright’s British Uredines and Ustilagineae (1889). HYMENOMYCETES HYMENOMYCETES (continued) AGaRICINI Acaricini (continued ) Amanita adnata, W. G. Smith. 5 Amanita spissa, Fr. 4 — junquillea, Quél. 4 — Vittadini, Morett. 4 — mappa, Fr. 4 Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze. 4 — muscaria, Fr. 1, 4, 6 Lepiota amianthina, Scop.° 4 — pantherina, Fr. 4 — Badhami, Berk. 4 — phalloides, Fr. 4 — cepaestipes, Sow. 4 — rubescens, Fr. 4 — cristata, A.and L. 4 123 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE HYMENOMYCETES (continued ) Acaricini (continued ) Lepiota erminea, Fr. 4 — excoriata, Schaef. 4 — granulosa, Batsch. 1, 4 — holosericea, Fr. 4 *— leucothites, Vitt. 4 — mastoides, Fr. 4 — metulaespora, B. and Br. — permixta, Barla. 4 — procera, Scop. I, 4 — rhacodes, Vitt. 4 var. puellaris, Fr. 4 Armillaria mellea, Vahl. 1, 4, 6 — mucida, Schrad. 4 Tricholoma acerbum, Bull. 4 — albobrunneum, Pers. 4 — carneum, Bull. 4 — cuneifolium, Fr. 4 — flavobrunneum, Fr. 4 — lascivus, Fr. 4 — melaleucum, Pers. 4 — nudum, Bull. 4 — pessundatum, Fr. — resplendens, Fr. 4 — rutilans, Schaeff. 1 — saponaceum, Fr. 4 — scalpturatum, Fr. 6 — sejunctum, Sow. 4 — sordidum, Fr. 4 — terreum, Schaef. 4, 6 — vaccinum, Fr. 4 — virgatum, Fr. 4 Clitocybe candicans, Pers. 4 — cerussata, Fr. 4 — dealbata, Sow. 4 — flaccida, Sow. 4 — fragrans, Sow. 4 — geotropa, Bull. 4 — gilva, Pers. 6, 8 — infundibuliformis, Schaef. 4 var. membranaceus, Fr. 6 — nebularis, Batsch. 4 — odora, Sow. 4,6 — phyllophila, Fr. 4 — rivulosa, Pers. 4 Laccaria laccata, Scop. 4, 6 Collybia acervata, Fr. 4 — butyracea, Bull. 4 . — confluens, Pers. 4 —- dryophila, Bull. 1, 4 — esculenta, Wulf. 4, 6 — fusipes, Bull. 4 —— maculata, A.andS. 4 — platyphylla, Fr. 4 — radicata, Relh. 4, 6 — tuberosa, Bull. 4, 6 — velutipes, Curt. 4 Mycena alcalina, Fr. 4 — amicta, Fr. 4 — ammoniaca, Fr. 4 ——~ aurantio-marginata, Fr. 4 ‘— clavicularis, Fr. 4 — corticola, Schum. 7 — debilis, Fr. 4 HYMENOMYCETES (continued) Acaricini (continued ) Mycena epipterygia, Scop. 4 — filipes, Bull. 4 — galericulata, Scop. 1, 4 — galopoda, Fr. 4 — haematopoda, Pers. 4 — leucogala, Cke. 4 — luteoalba, Bolton. 4 — pelianthina, Bolton. 4 — polygramma, Bull. 4 — pura, Pers. 4 — rugosa, Fr. 4 — sanguinolenta, A. and S. 4 — tenerrima, Berk. 4 Omphalia fibula, Bull. 4 — stellata, Fr. 1 Pleurotus atrocoeruleus, Fr. 6 — ostreatus, Jacq. 4 — striatulus, Fr. [F/ Dev.] — subpalmatus, Fr. 6 *Volvaria bombycina, Schaeff. 4 — Taylori, Berk. 4 Pluteus cervinus, Schaef. 4 Entoloma jubatum, Fr. 4 — nidorosum, Fr. 4 — repandum, Bull. 1 — sericeum, Fr. 4 — sericellum, Fr. 4 Clitopilus carnea-albus, With: 4 — orcella, Bull. 4 — prunulus, Scop. 4 Leptonia chalybea, Pers. 4 — incana, Fr. 4 — lampropoda, Fr. 4 — serrulata, Fr. 4 Nolanea mammosa, Fr. 4 — pascua, Pers. 4 Claudopus euosmus, Berk. 7 — variabilis, Pers. 6, 7 Pholiota adiposa, Fr. 4 . *— prandis, Rea. 4 — marginatus, Batsch. 4 — mutabilis, Schaeff. 4 — praecox, Pers. 4 — spectabilis, Fr. 4 — squarrosa, Mull. 4, 6 — terrigena, Fr. 4 — togularis, Bull. 4 Inocybe asterospora, Quél. 4 — Bongardii, Weinm. 4 — eutheles, B.and Br. 4 — fastigiata, Schaef. 4 — geophylla, Fr. 6 — pyriodora, Pers. 4 — rimosa, Bull. Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Bull. 4 — fastibile, Fr. 4 — glutinosum, Lindgr. 4 — mesophaeum, Fr. 4 Flammula alnicola, Fr. 4 Naucoria escharoides, Fr. 4 — melinoides, Fr. 4 — semiorbicularis, Bull. 4 Galera hypnorum, Batsch. 1, 4 124 BOTANY HYMENOMYCETES (continued ) HYMENOMYCETES (continued ) Acaricint (continued ) Acaricini (continued) Galera tenera, Schaeff. 4 Continarius (continued) Tubaria crobula, Fr. 4 (Phlegmacium) calochrous, Fr. 4 —— furfuracea, Pers. 4 — dibaphus, Fr. 4 Crepidotus alveolus, Lasch. 4 — largus, Fr. 4 — mollis, Fr. 4 — multiformis, Fr. 4 Psalliota arvensis, Schaef. 4 — prasinus, Fr. 4 — campestris, Linn. 1, 4 — purpurascens, Fr. 4 var. sylvicola, Vitt. 4 var. subpurpurascens, Fr. 4 — comptulus, Fr. 4 — triumphans, Fr. 4 — cretaceus, Cke. 5 (Telamonia) hemitrichus, Fr. 4 — haemorrhoidarius, Schulz. 4 —— hinnulens, Fr. 4 — pratensis, Schaef. 4. — torvus, Fr, — xanthoderma, Genev. 4 Gomphidius gracilis, Berk. 4 Stropharia aeruginosa, Curt. 1, 4 Paxillus involutus, Fr. 4 — semiglobata, Batch. 1, 4 — panuoides, Fr. 6 —— squamosa, Fr. 4 Hygrophorus calyptraeformis, Berk. 4 Hypholoma appendiculatum, Bull. 4 — chlorophanus, Fr. 4 — capnoides, Fr. 4 — chrysodon, Fr. 4 — fasciculare, Huds. 1, 4 — coccineus, Fr. 1 — hydrophyllum, Bull. 4 / — conicus, Fr. 1, 4 — lachrymabundum, Fr. ~~ eburneus, Fr. 6 — sublateritium, Schaef. 4 —— pratensis, Fr. — velutinum, Pers. 4 — psittacinus, Schaeff. 1 Psilocybe faenisecii, Pers. 4 — virgineus, Wulf. 1 — sarcocephala, Fr. 4 Lactarius acris, Fr. 1 — semilanceata, Pers. 4 — aurantiacus, Fr. 4 Psathyra corrugis, Pers. 4 —— blennius, Fr. — fibrillosa, Pers, 4 — circellatus, Fr. 4 Anellaria separata, Karst. 4 — controversus, Fr. 4 .— fimiputris, Karst. 4 — deliciosus, Fr. 4 Panaeolus campanulatus, Fr. — pallidus, Fr. 4 — cinctulus, Bolt. 4 — piperatus, Fr. 6 — phalaenarum, Fr. 4 — pyrogalus, Bull. 4 — separatus, Linn. 4 — quietus, Fr. 1, 4 — sphinctrinus, Fr. 4 — rufus, Scop. 4 Psathyrella atomata, Fr. 4 — serifluus, Fr. 4 — disseminata, Fr. 4 — torminosus, Schaef. 4 — gracilis, Fr. 4 — turpis, Fr. 4 Coprinus atramentarius, Fr. 1, 4 — uvidus, Fr. 4 — comatus, Fr. 1 — vellereus, Fr. 1, 4, 6 — fimetarius, Fr. [F/ Dev.) Russula adusta, Fr. 1, 4 — lagopus, Fr. 4 — armeniaca, Cke. 4 — micaceus, Fr, 1, 4 — caerulea, Fr. 4 — picaceus, Fr. 4 — cyanoxantha, Schaeff. 4 — plicatilis, Fr. 1, 4 — depallens, Fr. 4 Bolbitius tener, Berk. 4 — drimeia, Cke. 4 Saree — emetica, Fr. 4 Cortinarius — fellea, Fr. 4 (Dermocybe) anomalus, Fr. 4 — fragilis, Fr. 4 — caninus, Fr. 4 — furcata, Fr. 4 — cinnamomeus, Fr. 4, 6 — heterophylla, Fr. 1 — lepidopus, Cke. 4 — integra, Fr. 4 —- sanguineus, Fr. 4 — lepida, Fr. 4 (Hydrocybe) armeniaceus, Fr. 4 — nigricans, Fr. 4 — subferrugineus, Fr. 4 — nitida, Fr. 4 (Inoloma) alboviolaceus, Fr. 4 _ ochroleuca, Fr. 4 — pholideus, Fr. 4 — puellaris, Fr. 4 — violaceus, Fr. 1,4 — vesca, Fr. 4 [Myxacium) collinitus, Sow. 4 — virescens, Fr. 1 — delibutus, Fr. 4 Cantharellus aurantiacus, Fr. 1, 4 — elatior, Fr. 4 — cibarius, Fr. 1, 4, 6,7 — Friesii, Quél. — infundibuliformis, Fr. 4 125 — mucifluus, Fr. 4 — pluvius, Fr. 4 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE HYMENOMYCETES (continued ) Acaricini (continued ) Cantharellus retirugus, Fr. 4 — tubaeformis, Fr. 4 Nyctalis asterophora, Fr. 4 — parasitica, Fr. 4 Marasmius androsaceus, Fr. 4 — epiphyllus, Fr. 4, 6 — erythropus, Fr. 4 — Hudsoni, Pers. 4 — insititius, Fr. 4 — oreades, Fr. 1,4 — pernotatus, Fr. 4 — rotula, Fr. 4 — cochleatus, Fr. 4 Lentinus vulpinus, Fr. 6 Panus conchatus, Fr. 4 — stypticus, Fr. 4 Lenzites betulina, Fr. 4 PoLyporzt Boletus aurantiporus, Howse. 4 — badius, Fr. 4 — bovinus, Linn. 6 — calopus, Fr. 1 — chrysenteron, Fr. 4 — crassus, Mass. 4 — cyanescens, Bull. 6 — edulis, Bull. 1, 4 — elegans, Schum. 4 — flavus, With. 1, 4 — fragrans, Vitt. — granulatus, Linn. 4 — laricinus, Berk. 4 — luridus, Schaeff. 1, 4, 6 — luteus, Linn. 4, 6 — piperatus, Bull. 4, 6 — radicans, Pers. 4 — Satanas, Lenz. 6 — scaber, Pers. 4,6 — subtomentosus, Linn. 1, 4 — tenuipes, Cke. 4 Fistulina hepatica, Fr. 1, 4, 6 Merulius corium, Fr. 4 — lachrymans, Fr. 4 Daedalea quercina, Fr. 1, 4,7 Poria blepharistoma, B. and Br. 4 — medulla-panis, Fr. 4 — sanguinolenta, A. andS. 4 — vaporaria, Fr. 4 — vulgaris, Fr. 4 Polystictus abietinus, Fr. 4 — perennis, Fr. 1, 4, 6 — radiatus, Fr. 4 — velutinus, Fr. 4 — versicolor, Fr. 4 Fomes annosus, Fr. 4 — applanatus, Wallr. 4. — fomentarius, Fr. 6 — igniarius, Fr. 6 — ulmarius, Fr. 4 Polyporus adustus, Fr. 4 — betulinus, Fr. 4 — caesius, Fr. 6 — dryadeus, Fr. 4 126 HYMENOMYCETES (continued) Poryporet (continued) Polyporus fibula, Fr. 4 — giganteus, Fr. 4 — hispidus, Fr. 1, 4 — intybaceus, Fr. 6 — rufescens, Fr. 4 — Schweinitzii, Fr. 4 -—— spumeus, Fr. — squamosus, Fr. 1, 4 — sulphureus, Fr. 4 Hypner Hydnum auriscalpium, Linn. 4 — farinaceum, Pers. 4 — repandum, Linn, 1, 4 var. rufescens, Pers. 4 — udum, Fr. 4 — zonatum, Batsch. 4 Irpex obliquus, Fr. 4 Radulum fagineum, Fr. 4 Phlebia merismoides, Fr. 4 Grandinia granulosa, Fr. 4 Odontia fimbriata, Fr. 4 AuRICULARINI Craterellus cornucopioides, Pers. 4 — sinuosus, Fr. 4 Thelephora byssoides, Fr. 4 — caryophyllea, Pers. 4 — laciniata, Pers. 4, 7 — terrestris, Berk. 4 Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Lév. 7 Stereum hirsutum, Fr. 4 — ochroleucum, Fr. 4 — purpureum, Pers. 4 — rugosum, Fr. 4 — sanguinolentum, A. and S. 4 Corticium calceum, Fr. 4 — caeruleum, Fr. 4,7 — comedens, Fr. 4 — giganteum, Fr. 4 — incarnatum, Fr. 4 — laeve, Fr. 4 — quercinum, Pers. 4, 8 — Sambuci, Fr. 4 Peniophora cinerea, Cke. 4 Auricularis mesenterica, Fr. 1, 4, 6 Cravarizl Sparassis crispa, Fr. 4,6 Clavariei amethystina, Bull. 1 — cinerea, Bull. — coralloides, Linn. [F/. Dev.] — cristata, Pers. 4 — fastigiata, Linn. 1, 4 — flaccida, Fr. 4 — inaequalis. [F/ Dev.]. 4 — muscoides, Linn. 4 — pistillaris, Linn. 4 — rugosa, Bull. 4 — vermiculata, Scop. 4 Typhula gyrans, Fr. var. Grevillei, Mass. 6 Calocera cornea, Fr. 4 BOTANY HYMENOMYCETES (continued) CONIOMYCETES (continued ) Calocera stricta, Fr. 4 URrepINgEAE — viscosa, Fr. 4 Uromyces Betae, Wint. PF onsierai — laa Otth. Tremella albida, Huds. 4 = ee — stricta, Fr. 4 — Poae, Rabenh. — lutescens, Pers. 4 — mesenterica, Retz. — Hirneola Auricula-Judae, Berk. 4 Femsjohnia luteo-alba, Fr. 4 Nematelia encephala, Fr. 4 Dacrymyces deliquescens, Dub. 4 — stillatus, Nees. 4 GASTEROMYCETES Rhizopogon rubescens, Tul. 6 Hymenogaster decorus, Tul. 4 — tener, Berk. 4 Puccinia Asparagi, DC. — Betonicae, Wint. Buxi, DC. Centaureae, Mart. fusca, Wint. Magnusiana, Korn. malvacearum, Mont. obscura, Schrot. poarum, Niel. polygonorum, Pers. Phragmitis, Schrot Primulae, Grev. pulverulenta, Grev. rubigo-vera, DC. Saniculae, Grev. suaveolens, Wint. Trailii, Plowr. ScLERODERMEAE Scleroderma verrucosum, Pers. 4 — vulgare, Tul. 4 ee el al AL a A Nrpurarigaz Umbilici, Guep. Crucibulum vulgare, Tul. 4, 6 variabilis, Grev. Cyathus striatus, Hoffm. 4 — Violae, Wint. — vernicosus, DC. 4 — Vincae, DC. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme, Plowr. Dreorannese Triphragmium Ulmariae, Wint. Lycoperdon Bovista, Linn. 4 Phragmidium Fragrariastri, DC. — coelatum, Bull. 4 —_ Rubi, Pers. — excipuliforme, Scop. 4 — violaceum, Schultz. — gemmatum, Batsch. 1, 4 Melampsora betulina, Pers. — giganteum, Batsch. 1 —- farinosa, Plowr. — nigrescens, Vitt. 4 — Helioscopiae, DC. — perlatum, Pers. 4 = hypericorum, DC. ; — plumbeum, Pers. 4 : Coleosporium Senecionis, Fr. — pyriforme, Schaeff. 4 Cronartium flaccidum, Alb. and Schw. — saccatum, Wahl. 4 — ribicolum, Dietr. Geaster fimbriatus, Fr. 4, 6 Caeomma Mercurialis, Plowr. — hygrometricus, Pers. 4 Accidium Elatinum, Alb. and Schw. Tulostoma mammosum, Fr. 1 Ustilago longissima, Wint. — olivacea, Tul. PHALLOIDEAE Cystopus candidus, Lev. 4, 7 Ithyphallus impudicus, Fisch. 4 Mutinus caninus, Fr. 4 Clathrus cancellatus, Tournef. 6 HPHOMYORIES CONIOMYCETES Mincioee Cylindrium flavovirens, Bon. 4 SPHAERONEMEL Aspergillus glaucus, Link. 4 Asteroma Ulmi, Kl. 4 Penicillium glaucum, Link. 4 Hendersonia cornu, Fckl. 4 Rhinotrichum ramosissimum, B. and C. 4 Sphaeropsis Taxi, Berk. 6 Sporotrichum chlorinum, Link. 4 Botrytis fascicularis, Sacc. 4 MELANCONIEL Sepedoniei vulgaris, Fr. 4 Cheirospora botryospora, Fr. 4 : Sepedonium agaricicola, Corda. 4 Coryneum microstictum, B. and Br. 4 Nemaspora crocea, Pers. 4 Dematiz1 — Rosae, Desm. 6 ‘ ; Acrothecium obovatum, Cooke. Ramularia Petuniae, Cke. 7 % 4 — tenebrosum, Sace. 4 Arthrobotryum atrum, B. and Br. 4 ' Gaon! Dendryphium comosum, Wallr. 4 Helicosporium pulvinatum, Fr. 4 Haplographium chlorocephalum, Grev. 4 127 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE HYPHOMYCETES (continued) Dematie (continued ) Helminthosporium fusiforme, Corda. 4 — obclavatum, Sace. 4 Hormiscium hysterioides, Sacc. 4 Zygodesmus fuscus, Corda. 4 Leptosporium bulbotrichum, Corda. 4 Sporochisma mirabile, B. and Br. 4 Fumago vagans, Pers. 4 STILBEAE Tilosporium roseum, Fr. 7 Isaria farinosa, Fr. 4 Stysanus stemonitis, Corda. 4 Tubercularia vulgaris, Tode. 4. Mocorini Mucor amethysteus, Berk. 4 PYRENOMYCETES Hypocrzaczaz Cordyceps militaris, Fr. 4 Epichloe typhina, Sacc. 4, 7 Hypocrea rufa, Fr. 4 = Hypomyces aurantius, Tul. 4 Nectria aquifolia, Berk. 4 — cinnabarina, Tode. 4 — coccinea, Fr. 4 — ditissima, Tul. 4 — sanguinea, Fr. 1 XYLARIEAE Daldinia concentrica, Sacc. 4 Hypoxylon coccineum, Bull. 4 — fuscum, Fr. 6 Ustulina vulgaris, Tul. 4 Xylaria hypoxylon, Grev. 4 Doruipzaz Phyllacora graminis, Grev. 4 Rhytisma acerinum, Fr. 4 DiatryPEag Quaternaria Persoonii, Tul. 4 VALsEAE Valsa circumscripta, Mont. 4 — corylina, Tul. 4 — heteracantha, Sacc. 5 —~ leipheimia, Fr. 4 — prunastri, Fr. 4 — quaternata, Fr. 4 — stellulata, Fr. 4 Eurypzaz Diaporthe vepris, Nke. 4 Eutypa lata, Tul. 4 SuPERFICIALES Bertia moriformis, Fckl. 4 Chaetosphaeria phaeostroma, Fckl. 4 Trichosphaeria pilosa, Fckl. 4 PYRENOMYCETES (continued) ENDOxYLEAE Xylosphaeria apiculata, Curr. 4 OsrecTar Didymosphaeria diplospora, Cke. 4 — epidermidis, Fckl. 6 — xylostei, Fckl. Leptosphaeria fuscella, B. and Br. 4 CavuLicoLag Heptameria acuta, Mont. 4 Pleospora herbarum, Pers. Raphidospora rubella, Fckl. 4 Rebenstischia unicaudata, B. and Br. 4 ASCOMYCETES GyMNOASCACEAE Ascomyces pruni, B. and Br. 6 HystTeriaceaE Hysterium Fraxini, Pers. 4 — pinastri, Schrad. [F/. Dev.] — pulicare, Pers. 6 — virgultorum, DC. 4 Lophodermium pinastri, Chev. [F/ Dev.] Dichaena quercina, Fries. 7 ; Discomyceres Coccomyces coronatus, Sacc. 6 — rubi, Karst. 6, 8 Phacidium repandum, Fr. 4 Trochila Buxi, Capr. 4 — craterium, Fr. 4 — Ilicis, Crn. 4 Rhytisma acerinum, Fr. 7 Cryptomyces aureus, Mass. [F/. Dev.] Coryne sarcoides, Tul. 4 Ascobolus furfuraceus, Pers. 8 Mollisia cinerea, Karst. 4 — fusca, Mass. 4 Belonidium pruinosum, Mass. 4 Helotium citrinum, Fr. 4 — virgultorum, Karst. 4 Tapesia caesia, Fckl. 4 Lathnea hirta, Gillet. 4 — scutellata, Gillet. [F/ Dev.]. Dasycypha calycina, Fckl. 4 — clandestina, Fckl. 4 — virginea, Fckl. 4 Geopyxis coccinea, Mass. 6, 7 Peziza repanda, Wahl. 6 — vesiculosa, Bull. 4 Otidea aurantia, Mass. 4 Helvella elastica, Bull. 4 — lacunosa, Afzel. 4, 6 Leotia lubrica, Pers. 4, 6 Mitrula phalloides, Chev. 4 Morchella esculenta, Pers. 7 — crassipes, Pers. 6 Geoglossum difforme, Fr. 4 — hirsutum, Pers. 4, 6 — viscosum, Pers. 8 BOTANY ASCOMYCETES (continued) MYCETOZOA (continued) "TUBERACEI DipymiacearE (continued) Tuber dryophilum, Tul. 6 ‘ Stemonitis fusca, Roth. 4 — puberulum, B. and Br. 6 — flavozerita, Jahn. 4 MYCETOZOA Lamproderma irideum, Mass, 4 CERAviOMYxACEAE AMAUROCHAETACEAE Ceratomyxa mucida, Schroet. 4 Brefeldia mixima, Rost. 4 PHsARACEE HETERODERMACEAE Badhamia hyalina, Berk. 4 Cribraria argillacea, Pers. 4 — utricularis, Berk. 4 RETICULARIACEAE Physarum leucopus, Link. 4 ; — bivalve, Pers. 4 Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bull. 4 — cinereum, Pers. 4 => Binbeinty De G57 — nutans, Pers. 1 TRICHIACEAE — verum, Sommf. 4 Fuligo septica, Gmel. 4 Craterium pedunculatum, Trente. 4 Leocarpus vernicosus, Link. 4 Chondrioderma Michelii, Rost. 4 — spumarioides, Rost. 4 Trichia affinis, De Bary. 4 — Botrytis, Pers. 4 — fallax, Pers. 4 — persimilis, Kirst. 4 — scabra, Rost. 4 — varia, Pers. 4 DipyMiaczak Didymium clavus, Rost. 4 — effusum, Link. 4 — farinaceum, Schrad. 4 — squamulosum, A. andG. 4 Lycocataczak Spumaria alba, DC. 4 Lycogala miniatum, Pers. 4 ADDENDA Since the first portion of the article was written and printed, the following additional particulars have been collected. The census of species, calculated on the scale of the ninth edition of the London Catalogue, must be slightly increased, so as to include eighteen extra species, namely, four belonging to the order Compositae, two to each of the two orders, Euphorbiaceae and Liliaceae, and one to each of the ten orders, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Onagrarieae, Umbelliferae, Rubiaceae, Eri- caceae, Scrophularineae, Labiatae, Salicineae, and Naiadaceae. ‘Thus the total number of recognised Devon species of flowering plants becomes 1,156, of which number 882 apply to dicotyledons and 274 to monocotyledons ; the proportion of the numbers of these two groups is approximately as 3°22 to 1; and the percentage of the number of Devon flowering plants, compared with that of the British Isles, is rather greater than 62:1. The new literature dealing with Devon plants consists mainly of papers contributed to the Fournal of Botany. The lists of the more remarkable and interesting plants may be extended as follows :— ARCYRIACEAE Arcyria incarnata, Pers. 4 — punicea, Pers. 4 1. BarnstaPLe District Ranunculus parviflorus, L. Verbascum pulvinatum, Thuill. (= V. Lychnitidi Alyssum calycinum, L. X floccosum, Ziz.) Cochlearia anglica, L., var. Hortii, Syme Mentha sylvestris, L., var. M. alopecuroides, Hull Reseda lutea, L. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth., var. parviflora, Benth. Poterium Sanguisorba, L. Polygonum aviculare, L., subsp. P. Roberti, Loisel. Coriandrum sativum, L. Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Hieracium dissimile, Lindeb., var. porrigens, Juncus diffusus, Hoppe. Almgq. Glyceria distans, Wahlb., var. obtusa, Parn. 2. Torrincton Districr Impatiens glandulifera, Royle (a species of tempe- Potamogeton salignus, A. Fryer (probably a hybrid ; rate Western Himalaya, abundant in 1905 near differing from P. salicifolius, Wolfg. by the outer- Torrington) most veins of the leaves starting near the base of ‘ Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC. the midrib and not from the base of the margins Filago germanica, L., var. F. spathulata, Presl of the leaves) I 129 17 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE 3. Sour Morton Disrricr Corydalis claviculata, DC. Barbarea praecox, R. Br. Alyssum calycinum, L. Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. Stellaria aquatica, Scop. Trifolium agrarium, L. (an alien in cornfields) Epilobium roseum, Schreb. (a weed in cultivated ground) Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. Hieracium crebridens, Dahlst. 4. Exeter District Lathyrus hirsutus, L. Epilobium roseum, Schreb. 5. Honrron District Ranunculus heterophyllus, Fries, form R. triphyllus, Wallr. Lotus corniculatus, L., subsp. L. tenuis, Waldst. and Kit. Centaurea Calcitrapa, L. Elymus arenarius, L. (still found in an old station) 6. Torquay Districr Sedum rupestre, L. Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, L. Euphrasia pratensis, L., subsp. E. occidentalis, Wettst. Koeleria gracilis, Pers. 7. PrymoutH District Arenaria serpyllifolia, L., var. scabra, Fenzl (Druce) — leptoclados, Guss., var. scabra, Rouy and Fouc. Malva rotundifolia, L., var. elachista, Beck, vel aff. Erodium cicutarium, L’Herit., var. micranthum, Beck Medicago lupulina, L., var. Willdenowiana, Koch Euphrasia nemorosa, H. Mart. Mentha verticillata, L., var. paludosa, Druce Urtica dioica, L., var. hispida, Gren. and Godr. Allium triquetrum, L. (at Salcombe, F. M. Ruddock) Typha angustifolia, L. 8. Tavistock Districr Epilobium Lamyi, Schultz Linaria vulgaris, Mill. (with double flowers) Melampyrum pratense, L., var. hians, Druce Mentha verticillata, L., var. subspicata, Druce Agropyrum repens, Beauv., var. lasiorachis, Hackel, Jide Druce The Linaria vulgaris with double flowers, occurred about three miles from Tavistock, and was figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, 9 November, 1895, p. 554, fig. 96. The calyx and corolla are mostly normal, and the stamens more or less petaloid ; there is no pistil, but in its place there is a second corolla in a peloriate condition. The outer corolla is irregular with a single spur, but the supplementary corolla is regular and hasa five-lobed limb and 5 spurs. The spike of inflorescence is about 9 in. long, the flowers being numerous and each, with the spur, 12in. long ; the petaloid stamens are shortly exserted, and the included supplementary corolla is about half inch long. FILICES . The bladder fern is still to be found in the parish of Challacombe in the Barnstaple istrict. At the Linnean Society of London on 15 June, 1899, Mr. W. Whitwell, F.L.S. exhibited a previously undescribed variety of a fern, regarded as belonging to Asplenium Ruta- muraria, L. It had been obtained from an old wall on Dartmoor, about five miles from Plympton. Its chief peculiarities were stated to be the length, three inches, of the lamina, and its narrowness, half an inch, ‘The pinnae were closely set, expanded, and flabellate, partially subdivided, and placed on short stalks on alternate sides of the rhachis; the contour of the whole thus differed entirely from that of the ordinary forms of 4. Ruta-muraria. SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella selaginoides, Gray, has been again reported on fairly satisfactory evidence as occurring in the neighbourhood of Lynton in the Barnstaple district. 130 ZOOLOGY MARINE ZOOLOGY An account of the marine fauna of Devonshire is of necessity linked with the history of Marine Zoology in the British Isles. This connexion is probably due to the exceptional richness of a fauna which attracted the attention of many of the foremost naturalists of the nineteenth century. Among those who have published papers embodying information derived from the study of the marine fauna of Devonshire may be mentioned: Alder, Clarke, Couch, Cocks, Spence Bate, Gosse, Hincks, Montagu, Norman, and Parfitt. Many papers have also been published in the Association’s Journal by workers at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association. The richness of the fauna being due chiefly to the very varied nature of the shore between tidemarks and of the bottom deposits in deeper water, a short sketch is given of the conditions prevailing in the more important estuaries and bays, and on the various trawling and dredging grounds off shore. Of the former, Plymouth Sound, an arm of the sea, into which the estuaries of the Plym and Tamar open, is by far the most important and at the same time the most varied. The shores round Plymouth Sound are for the most part rocky, with sand, mud, and gravel between the rocks. The latter vary in character and formation on different parts of the shore ; being shale at Rum Bay, limestone under the Hoe, grit at Drake’s Island, etc. Patches of sand are occasionally met with, the most productive being at Batten and Drake’s Island, but there are no long stretches of sandy beach. In the estuaries of the Plym and Tamar the shore at low water is composed of mud, sand, or muddy gravel. The bottom deposits of the Sound itself consist chiefly of fine muddy sand, with shoals of stones with mud, whilst honeycombed stones are to be found in Millbay Channel, and clean stones and shell gravel between Drake’s Island and the west end of the breakwater. The latter is composed of large masses of limestone, which on the north side form a favourite collecting ground, The Church Reef in Wembury Bay, and the Reny Rocks between this and Bovisand Bay, are two reefs of rock with boulders. Rock pools are fairly numerous under the Hoe, in Wembury Bay, among the Reny Rocks, and on Drake’s Island. The shores of the Yealm River consist of mud, sand, and muddy gravel banks, with occasional patches of Zostera, whilst the bottom deposits in the channel are sand, with Zostera at the mouth, and stones and shells higher up. At Salcombe, the shore high up the estuary above the Salstone is fine mud ; from the Salstone to Snapes Point it is chiefly muddy gravel, whilst below Snapes Point it is almost entirely fine sand with several Zostera banks. The deposits in the channel above Snapes Point are chiefly fine sticky mud, with stones; round Snapes Point, clean shell gravel, and below this point stones and shells, whilst at the mouth of the harbour, on the bar, they are fine sand. 131 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Torbay is surrounded with rocks, with one or two sandy beaches, of which the largest is Paignton Sands. The bottom deposit in the bay is chiefly mud, with sand on the south side, and a few patches of rock, chief amongst which may be mentioned the ‘Rough’ off Elbury Cove. In Teignmouth Bay the bottom deposits are sand inshore, down to 5ims., outside this in 11-12 fms., mud, with large stones and shells. In the estuary of the Exe low water exposes very large areas of mud, sand, and muddy gravel banks, with U/va and occasional patches of Zostera, of which the largest is ‘ Greenlands,’ situated high up the estuary ; the Zostera, however, is very stunted in growth compared with that found at Salcombe and in the Yealm. The Polesands, a large sandbank on the south side of the mouth of the estuary, consist of fine sand on the sea side, and coarse loose sand on the north side. The conditions prevailing in the estuary of the Teign are somewhat similar to those in the Exe. Both have a particularly strong tide, which is said to run at 5 knots at Exmouth during spring tides. On the north coast the shore is chiefly rocky, with a few sandy beaches, chief amongst which are those in Barnstaple and Morte Bays. The only important estuaries are those of the Taw and Torridge, both of which have a common outlet in Barnstaple Bay. The bottom deposits in deeper water are no less varied. Mud is found in the east end of Start Bay, and from Berry Head to Teignmouth it extends in a south-east direction for 10-15 miles. With these exceptions most of the trawling grounds are of fine or coarse sand, with areas of various grades of gravel and stones, and an occasional outcrop of rock, especially close in shore. Of the rocky patches may be mentioned the Mewstone Ledge, off Yealm Head, the Eddystone Reef, the ledge in Teignmouth Bay, and the ‘ Rough’ off Torcross. Tidal differences are naturally of great importance to the shore collector. On the south coast they vary from 18 ft. at springs and 11 ft. at neaps at Plymouth to 12 and 84 ft. respectively at Exmouth. The strength of the tidal currents in the estuaries is about 5 knots at spring tides at Exmouth and Teignmouth, 3 knots at Salcombe, and 1-3 in Plymouth Sound, whilst in the offshore area it varies between 1 and 2 knots. According to Matthews’ the water in the channel during 1903 was derived chiefly from the Bay of Biscay in February and May, from the Irish Sea in August, and from both sources in November, its salinity varying between 35°26 and 35°49. Dickson? gives the following as the mean monthly temperature of the surface of the sea at Salcombe, based on daily temperatures taken by the coastguards during 17 years, 1880-86, 1888-97. Deg. Fahr. Deg. Fahr. Jafuary goa ew ee Se aA July a wow a a we a e586 ss a a ae ae PUSHES BOP! * March Be > ay Bo Be ERY peptember. 4 4 % we *) a SOM Apt ag ee eee ABE October . . . . 1s . 55'4 DMT sas, hah meg. Sg ge RO Noveniber.. 2 6 6 oe i oe SPO TUE ene. ge as ew BOS December. . 2 « « » « 480 Year :—52°1 deg. Fahr. 1 North Sea Fisheries Investigation Committee, Report 2, Southern Area. * The Mean Temperature of the Surface Waters of the Sea round the British Coast and its Relation to the Mean Temperature of the Air (Q.T.R. Met. Soc. xxv.). 132 MARINE ZOOLOGY In the following list of the authorities which have been consulted, the nomenclature followed is that of the works marked with an asterisk. Foraminifera: Brady, ‘Synopsis of British Recent Foraminifera, * J. R. M. 8. 1887 (Bdy.). Williamson, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain (W.) Porifera: Bowerbank, Monograph of British Spongiadae (B.). Hanitsch, ‘Revision of the Generic Nomenclature and Classification in Bowerbank’s British Spongiadae,’* Trans. L. B.S. viii. Hydrozoa: Hincks, 4 History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes * (H.) Anthozoa : Gosse, British Sea Anemones and Corals * (G.) Echinoderma: Bell, Catalogue of British Echinoderms in the British Museum. Turbellaria : Gamble, ‘ British Marine Turbellaria,’ * Q. J. AZ. S. xxxiv. Nemertini: Burger, Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel * (in general). Polychaeta : St. Joseph, Les Annélides Polychétes des Cétes de Dinard * (in general). Bryozoa: Hincks, 4 History of the British Marine Polyzoa * (H.) Mollusca: ‘List of British Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda,’ * Journ. of Conch. vol. x. L. St. G. Byne, ‘A Contribution towards a List of the Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth.’ ‘Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth Bay, additions,’ Journ. of Conch. (L.B.). Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca (F.and H.). Alder and Hancock, 4 Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca (A.and H.). Jeffreys, British Conchology (J. G. J.) Tunicata: Herdman, ‘A Revised Classification of the Tunicata,’* Journ. Linn. Soc. Zoo, xxiii. General : Journal of the Marine Biological Association (M. B. A.) FORAMINIFERA’ Mirioiinar Biloculina ringens (Lam). Gen. dist. but c. only in certain localities (M.B.A.) — depressa, D’Orb. Gen. dist. but Ic. than B. ringens (M.B.A.) — elongata, D’Orb. P/ymouth (M.B.A.) — tubulosa, D.C. Plymouth (?) (M.B.A.) Spiroloculina planulata(Lam.). c. off Plymouth, r. off The Bolt (M.B.A.) — limbata, D’Orb. Plymouth ; Eddystone ; Plymouth Sound shore (M.B.A.) — tenuiseptata, Bdy. Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.) — excavata, D’Orb. Plymouth; Eddystone, but r. (M.B.A.) — fragilissima, Bdy. Off Eddystone (M.B.A.) Miliolina trigonula (Lam.). Plymouth; Eddystone, gen. but notc.; Bolt. occ. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham ; Torbay ; Plymouth Sound. — tricarinata (D’Orb.). Plymouth; Eddystone, x. (M.B.A.) — oblonga (M.). Plymouth; Eddystone, gen. dist. and c.; Bolt Hd., \.c. (M.B.A.) gen. MruioninaE (continued) Miliolina seminulum (L.). Plymouth ; Eddystone, gen. dist. and c. ; Bolt Hd., v.c. (M.B.A.) — subrotunda (M.). Shore to 35 fms. ; gen. dist. ; v.c. in shallow water (M.B.A.) circularis (Born.). Plymouth ; Eddystone, f.c. ; off Bolt, occ. (M.B.A.) secans (D’Orb.) Gen. dist. in shallow water, especially on clean sand, c. on beaches (M.B.A.) — bicornis (W. and J.). Gen. dist. and occ. plenti- ful (M.B.A.) boueana (D’Orb.). (M.B.A.) — agglutinans (D’Orb.). Gen. dist. and fic. especially in shallow water (M.B.A.) With M. bicornis, but l.c. PENEROPLIDINAE Cornuspira foliacea (Phill.). Plymouth; Eddystone, gen. dist. but n.c. ; Exmourh, rr. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham ; Torquay (W.) — involvens (Reuss). Plymouth ; Eddystone, gen. and f.c., often adhering to hydroids (M.B.A.) 1 Abbreviations used :—B. i, ii, etc. = Breeding Jan. Feb. etc. ; c. = common ; fic. = fairly common ; Lc. less common; m.c. = moderately common; n.c. = not common; occ. = occasionally ; v.c. = very common ; gen. dist. = generally distributed ; r. = rare; rr. = very rare; d = dead; h.w. = high water ; lw. = low water ; s.t. = spring tides. List of abbreviations of names of authors of species :—A. Allmann ; Ab. Abildgaard ; Ag. Agassiz ; Ald. Alder; Aud. Audouin; A. and E. Audouin and M.-Edward ; B. Bowerbank ; Bdy. Brady ; Bgr. Burger ; Bl. Blainville ; Bk. Busk ; Brug. Bruguiere ; Cant. Cantraine ; Ch. Chemnitz ; Clpd. Claparede ; Cuv. Cuvier ; D’Orb. D’Orbigny ; D.C. Da Costa; Dal. Dalyell ; Dfr. Defrance ; Dj. Dujardin ; Dl.C. Delle Chiaji ; Don. Donovan; E. Ehrenberg; Eh. Ehlers; Esp. Esper; E. and S. Ellis and Solander; F. Fabricius ; Fb. Forbes ; Fl. Fleming ; Fr. Forskal ; F. and L. Frey u. Lenckart ; F.and M. Fictel and Moll; G. Gosse ; Gb. Grube; Gm. Gmelin; Gr. Gaertner ; Gron. Gronovius ; H. Hincks; Has. Hassall; Hkl. Haeckel ; Ht. Hartlaut ; J. Johnston; Jn. Jensen; K. Keferstein; Koll. Kolliker; L. Linnzus; Lam. Lamarck ; Les. Lesson; Lv. Levinsen; L.B. L. St. G. Byne ; M.-E. Milne-Edward ; M. Montagu; Mcg. Macgil- livray ; McInt. MacIntosh ; Mets. Metschnikoff ; Mlg. Malgrem ; M. and B. Marion et Bobretsky ; Mich. Michaud ; N. Norman; O. Oersted; Ol. Olivi; O.F.M. O. F. Muller; P. Pallas; Penn. Pennant; Ph, Phillipi ; Pult. Pulteney ; P. and J. Parker and Jones; P. and L. Peron and Lesueur ; Q. Quatrefages ; Q. et G. Quoy et Gaimard; R. Riches; Rk. Rathke; R.L. R. Leuckart ; §, Sars; Seg. Seguenza; Sch. Schmidt ; Shz. Shultze ; St. Steenstrup; St. J. St. Joseph ; Sb. Sowerby; Sv. Savigny ; T. Topsent ; Terq. Terquem ; Th. Thompson ; Turt. Turton; T.S.W. T. S. Wright ; W. Williamson ; W. and B. Walker and Boys; W. and J. Walker and Jacobs; v. B. van Beneden ; v. G. von Graff ; v. M. von Marenzeller. 133 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE ASTRORHIZIDAE Haliphysema tumanowiczii, B. P/ymouth ; Eddystone, gen. dist., c. near shore at times (M.B.A.) ; Torbay ; Budleigh Salterton (Bdy.) — ramulosum, B. Budleigh Salterton (Bdy.) Lirvo.inaE Haplophragmium canariense (D’Orb.). P/ymouth ; Eddystone, gen. dist., c. on silty areas (M.B.A.) ; Brixham ; Exmouth (W.) — fontinense, Terq. Eddystone, r. (M.B.A.) — globigerineforme (P. and J.). Phymourh ; Eddy- stone, r. (M.B.A.) Placopsilina varians, Carter. Budleigh Salterton (Bdy.) TROCHAMMININAE Ammodiscus incertus (D’Orb.). Eddystone, r. (M.B.A.) — gordialis (P. and J.). Eddystone, r. (M.B.A.) Trochammina ochracea, W. Gen. dist. but n.c. (M.B.A.) — inflata (M.). Estuaries to 35 fms. (M.B.A.) TEXTULARINAE Textularia sagittula, Dfr. Plymouth, n.c.; most typical specimens in estuarine waters (M.B.A.) — trochus, D’Orb. P/ymouth, n.c. (M.B.A.) — agglutinans, D’Orb. Plymouth, gen. dist. but n.c. (M.B.A.) var. porrecta, occ. (M.B.A.) —— gramen,D’Orb. P/ymouth district, gen. dist. and c. Verneuilina polystropha (Reuss). P/ymouth, gen. dist., but n.c. except in estuaries (M.B.A.) BuLiMIninaE Bulimina pupoides, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., c. within 25 fm. line, l.c. without ; Sakombe ; Exmouth (M.B.A.) ; Torbay ; Brixham (W.) — marginata, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, half as numerous as B. pupoides (M.B.A.) — aculeata, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, about one- twentieth as numerous as B. pupoides (M.B.A.) — elegans, D’Orb. Sparingly, with B. pupoides (M.B.A.) — elegantissima, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt Hd, gen.dist. butn.c.(M.B.A.); Torbay; Exmouth(W.) Virgulina schreibersiana, Czjzek. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. dist. and c. (M.B.A.) Bolivina punctata, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. dist. and c., even on muddy silt ; Sekombe, r. (M.B.A.) — textilaroides, Reuss. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. but n.c. ; Exmouth Dock (M.B.A.) — difformis (W.). With B. textilaroides (M.B.A.) — dilatata, Reuss. With B. punctata (M.B.A.) — enariensis (D.C.). Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. and c. (M.B.A.) CassIDULININAR Cassidulina crassa, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. and fic. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham (W.) — bradyi, N. With C. crassa, but lc. (M.B.A.) Laceninaz Lagena globosa (M.). Plymouth to Bolt Hd., c. and gen. dist. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham ; Exmouth (Bdy.) — apiculata, Reuss, Péymouth, somewhat r. ; Sa/- combe, r. (M.B.A.) Laceninaz (continued) Lagena botelliformis, Bdy. P/ymouth, f.c. (M.B.A.) — laevis (M.). Gen. but not v.c. var. perlucida and striata, with the type. Plymouth to Exmouth — clavata (D’Orb.). Gen. dist. but much I.c. than L. laevis — gracillima (Seg.). Péymouth to Bolt (M.B.A.) — aspera, Reuss. Plymouth to Bolt Hd.,r., with a preference for shallower waters (M.B.A. — hispida, Reuss. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., somewhat r. (M.B.A.) — lineata (W.). Plymouth to Eddystone, nc. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay, etc. (B.) — distoma, P. and J. PHymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. but scarce (M.B.A.) — sulcata (W. and J.). Plymouth to Bolt, gen. and c. 3 Salcombe, c. (M.B.A.) — striata (D’Orb.). Péymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. and c. (M.B.A.) — semistriata, W. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. and c. (M.B.A.) — gracilis, W. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. and c. (M.B.A.) — squamosa (M.). Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. and c. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay ; Exmouth (W.) — hexagona (W.). Plymouth to Bolt, gen. and c.; Salcombe, x. ; Exmouth, r. (M.B.A.) — marginata, W. and B. Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. and c. — lucida, W. Brixham; Plymouth Sound ; Eddystone cw.) — trigono-marginata (P. and J.). Plymouth to Eddystone, gen. dist. but r. (M.B.A.) — quadrata (W.). Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. but n.c. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham (W.) — orbignyana (Seg.). Plymouth to Bolt Hd., gen. dist. and commonest of the Lagenae ; Sakombe, fic. ; Exmouth, r. (M.B.A.) — lagenoides (W.). P/ymourh to Bolt Hd., gen. but not v.c. 3; Sadcombe, f. (M.B.A.) Hd. fic. Noposarinaz Nodosaria pyrgula, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. dist. but somewhat scarce (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth — communis, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. dist. in moderate numbers, some very large (up to 4mm.) ; Exmouth (W.) . — scalaris (Batsch.). Plymouth to Bolt, gen. dist. but somewhat scarce in places (M.B.A.) — calomorpha, Reuss. Plymouth to Bolt, fc. (M.B.A.) Lingulina. carinata, D’Orb. specimen (W.) Cristellaria crepidula (F. and M.). Gen. but n.c., Plymouth to Bolt (M.B.A.) ; Brixham (W.) — rotulata (Lam.). P/ymouth to Bolt, gen. and c. (M.B.A.) — vortex (F. and M.). — italica (Dfr.). (M.B.A.) Amphicoryne falx (P. and J.). P/ymouth, r. (M.B.A.) Polymorphina lactea (W. and J.) Plymouth to Bolt, gen. but n.c.; Sakombe (M.B.A.) ; Brixham ; Exmouth (W.) Plymouth Sound, single Plymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) Plymouth to Bolt, gen. but scarce 134 MARINE ZOOLOGY Noposarinak (continued) Polymorphina gribba, D’Orb. P/ymourth to Bolt Hd., gen. but n.c. (M.B.A.) — concava (W.). Brixham (W.) — problema, D’Orb. Plymouth Sound ; Eddystone ; Brixham, v.c. (W.) — oblonga, W. Eddystone, occ. ; Plymouth Sound, on Zostera (M.B.A.) ; v.c. near Eddystone in or before 1858 (Spence Bate) compressa, D’Orb. Plymouth, occ. ; Exmouth, r. (M.B.A.) Uvigerina angulosa, W. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. but n.c. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (W.) GoBIGERINIDAE Globigerina bulloides, D’Orb. P/ymouth to Bolt, gen. and fic. ; Salcombe, f.c. (M.B.A.) — inflata, D’Orb. Pé/ymouth, r. (M.B.A.) Orbulina universa, D’Orb. Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.) ; Eddystone ; Brixham (W.) Sphaeroidina dehiscens, P. and J. Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.) SPIRILLININAE Spirillina vivipara, E. Plymouth to Eddystone, gen. but n.c. ; Sadcombe, f. (M.B.A.) — margaritifera,a W. Plymouth to Eddystone, occ. (M.B.A.) — tuberculata, Bdy. Eddystone (Bdy.) RorTaLinaE Patellina corrugata, W. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. but n.c. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham (W.) Discorbina globularis (D’Orb.). Plymourk to Bolt, gen. and in places c. (M.B.A.) — rosacea (D’Orb.). Plymouth to Bolt, gen. and c. ; Salcombe (M.B.A.) 3 Torbay ; Exmouth (W.) — orbicularis (Terg.). P/ymouth to Bolt, gen. and c. (M.B.A.) — parisiensis (D’Orb.). Plymouth to Bolt, f. gen. but scarce in places (M.B.A.) Roratinak (continued) Planorbulina mediterraniensis, D’Orb. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. butin varying abundance ; Sakombe, c. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham; Torquay; Exmouth Truncatulina lobatula (W. and J.). Plymouth to Bolt gen., most c. where there are hydroids, especi- ally Sertularella gayi ; Exmouth, c. (M.B.A.) Pulvinulina repanda (F. and M.). P/ymouth to Bolt, gen. but n.c. (M.B.A.) — menardii (D’Orb.). Somewhat uncommon and doubtfully an inhabitant of the P/ymouth district (M.B.A.) Rotalia beccarii (L.). Gen. and v. c. especially on fine sand ; 10 grains of bottom deposit from 20 fms. 4m. W. of Rame Hd. are recorded as contain- ing nearly 12,000 R. beccarii, with an equal number of M. seminulum (M.B.A.) — nitida, W. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. and c. (M.B.A.) Brixham ; Torquay (W.) PoLysTOMELLINAE Nonioninadepressula(W.andJ.). P/ymouthto Exmouth, c. (M.B.A.) — umbilicatula (M.). Plymouth to Bolt ; estuaries to deep water, but chiefly in the latter (M.B.A.) — turgida (W.). Plymouth to Bolt, gen. but n.c. (M.B.A.) scapha (F. and M.). With N. turgida stelligera, D’Orb. Plymouth to Exmouth, gen. with a preference for shallow water (M.B.A.) Polystomella crispa (L.). P/ymouth to Exmouth, gen. dist. inside 15 fms., c. inside ro fms. but practi- cally absent outside 20fm. (M.B.A.). — subnudosa (Minster). P/ymoutk, not infrequent outside 28 fms. (M.B.A.) — macella (F.andM.). Plymouth Sound and probably everywhere with P. crispa (M.B.A.) — striatopunctata (F. and M.). Gen. and c. to 30 fm. line, fic. outside that limit (M.B.A.) — bertheloti (D’Orb.). P/ymouth to Bolt, as D. — arctica, P. and J. Plymouth to Bolt, gen. parisiensis (M.B.A.) and c. PORIFERA CALCAREA CALCAREA (continued) Hotiocorta Hererocogza (continued) Leucosolenia botryoides (E. and S.). P/ymouth, shore, v.c. in certain places (M.B.A.) —complicata (M.). Péymouth, f.c. in rock pools and deep water (M.B.A.) —variabilis, Hk. Plymouth, c. rock pools (M.B.A.) —lacunosa (J.). Péymouth, below tidemarks, n.c. (M.B.A.) ; — coriacea (FI.). Plymouth, between tidemarks, c. in places (M.B.A.) everywhere in HeEreRocogLa Sycon compressum (Fl.). Péymouth, c. |.w. on rocky shores. Ova develop in Feb., larvae occur in June, and sponges 3 mm. long in Sept. (M.B.A.) Sycon coronatum, E. and S. P/ymourh, c. on rocky stations at l.w. in less exposed situations than S. compressum (M.B.A.) Leucandra gossei, B. Torquay ; Budleigh Salterton (B.) — fistulosa, J. Eddystone Rk.; Budleigh Salterton (B.) —nivea, B. Budleigh Salterton (B.) SILICEA Order HexaczraTina Halisarca dujardini, J. P/ymouth Sound (M.B.A.) Order 'TETRACTINELLIDA Dercitus bucklandi, B. Torguay ; Budleigh Salterton (B.) Stellata collingsi, B. Paignton (B.) Stryphrus ponderosus, B. Budleigh Salterton (B.) Pachymatisma johnstonia, B. Torguay, Budleigh Salterton (B.) 135 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE SILICEA (continued) Order Monoxonipa Hap.oscLeriDaE Chalina oculata (P.). PAymouth Sound; Wembury Bay (M.B.A.) Pachychalina gracilenta, B. Torguay (B.) — montagui, Fl. Devon (B.) Halichondria albescens, J. Torbay (B.) — coalita, Grant. Devon (B.) — coccinea, B. Salcombe (B.) — distorta, B. Brixham trawlers (B.) — fragilis, B. Dartmouth (B.) — panicea, P. Plymouth Sound, c.; Exmouth, v.c. in channel between pier and Checkstone Ledge (M.B.A.) Reniera anomala, B. Torbay (B.) — cinerea, Grant. . Budleigh Salterton (B.) — indefinata, B. Ilfracombe (B.) — indistincta, B. Exmouth (B.) — pallida, B. Torguay (B.) — ramuscula, B. Torbay (B.) PoECILOSCLERIDAE Leptolabis luciensis, T. P/ymouth (M.B.A.) Esperiopsis paupera, B. Torguay (B.) Esperella macilenta, B. S. Devon (B.) — lobata, M. Devon (B.) Dendoryx incrustans, Esper. Budleigh Salterton (B.) Stylostichon plumosum, M. Budleigh Salterton (B.) Raspailia ramosa, M. Torguay; Brixham trawlers (B.) — hispida, M. Devon (B.) AXINELLIDAE Hymeniacidon aureum, M. Kingsbridge Estuary (B.) — carunculum, B. Szkombe (B.) — fallax, B. Torbay (B.) — pachydermum, B. Torguay (B.) — perlevis, M. Devon (B.) Tragosia infundibuliformis (J.). P/ymouth (M.B.A.) — polypoides, Schmidt. Mewstone Ledge (M.B.A.) Axinella stuposa, M. Torbay (B.) SuBERITIDAE Suberites carnosus, J. Péymouth (B.) — domuncula, Ol. Gen. (B.) Polymastia mamillaris (M.) Plymouth Sound; Yealm R. 3 off Mewstone (M.B.A.) Cliona celata, Grant. Universal, boring in shells, especially in oyster; also in limestone TETHYIDAE Tethya lyncurium, L. P/ymouth (M.B.A.) ; Torquay; Budleigh Salterton (B.) ANTHOMEDUSAE (Hydroid Stage) CravipaE Clava leptostyla, Ag. Plymouth Sound. Gonophores, Mar. (M.B.A.) — multicornis (Fr.). c. and gen, dist. in tidepools. Gon, Feb.—Apr., Nov. (M.B.A.) — squamata (M.). Plymouth Sound, f.c. on shore. B. ii, v, ix (M.B.A.) ANTHOMEDUSAE (continued) Cravipar (continued) Tubiclava cornucopiae (N.). P/ymouth district, m.c. on shells of Aporrhais, Dentalium, and Turri- tella, tenanted by Phascolion strombi. _B. v, vi (M.B.A.) — lucerna, A. Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.) 3 Torquay (H.) Turris neglecta, Les. Ilfracombe (H.) Hypracrini1paE Hydractinia echinata, Fl. Gen. dist. and c. on. shells of Buccinum, etc., inhabited by Eupa- gurus Bernhardus. B. viii, x (M.B.A.) PopocoryNIDAE Podocoryne carnea, 8. P/ymouth, 10-20 fims., occ. on shells of living Nassa reticulata (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, on Nassa and Turritella (H.). Medusae liberated May, 1896. (M.B.A.) — proboscidea, H. Iifracombe, H. LariDaE Lar sabellarum, G. Milbay Channel, r. on tubes of Potamilla torelli, Medusae (Willsia stellata) attached in Feb. (M.B.A.) CorynipaE Coryne fruticosa, H. Exmouth (H.) — pusilla, Gaer. I/fracombe, rock pools (H.) — vaginata, H. fic. in tidepools, $. Devon, Ilfra- combe (H.). B. iv—viii (M.B.A.) Syncoryne eximia, A. 1 mile S. Mewstone, single colony, May 1889 (M.B.A.) — gravata (T.S.W.). Plymouth Sound, occ. with attached medusae, ili, iv — pulchella, A. I/fracombe, on roots of Laminaria (H.) Zanclea implexa (Ald.). Plymouth, single colony, Aug. 1899 (M.B.A.) STAURIDIIDAE Cladonema radiatum, Dj. I/fracombe (G.) Stauridium productum, T.S.W. Ilfracombe, v.c. (H.) ; Pdymourh, in laboratory tank, June 1899 (M.B.A.) CavaTELLIDAE Clavatella prolifera, H. Torquay ; Ilfracombe (H.) MyrioTuHEeLipaz Myriothela phrygia, F. Péymouth, c. under stones, lw. (M.B.A.) ; Torguay; Ilfracombe (H.). ripe Jan.—Aug. (M.B.A.) EupENDRIIDAE Eudendrium album, Nutting. One of the most abundant hydroids in PJymouth Sound in the spring on stones from dredgings. Gonophores, Jan.—May (M.B.A.) — capillare, Ald. Off Sroke Point on worm tubes, etc. ; Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) ; | Torbay on Salicornaria, m.c. (H.) —insigne, H. Torguay, shore ; I/fracombe (H.) — rameum (P.). Off the Eddystome, 30 fms., n.c. (M.B.A.) — ramosum (L.). Gen. dist. to 30 fms. especially on sandy grounds. BB. ii-v, xi (M.B.A.) 136 MARINE ZOOLOGY ANTHOMEDUSAE (continued) ATRACTYLIDAE Perigonimus repens (T.S.W.). P/ymouth Sound, and outside to 35 fms. on gastropod shells ; Caste- water, on abdomen of Carcinus ; Exmouth, on Donax vittatus (M.B.A.) ; [/racombe on stone (H.). _B. viii, medusae iv (M.B.A.) — serpens, A. Plymouth, on old rope, Oct. 1897 ; Eddystone Buoy, Apr. 1898 (M.B.A.); Torbay, on Halicornaria; [/fracombe,on rocks and Laminaria (H.). Medusa buds, Oct. (M.B.A.) Hydranthea margarica, H. Idfracombe, v.c. on Flustra foliacea, 7-10 fms. (H.) Garveia nutans, T.S.W. P/ymouth, shore—zo fms. m.c._ B. ii-iv (M.B.A.) - Bimeria vestita, T.S.W. Torbay and Sakombe, m.c. on other zoophytes (H.) Heterocordyle conybeari, A. Plymouth Sound, c. on living Nassa reticulata; outside the Sound on shells tenanted by Eupagurus Bernhardus. Gonophores, Aug., Oct. (M.B.A.) Bougainvillia ramosa (V.B.). P/ymouth shore—3o fms., fic. gen. on polychaete tubes and other hydroids (M.B.A.); Torbay (H.). Medusae, Apr., May (M.B.A.) — muscus, A. orguay, v.c. in rock pool (H.) "'TuBULARIIDAE Tubularia indivisa,L. Plymouth, etc., shore—3o fms. m.c. especially on rough ground. B. ii-v (M.B.A.) — humilis, A. Plymouth Sound, occ. B. ili (M.B.A.) — larynx, E. and S. Plymouth Sound, v.c. on buoys, 1889, not taken in 1895 (M.B.A.); S. Devon, c. on stones between tidemarks (H.). B. iv—v, xii (M.B.A.) CorYMORPHIDAE Corymorpha nutans, S. P/ymouth Sound, May 1895, June 1904, r. Medusa buds, May (M.B.A.) PENARIIDAE Acharadria larynx, T.S.W. Idfracombe, on stones (H.) (Medusa Stage)* Coponipaz Sarsia eximia, A. (Hydroid = Syncoryne). July — gemmifera, Fb. May—Sept. Medusa buds, July — prolifera, Fb, May—Aug., c. May 1896, v.c. July 1899 — tubulosa (S.) Apr.—May occ. v.c. Ectopleura dumortieri, Ag. Plymouth Sound, single specimen Dipurena halterata, Fb. Sept. 1893, July 1899, r. — ophiogaster, Hkl. July 1897, single specimen Perigonimus repens (T. S. W.). Budded off in tank in Mar. Steenstrupia rubra, Fb. (Hydroid = Corymorpha nutans.) Abundant in spring and early summer Hybocodon prolifer,Ag. Apr. 1894 1., Apr. 1898 m.c. Euphysa aurata, Fb. Sept. 1897, Apr.—June 1898, r. 1 M.B.A. records. ANTHOMEDUSAE (continued) TIaRIDAE Amphinema dinema (P. and L.). May-—Sept. occ. c. Tiara pileata, Ag. May-June, Sept. occ. MarcELiipaz Lizzia blondina, Fb. May-Sept., occ. v.c. Podocoryne carnea, 8S. Mar., July—Aug. Cyteandra areolata, Hkl. June, Sept. occ. Margelis autumnalis, Ht. Sept. 1897, 1898, r. — bella, Ht. May, June 1898 r. — britannica (Fb.). End of Apr. — princeps, St. End of Apr. Margellium octopunctatum (S.). Feb., Mar. 1893 v.c.; 1894 less abundant ; 1898 c. ; Apr., May, r. C1LapDoNEMIDAE Gemmaria implexa (Ald.). Aug., Sept. rr. Willia stellata (Hydroid = Lar sabellarum), May—Sept. fic. in Sept. 1897. LEPTOMEDUSAE (Hydroid Stage) CaMPANULARIIDAE Clytia Johnstoni, Ald. v.c. on other hydroids, etc., l.w.—35 fms. B. iii, iv, vii. Medusae with gonothecae, July (M.B.A.) Obelia geniculata (L.). Gen. dist. and c. on Laminaria, Fucus, etc. Gonophores, Mar.—Sept. (M.B.A.) -—— dichotoma (L.). Eddystone Gnds. on fine sand growing on other hydroids, etc. (M.B.A.). c. (H.) — longissima (P.). S. of Eddystone ; c. off Start Bay ; c. (M.B.A.), v.c. in trawl refuse (H.) Obelaria gelatinosa (P.). Plymouth Estuaries, often v.c. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth, Ilfracombe (H.) Campanularia angulata, H. Bovisand Bay (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (H.) — caliculata, H. IJ/fracombe (H.) — flexuosa (H.). c. and gen. dist. in littoral region — hincksii, Ald. P/ymouth, c. 10-30 fms. on hydroids, Cellaria, etc. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, 8 fms. (H.) — integra, Mcg. I/fracombe, on red weed (H.) — neglecta (Ald.). Plymouth Sound, on Tubularia in- divisa (M.B.A.) ; Devonshire, of large size (H.) — raridentata, Ald. Torguay, on zoophytes from Brixham trawlers (H.) — verticillata (L.). 5S. Devon, c. in trawl refuse — volubilis (L.). PAymouth Sound, 5} fms. c. (M.B.A.) ; Santon, Smallmouth (H.) Lovenella clausa (Loven). Torbay, 10 fms. (H.) Gonothyraea loveni, A. Plymouth Sound, c. ; Dart- mouth, Torquay (H.). B. iii, iv, ix, xi (M.B.A.) CaMPANULINIDAE Campanulinarepens,A. Plymouth Sound, Mevwstone Guds. occ. Gonophores, July (M.B.A.) Zygodactyla vitrina (G.). I/fracombe (H.) Opercularella hispida, Nutting. P/ymouth, on stone with Clava multicornis (M.B.A.) — lacerta (J.). Millbay Dock, on stems of Tubularia indivisa and Eudendrium (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth, on Bowerbankia ; I/racombe (H.) I 137 18 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE LEPTOMEDUSAE (continued) LaFoEIDAE Lafoea dumosa (Fl.). c. and gen. dist. 15-35 fms., on shells, polychaete tubes, etc. ; var. robusta fre- quently with Myzomenia bangulensis (M.B.A.) — fruticosa,$. P/ymouth, m.c., 15-30 fms. (M.B.A.); 8. Devon (H.) Calycella fastigiata (Ald.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — syringa (L.). Péymouth, abundant on roots of Laminaria and on Tubularia indivisa and Sertularia (M.B.A.) ; gen. and c. (H.) Cuspidella costata, H. Inner Eddystone trawling grounds (M.B.A.) — grandis, H. Péymouth, on Halecium tenellum. (M.B.A.) TRICHYDRIDAE Trichydra pudica, T.S.W. Eddystone Guds. on fine gravel ; Eddystone Buoy (M.B.A.) CoppiniiDaE Coppinia arcta (Dal.). c. and gen. dist., growing on other hydroids, especially Lafoea dumosa, var. robusta, and Sertularia abietina : Ha reciupaE Halecium beanii (J.). fic. and gen. dist. on shells, hydroids, Chaetopterus tubes, etc. Gonophores, Jan., Mar., May, July, Oct. (M.B.A.) — halecinum (L.). c. and gen. dist., growing on Chaetopterus tubes, shells, stones, etc. B. i-vii (M.B.A.) — labrosum, Ald. Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — tenellum, H. P/ymourh, 18 fms. (M.B.A.) 3 Sal combe, on Salicornaria (H.). B. iv (M.B.A.) Haloikema lankesteri, Bourne. P/ymouth Sound (M.B.A.) Ophioides mirabilis, H. I/fracombe, v.c. on Laminaria (H) SERTULARIIDAE Sertularella fusiformis, H. 8. Devon, shore; I/fra- ~ combe (H.) — gayi (Lam.). Gen. dist. v.c., especially on fine sand of Eddystone Gnds. BB. ii, iii, viii, x (M.B.A.) — polyzonias (L.). Gen. dist. and fic. B. viii, ix (M.B.A). — tenella, Ald. S. Devon, shore (H.) Diphasia attenuata, H. Outer Eddystone Gnd., fine sand (M.B.A.) ; I/fracombe (H.) — pinaster (E. and &.). v.c. in trawl refuse S. of Eddystone (M.B.A.) — pinnata (P.). 5 m. S. of Eddystone; Torbay’ (M.B.A.). B. iv, Gonophores v (M.B.A.) — tamarisca (L.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) Sertularia abietina (L.). Gen. dist. and c., sometimes in great abundance inside the 30-fm. line — argentea, E. and S. c. in trawl refuse and fic. in estuaries. B. ii-iv (M.B.A.) — cupressina,L. Eddystone, trawl refuse c. ; Plymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Brixham, trawl refuse c. (H.) ‘ — gracilis, Has. Iifracombe (H.) — operculata, L. f.c. in inshore waters, abundant Eddystone Rock, Apr. 1898 (M.B.A.) — pumila, L. Gen. dist. and c. on rocks and Fucus. B, iii—vii (M.B.A.) LEPTOMEDUSAE (continued) SERTULARIIDAE (continued) Hydrallmania falcata (L.) Gen. dist. and c., especially on stony grounds, attached to stones and shells, B. i-iv (M.B.A.) Thuiaria articulata (P.). Wembury Bay ; Mewstone Gnds., etc. (M.B.A.) ; 8. Devon, m.c. (H.) — thuja (L.). S. Devon (H.) PLUMULARIIDAE Antennularia antennina (L.). c., especially on medium gravel and muddy sand, 15-30 fms. B. iv-—vii (M.B.A.) — ramosa (Lam.). With A. antennina but lic. B, iv—v (M.B.A.) Aglaophenia helleri, Marktanner-Turneretscher, Eddy- stone Rock, on roots of algae, May 1895 (M.B.A.) — myriophyllum (L.). m.c. on fine sand and sand and gravel, 15-30 fms., often with Rhopalo- menia aglaopheniae. B. iv—vi, viii (M.B.A.) — pennatula (E.and S.). Torbay ; Teignmouth, rv. (H.) — pluma (L.). c. and gen. dist. in Laminarian zone on algae, especially Halidrys siliquosa. B. vy, viii (M.B.A.) — tubulifera (H). P/ymouth, outside to 30 fms., Aug- Oct. ; Sakombe, r. B. ix, x (M.B.A.) Plumularia alleni, Nutting. Péymouth, on Antennu- laria ramosa. Gonophores, Apr., May (M.B.A.) — catharina, J. c. 15-35 fms. on other hydroids, on fine sand, also fic. inshore, green var. often abundant on Chaetopterus tubes off Plymouth (M.B.A.) ; stemless var. I/fracombe (H.). B. iv, v, viii (M.B.A.) — echinulata, Lam. P/ymouth Sound, on algae ; Yealn, m.c. on Delesseria (M.B.A.) — frutescens (E. and S.). Off Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.) — halecioides, Ald. Pé/ymouth, parasitic on P. setacea and Antennularia (M:B.A.) ; [/fracombe, in rock pools (H.) — obliqua, Saunders. I/fracombe; Capstone, abun- dant (H.) — pinnata (L.). c. and gen. dist. l.w.—30 fms. asexual stoloniferous reproduction observed in April. Gonophores, Apr.—June (M.B.A.) — setacea (Ellis). lw.—3o fms. c. gen. on other hydroids and polychaete tubes, especially those of Chaetopterus ; Hincks’s branched var. Pl- mouth, v.c. gen. on Halichondria panicea. B. i-vi (M.B.A.) — similis, H. S. Devon, abundant on weed in Lami- narian zone (H.) (Medusa Stage) EvucopipazE Agastra mira (Ht.). (Hydroid=A. Aug. 1897, single specimen Obelia lucifera, Fb. -v. plentiful, June 1892; most abundant Leptomedusan, Sept. 1897 — nigra, Browne. c. Apr.—June Tiaropsis multicirrata (S.). Apr. 1895 Euchilota pilosella (Fb.). c. every summer Mitrocomella fulva, Browne. Off Eddystone, single specimen, May 1898 caliculata.) 1 M.B.A. records, 138 MARINE ZOOLOGY LEPTOMEDUSAE (continued) Evucopripar (continued) Phialidium buskianum (G.). Sept. 1893, 1895, 1897, gen. present ; June 1898, once only — cymbaloideum (v. B.). (Hydroid=? Campanulina repens.) Apr.—Sept. gen. present, but n.c. — temporarium, Browne. Spring to autumn Entima insignis (K.). June—Oct., occ. single specimens Saphenia mirabilis (T.S.W.). Apr.—Sept., occ. c. Octorchis gegenbauri, Hk. July—Sept., v. occ. Irene pellucida (Will.). Oct.—Sept., occ. TRACHYMEDUSAE! GERYONIDAE Liriantha appendiculata, Fb. Exc. abundant, Sept.— Oct. 1893 ; absent, Sept. 1895 ; scarce, Sept. 1897, Jan. 1896 SoLMARIDAE Solmaris coronanthe, Hkl. Sept. 1895 SIPHONOPHORA! Monopnyipaz Muggiaea atlantica, Cunningham. Aug.—Dec., often in great abundance ; occ. in Feb. AGALMIDAE Agalmopsis sarsi, Hkl. Mar. 1902, two specimens STAUROMEDUSAE! LucernaRiIDAE Lucernaria campanulata, Lam. Plymouth Sound; Reny Rocks, r. Haliclystus auriculata (F.). Yealm Est., f.c. on Zostera ; Plymouth Sound Depastrum cyathiforme, S. Plymouth Sound DISCOMEDUSAE} PELAGIIDAE Chrysaora isoceles (L.). liberated in Aug. Summer, occ. Planulae CYANEIDAE Cyanea capillata (L.) — lamarckii, P. and L. Occ. every summer _ Uxmaripaz Aurelia aurita, Lam. c. in estuarine waters spring and summer ; Ephyraeappear in Feb., metamorphose towards end of March, young medusae reappear- ing in May, and reaching their maximum abund- ance in June PILimIDak Rhizostuma octopus (L.). occ. ALCYONARIA CornuLariiDAE Sarcodictyon catenata, Fb. Eddystone Grounds, generally on old shells; most plentiful on clean shell gravel (M.B.A). 1 M.B.A. records. ALCYONARIA (continued) ALCYONIDAE Alcyonium digitatum, L. l.w. to 3 5 fms.,c. B. x-ii. (M.B.A.) — glomeratum (Has.). Plymouth ; Mewstone Ledge, rr. (M.B.A.) — palmatum (P.). Plymouth ; Mewstone Ledge, occ. (M.B.A.) PLEXAURIDAE Eunicella cavolini, Koch. Gen. dist. and fic. on rocky ground, 10—25 fms. VIRGULARIIDAE Virgularia mirabilis (O.F.M.). and off Stoke Point. (M.B.A.) Near the Eddystone Single specimens only ZOANTHARIA SAGARTIADAE Actinoloba dianthus (Ellis). Plymouth Promenade Pier, c. 3; Torbay, m.c. 3 Teignmouth Bay, v.c. on scruff (M.B.A.) ; Dart, up as far as Dittisham (G.) Sogartia bellis (E. and S.). Gen. dist. andc. in muddy sand, sometimes in great profusion in estuaries, etc. — miniata (G.). Plymouth Sound, r.(M.B.A.) ; Tor- quay ; Dartmouth ; Ilfracombe (G.) — rosea (G.). Torbay ; Teignmouth (G.) — ornata (Holdsworth). Dartmouth ; Torquay (G.) — icthystoma (G.). Orestone ; Torbay (G.) — venusta (G.). Torguay ; Clovelly, on oysters from deep water (G.) nivea (G.). Plymouth Sound, r. (M.B.A.) ; Tor- quay 3 Dartmouth ; Clovelly ; Ilfracombe (G.) sphyrodeta, G. Dartmouth; Ilfracombe (G.). Plymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) — pallida, Holdsworth. Dartmouth ; Torquay (G.) — coccinea, G. Torbay, deep water, v.c. (G.) — troglodytes, J. Teignmouth ; Torquay ; Ilfracombe (G.) ; Plymouth, c. (M.B.A.) — viduata (O.F.M.). Plymouth, l.w.—15 fims., fic. ; Start Bay, occ. (M.B.A.); Torquay, v.c.; Dartmouth ; Ilfracombe (G.) — parasitica (Couch). Gen. dist. andc., 15—30 fms. on shells inhabited by Eupagurus Bernhardus Adamsia palliata (Bohadsch.). Gen. dist. and c. 10-30 fms. on shells inhabited by Eupagurus prideauxi Phellia murocincta, G. Torguay (G.) — gausapata,G. Deep water off Torbay (G.) Paraphellia expansa, Haddon. Eddystone Grounds, r. (M.B.A.) Gephyra dohrni, v. Koch. Mewstone Ledge, f.c. on Eunicella (M.B.A.) ANTHEADAE Aiptasia couchii (Cocks). (M.B.A.) Anthea cereus (E. and S.). Gen. dist. and c. on rocks between tidemarks Plymouth Sound, occ. AcTINIADAE Actinia mesembryanthemum (E. and S.). and c. on rocks between tidemarks. Gen. dist. 139 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE ZOANTHARIA (continued) BunopIpDaz Bunodes gemmacea (E. and S.) Plymouth Sound, f.c. (M.B.A.) Torguay ; Paignton ; Ilfracombe (G.) —,thallia, G. I/fracombe (G.) — balli (Cocks). P/ymouth Breakwater, chiefly vars. dealbata and livida (M.B.A.) ; Torguay (G.) — coronata,G. Off Berry Hd., 20 fms. ; Torbay ; off Teignmouth (G.); Plymouth, 20 fms., r. (M.B.A.) Tealia digitata (O.F.M.). Trawling gnds. S. of Eddystone, inside valves of Cardium echinatum, n.c. — crassicornis (O.F.M.). m.c.; outside in 10-40 fms. (M.B.A.). dist. (G.) Plymouth Sound shores, Gen. ILYANTHIDAE Eloactis mazeli (Jourdan). Off Plymouth Mewstone, 20 fms. (M.B.A.) Peachia hastata, G. Torbay, 1.w. (G.) — triphylla (?),G. Ssart Bay, 6 fms. (M.B.A.) Halcampa chrysanthellum (Peach). Yealm, fic. ; Sal- combe,r. Larvae parasitic on medusae (Irene and Phialidium), c. in May (M.B.A.) Halcampa microps, G. Oddicombe (G.) Edwardsia callimorpha,G. Off Brixham (G.) — carnea, G. P/ymouth, o-15 fms., rr. (M.B.A.) ; Torquay (G.) — beautempsi, Q. Yealm, rr. (M.B.A.) Cerianthus loydii, G. Plymouth, rr. ; Salcombe, f.c. on Zostera bed. Larvae (Arachnactis albida) c. in April (M.B.A.) CARYOPHYLLIACEA CapNneaDAE Aureliania angusta, G. I/fracombe (G.) Corynactis viridis, A. Gen. dist. andc., lLw.—15 fm. ZoOaNTHIDAE Zoanthus couchi, J. Plymouth Sound, c. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, near Orestone, 12 fms. (G.) — sulcatus, G. Broadsands near Brixham (G.) Epizoanthus incrustatus, Dub. et Kov. Mewstone Gads., c. on shells inhabited by Anapagurus laevis; c. on Outer Eddystone trawling grounds (M.B.A.) TURBINOLIADAE Caryophyllia smithii, Stokes. fc. everywhere on rocky ground, l.w.—30 fms., often with Pyrgoma anglicum growing on the margin of the cup. EupsaMMIADAE Balanophyllia regia, G. Ilfracombe, c.; Plymouth Sound, rr. (G.) CTENOPHORA Bolina infundibulum (F.). times (M.B.A.) Berde cucumis, F, Plymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) Pleurobrachia pileus (F.). Always abundant at P/y- mouth towards the end of May; adults not seen after June, minute specimens appear Sept., Aug. (M.B.A.) Plymouth, abundant at ECHINODERMA SyYNAPTIDAE Synapta digitata (M.). Off Plymouth, occ. ; Teign- mouth Bay (M.B.A.) — inhaerens (O.F.M.). Sandy shores, Yealm, occ. ; Salcombe, f.c. (M.B.A.) Plymouth ; CucumariIDAE Cucumaria brunnea(Th.) P/ymouth, c., l.w.—z25 fms. — hyndmanni (Th.) P/ymouth, m.c. (?) on coarse ground (M.B.A.) — normani, Pace. Plymouth, l.w.—1o fms. mc. (M.B.A.) — saxicola, Brad. and Rob. Phymouth, with C. normani; Sz/combe, r. (M.B.A.) — frondosa (Gunn.) Plymouth (B.M.) Thyone fusus (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound and outside, to 35 fms. occ. (M.B.A.) HotoruuripagE Holothuria nigra (Gray). Of Plymouth on clean gravel, v.c. in places, 99 having been taken in one haul with the Agassiz trawl S. of the Mewstone. Ripe, Apr., July, Dec. (M.B.A.) ANTEDONIDAE Antedon bifida (Penn.). P/ymouth Sound ; v.c.in Mill- bay Pit (23 fms.); occ. Mewstone; Torbay (M.B.A.). Ripe, Oct.; Pentacrinoid larvae, Feb. July, Aug., abundant ; Myzostomum cirriferum c. on arms (M.B.A.) ASTROPECTINIDAE Astropecten irregularis (Penn.) Gen. dist. and c. 15-35 fms. on fine clean sand and clean gravel. Luidia ciliaris (Phill.) P/ymouth (B.M.) — sarsi, D. and K. Occ. off Plymouth (M.B.A.) GyYMNASTERIIDAE Porania pulvillus (O.F.M.). Occ. off Plymouth. B. ii-iv. (M.B.A.) ASTERINIDAE Asterina gibbosa (Penn.) Under stones on rocky shores,c. B.v, vi (M.B.A.) Palmipes placenta (Penn.) Off Plymouth, 15-35 fms., m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Plymouth Sound (B.M.) STICHASTERIDAE Stichaster roseus (O.F.M.). Plymouth (B.M.) SoLasTERIIDAE Solaster papposus (F.). Plymouth, f.c. on coarse sand and gravel, 15-35 fms. ; Torbay; Teignmouth Bay (M.B.A.). Ripe, Mar. (M.B.A.) EcuinasTERIUIDAB Henricia sanguinolenta (O.F.M.). Plymouth, l.w.— 20 fms. on rocks and rough ground, fic. 3 Teign- mouth Bay (M.B.A.) 140 MARINE ZOOLOGY ECHINODERMA (continued) ASTERIIDAE Asterias glacialis, L. Plymouth, l.w.—35 fms., fic. Further east than Bolt Head specimens have only been taken very rarely; Sascombe (1); Teignmouth Bay (1); Brixham (1) (M.B.A.) ; Ilfracombe (B.M.) — tubens, L. — l.w., 30 fims., fic. everywhere, occ. abundant OPHIOLEPIDAE Ophiura albida, Fb. P/ymouth, 15-35 fms., f.c. on coarse grounds (M.B.A.) — ciliaris (L.). Gen. dist. and c. on fine hard sand, 15-35 fms. B. v, viii (M.B.A.) AMPHIURIDAE Ophiocnida brachiata (M.). Plymouth f.c. and Sakombe c.,in muddy sand between tidemarks (M.B.A.) Amphiura chiaji, Fb. Péymourh, r. (M.B.A.) — elegans (Leach). v.c., l.w.—zo fms. B. v—ix (M.B.A.) — filiformis (O.F.M.). Off the Eddystone (M.B.A.) Ophiactis balli (Th.). Plymouth, 15-35 fms., in crevices of rocks and on Chaetopterus tubes ; Teignmouth Bay (M.B.A.) Ripe, Sept. (M.B.A.) OpuiocoMIDAE Ophiocoma nigra (O.F.M.). With, but Lc. than, Ophiothrix fragilis Ophiopsila aranea, Fb. Mewstone Ledge and Stoke Point grounds, f.c. in crevices in red sandstone, especially old Pholadidea borings. Ripe, Aug. (M.B.A.) OPpHIOTHRICIDAE Ophiothrix fragilis (O.F.M.). Gen. dist. and c., l.w.—35 fms., enormously abundant on certain grounds. Ripe, Mar.—June, Aug.—Sept.; spawn- ing, Oct. (M.B.A.) EcunipazE fic., 15-35 fms. on fine sand, B. vii Echinus acutus, Lam. frequently with Siphonostoma affinis. (M.B.A) — esculentus (L.) fc. 15-35 fms., often with Scalisetosus assimilis. Ripe, Mar., May (M.B.A.) — miliaris, L. 1.w.—35 fims., fic. everywhere, largest specimens on the shore. B.v (M.B.A.) Strongylocentrotus lividus (Lam.) I/fracombe (B.M.) CLYPEASTRIDAE Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F.M.). gravel, fic, 10-35 fms. on SPATANGIDAE Spatangus purpureus, O.F.M. 15-35 fms., m.c. in places : Echinocardium cordatum (Penn.). Shore—35§ fms. in sand, fic. — pennatifidum, N. (M.B.A.) — flavescens (O.F.M.), Coarse ground, Plymouth, 15-30 fms., fic. Off the Eddystone (M.B.A) TURBELLARIA PRoporIDAz Proporus venosus (Sch.). m.c. Plymouth Sound; Wembury Bay, \.w. (M.B.A.) Monoporus rubropunctatus (Sch.). venosus (M.B.A.) m.c. with P. APHANOSTOMIDAE Aphanostoma diversicolor, O. P/ymouth, f.c., lw. (M.B.A.) — elegans, Jn. Plymouth, single specimen (M.B.A.) Convoluta saliens, v.G. Plymouth, r. among Zostera (M.B.A.) —vparadoxa, O. Plymouth, littoral zone, gen. dist. but n.c. (M.B.A.) — flavibacillum, Jn. (M.B.A.) MicrosToMIDAE Plymouth, in sandy creeks Microstoma groenlandicum, Ly. Ulva, r. (M.B.A.) Plymouth, among MEsosTOMIDAE Promesostoma marmoratum (Shz.). rockpools (M.B.A.) — ovoideum (Sch.) Plymouth Sound, occ. in dredg- ings (M.B.A.) — solea (Sch.). P/ymouth, abundant in dredgings (M.B.A.) — agile (Lv.). P/ymouth, among Zostera (M.B.A.) Byrsophlebs graffi, Jn. Plymouth Sound, |.w., 1. (M.B.A.) — intermedia, v.G. Plymouth Sound, \.w., r. (M.B.A.) Proxenetes cochlear, v. G. Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.) — flabellifer, Jn. P/ymouth (M.B.A.) Mesostoma neapolitanum, v. G. (?). Plymouth Break- water, single specimen (M.B.A.) Plymouth, f.c. in Progoscipaz Pseudorhynchus bifidus (MclInt.). (M.B.A.) Acrorhynchus caledonicus (Clpd.). pools, m.c. (M.B.A.) Macrorhynchus naegeli (K6ll.). Plymouth Break- water, plentiful Aug. (M.B.A.) — croceus (F.). Plymouth Sound, dredged once (M.B.A.) — helgolandicus (Mets.). (M.B.A.) Gyrator hermaphroditus, E. Plymouth Sound, tide- pools, water at times brackish, early winter (M.B.A.) Hyporhynchus armatus (Jn.). Plymouth, m.c. (M.B.A.) — penicillatus (Sch.) Péymouth, once (M.B.A.) Prymouth Sound Plymouth tide- Plymouth Sound, once VorriciDaz Provortex balticus (Shz.). P/ymouth, between tide- marks, f.c. (M.B.A.) -— affinis (Jn.). P/ymoutk, among algae (M.B.A.) — rubrobacillus, Gamble. P/ymoutk Sound, dredged, r. (M.B.A.) Fecampia erythrocephala, Giard. Plymouth, encysted stage, c. on all stony shores at lw. (M.B.A.) PLaGIosTOMIDAE Plagiostoma dioicum (Mets.). Plymouth (M.B.A.) — elongatum, Gamble. Wembury Bay; Plymouth Breakwater (M.B.A.) I4t A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE TURBELLARIA (continued) PraciosromiDaE (continued) Plagiostoma pseudomaculatum, Gamble. Among weed- tubes of Polydora caeca, Hamoaze (M.B.A.) — sagitta, Uljanin. P/ymouth, r. (M.B.A.) — caudatum, Lv. P/ymouth, once among Zostera (M.B.A.) — vittatum (F. u. L.). Plymouth, abundant in littoral region. Egg capsules, Sept. (M.B.A.) — koreni, Jn. Plymouth (M.B.A.) (?)— siphonophorum (Sch.). Péymouth, once (M.B.A.) — girardi (Sch.). PAymourh, f.c. (M.B.A.) Vorticeros auriculatum (O.F.M.). Plymouth, abundant littoral species (M.B.A.) — luteum, v. G. Plymouth, twice (M.B.A.) Enterostoma austriacum,v.G. Péymouth Sound, c. below 5 fms. (M.B.A.) — fingalianum, Clpd. Wembury Bay, among Flori- deae (M.B.A.) Cylindrostoma quadrioculatum (Leuckart). fingalianum (M.B.A.) — inerme (Hallez). Plymouth Sound ; Hamoaze (M.B.A.) — elongatum, Lv. Tidepools, Wembury Bay (M.B.A.) Monoophorum striatum, v.G. Plymouth Sound, once (M.B.A.) With E. Monotipaz Monotus lineatus (O. F. M.). Ulva (M.B.A.) — fuscus (O.). P/ymouth, littoral zone, c. especially among Balani and Ulva (M.B.A.) — albus, Lv. Plymouth Sound, tidepools (M.B.A.) Automolos unipunctatus (O.). Plymouth Sound, r. among algae from Duke Rock (M.B.A.) — horridus, Gamble. Hamoaze, single specimen (M.B.A.) (?)— ophiocephalus (Sch.). Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.) Plymouth, m.c. among PLanaRiIDAE Fovia affinis, Stimpson. Wembury Bay, etc. (M.B.A.) LEpToPLaNIDAE Cryptocelis alba, Lang. Millbay Channel, and off Mew- stone, Nov. 1899 (M.B.A.) Leptoplana tremellaris (O. F. M.). Plymouth, littoral zone to 15 fims., fc. especially in July and Aug.; Exmouth (M.B.A.) — draebachensis,O. Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.) — fallax, Q. Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.) PLANOCERIDAE Stylochoplana maculata, Q. Plymouth, c. in trawled Zostera (M.B.A.) EvuryLepripaz Prostheceraus vittatus (M.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm, f.c. and large. Off Stoke Point ; Sakombe (Sal- stone) (M.B.A.) Cycloporus papillosus. Lang. P/ymouthshore—3o fms., c. on sponges, ascidians, etc. (M.B.A.) Eurylepta cornuta(O.F.M.). Plymouth shore—3o fins., m.c. (M.B.A.) Oligocladus sanguinolentus (Q.). Plymouth Sound and outside, to 25 fms. ; Y¢a/m. c. (M.B.A.) Stylostomum variabile, Lang. Plymouth Sound; Yealn (M.B.A.) TURBELLARIA (continued) PRosTHIOSTOMIDAE Prosthiostomum sepunculus, (D1.C.). Salcombe (?), rr. (M.B.A.) Plymouth, rr. NEMERTINI CarINELLIDAE Carinella linearis, Mc.Int. Plymouth Sound, rr. (M.B.A.) — polymorpha (Renier). P/ymouth, 25 fms., rr. ; Sa/- combe, on Salstone, rr. (M.B.A.) — superba (Koll.). P/ymouth shore, to 30 fms. r.; Yealm ; Salcombe, f.c. (M.B.A.) — annulata (M.). P/ymouth, §—z0 fms., m.c. ; Yealn; Sakombe (M.B.A.) CEPHALOTHRICIDAE Cephalothrix bioculata, O. P/ymouth, c. in clean coarse sand on shore, and among corallines. B. iv—viii; pelagic larvae as lateas xii (M.B.A.) — linearis (Rathke). Plymouth Sound shore and out- side. B. iii (M.B.A.) EuNEMERTIDAE Eunemertes neesi (O.). Plymouth Breakwater, c., occ. other localities. B. ii-x (M.B.A.) — gracilis, J. Plymouth Breakwater, c. among Lami- naria roots (M.B.A.) — echinoderma (Marion). (M.B.A.) Nematopsis flavida (McInt.). Plymouth Sound, v.c. shore and dredge; Yealm, dredge (M.B.A.) — tenuis, Burger. Plymouth Sound, v.c. shore and dredge ; Yealm, dredge (M.B.A.) Yealm, 3 specimens AMPHIPORIDAR Amphiporus pulcher (J.). Eddystone Gnds., rr. (M.B.A.) — lactifloreus (J.). Plymouth, c. between tidemarks under stones. B. iii (M.B.A.) — dissimulans, Riches. Plymouth Sound, c. in certain localities ; Yealm. B. spring, x (M.B.A.) — bioculatus, McInt. Psymouth, single specimen from Millbay Channel (M.B.A.) Drepanophorus spectabilis (Q.). Plymouth Sound and outside, to 30 fms. m.c. (M.B.A.) 'TETRASTEMMIDAE Tetrastemma ambiguum, R. Péymouth, Nov. 1902, 5 specimens (M.B.A.) — candidum (O. F.M.).) Plymouth Sound, c. in \anigen T. candidum, c. outside to 30 fms. (M.B.A.) Plymouth Sound, r. 3 Yealm — vermiculatum (Q.). — melanocephalum (J.). — cephalophorum, Ber. (M.B.A.) Oerstedia dorsalis (Zool. Dan.). Péymouth, c. shore— 30 fms. ; var. cincta, abundant among Cellaria. B. ix-xi (M.B.A.) — nigra (R.). Plymouth Sound, on Codium, etc.,. from Laminarian zone (M.B.A.) — immutabilis (R.). Wembury Bay, c. corallines ; Péymouth Sound (M.B.A.) among 142 MARINE ZOOLOGY NEMERTINI (continued) MatacospDELLIDAE Malacobdella grossa (O.F.M.). P/ymouth, in bran- chial cavity of Cyprina islandica. Ripe in autumn (M.B.A.) Evupo.tipaz Eupolia curta, Hubrecht. side, r. (M.B.A.) Oxypolia beaumontiana, Punnett. Two specimens dredged off Plymouth Mewstone in 1897 and 1899 (M.B.A.) Plymouth Sound and out- Linear Micrella rufa, Punnett. men (M.B.A.) Lineus longissimus, Gunn. P/ymourh shore—3o fms., m.c. ; Yealm ; Salcombe (M.B.A.) — gesserensis (O.F.M.). Plymouth, c. under stones. B. i-iii (M.B.A.) — lacteus (Gb.). Plymouth Sound, r. (M.B.A.) — bilineatus, McInt. P/ymouth, c. 5—20 fms.; Yealm shore, v.c. (M.B.A.) Micrura fasciolata, E. Plymouth, c.; Sakombe. B. x-xii (M.B.A.) —— purpurea (Dal.). Plymouth Sound, c.; Yealn; Eddystone Gnds., etc. (M.B.A.) — aurantiaca (Gb.). Plymouth Sound, r.; Yealn; Mewstone Gnds., etc., r. (M.B.A.) — lactea (Hubrecht). Off Stoke Point, one specimen, 10 Nov. 1892 (M.B.A.) Cerebratulus fuscus (MclInt.). Eddystone Guds. (M.B.A.) — pantherinus, Hubrecht. Off Stoke Point, single specimen (M.B.A.) Yealm shore, single speci- on shore Plymouth Sound ; ARCHIANNELIDA Dinophilus taeniatus, Harmer. P/ymouth Sound, rock- pools far above h.w. in Mar. and Apr. (M.B.A.) Polygordius (apogon (?) McInt.). Off Meswstone ; Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) Protodrilus leuckarti, Hatschek. Plymouth, reared from tow-nettings taken in Sept. (M.B.A.) Histriobdella homari, v. Ben. P/ymouth, frequent on eggs of lobster (Homarus vulgaris). B. summer (M.B.A.) POLYCHAETA' SyLLpaE Typosyllis prolifera, Krohn. P/ymouth Sound, among weeds. Yea/m, in red sponge — alternosetosa, St. J. Eddystone Gnds. Syllis hamata, Clpd. Sasombe — cornuta, Rk. Eddystone Gnds. — gracilis, Gb. Plymouth Sound Odontosyllis ctenostoma, Clpd. P/ymouth Sound shore. _— fulgurans, Clpd. Plymouth Sound — pibba, Clpd. Plymouth Sound Trypanosyllis zebra (Gb.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm, 5 at C. Amblyosyllis spectabilis (J.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm, c. ; Eddystone Guds.; Salcombe Sphaerosyllis ovigera, Lang. Plymouth Sound, taken once 1 M.B.A. records. POLYCHAETA (continued) SyLuipaE (continued) Autolytus pictus (Eh.). Plymouth Sound, c. among sponges and Alcyonidium — rubropunctatus (Gb.). Plymouth Sound (Queen's Gnd.) Myrianida pennigera (M.). Plymouth Sound and Docks, f.c. among ascidians and sponges ; Sa/- combe, fine mud Hesion1Daz Kefersteinia cirrata (K.). Plymouth Sound Castalia punctata (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound, f.c. Magalia perarmata, M. et B. Plymouth Sound, f.c. APHRODITIDAE Aphrodite aculeata, L. Gen. dist. and fic. especially on fine sand grounds. Hermione hystrix (Sv.). Most c. on gravel grounds Lepidonotus squamatus (L.). Gen. dist. and c. l.w.— 30 fms., under stones, among weeds, hydroids, etc. — clava (M.). C. among stones on shore, less so in deeper water Gattyana cirrosa (P.). Off Eddystone; Yealm, and Sal- combe, commensal with Amphitrite johnstoni Eunoa nodosa (S.). Stony ground off Prawle, 30 fms. Lagisca floccosa (Sv.). Everywhere |.w.—30 fms. — extenuata (Gb.). fic. under Laminaria roots. Plymouth Breakwater ; Eddystone Gnds. — rarispina (S.). Eddystone and Mewstone Gnds. Harmothoe imbricata (L.). Plymouth Breakwater ; Eddystone Gnds. — spinifera (Eh.). Plymouth Sound, Yealm, c.; Sal- combe — lunulata (DI. C.). Plymouth Breakwater ; Sal- combe — setosissima (Sv.). Eddystone Guds., among Chaetop- terus tubes and Cellaria ; Szkombe, shore — areolata (Gb.). Eddystone Guds., with H. setosis- sima Evarne impar (J.). Plymouth, c. l.w.—35 fms. ; Sa/- combe 5 Exmouth Scalisetosus communis (Dl. C.). Plymouth Sound — assimilis (McInt.). Eddystone and Mewstone Gnds., among spines of Echinus esculentus Malgremia castanea (MclInt.). f.c. on spines of Spatangus, Plymouth Halosydna gelatinosa (S.). 0-30 fms. m.c. Polynoe scolopendrina, Sv. P/ymouth Sound, commen- sal with Polymnia nebulosa, r. in dredgings ; also from Eddystone Gnds. Acholoe astericola (Dl. C.). Gen. dist. and fic. in ambulacral grooves of Astropecten Sthenelais boa (J.). Péymouth Sound,o-10 fms. ; Sal- combe ; Exmouth Phloe minuta (F.). Péymouth Sound, c. Lepidasthenia argus, Hodgson. Commensal in tubes of Amphitrite edwardsi, Sadombe AMPHINOMIDAE Euphrosyne foliosa, A. and E. Péymouth Sound, Eddy- stone Gnds., Salcombe, Exmouth, n.c. 143 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE POLYCHAETA (continued) PHYLLODOCIDAE Eulalia viridis (O.F.M.). Gen. especially on rocky shores — punctifera (Gb.). Plymouth Sound, Yealm, Sakombe aurea, Gravier. Plymouth Sound, c.; Yealn — claparédii, St. J. Plymouth Sound, f.c. obtecta, Eh. Phymouth Sound ; Mewstone Guds., m.c. — ornata, St. J. P/ymouth Sound — pallida, Clpd. Péymouth Sound, v.c. B. v—vii. Pterocirrus macroceros (Gb.). Péymouth Sound, occ. Phyllodoce laminosa, Sv. Pé/ymouth Sound — maculata (O.F.M.). Phymouth Sound, c. ; Yealm ; Exmouth (?) BB. i, ii, iv, v. — rubiginosa, St. J. P/ymourh Sound, c. — paretti, Bl. Meswstone Ledge, Stoke Point — teres, Mlg. Exmouth and Teignmouth, in clean sand Eteone picta, Q. Plymouth Sound, occ. — pusilla, O. Exmouth, clean sand dist. and fic., ‘TomorTERIDAE Tomopteris helgolandica, Greef. In tow-nettings, Jan., June, Oct., Dec. NEREIDAE Nereis cultrifera, Gb. Gen. dist., c. on shore in muddy gravel — diversicolor, O.F.M. c. in mud flats of estuaries where salinity of water is low ‘— dumerilii, A. and E. Plymouth Sound, c. in dredgings ; occ. on shore — fucata, Sv. In shells of Buccinum inhabited by Eupagurus Bernhardus. fic. B.v. — irrorata, Mlg. P/ymouth Sound, shore and dredgings ; Sakombe, c. in muddy sand ; Exmouth, rr. — longissima, J. Plymouth Cattewater; Yealm; Sakombe, c. in muddy sand ; Exmouth, rr. pelagica, L. Plymouth Sound, f.c. shore and dred- gings ; Yealm ; Exmouth, in sponge NEPHTHIDIDAE Nephthys caeca (F.). Gen. dist. c. on sandy shores — hombergi, A. and E. Péymouth Sound and outside, Salcombe, c. Exmouth, c. — cirrosa, Eh. Yealm, sandbank ; Exmouth, c. in fine clean sand EuniciDazE Eunice harassi, A. and E. Plymouth Sound to Eddy- stone Onuphis conchilega, S. Off Stoke Point, Eddystone, etc., 20-30 fms. coarse shell gravel Hyalinoecia tubicola (O.F.M.). c. in muddy gravel 20-30 fms. Off Eddystone, Mewstone, etc. Marphysa sanguinea (M.). On shore in crevices of rocks. Plymouth; Yealm ; Salcombe ; Exmouth — belli, A. and E. Rum Bay, shore; Yealm est. in Zostera beds, c. ; Sakombe, r. Lysidice ninetta, A. and .E. Plymouth Sound, c.; Wembury Bay, c.; Yealn Nematonereis unicornis (Eb.). P/ymouth Sound — impatiens, Clpd. Off P/ymouth, coarse grounds ; Plymouth Sound ; v. abundant on Queen’s Gnd., spring 1903 POLYCHAETA (continued) Eunicipaz (continued) Lumbriconereis latreillii, A. and E. Péymouth Sound, and outside, shore and dredgings ; Sakambe, shore, c. Maclovia iricolor (M.). Plymouth Sound, occ. on shore ; Sakombe, shore in muddy gravel, r. Staurocephalus rubrovittatus, Gb. P/ymouth Sound, c. — ciliatus, K. P/ymouth Sound, once — pallidus, Lang. Plymouth Sound, once Ophryotrocha puerilis, Clpd. et Meczn. Sound. B. viii Phy mouth GLycERIDAR Glycera convoluta, K. Plymouth Sound, and outside ; Salcombe, r.; Exmouth, occ. —capitata,O. Sakombe, rr. —lapidum, Q. Wembury Bay. Off Mewstone and Plymouth Sound — gigantea, Q. -Plymouth Sound. Off Mewstone Goniada maculata, O. Plymouth Breakwater, once; Sakombe, r. SPHAERODORIDAE Ephesia gracilis, Rk. Plymouth Sound, f.c. ARICIIDAE Aricia cuvieri, A. and E. Off the Mewstone once — latreillii, A. and E. Exmouth Polesands, f.c. in hard sand Scoloplos armiger (O.F.M.). In dirty sand. Hamoaze ; Plymouth Sound ; Yealn ; Sakombe ; Exmouth SPIONIDAE Spio seticornis, F. Sakombe, v.c. in sand and muddy gravel on shore ; Exmouth, c. in clean hard sand Scolelepis vulgaris, J. On shore. bury Bay, v.c. in mud — giardi (Q.). Rum Bay, once in mud Nerine cirratulus (DI.C.). Péymouth Sound, shore, fine gravel ; Salcombe ; Exmouth — coniocephala, J. Plymouth Sound, shore, fine sand ; Salcombe, rr. ; Exmouth, m.c. — vulgaris, J. Sakombe, rr. Aonides oxycephala (S.). Y¢a/m, v.c. in zostera bed, Lw. Rum Bay; Wem- Polydora ciliata (J.). Boring in limestone. Plymouth Breakwater, v.c. — flava, Clpd. Plymouth Sound ; Hamoaze, in cre- vices of shale, c. ; Yea/m. B. ii — caeca,O. Eddystone Guds. — hoplura, Clpd. Boring in limestone. Breakwater Plymouth Disom1paz Poecilochaetus serpens, Allen. In sand at l.w. under Batten Castle ; larvae m.c. in tow-nets in summer CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus, Renier. cc. in muddy gravel off Plymouth ; occ. specs. in Sound ; Start Bay ; Teignmouth Bay ; Salcombe, muddy gravel on the Salstone and in Zostera bed ; larvae in tow-nettings, July—Oct. 144 MARINE ZOOLOGY POLYCHAETA (continued) Macz.onipar Magelona papillicornis, O.F.M. Plymouth Sound and Yealm, fine sand, l.w. ; Sakombe, rr. ; larvae in tow-nettings, July—Sept. AMMOCHARIDAE ‘ Owenia fusiformis (D1.C.). Plymouth Sound, fine sand, lw. ; Salcombe, r. CirRATULIDAE Audouinia tentaculata (M.). Plymouth Sound and Salcombe, etc. ; c. in sandy and muddy gravel just below h.w.m. Dodecaceria concharum, O. Boring in limestone. Plymouth Breakwater, abundant ‘TEREBELLIDAE Amphitrite gracilis, Gb. Plymouth Sound, c. in sand, etc. ; Wembury Bay ; Yealm; Eddystone Gnds. — edwardsi, Q. Saskombe, c. in Zostera bank — johnstoni, Mlg. Y¢a/m, in sand and gravel, l.w.m.; Salcombe, v.c. on Salstone Terebella lapidaria (Kohl.). Rum Bay, c. in crevices of shale Polymnia nebulosa (M.). Plymouth to Exmouth, shore and dredge, c. in places — nesidensis (DI.C.). Plymouth Sound Lanice conchilega (P.). c. on all sandy shores, l.w. to moderate depths Nicolea zostericola (O.). Plymouth Sound, shore (Reny Rocks etc.), c.; Yealm Thelepus setosus (Q.). Plymouth Sound ; Eddystone Guds.; Salcombe Polycirrus aurantiacus, Gb. Plymouth Sound, c; Eddystone Gnds.; Yealn ; Sakombe. B. iv, vii — caliendrum, Clpd. Plymouth Sound, f.c. ; Sakombe Loimia medusa (Sv.). Qucen’s Ground, tubes only ; Yealm, shore AMPHARETIDAE Mellina adriatica, v. M. Plymouth Sound, c. in soft mud ; Sekombe, upper parts of estuary in great abundance ; Exmouth, rr. AMPHICTENIDAE Pectinaria Koreni, Mlg. c. in sand under Batten Castle — auricoma (O.F.M.). Eddystone Gnds. — belgica (Pol.). Sascombe, shore, rr. CaPITELLIDAE Capitella capitata (F.). c. in black mud on shore ; Plymouth Sound ; Wembury Bay Notomastus rubicundus, K. Yea/m, c. on shore — latericius, S. Yealm, shore ; Sadombe, v.c. in mud and muddy gravel Heteromastus filiformis, Clpd. Exmouth, in sand OPHELIIDAE Ophelia bicornis, Sv. Exmouth Polesands, v.c. in coarse loose sand Ammotrypane aulogaster, Rk. Plymouth Sound, rr. ; Mewstone Gnds., rr. Polyophthalmus pictus (Dj.). and Reny Rocks Shore, Wembury Bay POLYCHAETA (continued) ARENICOLIDAE Arenicola marina, L. c. on most fine sandy shores ; post larval Arenicola in tow-nettings, Feb. — grubei, Clpd. Plymouth Sound, m.c. in sand with small stones at the base of rocks ; Wembury Bay ; Salcombe, rr. — ecaudata, J. PAymouth Sound, with A. grubei ScaLIBREGMIDAE Scalibregma inflatum, Rk. Lw.m., two in 1900 Schlerocheilus minutus, Gb. Plymouth Sound, f.c. ; Mewstone Guds. : Yealm, in muddy gravel CHLORHAEMIDAR Stylarioides plumosa (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound, off Stoke Point, r. Siphonostoma affinis, S. Plymouth Sound ; Wembury Bay ; Metwstone Grounds, among spines of Echinus acutus SABELLIDAE Sabella pavonina (Sv.). Eddystone Guds., fc. ; Yi calm, c.; Sakombe, c. on Salstone, etc. lw.; off Start Point, etc. Branchiomma vesiculosum (M.). occ. Plymouth Sound and Yealn, shore ; Sakombe, c. on shore in gravel Dasychone bombyx (Dal.). Occ. in dredgings ; Ph- mouth Sound ; Eddystone Gnds.s Torbay Potamilla reniformis (O.F.M.). Boring in limestone, Plymouth Breakwater ; also Jennycliff and Wem- bury Bays — torelli, Mig. c. Milbay CA. and Yealn —— incertis, Lang. Yealm, dredged once Bispira volutacornis (M.). In cracks in rocks, I.w.s.t. ; Reny Rocks ; Jennychff Bay, r. Myxicola infundibulum (Ren.). Plymouth Sound, occ.; Sakombe, c. esp. S. of Pitworthy Point SERPULIDAE Serpula vermicularis, L. Occ. Plymouth Sound, outside to 35 fms. Pomatoceros triqueter (L.). c. on shells and stones, shore to 35 fms. Hydroides norvegica (Gunn). c. on shells and stones, o~30 fms. Filograna implexa (Berkeley). Plymouth Sound, c. on piles, occ. in dredgings to 35 fims. Spirorbis borealis (Daudin). c. on weeds, esp. Fucus, and stones, on all shores Protula tubularia (M.). Plymouth, 15-35 fms. ; Teignmouth Bay, m.c. _ HERMELLIDAE Sabellaria alveolata (L.). Exmouth ; Orcombe Rés. v.c. — spinulosa, Leuck. fic. attached to shells, to 35 fms. B. v, ix. Pallasia murata, Allen. One specimen only, the type, has been taken ; off Stoke Point, tubes, m.c. MYZOSTOMARIA Myzostomum cirriferum, R.L. c. bifida ; Plymouth Sound on Antedon I 145 Ig A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE OLIGOCHAETA Clitellio arenarius, Clpd. P/ymouth Sound, shores — ater, Clpd. Plymouth, shores, in mud Pachydrilus, sp. c. in gravel Rum Bay shore GEPHYREA Phascolion strombi, M. P/ymouth, m.c. in shells of Apporrhais ; Sakombe, r. Phascolosoma vulgare, Bl. c. in stiff clay, gravel, etc. ; Salcombe — pellucidum, K. Sakombe, c. GEPHYREA (continued) Thalasemma neptuni, Gt. Plymouth Sound, shore and dredgings, fic. Phoronis hippocrepia, 'T.S.W. Abundant ; Plymouth Sound HIRUDINEA Pontobdella muricata, L. Occ. parasitic on Rays, B. vii. CHAETOGNATHA Sagitta bipunctata (Q. et G.). In tow-nettings through- out the year BRYOZOA ECTOPROCTA CHEILOSTOMATA AETEIDAE Aetea anguinea (L.). S$. Devon, v. abundant ; I/fra- combe (H.) — recta (H.). P/ymouth, 20-35 fms. on shells, etc. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, v.c.; Salcombe (H.) — truncata, Lansb. Sascombe (M.B.A.) 3 I/fracombe (H.) EvucraTEIDAE Eucratea chelata (L.). S. Devon, v.c.; Ilfracombe, 8-10 fms. Var. gracilis, N. Devon (H.) Gemellaria loricata (L.). S. Deven, n.c. ; Ilfracombe CELLULARIIDAE Scrupocellaria reptans (L.). Plymouth (M.B.A.) — scrupea, Busk. Plymouth, 25 fms. (M.B.A.); off Dartmouth, Berry Hd., Sakombe Bay (H.) — scruposa (L.). gen. dist. Caberea boryi (Aud.). Plymouth (M.B.A.) ; Bud- leigh Salterton, on Eschara foliacea, and S, scru- posa ; I/fracombe (H.) BIcELLARIIDAE Bicellaria ciliata (L.). Gen. dist. and fic. on hydroids and polyzoa, 5~35 fms. Ovicells, Mar. (M.B.A.) Bugula avicularia (L.). Off Plymouth (M.B.A.) — calathus, N. Off S. Devon on Eschara foliacea (H,) — flabellata, Gray. S. Devon, c. inshore, l.c. in deeper water. Ovicells, July, Sept. (M.B.A.) — plumosa (P.). Plymouth, c.; Sakombe, m.c. (M.B.A.) — turbinata (Ald.). Gen. dist. and c. N. and S. Devon, especially in sheltered positions on shore Beania mirabilis, J. I//racombe, c.; Exmouth, Torbay, etc. (H.) Noramupag Notamia bursaria (L.). 8. Devon, on Hydrallmania (H.) CELLARIIDAE Cellaria fistulosa (L.). S. Devon, gen. dist. and c. especially on fine sand, 15-30 fms. ; [/fracombe (HL) — johnstoni, Lam. Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — sinuosa (Hassall) §. Devon, c. with C. fistulosa CHEILOSTOMATA (continued FLustriDaz Flustra foliacea (L.) — papyracea, E.andS. Plymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Sakombe; Torbay ; Ilfracombe (H.) — securifrons (P.) Péymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) MeEmBrRANIPORIDAE Membranipora aurita, H. Off Phymouth Mewstone, 20 fms., rr. (M.B.A.) — catenularia (Jameson). S. Devon, v.c. (H.) — curvirostris, H. Eddystone Guds. (M.B.A.) — discreta, H. 8S. Devon (H.) — dumerilii (Aud.). 8. Devon, abund. on shells ; Ifracombe, on Laminaria (H.) — flemingii, Busk. Eddystone Guds. (M.B.A.) — flustroides, H. Off Phymouth Mewstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) — hexagona, Busk. Devon (H.) — imbellis, H. PAymouth, a doubtful fragment (M.B.A.) ; Brixham trawlers (H.) — lacroixii, Aud. P/ymouth (M.B.A.); 8. Devon, shore to moderate depths, c. (H.) — lineata (L.). Plymouth Sound (M.B.A.); Iifra- combe ; S. Devon (H.). — membranacea (L.) Gen. dist and v.c. on Lami- naria, etc. — monostachys, Busk. Torguay ; Ilfracombe (H.) — nodulosa,H. Off Brixham (H.) — pilosa (L.). c. everywhere between tidemarks on Fucus, etc. : — rosselii (Aud.). Plymouth Sound ; Mewstone, 20 fms. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, on shell (H.) — spiniferi (J.). Satcombe (H.) Microporipaz Micropora coriacea (Esp.). Mecostone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) CRIBRILINIDAE Cribrilina figularis (J.). Eddystone Gnds., etc. Ovicells iv (M.B.A.) — gattyae (Busk.). Sidmouth (H.) — punctata (Has.). Mecstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) ; S. Devon; Ilfracombe (H.) — radiata (Moll.). Off Plymouth Mecustone; Eddy- stone Gnds., v.c. (M.B.A.) Membraniporella nitida (J.). 5S. Devon, c. on Lepralia foliacea, and on sponge and stones from shore (H.) { 146 MARINE ZOOLOGY CHEILOSTOMATA (continued) MIcroporELLiDAE Microporella ciliata (P.). Mewstone and Eddystone Gnds. on Pecten maximus (M.B.A.) — impressa (Aud.). Plymouth, c. on red seaweed (M.B.A.); I/fracombe (H.). Var. cornuta, Sa/- combe (H.) — malusii (Aud.). Mewstone Ledge, v.c. 5 Eddystone Guds. (M.B.H.) ; Sidmouth, etc. (H.) — violacea (J.). Mewstone Ledge; Eddystone Gnas. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, etc. (H.) Chorizopora brogniartii (Aud.). 8. Devon, v.c. 3 Idfra- combe on Laminaria (H.) PorIniDAE Lagenipora socialis, H. Of Plymouth Mewstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) Myriozorpaz Schizoporella armata (H.). Mewstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) — auriculata (Has.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — cecilii (Aud.). Off Eddystone, 20 fms. (M.B.A.) — cristata, H. Mewstone Ledge, on dead Pecten shell, rr. (M.B.A.) —- hyalina (L.). Plymouth Sound, c.; Yealm, c. on red algae (M.B.A.) — johnstoni, Quelch. Off the Mewstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) — linearis (Has.). S. Devon, c. 3 Iifracombe, 8-10 fms. (HL) — simplex (J.). 8. Devon, r. (H.) — spinifera (J.). Plymouth (M.B.A.); Ilfracombe H — unicornis (J.). 5. Devon, one of the commonest littoral species; Ijfacombe (H.); Plymouth, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) Schizotheca fissa (Bk.). Exmouth, etc. (H.) Hippothoa divaricata, Lam. Plymouth Sound and out- side to 30 fms., f.c. on Pecten maximus, etc. (M.B.A.). Var. conferta, Sidmouth (H.) — flagellum, Manzoni. Mezwstone, 25 fms. (M.B.A.) ; 8. Devon (H.) Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) ; EscuarIDAk Lepralia adpressa, Bk. Torbay (H.) — edax, Bk. Plymouth Sound (H.) — foliacea (E. and S.). Gen. dist. and c, on S. coast, especially rough ground, 10-30 fms. ; I/fracombe — pallasiana (Moll.). $. Devon, most abundant littoral species (H.) — pertusa (Esp.). 8. Devon, v.c. (H.) 5 Yealm, rr. ; Eddystone Gnds., rr. (M.B.A.) Umbonula verrucosa (Esp.). Plymouth ; Sakombe,c.on rocks between tidemarks (M.B.A.); S. Devon,r.; I}fracombe (H.) Porella compressa (Sb.). Devon (H.) — concinna (Bk.). Mewstone and Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (H.) ; Escharoides quincuncialis (N.). P/ymouth, single speci- men, Apr. 1889 (M.B.A.) Smittia affinis (H.). Start. Bay, on shell (H.) — cheilostoma (Manzoni). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — lansborovii (J.). Mewstone Ledge (M.B.A.) — reticulata(Mcg.). 5. Devon (H.) — trispinosa (J.). S. Devon, v.c. (H.) CHEILOSTOMATA (continued) EscuariDaz (continued) Phyllactella collaris (N.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (H.) — labrosa (Bk.). 8. Devon, n.c. (H.) Mucronella coccinea (Ab.). 8. Devon, c. 3 Ilfracombe (H.) — peachii (J.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — ventricosa (Has.). Start Point (H.); Eddystone Gads., etc. (M.B.A.) — variolosa (J.). Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) Palmicellaria skenei (E. and S.). Eddystone Gnas. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (H.) Rhynchopora bispinosum (J.). §. Devon, abund. (H.) CELLEPORIDAE Cellepora avicularis (H.). Mewstone and Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.); 8S. Devon, c. on Sertularians, Gorgoniae, etc. (H.) — costazii, Aud. 8S. Devon; Ilfracombe (H.); Ply- mouth Sound (M.B.A.) — dichotoma, H. Eddystone Gnds., 20-30 fms. (M.B.A.) — pumicosa, L. c. and widely dist. — ramulosa, L. Eddystone and Stoke Guds. (M.B.A.); S. Devon (H.) CYCLOSTOMATA CristIDAE Crisia aculeata, Has. seaweeds, stones, sponges, etc. (M.B.A.) — cornuta (L.). Plymouth, f.c., chiefly on red sea- weeds. Ovicellscommonest Apr., May (M.B.A.). S. Devon ; Ilfracombe (H.) — denticulata (Lam.). Plymouth Sound, m.c. at times (M.B.A.) — eburnea (L.). Eddystone Gnds., c. almost always on red seaweeds. Ovicells Mar.-May (M.B.A.) — geniculata, M.E. Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.) — ramosa, Harmer. P/ymouth, commonest species of Crisia, 4-30 fms. ; Sakombe, c. Ovicells Feb.— Aug. (M.B.A.) Plymouth, m.c. 4—5 fms. on red Ovicells, iv, v TuBULIPORIDAE Stomatoporagranulata, M.E. Eddystone Gnds.(M.B.A.); Lee near I/fracombe (H.) — fungia, Couch. Off Eddystone ; Torbay (H.) — incrassata, Smitt. Sadombe, on Pecten maximus (H.) — johnstoni, Heller. Eddystone Guds. (M.B.A.) — major, J. Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) Tubulipora flabellaris (F.). 5S. Devon, c. (H.) — lobulata, Has. Torbay (H.) Idmonea serpens(L.). Gen. dist. and m.c. 15-35 fms. on Hydrallmania, etc. Entalophora clavata (Bk.). Berry Head (H.) Diastopora obelia, J. Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) — patina (Lam.). Gen dist. and c.; proliferous form ; Torbay (H.) — sarniensis, N. Plymouth, c. 15-35 fms. (M.B.A.) — suborbicularis. S. Devon, abundant (H.) LicHENOPORIDAE Lichenopora hispida (Fl.). Ilfracombe (H1.) — radiata (Aud.). etc. (H1.) c. 15-30 fins. 8. Devon; S. Devon; Brixham; Salcombe, 47 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE CTENOSTOMATA ALCYONIDIIDAE Alcyonidium albidum, Ald. I/fracombe, m.c. (H.) — gelatinosum (L.). Gen. dist. and fic. — hirsutum (FI.). PAymouth Sound, r. (M.B.A.); 8. Devon ; Ilfracombe (H.) ; — mytili, Dal. Péymourh (M.B.A.) ; Salcombe ; Tor- bay (H.) — parasiticum (Fl.). Péymouth, on Sertularia cupres- sina (M.B.A.) ; S. Devon, m.c. (H.) FLUusTRELLIDAE Flustrella hispida (F.). Abundant everywhere between tidemarks on Fucus, etc. B. ii—vii (M.B.A.) ARACHNIDIIDAE Arachnidium hippothooides, H. Torbay, on shell (H.) VESICULARIIDAE S. Devon ; Ilfracombe (H.) c. on Halidrys, 8. Devon ; Vesicularia spinosa (L.). Amathia lendigera (L.). Llfracombe (H.) Bowerbankia caudata (H.). Tifracombe (H1.) — citrina (H.). I//racombe (H.) — gracillima (H.). Ilfracombe ; Salcombe ; Torquay (H Cattewater (M.B.A.) ; — imbricata (Adams). Millbey Dock (M.B.A.); gen. and c. (H.). B. vii (M.B.A.) — pustulosa (E. and $.). vic. Plymouth ; Salcombe (M.B.A.) ; [/fracombe (H.) Buskia nitens, Ald. Sacombe, on Lafoea dumosa (H.) CTENOSTOMATA (continued) CyLinDROECIIDAE Cylindroecium dilatatum (H.). Eddystone (M.B.A.) ; 8. Devon ; Liftacombe (H.) — pusillum, H. Sakombe ; Ilfracombe (H.) Anguinella palmata, v. B. Id/fracombe (H.) Gnd; HypoPHorELLIDAE Hypophorella expansa, Eh. Péymouth, m.c. on tubes of Chaetopterus (M.B.A.) TRITICELLIDAE © Triticella Boecki, S. P/ymouth, on Gonoplax (M.B.A.) VALKERIIDAE Valkeria uva (L.). Var. uva, 8. Devon; Ilfracombe; var. cuscuta, Exmouth ; Torquay ; Plymouth (H.) — tremula, H. Sakombe ; Ilfracombe (H.) Mimos£.iipaz Mimosella gracilis, H. Sakombe Bay, c. ; Torbay, c.; Plymouth Sound (H.) ENTOPROCTA PEDECELLINIDAE Pedicillina cernua (P.). P/ymouth, m.c. l.w.—35 fms. Sakombe, r. (M.B.A.) ; gen. (H.) — gracilis, S. 5 m.S. Mecostone, 27 fms. (M.B.A.); S. Devon, c. (H.) LoxosoMIDAE Loxosoma phascolosomatum, Vogt. Sasombe and Ex- mouth, c. on posterior end of Phascolosoma vulgare (M.B.A.) MOLLUSCA AMPHINEURA PELECYPODA NEoMENIIDAR Nucutipaz Rhopalomenia aglaopheniae (Kov. and Mar.). P/y- Nucula nucleus (L.). Plymouth ; Sakombe ; Teignmouth mouth, trawling grounds, 15-30 fms. c¢. on Aglaophenia myriophyllum (M.B.A.) Myzomenia banyulensis (Pruvot). Plymouth, occ. on Lafoea dumosa. Gonads ripe in Aug. (M.B.A.) CuHITONIDAE Lepidopleurus cancellatus (Sb.). Teignmouth Bay, dead. Hanleya hanleyi (Bean). (GJ, Tonicella ruber (Lowe). 8. Devon (J.G.J.) Callochiton laevis (M.). Plymouth Sound, under stones, lw. (M.B.A.) ; Torguay and Exmouth (F. and H.) Craspedochilus cinereus (L.). Gen. dist. on shore — onyx (Spengl). Gen. dist. in 15-30 fms., and especially on muddy gravel Acanthochites fascicularis (L.). Gen. on rocky shores, in crevices and empty barnacles, and in dredgings inshore S. Devon, n.c. 3 Plymouth, trawl refuse, Bay, 15-30 fms., in mud or muddy gravel, c. Var. radiata, Torbay (F. and H.) —nitida, Sb. Not uncommon, S. Devon, in fine sand and mud, 10-27 fms. Var. radiata, Teign- mouth Bay (L.B.) Nuculana minuta (O.F.M.). (F. and H.) Exmouth, v.r.in 20 fms. ANoMIIDAE Anomia ephippium, L. fic. everywhere, I.w. 30 fms., on stones, rocks, shells, etc. — patelliformis, L. Gen. dist. below 10 fms., but Le. than A. ephippium ARCIDAE Glycimeris glycimeris (L.). Sandy and muddy gravel, 7-30 fms., c. Plymouth ; off Bolt Head, etc. Barbatia lactea (L.). P/ymouth, occ. on shore and in 15-30 fms., particularly in muddy gravel (M.B.A.) ; Idfracombe ; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) 148 MARINE ZOOLOGY PELECYPODA (continued) Arcipaz (continued) Arca tetragona, Poli. occ. on all rocky shores, in crevices and among stones, 1l.w.—3o fms. ; Teignmouth Bay, on O. edule (F. and H.) Myrtiuipaz Mytilus edulis, L. Gen. dist. from h.w.m. to a few fms ; c. on piles and hulks moored in P/ymouth Sound, etc. Large quantities taken annually for food and bait from large mussel beds in estuaries of Teign and Exe; young mussels Imm. in length v.c. on Enteromorpha in the Exe during July and Aug., 1g01 (M.B.A.) Modiolus modiolus (L.). Sa/combe, occ. (M.B.A.) — barbatus (L.). P/ymouth Sound, occ. under stones on shore (M.B.A.); Torbay, x.3 Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.) —adriaticus (Lam.). Dartmouth; Exmouth; Tor- quay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) n.c. — phaseolinus (Ph.). fic. 15-30 fms. ; occ. on shore. Plymouth (M.B.A.) Modiolaria marmorata tests of Ascidians — costulata (Risso). Exmourh (F. and H.) — discors (L.). (F. and H.) Crenella rhombea (Berkeley). (Fb.). Gen. dist. in the (F. and H.) PreRIIDAE Pteria hirundo (L.). v.r. in 35 fms. off Plymouth ; not recorded for some years Pinna fragilis, Penn. P/ymouth, 20-30 fms., small specimens occ. (M.B.A.); Torguay, very large (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, large living (L.B.) ; c. about 20 miles south of Szart Point, on “Caperlonger’ ground (J. Tucker) OstTREIDAE Ostraea edulis, L. Gen. dist., n.c. in all estuaries. Beds in the Tamar and Yealm; c. in Teignmouth Bay, where oyster dredging is carried on. Var. parasitica, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) PecrinIDAE Pecten maximus (L.). Gen. dist., n.c., in 15—35 fms.; v.c. on gravelly grounds ; occ. onshore; Sa/- combe Estuary and Yealm c. in winter (M.B.A.) Hinnites pusio (L.). fic. on all rocky shores among stones, shells, etc., 1.w.—30 fms. Chlamys varius (L.). Plymouth Breakwater, f.c. Plymouth Sound; Yealn ; Salcombe ; Start Bay (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Aequipecten opercularis (L.) P/ymouth to Exmouth, f.c. everywhere, 15-30 fms., especially in certain localities ; Eddystone Grounds, etc., sometimes in great abundance in patches, occ. on the shore, Sakombe. Var. lineata; off Plymouth, Teignmouth, etc. Breeding, vi-viii (M.B.A.) Palliolum tigerinus (O.F.M.). Pé/ymouth, m.c. on coarse muddy or sandy gravel ; occ. on Plymouth Breakwater (M.B.A.) — incomparabilis (Risse). Exmouth (J.G.].) — striatus (O.F.M.). Plymouth (J.G.J.) — similis (Laskey). Torbay; Plymouth, 25 fms. PELECYPODA (continued) , Limipaz Lima subauriculata (M.). Plymouth, 25 fms. (F. and H.) — loscombii (Sb.). Plymouth (M.B.A.) 3 Exmouth (F. and H.) — hians (Gm.). Abundant in small patches of stones at l.w.s.t., on the north side of Plymouth Breakwater; occ. between tidemarks on the Reny Rocks (M.B.A.) KELLIELLIDAE Turtonia minuta (F.). Exmouth AsTARTIDAE Astarte sulcata (D.C.). P/ymouth, fic. in 15-30 fms., especially on muddy or sandy gravel (M.B.A.) Goodallia triangularis (M.). Plymouth; Exmouth . (F. and H.) ARcTICIDAE Arctica islandica (L.). P/ymouth, occ. in 15-30 fms., gen. with Malacobdella grossa (M.B.A.) ; Teign- mouth Bay, occ. Var. crassa, Jeff. ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Lucinipaz Loripes lacteus (L.). Torbay (F. and H.) Divaricella commutata (Ph.). Teignmouth Bay (J.G.J.) Lucina spinifera (M.). Péymourh, 15-30 fms., shells m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Dartmouth, 27 fms. ; Plymouth, 28 fms. ; Torquay, Sakombe (F. and H.) — borealis (M.). Yea/m sandbank occ. ; Sakombe Zostera bed, f.c. (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.) Cryptodon flexuosus (M.). Yea/m sandbank occ. ; Salcombe, f.c. in sand and Zostera (M.B.A.) ; Dartmouth, 9 fms. ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, f.c. in mud (L.B.) Montacuta substriata (M.). ‘fic. attached to spines of Spatangus purpureus (M.B.A.); deep water among corallines, Exmouth (F. and H.) — bidentata (M.). Sakombe (F. and H.); Teign- mouth Bay in mud (L.B.) Tellimya ferruginosa (M.). Commensal with Echino- cardium cordatum, Y¢a/m and Sakombe (M.B.A.); Dartmouth, 7 fms. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, dead (L.B.) Diplodonta rotunda (M.). Shells fic. Plymouth to Exmouth (M.B.A.) ; living specimens scarce, Exmouth; Plymouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) LEpTroniDAE Kellia suborbicularis (M.). fic. l.w.—3o fims., in rock crevices, Pholas borings, and dead bivalve shells, and especially where there is a certain amount of silt. War. lactea, Exmouth, in Pholas borings with type (L.B.) Lasaea rubra (M.). Abundant on all rocky shores, in crevices and amongst barnacles, Dartmouth, 7 fms. (F. and H.). Var. pallida, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Lepton squamosum (M.). Sakombe, commensal with Gebia (N.); Plymouth, 28 fms.; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) —nitidum (Turt.). Var. lineolata, Exmouth ; var. pisidialis, Torbay (J.G.J.) —clarkiae, Clarke. Exmouth ; Plymouth; Torquay J-G.J.) 149 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE PELECYPODA (continued) GaLEOMMIDAE Galeomma turtoni (Sb.). Exmouth, dredged (F. and H.) ScROBICULARIIDAE Exmouth (F. and H.) Teignmouth Bay, c. in mud Syndosmya prismatica (M.). —nitida (O.F.M.). (L.B.) — alba (Wood). Start Bay, Torbay, and Teignmouth Bay, m.c.; v.c. in stomachs of plaice, etc. (M.B.A.) — tenuis (M.). Torbay (F. and H.) Scrobicularia plana (D.C.). cc. in mud and muddy gtavel in estuaries, especially so in that of the Exe, where it is the commonest bivalve after the mussel (M.B.A.) ‘TELLINIDAER Tellina crassa (Gm.). Off Plymouth Mewstone, c. ; Yealm sandbank, occ. (M.B.A.); Exmouth ; Torbay ; Sakombe (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — squalida, Pulteney. r. Sakomhe (M.B.A.) ; Teign- mouth beach (L.B.) — donacina (L.). Yea/m sandbank, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.) ; all along south coast of Devon (F. and H.) — pusilla (Ph.). Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.); Ph- mouth ; Exmouth (J.G.J.) — tenuis (D.C.). Exmouth Polesands, v.c. (M.B.A,) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. (L.B.) — fabula, Gron. Plymouth Sound, in Zostera beds, m.c. ; Secombe, rr. (M.B.A.) Macoma balthica (L.). Kingsbridge estuary, shells c., living, r.; Exmouth, c. on surface of mud (M.B.A.) ; eign, in mud (L.B.) Downacipaz Donax vittatus (D.C.). Exmouth Polesands, v.c., gen. with Enteromorpha or other alga attached to the posterior end (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. on beach (L.B.) —variegatus (Gm.). Plymouth, shells only, rr. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth; Dawlish; Milton, occ. (F. and H.) Macrripaz Mactra stultorum, L. Shells c. West Channel, Ply- mouth ; Start Bay (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. on the beach and in dredgings (L.B.) Spisula solida (L.). c. gen. in sandy estuaries and bays; v.c. in Teignmouth Bay, where it is dredged for food (L.B.) — elliptica (Brown). Plymouth, abundant (M.B.A.) — subtruncata (D.C.). Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Lutraria elliptica (Lam.). Plymouth Sound, on sandy shores occ. ; Yealm, occ. ; Sakombe, c. in Zostera and sand (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F.and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, chiefly on beach (L.B.). Gonads ripe, Mar.—May (M.B.A.) — oblonga (Ch.). Exmouth; Torbay; Salcombe (F. and H.); Dawlish Warren, valve only (L.B.) West Channel, PELECYPODA (continued) VENERIDAE Lucinopsis undata (Penn). Plymouth to Exmouth, shells only dredged (M.B.A.); Exmouth ; Dartmouth, 27 fms. (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, occ. thrown up on beach (L.B.) Dosinia exoleta (L.). P/ymouth Sound, Yealm sand- bank, and off the south coast in 15-30 fms. occ, (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, trawled (L.B.) —lupina (L.). Exmouth; Phmouth, in 25 fms. ; Torbay (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Meretrix chione (L.) Rarely taken alive; shells c. in West Channel, Plymouth (M.B.A.) ; Teign- mouth Bay, dead (L.B.) Venus (Clausinella) fasciata (D.C.). c. in coarse muddy or sandy gravel, 6-30 fms., off Pl- mouth ; occ. on Yealm sandbank and Sakombe in clean sand (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, occ. (L.B.) — (Ventricola) casina, L. Off Plymouth, in 10-30 fms., gravel occ. (M.B.A.) ; 8. Devon (F. and H.) — (Ventricola) verrucosa, L. Off Plymouth, occ. on mixed gravel grounds, 15-30 fins. ; PAymoxth Sound and Yealm sandbank, rr. (M.B.A.); 8. Devon, f.c. (F. and H.) — (Timoclea) ovata, Penn. Plymouth Sound, m.c. in muddy sand and gravel, occ. outside in 15-30 fms. ; Sakombe, rr. (M.B.A.) — (Chamelaea) gallina, L. Plymouth, occ. 15~30 fms. ; on shore in Yealm 3 Sakombe R., Exmouth Polesands occ. (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, c. Var. laminosa occ., dead c. (L.B.) Tapes aureus (Gm.). P/ymouth, shells only (M.B.A.) — virgineus (L.)., c. Milbay Channel, Plymouth, in gravel, occ. other parts of the Sound and outside in 15—30fms.; Exmouthand Start Bay, rr.(M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, type and var. sarniensis (L.B.) — pullastra (M.). Gen. dist. on shore and in dredg- ings in estuaries. Var. perforans, c.in Pholas and Saxicava borings in limestone, etc. — decussatus (L.). Laira, Yealm sandbank; Ex- mouth shore, in gravel, m.c.; Salcombe, rv. (M.B.A.) ; Torguay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. Var. quadrangula, on mudflats behind Dawlish Warren (L.B.) Gouldia minima (M.). Plymouth Sound and outside in 5-30 fms. ; fic. on fine and medium gravel (M.B.A.) Irus irus (L.). P/ymouth and other parts of Devonshire, in limestone (F. and H.) ; not recorded by the M.B.A. Carvipaz Cardium aculeatum, L. Svart Bay, dead ; Torbay, f.c. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, f.c. in 1886 (L.B.); Paignton (J.G.J.) ; peculiar to $. Devon (F. and H.). Var. depressa, with the type, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — echinatum, L. Plymouth, occ. in 15-30 fms., dead shells c. on fine sand of the Eddystone trawling grounds; Teignmouth Bay, f.c.; Exmouth; Polesands, rr. (M.B.A.) — tuberculatum, L. Paignton Sands, abundant at certain seasons (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, fic. (L.B.) — exiguum, Gm. Dartmouth; Torbay (F. and H.) — fasciatum, M. Torbay; Exmouth, 7 miles from shore (F. and H.) 150 MARINE ZOOLOGY PELECYPODA (continued) Carpiipaz (continued) Cardium nodosum,Turt. Exmouth ; Torbay (F.and H.) — edule, L. Abundant locally ; Hamoaze; Yealn R., below Sveer Point ; on Salstone, Sakombe ; Ex- mouth (M.B.A.) ; Teiga R., plentiful, especially just above Coombe Cellars (L.B.) Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler). P/ymouth, c. on gravel, 15-30 fms.; Exmouth Polesands (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, c.; var. gibba, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Garipaz Psammobia tellinella, Lam. P/ymouth Sound, Mewstone, and Stoke Point Grounds, c. in gravel and coarse sand ; Eddystone Grounds, occ. (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.) — costulata, Turt. Eddystone Grounds, occ. with P. tellinella (M.B.A.); Torbay; Exmouth (F.and H.) — ferroensis (Chem.). P/ymouth, 15-30 fms., dead, c. (M.B.A.) ; Torguay, etc. (F. and H.) ; Teign- mouth Bay, beach, and in dredgings, c. (L.B.) — depressa, Penn. Yea/m, shore, f.c. in coarse sand (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, scarce (L.B.) Myipaz Mya arenaria, L. Exmouth (J.G.J.) — truncata, L. occ. taken alive; Yea/m shore (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Dartmouth, o~—7 fms. (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Sphenia binghami, Turt. Torguay, in limestone, to fms. (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, in rock, rr. (L.B.) Corbula gibba (Ol.). Plymouth Sound, occ. f.c. outside 15-30 fms. on muddy gravel; Start Bay, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth, 10 fms. ; Torguay (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay,in mud (L.B.) ; var. rosea, Teignmouth Bay, with type (L.B.) SoLENIDAE Solecurtus scopula (Turt.). Eddystone Grounds, rx. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth; Torbay (F. and H.) — antiquatus (Pult.). Off Péymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Plymouth, 25 fms. ; Dawlish; Torbay (F. and H.) Pharus legumen (L.). and H.) Cultellus pellucidus (Penn). Plymouth Sound; Salcombe (shore) ; Start Bay ; Teignmouth Bay ; Torbay, f.c. in sandy mud (M.B.A.) ; S. Devon coast, 10— 27 fms. (F. and H.) Ensis ensis (L.). Gen. dist. on sandy shores ; v.c. in the Y¢a/m in coarse sand ; Sakomée, r. (M.B.A.) — siliqua (L.). Salcombe, f.c.; Polesands, m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. (L.B.) Solen vagina, L. Yea/m, sandbank, r.; Sakombe, c. in sand and Zostera beds; Exmouth, m.c. in firm muddy sand (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, rr. on beach (L.B.) SaXICAVIDAE Saxicavella plicata (M.). P/ymouth, trawl refuse (J.G.J.) Saxicava rugosa (L.). Gen. dist. and c., l.w.—zo fms., boring in limestone and sandstone — arctica (L.). Everywhere, 10-30 fms., attached to shells, hydroids, etc. (M.B.A.) ; Péymouth, in limestone; Exmouth, in red sandstone (F. and H.) Bideford Bay, c.; Exmouth (F. PELECYPODA (continued) GasTROCHAENIDAE Gastrochaena dubia (Penn). Péymouth Sound, occ. boring in limestone ; Yea/m R., one in oyster shell (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, c. in limestone in 10 fms.; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, one in limestone (L.B.) PHoLaDIDAE Pholas dactylus, L. Rum Bay, c. in patches of shale rock ; Exmouth, c. in Orcombe Rks. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, in rock at |.w.s.t., almost ex- tinct (1892) (L.B.) ;_ var. gracilis, Exmouth, in pure sand (J.G.J.) Barnea candida (L.). Torquay ; Exmouth ; Salcombe (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, \.c. than B. parva (L.B.) ; var. subovata, Exmouth, with the type, 1888 (L.B.) — parva (Penn.). c. in Ram Bay; Orcombe Rks. (M.B.A.) ; Salcombe, in wood; Torquay, in red sandstone ; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, formerly c., now found only at l.w.s.t. (1892) (L.B.) Pholadidea loscombiana, Goodall. Rum Bay, c. in shale ; c. in red rock, 10-20 fms. off Mewstone and Stoke Point (M.B.A.); Exmouth; Teignmouth; Torquay, etc. in red sandstone (F. and H.) Xylophaga dorsalis (Turt.). Off Berry Head; Exmouth (F. and H.) 'TEREDINIDAE Teredo norvegica, Spengler. Plymouth ; Teignmouth ; Tor- quay (F.and H.); Teignmouth Bay, in wreck (L.B.) — navalis, L. Ptymouth, f.c. in drift and submerged wood (M.B.A.) — megotara, Hanley. Torbay; Exmouth, F. and H.; Dawlish Warren, in stranded timber (L.B.) — malleolus, Turt. Torguay ; Exmouth ; Plymouth (J.G.J.) — bipinnata, Turt. Exmouth (J.G.J.) PanporiDAE Pandora inaequivalvis (L.). Off P/ymouth, occ. (M.B.A.); Dartmouth, 27 fms. ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) ; var. pinna, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Lyonst1DAE Lyonsia norvegica (Chem.). Plymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) ANATINIDAE Cochlodesma praetenue (Pult.). Plymouth, dead (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) Thracia fragilis, Penn. Plymouth Sound, shore, rr. ; Sakombe (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — pubescens (Pult.). Dawlish; Plymouth, etc. (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — convexa (Wood). Torbay; Teignmouth; Exmouth, n.c. (F. and H.) — distorta (M.). Torquay, 10 fms., in limestone ; Exmourh (F.and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, rv. (L.B.) SCAPHOPODA DeENTALIIDAE Dentalium entalis, L. P/ymouth, 15-30 fm., fc. on fine sand, occ. on gravel (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, dead (L.B.) I51 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA PaTELLIDAE Patella vulgata, L. c. and gen. dist. on rocks between tidemarks ; var. picta, fc. on stonework ; var. intermedia, c. on rocks at h.w. ; var. caerulea, f.with type, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) ; var. elevata, N. Devon (J.G.J.) Patina pellucida (L.). Gen. dist. and c. on stems of Laminaria AcMAEIDAE Acmaea virginea (O. F. M.). Plymouth, 1.w.—s5 fms., on rocky shores, under stones, etc., gregarious and fic.; Yealm R., m.c.; Salcombe, f.c. (M.B.A.) 5 Teignmouth Bay, v.f. (L.B.) FissuRELLIDAE Emarginula fissura (L.) Plymouth, fc. 0-30 fms. 5 Sakombe, rr. (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, d. (L.B.) ; — conica, Schumacher. P/ymouth, 10-30 fms., m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, rough ground (L.B.) Fissurella graeca (L.). P/ymourh, occ. on all rocky stations, l.w.—10 fms.; Yealm R.; Salcombe, f.c. on ascidians and sponges (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) TROCHIDAE Eumargarita groenlandica (Chem.). Plymouth, single specimen, dead (M.B.A.) Gibbula magus (L.). P/ymouth, occ. on coarse shell sand and gravel ; Sakombe, f.c.; Exmouth (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. Var. conica, rr. with type (L.B.) — tumida(M.). Plymouth, occ., 15—30 fms. (M.B.A.) — cineraria (L.). c. and gen. dist. under stones, on rocks, Zostera, Fucus, etc. — umbilicata (M.). Gen. dist., h.w.—3 fms., Lc. than G. cineraria Monodonta crassa (Montfort). P/ymourh, c. in re- stricted areas at and above h.w. (M.B.A.) ; Devon, frequent (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, c. (L.B.) Calliostoma montagui (Wood). Exmourk (F. and H.) — striatum (L.). On Zostera ; Plymouth, occ.; Yealm Est., c.; Salcombe, v.c. (M.B.A.); Torbay ; Exmouth (F. and H.) — exasperatum (Penn.). Torquay (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, f.c. (L.B.) — miliare (Brocchi). Var. pyramidata, Plymouth U.GJ. -—— granulatum (Born). Gen. dist. on S. coast, on sandy gravel, 20-30 fins. — zizyphinus (L.). C. and gen. dist. on all rocky shores ; a well-marked variety, c. on the Yealm sandbank CycLosTREMATIDAE Delphinoidea cutleriana (Clarke). Exmouth (F.and H.) — nitens (Ph.). Coralline zone {J.G.J.) — serpuloides (M.). Exmouzh (F. and H.) PROSOBRANCHIA (continued) ‘TursiniDaE Phasianella pullus (L.).. Gen. dist. and m.c. on Algae and Zostera, lLw.—10 fms. Var. oblonga, Teignmouth Bay, f.c. at times on weeds (L.B.) LirrorinipaE Lacuna crassior (M.). Teignmouth Bay, on rough "ground (L.B.) — divaricata (F.). fic. and gen. dist. on weeds, Zostera, and rocks, near Lw. Breeding ii-iy (M.B.A.) — parva (D.C.). Plymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, v.c. on weeds, l.w.s.t. 3 var. clausa, Teignmouth Bay. Var. expansa, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) ; Exmouth ; Torbay (J.G.J.) — pallidula (D.C.). Gen. dist. on Fucus, Chondrus crispus, etc. Breeding ii. (M.B.A.). Var. albes- cens, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Littorina obtusata (L.). c. and gen. dist. on Fucus, Zostera, etc. — neritoides (L.). hw. — rudis (Maton). Gen. dist. and c. on rocks near h.w. Vars. saxatilis, rr., jugosa, c., Teign- mouth Bay (L.B.) — littorea (L.). Gen. dist. and c. between tide- marks ; gathered in many places for food, and also to put on mussel beds to keep down Ulva. Breeding ii. (M.B.A.) Gen. dist. and c. on rocks above RissorDaE Rissoa parva (D.C.). Gen. dist. on shore, on rocks and weeds, and occ. in dredgings, Var. inter- rupta, Teignmouth Bay, c. (L.B.) — inconspicua, Ald. Torquay; Exmouth (F.and H.); Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.); Plymouth, trawl refuse, v.c. (J.G.J.). Var. variegata, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) ; var. ventrosa, Exmouth (J.G.J.) — albella, Lovén, var. sarsi. Teignmouth Bay, drift (L.B.) — violacea, Desm. Teignmouth Bay, on weeds, %. (L.B.) ; Torquay — guerini, Récluz. Exmouth; Torquay, c. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Alvania lactea (Mich.). Barrycane, (J.G.J.) — cancellata (D.C.). Plymouth, dead (M.B.A.) ; Torquay ; Salcombe (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, rr. (L.B.) — reticulata (M.). Plymouth, dead (M.B.A.); Ex- mouth (F. and H.). Var. cimicoides; Exmouth U.G.J,) — punctura (M.). Plymouth; Exmouth, etc. (F. and H.) 3 Teignmouth Bay, occ. (L. and B.) Manzonia zetlandica (M.). Exmouth; Barrycane (F. and H.) — costata (Adams). Zippora membranacea (Adams). on Zostera, etc. Onoba striata (Adams). Gen. dist. and c., l.w.— 10 fms., particularly under stones with silt Ceratia proxima, Ald. Tvignmouth Bay, in shelly mud (L.B.); Exmouth, 15 fms., shells and mud; Torbay and Plymouth, with H. vitrea (J.G.J.) Gen. dist., but n.c. Gen. dist. and c., 152 MARINE PROSOBRANCHIA (continue?) Rissorpag (continued) Hyala vitrea (M.). P/ymouth (J.G.J.)3 Exmouth (F. ne H.); Teignmouth Bay, with C. proxima .B,) Setia fulgida (Adams). Torguay ; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, drift, rr. (L.B.) — obtusa (Cant.). Exmouth, F. and H.; Teiga- mouth Bay, dead (L.B.) Cingula semistriata (M.). Plymouth Sound, 23 fms. (M.B.A.); Torguay ; Dartmouth, 7 fms. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, \.w.s.t., etc. (L.B.). Var. pura, under stones ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — trifasciata, Adams. Gen. dist. and c. on rocky shores, under stones, in crevices, especially when there is silt; 80% of Teignmouth Bay specimens belong to var. graphica, Turton (L.B.) Galeodina carinata (D.C.). Exmouth (F. and H.) Barleeia rubra (M.). Teignmouth Bay, on weed, rr. (L.B.) Plymouth, dead (M.B.A.); AssINIMEIDAE Paludinella littorina (DI.C.). Exmouth (J.G.J.) Paludestrina stagnalis (Basterot). c.in brackish water of estuaries, on mud, Zostera and under stones. ADEORBIDAE Adeorbis subcarinatus (M.). P/ymourh, c. on rocks at Rams Cliff Point, 1887; not taken since (M.B.A.); Dartmouth, 12 fms.; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, 30 spec. from rocks, 1888 (L.B.) SKENEIDAE Skenea planorbis (F.). P/ymouth, c. among roots of seaweeds and corallines (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, scarce (L.B.), etc. HoMmorocyriDaz Homologyra atomus (Ph.). Torbay (J.G.J.) — rota (F. and H.). Exmouth (J.G.J.) "TRUNCATELLIDAE Truncatella truncata (M.). Sakombe ; Plymouth, etc. J.G.J.) CaruLiDaE Capulus hungaricus (L.). On gravel grounds, 15— 35 fms., occ. attached to Pecten opercularis and Ostraea edulis. Breeding i-iii (M.B.A.) Calyptraea chinensis (L.). In dredgings from Pi- mouth Sound, c.; Yealm, c.; Sakombe Estuary, v.c. on stones and shells (M.B.A.); Dartmouth, 7 fms, (F.and H.). Breeding vii—ix (M.B.A.) CypraEIDAE Trivia europaea (M.). Gen. dist. and fic., lw.— 30 fms., on rocky and stony grounds ; Ovula patula (Penn.). f.c., 10-30 fms., on Alcyonium digitatum. Plymouth—Exmouth. Breeding probably iv—vii (M.B.A.) Erato laevis (Don.). P/ymouth, m.c. on gravel, 15— 30 fms. (M.B.A.) I 153 ZOOLOGY PROSOBRANCHIA (continued) NarticipaE Natica sordida (Ph.). Exmouth, with N. catena (J.G.J.) — catena (D.C.). Plymoush, r. on sandy bottoms ; Start to Exmouth, f.c. in sandy bays ; Exmouth Polesands, f.c. Shells m.c. everywhere, in- habited by hermit crabs (M.B.A.) — alderi (Fb.). Gen. dist. and f.c., lLw.—35 fms., on clean sand and gravel. — montagui, Fb. Devonshire, 30-35 fms., sand U.G.J) LaMELiariIDAE Lamellaria perspicua (L.). Plymouth Sound; Yealm s Sakombe Estuary; m.c. shore and dredgings, occ, outside 15-30 fms. (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, fc. (L.B.). Spawn, Jan.—May (M.B.A.) Velutina laevigata (Penn). P/ymouth, on rough ground occ. (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, rough ground occ. (L.B.) JANTHINIDAE Ianthina rotundata, Leach. Dawlish Warren (F. and H.) CrRITHIIDAE Bittium reticulatum (D.C.). P/ymouth, m.c. on rocky shores, l.w.—10 fms.; Sascombe, fc. on Zostera (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, occ. (L.B.) Triforis perversa (L.). Plymouth, occ., 15-35 fm. (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, l.w. (L.B.) Cerithiopsis tubercularis (M.). Plymouth Sound and outside 15—30 fms., m.c. on sponges; Yea/m, c. on red sponge ; Salombe (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, on and under stones, lw. s.t., numerous in 1888 and 1889 (L.B.) — sublenta (Wood). Teignmouth Bay, dredged, and under stones, r. 1894 (L.B.); P/ymouth, trawl refuse (J.G.J.) — concatenata, Conti. G61) Plymouth, coralline zone ScaLIDAE Scala turtonis (Turt.). P/ymouth (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, m.c. (L.B.) — clathrus (L.) Occ. on both N. and S. coasts, on rough ground, shore and deeper water — trevelyana (Leach). P/ymouth (J.G.J.) — clathratula (Adams). Plymouth, dead, (M.B.A.); Torbay (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, rr. (L.B.) Cioniscus albidus (Adams). Teignmouth Bay, drift (L.B.); Exmouth (J.G.J.) Aclis ascaris (Turt.). Plymouth ; Exmouth (J.G.J.) — minor, Brown. Plymouth (J.G.J.) Pherusina gulsonae (Clark). Exmouth (J.G.J.) PYRAMIDELLIDAE Odostomia lukisi, J.G.J. S. Devon, on seaweeds at lw. (J.G.J.) -—— conoidea (Broc.). Exmouth to Torquay (F. and H.). Var. australis, $. Devon (J.G.J.) — umbilicaris (Mlg.). Torbay, etc., coralline zone J.G.J.) — acuta (J.G.J.). Torbay; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, mud (L.B.). Var. umbilicata, Teignmouth Bay, muddy gravel (L.B.) 20 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE PROSOBRANCHIA (continued) PYRAMIDELLIDAE (continued) Odostomia conspicua (Ald.). Teignmouth Bay, rr. in muddy gravel (L.B.) — unidentata, F. and H. Torbay (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — turrita, Hanley. Teignmouth Bay, l.w. (L.B.). Var. striolata. J/fracombe (J.G.J.) — plicata (M.). Gen. dist. at lw. on S. coast, fic. sublittoral zone ; Exmouth (J.G.J.) Jordanula nivosa (M.). Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) ; I Sracombe (J.G.J.) — truncatula (J.G.J.). PAmouth, trawlers (J.G.J.) Liostomia clavula (Loven). Teignmouth Bay (L.B.); Brixham ; Plymouth (J.G.J.) Brachystomia rissoides (Hanley). v.c. among dwarf mussels, rocks at l.w.; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.). Vars. nitida and exilis, $. Devon (J.G.J.) — ambigua (M. and R.). c. on S. coast, on ‘ears’ of Pecten opercularis and P. maximus. Var. crassa, Torquay Ondina divisa (Adams). Teignmouth Bay (L.B.); Torbay, etc. (F. and H.) — diaphana, J.G.J. Teignmoutk Bay, on trawled Zostera (L.B.); Exmouth (J.G.J.) — obliqua (Ald.). Exmouth, deep water, rr. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — warreni (Th.). Burrow I., f.c., dead (F. and H.) Oda dolioliformis (J.G.J.), v.r., dead; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. at times, l.w. s.t. (L.B.); Torbay (J.G.J.) Pyrgulina decussata (M.). Exmouth; Sakombe (F. and H.) Teignmouth Bay, drift (L.B.) — indistincta (M.). Teignmouth Bay, in mud (L.B.). Var. brevior, Teignmouth Bay, on trawled Zostera (L.B.) — interstincta (M.). Teignmouth Bay, rr. (L.B.) — fenestrata (Fb.). Dartmouth; Torbay (F. and H.); Exmouth (J.G.J.) Spiralinella spiralis (M.). Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, dredged in mud, and under stones, lw. (L.B.) Miralda excavata (Ph.). Exmouth (J.G.J.) Pyrgostelis scalaris (Ph.). Dartmouth; Exmouth (F. * and H.); Teignmouth Bay, dead (L.B.); Tor- quay (J.G.J.) | — interrupta (Totten). Plymouth, occ. 15-35 fms. (M.B.A.); Exmouth (J.G.]J.) Turbonilla lactea (L.). P/ymouth, occ., .w.—10 fms., stones with silt; Sakombe, v.c. on Zostera (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, f.c. (L.B.) — pusilla (Ph.). Torbay; Barrycane; Ilfracombe (J.G.J.). Var. minuscula, Teignmouth Bay, with T. lactea (L.B.) Eulimella commutata (Monter.). Dartmouth; Ex- mouth; Torbay; Burrow I. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, dead (L.B.) — nitidissima (M.). Exmouth (F. and H.); Teign- mouth Bay, rr. (L.B.) EvuiimMip& Eulima polita (L.). Plymouth, 15-35 fms., m.c. on muddy gravel (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) — intermedia, Cant. Exmouth; Plymouth (J.G.]J.) — incurva (Ren.). Plymouth Sound; Yealm R., c. among sponges (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) PROSOBRANCHIA (continued) Evuimipae (continued) Leiostraca bilineata (Ald.). Plymouth, occ., 15-35 fms. (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teign- mouth Bay (L.B.) — glabra (D.C.). P/ymouth, occ. (M.B.A.); Teign- mouth Bay, occ. (L.B.) Stilifer stilifer (Turt.). Torbay, on Echinus esculenta (F. and H.); Péymouth, on E. miliaris and E, esculentus (J.G.J.), rr. CaxrcIDaE Caecum imperforatum (Adams). zone, f.c. (J.G.J.) — glabrum (M.). Plymouth (M.B.A.); Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, drift (L.B.) Devon, coralline TurRITELLIDAE Turritella communis, Lam. c. in mud and muddy gravel, 15-30 fms. on S. coast. Var. nivea, Teignmouth Bay (L.B.); Exmouth (J.G.J.); var. gracilis, Torguay (J.G.J.) APORRHAIDAE Aporrhais pes-pelecani (L.). fic., 5-35 fms., on muddy gravel ; Teignmouth Bay, 4 specimens recorded with four spurs (L.B.) Buccinipak Buccinum undatum, L. f.c. everywhere, especially on gravel and coarse sand. Breeding i-iv. Hatching ii~iii (M.B.A.) Liomesus dalei (Sb.). Torbay, may have come by Newfoundland fishermen (F. and H.) Donovania minima (M.). f.c., l.w.—zo fms., under — stones, etc. Tritonofusus gracilis (D.C.). Dead ; Plymouth ; Start Bay (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Siphonophorus Jeffreysianus (Fisc.). £xmouth; Tor- quay 3 Brixham ; Plymouth (J.G.J.) Moricipag Ocinebra erinacea (L.). On rocks between tide- marks, gen. dist.,c. only in places. Breeding, iv—v (M.B.A.) Trophon muricatus (M.). Purpura lapillus (L.). tween tidemarks. (M.B.A.) Occ. 15-30 fins. c. everywhere on rocks be- Breeding, i-v, vii, ix Nass1Daz Nassa reticulata (L.). f.c. everywhere, l.w.—5 fims., especially on muddy sand. Breeding, ii-ix (M.B.A.) — incrassata (Strém). fc. everywhere, l.w.—1o fms., on rocky shores where there is silt. Breeding, ii-iv, vi, viii, ix (M.B.A. — pygmaea (Lam.). Torbay to Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, plentiful in dredged material (L.B.) PLEUROTOMIDAE Bela rufa (M.). Teignmouth Bay, d. occ. (L.B.). Var. lactea and cranchii, PAymouth; var. angusta, Exmouth (J.G.J.) Haedropleura ecostata (D.C.); Sakombe, d. (M.B.A.); Torbay (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, rr. (L.B.) 154 MARINE PROSOBRANCHIA (continued) Prevroromipar (continued) Mangilia striolata (Scac.). Torbay ; Exmouth, r. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, mud (L.B.) attenuata (M.). Occ. on muddy gravel, 20-30 fms, costata (Don.). Sakombe (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, mud (L.B.) — brachystoma (Ph.). Torbay ; Exmouth (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, mud (L.B.); Plymouth (J-G.J.) nebula (M.). Plymouth, r. (M.B.A.); Teignmouth Bay, fc. (L.B.). Var. laevigata, Teignmouth Bay, d.; var. vittata, Teignmouth Bay, occ. (L.B.); var. elongata, Plymouth; Exmouth (.6.J.) Teres anceps (Eichwald). Plymouth (J.G.J.) Bellardiella gracilis (M.). Plymouth, m.c., muddy gravel, 20-35 fms.(M.B.A.); Exmouth, coralline zone, abundant ; Torguay, c. (F. and H.); Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.) Clathurella linearis (M.). Plymouth Sound, m.c. on clean shell gravel, and outside 15-30 fims. occ. (M.B.A); Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.) — reticulata (Ren.). Pymouth, occ. 15~30 fms. (M.B.A.) — purpurea (M.). Sakombe, d. (M.B.A.) ; Teign- mouth Bay, two taken in 1886 (L.B.) OPISTHOBRANCHIA ACTAEONIDAE Actaeon tornatilis (L.). P/ymouth, occ. d. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, d. (L.B.) ToRNATINIDAE Tornatina mammillata (Ph.). PAymouth, d. (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.) — truncatula (Brug.). Plymouth, d. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, d. (L.B.) Diaphana hyalina (Turt.). Devon (F. and H.) occ. ScAPHANDRIDAE Scaphander lignarius (L.). P/ymouth trawling grounds, c. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay (L.B.) Volvulella acuminata (Brug.). Plymouth, trawl refuse J.G.J.) Bullinella cylindracea (Penn). P/ymouth, d. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, shore and dredge (L.B.) Bu.iipaE Haminaea hydatis (L.). Plymouth Sound, occ. ; Yealm, occ. ; Sakombe, f.c. on muddy and clean gravel at times (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, occ. f.c. (L.B.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.) Var. globosa, Exmouth (J.G.J.) Roxania utriculus (Broc.). Torbay ; Plymouth (J.G.J.) PHILLINIDAE Philine scabra (O.F.M.). Devon (F. and H.) — catena (M.). Plymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) ; Teign- mouth Bay, occ. (L.B.) ; Exmouth (J.G.J.). Var. zona, Bigherry Bay (J.G.J.) ; — punctata (Adams). P/ymouth Sound, occ. ; plentiful in 20fms. off Plymouth among Bugula, 1891 (M.B.A.) ; Torbay; Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Teignmouth Bay, r. (L.B.) ZOOLOGY OPISTHOBRANCHIA (continued) PHILLINIDAE (continued) Philine pruinosa (Clark). Exmouth (F. and H.) ; Plymouth ; Budleigh Salterton (J.G.J.) — nitida (J.G.J.). Teignmouth Bay, dredged (L.B.) — aperta (L.). c. on muddy bottoms, Plymouth Sound ; Torbay ; Teignmouth Bay, etc. 3 occ. v. abundant. Breeding iv—vii (M.B.A.) Colpodaspis pusilla (S.). Taken 2 miles S. of Plymouth Mewstone, Feb., 1893 (M.B.A.) Limacinipaz Limacina retroversa (Fl.). Of the Eddystone 20 Sept., 1905; Plymouth Sound,7 Sept. 1905 to 8 Nov.,c., due probably to a large influx of Atlantic water (L. H. Gough) APLYSIIDAE Aplysia punctata, Cuv. v.c. occ. on shore, with Zostera, etc., especially v-vi. B. iv-x, maximum v and vi (M.B.A.) — depilans (L.). Torbay, c. 1875 and 1877 (A. R. Hunt) PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Pleurobranchus plumula(M.). Plymouth and Salcombe, occ, (M.B.A.) ; Exmouth (F. and H.) Oscanius membranaceus (M.). Plymouth Sound, v.c., 1893, young specimens c. at surface Sept. 1892 (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, v.c., 1887-1889 (L.B.) RunNcINIDAE Runcina coronata (Q.). Plymouth Sound, v.c. occ. on shore, Yealm (M.B.A.); Torbay, pools near h.w. (F. and H.) NUDIBRANCHIA Hermerpaz Hermaea bifida (M.). Plymouth Sound, v. occ. (M.B.A.) — dendritica (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound, v. occ. on shore (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, on Codium tomen- tosus (F. and H.). Breeding vi (M.B.A.) Stiliger bellulus, d’Orb, Plymouth Sound, single speci- men (M.B.A.) Exysi1Daz Elysia viridis (M.). Plymouth Sound, occ. ; Yealm, c. ; Salcombe, x. ; Exmouth, m.c. Breeding x and probably earlier (M.B.A.) Limapontipakz Limapontia capitata (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound, occ. c. on shore in tidepools and among coral- lines (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (J.G.J.) Acteonia corrugata, A. and H. P/ymouzh Sound, v. occ. Eourp1paz Eolis papillosa (L.). fic. on all stony shores. Breed- ing il—viii (M.B.A.) Aeolidiella glauca (A. and H.). Plymouth, occ. (M.B.A.) ; off Berry Head (A. and H.) — alderi (Cocks). On shore. Plymouth Sound ; Wembury Bay ; Yealm. Breeding viii (M.B.A.) Berghia caerulescens (Méneville). Taken off Plymouth, rr. (M.B.A.) 155 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE NUDIBRANCHIA (continued) Eoxrpipar (continued) Cuthona aurantia (A. and H.). Breeding v. (M.B.A.) Cratena amoena (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound, occ. on stony ground ; Salcombe, rr. (M.B.A.) ; Tor- bay (A. and H.) — viridis (Fb.). Plymouth Sound and Eddystone Grounds, occ. (M.B.A.) olivacea (A. and H.). Péymouth, on stony ground occ. ; Yealn R. (M.B.A.) peachi (A. and H.). Taken once 3-4 m. S. of Plymouth Mewstone, on Hydractinia (M.B.A.) stipata (A. and H.). Torbay, on Sertularia (A. and H.) Tergipes despectus (J.). P/ymouth, occ. ; Millbay Docks, c.on piles, Mar., 1901. Breeding iii-v (M.B.A.) Embletonia pulchra (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound, once on Antennularia (M.B.A.) Amphorina caerulea (M.). Plymouth Sound, and on Cellaria grounds outside m.c. (M.B.A.) Galvina cingulata, A. and H. Plymouth Sound and Docks, on Plumularia ; Y¢a/m, on Antennularia and Zostera. Breeding vii (M.B.A.) — picta, A. and H. Plymouth Sound, m.c.; Yealm Est. on Zostera (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (A. and H.) — tricolor (Fb.). fic. on P/ymouzh trawling grounds. 20-35 fms. Breeding v, xi (M.B.A.) — exigua (A. and H.) Plymouth Sound, occ. Breed- ing ili (M.B.A.) Coryphella rufibranchialis (J.). grounds, Plymouth (M.B.A.) — lineata (Lovén). Plymouth and Eddystone, rr. (M.B.A.) — landsburgi (A. and H.). Péymouth, occ. every- where (M.B.A). ; Exmouth (J.G.J.) Favorinus albus (A. and H.). P/ymouth Sound, m.c. ; Yealn, f.c. on Zostera, 1897 (M.B.A.) — carneus(A. and H.). Torguay (A. and H.) ; Sal- combe (J.G.J.) Facelina coronata, Fb. and Goodsir. — drummondi (Th.). (M.B.A.) — punctata (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound; Mew- stone (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, deep water (A. and H.) — elegans (A. and H.). Off Berry Head, 15 fms. (A. and H.) Calma glaucoides (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound, among goby eggs; Mewstone Grounds, in Buccinum shells with eggs of Blennius ocellaris, occ. fifty in a shell ; resembles the colour of the eggs with which it is associated (M.B.A.) Fiona marina, Fr. Teignmouth Bay, two trawled (L. and B.) Antiopa cristata (DI.C.). Plymouth, fic. shore to 35 fms. ; Exmouth Dock, m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (A. and H.). Breeding viii (M.B.A.) — hyalina, A. and H. Plymouth Sound, occ. ; and off Mewstone and Eddystone (M.B.A.) Hero formosa (Lovén). c. 6 m. S. of Mewstone, i-vi, 1895; occ. elsewhere ; not recorded since 1898. Breeding iv (M.B.A.) Plymouth Sound, occ. fic., inner trawling Plymouth, m.c. Plymouth Sound, x.3 Yealm Lomanoripag Lomanotus genei, Vérany. Plymouth Sound, f.c. on Antennularia, occ. outside ; Seombe (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (A. and H.). Breeding ix (M.B.A.) NUDIBRANCHIA (continued) Doronrpaz Doto fragilis (Fb.). c. on Antennularia from 15-35 fms. Breeding greater part of year (M.B.A.) | — pennatifida (M.). Plymouth, gen. dist., and c. on Antennularia. Breeding greater part of the year (M.B.A.) — coronata (Gm.). P/ymouth, c. on Antennularia (M.B.A.) ; Torbay ; Sakombe (A. and H). Breeding greater part of the year (M.B.A.) Hancockia eudactylota, G. Plymouth Sound and Yealn R.; yx. on Laminaria and Zostera (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, on Delesseria (A. R. Hunt) DENDRONOTIDAE Dendronotus frondosus (Asc.). Gen. dist. on clean grounds, but n.c. ; usually small ScYLLaEIDAE Scyllaea pelagica, L. Devon (A. and H.) PLEUROPHYLLIDIIDAE Pleurophyllidia loveni, Bergh. N. of Eddystone (M.B.A.) Single specimen 2 m. TRITONIIDAE Tritonia hombergi, Cuv. Occ. taken inside Phymoush Sound, Torbay, Teignmouth Bay, etc., but is more c. outside the 30-fm. line Candiella plebeia, J. Plymouth Sound, etc., occ. ; pink variety is fc. on Eunicella from the Mewstone Ledge (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (A. and H.) ; Teign- mouth Bay (L.B.). Breeding viii, x, xi (M.B.A.) — lineata, A. and H. Single specimen off Stoke Point (M.B.A.) Doripipag Archidoris tuberculata (Cuv.). fic. shore—3o fins. B. i-vi (M.B.A.) Archidoris flammea (A. and H.). Péymouth Sound, rr. (M.B.A.) Rostanga coccinea (Fb.). Plymouth Sound, occ. (M.B.A.) Aldisa millegrana (A. and H.). Torbay (A. and H.) Jorunna Johnstoni (A. and H.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm, occ. (M.B.A.) Platydoris testudinaria (Risso). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm ; Eddystone Grounds (M.B.A.) PotyceripaE Aegirus punctilucens (D’Orb.). Péymouth Sound ; Eddystone Grounds, occ. (M.B.A.) Triopa clavigera (O.F.M.). Péymourh Sound, rrv., occ. outside to 30 fms. (M.B.A.); Torbay, m.c., lw. ; Salcombe (A. and H.) Thecacera pennigera (M.). Plymouth Sound, rr.; Mitton, rocks at l.w. (A. and H.) Palio lessoni (D’Orb.). Plymouth Sound, m.c. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (A. and H.) ; Polycera quadrilineata (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealm, etc. c. on Zostera most years, outside to 35 fms. B. vii—viii (M.B.A.) Acanthodoris pilosa (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound ; Yealn. 2m. N.E. of Eddystone, etc., m.c. B. v (M.B.A.) — subquadrata (A. and H.). Torbay, deep water (A. and H.) 156 MARINE ZOOLOGY NUDIBRANCHIA (continued) PoryceriDaE (continued) Lamellidoris aspera (A. and H.). Péymouth Sound ; Yealm, rr. (M.B.A.) — bilamellata (L). Péymouth Sound, c. ; Yealm ; Eddy- stone ; Salombe (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, c. under stones (L.B.). _B. iii, iv (M.B.A.) diaphana, A. and H. Torbay (A. and H.) sparsa, A. and H. Taken once off Stoke Point (M.B.A.) depressa (A.and H.). P/ymouth Breakwater ; Mew- stone Ledge, rr. (M.B.A.) ; Torday, under stones, lw. (A. and H.) pusilla (A. and H.). P/ymouth (M.B.A.). Torguay (A. and H.). B. ii (M.B.A). maculata, Garstang. Plymouth Sound ; Mewstone and Eddystone Grounds, r. (M.B.A.) oblonga, A. and H. P/ymouth, v.c. at times on Cellaria (M.B.A.) ; deep water off Berry Ha. (A. and H.). B. iv (M.B.A.) Goniodoris nodosa (M.). Plymouth Sound, etc., v.c. B. i-v, ix, xii (M.B.A.) — castanea, A. and H. Plymouth Sound; Yealm ; Eddystone Grounds, occ. (M.B.A.); Sakombe (A. and H.). _B. ii, v, vii, ix (M.B.A.) Idalina elegans (R.L.). Devon (J.G.J.) — leachi (A. and H.). Torbay (A. and H.) Idaliella aspersa (A. and H.). Yea/m Est., rr. (M.B.A.) — quadricornis (M.). Devon (F. and H.) Ancula cristata (Ald.). P/ymouth Sound and Docks, fic. (M.B.A.) ; Torbay, r. (A. and H.) PULMONATA OTINIDAE Otina otis (Turt.). P/ymouth Sound, v.c. in barnacle shells, crevices in rocks, near h.w. (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, in clefts in rocks (L.B.) AURICULIDAE Leuconia bidentata (M.). P/ymouth, with O. otis (M.B.A.) ; Teignmouth Bay, under stones, etc. (L.B.) Alexia myosotis (Drap.). Teignmouth Bay, d. (L.B.) CEPHALOPODA OMMASTREPHIDAE Todaropsis eblanae (Ball). Single specimen off P/y- mouth, ca. 1890 (M.B.A.) Sthenoteuthis pteropus (St.). Salcombe, ca. Jan. 1892 (M.B.A.) Loricin1Daz Loligo Forbesii, St. occ. taken everywhere. B. iv—ix (M.B.A.) — media (L.). fic. and gen. dist. embryos x (M.B.A.) — marmorae, Vérany. specimen (M.B.A.) B. iv—vi, late Plymouth Draystone, single SEPIIDAE Sepia officinalis, L. Gen. dist. and fic., comes into bays and estuaries to spawn, July, Aug. B. vii-ix, hatching x (M.B.A.) Sepia elegans, d’Orb. fic. Plymouth trawling grounds ; Start Bay, etc. (M.B.A.) _ Forbesella tessellata (Fb.). CEPHALOPODA (continued) SEPIOLIDAE Sepiola atlantica, d’Orb. and occ. 15-35 fms. — scandica, St. Plymouth Sound, single specimen, Nov. 1887; Mewstone Gnds., Oct. 1899 (M.B.A.) ; Torbay (F. and H.) Rossia macrosoma (DLC.). P/ymouth trawling grounds occ. (M.B.A.) fic. in bays and estuaries Ocropop1DaE Polypus vulgaris (Lam.). Occ. specimens only were taken on the S. coast until 1g00, during the summer of which it became exceedingly plen- tiful all along the coast. In Sept. the depre- dations of the octopus caused large numbers of crabs (Cancer pagurus) § in. to 7 in. across to seek shelter between tidemarks in Plymouth Sound, and practically cleared the Sound of swimming crabs (Portunus depurator). Not content with the free crabs the octopus paid visits to the crab-pots, killing large numbers of crabs and lobsters, as the following, which re- presents the total catch of an average of 30 crab pots per day for 6 days in Plymouth Sound (Oct. 15-20), will show: Crabs living, 3 ; lobsters living, 15 ; octopus, 64. Crabs dead, 44.3 lobsters dead, 41. In Nov. the trawlers were catching large quantities of octopus, up to 100 per haul, 5 miles off P/ymouth, and 20 m.S.S.E. of Berry Hd. In 1go1 the quan- tities of octopus caught were practically normal (M.B.A.) Moschites cirrosa (Lam.). P/ymouth trawling grounds frequent; also in lobster pots (M.B.A.) BRACHIOPODA "TEREBRATULIDAE Megathyris cistellula, Wood. Exmouth (J.G.J.) Gwynia capsula (J.E.J.). Péymouth (J.G.J.) TUNICATA Motcutipaz Molgula oculata, Fb. fic. on clean fine gravel off Plymouth (M.B.A.) — simplex, A. and H. mac. on Chaetopterus tubes from the Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) CynrTHiupaz Eddystone Gnds. (M.B.A.) Styelopsis grossularia, v. B. Péymoutk Sound, v.c. in places on rocks between tidemarks; small squat var. Eddystone Gnas. ; Salcombe f.c. B. v-x (M.B.A.) Polycarpa pomaria (Sv.). Caitewater c. occ., probably from trawl refuse; Eddystone Guds. v.c. (M.B.A.) AScIDIIDAE Corella larvaeformis, Hancock. Off Eddystone (M.B.A.) — parallelogramma, O.F.M. Single specimens, Plymouth Sound and 2 miles S. of Mezwstone (M.B.A.) Phallusia mammillata, Cuv. Gen. dist. but n.c. 157 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE TUNICATA (continued) AsciDIIDAE (continued) Ascidiella aspersa (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound; Yealn, c. 3 Sakombe, v.c.; Exmouth, c. in Dock ; Teign- mouth Bay, occ. (M.B.A.) — scabra, O.F.M. Plymouth Sound; Yealm, occ. ; Sakombe, c.; Eddystone Gnds. c., growing on stem of Sertularella gayi (M.B.A.) — venosa,O.F.M. Eddystone Gnds. occ. (M.B.A.) Ascidia depressa, Ald. Shell gravel off Bo/t Head(M.B.A.) — arachnoider, Fb. Devon coast, m.c. (F. and H.) — mentula, O.F.M. Plymouth Sound occ., Mewstone Guds. (M.B.A.) ; Torcross (A. and H.) Ciona intestinalis (L.). Small specimens (4-5 in. long) n.c. shore—35 fms. off P/ymouth, Torbay, Teignmouth Bay. In 1go1 became v.c. and of large size (12 in. in length) in Milbay Docks, Plymouth, and Exmouth Dock. It resumed its normal abundance the year after as far as Ply- mouth was concerned, but the writer has no record of Exmouth (M.B.A.). In 1905 it ap- peared in Midbay Dock again in great profusion (E. J. Allen). B. vi-ix. Those from Exmouth were often infested with Notopterophorus gibba (M.B.A.) CLavELINIDAE Diazona violacea, Sv. Eddystone and Stoke Point Grounds, n.c. (M.B.A.) Perophora banyulensis, Lahille. Sound (M.B.A.) — listeri, Wiegmann. Sakombe (M.B.A.) Pycnoclavella aurilucens, Garstang. Mewstone Ledge, 10-20 fms. on various objects ; Plymouth Sound once on red weed (M.B.A.) Clavelina lepadiformis (O.F.M.). Plymouth Sound, m.c.; Mewstone Ledge; on Salstone, Salcombe, v.c. B. vi-vii (M.B.A.) Duke Rock, Plymouth Plymouth Sound, v.c.3 Yealm ; BorryLiipaz Botryllus violaceus, M.E. Gen. dist. and c. on rocks, stones, weeds, etc. at lw. B. vi-viii (M.B.A.) — bivitattus, M.E. orguay (F. and H.) Botrylloides rubrum, M.E. Plymouth Sound, c. under stones, lw. B. viii-x (M.B.A.) TUNICATA (continued) DisromipaE Distaplia rosea, Della Valle. Plymouth Sound, Duke Re. on stones and shells, etc. (M.B.A.) Archidistoma aggregatum, Garstang. Plymouth, Duke Ré,, v.c. on stones; 2 m. S. of Metostone, rr. B. vi (M.B.A.) PoLycLiniDaE Aplidium zostericola, Giard. P/ymouth, on stalks of Bowerbankia or Amathia (M.B.A.) Amaroucium albicans (M. E.). Plymouth Mewstone (M.B.A.) — nordmanni (M. E.). Wembury Bay; Sakombe, c. on Salstone. B. vi (M.B.A.) : — punctum, Giard. 3 m. S. of Mezstone (M.B.A,) Morchellium argus, M.E. Plymouth Sound, c.; Yeala, Sakombe (Salstone), v.c. on shore, occ. in dredg- ings. B. ix (M.B.A.) Morchelloides alderi (Herdman). Plymouth Sound, on stones, shells ; Laminaria roots, m.c. (M.B.A.) Fragarium elegans, Giard. P/ymouth, Duke Rk. on stones (M.B.A.) Circinalium concrescens, Giard, Plymouth Sound occ.; Wembury Bay (M.B.A.) DotioiipaE Doliolum nationalis, Borgert. Plymouth, v.c., Aug., Sept., 18933 v.c., 18953 occ. Nov., 1905 (M.B.A.) SALPIDAE Eddystone, 1904 (M.B.A.) Plymouth, v.c. 1893 mid June B. viii-x Salpa fusiformis, Cuv. — mucronata, Fr. to st week of July; Nov. 1903. (M.B.A.) APPENDICULARIIDAE Plymouth, gen. present in tow-nettings, occ. c. B. viii-x (M.B.A.) Fritillaria borealis, Lohmann. P/ymouth, Mar., Oct., Nov., 1899; Aug., 1903 (M.B.A.) Oikapleura dioica, Fol. 158 MOLLUSCS NON-MARINE Although limestones are abundant in the south of the county, there is, on the whole, a lack of calcareous soil in Devon, hence it is by no means a district highly favourable to molluscan life. Nevertheless, the moist climate and abundance of vegetation (save on the granite uplands of Dartmoor), with the diversified physical features, enable a large number of different molluscs to dwell there. So that, out of some 140 species known to inhabit the British Islands, 109 have been met with in the area. Two records, namely those of Heficel/la ita/a (the heath snail) and Helix pisana, both cited for Ilfracombe in a local guide to that place, have been rejected as being too doubtful, careful collectors working recently over that district having failed to find them. The latter is a very local shell, which occurs at Tenby and at Swansea on the other side of the Bristol Channel, as well as at Falmouth, Whitesand Bay, and St. Ives, in Cornwall, so that the locality at Woolacombe Sands given for it in the Guide was not an unlikely one, though since it was said to be rare, while the white banded-snail (He/ice//a virgata) was common on the spot, it is probable that fine specimens of the latter were mistaken for it, for where Helix pisana does occur it is always present in considerable quantities. The lack of any reliable record of the presence of the heath snail (Helicella ital2) in the county is remarkable. This mollusc should be sought for especially on the chalk patches between Beer Head and Dorsetshire. Another snail one would expect might be added to the list is Vitrea radiatula, which may be looked for in moss and under decay- ing logs in woods. Of freshwater species noteworthy absentees are Limnea stagnalis, Planorbis corneus, and Bithymia leachi. Two importations are worth mention. A single specimen of Helix pomatia, familiarly known as the Roman snail, was picked up beside the Exeter Canal: probably it had been thrown away from some French boat. While the pretty little Opeas goodall, frequently introduced into green- houses with plants from the West Indies, was very common in Pince’s Exeter Nursery in 1850, but according to Parfitt had died out by 1874. The most interesting mollusc of those chronicled as inhabiting the county is Hygromia revelata. Like Helix pisana and the Kerry slug (Geo- malacus maculosus) it is one of the rarer and more local of those western species, of which Helicella barbara and H. virgata are more widely dis- tributed examples, that came to these shores from the Portuguese region along the now submerged plateau connecting these islands with the Con- tinent, which plateau was dry land during a part of the Pleistocene period. Another species, Vertigo moulinsiana, is one that had a wider range in Pleistocene times, but has since been dying out, and is now confined to 159 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE limited spots in such widely-separated localities as the Isle of Arran, west Galway, Derby, Notts., Herts., Hants, and Dorset, as well as its recently discovered habitat near Ilfracombe. Literature on the non-marine molluscan fauna of Devon is not plen- tiful. Only one memoir, which includes the marine species as well, deals with the county as a whole, namely, that by Mr. E. Parfitt, in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for 1874 (vol. vi. pp. 567-640). The author appears, however, to have been unacquainted with an interest- ing paper on the non-marine shells of the Plymouth district, by Mr. J.C. Bellamy, in the Edinburgh Sfournal of Natural History for October, 1837 (vol. i. p. 115). A list of the species to be found in south Devon was published by Mr. E. D. Marquand, in the Sournal of Conchology for October, 1889 (vol. vi. pp. 136-140). For the Ilfracombe district there is an antiquated list in a local Guide to Ilfracombe, which dates back to 1845; and a list by Mr. J. Le B. Tomlin, supplemented recently by a paper by Mr. H. Beeston and Mr. C. E. Wright, both which com- munications appear in the Yournal of Conchology (vol. v. 1887, pp. 181- 183; and vol. xi. 1904, pp. 72-82). Most of the remaining records are scattered references of isolated occurrences. From these and the Census of the Conchological Society the following list has been compiled. For the sake of uniformity the same names are employed as in pre- viously published volumes of this series of County Histories, but for a later and more correct nomenclature recourse should be had to the List of British Non-marine Mollusca published by the Conchological Society. A. GASTROPODA I. PULMONATA @. STYLOMMATOPHORA Testacella haliotidea, Drap. ‘The Castle, ‘Tiverton ; Vitrea excavata (Bean). — nitida (Mull.). Topsham ; Ilfracombe — fulva (Mill.). Stoke Woods; Haldon Woods ; Ivybridge Hele Bay, near Ilfracombe — scutulum, Sby. Plymouth ; Bideford Limax maximus, Linn. — flavus, Linn. — arborum, Bouch.-Chant. Stoke Wood; Haldon Woods Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.) — levis (Mull). A single specimen was found at Exmouth Amalia sowerbii (Féx.) — gagates (Drap.). Topsham Vitrina pellucida (Miull.) Vitrea crystallina (Mill.) — lucida (Drap.). Topsham; Torquay ; Tor- cross ; Ermington ; Ilfracombe — alliaria (Miller) — glabra (Brit. Auct.). — cellaria (MUll.) — nitidula (Drap.) — pura (Ald.) 1 Now known as Vitrea rogersi, B. B. Woodw. Exeter ; Plymouth Plymouth ; Ilfracombe Arion ater (Linn.) — hortensis, (Fér.) Common : two albinos have been taken at Hele, near Ilfracombe — circumscriptus, John. North Devon — intermedius, Norm. A single specimen found at Exmouth — subfuscus (Drap.). Punctum pygmaum (Drap.). don Woods Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.). ‘Torbay ; Ivybridge ; Plymouth ; Ilfracombe [Guide] — rotundata (Mull). Common: the white. variety has been met with at Plymouth, and predominated at Hele, near Ilfracombe Helicella virgata (Da C.) — caperata (Mont.) — barbara (Linn.) — cantiana (Mont.). Exeter; Plymouth Hygromia fusca (Mont.). Exmouth Warren ; Ply- mouth ; near Ilfracombe ; Combe Martin (rare) Topsham. Stoke Woods; Hal- 160 NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA Hygromia granulate (Ald.) — hispida (Linn.) — revelata (Fér.), Axminster ; Torquay ; Tor- cross ; Plymouth — rufescens (Penn.) Acanthinula aculeata (MUll.), Exeter; Kings- bridge ; Plymouth ; near Ilfracombe Vallonia pulchella (Mull). Exeter; Torcross ; Plymouth ; Ilfracombe Helicigona lapicida (Linn.). Newton Abbot; Goodrington Sands ; Ashburton ; Lynton —— arbustorum (Linn.). Exeter ; Newton Abbot ; Barnstaple Helix aspersa, Mull. — nemoralis, Linn, — bortensis, Mill. Buliminus montanus (Drap.). mouth — obscurus (Mull.) Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.) 4Azeca tridens (Pult.). Barnstaple Cecilianella acicula (Mull.). Torquay ; Ilfracombe [Guide] Pupa secale, Drap. Axminster — cylindracea (Da C.) — muscorum (Linn.). Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). Plymouth Vertigo antivertiga (Drap.). Plymouth [Bellamy] — substriata (Jeff.). ‘Devon’ [Jeffreys] — pygm@a (Drap.). Bovisand, near Plymouth ; Braunton Burrows, near Barnstaple — moulinsiana (Dup.). Braunton Burrows — pusilla, Mill. ‘ Devon’ [Jeffreys] Balea perversa (Linn.) Clausilia laminata (Mont.). Ilfracombe — bidentata (Strém.) — rolphii, Gray. Newton Abbot Succinea putris (Linn.) — elegans, Risso. Exeter Axminster; Ply- Tawstock Woods, near Plymouth ; Ilfracombe Haldon Woods ; Sidmouth ; Torquay ; Succinea oblonga, Drap. Braunton Burrows, near Barnstaple, including one white specimen 6. BasomMaToPHORA Carychium minimum, Mull. Melampus denticulatus (Mont.). Ilfracombe [Guide] Alexia myosotis (Drap.). Exmouth Warren ; Tor- ba Leuconia Fidbaiaes (Mont.) Ancylus fluviatilis, Mull. Velletia lacustris (Linn.). Limnea auricularia (Linn.) — pereger (Mill.) — palustris (Mull.) — truncatula (Mill.) Planorbis albus, Mill. — glaber, Jeff. South Devon — nautileus (Linn.) | Exeter canal ;. Exminster marshes — carinatus, Mill. —— marginatus, Drap. — vortex (Linn.) — spirorbis, Mull. — contortus (Linn.) — fontanus (Lightf.). Physa fontinalis (Linn.) — hypaorum (Linn.) Exminster marshes Near Exeter Exminster marshes II. PROSOBRANCHIA Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith). Yeo, near Barnstaple — ventrosa (Mont.). Plymouth [Bellamy] — stagnalis (Bast.), Occurs round the coast Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.) Vivipara vivipara (Linn.) — contecta, (Millett) Valvata piscinalis (MUll.) — cristata, Mull. Topsham Pomatias elegans (Mill.) Acicula lineata (Drap.). Neritina fluviatilis (Linn.). Topsham ;_ River | Bxeter Exeter South Devon B. PELECYPODA Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.). Exeter canal, near Topsham Unio pictorum (Linn.). South Devon — margaritifer (Linn.). River Teign at Dunsford ; Plymouth district [Bellamy]; River Taw, near Bishops Tawton Anodonta cygnea (Linn.) Spherium corneum (Linn.) — ovale (Fér.). Exmouth — faustre (Mull). Exmouth; Plymouth ; Braunton Burrows, near Barnstaple Pisidium amnicum (Miull.) — pusillum (Gmel.). Exmouth; Plymouth ; Braunton Burrows, near Barnstaple — nitidum, Jenyns. Wonford, near Exeter — fontinale (Drap.). Exminster Marshes, where also the variety, by most now considered a separate species, P. Henslowianum is found ; Braunton Burrows — milium (Held.). Exminster Marshes ; Braun- ton Burrows I 161 21 INSECTS’ ‘With the exception of York and Lincoln, Devon is the largest county in England, containing about 1,660,000 acres. Although the greater part of the county is arable or pasture land, it contains over 86,000 acres of woods and plantations in addition to more than 157,000 acres of forest, moorland, and wild pasture. From its extensive coast-line, both on the north and south of the county, its varied geological formations and its numerous moors, woods, and plantations, its insect fauna is a rich one, though probably not equal to that of such counties as Kent, Sussex, or Hampshire. Through the exigencies of space it has been found necessary to adopt the following symbols in the lists throughout this article ; viz. :—* denotes common ; **very common or abundant; §not common; rare or scarce; tvery rare, and the abbreviation ‘ gen. dist.’ is used for generally distributed. ORTHOPTERA’® Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, and Crickets With the exception of Kent and possibly Hampshire, no county has a better list of species of this order than Devon. ‘The county possesses an earwig not known elsewhere—Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas—first brought to notice by Mr. Swale, who discovered it in an old bakehouse at Tavistock in 1894; on inquiry he found it had been established there for a considerable period. Since then it has been discovered at Queenborough, Kent, and several specimens have been imported into Kew Gardens from abroad. FORFICULARIA Earwigs Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas. ‘Taken at Tavistock, observed at Lynmouth, N. Devon (C. A. first noticed by Mr. Swale in 1894 Briggs) Labia minor, Linn. Abundant in summer, flying **Forficula auricularia, Linn. round heaps of manure, in S. Devon ; also — lesnei, Finot. Sidmouth (C. W. Dale) : BLATTODEA Cockroaches Ecrosipaz Ecrospae (continued) Ectobia lapponica, Linn. A specimen taken in the Phyllodromia germanica, Linn. Observed in many vaults of the City Bank, Exezer (Parfitt) houses in P/ymouth (Bignell and Keys). It — panzeri, Steph. Cliffs, Wembury (Bignell) ; is interesting to note that forty young Whitsand Bay (Keys); Dawlish Warren emerged in September, 1895, from one egg (W. J. Lucas) ; Kingsbridge and Phy mouth capsule of a specimen of this species, the (J. F. Stephens) female was obtained from a Plymouth restau- — livida, Fabr. Devonshire (Stephens) rant by Mr. James Keys. The capsule of 1 The sequence of the orders here followed is that adopted by Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., in the Cambridge Natural History, 1889-92.—H.G. As the lists of species in this article have been contributed by various writers, it has been difficult to maintain uniformity with regard to the names of authorities, etc., but it is presumed that the abbreviations used will be familiar to all entomologists. ? I have to express my thanks for valuable assistance received to Mr. Ernest E, Austen ; Mr, George Carter Bignell, F.E.S.; the late Mr. Charles G. Barrett, F.E.S.; Mr. Charles A. Briggs, F.E.S.; Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A., F.L.S. ; the Rev. Alfred E. Eaton, M.A., F.E.S. ; the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc., F.LS. ; Mr. William J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; the late Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S. ; the late Rev. Thomas A. Marshall, M.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. George T. Porritt, F.L.S. ; and Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. 163 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE Ecropipag (continued) the large cockroach (Blatta orientalis) gene- rally contains sixteen eggs. The latter does not begin to reproduce her species until the fourth year. When germanica begins to re- produce is not known, but is presumed to do so at the same age Blatta orientalis, Linn. Common cockroach, too well known as a household pest Periplaneta americana, Linn. About twelve years since Mr. G. C. Bignell observed a great number of these cockroaches in the streets of Plymouth, evidently flown from a ship then Ecronipae (continued) . in the Great Western Dock. Since that time they have established themselves in several bakehouses in P/ymoutk. Periplaneta americana has driven out Orientalis from more than one bakehouse in P/ymourh; the two do not appear to be able to live in harmony PANCHLORIDAE Rhyparobia madeirae, Fabr. Several specimens observed by the same gentleman in the - streets of Plymouth, about twenty years since, having flown from a ship in the Great Western Railway Docks ACRIDIODEA Grasshoppers "TRYXALIDAE Stenobothrus lineatus, Panzer. (Bignell) ; (Parfitt) — viridulus, Linn. §— rufipes, Zetterstedt. Lynton (Briggs) *_— bicolor, Charpentier. Very variable in colour *— parallelus, Zett. In fields Gomphocerus rufus, Linn. Wembury, Bolt Head (Bignell). Sandhills, Exmouth and Dazwlish (Parfitt) — maculatus, Thunb. Gen. dist. Wembury Cliff Braunton Burrows, N. Devon * On the coast (Bignell) ; Oxp1PoDIDAE Pachytylus migratorius, Linn. — cinerascens, Fabr. ACRIDIDAE Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv. About thirty of this species of locust were found in and around Plymouth, 9 October, 1869; Mr. Bignell secured about a dozen ; they extended along the south coast TrerriciDaz Tettix bipunctatus, Linn. Gen, dist. — subulatus, Linn. Taken in Bickkigh Woods, 22 April (Bignell) Casual visitors LOCUSTODEA Grasshoppers _ PHANEROPTERIDAE Leptophyes punctatissima, Bose. Frequently met with in Cann and Bickkeigh Woods. Obtained by beating (Bignell) ; Lywmourk (Briggs) MECcONEMIDAE *Meconema varium, Fabr. Bickkigh and Cann Woods (Bignell) ; Lynmouth and Lynn River (Briggs) ; Totnes (Lucas) ; Stoke Woods, Exeter (A. O. Rowden); at sugar in S. Devon (G. Porritt) ConocEPHALIDAE Xiphidium dorsale, Latr. (Porritt) LocusTIDAE Locusta viridissima, Linn. Bickkigh ; Horrabridge ; Bovisand (Bignell) ; Torguay (A. H. Hamm); Teignmouth ; Newton Abbot (Parfitt) DecrIicipaz In a marsh, S, Devon Decricipak (continued) Haldon (Parfitt) ; Stoke Wood nr. Exeter ; Sid- mouth (Rowden) ; Bovey Tracey (F. C. Summerson) . Platycleis grisea, Fabr. Dawlish (C. Babington) — brachyptera, Linn. Haddon; Woodbury Com- mon, August (Parfitt) GRYLLIDAE Gryllus campestris, Linn. — domesticus, Linn, Devon (Stephens) House cricket, gen. dist. GRYLLOTALPIDAE Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn, Mole cricket, occurs rather frequently in the neighbour- hood of Exeter. A few years since several were found in the streets early in the morn- ing (Parfitt). Mr. Bignell has seen three found in a potato patch, each had consumed Thamnotrizon cinereus, Linn. Ivybridge, out of bramble (Bignell) ; a great portion of the potato under which Lynmouth (Briggs) ; they were found in September NEUROPTERA Stone-flies, May-fiies, Dragon-flies, Caddis-fiies, etc. Owing to the very varied nature of the country and to the fact that the southern portion has been carefully worked by such keen observers as Mr. Parfitt of Exeter, the Revd. A. E. Eaton, Mr. G. C. Bignell of Plymouth, and, in earlier days, by Dr. Leach, while the northern portion has received attention from Mr. MacLachlan, Mr. Stanley Edwards, and myself, the Devonshire list of Neuroptera is, even now, a fairly lengthy one. 164 INSECTS Much, however, remains to be done; but when the central and western portions of the county, hitherto but little worked, have received due attention, there can be but little doubt that Devonshire will take a very high position among the counties of England as regards Neuroptera. The arrangement followed is that of The Catalogue of British Neuroptera by MacLachlan and Eaton, published by the Entomological Society of London in 1870. In a few instances where there has been no recent capture, and there seems to be a possibility of error, I have added the name of the recorder in brackets. NEUROPTERA BRITANNICA PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA PsociDaE Atropos divinatoria, Mill. Clothilla pulsatoria, Lin. — picea, Mots. Hyperetes guestfalicus, Kolbe. Bertkauia prisca, Kolbe. Psocus longicornis, Fab. — nebulosus, Steph. — variegatus, Fab. — fasciatus, Fab. — sexpunctatus, Lin. — bifasciatus, Latr. — quadrimaculatus, Latr. — bipunctatus, Lin. (Parfitt) Stenopsocus immaculatus, Steph. — cruciatus, Lin. Caecilius pedicularis, Lin. — flavidus, Steph. — obsoletus, Steph. — Dalii, McLach. — vittatus, Latr. — perlatus, Kolbe. — piceus, Kolbe. Ectopsocus Briggsii, McLach. Peripsocus phoeopterus, Steph. Elipsocus unipunctatus, Mill. — cyanops, Rostock — Westwoodii, McLach. var. abietis, Kolbe. — hyalinus, Steph. — flaviceps, Steph. PERLIDAE Dictyopteryx microcephala, Pict. — rectangulata, Pict. (Stephens) Perla marginata, Panz. (Parfitt) — maxima, Scop. SIALIDAE Sialis lutaria, Lin. — fuliginaria, Pict. RaPHIDIIDAE Raphidia notata, Fab. (Parfitt) — xanthostigma, Steph. (Parfitt) OsMYLIDAE Osmylus chrysops, Lin. Sisyra fuscata, Fab. — terminalis, Curt. PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA (cont.) PeruipaE (cont.) Perla cephalotes, Curt. Isopteryx torrentium, Pict. — tripunctata, Scop. Taeniopteryx nebulosa, Lin. — Risi, Morton Leuctra geniculata, Steph. — hippopus, Kemp — klapaleki, Kemp Nemoura variegata, Oliv. — meyeri, Pict. — cinerea, Oliv. — marginata, Pict. — inconspicua, Pict. EPHEMERIDAE Ephemera vulgata, Lin. — danica, Lin. — lineata, Eaton Leptophlebia submarginata, Steph. Habrophlebia fusca, Curt. Ephemerella ignita, Poda. Coenis halterata, Fab. — dimidiata, Steph. Baétis binoculatus, Lin. — scambus, Eaton — niger, Lin. — pumilus, Burm. — Rhodani, Pict. — vernus, Curt. Cloéon dipterum, Lin. Centroptilum luteolum, Eaton Rhithogenia semicolorata, Curt. Heptagenia sulphurea, Mull. Ecdyurus venosus, Fab. — insignis, Eaton — volitans, Eaton SIALIDAE (cont.) HEMEROBIDAE Micromus variegatus, Fab. — paganus, Lin. Hemerobius pellucidus, Walker — inconspicuus, McLach. — nitidulus, Fab. -— micans, Oliv. var. fuscinervis, Schn. — humuli, Lin. — lutescens, Fab. — marginatus, Steph. 165 ODONATA LisgL.uLiDaE Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. -— vulgatum, Lin. — flaveolum, Lin. — sanguineum, Mull. — scoticum, Don. Platetrum depressum, Lin. Libellula quadrimaculata, Lin. Orthetrum cancellatum, Lin. — coerulescens, Fab. CorpuLipag Oxygastrii curtisii, Dale (Curtis) GomPuipDoz Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. AESCHNIDAE Brachytron pratense, Mull. Aeschna cyanea, Mull, — mixta, Latr. — juncea, Lin. — grandis, Lin. CaLopTEeRYGIDAE Calopteryx virgo, Lin. — splendens, Lin. AGRIONIDAE Lestes sponsa, Hans. Platycnemia pennipes, Pall. Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. — tenellum, Vill. Ischnura elegans, Lind. Agrion pulchellum, Lind. — puella, Lin. Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. NEUROPTERA PLANIPENNIA SIALIDAE (conz.) HeEMEROBIDAE (cont.) Hemerobius stigma, Steph. — atrifrons, McLach. — pini, Steph. — subnebulosus, Steph. Megalomus hirtus, Lin. (Parfitt) CurysopiDak Chrysopa flava, Scop. — vittata, Wesm. — alba, Lin. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE SIALIDAE (cont.) Curysopipak (cont.) Chrysopa flavifrons, Brauer — vulgaris, Schr. — septempunctata, Wesm. — ventralis, Curt. — aspersa, Wesm. — perla, Lin. — abbreviata, Curt. (Curtis) Nothochrysa fulviceps, Steph. (Ste- phens) — capitata, Fab. (Stephens) ConIOPTERYGIDAE Coniopteryx tineiformis, Curt. — psociformis, Curt. — aleyrodiformis, Steph. PaNnorPIDAE Panorpa communis, Lin. — germanica, Lin. — cognata, Ram. (Parfitt) TRICHOPTERA INAEQUIPALPIA PHRYGANIDAE Phrygania grandis, Lin. — varia, Fab. LyMNOPHILIDAE Colpotaulius incisus, Curt. Grammotaulius atomarius, Fab. Glyphotoelius pellucidus, Oliv. Limnophilus rhombicus, Lin. — flavicornis, Fab. — marmoratus, Curt. — lunatus, Curt. — griseus, Lin. — bipunctatus, Curt. — affinis, Curt. — centralis, Curt. — vittatus, Fab. — auricula, Curt. — luridus, Curt. — sparsus, Curt. — fuscicornis, Ram. Anabolia nervosa, Curt. — INAEQUIPALPIA (cont.) LyMNopHILiDaE (cont.) Stenophyllax stellatus, Curt. — concentricus, Zell — vibex, Curt. Micropterna sequax, McLach. — lateralis, Steph. Halesus radiatus, Curt. — digitatus, Schr. Drusus annulatus, Steph. Choetopteryx villosa, Fab. Apatania muliebris, McLach. SERISCOSTOMIDAE Seriscostoma personatum, Steph. Notidobia ciliaris, Lin. Goéra pilosa, Fab. Silo pallipes, Fab. — nigricornis, Pict. Brachycentrus subnubilus, Curt. Crunvecia irrorata, Curt. Lepidostoma hirtum, Fab. Lasciocephala basalis, Kol. AEQUIPALPIA LEproceRIDAE Beroea pullata, Curt. — maurus, Curt. — articularis, Pict. Molanna angustata, phens) Odontocerum albicorne, Scop. Leptocerus nigronervosus, Retz. — alboguttatus, Hag. — annulicornis, Steph. — aterrimus, Steph. — cinereus, Curt. — albifrons, Lin. -—— commutatus, McLach. — bilineatus, Lin. — dissimilis, Steph. Mystacides Azurea, Pict. — nigra, Lin. — longicornis, Lin. Trioenodes bicolor, Curt. — conspersa, Ramb. Adicella reducta, McLach. Curt. (Ste- HYMENOPTERA PHYTOPHAGA AEQUIPALPIA (cont.) LeproceriDaE (cont.) Oecetes testacea, Curt. Setodes tineiformis, Curt. — interrupta, Fab. HypropsycuH DAE Hydropsyche pellucidula, Pict. — instabilis, Curt. — angustipennis, Curt. — guttata, Pict. — lepida, Pict. Diplectrona felix, Westwood Philopotamus montanus, Don. var. insularis, McLach. var. chrysopterus, Morton Wormaldia occipitalis, Pict. — subnigra, McLach. Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curt. — geniculata, McLach. — brevis, McLach. Polycentropus flavomaculatus, Pict. — Kingi, McLach. — multiguttatus, Curt. Holocentropus dubius, Ramb Ecnomus tenellus, Ramb. Tinodes woeneri, Lin. — unicolor, Pict. — aureola, Zett. Lype phoeopa, Steph. Psycnomia pusilla, Fab. RHYACOPHILIDAE Chimarra marginata, Lin. Rhyacophila dorsalis, Curt. — obliterata, McLach. — munda, McLach. Glossoma Boltoni, Curt. — vernale, Pict. Agapetus fuscipes, Curt. — comatus, Pict. HypropTi.ipaz Agraylea multipunctata, Curt. Hydroptila tineoides, Dalm. — McLachlani, Klap. — forcipata, Eaton Orthotrichia angustella, McLach. Oxythira falcata, Morton The Phytophagous Hymenoptera, better known by the name of Sawflies, from the fact that each possesses an instrument for the purpose of making incisions in the selected food plant, whether in leaves or branches; the reason for so doing is to deposit their eggs. Each species has a different form of cutting power adapted to its special requirements. Trees, shrubs, their leaves and bark, and low-growing vegetation are laid under contribution ; each species has its own particular tree, shrub, or plant. One of the most conspicuous of these insects forms the gall found on willow-leaves (Pontania gallicala), with large red blotches. These galls are formed before the larvae emerge from the eggs. ‘This is in direct opposition to the procedure of the Cynipidae-galls of the oak ; the oak- galls are not formed until the larvae have emerged from their eggs. 166 INSECTS Sawfly larvae feeding exposed on trees, shrubs, etc., may be very easily mistaken for the larvae of Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths), As a general rule they can be separated by the number of legs ; lepidopterous larvae never have more than sixteen (six proper and ten pro-legs), while the larvae of the sawfly may have twenty-two (six proper and sixteen pro-legs) ; but like everything in nature there is no hard-and-fast line, therefore a great diversity will be found among the different species in colour, form, and method of feeding. Several species may be mentioned to illustrate these remarks, Leptocercus /uridiventris for instance ; the larvae of this species is flat, and lies stretched out on the underside of the leaves of the elder, and resembles a scale insect rather than a caterpillar ; while that of Eriocampoides limacina is more like a slug than a caterpillar in appearance and manner of feeding, which is on the upper epidermis of the leaf at first; as they grow they commence feeding on the lower side of the leaf until every particle of green is consumed, leaving only a brown skeleton, which shortly drops to the ground. Pear, apple, and plum trees often suffer from these *slugworms,’ At the last change the slug-like skin is thrown off, then it appears as an ordinary caterpillar. Another form of larva is that of Pamphilius depressus, which has no pro-legs on the abdominal part for holding, consequently it has to spin a series of threads across the leaf, a sort of ladder arrangement, wherever it desires to travel, sometimes connecting the outer edges of the leaves of the alder for protection, or fastening two leaves together. The sawfly caterpillar which forces itself mostly on our notice is that of Pteronus ribesii, the great destructor of the foliage of our gooseberry and currant bushes, eating the leaves, thereby destroying the fruit ; the crop, however, may be saved by hand-picking when they first make their appearance, which is indicated by numerous small holes in the leaves. ‘The farmer is sometimes troubled with Athalia spinarum, better known to him by the name of the ‘ nigger,’ ‘black army,’ etc., from the black colour of the larvae; these often attack the turnip crop, eating the leaves, causing immense damage. Another sawfly the farmer dreads is Cephus pygmaeus, which attacks the stems of wheat and barley, depositing its egg in the stem near the ground, the larva, eating upwards, consuming the vital part of the stem; when full fed it returns to the root, therein changes to a pupa, and where it remains through the winter, ready to again commence the cycle of life after escaping from its winter quarters. The larva eating the inside of the stem causes the plant to become too weak to bear fruit, and the stem is usually blown down by the first storm, Any indication of an attack should be noted, and to get rid of the pest the stubble after harvest should be gathered and burnt. Many of the sawfly larvae are conspicuous and feed exposed ; when this is the case the majority are able to protect themselves by emitting a very disagreeable odour ; this no doubt suggests an objectionable taste which would prevent a bird from attacking them a second time should it at first sight have thought the larva a tempting morsel. This, however, does not prevent the ichneumon fly from depositing its egg in the larva. Among the sawflies many species are known to be reproduced by virgin females; in some instances the offspring are all females, in another species all males, in a third they may be of both sexes. In some species the males are so few and far between that many collections are without them. The writer does not know of any naturalist in the county who has devoted his entire energy to this branch (Sawflies), therefore the list of captures, about 151, is only a portion of what might be expected to occur in a county which has such a variety of vegetation on its moors, heaths, and hedgerows. The list is arranged according to Pastor Konow’s system of nomenclature. LIST OF THE PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA OCCURRING IN THE COUNTY Neurotoma flaviventris, Ratz., Macrocephus linearis, Kirby, Hor- | Cimbex femorata, Lin., Exeter x? Bickleigh rabridge — connata, Vell., Plymouth District Pamphilius sylvarum, Kirby, Joy- Cephus pygmaeus, Lin., Bick/igh, ‘Trichiosoma lucorum, Lin., Crab- bridge, 26 April 26 June : tree, Plymouth — betulae, Lin., Devon (Stephens) Sirex gigas, Lin., Phymbridge; Cann = — betuleti, Klg., Church Lane, — depressus, Cam. Gen. dist. Wood _ Heavitreex_ a — sylvaticus, Lin., N. Devon (Par-- — noctilio, Fab.! Several bred Abia sericea, Lin., Bickleigh, fit) from pine trees 22 April — inanitus, Vill., Ieydridge Janus cynosbati, Fab., Horrabridge ; Bickleigh 1 This until 1904 was supposed to be juvencus, F. The true juvencus has not been observed in England. 167 3 Marked thus (x ) have been recorded by the late Edward Parfitt for the Exeter district. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE LIST OF THE PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA OCCURRING IN Abia nigricornis, Leach, P/ymouth (Parfitt) — fasciata, Lin., dvon Valley Arge caerulescens, Geoff., Holne (Yerbury) — ustulata, Lin., Torcross — atrata, Farst., Bickkeigh — cyaneo-crocea, Forst., cross X Lophyrus sertiferus, Cam., P/y- mouth District Trichiocampus pecticornis, Four- croy, Starcross X — viminalis, Bickleigh — ulmi, Lin., Horrabridge x Pricphorus padi, Lin. Bred from sallow X Leptocercus luridiventris, Fallen. Tor- x Dineura stilata, Htg., Walkham Valley — despecta, Htg. x Cryptocampus pentandrae, Cam., Waltham Valley —angusta, Cam., Plymouth Dis- trict — saliceti,Cam., Plymouth District Pontania xanthogaster, Foer., Lyd- fjord — nigrolineatus, Cam., Plymouth District — baccarum, Cam., Plymouth Dis- trict — salicis-cinereae, Thoms., P/y- mouth X — bellus, Zaddach, x — gallicola, West. Bredin June and November x Pteronus melanaspis, Htg., P/y- mouth X — microcercus. Bred from sal- low — myosotidis, Htg., Bick/igh x — salicis, Lep. Bred 21 May from larva found at Long- bridge in the previous year — melanocephalus, Htg. x — ribesii, Dbm. Common gar- den pest on gooseberries throughout the county. Bred 18 July; often two broods in a year — bipartitus, Lep. x Amauronematus histrio, Bred from a decayed branch of apple — fallax, Lep., Plymouth Dis- trict X Croesus septentrionalis, Lin. x — varus, Vill., N. Devon (Parfitt) Holcocneme lucida, Panz., Horra- bridge X Nematus abdominalis, Dbm., P/y- mouth District Voll., Longbridge, THE COUNTY (continued) Nematus luteus, Panz. x Pachynematus rumicis, Fallen. x — capreae, Panz., Crabtree near Phymouth ; Exmouth (Par- fitt) — obductus, Htg., Péymouth x — conductus, Ruthe., Phymouth x Pristiphora ruficornis, Olivier X — pallipes, Lep., Bick/eigh Eriocampoidesannulipes, Thoms., Bickleigh —limacina, Retz, Laira, Plymp- ton X Hoplocampa pectoralis, Thoms. X — crataegi, Klug., Shaugh-bridge Periclista. melanocephala, Fab. Bred 12 May from larva found feeding on oak the previous year Pareophora luridiventris, Klug. x Ardis sulcata, Cam., X Phymatoceros aterrima, Klug., Pentillie on the Tamar Tomostethus nigritus, Fab. x — fuscipennis, Fall., Bickéeigh ; Ivybridge x — dubius, Gmel., Walkham Val- ley 5 Starcross X Scolioneura betuleti, Klug., Bick- leigh Monophadus albipes, Gmel., Bick- , high — ruficruris, Brullé x Harpiphorus lepidus, Klug. Bred from an old Cynips kollari- gall Athalia glabricollis, Thoms. x — spinarum, Fab. x — lineolata, Lep., Bickéeigh ; Ivy- bridge X — lugens, Klug., Bickleigh Selandria serva, Ste., Torcross; Shaugh-bridge X — sixii, Voll. x — stramineipes, Ste., Bickleigh- Vale ; and Ivybridge x —morio, Ste., Bickleigh-Vale ; Bovisand X Stromboceros delicatulus, Thoms., Cann Wood, Plympton Strongylogaster cingulatus, Horra- bridge and Shaugh-bridge x Eriocampa ovata, Lin. x — annulipes, Klug., Bickkigh x — limacina, Retz. x Poecilosoma pulverata, Ratz. x — longicornis, Thoms. x — liturata, Gm., Horrabridge — excisa, Thoms., Exmouth x Emphytus succinctus, Klug. x —cinctus, Klug., Waltham Val- key x — melanarius, Klug., x — rufocinctus, Retz., Bickleigh x — calceatus, Klug., Bickleigh 168 Emphytusserotinus, Klug., Shaugh- bridge X —carpini, Htg., Plymouth Dis- trict — pallipes, Spinola, Horrabridge — tener, Fallen, Bickeigh Taxonus agrorum, Fall., Devon (Stephens) — equiseti, Fall., Shipley-bridge, Brent (Keys) — glabratus, Fall. Bred from old bramble stem X Dolerus pratensis, Fall., Seaton ; Bickleigh x — anticus, Thoms. S/ade — palustris, Klug., Seaton x — gonager, Klug., Bickleigh x — puncticollis, Thoms., Péymoush District — haematodis, Klug. x — anthracinus, Klug., Bickdeigh — nigratus, Miill., Zeydridge x —niger, Klug., Horrabridge ; Loybridge x *—— aeneus, Klug. Sciopteryx costalis, Klug. x Rhogogastera punctulata, Klug. x — viridis, Lin., Cann Wood, Plympton X — lateralis, Fab., Bickéigh x — aucupariae, Klug., Phymbridge Tenthredopsis litterata, Geoff., Bickleighx *— coqueberti, Klug. ~— campestris, Lin. x — dorsalis, Lep., Bickleigh *Pachyprotasis rapae, Thoms. — antennata, Thoms., Bickkigh x * — variegata, ‘Thoms. Devon (Stephens) Macrophya blanda, Evers., Bick- high x *— annulata, Geoff. *— rustica, Evers. -- rufipes, Thoms., Torcross X — punctum-album, Thoms., x Allantus scrophulariae, Brischke, Bickleigh x -— marginellus, Rudow, Bickleigh — arcuatus, Step., Ivybridge, June and August x — maculatus, Fourc., Bickleigh and Ivybridge x — temulus, Scop., Bickleigh x Tenthredo flava, Scop., Pé/ymouth District — livida, Lin., var. Maura, Fab., Loybridge ; Bickleigh, June x — ferruginea, Schr., Cann Wood, Plympton X — balteata, Klug. x — atra, Lin., Bickleigh — mesomela, Lin., Bickkigh and Horrabridge x INSECTS CYNIPIDAE The Cynipidae are small insects ; in size they vary from 2 to6 mm. Their mode of living may be divided into three divisions : Gall-makers (vegetable feeders) ; inquilines; or lodgers in galls ; the remainder are parasites and hyperparasites (parasites on parasites). The inquilines adapt themselves to circumstances with regard to food. When the victim (the gallfly-larva) is con- sumed and more food is required they turn their attention to the vegetable matter within the gall. Although they are called lodgers, it is only about 3 per cent. of the gall-makers escape if the gall is attacked by them, and then it is only in the large galls (Cynips Kollari), The different groups will be dealt with separately. PARASITIC GROUP These were all captured ; very few have been bred. *Anacharis typica, Walker §— tincta, Walk. §— ensifera, Walk. tAnolytus rufipes, Foerster * Aegilips rufipes, Westwood §— nitidula, Dal. §Eucoela crassinerva, West. § — nigricornis, Cameron §— Marshalli, Cam. — rapae, West. Taken at Phym- bridge,7 Aug. 1882. West- wood bred it from tumours on turnips formed by Ocyp- tera brassicaria §Kleditoma Marshalli, Cam. §— longicornis, Cam. §— filicornis, Cam. *— subaptera, Walk. HYPERPARASITES ON THE APHIDIIDES Allotria minuta, Htg. Bred from Allotria Ullrichi, Giraud. Bred from Praon volucre, Haliday ; Praon volucre, Hal. Aphidius sonchi, Marshall; — cursor,Htg. Bred from Aphi- and A. ribis, Hal. dius urticae, Hal.; and A. — flavicornis, Htg. Bred from avenae, Hal. Aphidius cerasi, Marsh — erythrocephala, Jurine. Bred — victrix, Wesm. Bred from from Aphidius pascuorum, Aphidius pascuorum,Marsh. ; Marsh. and A. rosae, Hal. Allotriaancylocera, Cam. Bred from Aphidius brassicae, Marsh. — Tscheki, Gir. Bred from Aphi- dius ervi, Hal. — basimaculata,Cam. Bred from Monoctonus caricis, Hal. Diastrophus aphidivorus, Cam. Bred from Siphonophora urticae, Kalt. SYNERGI These inquilines, or lodgers in galls, as a general rule destroy the gall-makers, and are so much like the gall-makers that breeders of gall-flies and early writers on the subject have often mistaken one for the other. The variation in size in the same species is remarkable, and is dependent on the quantity of food. In some large species from six to twelve may be found to have existed on one victim, whereas one or two would consume the same sized larva, and would then only produce normal sized flies. In small galls (spangle galls) two small flies often appear from a single gall, because the victim is only food enough for one. Each larva at an early stage provides itself with a separate cell, no matter what number of parasitic larvae the gall may contain. As many as fifty-one have emerged from one Kollari gall. These made twenty-seven holes for their exit. Many of these fed on the vegetable matter com- posing the gall. Synergus albipes, Htg. Bred from Synergus nervosus, Htg. Bredfrom Synergus tristis, Mayr. Bred from Andricus curvator; Dryo- Andricus Malpighii; A. Andricus ostreus phanta divisa ; D. disticha ; glandulae; A. quadrilinea~ — Tscheki, Mayr. Bred from Neuroterus lenticularis ; N. numismatis ; N. fumipennis ; Andricus ostreus; Dryo- phanta folii ; and D. divisa — vulgaris, Htg. Bred from An- dricus fecundatrix Sapholytus connatus, Htg. Bred from Andricus trilineatus and Neuroterus punctatus Ceroptres arator, Htg. Bred from tus; A. autumnalis, A. callidoma ; and Dryophanta Tashenbergi — pallicornis, Htg. Bred from Neuroterus baccarum ; An- dricus callidoma; Dryo- phanta folii; D. longiven- tris ; and D. divisa — radiatus, Mayr. Bred from Andricus glandulae and albo- Neuroterus baccarum and N. tricolor — apicalis,Htg. Bred from Neu- roterus albipes ; N. vesica- trix; and Andricustrilineatus — facialis, Htg. Bred from Bio- rhiza terminalis and Neuro- terus baccarum — incrassatus, Htg. Bred from Andricus radicis, A. corti- cis, and A. Sieboldii punctata Andricus trilineatus — melanopus, Htg. Bred from — Reinhardi, Mayr. Bred from Cynips Kollari Cynips Kollari INQUILINES IN THE GALLS ON ROSES Periclistus Brandti, Ratz. Bred from galls of Rhodites rosae Periclistus caninae, Htg. Bred from galls of Rhodites eglanteriae 1 169 22 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE GALL MAKERS The life histories of the gall-makers are the best known of the Cynipidae group, and the majority are found on the oak. The cycle of life of nearly all the gall-makers has been carefully and ably worked our by Drs. Mayr and Adler, and their observations confirmed by others. The oak gall-flies are very remarkable in having an alternation of generations, i.e. the autumnal galls are all females, reproducing their species without the assistance of the male, Nearly the whole of the galls observed on oak trees in spring or early summer produce males and females. Another great feature is that each generation is never like that which it proceeded from, but always like its grandparents. In two instances, the winged sexes produce apterous (wingless) generations, all of which are females. These deposit their eggs and produce winged males and females. The galls of the two generations are never alike in any way, nor are the flies, in size, form, or colour. The spring generation is often three times smaller than its parent. The spring galls, as a rule, from the time the egg is deposited to the appearance of the flies, are within six months, while many of the autumnal galls do not produce flies until the third, and sometimes the fourth year. Oak gall-flies are not alone in being able to reproduce their species by virgin females. Dr. Adler has proved that the bedeguar-rose or robin’s-pincushion gall fly (Rbedites rosae) is able to continue her race without being fertilized, and no doubt several others are able to do the same. Among the saw-flies (Ienthredinidae) several cases have been known by experiment, one virgin female producing all males, another species all females, while a third would produce males and females. Among the oak gall-flies there are several whose bisexual form is not known, if we presume that there is one, for instance that of the common marble gall (Cynifs Kollari), which is so con- spicuous in winter, when the trees are leafless. All these galls produce female flies, and all efforts to produce flies in confinement from these females have so far been fruitless. “The writer has tried during the past thirty years to accomplish this object by placing flies on oaks of all ages, from one year old, up to branches on trees of sixty years. All these experiments were made by placing the several young trees or branches under a muslin frame to prevent the escape of the flies and to exclude intruders. Cynips Kollari is not the only oak gall-fly that is supposed to be parthenogenetic. Dr. Adler says that he has bred Andricus albopunctata from flies of albopunctata. These flies are always females, consequently parthenogenetic reproduction appears to be proved in the case of A. albopunctata. Andricus solitarius, glandulae, quadrilineatus, seminationis, Dryophanta agama, and disticha all produce females only ; parthenogenesis may exist with all of them. ‘The writer is not of that opinion. Take the case of glandulae. The gall is found commonly in October ; the gall-fly emerges in April. The question is, how is the time passed from April to August orSeptember? Dr. Adler says ‘ Embry- onic development begins immediately after the egg is laid ; absolute rest in the evolution of the egg never occurs, for even if the temperature should be very low, the formation of the blastoderm begins atonce. Naturally this proceeds more slowly in a cold than in a warm season.’ Consequently there must be a connecting link to keep up the continuity of this species. It was at one time supposed that the marble-gall was produced at the expense of the acorn. Botanists well know that the fruit-producing flowers appear on the oak in April, at the same time as the catkins ; consequently after the female flower is fertilized, the future acorn very gradually commences its growth ; in fact, the embryo acorn is not seen until after the fourth or fifth leaf is produced. ‘The eggs producing Kollar: galls are not deposited on buds of old wood, but on twigs that have grown some time after the growth of the acorn commenced ; or, in other words, the female flowers were produced, fertilized, and the acorn started on its journey of life, while the twig which the parent of Ko/lari gall would be likely to select to deposit her eggs was still within the bud. It is only within the last two years that the writer has had an opportunity to experiment with gall-flies that have not a known bisexual form, to try if the flowering buds would prove the condition the flies required ; the experiment so far has certainly proved a failure. Unfortunately some of these gall-flies do not emerge until the third year, and require during that period much attention. They must not be kept in the sun or allowed to get too dry, and must be exposed to all weathers, The inquilines or lodgers (Synergi) are more often parasites than they are generally supposed to be. One hundred Cynips Kollari galls gathered in March and April, 1901, produced only eighteen gall-makers, 495 Synergus Reinhardi, forty-seven S. melanopus, and fifteen Chalids, Only one gall produced the maker and inquiline. Of the following list of oak gall-flies all, with one exception, Andricus agama, have bees obtained in the valley of the Plym. 170 INSECTS OAK GALL-FLIES Galls producing females only Galls producing males and females (Agamic) (Sexual) Andricus fecundatrix, Hartig : The next generation is . Andricus pilosus, Adler — globuli, Hartig : : 2 55 35 : — inflator, Hartig — radicis, Fab. : : : 3 9 - — trilineatus, Hartig — Sieboldii, Hartig . i : + i : — testaceipes, Hartig ‘ — corticis, Lin. . : ‘ 33 ss : — gemmatus, Adler — collaris, Hartig . ‘ 4 3 rs ‘ — curvator, Hartig — autumnalis, Hartig ‘ ‘ $5 3 - — ramuli, Lin. — callidoma, Adler . ‘ ; 3s “ 5 — cirratus, Adler — Malpighii, Adler . : ‘ a = : — nudus, Adler Trigonaspis renum, Giraud . z i 3 z Trigonaspis megaptera, Panzer Biorhiza aptera, Fab. . ‘ : 5 55 F Biorhiza terminalis, Fab. Dryophanta folii, Lin. A e a 53 z Dryophanta Taschenbergi, Schlec — longiventris, Hartig : 2 P i F — similis, Adler — divisa, Hartig 3 ; 3 3 fs — verrucosa, Schlec Neuroterus lenticularis, Olivier . 33 5 2 Neuroterus baccarum, Lin. — fumipennis, Hartig 5 2 5 55 r — tricolor, Hartig — laeviusculis, Schenck. . i 35 % i — albipes, Schenck — numismatis, Olivier . 5 53 Pe : — vesicatrix, Schlec, — Schlechtendali, Mayr . ‘ 3 F — aprilinus, Giraud 2? — punctatus, Bignell (females only were bred). Andricus quadrilineatus, Hartig — marginalis, Schlech! — ostreus, Giraud — albopunctata, Schlech — seminationis, Giraud — glandulae, Schenck — solitarius, Fonscol Cynips Kollari, Hartig Dryophanta agama, Hartig — disticha, Hartig The agamic form unknown : é , ‘i . , Andricus amenti Sexual forms unknown, if there are any ROSE GALL FLIES AND OTHERS Rhodites eglanteriae, Htg. Gen. dist. Xestophanes potentillae, Linn. Egg Buckland on Po- — rosae, Linn. Gen. dist. tentilla reptans (T. R. Archer Briggs) — spinosissimae,Gir. Nr.the sea on Rosa spinosissima Diastrophus rubi, Htg. Nr. Plymouth on Rubus Aulax hypochaeridis. Around P/ymourh on Hypochoeris fruticosus radicata ICHNEUMONIDAE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA The Ichneumonidae are such a neglected order that some of their life histories, it is trusted, may prove interesting to those who have not given them much time or thought, is the excuse for making the introduction rather long, but possibly not tedious. The Ichneumonidae are readily distinguished from all other flies (if we except the wasps and bees) by the distinct constriction of their abdomen at its juncture with the thorax, their long, slender bodies, peculiar veined wings, all having a stigma and exserted ovipositor; but like everything in nature there is no hard and fast line, for there are females whose wings are no longer than their eyes, Aptesis nigrocincta, Gr.; others entirely without wings, genus Pezomachus, Gr.; while the males in the majority of cases have ample wings reaching to the end of the abdomen. So it is with the ovipositor; in the greater number of females of the genus Ichneumon and others, the ovipositor is hidden, while that of the RAyssa persuasoria, Linn., is an inch and a half in length, longer than the fly (head, thorax, and abdomen). Others shorten in their respective families until they are hidden when looking at them from above. The Ichneumonidae are parasites on butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Tenthredinidae), flies (Diptera) (two-winged flies) and other orders. ? ' The writer believes this to be a variety of quadrilineatus, 171 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE The eggs of the Ichneumonidae vary greatly in shape, size, and colour ; the great Majority, about 95 per cent., cannot be seen, from their being deposited beneath the skin ; an indication when recently pierced is often observed by a black dot on the caterpillar : should it change its skin the mark isremoved. Eggs laid on the surface of the caterpillar before the last moult are removed with the change of skin, and leave no ill effect. Those laid after the last moult are carried by the larva into its resting place; the larva is then consumed. Notwithstanding the aggressive nature of the work allotted in nature to these parasites, it is worthy of remark that in their earlier stages of existence they are exceedingly delicate and cannot stand the slightest injury ; an abrasion of the surface of the skin sufficient to allow the least portion of the fluid to escape would prove fatal ; yet these very larvae, ‘having passed unhurt through this scarcely other than foetal condition, acquire a perfection of organization, a degree of activity and power, and an acuteness of instinct fully equal, or perhaps superior, to the organic and the functional endowments of other tribes of insects.” One egg only of the larger species is usually deposited in each caterpillar. If, however, two should be laid either by the same parent, or by a separate female of the same or of an allied species, both eggs may be hatched, but the weaker would fall a victim to the stronger, that is, supposing the food to be only sufficient for one ; but with the smaller parasites of the Braconidae group, 180 have been known to emerge from one caterpillar, Arctia caia, Linn., whereas the same larva would only sustain one of the larger species (Pimpla instigator, Fab.). The larvae of the Ichneumonidae without exception are legless and entomophagous, and when they leave the egg are quite incapable of locomotion. The eggs deposited in the body of the caterpillar soon mature ; the larvae finding plenty of food do not move, but lie perfectly motionless, embedded in the fatty tissue between them and the alimentary canal, always on the dorsal surface, and usually with their heads in the direction of the head of the caterpillar, and are nourished entirely by suction. The general form of the body and the construction of the digestive organs at the earlier periods of the growth, are almost, if not precisely, the same in most of these parasites. The special development of each is regulated by the same laws; they cast their skins at succeeding stages of growth as certainly as do the larvae of butterflies and moths. The protection of the larva during its change to the pupa stage, and from that to the perfect fly, is very variable. Many make cocoons after the manner of ordinary silkworms; but in the genus Ichneumon and many others, they do not make cocoons in any form, but remain in the pupa-case of their host for final transformation to the perfect insect. In the genus Ophion and many others, the parasitic larvae construct cocoons for them- selves. Ophion on or below the surface of the earth. The Limmneria, however, remain on the twig, leaf, or branch, on which the caterpillar was resting, the parasitic larva issuing from its host on the underside; the empty skin of the caterpillar is often found attached to the cocoon (Limneria ruficincta, Gravenhorst). Others do not leave the body of their victim, but make use of the skin of the caterpillar as an outer covering ; the commonest met with is that of Limneria vulgaris, Tschek., a parasite on the Brimstone butterfly larva (Gonopteryx rhamni, Linn.). One of the most wonderful forms of protection is that manifested by the larva of Limneria Kriechbaumeri, Bridgman. It makes a very curious oval cocoon about the size of a large hempseed on its leaving its host, the common quaker (Iaeniocampa stabilis, Vieweg.). Directly after leaving, the maggot-like form suspends itself by a silken thread, about two inches in length, previously attached to the tree on which the caterpillar was feeding, and commences to make its future abode, in which it has to pass the winter. The form is that of an oblong sphere 6mm. by 4, chocolate colour, with a whity-brown zone in the middle. It is after the cocoon is made that the wonder and agility of the larva, within the cocoon, must be looked upon by all who have seen it with the greatest - astonishment. Shortly after the aérial cocoon is finished it is blown down by the wind; but sup- posing there is no wind, or but little, not sufficiently strong to blow it down, it begins to bound about with a view to breaking the suspending cord. When that is accomplished, and it feels itself on the ground, the cocoon begins to jump about, making leaps 300 times its own length, until it has jumped or bounded into a place whence it cannot extricate itself. It then commences to roll, first on one side and then on the other, until it finds itself fixed, unable to move any way. It is then satisfied, and no further attempt is made; but remove it from the spot after some days, and it will again go through the same performance, and repeat it, as often as it is removed, until it is exhausted. ‘The manner of jumping at least 300 times its own length, when confined within the walls of its cocoon, is one of the greatest curiosities in nature; yet it is done by the larva within the cocoon bringing its head and tail together and suddenly straightening itself out, as would a piece of steel, if the two ends were brought together and suddenly released. The maggot of the dipterous fly often found in old cheese does the same, and it is generally known by the name of cheese- hopper (Piophila casei, Linn.) from its hopping propensity; but this larva has no impediment ; the other is enclosed in its cocoon. 172 INSECTS The larva of the drinker moth (Odonestis potatoria, Linn.) when about half-grown may be often seen resting on a twig of some sort, apparently waiting for the time when its old clothes will be rent asunder, to appear in its new dress; but sometimes we find a stop to the progress has been made by the larva of an ichneumon fly (Rhogas geniculator, Nees) within, attacking some vital part and causing its death ; there it remains, and in the course of a week or two the lodger within will cut an opening out of its back and escape, ready to repeat the same tactics on another unfortunate larva ; probably Arctia villica, Linn., may be selected, for the same species of parasite destroys both. The eggs that are deposited externally on nearly or quite full-fed caterpillars as a rule do not hatch until the victim has prepared a place in which it intends to complete its metamorphosis ; if, on the other hand, they should have hatched, the development is very slow to enable the cater- pillar to proceed as if it were not attacked. ‘The puss moth (Dicranura vinula, Linn.) is often attacked by these external parasites, Paniscus cephalotes, Holmgren, and P. testaceus, Gravenhorst. The caterpillar of the puss moth when full-fed makes its cocoon generally on the bark of a tree, excavating a portion. ‘The bark that is removed in the excavation is utilized by mixing it in with the silk first produced to form an outer covering ; subsequently the spun silk is rubbed over by the larva with formic acid, the fluid secreted in the prothoracic gland, which changes the fibrous character of the silk to the tough, hardened, gelatinous material of the ordinary cocoon of this species. In this cocoon the parasites just mentioned lie side by side in their black envelopes until they are ready to emerge. In the genus Lissonota the cocoons made by the larvae are long oval, measuring 44 mm. long and 4 broad with a bright polished surface. Those of the genus Ophion are much stouter and contain several distinct layers in their manufacture, the outer one composed mostly of flossy silk ; the remainder are like so many layers of ‘ gold-beaters’-skin,’ each layer appears to be put on in a fluid state, or the silk woven, afterwards covered or smeared over with formic acid, the acid dissolving the silk and giving it the appearance of ‘ gold-beaters’-skin.’ It is insoluble in hot or cold water, alcohol, ether, or chloroform. It is soluble in strong acids, being most readily dissolved in hot nitric acid, also in strong alkaline solution, preferably caustic potash. It contains moisture, nitrogen, a trace of sulphur, and on destructive distillation leaves about half its weight of carbon; would, therefore, contain C, H, O, N, and § in certain proportions. Stems of plants, cow-parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium), also afford protection for the cocoons of Lepidoptera (Depressaria heracleana), consequently they also afford security for the parasites infesting the larvae—Ichneumon herachana, Bridgman, with ashort ovipositor and Pimp/a strigipleuris, Thoms, with a long ovipositor. Even caterpillars that are hidden deep in the solid wood of growing trees are not free from the attacks of the ichneumon fly, any more than those that are exposed on the surface of the leaf. They are certainly more difficult to get at. But once the caterpillar is discovered by the inquisitive fly, Rhyssa persuasoria, or its allies, so sure is the attempt made to deposit the egg in the hidden larva ; this is done by forcing her delicate ovipositor, not so large as the finest needle made for domestic use, through the solid wood into the caterpillar below. It is almost beyond belief that a fly with an ovipositor nearly two inches in length can thrust it into the solid wood of a growing tree the whole length, if necessary, to reach its victim ; yet she does it. The genus Perithous, Holmgr., has also a long ovipositor, and is assigned by nature to attack those little bees and wasps that make the decayed © stems of bramble and rose their nidus, in which they pass the winter in their larva or maggot stage ; while those wasps and bees that make their home in old walls or earth banks have the attention of a very curiously-formed parasitic fly, by name Foenus jaculator, Linn., whose abdomen seems to proceed from the middle of its back ; that and its long ovipositor, also abnormally hind legs, with the apex of the tibia flattened or spatulated, giving it a very grotesque appearance. Spiders also receive attention from the Ichneumonidae ; Hemiteles fragilis and similis, Gravenhorst, are common parasites in the egg bags of our ‘domestic spiders,’ Zilla x-notata, Clerck, and others. ‘ Hunting spiders,” Ocyale mirabilis, Clk., Lycosa pullata, Clk., and others of the group are kept under by Hemimachus fasciatus, Fabricus, Pezomachus micrurus, Foerster, and P. zonatus, Fourcroy, attacking the egg cocoons. Orb-weavers, Epeira cornuta, Clk., whose habitation is beautifully concealed, in which the spider makes her egg cocoon, do not escape the prying eyes of Pimpla epeira, Bignell. The eggs are not touched, it is the young spiderlings that are consumed by the remorseless Pimpla. It seems an anomaly to write about flies attacking spiders, and yet at the proper season it must be a daily occurrence. The writer perhaps is the only living naturalist who has ever been an eye- witness of an attack, and it may be interesting to here record how the ichneumon fly obtains its end. Having selected a spider sufficiently large in which it has some confidence, she approaches it carefully, but the spider, objecting to the confidence trick, drops from its hiding-place on the bough of the tree by the usual silken cord. The ichneumon fly does not appear in the least troubled on that account, no doubt having had previous experience. Taking advantage of the spider’s rope, she very leisurely walks down to the spider and apparently coaxingly touches it with her antennae, 173 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE But the spider objects to the patronage and makes a further drop ; in a few seconds the fly follows the object of her adoration and again touches the spider, and she, no doubt by instinct, knowing her foe, resigns herself to her fate, and does not move. ‘The fly turns round, walks backward until within striking distance, and then thrusts her ovipositor into the thorax and deposits her egg. The ichneumon egg is hatched in about forty-six hours, the larva taking about ten days in consuming the unfortunate spider by suction. When feeding, it lies sack-like across the spider’s back till it has almost consumed its victim ; when the larva finds the spider is getting inconveniently small for it to rest upon, it attaches itself by the hooked tubercles with which its back is provided, to the web the spider had previously made, so as to feed on the last remains of its victim, and then make its cocoon. When the spider is emptied of nourishment, the legs and skin drop to the ground. The larva is footless, it has in place of legs eight sucking discs, and on its back eight tubercles furnished with moveable hooks which can be withdrawn into the tubercles, the discs are for attach- ing itself to the body of the spider, and the tubercles for attaching itself to the web. The larva, suspended by the back, has now to make itself a cocoon in which to pass the pupa stage. The larva takes about three days to do this work. It is during this time the eight tubercles on the back of the larva have to play such prominent parts, having to perform the work of the claspers of an ordinary caterpillar. When the silken cord is to be released by the tubercle at- tached to it, it is done by withdrawing the hooklets into the tubercle, which at once becomes disengaged and ready to make another attachment. The anal segment has important duties to perform while the cocoon is making, by carrying the silken thread from the mouth into the corners, where the blunt head of the caterpillar could not carry it, or adjust it to its satisfaction. ‘The anal segment was seen to be used, while the caterpillar was feeding, by bringing it to its mouth, for the purpose of removing some muscular fibre that had got entangled about its mandible. When full-fed, the larva is about three-eighths of an inch in length. The fly, Polysphincta tuberosa, Gravenhorst, is mature and escapes from the cocoon in about twenty days. Parasitic flies after they are mature remain within their pupa-cases a few days, to strengthen themselves to combat with life in the outer world. When sufficiently strong they proceed to make an opening in the cocoon with their mandibles; when completed they make their exit, and are able to at once take flight; there is no drying and stretching of wings as is the case with butterflies and moths. If it is absolutely necessary, which it surely is, that we should have parasites to keep down the superabundance of insects, then it is also necessary to keep these parasites in check to counter- balance the destruction constantly going on in the insect world, and these we have under the designation of hyperparasites ; and they are not confined to one genus alone, although the whole of the genus Mesochorus are hyperparasites. To carry on this work the hyperparasitic flies have to discover larvae adapted to their several requirements; that is, a lepidopterous or other larva must contain parasitic larvae living within its body before the hyperparasite is able to keep up the con- tinuity of its race ; and, as previously mentioned, the parasitic larva lives and feeds in what one may say is the centre of its victim, with not the slightest outward visible sign of its existence within. Therefore one might naturally presume that it would be safe from external attack; but such is not the case: the possession of some specialized sense on the part of the hyperparasites enables them to discover the parasitic larva concealed within the body of the caterpillar, and the egg is quickly deposited. But it does not follow that the egg deposited always enters the parasitic larva within, although the parent fly did its best to make it do so; if not, the hyperparasitic egg, if hatched, not having its proper food, cannot exist. In confirmation of this latter assertion, the writer desires to mention that on 30 May, 1880, he observed a hyperparasite flitting about from leaf to leaf, keeping the antennae in constant motion, evidently hunting about for a suitable place in which to perpetuate her race. After waiting and watching the lady for some time, she came up to the object of her search, which was a caterpillar of the magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata, Linn.). After passing round it several times to make sure everything was correct, she suddenly sprang on the unfortunate caterpillar and thrust her ovipositor into the second segment, just below the dorsal line. The caterpillar, during the operation, strongly objected to the proceeding, and painfully twisted itself from side to side to get rid of the foe. The hyperparasite (Mesochorus olerum, Curtis) then alighted on the leaf of a currant bush close by, she was duly boxed (captured), the caterpillar was removed, fed up, and in due time the ichneumon larva left the caterpillar and spun up as do ordinary larvae of the parasite (Casinari vidua, Gravenhorst), whose peculiar cocoon cannot be mistaken for any other ; this was naturally expected ; but the surprise was that the maker of the cocoon appeared instead of the hyperparasite AZ. olerum. By these remarks it will be perceived the hyperparasite was correct in its knowledge that the magpie moth caterpillar contained, hidden within, the ichneumon larva of which it was in search, but the egg failed to reach the larva it was intended for. 4. olerum is a common hyperparasite on C. vidua, and has often been bred from the cocoon made by C. vidua. 174 INSECTS The duration of life of the ichneumon fly depends on the species; those which emerge in the autumn may live through the winter. A great number that confine their attacks to one species do not leave their habitation until the caterpillar is ready to receive the egg of the parasite, passing at least ten months in the larva stage ; others pass through two or three cycles of existence during the year, and do not confine their attacks to one or two species. There formerly existed, and perhaps still exists, among entomologists an idea that each species of parasite had its own particular host, each to each, and no more. This, however, is fallacious ; in breeding a great number it has been proved that they infest different species of Lepidoptera. Thirteen parasites and hyperparasites the writer has obtained from Abraxas grossulariata, Linn. When an Ichneumon is said to be bred from a butterfly or moth, it is from the larva or pupa, that should have produced the perfect insect ; a few beetles, (Coleoptera), and other orders are how- ever attacked by parasitic flies when in the adult stage. OXYPYGI Genus, Chasmodes, Wesmael — motatorius, Fab., Bickkigh, 8 Sept. 1882 — lugens, Gr., Ivybridge, 4 June, 1893 Genus, Ichneumon, Linné — bilineatus, Gmel. Bred 14, 18, and 19 June, 1886, from pupae of Bryophila muralis and Abraxas gros- sulariata — sugillatorius, Lin., Exeter, Ivy- bridge, 12 May, 1896 — cyaniventris, Wesm. Bred 17 June, 1883, from pupa of Odontopera bidentata — leucocerus, Gr. Captured at Bickkigh, 2 September, 1881 — lineator, Fab. Bred 27 May, 1881, from a pupa of an unknown larva — impressor, Zett. Bred 11 June, 1885, from Gortyna ochracea — comitator, Lin. §— castaneiventris, Gr. §— fuscipes, Gmel. §— pistorius, Gr. §— culpator, Schr. — trilineatus, Gmel. Bred from Abraxas grossulariata and Bryophila muralis — multiannulatus, Gr. from Noctua brunnea §— molitorius, Lin. §— punctus, Gr. — computatorius, Mill. — languidus, Wesm. — vaginatorius, Lin. — xanthorius, Férst. Bred PUPIVORA’ ICHNEUMONIDAE OXYPYGI (cont.) Genus, Ichneumon, Linné §— confusorius, Gr. — tempestivus, Holmgr., Bick- leigh, 28 July, 1886 — gracilentus, Wesm. Bred June from Noctua festiva §— melanotis, Holmgr. — bisignatus, Gr. Bred July from Vanessa urticae — luctatorius, Lin. — minutorius, Desv. *_ latrator, Fab. — pulchellatus, Bridg. Bred from Eupithecia pulchellata 4 May — multipictus, Gr. — primatorius, Forst. Bred 22 JunefromTriphaena fimbria — gracilicornis, Gr. §— caloscelus, Wesm. — quaesitorius, Lin. Bred 3 Sept. from Nonagria cannae §— cessator, Mull. §— submarginatus, Gr. — saturatorius, Lin. Bred 3 September from Nonagria cannae and arundinis — nigritarius, Gr. Bred from Abraxas grossulariata *_ fabricator, Fab. §— curvinervis, Holmgr. Bick- igh, 16 June, 1886 §— maculifrons, Ste. *_ corruscator, Lin. *_ varipes, Gr. -— jugatus, Gr. Bred from Te- phrosia luridata * pallidatorius, 6 Gr.; rufifrons Q Gr. *— lanius, Gr. *__ albilarvatus, Gr. OXYPYGI (cont.) Genus, Ichneumon, Linné — heracliana, Bridg. Bred Aug. from Depressaria heracleana §— incubitor, Lin. t— inquinatus, Wesm. * — fugitivus, Gr. = ruthus, Holmer. €— dumeticola, Gr. — leucomelas, Gmel. Bred 22 June from Noctua brunnea — oscillator, Wesm. — vestigator, Wesm. — chionomus, Wesm. — anator, Fab. — derogator, Wesm. — bilunulatus, Gr. — ruficeps, Gr. — ochropus, Gmel. — ridibundus, Gr. — albicinctus, Gr. Bred May, 1885, from Hypsipetes ruberata, and g September, 1885, from Eupithecia rect- angulata §— erythraeus, Gr. §— bipunctorius, Ste. §— cingulipes, Ste. §— gasterator, Ste. §— rufator, Ste. Genus, Hepiopelmus, Wesmae t— leucostigmus, Gr. Genus, Exophanes, Wesmael §— exulans, Gr. §— occupator, Gr. Genus, Amblyteles, Wesmael — palliatorius, Gr. — homocerus, Wesm. Bred July from Argynnis paphia — armatorius, Forst. Bred July from Triphaena comes and from Agrotis Ashworthii *n * & RN € Ke K * 1 Abbreviations of authors’ names :—Bignell, Bignell, G.C.; Boie, Boie, F.; Bridg. Bridgman, J. B. ; Christ, Christ, J. L.; Curt. Curtis, J.; Desv. Desvignes, T.; Fab. Fabricius, J. C.; Forst. Forster, A.; Forst. Forster, J. R.; Fourc. Fourcroy,A. E. ; Gmel. Gmelin, J. F.; Gr. Gravenhorst, J. L. C.; Hal. Haliday, A. H.; Holmgr. Holmgrén, A. E.; Kriech. Kriechbaumer, J.; Lin. Linné, C. von; Lat. Latreille, P. A.; Mii. Miller, O. F.; Panz. Panzer, G. W. F.; Parfitt, Parfitt, Edward; Ratz. Ratzeburg, J.'T.C.; Rossi, Rossi, P.; Schiddte, Schiddte, J. G.; Schr. Schrank, F. von P.; Shuck. Shuckard, Ww. E.; Ste. Stephens, J. F.; Tasch. Taschenberg, E. L. ; Thom. Thomson, C. G. ; Tschek, Tschek, C.; Vill. Villers, C. J. de; Wesm. Wesmael,C.; Zett. Zetterstedt, J. W. 175 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE OXYPYGI (cout.) Genus, Amblyteles, Wesmael §—- infractorius, Panz. §— oratorius, Fab. — margineguttatus, Gr. Bred May from Noctua brunnea — notatorius, Fab. Bred June from Triphaena fimbria § — subsericans, Gr. §— crispatorius, Lin. §— glaucatorius, Fab. §— vadatorius, Rossi §— Gravenhorstii, Wesm. § -— negatorius, Fab. — castanopygus, Ste. Xanthia fulvago — castigator, Fab. Bred from Argynnis paphia, August §— fossorius, Gr. §— funereus, Fourc. — Panzeri, Gr. Bred July from from Agrotis exclamationis — Proteus, Christ. Bred from Choerocampa elpenor Bred from — fuscipennis, Wesm. Bred June from Choerocampa porcellus — alticola, Gr. Bred August from 'Taeniocampa stabilis Genus, Trogus, Panzer — lutorius, Fab. Bred from Smerinthus ocellatus — alboguttatus, Gr. Bred from Dasychira pudibunda — exaltatorius, Panz. Bred July from Sphinx ligustri. This is the largest fly of the genus Genus, Listrodromus, Wesmael — quinqueguttatus, Gr. Bred July from Lycaena argiolus Genus, Hypomecus, Wesmael §— albitarsis, Wesm. Genus, Eurylabus, Wesmael — dirus, Wesm. Bred from Eriogaster lanestris — tristis, Gr. Bred from Dian- thoecia capsincola Genus, Platylabus, Wesmael §— rufus, Wesm. —— nigrocyaneus, Gr. Bred June from a Noctua pupa §— Thedenii, Holmgr. *— decipiens, Gr. — pedatorius, Fab. Bred Sept. from Eupithecia subnotata t— orbitalis, Gr. — tricingulatus, Gr. Bred June from Eupithecia pulchellata — dimidiatus, Gr. Bred May from Melanippe montanata §— nigricollis, Wesm. §— errabundus, Gr. Genus, Gnathoxys, Wesmael §— marginellus, Holmgr. Genus, Herpestomus, Wesmael — brunnicornis, Gr. Bred from Hyponomeuta padellus *— intermedius, Wesm. OXYPYGI (cont.) Genus, Colpognathus, Wesmael *_ celerator, Gr. Genus, Dicoelotus, Wesmael §— pumilus, Gr. §— ruficoxatus, Gr. *— parvulus, Gr. §— pusillator, Gr. Genus, Centeterus, Wesmacl — opprimator, Gr. Genus, Phaeogenes, Wesmael t— semivulpinus, Gr. §— melanogonus, Gmel. §— scutellaris, Wesm. *_— stimulator, Gr. — calopus, Wesm. Bred July from Eriogaster lanestris *— suspicax, Wesm. §— fuscicornis, Wesm. *_ fulvitarsis, Wesm. §— ischiomelinus, Gr. §— cephalotes, Wesm. *“— troglodytes, Gr. *— jucundus, Wesm. — candidatus, Gr. Bred from Tortrix viridana §— trepidus, Wesm. §— tetricus, Wesm. §— varicolor, Wesm. Genus, Aethecerus, Wesmael §— nitidus, Wesm. Genus, Alomyia, Panzer §— debellator, Fab. CRYPTIDES Genus, Stilpnus, Gravenhorst *__ gagates, Gr. §— pavoniae, Scop. — blandus, Gr. Genus, Phygadeuon, Gravenhorst +— caliginosus, Gr. t— dumetorum, Gr. §— variabilis, Gr §— probus, ‘Tasch. *— fumator, Gr. §— troglodytes, Gr. *— jejunator, Gr. §— aereus, Gr. §— nitidus, Gr. §— vagans, Gr. §— brachyurus, Thom. §— improbus, Gr. — profligator, Fab. §— semipolitus, Tasch §— vagabundus, Gr. §— graminicola, Gr. §— abdominator, Gr. §— jucundus, Gr. §— arridens, Gr. §— nycthemerus, Gr. *— hortulana, Gr. §— lacteator, Gr. §— sperator, Mill. §— erythrinus, Gr. §— galactinus, Gr. §— cinctorius, Fab. 176 CRYPTIDES (cont.) Genus, Cryptus, Fabricius t— lugubris, Gr. t— spiralis, Fourc. +t— moschator, Fab. — larvatus, Gr. §— bitinctus, Gmel. §— ovatus, Gr. §— anatorius, Gr. *_ stomaticus, Gr. — leucopsis, Gr. *— titillator, Gr. §— minator, Gr. §— albatorius, Vill. t— Dianae, Gr. © — obscurus, Gr. Bred 22 May from Smerinthus populi §— arrogans, Gr. § — hostilis, Gr. *— porrectorius, Fab. — analis, Gr. — rufiventris, Gr. §— alternator, Gr. §— peregrinator, Lin. — tricolor, Gr. Simyra venosa — ornatus, Gr. Bred from Oden- estis potatoria -— cimbices, Tschek. — migrator, Fab. Bred from Bombyx quercus and tre- folli, and several others | §— pygoleucus, Gr. The females of this species are almost wing- less, and have until recently gone under the name of Agrothereutes Hopei decayed bramble stem, con — signatorius, Fab, Bred from larvae of a small wasp, Spilomena troglodytes t— tarsoleucus, Schr. Genus, Mesostenus, Gravenhorst — — obnoxius, Gr. Bred from Zygaena filipendulae Genus, Nematopodius, Gr. t— ater, Brischke Genus, Hemiteles, Gravenhorst — furcatus, Tasch. Bred from Dianthaecia cucubali, May — tenebricosus, Gr. §— imbecillus, Gr. Captured at Dousland, 23, August *— micator, Gr. — necator, Gr. — oxyphimus, Gr. — gyrini, Parfitt. Bred 6 July from pupae of Gyrinus nata- tor (the whirligig beetle) +t— crassicornis, Gr. — similis, Gr. Bred from the egg-bag of house spider — fulvipes, Gr. Bred April from Vanessa atalanta §— decipiens, Gr. — formosus, Desv. Bred Aug. from egg-bag of spider, Agelena brunnea Bred from * CRYPTIDES (cozz.) Genus, Hemiteles, Gravenhorst — vicinus 9» Gr. Bred July — melanarius 2 Gil from one Argynnis paphia pupa 2 males and 16 females, also from a pupa of Pieris rapae, 8 males and 5 females. — tristator, Gr. §— apertus, Thom. §— incisus, Bridg. §— conformis, Gr. — bicolorinus, Gr. *— ridibundus, Gr. — distinctus, Bridg. — politus, Bridg. §— meridionalis, Gr, — submarginatus, Bridg. Hyper- parasite, bred Aug. from Apanteles nothus ; the latter was parasitic on a grass- feeding larva *— aestivalis, Gr. *_ areator, Panz. — castaneus, Gr. Bred April from sawfly cocoon, ‘Tri- chiosoma betuleti * — inimicus, Gr. — floricolator,Gr. Bred August from Depressaria nervosa §— tenerrimus, Gr. §— dissimilis, Gr. 4— cingulator, Gr. *— gracilis, Thom. §— furcatus, Tasch. *— capreolus, Thom. §— melangonus, Gr. §— scrupulosus, Gr. Genus, Orthopelma, ‘Taschen- berg *— luteolator, Gr. Genus, Stibeutes, Férster (A.) §— Heinemanni, Forst. Genus, Cremnodes, Forster §— atricapillus, Gr. Genus, Aptesis, Forster. ‘The fe- males of this genus are al- most wingless t— nigrocincta, Gr. — hemiptera, Fab. Bred July from Euzophera cinero- sella. §— brachyptera, Panz. *— stenoptera, Marsh. Genus, Theroscopus, Férster t— Esenbeckii, Gr. Whitsand Bay, a female with wings almost microscopic Genus, Hemimachus, Ratzeburg — instabilis, raed Bred July ~— rufocinctus,Gr.g} from Zy- gaena filipendulae. Females perfectly wingless; the males winged — fasciatus, Fab. Bred July from egg-bags of spiders of . Lycosa pullata §— annulicornis, Marsh. I INSECTS CRYPTIDES (cont.) Genus, Pezomachus, Graven- horst ? §— tener, Gr. — zonatus, Fourc. Bred July from egg-bag of spider, Agelena brunnea §— procursorius, Férst. §— nigricornis, Furst. §— carnifex, Férst. — rufulus, Forst. — corruptor, Fdrst. — agilis, Forst. — transfuga, Forst. Bred from spiders’ nests, Agelena laby- rinthica *— faunus, Forst. *— incertus, Férst. * distinctus, Furst. *— micropterus, Gr. *— costatus, Bridg. §— vagantiformis, Bridg. §— brevis, Bridg. *—— insolens, Forst. — micrurus, Férst. Bred from egg-bag of spider, Ocyale mirabilis — insidiosus, Férst. §— dysalotus, Férst. — tristis, Férst. Bred, hyper- parasite on Apanteles rufi- coxis, the host being Arctia villica. Lin. — hieracii, Bridg. Bred from Aulax hieracii galls §— furax, Forst. §— vagans, Oliver §— xylochopilus, Férst. OPHIONIDES Genus, Henicospilus, Stephens — merdarius, Gr. Bred from Hecatera serena — ramidulus, Lin. Hadena pisi Genus, Ophion, Fabricius — obscurum, Fab. Bred from Hadena protea — luteum, Lin. Bred May from Miselia oxyacanthae, and other pupae *__ minutum, Kriech. — distans, Thom. Bred from Dianthaecia irregularis —longigena, Thom. Bred from Cucullia scrophulariae Genus, Schizoloma, Wesmael — amicta, Fab. Bred from Eupithecia linariata Bred from 1The females of this genus are all wingless, and look more like ants than ichneumons. The majority of the known males are winged ; many, no doubt, when the two sexes are bred from the same host, will be found located in another genus where there are males without females. 177 OPHIONIDES (cont) Genus, Exochilum, Wesmael — circumflexum, Lin. Genus, Anomalon, Jurine *— xanthopus, Schr. *— ruficorne,Gr. This has been bred from the half-grown larvae of the drinker moth, Odonestis potatoria *— bellicosum, Wesm. *— cerinops, Gr. — arquatum, Gr. Bred from Taeniocampa gothica — perspicillator,Gr. Bred from Acronycta menyanthidis — clandestinum, Gr. Bred from Eupithecia castigata — perspicuum, Wesm. Bred from Cleora lichenaria in June Genus, Agrypon, Forster *— flaveolatum, Gr. *— tenuicorne, Gr. — septentrionale, Holmgr. Bred from Eupithecia campanu- lata Genus, Trichomma, Wesmael — enecator, Rossi. Bick/eigh Genus, Opheltes, Holmgrén t— glaucopterus, Lin. Genus, Paniscus, Schrank §— cephalotes, Holmgr. *— testaceus, Gr. t— inquinatus, Gr. t— fuscicornis, Gr, Genus, Parabatus, Férster *—.. tarsatus, Brischke *— virgatus, Fourc. Genus, Absyrtus, Holmer. — luteus, Holmer. Bick/eigh Genus, Campoplex, Gravenhorst — mixtus, Gr. — pugillator, Lin. t— nobilitatus, Holmgr. — carbonara, Ratz. Bred from Notodonta chaonia —- ebeninus, Gr. Bred from Orgyia fascelina t— anceps, Holmgr. — nitidulator, Holmer. Bred from Eupithecia venosata §— carinifrons, Gr. §— eurynotus, Forst. — oxyacanthae, Boie. Bred from Himera pennaria — falcator, Thunb. Bred from Notodonta ziczac — erythrogaster, Férst. Bred from Hybernia rupicap- raria — confusus, Férst. Bred from Taeniocampa populeti — femorator, Bridg. Bred 24 May, host not known — juvenilis, Gr. Bred 16 June from Eupithecia nanata Genus, Cymodusa, Holmgrén §— leucocera, Holmgr. 23 * A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE OPHIONIDES (cont.) Genus, Cymodusa, Holmgrén — cruentata, Gr. Bred from Anisopteryx aescularia Genus, Sagaritis, Holmgrén t— declinator, Gr. — zonata, Gr. Bred from Hecatera serana ®_. latrator, Gr. Genus, Casinaria, Holmgrén — vidua, Gr. Bred from Abraxas grossulariata — tenuiventris, Gr. Bred from Hemithea strigata Genus, Limneria, Holmgrén §— alternans, Gr. alticloa, Gr. §— argentata, Gr. armillata, Gr. — auctor, Gr. — bicingulata, Gr. Bred from Hybernia marginaria brevicornis, Gr. — cerophaga, Gr. chrysosticta, Gr. Bred from Hyponomeuta evonymellus and padellus — crassicornis, Gr. §— annulata, Gr. deficiens, Gr. §— auriculatus, Férst. — lugubrina, Holmer. Bred Aug. from Eidophasia messingiella +— concinna, Holmgr. cursitans, Holmgr. Bred from Vanessa atalanta robusta, Wolstedt — ovata, Brischke — Kriechbaumeri,! Bridg. Bred from half-grown larva of ‘Taeniocampa stabilis — crassiuscula, Gr. — difformis, Gmel. — dispar, Gr. Bred September from Symaethis oxyacan- thella — ensator, Gr. Bred from Bu- talis grandipennis — erucator, Gr. Bred from Hybernia marginaria — exareolata, Ratz. Bred from Vanessa cardui — exigua, Gr. — Faunus, Gr. — femoralis, Gr. Bred from Depressaria nervosella — fenestralis, Holmgr. Bred from Tortrix costana §— fulviventris, Gmel. §— geniculata, Gr. *— gracilis, Gr. *— hydropota, Holmer. — carbonaria, Brischke. Bred from Boarmia roboraria 1 This fly is mentioned in the introduc- tion and only obtainable by collecting half-grown larvae in May on the chance of getting the parasite. OPHIONIDES (conz.) Genus, Limneria, Holmgrén — vulgaris, Tschek. Bred 4 July, 1897, from Gonopteryx rhamni (Brimstone butter- fly). More than one-half of the larvae of this butter- fly are destroyed by this parasite — clausa, Brishcke. Bred from Hybernia marginaria — interrupta, Holmgr. Bred 4 July, 1882, from Taenio- campa stabilis *— combinata, Holmgr. — rufa, Bridg. Bred from half grown larva of Bombyx quercus t— arvensis, Gr. — rufata, Bridg. Bred from Choreutes scintillulana _— vestigialis, Ratz. Bred from Symaethis oxyacanthella — borealis, Holmgr. Not com- mon — erythropyga, Holmer. — pedella, Holmer. — volubilis, Holmgr. — insidiator, Gr. — lateralis, Gr. — longipes, Mill. — majalis, Gr. — moesta, Gr. Bred from Hy- berni defoliaria ‘ — mutabilis, Holmgr. Bred from Ephippiphora nigricostana — notata, Gr. Bred from Gno- phos obscuraria — obscurella, Holmgr. Bred from Hemithea strigata — rapax, Gr. Not common — curvicauda, Gr. Bred froma sawfly pupa, Nematus galli- cola §— pagana, Holmer. — assimilis, Holmgr. — ruficincta, Gr. Bred from Agrotis agathina, and from several other larvae — rufipes, Gr. Bred from Eupi- thecia castigata §— sericea, Gr. *— sordida, Gr. transfuga, Gr. *— tristis, Gr. tumidula, Gr. Captured at Bickleigh, § August, 1884 Brischkei, Bridg. Bred from Noctua triangulum — dumetorum, Holmgr. — immolator, Gr. — floricola, Gr. — unicincta, Gr. Bred during April, 1882, from Vanessa urticae and other larvae viennensis, Gr. — teucrii, Bridg. Bred from Oxyptilus teucrii 178 OPHIONIDES (conz.) Genus, Canidia, Holmgrén §— pusilla, Ratz. Genus, Nemeritis, Holmgrén §— macrocentra, Gr. — cremastoides, Holmgr. Bred May, from fir cones con- taining Coccyx strobilella Genus, Cremastus, Gravenhorst §— interruptor, Gr. §— spectator, Gr. §— infirmus, Gr. Genus, Atractodes, Gravenhorst §— gravidus, Gr. *— vestalis, Hal. §— albovinctus, Hal. §— exilis, Hal. §— bicolor, Gr. §— gilvipes, Holmgr. §— fumatus, Hal. §— citator, Hal. §— properator, Hal. Genus, Exolytus, Holmgrén *— laevigatus, Gr. Genus, Mesochorus,? Gravenhorst t— splendidulus, Gr. — strenuus, Holmgr. Bred from Limneria Kriechbaumeri, out of half-grown larva of Taeniocampa stabilis thoracicus, Gr. confusus, Holmgr. Bred from Microplitis fumipennis, the latter a parasite on Symae- this oxyacanthella, and several other pupae gibbulus, Holmgr. — gracilentus, Brischke. Bred from Limneria vulgaris, the latter a parasite on Gonop- teryx rhamni — fuscicornis, Brischke. Bred from Apanteles nothus, the latter a parasite on Abraxas grossulariata —— aciculatus, Bridg. Bred from Apanteles glomeratus, a parasite on Pieris brassicae — facialis, Bridg. Bred from Apanteles popularis, out of Euchelia Jacobaeae — graniger, Thom. Bred from Exorista vulgaris, out of Abraxas grossulariata — temporalis, Thom. Bred from Zygaena filipendulae — tetricus, Holmgr. Bred 4 August from Apanteles octo- narius, out of Notodonta dromedarius formosus, Bridg. Bred from Apanteles fulvipes, out of Asteroscopus sphinx and others §— dorsalis, Holmgr. §— a This genus are hyperparasites in the larvae stage, living within the bodies of other larvae, OPHIONIDES (cont.) Genus, Mesochorus, Gravenhorst §— politus, Gr. — sericans, Curt. Bred from a dipterous pupa, Exorista vul- garis, out of Abraxas grossu- lariata — vittator, Zett. Bred from Lim- neria chrysosticta, out of Hyponomeuta evonymellus — fulgurans, Hal. Bred from Casinaria vidua, out of Abraxas grossulariata — semirufus, Holmgr. — sylvarum, Hal. Bred from Microgaster subcompletus, out of Vanessa atalanta — pictilis, Holmgr. Bred from an Apanteles cocoon, out of Iodis lactearia — olerum, Curt. Bred from Casinaria vidua, out of Abraxas grossulariata §— arenarius, Hal. Captured at Longbridge, 27 June — anomalus,Holmgr. Bred from Apanteles popularis, out of Euchelia Jacobaeae Genus, Miomeris, Férster t— aequisgranensis, Férst. Genus, Dicolus §— pectoralis, Férst. §— subtiliventris, Férst. Genus, Plectiscus, Gravenhorst §— canaliculatus, Forst. §— zonatus, Gr. Genus, Porizon, Fallen §— harpurus, Schr. §— erythrostomus, Gr. *— minator, Gr. Genus, Thersilochus, Holmgrén *— jocator, Fab. — saltator, Fab. Bred from Micropteryx unimaculella §— marginatus, Bridg. §— triangularis, Gr. §— microcephalus, Gr. §— truncorum, Holmgr. Genus, Collyria, Schiddte t— calcitrator, Lin. Genus, Pristomerus, Curtis — vulnerator, Panz. Captured Budleigh Salterton, 15 June, 1897, by Mr. C. W. Dale Genus, Exetastes, Gravenhorst §— fornicator, Fab. — cinctipes, Ratz. Bred during June from Mamestra bras- sicae and others §— calobatus, Gr. Captured at Trew, near Crediton — nigripes, Gr. Bred from Mamestra brassicae §— illusor, Gr. §— albitarsus, Gr. Genus, Arotes, Gravenhorst t— albicinctus, Gr. * INSECTS OPHIONIDES (cont. Genus, Banchus, Fabricius §— variegator, Fab. —— pictus, Fab. Bred from Selenia bilunaria §— falcator, Fab. Captured in Bickleigh Wood — moniliatus, Gr. Anarta myrtilli Bred from TRYPHONIDES Homa or! Genus, Mesoleptus, Gravenhorst t— typhae, Gr. t— melanocephalus, Gr. — testaceus, Fab. Bred from Eupithecia castigata t— fugax, Gr. §— similis, Brischke. §— leptocerus, Gr. §— laevigatus, Gr. §— paludicola, Gr. §— indefessus, Gr. *— facialis, Gr. §— ventralis, Curt. Genus, Catoglyptus, Holmgrén *— fortipes, Gr. §— fuscicornis, Gmel. Genus, Euryproctus, Holmgrén — nigriceps, Gr. Bred 11 June from a sawfly, Trichio- soma betuleti §— atomator, Gr. §— sinister, Brischke t— mundus, Gr. Genus, Perilissus, Holmgrén — filicornis, Gr. §— lutescens, Gr. §— subcinctus, Holmgr. *— praerogator, Gr. §—- vernalis, Gr. Genus, Eclytus, Holmgrén — ornatus, Holmgr. Bred May from Totrix heparana *— fontinalis, Holmer. Genus, Megastylus, Schiddte §— conformis, Forst. §— cruentator, Schiédte *__ mediator, Schiddte Genus, Idioxenus *— borealis, Holmgr. Genus, Mesoleius, Holmgrén *— ruficornis, Gr. *_. Bignellii, Bridg. §— aulicus, Gr. — dubius,Gr. Bred August from a sawfly, Nematus ribesii §— caligatus, Gr. — sanguinicollis, Gr. Bred Sep- tember from sawfly galls on Salix caprea §— haemotodes, Gr. §— armillatorius, Gr. §— molestus, Holmgr. §— rnfoleptus, Holmgr. § — insolens, Gr. §— hamulus, Gr. 179 * TRYPHONIDES (con) Homator1 (cont.) Genus, Mesoleius, Holmgrén = lateralis, Gr. *— fallax, Holmer. Genus, Trematopygus, Holmgrén §— vellicans, Gr. §— rubiginosus, Gr. Genus, Tryphon, Fallén §— brachyacanthus, Gmel. §— trochanteratus, Holmer. *— signator, Gr. §— albipes, Gr. §— rutilator, Lin. Genus, Eumesius, Westwood — albitarsus, Curt. Genus, Polyblastus, Hartig §— varitarsus, Gr. *— Westringi, Holmer. §— pyramidatus, Holmgr. §— rivalis, Holmer. Genus, Acrotomus, Holmgrén §— lucidulus, Gr. Genus, Cteniscus, Haliday — triangularis, Gr. Not common §— gnathoxanthus, Gr, §— lituratorius, Lin. §— sexcinctus, Gr. §— succinctus, Gr. ustulatus, Holmer. §— bimaculatus. Holmer. §— pictus, Gr. §— exstirpatorius, Gr. Genus, Exyston, Schiddte — cinctulum, Gr. Genus, Sphecophaga, Westwood — vesparum, Curt. Bred from wasp nests in autumn, and from old nests in spring * *¥ Prosort Genus, Colpotrochia, Holmgrén — elegantula, Schr. Genus, Exochus, Gravenhorst — mansuetor, Gr. Bred July from Pyralis farinalis — alpinus, Zett. Bred May from a Tortrix feeding on honeysuckle §— flavomarginatus, Holmer. — squalidus, Holmgr. Bred July from Botys terrealis §— curvator, Fab. — podagricus, Gr. tember from oxyacanthella — gravis, Gr. — pictus, Holmgr. §— procerus, Holmer. §— nigripalpis, Thom. Genus, Chorinaeus, Holmgrén — cristator, Gr. — funebris, Gr. Bred February from Depressaria heracleana Genus, Orthocentrus, Gravenhorst §— anomalus, Gr. §— confinis, Holmgr. §— fulvipes, Gr. Bred Sep- Symaethis * * * A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE TRYPHONIDES (cont.) Prosorr (cont.) Genus, Orthocentrus, Graven- horst §— intermedius, Holmer. §— vittatus, Holmgr. §— affinis, Zett. §— agilis, Holmer. §— marginatus, Holmgr. §— cognatus, Holmgr. §— ventralis, Holmgr. Genus, Zootrephus, Thomson — Holmgreni, Bridg. Genus, Bassus, Fabricius — albosignatus, Gr. — laetatorius, Fab. Bred, a com- mon parasite on the larvae of the ‘ hovering fly” (Syr- phus), the larvae of which feed exclusively on different species of Aphis — multicolor, Gr. Genus, Homoporus, Thomson — cinctus, Gr. — graculus, Gr. — biguttatus, Gr. — abdominator, Bridg. — flavolineatus, Gr. — fissorius, Gr. — Sundevalli, Holmer. — strigator, Fab. — elegans, Gr. — pallidipes, Gr. — signatus, Gr. Genus, Promethus, Thomson — scutellaris, Bridg. — sulcator, Gr. — cognatus, Holmgr. — pulchellus, Holmer. — festivus, Fab. — dorsalis, Holmgr. — laticarpus, Thoms. AsPIDOPI Genus, Metopius, Panzer §— micratorius, Fab. — dentatus, Fab. Bred from pupae of Lasiocampa quer- cifolia +— dissectorius, Panz. PIMPLiDEs Genus, Acaenitus, Latreille t+t— fulvicornis, Gr. Genus, Rhyssa, Gravenhorst — persuasoria, Lin. +— leucographa, Gr. Genus, Ephialtes, Gravenhorst §— imperator, Kriech. §— tuberculatus, Fourc. §— rex, Kriech. Genus, Perithous, Holmgrén — mediator, Fab. Bred from old bramble stems contain- ing small wasps * TRYPHONIDES (cont.) Pimpuipes (cont.) Genus, Perithous, Holmgrén — divinator, Rossi. Bred from old bramble stems contain- ing small wasps — varius, Gr. Bred from old bramble stems containing small wasps Genus, Pimpla, Fabricius *_ instigator, Fab. *_ examinator, Fab. §— pomorum, Ratz. t— epeira, Bignell. Bred from the egg-bag of a spider, Epeira cornuta, taken out of a bramble bush at Ivybridge +— Bridgmanii, Bignell. Cap- tured in the act of attack- ing a spider, Drassus lapidi- colens, in which she was de- sirous of depositing her egg — turionellae, Lin. Bred July from Rhodophae consociella *— rufata, Gmel. — flavonotata, Holmgr. Bred 29 March from Tortrix viri- danaand several other species — scanica, Vill. — ruficollis, Gr. Bred Novem- ber from Retinia resinella — oculatoria, Fab. — detrita, Holmgr. Bred July from Chilo phragmitellus — rufipleura, Bignell. Bred April from Pygaera curtula — graminellae, Schr. *_.. didyma, Gr. §— calobata, Gr. — stercorator, Fab. Bred 14 March from Eupithecia linariata — brevicornis, Gr. Bred August from Dianthaecia cucubali *— nucum, Ratz. Genus, Polysphincta, Graven- horst! * — varipes, Gr. *— gracilis, Holmgr. Bred June; an external parasite on Meta segmentata — multicolor, Gr. Bred August; host of which was Meta merianae — tuberosa, Gr. Bred June; host, Epeira cucurbitina Genus, Acrodactyla, Haliday *_— madida, Hal. *— degener, Hal. Genus, Clistopyga, Gravenhorst — incitator, Fab. Genus, Glypta, Gravenhorst — teres, Gr. — monoceros, Gr. Bred June from Tortrix costana * * 1The genus Polysphincta are external parasites on adult spiders ; the method of attack will be found in the introduction, 180 TRYPHONIDES (conz.) Pimpxipes (cont.) Genus, Glypta, Gravenhorst *_. fronticornis, Gr. — ceratites, Gr. Bred June from Ephippiphora nigri- costana — haesitator, Gr. Bred June from Hedya ocellana — scalaris, Gr. — bifoveolata, Gr. — flavolineata, Gr. — filicornis, Thom. Genus, Lycorina, Holmgrén §— triangulifera, Holmgr. Genus, Schizopyga, Gravenhorst * podagrica, Gr. §— circulator, Panz. Genus, Lampronota, Haliday §— nigra, Gr. §— caligata, Gr. Genus, Lissonota, Gravenhorst *— variabilis, Gr. — brachycentra, Gr. Bred 16 June from Anticlea badiata §— varicoxa, Thom. — anomala, Holmer. Bred Aug. from Larentia flavicinctata §— parallela, Gr. §— deversor, Gr. §— lineata, Gr. §— notabilis, Desv. — decimator, Gr. Gortyna flavago * * * * Bred from *— bellator, Gmel. *— commixta, Gr. *_ cylindrator, Vill. *— insignita, Gr. *—— segmentator, Fab. *— rufomedia, Bridg. *— sulphurifera, Gr. * — impressor, Gr. Genus, Meniscus, Schiddte — murinus, Gr. Bred from Chrysis neglectus, a para- site on a wasp, Odynerus spinipes — setosus, Gr. Bred from half- grown larvae of Cossus lig- niperda — catenator, Panz. Genus, Phytodiaetus, Gravenhorst — segmentator, Gr. Bred January from Peronea hastiana — coryphaeus, Gr. Bred July from Tortrix viridana — vetulus, Gr. Genus, Oedimopsis §— scabriculus, Gr. Genus,Cryptopimpla, Taschenberg — plantarius, Gr. Bred from Taeniocampa populeti Genus, Mitroboris §— cornuta, Ratz Genus, Phthinodes, Tschek. — hecticus, Gr. Bred May from decaying apple-tree con- taining wasps and beetles * * INSECTS BRACONIDAE A brief introduction to the Braconidae may be interesting, to show how or why they are separated from the true Ichneumonidae, It is by the neuration of the fore wings; these have the exterior discoidal transverse nervure wanting, and by having the first cubital areolet generally, though not always, separated from the praediscoidal, and the entire absence of the small areolet. The Braconidae perform the same function in nature as the Ichneumonidae, and are related to them in structure and habits, and like them the ovipositor may be of any length; that is, be as long or longer than the body, or it may be hidden. The larvae vary in their habits when preparing for the change to the pupa stage, as much as, if not more than, the Ichneumons, Some attack small half-grown larvae, others the largest larvae ; some attack adult beetles, some the beetle larvae ; in fact nothing appears too large or too small in the insect world to escape their attention. Many species do not leave their host to make their change to the pupa, but remain within the skin of the larva, until the fly is ready to take flight, when it cuts a hole and escapes. “The habits of the larvae of the AZicrogasteridae are quite the reverse of those just mentioned. Without any exception they leave their host and spin silken cocoons, very much like that of the silkworm moths of commerce, of course in miniature. Some larvae are solitary in their habits, while others are gregarious; as many as 180 may emerge from a single caterpillar, each one making a separate cocoon, or make an alveariform mass. One particular species, Apanteles formosus, builds up a stem, on the top of which the cocoon is made. The way the alveariform mass is made may be worth recording. ‘The writer was present on one occasion when ninety-five larvae of Microgaster flavipes had just commenced to emerge from an unfortunate caterpillar of Boarmia gemmaria, each one making a hole for its exit, all trying to escape at the same moment. This wriggling mass of maggotsat once commenced to spin silken cords, The caterpillar at this time was stretched out full length on a privet twig; the spinning of the maggots continued, and it was three hours before any form or order could be detected, whether they were going to make a round mass or the usual semi-pyramid of cocoons. From that time it began to get into the final shape, and was completed, to all external appearance, in about seven hours. The mass was formed under the twig. ‘The caterpillar by that time had twisted itself half round, apparently trying to protect its destroyers; by the next morning it had taken up a position over the cocoons, just as a hen would over a brood of chickens. The Aphidiides are solitary parasites. The larvae generally remain in the body of the Aphis, ‘green fly,” the whole of the changes taking place within it ; when the fly is ready to escape, it cuts a circular hole in the body of the dead Aphis, and flies off. In the genus Praon the parasite, when full grown, emerges from the body of the 4phis on the underside, and spins a tent-like cocoon; the dead Aphis remains on the top long after the para- sitic fly has escaped from the cocoon. Small as these must be when the whole of their sustenance was obtained while living within the body of an Aphis, few would imagine that the continuity of the hyperparasite depends on the female (AJlotria) discovering an Aphis already infested with a parasite wherein to deposit her eggs. It may be interesting to know how this last observation was obtained. One bright sunny afternoon, while the writer was on the search for Aphides infested with parasites, his attention was attracted to the actions of some small flies, who evidently were on the same business as himself. The infested Aphis are readily detected by their brown, hard, dead-looking bodies. These small flies were paying great attention to the infested phides by constantly applying their antennae to several parts of the body of the Aphis. When one of the flies had ascertained it was a suitable subject, she commenced depositing her eggs within it. Having watched these manceuvres for some time, one was selected that was seen to deposit eggs, she was brought home, also the Aphis that the eggs were deposited in. A week or two after two flies emerged, the offspring of the parent that deposited the eggs (Allotria victrix). The larvae of the two flies that were bred fed on the single larva that had consumed the Aphis. CYCLOSTOMI CYCLOSTOMI (continued) BraconiDEs Braconipes (continued) Genus, Bracon Genus, Bracon — erythrostictus, Marsh. Bred from gall on Lyme — nigratus, Wesm. Horrabridge, June; Bick/eigh, grass, Psamma arenaria July ao — fulvipes, Nees. Bickleigh, Yelverton — stabilis, Wesm. Bred July from Sciaphila — longicollis, Wesm. Bickeigh, July; Oreston chrysantheana Quarry, August — erraticus, Wesm. Plym Bridge, Bickleigh, August — variegator, Nees. Bred 7 July from Gelechia — Roberti, Wesm. Braunton Burrows, T. A. pinguinella Marshall 181 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE CYCLOSTOMI (continued) Braconipes (continued) Genus, Bracon — laevigatus, Ratz. Bred 22 August from Nematus salicis-cinereae and gallicola galls on willows — mediator, Nees. Bred 26 June from an osier stem ; a parasite on Trochilium crabroniforme — fuscicoxis, Wesm. Bickfeigh, August: — tornator, Marsh. Bickligh, July — Satanas, Wesm. PAym Bridge, June — epitriptus, Marsh. Bred from galls of Hor- momyia capreae, 23 August and 3 Sept. 1884 — larvicida, Wesm. Bick/eigh, August — praetermissus, Marsh., Bick/cigh, August ; Exeter, September — discoideus, Wesm. Bred 5 July, 1886, from Anti- clea badiata, and from Nematus gallicola galls, 15 June, collected the previous autumn — regularis, Wesm. Ye/verton, 4 August, 1885 — variator, Nees. Bred 25 August from a Geo- metra larva found feeding on yarrow, Achillea millefolium — osculator, Nees, Bred from Coleophoro soli- tariella, caespititiella, and discordella in June — obscurator, Nees. Bred 28 May, from roots of Plantago lanceolata, containing larvae of Homaeosoma sinuella, Fab. — anthracinus, Nees. Bovisand, June ExoTHECIDES Genus, Phanomeris, Férst. — fragilis, Hal. Exeter, August RuyssaLiDEs Genus, Rhyssalus, Hal. — clavator, Hal. Barnstaple — indagator, Hal. Vinstone, ur. Plymouth 3 Bishops- teigniton Genus, Colastes, Hal. — decorator, Hal. Bred from fallen oak leaves gathered in the winter — hariolator, Hal. Bickleigh — braconius, Hal. Bred from fallen oak leaves, and from dipterous larvae mining leaves of laburnum and Verbascum thapsus Genus, Oncophanes, Forst. — lanceolator Nees. Bred from Lithocolletis trifasciella and Tortrix viridana SPATHIIDES Genus, Spathius, Nees. — exarator, L. Exeter; Laira, Plymouth Dorycripgs Genus, Histeromerus, Wesm. — mystacinus, Wesm. Three specimens of this rare species were discovered by Mr. J. H. Keys on 14 August, 1901, while hunting for Sinodendron cylindricum (a beetle) in a decayed oak in the Tavy Valley HormtipEs Genus, Chremylus, Hal. — rubiginosus, Nees. Exeter Rocapipzs Genus, Heterogamus, Wesm. — dispar, Cur. Bickkigh ; Lydford CYCLOSTOMI (continued) Rocapives (continued) Genus, Rhogas, Nees. — dissector, Nees. Exeter — dimidiatus, Spin. Bred from Agrotis tritici, July — gasterator, Jurines Yelverton, August — geniculator, Nees. Bred from young larvae of Odonestis potatoria and from Arctia villica — tristis, Wesm. Bred from Dianthaecia cucubali, May ; eight months in cocoon — circumscriptus, Nees. Bred from half-grown larva of Ebulea crocealis, June, and several other larvae — bicolor, Spin. Exeter CRYPTOGASTRES SIGALPHIDES Genus, Allodorus, Férst. — lepidus, Hal. Kingsteignton, Marshall Genus, Sigalphus, Latr. — caudatus, Nees. Exeter — striatulus, Nees. Barnstaple, Marshall — obscurellus, Nees. Bred from Gymnetron col- linus, a beetle larva feeding on the unripe seeds of the toad-flax, Linaria vulgaris, September CHELONIDE Genus, Chelonus, Jur. — inanitus, L. — carbonator, Marsh. Oreston Quarry, August — corvulus, Marsh. Barnstaple, Marshall — dispar, Marsh. Bick/eigh, August — parcicornis, Schaff. Bickéeigh, July — sulcatus, Nees. Langstone Cif, Parfitt Genus, Ascogaster, Wesm. — instabilis, Wesm. Bick/eigh, June — annularis, Nees. Bred from decaying furze-sticks containing larvae of Oecophora lambdella — rufipes, Latr. Bred from a Tortrix caterpillar on birch — rufidens, Wesm. Bred from Tortrix ribeana and xylosteana — canifrons, Wesm. Bick/eigh, 9 July, 1885 ; first recorded capture in England — quadridentatus, Wesm. Bred from larva on wormwood. Genus, Acampsis, Wesm. - — alternipes, Wesm. Captured at Bickkigh * AREOLARII MIcroGasTERIDES Genus, Mirax, Hal. — spartii, Hal. Bred from Nepticulaseptembrella, Aug. Genus, Acoelius, Hal. — subfasciatus, Hal. Nepticula Genus, Apanteles, Férst. — solitarius, Ratz. Bred from Taeniocampa miniosa and several other larvae — salebrosus, Marsh. Bred from Oporabia dilutata and from Hybernia defoliaria — tetricus, Reinh. Bred from Epinephele ianira ; two broods of six and seven respectively — ruficrus, Hal. Bred from Spilosoma menthastri ; a gregarious lot of twenty-four cocoons Bred from three species of 182 INSECTS AREOLARII (continued) MicrocasTeripEs (continued) Genus, Apanteles, Furst. ordinarius, Ratz. Exeter congestus, Nees. Bred from Hadena pisa, and at least a dozen other noctua. The cocoons are often mistaken for a spider’s nest Bignellii, Marsh. Bred 26 July, 1883, from Melitaea aurinia limbatus, Marsh. Bred from Abraxas grossulariata rubripes, Hal. Bred from Geometra papilionaria tubecula, Marsh. Bred from half-grown larvae of Pieris rapae, June glomeratus, L. The well-known parasite of both species of the white cabbage butterflies, Pieris brassicae and rapae sericeus, Nees. A solitary parasite bred from eight different species of Lepidopterous larvae spurius, Wesm. Bred gregariously from Melitaea aurinia and several other larvae Geryonis, Marsh. Bred from Ino geryon, June zygaenarum, Marsh. Bred from Zygaena fili- pendulae, July jucundus, Marsh. Bred 24 June from a larva found on oak caiae, Bouché. Bred from Arctia caia, 4 July; the caterpillar was found at Torcross, 20 June, and produced 180 parasitic larvae a few days after juniperatae, Bouché. Bred from Odontoptera bidentata, April, and from several other larvae nothus, Reinh. Bred from Anticlea badiata and other larvae difficilis, Nees. Bred from Bombyx rubi, August, and other larvae punctiger, Wesm. A female captured, 24 June, at Bickleigh lictorius, Reinh. Exeter (Parfitt) falcatus, Nees. Bred from Leioptilus microdac- tylus, June dilectus, Hal. Bred from Gracilaria syringella, July xanthostigmus, Hal. Bred from Swammerdam- mia caesiella, and from Diurnea fagella and other larvae praetor, Marsh. Oreston Quarry emarginatus, Nees. Bred from Depressaria ner- vosa, August, from half-grown larvae obscurus, Nees. Bred from Ebulea crocealis ; a solitary parasite viminetorum, Wesm. Bred from Elachista mag- nificella, June ; singly sodalis, Hal. Exeter ; Teignmouth ; \arvae gregarious albipennis, Nees. Bred from Leioptilus micro- dactylus ; a solitary parasite, recorded from a dozen other species impurus, Nees. Bred from Tortrix forsterana ; gregarious naso, Marsh. (Marshall) gagates, Nees. Yelverton, 21 August Halidaii, Marsh. Bred from Hedya neglectana longicaudis, Wesm. Bred 18 August, from Laverna subbristrigella fuliginosus, Wesm. Bred 16 July, from Graci- laria syringella ; a solitary parasite sicarius, Marsh. Bred from Sericoris littoralis, 19 June octonarius, Ratz. Bred from Cleora lichenaria and other larvae, June and August On the sandhills at Srarcross’ AREOLARII (continued) Microcasteripes (continued) Genus, Apanteles, Férst. astrarches, Marsh. Bred from Lycaena astrarche, 13 May abjectus, Marsh. Bred from Lophopteryx camelina ; larvae gregarious immunis, Hal. Bred from Pseudoterpna pruinata and other species ; solitary parasite caberae, Marsh. Bred from Cabera pusaria and other larvae, April and June ; solitary parasite popularis, Hal. Bred from Euchelia jacobaeae and other larvae; gregarious. July fraternus, Reinh. Bred from Aspilates ochrearia, September ; larvae, gregarious, forming an alveariform mass of cocoons triangulator, Wesm. Bred from Dasychira pud- dibunda, August pallidipes, Reinh. Bred from Plusia gamma and other larvae ; gregarious bicolor, Nees. Bred from Gnophos obscuraria and other larvae ; solitary when host is small formosus, Wesm. Bred several times from Uropteryx sambucaria in May. The larva on emerging from its host buildsuparigid peduncle, at the top of which the cocoon is formed callidus, Hal. Bred from Abraxas grossulariata and other larvae ; gregarious lateralis, Hal. Bred from Eupithecia assimilata and other larvae ; gregarious vitripennis, Hal. Bred from Boarmia repandata ; the caterpillar not half-grown fulvipes, Hal. Bred from Miselia oxyacanthae, June, and from at least a dozen other species ; larvae gregarious cleoceridis, Marsh. Bred from Cleoceris vimi- nalis, June ; gregarious gonopterygis, Marsh. Bred from half-grown larvae of Gonopteryx rhamni ; solitary para~ site. Cocoon, bright orange-colour, firmly attached to a twig Genus, Microplitis, Férst. Spinolae, Nees. Bred from half-grown larva of Acronycta alni, August. Cocoon, pearly green ocellatae, Bouché. Bred from Smerinthus ocellatus, populi, and tiliae, in May. Cocoons, greyish brown, rough, closely agglutinated together vidua, Ruthe. Bred from Taeniocampa incerta ; solitary tristis, Nees. Bred from Dianthaecia cucubali, May ; gregarious spectabilis, Hal. Bred by D?Orville, Exeter, from Dianthaecia capsincola mediator, Hal. Bred from Cerastis spadicea, June, and several other larvae ; gregarious mediana, Ruthe. Bred singly from not half-grown caterpillars of Taeniocampa stabilis and others tuberculifera, Wesm. Bred singly from young larvae of Taeniocampa miniosa, June Genus, Microgaster, Latr. Alvearius, Fab. ‘Bred seventy out of Boarmia repandata, 26 June posticus, Nees. Bred from Porthesia similis, July flavipes, Hal. Bred from Boarmia gemmaria and Amphipyra pyramidea, July minutus, Reinh. } Bred from Cleora glabraria 1 Cocoons arranged in an alveariform mass; how they are constructed is described in the introduction to the Braconidae. 183 | A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE AREOLARII (continued) Microcasrerives (continued) Genus, Microgaster, Latr. — marginatus, Nees, Bred from Larentia viridaria — calceatus, Hal. Bred from Thera variata and other larvae, singly — connexus, Nees. Bred from Porthesia similis, Aug. —.subcompletus, Nees. Bred from Vanessa atalanta and Hypena proboscidalis — globatus, L. Bred from Lithosia complanula, 12 May — tibialis, Nees. A solitary parasite, bred from Emmelesia decolorata and Eupithecia cam- panulata — spretus, Marsh. Bred from Rhodophaea conso- ciella, July AGaTHIDIDES Genus, Agathis, Latr. — brevisetis, Nees. Bred from Coleophora troglo- dytella and Nannodia hermannella — nigra, Nees. Bred August from Apodia bifractella Genus, Earinus, Wesm. — gloriatorius, Panz. marana, July — nitidulus, Nees. Bick/eigh, 10 May Genus, Microdus, Nees. — cingulipes, Nees. Bred froma Coleophora glauci, 21 July Genus, Orgilus, Hal. — obscurator, Nees. Bred 11 July from Retinia buoliana in tips of branches of fir trees Bred from Stigmonota ger- POLYMORPHI Evupnoripes Genus, Euphorus, Nees. — pallidipes, Cur. Marsh Mills; Phmbridge — picipes, Hal. Péymbridge, 27 May — coactus, Marsh. Taken near Barnstaple by Marshall — apicalis, Cur. Bickleigh — ornatus, Marsh. A single specimen beaten out of holly at Ivybridge, 28 May, 1898. Only one previous capture of this insect is recorded — fulvipes, Cur. Teignmouth (Marshall) Genus, Wesmaélia, Forst. — cremasta, Marsh. N. Devon (Marshall) Genus, Perilitus, Nees. — rutilus, Nees. Osier bed near Longbridge, June — falciger, Ruthe. Bred from a beetle, Timarcha laevigata, 7 May’ — aethiops, Nees. Oreston Quarry, August — brevicollis, Hal. Péymbridge, July Genus, Microctonus, Wesm. — cultus, Marsh. Nr. Barnstaple (Marshall) METEoRIDES Genus, Meteorus, Hal. — albiditarsis, Cur. Bred 13 May from Anarta myrtilli. Cocoon, felted, straw-colour — chrysophthalmus, Nees. Bred from Odontoptera bidentata. Cocoon much like the preceding — deceptor, Wesm. Bred from Crocallis elinguaria and several other larvae. Cocoons, white, felted, fusiform 1 Tt is not usual for an imago to be attacked by parasites, — fuscipes, Nees. 184 POLYMORPHI (continued) MereoripEs (continued) Genus, Meteorus, Hal. — caligatus, Hal. Bred from Eupithecia expalli- data. Cocoon, white, oval, felted — ictericus, Nees. Ivybridge ; Bickleigh. Cocoon, white and very thin — pallidipes, Wesm. Bovisland and Bickleigh — facialis, Ruthe. Barnstaple, Marshall — obfuscatus, Nees. Bred from Orchesia micans, feeding in fungus Boletus — punctiventris, Ruthe — atrator, Cur. Plymouth District (Parfitt) — albicornis, Ruthe. Bickéeigh and Exeter — abdominator, Nees. — pulchricornis, Wesm. Bred from Agrotis agathina in June ; a solitary parasite — scutellator, Nees. Bred from 'Taeniocampa stabilis and several other larvae — unicolor, Wesm. Bred from Tethea retusa and Orthosia lota — versicolor, Wesm. Bred from Geometra papilio- nari ; a solitary parasite Bred from larvae of Cis boleti, a small beetle found feed- ing in a fungus (Polyporus versicolor) — cinctellus, Nees. Bolt Head and Bickkigh — tenellus, Marsh. Bred from Peronea hastiana, Nov. —— leviventris, Wesm. Bickleigh; Yelverton — rubens, Nees. Bred from Agrotis tritici, May ; larvae gregarious — fragilis, Wesm. Bred from Taeniocampa stabilis. When the larva leaves its host it spins a single thread about 2 inches long; thus suspended it weaves its brown cocoon ; soon after it falls to the ground — luridus, Ruthe. Bred from Noctua brunnea. Cocoons, brown, heaped together, attached by a few threads — filator, Hal. — profligator, Hal. CaLyPripEs Genus, Eubadizon, Nees. — extensor, L. Bred out of alder catkins gathered 25 February — flavipes, Hal. Bred from a pupa found on a wall at Paignton Genus, Calyptus, Hal. — fasciatus, Nees. Taken by Marshall at Barnstapke — tibialis, Hal. Bickzigh, June BiacipEs Genus, Pygostolus, Hal. — sticticus, Fab. Bred from'a cocoon found on blackthorn ; solitary parasite Genus, Blacus, Nees. — ruficornis, Nees. Bred from fallen oak leaves gathered in the winter ~~ tuberculatus, Wesm. Bickleigh and Phymbridge — tripudians, Hal. Ye/verton and Bickleigh LioPHRONIDES Genus, Liophron, Nees. — ater, Nees. Plymbridge — lituratus. Clearbrook Genus, Centistes, Hal. — lucidator, Nees. } Captured at Bickkigh and Yelverton INSECTS POLYMORPHI (continued) Macrocentripes Genus, Macrocentrus, Curt. *— abdominalis, Fab. Gregarious *_- pruinata. Gregarious — marginator, Nees. Bred from several species of Sesia ; larva solitary *— thoracicus, Nees, — infirmus, Nees. Bred 174 females from a single caterpillar of Hydraecia petasitis — collaris,Spin. Bredeighty from Noctua triangulum Genus, Zele, Curt. — testaceator, Curt. Bickleigh and Bishopsteignton — chlorophthalma, Nees. Bred from Cidaria im- manata — discolor, Wesm. Bred from Cabera pusaria DiospiLipes Genus, Diospilus, Hal. — oleraceus, Hal. Gen. dist. — capito, Nees. §— morosus, Reinh. Genus, Dolops, Marsh. — hastifer, Marsh. Ye/verton, August — aculeator, Marsh. Teignmouth and Cornworthy Opi1pEs Genus, Hedylus, Marsh. t— habilis, Marsh. Genus, Opius, Wesm. — apiculator(?) Nees. Stoke Wood, nr. Exeter (Parfitt) — spretus, Hal. Marsh Mids ; Bishopsteignton — tacitus, Hal. Bred from Dipterous larvae — analis, Wesm. Bred from oak leaves gathered from the ground in winter t— saevus, Hal. §— maculipes, Wesm. §— cingulatus, Wesm. t— irregularis, Wesm. Parvulus, Wesm. Bred from Oecophoro fulviguttella §— zelotes, Marsh. t— nitidulator, Nees. — reconditor, Wesm. Bickieigh — caelatus, Hal. Barnstaple (Marshall) — rufipes, Wesm. Cornworthy (Marshall) — comatus, Wesm. Plympton Genus, Biosteres, Férst. — carbonarius, Nees. Ivybridge — rusticus, Hal. Beesands — impressus, Wesm. Coraworthy (Marshall) Genus, Diachasma, Forst. — cephalotes, Wesm. S/apton EXODONTES ALYSIIDES Genus, Chasmodon, Hal. t— apterus, Nees. Genus, Alloea, Hal. — contracta, Hal. Bred from fallen oak leaves Genus, Alysia, Latreille — manducator, Panz. carrion — tripulae, Scop. Exeter; Yelverton +— incongrua, Nees. Nr. Piymoush — lucicola, Hal. Devon (Marshall) t— truncator, Nees. Exeter (Hellins) Bred from larva feeding on I 185 EXODONTES (continued) Atysiipes (continued) Genus, Pentapleura, Furst. *— pumilio, Nees. Genus, Aphaereta, Férst. — cephalotes, Hal. Genus, Phaenocarpa, Férst. — ruficepes, Nees.’ t— pullata, Hal.? *— picinervis, Hal.! +— Eugenia, Hal. * * Seaton; C. W. Dale! — conspurcator, Hal. Genus, Adelura, Farst. t— Isabella, Hal. *— apii, Cur. A parasite on the larva of the celery- Genus, Mesocrina, Forst. — pugnatrix, Marsh. Cornworthy (Marshall) Genus Aspilota, Forst. — ruficornis, Nees. 2s eondlana; Fiat, {"t from old wasps’ nests * infested with a dipteron, Homalomyia canicularis Bickleigh Vinstone Nursery — nervosa, Hal. — fuscicornis, Hal. — distracta, Nees. DacnusipEs Genus, Oenone, Hal. *_ hians, Nees. *— ringens, Hal. Genus, Dacnusa, Hal. — adducta, Hal. Bishopsteignton (Marshall) — senilis, Nees. §— petiolata, Nees. — lepida, Marsh. Bishopsteignton (Marshall) — aphanta; Marsh. Nr. P/ymouth (Marshall) §— stramineipes, Hal. *__.. areolaris, Nees. t— leptogaster, Hal. Genus, Gyrocampa, Forst. §— foveola, Hal. Genus, Chorebus, Hal. t— limoniadum, Marsh. Genus, Chaenusa, Hal. — conjungens, Nees. Not uncommon in swampy places Genus, Coelinius, Nees. t— viduus, Cur. *— niger, Nees. *— elegans, Hal. Genus, Chaenon, Curtis §— anceps, Cur. Genus, Polemon, Giraud — liparae, Giraud. Bred from a dipteron, Lipara lucens FLEXILIVENTRES APHIDIIDES The following groups are interesting on account of their parasitism ; the whole of them live within the body of the several species of Aphis, commonly called green-fly. 1 Parasites on the larvae of dipterous flies that feed in manure and other refuse heaps, 24 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE FLEXILIVENTRES (continued) Apuipiipes (continued) Genus, Aphidius, Nees. — pseudoplatani, Marsh, — sonchi, Marsh. — ribis, Hal. — cirsii, Hal. hortensis, Marsh. chrysanthemi, Marsh. matricariae, Hal. — cardui, Marsh. — salicis, Hal. scabiosae, Marsh. brassicae, Marsh. — fabarum, Marsh. — dauci, Marsh. — polygoni, Marsh. FLEXILIVENTRES (continued) Apuipiipes (continued) Genus, Praon, Hal. The larva of this genus, when full-fed, leaves its host and forms a tent-like structure under the body. *— abjectum, Hal. * * * * *— longicorne, Marsh. + *— flavinode, Hal. __ *— volucre, Hal. + Genus, Ephedrus, Hal. * The following do not leave the host, like the pre- * ceding, the metamorphosis taking place within the *— body. + *— validus, Hal. : *— lacertosus, Hal. i *— plagiator, Nees. Genus, Toxares, Hal. *— deltiger, Hal. Genus, Monoctonus, Hal. In the following eight species of Aphidius the females are unknown. *— caricis, Hal. §— silenes, Marsh. Genus, Trioxys, Hal. §— crithmi, Marsh. — betulae, Marsh. Not common *— absinthii, Marsh. *— angelicae, Hal. *— euphorbiae, Marsh. Genus, Aphidius, Nees. *— lychnidis, Marsh. §— abietis, Marsh. *— cerasi, Marsh. — pini, Hal. t— acalephae, Marsh. — urticae, Hal. t— callipteri, Marsh. — gregarius, Marsh. : Genus, Dyscritus, Marsh. t— planiceps, Marsh. — rosae, Hal. — lonicerae, Marsh. avenae, Hal. — ervi, Hal. — ulmi, Marsh. — pascuorum, Marsh. — pterocommae, Marsh. — granarius, Marsh. — crepidis, Hal. EvantipDaE Genus, Hyptia, Illiger. t— minuta, Fab. Genus, Foenus, Fabricius *— jaculator, Lin. * * * * * en * * * * * % *—\ assectator, Lin. OXYURA This group of parasitic flies has been much neglected since the days of Haliday, no doubt from their small size ; many are not so large asan ordinary Aphis, and being parasites on small insects, the opportunity of breeding does not often occur. This list contains only forty-one species, these are in the writer’s collection, out of 373 enumer- ated in the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s ‘ Catalogue of the Oxyura,’ published by the Entomological Society of London, in 1873, and it is impossible to say whether certain species are common or not. ProcTroTRYPIDAE Proctotrypes gravidator, Lin. — niger, Panz. — ater, Nees. — longicornis, Nees. — pallidipes, Jurine — viator, Hal. — calcar, Hal. — aculeator, Hal. CzRAPHRONIDAE Lygocerus Carpenteri, Cur. Megaspilus abdominalis, Boh. — alutaceus, Thoms. — thoracicus, Boh. BreTHYLIDAE Cephalanomoea formiciformis, Westw." Perisemus triareolatus, Walk. Dryinipaz Chelogynus ephippiger, Dalm. — frontalis, Dalm. Antaeon flavicornis, Dalm. — infectus, Walk. Aphelopus melanoleucus, Dalm. 1 Bred from beetles Pentarthrum Hut- toni, or Anobium domesticum, probably from both, from one piece of decayed wood in which both beetles were plentiful, October. 186 EMBOLIMIDAE Embolimus Ruddi, Wesm. HELoripag Helorus anomalipes, Panz. — coruscus, Férst. BELYTIDAE Belyta sanguinolenta, Nees. — nigriventris, Thoms. — validicornis, Thoms. — depressa, Thoms. Cinetus filicornis, Thoms. INSECTS DiapriiDaE Platymischus dilatatus, Westw. Taken under seaweed at Plymouth, abundant on rocks, Torquay, September Galesus fuscipennis, Cur. — clypeatus, Cur. Aneurrhynchus oviventris, Thoms. Drapritpak (cont.) Paramesius rufipes, Westw. — belytoides, Marsh. — claviscapus, Thoms. — elongatus, Thoms. Spilomicrus nigripes, Thoms. Diapria conica, Fab. — verticillata, Latr. DiapripaE (cont.) Basalys fumipennis, Westw. Loxotropa tritoma, Thoms. Cap- tured 11 May, 1891, on the coast, under a stone, in the nest of a small ant, Tetra- morium caespitum. — parva, Thoms. CHALCIDIDAE The Chakididae consist chiefly of beautiful metallic coloured insects, green and golden-green predominating. Those obtained from galls are certainly hyperparasites. are no doubt direct parasites. Those attacking pupae Chalcids have been bred from all orders of insecta, and it may be safely said that there are hundreds if not thousands in collections awaiting identification. Syntomaspis caudatus, Brischke. Bred from galls of of Biorhiza terminalis and Cynips Kollari —— cynaeus, Bris. Bred from galls of Dryophanta verrucosa Pteromalus tibialis, West. Bred from galls of Andri- cus nudus; A. ostreus; A. pilosus ; Neuroterus tricolor; N. albipes; N. vesicatrix; and Dryophanta divisa — incrassatus, Ratz. Bred from galls of Dryophanta divisa; Cynips Kollari; and Neuroterus tricolor — puparum, Lin. Bred from a pupa of the small tortoise-shell butterfly (Vanessa urticae), and from pupa of the small white butterfly (Pieris rapae) Pteromalus omnivorium, Walker. Bred from pupa of small white butterfly (Pieris rapae), and from an unknown noctua pupa, found at Loddiswell, 25 July, 1896 — (unnamed) hyperparasite. Bred from pupae of the whirligig beetle, Gyrinus natator, ro July, 1884 ; pupae found attached to the common rush (Juncus conglomeratus) on the bank of the Exeter Canal by the late Rev. J. Hellins Torymus abdominalis, Fons. Bred from Biorhiza terminalis; Cynips Kollari; Andricus curvator; A.ostreus ; Neuroterus lenticularis ; Dryophanta longiventris ; and D. divisa — regius, Nees. Bred from Biorhiza terminalis ; Cynips Kollari; Dryophanta folii; and D. longiventris — auratus, Fons. Bred from Neuroterus baccarum ; N. tricolor; Andricus ostreus; A. curvator ; and A. quadrilineatus — erucarum, Gir. Bred from Andricus radicis — corticis, Gir. Bred from Andricus corticis — bedeguaris, L. Bred from Rhodites rosae Callimome dauci, Curtis. carrot Bred from galls on wild - Megastigmus dorsalis, Fab. Bred from Andricus cor- ticis and A. fecundatrix — stigmaticans, Fab. Bred from Cynips Kollari — giganticus, Kollar. Bred from Cynips Kollari Platymesopus tibialis, West. Bred from Neuroterus aprilinus Eulophus gallarum, Nees. Bred from Biorhiza ter- minalis ; Andricus cirratus; and A. ramuli — euedoreschus, Walker. Bred from Andricus fecun- datrix. Not appearing until March or April of the third year Eurytoma rosae, Nees. Bred from Cynips Kollari ; Andricus Sieboldi; A. corticis; Neuroterus tricolor ; Dryophanta divisa ; and D. longiventris — aethiops, Ratz. Bred from Rhodites rosae — diastrophi, Gir. Bred from Diastrophus rubi, 22 June, 1885 : — tristis, Mayr. Bred from Urophora cardui Eutyrtus scaurus, Walker. Bred from pupa of De- pressaria nervosa Copidosoma chalconotum, Dalm. Bred seventy-three from pupa of Depressaria nervosa Decatoma biguttata, Swederus. Bred from Cynips Kollari and Dryophanta folii Perilampus pallipes, Curtis. Captured 5 May, 1897, in Bickleigh Wood Tridymus salicis, Nees. Bred from a hovering fly (Syrphus) ; larva or pupa found on lime tree, ro August, 1884 Cerapterocerus mirabilis, West. Bred 13 September, 1884, from coccus Eriopeltis festucae, found on fescue-grass ; has been mistaken for the cocoon of an Apanteles Caratomus megacephalus, Fab. Taken 29 July, 1882, on cobwall at Exeter, where several species of bees and wasps found a home Encyrtus clavellatus, Dalm. Bred from Cecidomyia salicis HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA Ants, Wasps, Bees, Etc. The climate and geological formation of the county of Devon should without doubt make it a grand hunting ground for the lovers of this section of insect life. Although in and around Plymouth, the residence of the writer, the limestone formation and the granite on the moors do not contribute towards the requirements of these insects, yet the neighbourhood of Exeter must be an ideal place, also the Starcross and Dawlish sand dunes. As the burrowing wasps and bees form the great majority of these insects, it must be a grand home for them, 187 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE and as the locality is well represented with horticulturists they have the next essential thing, food, A choice variety of flowers is grown in abundance for those requiring honey or pollen, and where there is abundance of flowers it follows that an abundance of Aphides will be found ; those using these green flies for food will have a good supply, and so will others find the food they require, whether it be caterpillars, beetles, flies, or spiders. Unfortunately there is no one in the county that I am aware of who has devoted his whole attention to this order, consequently it cannot be said to have been properly and systematically worked. Devonshire was one of the favoured counties of the older entomologists, Leach, Curtis, and Stephens, for these names we often meet in old records. which is only a short distance from Exeter, I would suggest that the three worked together occasionally during their holidays. As Leach resided at Spichwick, A few of Leach’s bees have not been observed since his time, and there is some doubt about the correctness of these records, as he was known to have collected on the Continent. HETEROGYNA FormiciDaz Ants Formica, Linn. — rufa, Linn. Race congerens, occasionally found in the same localities §— exsecta, Nyl. *— fusca, Linn. §— do. race cunicularia, Latr. *Lasius, fuliginosus, Latr. *— niger, Linn. *— do. race alienus, Forst. *“— umbratus, Nyl. §— do. race mixtus **__ flavus, De Geer. §Tapinoma erraticum, Latr. * PonERIDAE tPonera contracta, Latr. MyrmicipaE §Myrmecina Latreillei, Curt. *Tetramorium caespitum, Linn, tStenamma Westwoodi, West. §Leptothorax acervorum, Fab. §— tuberum, Fab. §— do. race unifasciatus, Latr. **Myrmica rubra, Linn. _ Its races are gen. dis. — race 1, sulcinodis, Nyl. — ,, 2, ruginodis, Nyl. — 4, 3, laevinodis, Nyl. — 4, 4, scabrinodis, Ny], — ,, 5, lobicornis, Nyl. Introduced Species Prenolepis vividula, Nyl. Found at the root of an imported palm, July, 1895 (a colony ; no female was found when search was made, but eggs were ob- served) * Monomorium Pharaonis,, Linn. Too plentiful to be pleasant in bakehouses and private residences in and around Plymouth 1 Workers have been known to pro- duce eggs when the female has been destroyed ; these would produce males only. G.C.B. HETEROGYNA (conz.) MyemicipaE (cont.) tTetramorium simillimum, Smith. In a hothouse at Mr. Parkin’s, Union Road, Exe- ter, (Parfitt) Cremastogaster scutellaris, Oliv. Found 1 Nov., 1892, in imported apples FOSSORES MotI1tiipaz tMutilla europaea, Linn. §Myrmosa melanocephala, Fab. tMethoca ichneumonides, Latr. TIPHIIDAE §Tiphia femorata, Fab, *— minuta, V.d. Lind. SaPYGIDAE §Sapyga §-punctata, Fab. §— clavicornis, Linn. PompPiLiDAE § Pompilus unicolor, Spin. §— bicolor, Lep. *— rufipes, Linn. §— cinctellus, Spin, §— plumbeus, Fab, — niger, Fab. — viaticus, Linn. §— minutulus, Dahlb, §— spissus, Schiddte §— chalybeatus, Schiddte *— gibbus, Fab. §— pectinipes, Linn. *Salius fuscus, Linn. §— affinis, V. de Lind. *— exaltatus, Fab. §— notatulus, Saund. *— pusillus, Schiddte §— parvulus, Dahlb. §Calicurgus hyalinatus, Fab. §Ceropales maculatus, Fab. SpHEGIDAE §Astatus boops, Schr. *Tachytes pectinipes, Linn, t— unicolor, Panz. 188 FOSSORES (conz.) SPHEGIDAE (con?.) §Trypoxylon figulus, Linn. *— clavicerum, Lep. *— attenuatum, Sm. *Ammophila sabulosa, Linn. §— campestris, Latr, *— hirsuta, Scop. *Spilomena troglodytes, V. de Lind. ; §Pemphredon lugubris, Fab. §— Shuckardi, Mor, §— Wesmaeli, Mor. *— morio, V. de Lind, *— lethifer, Shuck. §Diodontus minutus, Fab. §— luperus, Shuck, *__. tristis, V. de Lind. §Passaloecus corniger, Shuck. §— gpracilis, Curt. §Mimesa equestris, Fab, §— bicolor, Jur. §— unicolor, V. de Lind. §Psen pallipes, Panz. *Gorytes mystaceus, Linn. §— campestris, Linn. §— bicinctus, Rossi. *Nysson spinosus, Fab, — interruptus, Fab. Not rare §— trimaculatus, Rossi. §— dimidiatus, Jur. *Mellinus arvensis, Linn. §Cerceris Rybyensis, Linn. *— arenaria, Linn. Portlemouth, on slopes towards the sea, storing its cells with a beetle (Otiorynchus suka- tus) *_.. 5-fasciata, Linn. *_ labiata, Fab. *Oxybelus uniglumis, Linn. §— mandibularis, Dahlb. t— nigripes, Oliv. t— mucronatus, Fab. *Crabro tibialis, Fab. *— clavipes, Linn. *— leucostomus, Linn. § — cetratus, Shuck. *— podagricus, V. de Lind. t— palmarius, Schreb. t— palmipes, Linn. §— varius, Lep. FOSSORES (cont.) SPHEGIDAE (cont.) tCrabro anxius, Wesm. §— Wesmaeli, V. de Lind. *—— elongatus, V. de Lind. 4-maculatus, Fab. dimidiatus, Fab. vagabundus, Panz. cavifrons, Thoms. chrysostomus, Lep. vagus, Linn. cribrarius, Linn. — peltarius, Schreb. — lituratus, Panz. — interruptus, De Geer. tEntomognathus brevis, V. de Lind. Pierre ae 3 Wie a a DIPLOPTERA VESPIDAE *Vespa crabro, Linn. Local **_ vulgaris, Linn. *— germanica, Fab. *— rufa, Linn. §— sylvestris, Scop. Gen. dis. — norvegica, Fab. Occasion- ally throughout Devon! EuMENIDAE *Odynerus spinipes, Linn. t— melanocephalus, Gmel. §— laevipes, Shuck. §— reniformis, Gmel. *— callosus, Thoms. *— parietum *— pictus, Curt. §— trimarginatus, Zett. §— parietinus, Linn. §— Antilope, Panz. §— gracilis, Brullé *— sinuatus, Fab. Eumenes coarctata,Linn. Local ANTHOPHILA Subdivision I—OBTUSILINGUES CotLeTipaz *Colletes succincta, Linn, *— fodiens, Kirb. *— picistigma, Thoms, §— marginata, Sm. — Daviesana, Sm. §Prosopis communis, Kirb. §— signata, Panz. §— punctulatissima, Sm. *— hyalinata, Sm. *— confusa, Nyl. *— brevicornis, Nyl. t— pictipes, Nyl. 1 Nests generally built in gooseberry bushes in this county, in Scotland in the furze. The writer removed one from a gooseberry bush: the nest was rebuilt, to all outward appearance, in seven days, G.C.B. INSECTS ANTHOPHILA (cont.) Subdivision II—ACUTILINGUES ANDRENIDAE $Sphecodes gibbus, Linn. —— subquadratus, Sm. §— spinulosus, V. Hag. §— puncticeps, Thoms. *— pilifrons, Thoms. *— similis, Wesm. t— ferruginatus, Schk. *— affinis, V. Hag. — hyalinatus, Schk, Sidmouth (Perkins) — variegatus, V. Hag. Sidmouth (Perkins) *Halictus rubicundus, Chr, §— xanthopus, Kirb. *— leucozonius, Schr. zonulus, Sm. quadrinotatus, Kirb. laevigatus, Kirb, sexnotatus, Kirb, cylindricus, Fab, albipes, Kirb, subfasciatus, Nyl. villosulus, Kirb. breviceps, Saund. punctatissimus, Schk, nitidiusculus, Kirb. minutus, Kirb. minutissimus, Kirb, tumulorum, Linn. — gramineus, Smith Smeathmanellus, Kirb. *— morio, Fab. t— leucopus, Kirb. Local *Andrena albicans, Kirb. *— pilipes, Fab. §— tibialis, Kirb. t— bimaculata, Kirb. §— rosae, Panz. florea, Fab. *— thoracica, Fab. *_— nitida, Fourc. *— cineraria, Linn, §— fulva, Schr. *— nigroaenea, Kirb, *— Gwynana, Kirb. *— angustior, Kirb. t— praecox, Scop. *— varians, Rossi §— helvola, Linn. §— fucata, Sm. §— nigriceps, Kirb. §— simillima, Sm. t— fuscipes, Kirb. *_. denticulata, Kirb. *_ fulvicrus, Kirb. +— fasciata, Nyl. t— bucephala, Steph *__ Hattorfiana, Fab. §— Cetii, Sehr. §— cingulata, Fab. §— humilis, Imh. §— labialis, Kirb. §— chrysosceles, Kirb. t— Coitana, Kirb. 189 PT eect ade > ie et KOM ANTHOPHILA (cont:) Subdivision II—ACUTILINGUES (cont.) ANDRENIDAE (cont.) *Andrena fulvago, Chr. *— albicrus, Kirb. *— minutula, Kirb, *— nana, Kirb. §— proxima, Kirb, *— dorsata, Kirb. §— similis, Sm. = Wilkella, Kirb. — Afzeliella, Kirb, red hirtipes, Latr. tCilissa haemorrhoidalis, Feb. §— leporina, Panz. *Panurgus calcaratus, Scop. *_. ursinus, Gmel. tNomada obtusifrons, Nyl. — solidaginis, Panz. *— succincta, Panz. §— lineola, Panz. *— alternata, Kirb, *— jacobaeae, Panz. t— Lathburiana, Kirb. *— ruficornis, Linn. *_ bifida, Thoms. *— borealis, Zett. §— lateralis, Panz. *— ochrostoma, Kirb. *_ armata, H.-S, *— ferruginata, Kirb. *— Fabriciana, Linn. *— flavoguttata, Kirb. *— furva, Panz. Apipag *Epeolus rufipes, Thoms. § — productus, Thoms. §Ceratina cyanea, Fab. Chelostoma florisomne, Local, not scarce tCoelioxys conoidea, Illig. t— quadridentata, Linn. §— rufescens, Lep. §— elongata, Lep. §— acuminata, Nyl. §Megachile maritima, Kirb. — Willughbiella, Kirb. *— circumcincta, Lep. §— ligniseca, Kirb. *— centuncularis, Linn, t— versicolor, Sm. §— argentata, Fab. “Osmia rufa, Linn. §— pilicornis, Sm. §— xanthomelana, Kirb. §— parietina, Curt. §— coerulescens, Linn. *— Leaiana, Kirb. *— aurulenta, Panz. Local, bred from whelk shells *— leucomelana, Kirb. §— spinulosa, Kirb, §Stelis aterrima, Panz. *— phoeoptera, Kirb. §— 8-maculata, Sm. Linn. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE ANTHOPHILA (cont.) ANTHOPHILA (cont.) ANTHOPHILA (cont.) Subdivision II—MACUTILINGUES Subdivision IIMACUTILINGUES Subdivision II—ACUTILINGUES (cont.) (cont.) (cont.) Aprpag (cont.) ApiDaE (cont.) Apipag (cont.) §Anthidium manicatum, Linn. *Psithyrus Barbutellus, Kirb. *Bombus Derhamellus, Kirb. §Eucera longicornis, Linn. *— campestris, Panz. t— soroensis, Fab, §Melecta luctuosa, Scop. *Bombus venustus, Sm. *— lapidarius, Linn. *— armata, Panz. *— agrorum, Fab. * terrestris, Linn. *Anthophora pilipes, Fab. *— Latreillellus, Kirb. Apis mellifica, Linn. Honey-bee! *__ furcata, Panz. *__ hortorum, Linn. 1 On very rare occasions they have been §— quadrimaculata, Panz. §— Jonellus, Kirb. known to suspend their comb from a *Saropoda bimaculata, Panz. *— pratorum, Linn. oe a a praeai aes *Psithyrus rupestris, Fab. — lapponicus, Fab. Not rare {go1;’ the deserted comb was about §— vestalis, Fourc. *— sylvarum, Linn. three inches in length. G.C.B. CHRYSIDIDAE HyMENOPTERA TUBULIFERA There are only about twenty-five species in England, and only six are recorded for the county ; two others, however, occur just within the Cornish boundary in the north. ‘These beautiful flies with their brilliant metallic colours do not appear to have been collected—or are these parasitic flies comparatively scarce or rare in the districts visited by collectors? The bees are well represented ; consequently it is surprising to find so few in the collections of the entomologists that have travelled over the country. Specimens of Hedychridium minutum are to be obtained in July by visiting the cliffs near Bovisand ; roseum was observed at Rickham, near Portlemouth, 11 July; Chrysis neglecta and viridula were bred from the nests of Odynerus spinipes ; Chrysis cyanea have been obtained at Exminster and Loddiswell; Ruddii and pustulosa were obtained at Millhook in North Cornwall, a short distance out of the county; while ignita is generally distributed, infesting several species of bees and wasps. These beautiful coloured flies are parasites, the parent depositing her egg on the food of the bee or wasp. The eggs of the latter hatch ; the larvae consume the food stored by the parent, and when full fed the egg of the parasitic fly is developed ; it then attacks the aculeate larva, and very soon sucks its victim dry ; consequently the cell is then tenanted by the parasitic larva; it changes to pupa in the following spring, and ultimately emerges a perfect fly from the cell that should have produced a wasp or bee. ‘These changes can be observed by placing the aculeate larva, with parasitic egg, in a small glass cylinder of the same size as the bee or wasp cell (should be kept cool and from the light). COLEOPTERA Beetles The county of Devon is decidedly rich in Coleoptera, and as large tracts of country have not yet been worked, a considerable number of species will certainly in time be added to the list. The high ground of Dartmoor, the rich park-land and woods of the interior, and the double stretch of coast-line north and south, including the so called ‘ Burrows,’ especially Northam Burrows (now best known as Westward Ho!) and Braunton Burrows, are all very productive, and the lake and marshy ground at Slapton Ley are well known as the habitat of several scarce species. Bidessus minutissimus and Scopaeus rubidus have only occurred in Britain in this locality, and Philonthus punctus has only been taken in two or three other places. The chief Devon species is perhaps Carabus intricatus, which may still be found in its old locality, as is proved by the capture of two specimens in 1898 by Mr. J. H. Keys. Mr. Keys has added a large number of good species to the Devon list, and I am much indebted to him for a list of his captures and for other information. I have made considerable use of Mr. Parfitt’s catalogue of the Coleoptera of Devon, which, I think, is fairly accurate, as so many of his species have since been confirmed, and my thanks are also due to the Rev. A. Thornley and Mr. Thouless. Dr. Power’s captures at Seaton and in the Lee valley are of great interest, and the late Mr. Vernon Wollaston and Mr. F. Smith did much good work at Slapton Ley and in other localities. It is of course well known that Dr. Leach resided in Devonshire, and that Stephens quotes many of his records. Many of these have been considered doubtful, but in the face of recent captures I am inclined to think that most of them are right, and that even Agabus brunneus will again be discovered 190 INSECTS somewhere in South Devon, Several of the beetles which have been recorded from Plymouth have really occurred at Whitsand Bay, which is only just over the border line. The chief of these I have noted in footnotes. Lundy Island possesses a fair number of species; of these Psylliodes luridipennis and Melanophthalma distinguenta appear to be peculiar to the island. Among the beetles especially worth recording may be mentioned the following: Calosoma sycophanta and Diachromus germanus (both doubtfully indigenous), Dinarda dentata, Actocharis Readingi, Tachinus rufipennis, Quedius longicornis, Medon ripicola, Emus hirtus, Philonthus astutus, some very good species of Colon, Meligethes, and Meloé, Gnorimus nobilis, Microrrhagus pygmaeus, Agelastica alni, Strangalia aurulenta, Coenopsis fissirostris, Exomias pyrenaeus, Gymnetron rostellum, etc. At Seaton Dr. Power captured Scydmaenus poweri, a quite new species described by myself, and recently Mr, Frank Bouskell has recorded the occurrence of Aphodius sturmi, an insect new to the British list, near Plymouth, where it was taken by Mr. J. H. Keys. Mr. Keys has published a very interesting paper in the transactions of the Plymouth Institu- tion, in which he refers to the northern and hill country species which he has found in the Plymouth district, chiefly on or near Dartmoor. ‘The insects noted in his paper are the following : Hydro- porus septentrionalis, Hydraena atricapilla, Coccinella 5-punctata (a very remarkable capture), Barynotus Schinherri, Pterostichus aethiops, Quedius auricomus and its variety guadriguttatus and Corymbites aeneus, and to these he has added Perileptus areolatus, Gnypeta caerulea, Silbha nigrita, and quite recently Homalota eremita ; the occurrence of these northern forms in the extreme south is very interesting, being even more striking than the capture of many of the northern forms in the midlands by the late Mr. W. G. Blatch. Doubtless, as Mr. Keys remarks, many of the northern beetles which tenanted Dartmoor have become extinct; at the present time Prerostichus aethiops only appears to occur in a limited space on the top of one particular hill. Observers therefore are much needed in these localities, CICINDELIDAE Cicindela campestris, L. — hybrida, L. var. maritima, Dej. Braunton Burrows — germanica,L Seaton, June, 1895 (P. de la Garde, R.N.) CARABIDAE Cychrus rostratus, L. Woods near P/hymouth, Dartmoor Carabus intricatus, L. In woods under moss and lichens, on trunks of old oaks or under bark or logs, Tavistock, Holsworthy, Ashburton, Bick- keigh Vale, Torquay district. A large number of specimens were taken by Mr. Reading some forty or fifty years ago, and Mr. Wollas- ton captured a fine example on 18 April, 1872, about two miles from Newton Abbot on the road to Torquay. In May, 1898, Mr. Keys took two specimens in the Plymouth dis- trict. It is one of the most characteristic of the Devon insects. — catenulatus, Scop. — nemoralis, Mill. — violaceus, L. var. exasperatus, Duft. shburton — auratus, L. Recorded taken at Exmouth and ‘on the coast at Torguay about 1852” (R. Lyddeker) — granulatus, L. — arvensis, F. Dartmoor (Thouless) Calosoma inquisitor, L. Ivybridge (J. H. Keys) — sycophanta, L. Nr. Dartmouth (Leach) ; Ug- borough Beacon, an elytron in a roadway 21 July, 1862 (Reading). The following note by Mr. J. Brooking Rowe appears in the Eat- mologists’ Monthly Magazine, October, 1872 : “A fine specimen of Calosoma sycophanta was taken by a friend of mine, Dr. Harper, last week. He saw it flying in Exeter Street, Plymouth, and on its alighting on a wall he caught it in his hand (receiving a nip from the insect), and brought it home in his glove. 191 CARABIDAE (continued) Notiophilus bigattatus, F. — substriatus, Wat. — quadripunctatus, Dej. — aquaticus, L. — palustris, Duft. Leistus spinibarbis, F. — fulvibarbis, Dej. — ferrugineus, L. Nebria complanata, L. Barnstaple, Bideford, Woola- combe sands near Ilfracombe (Power) — brevicollis, F. Blethisa multipunctata, L. S/apton Ley (Wollaston) Elaphrus riparius, L. — cupreus, Duft. — uliginosus, F. S/apton Ley (Wollaston) Clivina fossor, Linn. — collaris, Herbst. Dyschirius thoracicus, Rossi. — impunctipennis, Daws. rows — salinus, Schaum. Exmouth Warren — aeneus, Dej. Exmouth Warren — politus, Dej. Braunton Burrows — globosus, Herbst. ; Broscus cephalotes, L. Braunton Burrows Panagaeus crux-major. Barnstaple, under moss, etc., on alders (W. Matthews) — quadripustulatus, Sturm.. Recorded by Parfitt from near Plymouth, but ‘whether actually in the county or in Cornwall’ he is not sure Badister unipustulatus, Bon. Barnstaple — bipustulatus, F. — sodalis, Duft. Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. Péymouth, Barnstaple, Sidmouth, Banks of Exe, Slapton Ley — nigricornis, F. var. melanocornis, Dej. Valley of the Tavy (Thurlestone) — Oodes helopioides, F. Under moss, Barnstaple (Matthews) Plymouth, Exeter Exmouth Warren Dawlish, Braunton Bur-~ A HISTORY CARABIDAE (continued) Acupalpus exiguus, Dej. ; var. luridus, Dej. — meridianus, L. Bradycellus distinctus, Dej. — verbasci, Duft. — harpalinus, Dej. — similis, Dej. Harpalus sabulicola, Panz. Exmouth (‘Thouless) t— punctatulus, Duft. Exeter (Parfitt) — azureus, F. N. Devon, Plymouth — puncticollis, Payk. — ruficornis, F, — aeneus, F, — consentaneus, Dej. (attenuatus, Steph.) — tenebrosus, Dej. S/apton Ley (Wollaston), Avon- mouth — rubripes, Duft. t— discoideus, F. P/ymourh — latus, L. — tardus, Panz. — serripes, Schén. Blackdown — ignavus, Duft. (honestus, Duft.) — neglectus, Dej. Torrington (J. L. Henderson) — pubescens, Payk. Dichirotrichus obsoletus, Dej. — pubescens, Payk. Anisodactylus binotatus, F. Ivar. atricornis, Steph. Bovey Heathfield — poeciloides, Steph. Diachromus germanus, Er. Recorded many years ago by Dr. Leach as from Kingsbridge Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Pterostichus cupreus, L. var. affinis, Sturm. — versicolor, Sturm. — dimidiatus, Ol. Common — madidus, F. — aetiops, Panz. Dartmoor t— oblongo-punctatus, F. N. Devon (Matthews) — cristatus, Duft. (parumpunctatus, Germ.). Woodbury Common — niger, Schall. — vulgaris, L. — anthracinus, Ill. Exeser. — nigrita, F. — minor, Gyll. — strenuus, Panz. — diligens, Sturm. — inaequalis, Marsh. Batten, Bovey Heathfield — vernalis, Gyll. — striola, F. Amara apricaria, F. — aulica, Panz. (spinipes auct. sec. L.) — convexiuscula, Marsh — livida, F. (bifrons, Gy!1.) — ovata, F. — similata, Gyll. —~ acuminata, Payk. — tibialis, Payk. — lunicollis, Schiddte — familiaris, Duft. — lucida, Duft. — trivialis, Gyll. communis, Panz. plebeia, Gyll.? 1 Amara tibialis and A. continua have been recorded from Whitsand Bay. Okehampton Formerly not rare on Woodbury OF DEVONSHIRE CARABIDAE (continued) Calathus cisteloides, Ill. — fuscus, F. — mollis, Marsh, — melanocephalus, L. — micropterus, Duft. Exmouth Warren ; Dartmoor — piceus, Marsh Taphria nivalis, Panz. Pristonychus terricola, Herbst. Laemostenus complanatus, Dej. Plymouth (J. H. Keys) Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L. P/ymouth tAnchomenus augusticollis, F. Barnstaple (Matthews). The only record I can find for this usually common beetle, so it is evidently very scarce in Devon. — dorsalis, Mull. — albipes, F. — oblongus, F: — marginatus, L. — sexpunctatus, L. Barnstaple — parumpunctatus, F. — atratus, Duft. — viduus, Panz. var. moestus, Duft. ~— scitulus, Dej. Bovey Heathfield, not common —— fuliginosus, Panz. — gracilis, Gyll. — piceus, L. S/apton Ley Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Lymnaeum nigropiceum, Marsh. Batten, Plymouth (J. H. Keys) Tachys parvulus, Dej. P/ymouth (J. H. Keys)? Cillenus lateralis, Sam. Bembidium rufescens, Guér. t— quinquestriatum, Gyll. Stoke Wood (Parfitt) — obtusum, Sturm. —- guttula, F. — mannerheimi, Sahl. — biguttatum, F. — riparium, Ol. (iricolor Bedel.) Recorded by Parfitt from it probably occurs on assimile, Gyll. minimum, F. Exmouth normannum, Dej. lampros, Herbst. var. velox, Er. — tibiale, Duft. — atrocoeruleum, Steph. — decorum, Panz. — nitidulum, Marsh. — affine, Steph. — monticola, Sturm. Valley of the Meavy — quadriguttatum, F. — quadrimaculatum, Gyll. — testaceum, Duft. Banks of the Teign — concinnum, Steph. Yea/mpton — femoratum, Sturm. — littorale, Ol. ; — punctulatum, Drap. Valleys of the Meavy and Avon t— varium, Ol. (ustulatum, Sturm.), Banks of the Exe (Parfitt) t— obliquum, Sturm. Exeter district 2 Tachys bistriatus, Duft., will probably be found, as it has occurred on the shores of the Bristol Channel. 192 INSECTS CARABIDAE (continued) +Tachypus pallipes, Duft. Stoke Wood (Parfitt) — flavipes, L. Perileptus areolatus, Creutz. Valley of the Tavy Aepus marinus, Strém. P/ymouth district, etc. — robinii, Lab. Plymouth district Trechus lapidosus, Daws. Lundy Island (Wollaston)! t— rubens, F., Woodbury Common (Parfitt) — minutus, F. — obtusus, Er. Pogonus littoralis, Duft. — chalceus, Marsh. Cymindis axillaris, F. Sidmouth (Thouless) tLebia cyanocephala, L. Exeter district (Parfitt) — chlorocephala, Hoff. Seaton (Power) — crux-minor, L. High Buckington, Devon (Steph. Man. 33) ; said to have been taken in Devon by Mr. T. Vernon Wollaston — haemorrhoidalis, F. Devon (Steph. Man, 35) Demetrias unipunctatus, Germ. — atricapillus, L. Dromius linearis, Ol. — agilis, F. — meridionalis, Dej. —— quadrimaculatus, L. —— quadrinotatus, Panz. — quadrisignatus, Dej. Siapton Ley (J. H. Keys) — melanocephalus, Dej. — nigriventris, Thoms. — vectensis, Rye. Seaton (Power) Blechrus maurus, Sturm. Metabletus foveola, Gyll. — obscuro-guttatus, Duft. Svapton Ley Lionychus quadrillum, Duft. Séapion Ley ; where an immaculate form occurs, quite different in appearance from the type (J. H. Keys) Brachinus crepitans, L. — sclopeta, F. Devon (Leach). Very doubtfully indigenous HALIPLIDAE Brychius elevatus, Panz. Haliplus obliquus, F. — confinis, Steph. — flavicollis, Sturm. — fulvus, F. — ruficollis, De G. — fluviatilis, Aubé. — lineatocollis, Marsh. tCnemidotus impressus. Exminster Marshes (Parfitt) DYTISCIDAE Noterus sparsus, Marsh. Laccophilus interruptus, Panz. — obscurus, Panz. (hyalinus, auct.) Bidessus unistriatus, Schr. Devon (Stephens) — minutissimus, Germ. S/apton Ley — geminus, F, Dartmoor Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Caelambus versicolor, Schall. (reticulatus, F.) — inaequalis, F. — confluens, F. — impressopunctatus, Schall. (picipes, F.) 1 As I have taken Trechus lapidosus, Sam., plentifully at Charmouth, just outside the eastern boundary of Devon, and Mr. Keys has taken it at Whitsand Bay just outside the western boundary, I have no doubt that it occurs all along the Devonshire coast, as well as on Lundy Island. : 193 DYTISCIDAE (continued) Deronectes latus, Steph. River Plym (J. H. Keys) — assimilis, Payk. River Plym (Leach) — depressus, F. — duodecim-pustulatus, F. Hydroporus pictus, F. Exmouth ; not common — flavipes, Ol. — lepidus, Ol. The Canal, Exeter — rivalis, Gyll. Recorded by Dr. Leach (Steph, Mand., 512). Taken by Mr. J. H. Keys nr. Plym Bridge in 1894 (one example), and since then in some numbers in the Meavy, Tavy and West Dart by the same collector — lineatus, F. —— angustatus, Sturm. — gpyllenhalii, Schiddte — palustris, L. — incognitus, Sharp. Dartmoor (Sharp) — erythrocephalus, L. — rufifrons, Duft. Lundy Island — longulus, Miils. (celatus, Clark). Ivybridge (J. H. Keys) — memnonius, Nic. Lundy Island — melanarius, Sturm. Dartmoor — nigrita, F. — discretus, Fairm. Exmouth (Thouless) -~ pubescens, Gyll. (melanocephalus, Brit. Coll.) — planus, F. — lituratus, F. Ivybridge, Plymouth, etc. — marginatus, Duft. Marsh at Tothill, Plymouth (J. H. Keys) — ferrugineus, Steph. Once only, River Tavy (J. H. Keys) — obsoletus, Aub. Dartmoor (J. H. Keys) — oblongus, Steph. Once only, River Avon, Dart- moor (J. H. Keys) Agabus guttatus, Payk. — biguttatus, Ol. Dartmoor, etc. — paludosus, F. — brunneus, F. Taken originally, according to Stephens, by Dr. Leach in S. Devon. The record is very probably correct — unguicularis, Thoms. — didymus, Ol. — nebulosus, Férst. Landy Island — abbreviatus, F. Nr. Exeter (Parfitt) Agabus sturmii, Gyll. — chalconotus, Panz. — bipustulatus, L. Platambus maculatus, L. Ilybius fuliginosus, F. — ater, DeG. Copelatus agilis, F. Rhantus pulverosus, Steph. E-xerer district — bistriatus, Berg. Colymbetes fuscus, L. Dytiscus punctulatus, F. — marginalis, L. Hydaticus transversalis, Berg. Recorded doubtfully Acilius sulcatus, L. GYRINIDAE Gyrinus urinator, Ill. Svapton Ley (Stephens), River Plym (J. H. Keys) — bicolor, Payk. Exmouth, somewhat doubtful ; perhaps in error for G. elongatus — natator, Scop. 25 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE GYRINIDAE (continued) Gyrinus elongatus, Aub. Siapton — marinus, Gyll. Orectochilus villosus, Mall. Dartmoor HYDROPHILIDAE Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Philhydrus testaceus, F. — melanocephalus, Ol. — minutus, F. Enochrus bicolor, Gyll. Svapton Ley Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sahl. Mary Tavy, Dartmoor Anacaena globulus, Payk. (limbata, Sharp) — limbata, F. (variabilis, Sharp). Lundy Island Helochares lividus, Forst. — punctatus, Sharp Laccobius sinuatus, Mots (nigriceps, Thoms.) — alutaceus, Thoms. P/ymouth Berosus signaticollis, Sharp (aericeps, Curt.) — affinis, Brullé. Limnebius truncatellus, Thoms. — papposus, Muls. — nitidus, Marsh. Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst. Helophorus rugosus, Ol. — nubilus, F. — aquaticus, L. — dorsalis, Marsh. Exeter district (Parfitt) — affinis, Marsh. — brevipalpis, Bedel.' — nanus, Sturm. Exeter ; very rare (?) (Parfitt) Hydrochus elongatus, F. — angustatus, Germ. Henicocerus exsculptus, Germ. Dartmoor Octhebius pygmaeus, F. — bicolon, Germ. — Poweri, Rye. One specimen taken by Dr. Power at Seaton Hydraena testacea, Curt. Dartmoor ; Exminster — nigrita, Germ. — gracilis, Germ. — atricapilla, Wat. Valley of the Meavy — pygmaea, Wat. Valley of the Meavy ~Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. Sphaeridium scarabaeoides, F. — bipustulatum, F. var. marginatum, F. Cercyon littoralis, Gyll. — depressus, Steph. N. Devon (Power) — haemorrhous, Gyll. — haemorrhoidalis, Herbst. — obsoletus, Gyll. — aquaticus, Muls. — flavipes, F. — lateralis, Marsh. — melanocephalus, L. — unipunctatus, L. — quisquilius, L. — nigriceps, Marsh. — pygmaeus, II]. — terminatus, Marsh. Exmouth, in refuse on the sand (Parfitt), and Lundy Island 1 This species is not actually recorded from Devon, but it is the very common species which is sometimes named H: griseus and sometimes H: granularis. H. affinis is the H. griseus of Thom- son and much scarcer than H. brevipalpis, which is the H. griseus of Erichson and the H. granularis of Thomson, HYDROPHILIDAE (continued) , Cercyon analis, Payk. — lugubris, Payk. — granarius, Thoms. — minutus, Muls. - Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. Cryptopleurum atomarium, Muls. STAPHYLINIDAE Aleochara ruficornis, Grav. Devon (Stephens) ; under the name of Ceranota Daltoni (Kirby) —— fuscipes, F — lata, Grav. t— brevipennis, Grav. Dawlish (Parfitt) — tristis, Grav. Somewhat doubtful as a Devon insect — bipunctata, Ol. — cuniculorum, Kr. Lundy Island — lanuginosa, Grav. — moesta, Grav. — succicola, Thoms. — nitida, Grav. — morion, Grav. — grisea, Kr. Lundy Island (Wollaston) — algarum, Fauv. (Kirbyi, Steph.) — obscurella, Grav. Microglossa suturalis, Mann. — pulla, Gyll. Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. Ivybridge — lividipennis, Mann. — vittata, Mark. — opaca, Grav. — alternans, Grav. — longiuscula, Er, — formiceticola, M4rk. — haemorrhoa, Sahl. — brachytera, Steph. Thiasophila angulata, Er. Ischnoglossa prolixa, Grav. Y¢ cloerton Phloeopora reptans, Grav. — corticalis, Grav. Ocalea castanea, Er. — latipennis, Sharp. Brickleigh Vale (J. H. Keys) — badia, Er. Uyobates nigricollis, Payk. }— forticornis, Lac. ‘Taken in Polyporus versicolor, Fordlands (Parfitt) Calodera aethiops, Grav. Exeter district — riparia, Er. Dartmoor — umbrosa, Er. Plymouth Chilopora longitarsis, Er. Dinarda dentata, Grav. In nests of Formica fusca and F. sanguinea. First found at P/ymouth by Mr. J. J. Reading, and afterwards recorded from Exerer as taken with F. rufa Atemeles emarginatus, Payk. P/ymouth, in nests of Formica rufa (Reading) tMyrmedonia himeralis, Grav. rufa, Stoke Wood (Parfitt) Astilbus canaliculatus, F. ‘Thamiaraea cinnamomea, Grav. — hospita, Mark. Notothecta flavipes, Grav. — anceps, Er. Alianta incanta, Er. Svapton Ley and Woodbury Common — plumbea, Wat. In nests of Formica 194 INSECTS STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Homalota currax, Kr. Bickleigh Vale — insecta, Thoms. Valley of the Tavy — pavens, Er. Bickleigh Vale — cambrica, Woll. Bick/eigh Vale {— planifrons, Wat. Watermouth, North Devon (Power) — gregaria, Er. — longula, Heer. S/apton Ley (Wollaston) — luteipes, Er. Plymouth —- fallax, Kr. — volans, Scriba. — vestita, Grav. — silvicola, Fuss. Ivybridge — vicina, Steph. Mr. Keys has also taken at Phymouth the bituberculate form of the male — graminicola, Gyll. — halobrectha, Sharp. — algae, Hardy. (puncticeps, Thoms.) — fungivora, Thoms. — angustula, Gyll. Buckfast — debilis, Er. — circellaris, Grav. — elegantula, Bris. P/ymouth, South Brent — aegra, Heer. S/apton Ley ; somewhat doubtful — cuspidata, Er. — eremita, Rye. Dartmoor, valley of the P/ym, nr. Ditsworthy Warren (J. H. Keys) — analis, Grav. —— decipiens, Sharp — depressa, Gyll. — aquatica, Thoms. (subaenea, Sharp) — xanthoptera, Steph. — incognita, Sharp. Lee Valley, N. Devon (Power) — euryptera, Kirby — trinotata, Kr. — triangulum, Kr. — fungicola, Thoms. — coriaria, Kr. — sodalis, Er. — divisa, Mark. — nigricornis, Thoms. — palustris, Kies. t— puberula, Sharp. (Power) -— oblita, Er. — sericea, Muls. t— indubia, Sharp. Seaton (Power) — nigra, Kr. — germana, Sharp — cauta, Er. (parvula, Mann. ; parva, Brit. Coll. nec. Sahl.) — villosula, Kr. — macrocern, Thoms. (J. H. Keys) — atramentaria, Gyll. — marcida, Er. — longicornis, Grav. — sordida, Marsh. — testudinea, Er. — aterrima, Grav. — laticollis, Steph. (fusca, Sharp) t— orbata, Er. Barrucane Bay, N. Devon — fungi, Grav. var. dubia, Sharp var. clientula, Er. — orphana, Er. Seaton Beach (Power) Watermouth, North Devon Dartmoor ; one specimen STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Gnypeta labilis, Er. — coerulea, Sahlb. Ivydridge (J. H. Keys)? Tachyusa atra, Grav. Slapion Ley Myrmecopra uvida, Er. — sulcata, Kies. Falagria sulcata, Payk. t— sulcatula, Grav. Exeter; in the nest of Formica rufa (Parfitt) — thoracica, Curt. — obscura, Grav. Autalia impressa, Ol. — rivularis, Grav. Encephalus complicans, West. Lundy Island Gyrophaena affiinis, Mann. — fasciata, Marsh. Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr. Epipeda plana, Gyll. Barnstaple Actocharis Readingii, Sharp. Under seaweed, etc., usually below high-water mark. Plymouth (Reading and Wollaston). Mr. Keys has only taken it on the Cornish side, and also Phytosus spinifer and balticus, both of which probably occur in Devon Leptusa analis, Gyll. Stowford Woods, Ivybridge, Bick- leigh Vale, Mary Tavy — fumida, Er. Sipalia ruficollis, Er. — testacea, Bris. Batten, Plymouth (J. H. Keys) Bolitochara bella, Mark. Diglossa mersa, Hal. Basten, Plymouth Oligota inflata, Mann. — pusillima, Heer. (ruficornis, Sharp) — granaria, Er. — apicata, Er. Myllaena kraatzii, Sharp — brevicornis, Matth. Gymnusa brevicollis, Payk. Dartmoor Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. — laevinsculus, Marsh. — ovulum, Heer. Exmoor — seminulum, Er. — punctum, Mots (seminulum, Er. var.), Seaton Conosoma littoreum, L. —- pubescens, Grav. — immaculatum, Steph. — lividum, Er. Tachyporus obtusus, L. — formosus, Mat. Lundy Island — solutus, Er. — pallidus, Sharp — chrysomelinus, L. — humerosus, Er. — tersus, Er. — hypnorum, F. — pusillus, Grav. — brunneus, F. Cilea silphoides, L. tTachinus flavipes, F. Ha/don (Parfitt) t— rufipennis, Gyll. Barnstaple (E. Saunders), Dart- moor (J. H. Keys) — humeralis, Grav. — scapularis, Steph. Stoke Wood; in the tubes of Boleti (Parfitt) 1 Mr. Keys’ specimens of G. coerulea have been examined by M. Fauvel, and he has pronounced them to belong to the species which occurs chiefly in Finland and Scandinavia. He regards G. coerulea as distinct from G. ripicola, with which it has been regarded as synonymous, 195 STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Tachinus bipustulatus, F. — rufipes, L. — subterraneus, L. var. bicolor, Grav. — marginellus, F. — laticollis, Grav.! Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. Barustaple, etc., Braunton Burrows, under refuse on shore (Hud- son-Beare) — analis, F. — inclinans, Grav. Haldon Bolitobius lunulatus, L. (atricapillus, F.) — trinotatus, Er. — exoletus, Er. — pygmaeus, F. Mycetoporus splendens, Marsh. Barnstaple, South Brent — lepidus, Grav. — longulus, Mann. — splendidus, Grav. Habrocerus capillaricornis, Grav. Trichophya pilicornis, Gyll. Heterothops binotata, Er. Braunton Burrows, etc. — dissimilis, Grav. Quedius longicornis, Kr. One specimen among hedge clippings in a lane leading to Dartmoor (J. H. Keys) — mesomelinus, Marsh. var. fageti, Thoms. — fulgidus, F. — cinctus, Payk. (impressus, Panz.) — brevis, Er. Buckfast — fuliginosus, Grav. — tristis, Grav. — molochinus, Grav. — picipes, Mann. — nigriceps, Kr. — fumatus, Steph. (peltatus, Er.) — maurorufus, Er. — obliteratus, Er. — umbrinus, Er. Plymouth district f— suturalis, Kies. (humeralis, Steph.) Stoke Wood, Exeter (Parfitt) — scintillans, Grav. Efford, nr. Plymouth, etc. — auricomus, Kies. Barrucane Bay, Dawlish Warren, Dartmoor, Ivybridge — rufipes, Grav. — attenuatus, Gyll. P/ymouth, Dartmoor, Barnstap — semiaeneus, Steph. — boops, Grav. Creophilus maxillosus, L. Emus hirtus, L. Formerly recorded by Dr. Leach from Devon Leistotrophus nebulosus, F.? — murinus, L. Staphylinus pubescens, De G. Brent Tor, ur. Tavi- stock (Thornley) — fulvipes, Scop. Buckfast (P. de la Garde) — stercorarius, Ol. Croyde, nr. Barnstaple, etc. — erythropterus, L. As gen. dist. (Parfitt) 1 Parfitt records ‘T. cellaris,’ Grav. as a Devon insect, pro- bably in error for T. collaris, Gravy. In any case I think he is mistaken, as I know of no record further south than Repton, Derbyshire. 2 The Rev. A. Matthews (Enz. Monthly Mag. xiv, 35) records a specimen of Leistotrophus cingulatus, Grav., as taken in Devon- shire in August, 1874, by his brother the Rev. H. Matthews, but this was probably in error. A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Staphylinus caesareus, Ceder. Exeter, Instow, etc. (Staphylinus Jatebricola, Grav., must be omitted from the Devon list. I recorded a specimen from P/ymouth in my work on the British Coleoptera (ii, 252), on the authority of Mr. C. G. Bignell, but Mr. Keys informs me that he has the insect in his possession and it is only S. stercorarius) Ocypus olens, Mull. — brunnipes, F. — cupreus, Rossi. — pedator, Grav. Dazwlish, Spitchwick (Stephens) — ater, Grav. Lympston, Exmouth, Ilfracombe, etc. I have found it rather commonly on the links at Westward Ho! Lundy Island — morio, Grav. — compressus, Marsh. Exeter, Brent Tor, Lundy Island Philonthus splendens, F. — intermedius, Boisd. — laminatus, Creutz. — aeneus, Rossi. — proximus, Kr. — succicola, Thoms. — carbonarius, Gyll. — atratus, Grav. Sidmouth, Exmouth, Newton, etc. (Parfitt) * — decorus, Grav. — politus, F. — varius, Gyll. var. bimaculatus, Grav. Plymouth, etc. — marginatus, F, —— albipes, Grav. —— umbratilis, Grav. — cephalotes, Grav. — fimetarius, Grav. — sordidus, Grav. — ebeninus, Er. — corvinus, Er. Valley of the Meavy — fumigatus, Er. — debilis, Grav. — sanguinolentus, Grav. — cruentatus, Gmel. (bipustulatus, Panz.) — longicornis, Steph. (scybalarius, Nord.) — varians, Payk. — agilis, Grav. Brent, Dartmoor. (J. H. Keys) — ventralis, Grav. — discoideus, Grav. — quisquiliarius, Gyll. var. dimidiatus, Er. Séapton Ley — nigrita, Nord. Dartmoor (J. H. Keys) — micans, Grav. T— astutus, Er. Mr. Keys has taken four examples at different times on thewallofa house in Phy mouth, but has failed to discover its native habitat — nigritulus, Grav. Recorded by Parfitt from Newton, Exeter, and the north of the Exe, but probably in error for the next species, which he does not mention — trossulus, Nord. — fulvipes, F. Barnstaple district (Matthews) — punctus, Grav. This rare Philonthus is one of the characteristic insects of S/apton Ley. It seems of late to have become very scarce Three specimens 8 T am inclined to think that Parfitt has recorded this in error for P, carbonarius, as the latter species does not appear in his list, and there is no other Devon record for P. atratus. 196 INSECTS STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Cafius fucicola, Curt. Batten nr. Plymouth, in numbers — xantholoma, Grav. var. variolosus, Sharp. — sericeus, Holme. Actobius cinerascens, Grav. — signaticornis, Rey. Valley of the Meavy — procerulus, Grav. Basten Xantholinus fulgidus, F. — glabratus, Grav. — punctulatus, Payk. — ochraceus, Gyll. — tricolor, Payk. — linearis, Ol. — longiventris, Heer. Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll. — batychrus, Gyll. — linearis, Grav. — formicetorum, Mark. Baptolinus alternans, Grav. Othius fulvipennis, F. — laeviusculus, Steph. — melanocephalus, Grav. — myrmecophilus, Kies. Lathrobium elongatum, L. — boreale, Hoch. — fulvipenne, Grav. t— rufipenne, Gyll. Exeter (Parfitt) — angustatum, Lac. — brunnipes, F. — longulum, Grav. — punctatum, Zett. Siapton Ley and Marsh Mill — quadratum, Payk. Svapion Ley, Marsh Mill, and Valley of the Tavy — terminatum, Grav. var. immaculatum, Fowler — multipunctum, Grav. Cryptobium glaberrimum, Herbst (fracticorne, Payk.) Stilicus rufipes, Germ. — orbiculatus, Er. — similis, Er. Bickkigh Vale — affinis, Er. ! Scopaeus Erichsoni, Kol. Svapton Ley — rubidus, Rey. (Ryei Woll.). Siapton Ley. Taken sparingly by Wollaston in May 1869, and 1872, under stones in dry places, also in sandy refuse at the side of the Ley (Hudson- Beare) — sulcicollis, Steph. (minutus, Er.) Medon pocofer, Peyr. (Lithocaris maritima, Aubé.), Batten and Slapton — brunneus, Er. — fusculus, Mann. — ripicola, Kr. Batten, Plymouth, in some numbers (J. H. Keys) — propinquus, Bris. — melanocephalus, F. Lithocharis ochracea, Grav. Sunius angustatus, Payk.’ — intermedius, Er. 8. Devon (Joy) Paederus littoralis, Grav. — riparius, L. 1 Parfitt records S. geniculatus, Er., in the Devon list, but his reference to Stephens (Manual, 3252) applies to S. punctipennis, Kirby, which insect, as far as Stephens is concerned, Waterhouse (Catalogue, 27) assigns doubtfully to S, geniculatus, Er. ; the latter insect has only been recorded from the London counties, and once from Ireland. 9 Sunius filiformis has occurred at Whitsand Bay. STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Paederus fuscipes, Curt. Taken recently in thousands at Slapton Ley with the two commoner species by Professor Hudson-Beare. Exeter, very rare (Parfitt) Evaesthetus scaber, Thoms. — ruficapillus, Lac. — laeviusculus, Mann. Dianous coerulescens, Gyll. Stenus biguttatus, L. Banks of the Exe — guttula, Mull. — bimaculatus, Gyll. — juno, F. — guynemeri, Duv. — speculator, Er. © — providus, Kr. — lustrator, Er. — buphthalmus, Grav. — _ melanopus, Marsh. — canaliculatus, Gyll. — nitens, Steph. (aemulus, Er.) — fuscipes, Grav. Exeter — vafellus, Er. (submarginatus, Steph.) — declaratus, Er. (nanus, Steph.) — crassus, Steph. (crassiventris, Thoms.) — opticus, Grav. Plymouth (J. H. Keys) —- brunnipes, Steph. — ossium, Steph. (impressipennis, Duv.) var. insularis, Joy. Lundy Island — geniculatus, Grav. — impressus, Germ. — aerosus, Er. (annulatus, Crotch.) — flavipes, Steph. (filum, Er.) — pubescens, Steph. Stoke Wood, scarce (Parfitt) — pallitarsis, Steph. — bifoveolatus, Gyll. (nitidus, Steph.) — nitidiusculus, Steph. (tempestivus, Er.) — picipennis, Er. — picipes, Steph. (rusticus, Er.) — cicindeloides, Grav. — similis, Herbst. — tarsalis, Ljungh. — paganus, Er. — latifrons, Er. Lundy Island Oxyporus rufus, L. Bickleigh Vale Bledius spectabilis, Kr. Dazwlish — tricornis, Herbst. Exmouth Warren — unicornis, Germ. Dawlish, Exmouth Warren — arenarius, Payk. Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. — cornutus, Gyll. — alutaceus, Thoms. Svapton Ley (J. H. Keys) — capito, Heer. Stoke Wood (Parfitt) Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. var. terrestris, Lac. — insecatus, Grav. — sculptus, Grav. — laqueatus, Marsh. — piceus, Grav. Lympston, under sea-weed (Par- fitt) — inustus, Grav. Exmouth, Barnstaple — sculpturatus, Grav. — nitidulus, Grav. —— complanatus, Er. — tetracarinatus, Block. (depressus, Grav.) 8 O. maritimus certainly occurs in Devon. It has been found at Whitsand Bay, and is very common at times in the Isle of Wight, and probably inhabits the whole southern coast, 197 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Ancyrophorus omalinus, Er. Bick/eigh Vale, Valleys of the Meavy and Tavy (J. H. Keys) — aureus, Fauv. Trogophloeus arcuatus, Steph. Valley of the Meavy — bilineatus, Steph. — elongatulus, Er. — fuliginosus, Grav. — corticinus, Grav. — pusillus, Grav. Syntomium aeneum, Mull. Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze. — sicula, Er. (punctata, Brit. Cat.) Acidota crenata, F. Valley of the Plym nr. Ditsworthy Warren (J. H. Keys) Olophrum piceum, Gyll. Lathrimaeum atrocephalum, Gyll. — unicolor, Steph. Micralymma brevipenne, Gyll. South Devon, Kings- bridge, etc. Philorhinum sordidum, Steph. Homalium rivulare, Payk. — laeviusculum, Gyll. — riparium, Thoms. — allardi, Fairm. Lundy Island — oxyacanthae, Grav. — excavatum, Steph. (fossulatum, Er.) — caesum, Grav. — punctipenne, Thoms. — rufipes, Fourc. (florale, Payk.) — vile, Er. iopterum, Steph. planum, Payk. — concinnum, Marsh. — deplanatum, Gyll. — striatum, Grav. Plymouth, Exeter, Lundy Island Anthobium minutum, F. — ophthalmicum, Payk. — torquatum, Marsh. — sorbi, Gyll. Haldon, Fordlands Proteinus ovalis, Steph. (brevicollis, Er.) — brachypterus, F. — macropterus, Gyll. — atomarius, Er. Dartmoor (J. H. Keys) Megarthrus denticollis, Beck. — affinis, Mill. — depressus, Payk. — sinuatocollis, Lac. — hemipterus, Ill. Phloeobium clypeatum, Mill. Phloeocharis subtilissima, Mann. Prognatha quadricornis, Lac. Exeter district LEPTINIDAE Leptinus testaceus, Mull. Ivybridge, Bickleigh Vale, etc. (J. H. Keys) SILPHIDAE Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. Clambus pubescens, Redt. -— armadillo, De G. — minutus, Sturm. Exeter Agathidium nigripenne, Kug. Plymouth - — atrum, Payk. — seminulum, L. — laevigatum, Er. 198 SILPHIDAE (continued) Agathidium marginatum, Sturm. — rotundatum, Gyll. Cann Woods Liodes humeralis, Kug. Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt. Anisotoma cinnamomea, Panz. Devon (Stephens) — dubia, Kug. — punctulata, Gyll. (litura, Steph.) — calcarata, Er. — nigrita, Schmidt. — parvula, Sahl. Plymouth — furva, Er. (ferruginea, Steph. coll.), Devon (Stephens) — ciliaris, Schm. Braunton Burrows Colenis dentipes, Gyll. Necrophorus humator, Goeze — mortuorum, F. — vestigator, Hersch. Dawlish — ruspator, Er. Parfitt records this species as common — interruptus, Steph., Bickkeigh Vale (J. H. Keys) var. gallicus, Duv. Bickleigh Vale (J. H. Keys) — vespillo, L. Necrodes littoralis, L. Silpha tristis, Ill. — nigrita, Creutz. Dartmoor, Ivybridge — obscura, L. — quadripunctata, L. P/ymouth — opaca, L. — thoracica, L. — rugosa, L. — sinuata, F. — laevigata, F. — atrata, L. var. subrotuntata, Leach. Christow, in a dead rook, rare (Parfitt) Choleva angustata, F. — cisteloides, Frohl. — spadicea, Sturm. Bickleigh Vale, Ivybridge, Valley of the Tavy — velox, Spence. — wilkini, Spence. — fusca, Panz. — nigricans, Spence. — morio, F. — grandicollis, Er. — nigrita, Er. — tristis, Panz. — kirbyi, Spence. — chrysomeloides, Panz. — fumata, Spence. — watsoni, Spence. Catops sericeus, F. Colon viennense, Herbst. I/fracombe (E. Saunders) — dentipes, Duft. I/fracombe (E. Saunders) var. zebei, Kr. I/fracombe (E. Saunders) — brunneum, Latr. Bathyscia wollastoni, Jans. Nr. Phymouts SCYDMAENIDAE Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull. — sparshalli, Den. Scydmaenus collaris, Mull. — pusillus, Mill. In the nests of Formica rufa, Stoke Wood, rare (Parfitt) ; Slapion Ley (Wol- laston) INSECTS SCYDMAENIDAE (continued) Scydmaenus poweri, Fowler. Seaton (Power) Eumicrus tarsatus, Mull. Euthia scydmaenoides, Steph. Cephennium thoracicum, Mull. CLAVIGERIDAE Claviger testaceus, Preyss. (foveolatus, Mull.). Péymptou PSELAPHIDAE Pselaphus heisei, Herbst. Tychus niger, Payk. Bythinus puncticollis, Denny — validus, Aubé — bulbifer, Reich — curtisii, Leach. Haldon Rybaxis sanguinea, L. Bryaxis fossulata, Reich — haematica, Reich. Barnstaple district, with For- mica flava and Myrmica rubra (Parfitt) — juncorum, Leach Euplectus signatus, Reich — nanus, Reich (Kirbyi, Denny) — sanguineus, Denny TRICHOPTERYGIDAE Ptinella denticollis, Fairm. Truchopteryx atomaria, De G. — angusta, Matth. Redford nr. Plymouth, two speci- mens (J. H. Keys) * — grandicollis, Mann. Recorded doubtfully by Parfitt. It certainly occurs and can always be known at once by the long outstanding setae at the sides of the body — lata, Mots. — fascicularis, Herbst. —— laetitia, Matth. --- sericans, Heer. Exeter — bovina, Mots. — variolosa, Muls. (Boeocrara littoralis, Thoms.). Taken on Dartmoor by Mr. T. V. Wollaston Ptenidium punctatum, Gyll. — nitidum, Heer. (pusillum, Er.) t— laevigatum, Gyll. Exeter district (Parfitt) — evanescens, Marsh. (apicale, Er.) CORYLOPHIDAE Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. — lateralis, Gyll. PHALACRIDAE Phalacrus corruscus, Payk. — caricis, Sturm. Olibrus corticalis, Panz. — aeneus, F. — millefolii, Payk. Exmouth Stilbus testaceus, Panz. (geminus, Ill.) — atomarius, L. (piceus, Steph.). Stoke Wood, on sallows 1 Vide Fowler, Brit. Coll. vol. iii, 388. COCCINELLIDAE Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. (Lasia globosa, Sch.) Hippodamia variegata, Goeze (mutabilis, Scriba.). Valley of the Meavy Anisosticta 19-punctata, L. Starcross. sweeping Carex maritima Adalia obliterata, L. — bipunctata, L. Mysia olongoguttata, L. Stoke Wood Anatis ocellata, L. Coccinella 10-punctata, L. (variabilis, Ill.) — 11-punctata, L. — 5-punctata, L. Valley of the Meavy — 7-punctata, L. Halyzia 16-guttata, L. — 14-guttata, L. — conglobata, L. (14-punctata, L.) — 22-punctata, L. Micraspis 16-punctata, L. Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst. Lundy Island (Wollaston) Seymnus redtenbacheri, Muls. Tavistock. Mr. Keys has taken a Scymnus in the locality which must apparently be referred to this species — pygmaeus, Fourc. — frontalis, F. — suturalis, Thunb. (discoideus, Ill.). Exmouth var. limbatus, Steph. Topsham, Lundy Island — testaceus, Mots. (Mulsanti, Wat.) — haemorrhoidalis, Herbst. — capitatus, F. Chilocorus similis, Rossi (renipustulatus, Scriba.) — bipustulatus, L. Exochomus quadripustulatus, L. Rhizobius litura, F. Coccidula rufa, Herbst. Taken by ENDOMYCHIDAE Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. Alexia pilifera, Mull. Lycoperdina bovistae, F. Pdympton Endomychus coccineus, L. Torguay. By sweeping (Bignell). Mr. Keys thinks that Parfitt’s record from Devon is probably an error EROTYLIDAE Dacne humeralis, F. Yealmpton — rufifrons, F. Ewever, etc. Triplax russica, L. Killerton Park COLYDIIDAE Orthocerus muticus, L. (Sarrotrium clavicorne, L.), Dawlish (Thouless). The above is the only representative of the Colydiidae that has been recorded from Devon. Probably several others occur. It seems strange that even the very common Cerylon histeroides has not yet been noticed. Lundy Island (Wollaston) HISTERIDAE Hister unicolor, L. — merdarius, Hoff. Exeter, Fordlands. fitt) — cadaverinus, Hoff. — stercorarius, Hoff. Exmouth. Rare (Par- Scarce (Parfitt). 199 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE HISTERIDAE (continued) Hister sinuatus, Ill. Doubtfully indigenous. Re- corded by Stephens from Devonshire (Kings- bridge, etc.) — 12-striatus, Schr. — bimaculatus, L. Carcinops minima, Aubé. S/apson Ley Dendrophilus pygmaeus, L. Buckfast Myrmetes piceus, Payk. Buckfast Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. — aeneus, F. — maritimus, Steph. Plymouth Abraeus globosus, Hoff. Acritus minutus, Herbst. Onthophilus globulosus, Ol. (sulcatus, F.). Recorded by Stephens from Kingsbridge — striatus, F. MICROPEPLIDAE Micropeplus porcatus, Payk. — staphylinoides, Marsh. — margaritae, Duv. NITIDULIDAE Brachypterus pubescens, Er. — urticae, Kug. Cercus pedicularius, L. t— bipustulatus, Payk. Haldon — rufilabris, Latr. Carpophilus hemipterus, L. Epuraea aestiva, L. — florea, Er. — deleta, Er. Omosiphora limbata, F. Nitidula bipustulata, L. t— quadripustulata, F. Topsham (Parfitt) — rufipes, L. South Brent Soronia punctatissima, Ill. — grisea, L. Omosita depressa, L. — colon, L. — discoidea, F. Pocadius ferrugineus, F. Pria dulcamarae, Scop. Brixham Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. — fulvipes, Bris. N. Devon — subrugosus, Gyll. Wrangaton. (J. H. Keys) — coracinus, Sturm. Seaton. One specimen (Major J. N. Still) — aeneus, F, — viridescens, F. — difficilis, Heer. — memnonius, Er. — brunnicornis, Sturm. Nr. Tosnes — pedicularius, Gyll. Exmouth, Dawlish — bidens, Bris. Nr. Totnes — umbrosus, Sturm. Nr. Tomes — ovatus, Sturm. Lee (N. Devon) — picipes, Sturm. — symphyti, Heer. Nr. Totes — murinus, Er. (seniculus, Er., female) — lugubris, Sturm. Lundy Island, nr. Totnes, etc. — obscurus, Er. Lundy Island — erythropus, Gyll. Exeter, Instow — exilis, Sturm. Braunton Burrows, nr. Instow, on Echium vulgare (Mason) Two specimens Nr. Totnes NITIDULIDAE (continued) Cychramus luteus, F. Cryptarcha strigata, F. Ips quadriguttata, F. — quadripustulata, F. Topsham Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. Mount Edgecumbe, Ply- mouth (Wollaston) — depressus, F. — perforatus, Payk. — parallelocollis, Er. — ferrugineus, Payk. — bipustulatus, F. TROGOSITIDAE Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L. MONOTOMIDAE Monotoma conicicollis, Aubé. Péymoxth. In ants’ nests (Reading) — picipes, Herbst. — sub-4-foveolata, Wat. Yelverton nr. Phymouth LATHRIDIIDAE Anommatus 12-striatus. Teigumouth (Wollaston), Exeter (Parfitt) Lathridius lardarius, De G. Coninomus nodifer, Westw. Enicmus minutus, L. — transversus, Ol. Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. — elongata, Curt. — filiformis, Gyll. Bred in a fungus shut up in a box in Coaver garden ; the first time it was discovered in Britain ; 20 Jan. 1856 (Parfitt) Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. (punctulata, Marsh.) — crenulata, Gyll. — denticulata, Gyll. — fulva, Com. — elongata, Humm. Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst. — transversalis, v. Wollastoni, Wat. Lundy Island, etc. — distinguenda, Com. Lundy Island — fuscula, Humm. Laemophloeus pusillus, Schén. P/ymoxth — ferrugineus, Steph. Psammoechus bipunctatus, F, Silvanus surinamenis, L. -—— unidentatus, F. Exeter BYTURIDAE Byturus sambuci, Scop. — tomentosus, F. CRYPTOPHAGIDAE Diphyllus lunatus, F. Plymouth, Bickleigh Vale Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. Antherophagus nigricornis, F. — pallens, Ol.” Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst. — setulosus, Sturm. 1A, silaceus has been recorded by Commander J. J. Walker from Whitsand Bay, Plymouth, just over the Cornish border. 200 INSECTS CRYPTOPHAGIDAE (continued) Cryptophagus pilosus, Gyll. — ruficornis, Steph. Mount Edgecumbe (Wollaston) — scanicus, L. var. patruelis, Sturm. — dentatus, Herbst. — acutangulus, Gyll. —- cellaris, Scop. — affinis, Sturm. — pubescens, Sturm. Ioydridge — bicolor, Sturm. Exever district. Micrambe vini, Panz. Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Herbst. Atomaria linearis, Steph. — fuscipes, Gyll. Rare (Parfitt) — munda, Er. Lundy Island — fuscata, Schin. — atra, Herbst. Stoke Wood. In fungi, rare (Parfitt), Séapton Ley (Wollaston) — pusilla, Payk. — atricapilla, Steph. —— berolinensis, Kr. Lundy Island — mesomelas, Herbst. — gutta, Steph. Blackdown and Topsham (Parfitt) — apicalis, Er. Lundy Island — analis, Er. Ephistemus globosus, Waltl. — gyrinoides, Marsh. SCAPHIDIIDAE Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ol. Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. — boleti, Panz MYCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea fumata, L. tMycetophagus quadripustulatus, L. Exeter — piceus, F. Mary Tavy — quadriguttatus, Mull. Plymouth, Bickleigh — multipunctatus, Hellw. DERMESTIDAE Dermestes vulpinus, F. — Frischii, Kug. One specimen in the street, Plymouth (J. H. Keys) — murinus, L. — undulatus, Brahm. (tessellatus, W.C.), Slapton Ley (J. H. Keys), Seaton (Power) — lardarius, L. Attagenus pellio, L. Tiresias serra, F. Bred from larvae found under bark in Kilerton Park ; scarce (Parfitt) Anthrenus pimpinellae, F. Devon (Stephens) — varius, Fab. Exeter. On flowers of Portugal laurel — musaeorum, L. — claviger, Er. Trinodes hirtus, F. Nr. Exeter (Stephens) BYRRHIDAE Syncalypta hirsuta, Sharp. Byrrhus pilula, L. — fasciatus, F. Blackdown Cytilus varius, F. Dartmoor, etc. 1 BYRRHIDAE (continued) Simplocaria semistriata, F. Limnichus pygmaeus, Sturm. Seaton (Power) Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll. Teignmouth (Wollas- ton), Plymouth (J. H. Keys) PARNIDAE Elmis aeneus, Mull. — volkmari, Panz. — parallelopipedus, Mull. Exmouth and Exeter — nitens, Mull. Exmouth Limnius tuberculatus, Gyll. Svepton Ley (Wollaston) — troglodytes, Gyll. S/apton Ley (Wollaston) Parnus prolifericornis, F. — auriculatus, Panz. HETEROCERIDAE Heterocerus femoralis, Kies. Exmouth — laevigatus, Panz. Stapton Ley LUCANIDAE Lucanus cervus, L. Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. Sinodendron cylindricum, L. SCARABAEIDAE Onthophagus taurus, L. Exmouth, Rare (Parfitt), doubtfully indigenous — ovatus, L. — coenobita, Herbst. — vacca, L. — fracticornis, Payk. Exmouth, Northam Burrows — nuchicornis, L. Aphodius erraticus, L. — subterraneus, L. Exmouth, Dawlish — fossor, L. — haemorrhoidalis, L. — foetens, F. — fimetarius, L. — ater, DeG. — constans, Duft. — granarius, L. — nitidulus, F. Dawlish — sturmi, Harold. Nr. Phymouth (J. H. Keys)? — sordidus, F. Fordlands, Dartmoor —- rufescens, F. — porcus, F. — pusillus, Herbst. — merdarius, F. — sticticus, Panz. — punctato-sulcatus, Sturm. — prodromus, Brahm. — contaminatus, Herbst. — luridus, F. — rufipes, L. — depressus, Kug. Heptaulacus sus, Herbst. Dartmoor Psammobius sulcicollis, M. Westward Ho* Aegialia arenaria, F. Geotrupes typhaeus, L. — spinger, Marsh. — stercorarius, L. 1 Recorded by Mr. Frank Bouskell as a new British species. Entom. Record, xv, 92. 2 Psammobius porcicollis occura at Whitsand Bay. 201 26 A HISTORY SCARABAEIDAE (continued) Geotrupes mutator, Marsh. — sylvaticus, Panz. — vernalis, L. — pyrenaeus, Charp. Devon (Stephens) Trox sabulosus, L. Spitchwick (Stephens) — scaber, L. Plymouth, Braunton Burrows Hoplia philanthus, Fuss. Serica brunnea, L. Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. Melolontha vulgaris, F. Phyllopertha horticola, L. Anomala Frischii, F. Braunton Burrows, Exmouth. The very rare unicolorous green variety has been found at Braunton Burrows or in the district Cetonia aurata, L. Torguay, Lundy Island (Wollaston) Gnorimus nobilis, L. Devon (Stephens) Trichius fasciatus, L. Taken nr. Exeter by Mr. Harris (Parfitt). This record is probably correct as the species has occurred in numbers in S. Wales BUPRESTIDAE Aphanisticus pusillus, Ol. Kingsbridge THROSCIDAE Throscus dermestoides, L. Microrrhagus pygmaeus, F. Bickkigh Vak (J. H. Keys). A very interesting capture in Devon ELATERIDAE Lacon murinus, L. Cryptohypnus riparius, F. — quadripustulatus, F. Barnstaple — dermestoides, Herbst. Banks of the Meavy var. quadriguttatus, Lap. Banks of the Meavy Elater sanguineus, L. Spitchwick (Stephens). Per- haps in error — balteatus, L. Melanotus rufipes, Herbst. (Parfitt records Cratony- chus niger, F., Ectinus aterrimus, Stephens, Melanotus punctolineatus, Pel., as from ‘Stoke Wood, very rare in old oaks.’ This is certainly in error, as M. punctolineatus is only found in damp places at the roots of grass, etc., chiefly on the south-east coast) Athous niger, L. — longicollis, Ol. Exmouth, etc. — difformis, Lac. Newsown — haemorrhoidalis, F. — vittatus, F. Limonius cylindricus, Payk. — minutus, L. Adrastus limbatus, F. Agriotes sputator, L. — obscurus, L. — lineatus, L. — sobrinus, Kies. — pallidulus, Ill. Dolopius marginatus, L. Corymbites cupreus, F. Dartmoor var. aeruginosus, F. — tessellatus, F. — quercus, Gyll. var. ochropterus, Steph. 202 * OF DEVONSHIRE ELATERIDAE (continued) Corymbites holosericeus, Ol. Dartmoor, etc. ; Lundy Island — aeneus, L. On high ground, Dartmoor, Drew- steignton, Blackdown, etc. — bipustulatus, L. KiWerton Park, Exeter Campylus linearis, L. DASCILLIDAE Dascillus cervinus, L. Helodes minuta, L. — marginata, F. Microcara livida, F. Cyphon coarctatus, Payk. — nitidulus, Thoms. — variabilis, Thunb. — pallidulus, Boh. — padi, L. Hydrocyphon deflexicollis, Mull. Ivydridge, Bick- leigh Vale Scirtes hemisphaericus, L. — orbicularis, Panz. Spitchwick Park (Stephens) LYCIDAE Platycis minutus, F. Woodland, Devon (Leach) LAMPYRIDAE Lampyris noctiluca, L. Torquay, Haldon, Dartmoor, Stoke Wood, Torrington, etc. Parfitt says that this insect is not so abundant in Devon as in the eastern counties, but I have never noticed it in such abundance anywhere as I have seen it on a hot summer evening at Torrington, N. Devon TELEPHORIDAE Podabrus alpinus, Payk. Lydford (Thouless), etc. Telephorus rusticus, Fall. — lividus, L. — pellucidus, F. — nigricans, Mull. — bicolor, F. — haemorrhoidalis, F. Lundy Island (Wollaston) — oralis, Germ. (lateralis, L.) — flavilabris, Fall. — thoracicus, Ol. Valley of the Walkham Rhagonycha unicolor, Curt. Parfitt records this species as generally distributed in watery places, but as a rule it is very scarce — fulva, Scop. — testacea, L. — limbata, Thoms. — pallida, F. Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. — fasciatus, Ol. — balteatus, Suff. Malthodes marginatus, Latr. — mysticus, Kies. — dispar, Germ. — minimus, L. (sanguinolentus, Fall.) — atomus, Thoms. (brevicollis, Payk.). (Stephens) Devon INSECTS MELYRIDAE Malachius aeneus, L. Exminster Marshes, Barnstaple — bipustulatus, L. — viridis, F. Powderham Park — marginellus, Ol. Anthocomus fasciatus, L. Dasytes flavipes, F. — aerosus, Kies. (plumbeo-niger, Goeze) Psilothrix nobilis, Ill. Dolichosoma lineare, Rossi. Haplocnemus nigricornis, F. Ivybridge and Bickleigh Vale (J. H. Keys) Phloeophilus edwardsi, Steph. Ye/verton CLERIDAE Tillus elongatus, L. Stoke Wood Necrobia ruficollis, F. — violacea, L. — rufipes, De G. PTINIDAE Ptinus germanus, F., Devon (Stephens) — fur, L. — sexpunctatus, Panz. In houses, not uncommon, Exeter; in a nest of humble bees in some numbers in 1858, Teignmouth, etc. Niptus hololeucus, Fabr. — crenatus, F. Hedobia imperialis, L. Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. Buckfast Priobium castaneum, F. Anobium domesticum, Fourc. — paniceum, L. Xestobium tessellatum, F. Ernobius mollis, L. Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Ochina hederae, Mill. Xyletinus ater, Panz. Spitchwick, in moss (Leach) Coenocara bovistae, Hoff. Spitchwick (Leach) LYCTIDAE Lyctus canaliculatus, F. CISSIDAE Cis boleti, Scop. — micans, F. S. Devon — hispidus, Payk. — bidentatus, Ol. Okehampton — alni, Gyll. Bickleigh Vale, Mount Edgecumbe, Plymouth — nitidus, Herbst. — jacquemarti, Mel. Ivybridge (Dr. M. Cameron) — festivus, Panz. S. Devon Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. PRIONIDAE Prionus coriarius, L. Parfitt records this species as not uncommon at the roots of old oaks in winter CERAMBYCIDAE Aromia moschata, L. Callidium violaceum, L. Newport, nr. Topsham — sanguineum, L. Exeser (Stephens) 203 CERAMBYCIDAE (continued) Clytus arietis, L Gracilia pygmaea, F. Leptidea brevipennis, Muls. Péymourh. Evidently an importation, but it appears to be becoming naturalized Cerambyx heros, Scop. (Recorded from Devon, but not indigenous) Khagium inquisitor, F. — bifasciatum, F. Toxotus meridianus, L. Pachyta cerambyciformis, Schrank (8-maculata, Schall). Fordlands, Barnstaple ; Common, nr. Exeter (Thouless) — collaris, L. Devon (Stephens) Leptura sanguinolenta, L. Devon (Stephens) — fulva, De G. (tomentosa, F.). Kingsbridge — livida, F. Strangalia aurulenta, F. North coast of Devon, between Barnstaple and Bideford (Stephens) ; Bickleigh Vale (J. H. Keys) — quadrifasciata, L. Dunsford, Walkham Valley, Bickkigh Vale — armata, Herbst. — nigra, L. — melanura, L. Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. (laevis, F.) — ruficornis, F. LAMITDAE Acanthocinus aedilis, L. Imported in timber Leiopus nebulosus, L. Pogonochaerus bidentatus, Thoms. (hispidus, Laich.) — dentatus, Fourc. (pilosus, F.) Monochammus sartor, F. Devon (Stephens), one specimen found crawling on the wall out- side a carpenter’s shop in Plymouth (J. H. Keys) Tetrops praeusta, L. Phytoecia cylindrica, L. Nr. Ide; Exeter BRUCHIDAE Brachus cisti, F. Porwderham, on broom — rufimanus, Boh. —— atomarius, L. (seminarius, Brit. Coll.) — loti, Payk. EUPODA Donacia versicolorea, Brahm (bidens, Ol.). Tamerton — dentipes, F. -—— limbata, F. (lemnae, F.). Stoke Wood, Exeter — bicolora, Zsch. (sagittariae, F.). Seaton (Rev. T. Hardy) — simplex, F. (linearis, Hoppe) — semicuprea, Panz. (simplex, F.) — sericea, L. — discolor, Panz. (comari, Suffr.). Dartmoor — affinis, Kunze Lema cyanella, L. (puncticollis, Curt.) — lichenis, Voet (cyanella, Suff.) —— erichsoni, Suff. Svapion Ley — melanopa, L. Crioceris asparagi, L. Plymouth, Dartmoor Meadows below A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE CAMPTOSOMATA Clythra quadripunctata, L. Cryptocephalus aureolus. Valley of the Walkham — hypochaeridis, L. (sericeus, F.). Fordlands, on Crepis tectorum — ochrostoma, Har. (nitidulus, Gyll.). (Stephens), perhaps in error —- moraei, L. Bickleigh Vale — fulvus, Goeze (minutus, F.) — pusillus, F. — labiatus, L. — querceti, Suffr. (geminus, Wat. Cat.). If the synonymy is right this species has been re- corded as found in Devon on the common barberry Devon CYCLICA Lamprosoma concolor, Sturm. Haldon, Seaton, Brent Tor, etc. Timarcha tenebricosa, F. (laevigata, Duft.) — violaceonigra, De G. (coriaria, Laich.) Chrysomela banksi, F. Brent Tor, etc., Lundy Island — staphylaea, L. — polita, L. — haemoptera, L. I have taken this very abundant- ly on rushes on the golf links at Westward Ho! Abundant at Brent Tor, nr. Tavistock (Thornley) — varians, Schall. Exeter, Brent Tor. — goettingensis, L. Under stones on slopes at the mouth of the Meavy — fastuosa, Scop. Dartmoor — didymata, Scriba. — hyperici, Forst. Melasoma aeneum, L. Exever — populi, L. Phytodecta olivacea, Forst. var. litura, F. Powderham, Exmouth, Exeter Gastroidea viridula, De G. (raphani, Herbst.), Haldon — polygoni, L. Phaedon tumidulus, Germ. — armoraciae, L. (betulae, Kiust.) — cochleariae, E. — concinnus, Steph. Exmouth (Thouless); Szoke Wood, scarce (Parfitt) Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L. — cavifrons, Thoms. — vitellinae, L. Hydrothassa aucta, F. — marginella, L. Prasocuris junci, Brahm (beccabungae, III.) — phellandrii, L Agelastica alni, L. Several specimens were captured in June near Exeter by Stephens Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata, L. Tavy Valley Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goeze — rufipes, Scop. — flavipes, L. Lochmaea capreae, L. — suturalis, Thoms. — crataegi, Forst. Galerucella sagittariae, Gyll. — lineola, F. — calmariensis, L. — tenella, L Adimonia tanaceti, L. 204 CYCLICA (continued) Sermyla halensis, L. Longitarsus ater, F. (parvulus, Payk.). Seaton Down Devon (Power) — holsaticus, L. — luridus, Scop. — suturellus, Duft. (fuscicollis, var. Steph.) — atricillus, L. — melanocephalus, All. — atriceps, Kuts. — suturalis, Marsh. — piciceps, Steph. (atricapillus, Redt.) — membranaceus, Foudr. (tencrii, All.), Lee Valley, N. Devon (Power) — flavicornis, Steph. Lee Valley, N. Devon (Power) — exoletus, L. Lundy Island — pusillus, Gyll. — tabidus, F. (verbasci, Panz.) — jacobaeae, Wat. — ochroleucus, Marsh. — gracilis, Kuts. Lee Valley, Lundy Island — laevis, Duft. Haltica lythri, Aubé. — oleracea, L. — pusilla, Duft. Hermaeophaga mercurialis, F, Nr. Totnes Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh. Torguay — nigripes, F. (lepidii, Koch) — consobrina, Curt. (melaena, Ill.). Seaton Downs (Power) ; Torguay (Thouless) — punctulata, Marsh. Woodbury Common — atra, Payk. Woodbury, Exmouth — vittula, Redt. — undulata, Kuts. — nemorun, L. — ochripes, Curt. Powderham Marshes — exclamationis, Thunb. (brassicae, F.) Aphthona Iutescens, Gyll. Lee Valley (Power) — nonstriata, Goeze (coerulea, Payk.) — venustula, Kuts. (euphorbiae, All.) — atro-coerulea, Steph. (cyanella, Redt.) — virescens, Foudr. Seaton Down (Power) — herbigrada, Curt. Exeter Batophila rubi, Payk. — aerata, Marsh Sphaeroderma testaceum, F, — cardui, Gyll. Apteropeda orbiculata, Marsh (graminis, Koch) Mniophila muscorum, Koch Podagrica fuscipes, L. — fuscicornis, L. Mantura rustica, L. — chrysanthemi, Koch. Meavy Valley and St. Budeaux, nr. Plymouth, Lundy Island (Wollaston) Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. — ferruginea, Scop. — rufipes, L. — ventralis, Ill. Seaton (Power) — nitidula, L. Potoderbam (Parfitt) — helxines, L. — chloris, Foudr. — aurata, Marsh. Hippuriphila modeeri, L. Chaetocnema hortensis, Fourc. (aridella, Payk.) — confusa, Boh. Thurlestone — sahlbergi, Gyll. Blackdown, very rare (Parfitt). I found one specimen of the aeneous green variety at Westwood Ho! in 1883 INSECTS CYCLICA (continued) Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. Dibolia cynoglossi, Hal. Fordlands, Dawlish Warren, on Cynoglossum vulgare, rare (Parfitt). This species has been omitted from our lists, but in the face of its recent capture by Mr. Donis- thorpe it must also be reinstated as a Devon Insect Psylliodes luridipennis, Kuts. Lundy Island (Wollaston)! — napi, Koch — cuprea, Koch (cupronitens, Forst.). Brent Tor, nr. Tavistock — affinis, Payk. (atricilla, W.C.) — dulcamarae, Koch. Lundy Island (Wollaston) — chalcomera, Ill. CRYPTOSTOMATA Cassida murraea, L. Newton, Ivybridge — vibex, F. — sanguinolenta, F. Dunsford,?’ Meavy Valley — vittata, Vill. (oblonga, Ill.). Exmouth and Barn- staple — nobilis, L. Dawlish Warren, among Salicornia t— subferruginea, Schrank. (ferruginea, F.). On Achillea millefolium and other low plants, somewhat doubtfully indigenous. Recorded by Stephens from Devon — viridis, F. — hemisphaerica, Herbst. Taken amongst tall marsh plants in Powderham Park, very rare (Parfitt) ; Braunton Burrows (Blandford) TENEBRIONIDAE Blaps mucronata, Latr. — mortisaga, L. One specimen from a grain store in the docks, Plymouth (J. H. Keys). Parfitt’s record of this insect as common in houses in Exeter must be referred to the preceding species Heliopathes gibbus, F. Datvlish and Exmouth beach, Woolacombe Opatrum sabulosum, L. Phaleria cadaverina, F. Dawlish, Barnstaple Tenebrio molitor, L. — obscurus, F. Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Tribolium ferrugineum, F. — confusum, Duv. Palorus melinus, Herbst. (depressus, F.) Hypophloeus castaneus, F. Phymouth Helops striatus, Fourc. LAGRIIDAE Lagria hirta, L. CISTELIDAE Cistela murina, L. Cteniopus sulphureus, L. Very abundant nr. Torquay, etc.; Lundy Island (Wollaston) 1 This is probably an extreme and local variety of P. chrysoce- phala, L. It has recently (1905) been taken in some numbers on the island by Dr. Joy. : ; 2Mr. Thouless, who records two specimens from this locality, says that he believes that they must be referred to the form which has been recorded as C. chloris. MELANDRYIDAE Clinocara tetratoma, Thoms. (minor, Walk.). Cann Woods — undulata, Kr. Cann Woods Melandrya caraboides, L. Abdera bifasciata, Marsh. Devon (Wollaston) PYTHIDAE Salpingus castaneus, Panz. — aeratus, Muls, Rhinosimus ruficollis, Steph. — viridipennis, Steph. — planirostris, F, Mycterus curculionoides, F. Kingsbridge (Stephens. Very doubtfully indigenous) OEDEMERIDAE Oedemera nobilis, Scop. (coerulea, L.) — lurida, Marsh. Oncomera femorata, F. Yealmpton Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt. Ischnomera coerulea, L. Seaton; Brixham; Exeter; PYROCHROIDAE Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. (rubens, Schall) SCRAPTIIDAE tScraptia fuscula, Mull (nigricans Steph.). Taken by sweeping ivy at Exwick. July, 1863 (Parfitt) MORDELLIDAE Mordella fasciata, F. Exeter Mordellistena pumila, Gyll. — brunnea, F. Devon (Wollaston) Anaspis frontalis, L. — garneysi, Fowler. Bred from wood (probably found in the P/ymouth district (Bignell)) — pulicaria, Costa, (forcipata, Muls.) —- rufilabris, Gyll. — geoffroyi, Mill. (fasciata, Forst.) — ruficollis, F. — flava, L. var. thoracica, L. — subtestacea, Steph. — maculata, Fourc. ANTHICIDAE Anthicus floralis, L. var. quisquilius, Thoms. — angustatus, Curt. Svapton Ley XYLOPHILIDAE Xylophilus oculatus, Duv. MELOIDAE Meloe proscarabaeus, L. — violaceus, Marsh. Bickicigh Vale ; Walkham Valley, etc. — autumnalis, Ol. Exmouth; Tavistock — rugosus. Valley of the Tavy (J. H. Keys); Exmouth. — brevicollis. Valley of the Tavy (J. H. Keys) ; Plymouth (Power, Spiers, and Bignell) ; Dartmeor (Thouless) Sitaris muralis, Forst. (humeralis, F.) 205 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE PLATYRRHINIDAE Platyrrhinus latirostris, F. Ugdrooke Park nr. Chudleigh (Bowring) CURCULIONIDAE Apoderus coryli, L. Fordlands; Barnstaple; in the latter locality occasionally on a birch (Rev. H. Matthews) Attelabus curculionoides, L. Stoke Wood Byctiscus populi, L. Fordlands Rhynchites aequatus, L. — aeneovirens, Marsh. var. fragariae, Gyll. Bickleigh Vale, one specimen (J. H. Keys) — minutus, Herbst. (germanicus, Aubé.) — pubescens, F. Fordlands; Bickleigh Vale Deporaiis betulae, L. Apion pomonae, F. — craccae, L. Exeter district, scarce (Parfitt) — subulatum, Kirby. Seaton land-slip (Power) — ulicis, Férst. — malvae, F. — miniatum, Germ. — cruentatum, Walt. Plymouth; Lundy Island — haematodes, Kirby (frumentarium, Payk.) — rubens, Steph. Blackdown, etc. — rufirostre, F. —~ viciae, Payk. Exeter; Bideford — difforme, Germ. Seaton land-slip (Power) — varipes, Germ. Seaton land-slip ; Exeter, etc. —— apricans, Herbst. (fagi, Kirby ; assimile, Kirby) — bohemani, Thoms. (ononidis, Gyll). Torquay — trifolii, L. — dichroum, Bedel (flavipes, Brit. Cat.) — nigritarse, Kirby. Seaton land-slip (Power) ; S/ap- ton Ley (Wollaston) — hookeri, Kirby. Larvae feeding in the heads of Matricaria inodora, v. maritima — aeneum, F. — radiolus, Kirby — onopordi, Kirby — carduorum, Kirby — virens, Herbst. — pisi, F. — aethiops, Herbst. — ebeninum, Kirby — filirostre, Kirby. Exeter district — striatum, Kirby — immune, Kirby — ononis, Kirby — spencei, Kirby — ervi, Kirby — vorax, Herbst. — scutellare, Kirby. Necwton; Exeter; BrentTor, etc. — loti, Kirby? — seniculum, Kirby — tenue, Kirby ~— simile, Kirby. Torguay — pubescens, Kirby — curtisi, Walt. — marchicum, Herbst. — violaceum, Kirby — hydrolapathi, Kirby — humile, Germ. Lundy Island (F. Smith) 1 Commander J, J. Walker has taken A. waltoni, Steph., at Whitsand Bay, Plymouth. 206 CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, Herbst. — tuscipes, Walt. Tavistock — atroapterus, De G. Exmouth, on brambles ; Dawlish — scabrosus, Marsh. — ligneus, Ol. — picipes, F. — sulcatus, F. — rugifrons, Gyll. Woolacombe Sands; Batten, nr. Plymouth ; Lundy Island — ovatus, L. var. pabulinus, Panz. — muscorum, Bris. Chagford Trachyphloeus scaber, L. — scabriculus, L. Coenopsis fissirostris, Walt. (J. H. Keys) —— Waltoni, Schén. Keys) Strophosomus coryli, F. — capitatus, De G. (obesus, Marsh.) — retusus, Marsh.? Exomias araneiformis, Schr. (brunnipes, Ol.) — pellucidus, Boh. Ivybridge — pyrenaeus, Seidl. P/ymouth district, in several localities. Taken at roots of grass, in faggots, under bark, and by beating hawthorn, by Mr. J. H. Keys, who first discovered the insect in Britain. Mr. Champion has since found it in Cornwall Sciaphilus muricatus, F. Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh. (mercurialis, Brit. Cat.) Barypeithes sulcifrons, Boh. Batten nr. Plymouth (Keys) ; Mount Edgecumbe (Wollaston) ; Kil- lerton (Gorham) Liophloeus nubilus, F. Polydrusus tereticollis, De G. (undatus, F.) — pterygomalis, Boh. — cervinus, L. — confluens, Steph. Meavy Valley — chrysomela, Ol. Lundy Island (Wollaston) Phylobius oblongus, L. — calcaratus, F. — urticae, De G. (alneti, F.) — pyri, L. — argentatus, L. — maculicornis, Germ. — pomonae, Ol. — viridiaeris, Laich. (uniformis, Marsh.) Philopedon geminatus, F. Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. I do not feel quite certain as to this record, but it is probably correct Barynotus obscurus, F. — schénherri, Zett. Once only nr. Tavistock (J. H. Keys). I know of no other record further south than Lancaster Alophus triguttatus, F. Exeter; Barnstaple ; Ilfracombe Sitones griseus, F. — cambricus, Steph. Plymouth; Exeter; Valley of the Meavy — regensteinensis, Herbst. Parfitt records this species as found in gardens on beans. Asa rule it only occurs on broom or furze Valley of the Meavy Woods nr. Plymouth (J. H. 2 Commander J. J. Walker has taken §. faber at Whitsand Bay. INSECTS CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Sitones waterhousei, Walt. Basten nr. Plymouth (Keys) ; Seaton, 3-10 January, 1865 (Power). Ithas also been found at Whitsand Bay and at intervals all along the southern coast of England — crinitus, Ol. — tibialis, Herbst. — hispidulus, F. — humeralis, Steph. — flavescens, Marsh. — puncticollis, Steph. — suturalis, Steph. — lineatus, L. — sulcifrons, Germ. Gronops lunatus, L. I once found this species abundantly on Northam Burrows, but I know of no other Devon record! Limobius mixtus. Exeter; very rare (Parfitt) Hypera punctata, F. — fasciculata, Herbst. Recorded by Parfitt in his catalogue without locality — arundinis, Payk. ‘Taken in marshy places near Exeter (Stephens) — rumicis, L. — pollux, F. — polygoni, L. — suspiciosa, Herbst. — murina, F, Exever district (Parfitt) — plantaginis, De G. — trilineata, Marsh. — nigrirostris, F. Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr. Seaton (Major J. N. Still) Lixus bicolor, Ol. P/ymouth(?) (Parfitt). A very doubtful record, but may be correct, as the insect has been taken by Mr. Moncreaff singly near Portsmouth Larinus carlinae. Valleys of the Meavy and Tavy (J. H. Keys) Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv. var. collaris, Rye. Bick/eigh Vale Curculio abietis, L. P/ymoush Trachodes hispidus, L. Ivybridge; Bickleigh Vale (J. H. Keys) Orchestes quercus, L. — alni, L. var. ferrugineus, Marsh (melanocephalus,Ol.) — ilicis, F. Ivybridge ; Woodbury Common — avellanae, Don. — lonicerae, Herbst. Recorded by Stephens as found on Lonicera xylosteum (Fly Honey- suckle) at Spitchwick ; the record is very pro- bably correct — fagi, L. — pratensis, Germ. Fordlands and Woodbury — rusci, Herbst. — salicis, L. Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv. Orthocaetes setiger, Beck. Bickleigh Vale Erirrhinus scirpi, F. Stapton Ley — acridulus, L. Dorytomus vorax, F. Exeter — tremulae, F. Fordlands — tortrix, L. Blackdown; Exeter, etc. — maculatus, Marsh. — pectoralis, Gyll. Smicronyx reichei, Gyll. Newton Abbot (Dale) 1In my work on The Coleoptera of the British Islands, vol. v. 227, ‘Seaford, Devon’ is in error for ‘Seaford, Sussex.’ CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Tanysphyrus lemnae, F. Bagous alismatis, Marsh. — clandicans, Naez. Elleschus bipunctatus, L. Valley of the Meavy (J. H. Keys) Tychius venustus, F. Bickkigh Vale (J. H. Keys) — schneideri, Herbst. Sv/apton Ley — lineatulus, Steph. S/apton Ley ; Lundy Island — junceus, Reich. — tomentosus, Herbst. Miccotrogus picirostris, F, Sibinia arenariae, Steph. — primita, Herbst. Gymnetron beccabungae, L. var. veronicae, Germ. — rostellum, Herbst. Devon (Wollaston) — pascuorum, Gyll. — antirrhini, Payk. (noctis, Herbst.) Mecinus pyraster, Herbst. — circulatus, Marsh. Anthonomus ulmi, De G. — rosinae, Des Gozis — pedicularius, L. — pomorun, L. — rubi, Herbst. — comari, Crotch. Lundy Island Nanophyes lythri, F. Cionus scrophulariae, L. — blattariae, F. — pulchellus, Herbst. Orobitis cyaneus, L. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. Acalles roboris, Curt. — ptinoides, Marsh. —— turbatus, Boh. Mononychus pseudacori, F. somewhat doubtful record Coeliodes quercus, F. — ruber, Marsh. — cardui, Herbst. (fuliginosus, Marsh.) — quadrimaculatus, L. —- exiguus, Ol. Poophagus nasturtii, Germ. South Brent ; Dartmoor Slapton Ley Lundy Island Torquay (Curtis) a Exminsier marshes; _ Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. — setosus, Boh. Plymouth — cochleariae, Gyll. — ericae, Gyll. — erysimi, F. — contractus, Marsh. var. pallipes, Crotch. Lundy Island J— pilosellus, Gyll. Seaton, two specimens, 1-5 January, 1866 (Power) — quadridens, Panz. Lundy Island, etc. — pollinarius, Forst. — viduatus, Gyll. Bick/eigh Vale (J. H. Keys) — pleurostigma, Marsh. (sulcicollis, Gyll.) — verrucatus, Gyll. (biguttatus, Boh.) On the Horned Poppy or Sea Poppy (Glaucium luteum); very local; Seaton beach, in abund- ance (Power) — punctiger, Gyll. South Brent — rugulosus, Herbst. (melanostigma, Marsh.). Seaton ; Plymouth — melanostictus, Marsh. — asperifoliarum, Gyll. — litura, F. (ovalis, L ?) Stapton Ley Seaton 207 A HISTORY OF DEVONSHIRE CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. — nigrinus, Marsh. Exmouth —- melanarius, Steph. P/ymouth — terminatus, Herbst. Batten nr. Plymouth — horridus, F. Kingsbridge — distinctus, Bris. South Brent — quercicola, Payk. Exeter — troglodytes, F. — Dawsoni, Bris. Batten nr. Plymouth; Lundy Is- land. Formerly abundant at Whitsand Bay, and I have taken it at Ventnor, I. of Wight. It occurs on Plantago coronopus Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. — gramineus, F. (inconspectus, Aubé). Exeter, Slapton Ley — perpendicularis, Reich. (subfasciatus, Gyll.) — castor, F. — bruchoides, Herbst. Eubrychius velatus, Beck Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. Phytobius waltoni, Boh. — quadrituberculatus, F. — canaliculatus, Fahr. Baris lepidii, Germ. Seaton Down (Power) Balaninus venosus, Grav. (glandium, Brit. Cat.) — nucum, L. : CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Pentarthrum huttoni, Woll.