Cornell Aniversity Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Sage 1891 BUAFE Ro vcs PYYEBE cocoa Date Due 1950: ~ {p ary ting boxes . -armremmeronnll il 3 1924 031 273 638 olin,anx Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031273638 WILD BIRD PROTECTION AND NESTING BOXES.. TAYLOR BROTHERS, PRINTERS, LEEDS.- ‘SsadTIng HONITING AHL FYaAH AA (aoardsyuo.wy ) TT 291 WILD BIRD PROTECTION NESTING BOXES, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF VARIOUS DESIGNS OF BOXES, BRACKETS, ETC., THAT HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN USED BY WILD BIRDS FOR NIDIFICATION, AND A FULL LIST OF THE ORDERS MADE UNDER THE “‘ WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS” ON THE APPLICATION OF COUNTY COUNCILS, WITH THE NAMES OF THE SPECIES PROTECTED, BY JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB. LEEDS ; TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,, 1897, P Dedicated TO THE MEMORY OF HIS FATHER, WILLIAM MASEFIELD, J.P., A TRUE LOVER OF NATURE, BY HIS SON, J.R.B.M. CONTENTS. page. INTRODUCTION. : 4 : ' ‘ 3 9 Parr [.—Wild Bird Protection ' 13 Part II].—Medieval Bird Laws : ; 24 Parr III.—-Bird Nesting Boxes, with 12 Figures 31 Part [V.—Orders applying to Counties, etc., PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLaTE PLATE under Wild Birds Protection Acts 63 Fuui-Page CoLLotype ILLUSTRATIONS. iim Where the Bullfinch Builds (frontispiece). iii_-The Nuthatch’s Nesting Box 2 41 iii—The Wren’s Winter Shelter . : 47 iv.—The Spotted Flycatcher’s Nesting Shelf . : : ‘ : 48 v.—The Redstart’s Home in Dead Birch Tree Stump . ‘ ‘ : 51 vii—The Great Tit’s favourite Nesting Hole in Old Apple Tree F 52 vii.—The Starling’s Box : : ; 54 viiii—The Blue Tit’s Pump . : F 56 ix.—Model Lodging Houses for 'lits . 60 (All from Photographs taken by Mr. Jacob Lowndes, Cheadle, Staffordshire. ) INTRODUCTION. THE serious diminution in the numbers of our British Wild Birds in recent years, and the actual extinction of many species, in so far as they have ceased to nest in our Islands within the memory of man, has at length aroused public attention to the fact that we are losing many of our useful Wild Birds altogether. Such a calamity can, of course, only result in further losses to our already unfortunate agriculturists from injuries to their crops by an increasing number of insect pests, which are now only kept in check by our Wild Birds. Happily our legislators, by the Wild Birds Protection Acts of 1880 and 1881 (43 and 44 Vict., c. 35, and 44 and 45 Vict., c. 51) at last came to their rescue in some degree ; and, by the further Wild Birds Protection Act of 1894 (57 and 58 Vict., c. 24), County Councils are thereby empowered to apply to a Secretary of State for Orders for the Protection of the Eggs of our Wild Birds, and also for the further Protection of the Birds them- selves in their respective jurisdictions. This last- mentioned Act has already been taken advantage of by 10 INTRODUCTION. a large number of our County Councils, and, if judi- ciously enforced, may still be in time to preserve to us many species of our most valuable wild birds. But beyond legislation, bird lovers and those who know the value of our wild birds may themselves do much for bird protection by discouraging the wearing of plumes and feathers of any bird, except those of the Ostrich or of any bird killed for purposes of food, and by condemning the wanton destruction of birds generally. Our landowners may prevent illegal bird catching and nest destroying on their lands, and protect certain areas at all events as asylums, where wild birds may nest and rear their young in peace, without fear of disturbance from the egg collector, or the depredator, who is always on the look out for specimens of rare birds and their eggs, of which to make merchandise. Another means of protection for our wild birds is that of providing them with facilities for nesting, such as nesting boxes, ledges, holes in trees or walls, thickets of shrubs or rank vegetation, etc. These modes of protec- tion have already been adopted by many of our true naturalists and bird lovers with considerable success. Partly by the means above-mentioned and partly by careful protection of the birds themselves, I have during the last two or three years had the following species of our wild birds nesting in and around my own garden, shrubbery and. buildings :— INTRODUCTION. 11 Kestrel, Goldcrest, Magpie, Whitethroat, Rook, Spotted Flycatcher, Jackdaw, Hedge Sparrow, Missel Thrush, House Sparrow, Song Thrush, Chaffinch, Blackbird, Greenfinch, Starling, Bullfinch, Meadow Pipit, Great Tit, Tree Pipit, Blue Tit, Swallow, Cole Tit, House Martin, Corncrake, Willow Wren, Partridge, Garden Warbler, Pheasant, Blackcap, Wood Pigeon, Redstart, Turtle Dove, Robin, Woodpecker, Wren, Chiffchaff. These birds have all been necessarily land birds, as my house stands on the side of a hill at a distance from any stream or pond. At the request of my friends, I now attempt to give in the following pages some information from actual experience on this subject, which I trust may induce others to do something for the preservation of our fast- diminishing wild birds. 12 INTRODUCTION. I must here take the opportunity of expressing my thanks to Mr. Sydney Buxton, M.P., the Rev. Julian Tuck, and Messrs. Sutton Davies, F. Boyes, C. Greaves, J.T. Proud, W. Denison Roebuck, and many others who have supplied me with most useful and interesting notes on the subject. J. R. B. M. ROSENILL, CHEADLE, STAFFORDSHIRE, 1897. Part J. WILD BIRD PROTECTION. N those early times, closely following the Norman conquest, we find that it soon became necessary to pass laws for the protection of certain species of our wild birds, in order to preserve them, not only for the purposes of sport, but also no doubt as a source of food supply. At the time of the conquest the right of taking or pursuing all wild beasts of the chase and game appears to have belonged to the King alone, and this state of the law continued until the passing of the Charta Foreste (9 Henry III.) in the year 1225. This Charta Foreste is the first of a long series of laws called by the general name of the Game Laws, which have been passed from time to time for the following, amongst other reasons (as stated by Blackstone), For the preservation of the several species of animals which would soon become extirpated by a general liberty. B 14 WILD BIRD PROTECTION. In this charter then we find the first Act of Parliament extending protection to any of our wild birds, for it is thereby enacted that Every Freeman shall have within his own woods Ayries of Hawks, Sparrow Hawks, Faulcons, Eagles and Herons. By a further Statute of 25 Henry VIII, cap. 11, it was enacted that No person shall from 1st March to last of June take or destroy any eggs of wild fowl from the nest upon pain of imprisonment for one year, to forfeit for every egg of any Crane or Bustard 20 pence or egg of Bittour (Bittern), Heron or Shovelard (Spoonbill) 8 pence, or for egg of any other wild fowl one peny. This shows that all these beautiful birds then bred regularly in England, but, alas, with the excep- tion of the Heron, they have now ceased to do so. Many subsequent statutes have since been passed, but now most, if not all, of these Statutes have been swept away by the Statute of William IV. (1 and 2 William IV., c. 32), by which the Game Laws became consolidated, and the only Wild Birds which obtained the special favour of protection from our Legislature to the year 1869, were the Pheasant, Partridge, Grouse, Heath or Moor Game, Black Game, WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 15 Bustard, Woodcock, Snipe, Quail, and Landrail, and the eggs of any Game Bird or Swan, Wild Duck, Teal, and Widgeon. Such of these birds, therefore, as have not already become exterminated, I think we may dismiss from our consideration as, at all events, fairly well cared for. We now come to the year 1869, when an Act for the preservation of Sea Birds (32 and 33 Vict. c. 17) was passed, and this was followed in 1872 and 1876 by further Acts for the protection of Wild Fowl] and Wild Birds, but all these Acts were repealed by the existing Act of 1880 (43 and 44 Vict., ¢. 35). This Act is a most important one, and after defining in section 2 that the words “ Wild Birds” shall be deemed to mean all Wild Birds, section 3 enacts that Any person who, between the Ist day of March and the 1st day of August, in any year, shall knowingly and wilfully shoot, or attempt to shoot, or shall use any boat for the purpose of shooting, or causing to be shot, any Wild Bird, or shall use any lime, trap, snare, net, or other instrument for the purpose of taking any wild bird or shall expose or offer for sale or shall have in his control or possession after the 15th March any wild bird recently killed or taken shall on conviction, in the case of any 16 WILD BIRD PROTECTION. wild bird included in the schedule, forfeit and pay for every such bird a sum not exceeding one pound and in the case of any other wild bird for the first offence be reprimanded and pay the costs and for every subsequent offence forfeit and pay for every such wild bird a sum not exceeding five shillings and the costs. The section of the Act above-quoted is not to apply to the owner or occupier of any land or to any person authorised by him killing or taking any wild bird on such land not included in the schedule of the Act. By the same Act power is given to a Secretary of State to extend or vary the close time for killing or taking wild birds. The Schedule contains the names of 85 wild birds, and by a subsequent Act passed in 1881 (44 and 45. Vict., c. 51) the Lark has been added to the Schedule. Many of the names of the birds in the Schedule are, however, local names and others mere synonyms. Many other species would also be included which come under such general names as Owl, Plover, Sandpiper, Petrel, etc. In many cases the same local names are applied to different birds, so that. no attempt to group the various birds under the several synonyms can be satisfactory, and the Schedule is therefore given as in the Statute Book, WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 17 with the addition of the “Lark,” which was added by the Act of 1881. American Quail, Auk, Guillemot, Gull (except Black-backed Avocet, Gull), Bee-eater, Hoopoe, Bittern, Kingfisher, Bonxie, Kittiwake, Colin, Lapwing, Cornish Chough, (Lark), Coulternehb, Loon, Cuckoo, Mallard, Curlew, Marrot, Diver, Merganser, Dotterel, Murre, Dunbird, Nighthawk, Dunlin, Nightjar, Eider Duck, Nightingale, Fern Owl, Oriole, Fulmar, Owl, Gannet, Oxbird, Goatsucker, Oyster Catcher, Godwit, Peewit, Goldfinch, Petrel, Grebe, Phalarope, Greenshank, Plover, 18 WILD BIRD PROTECTION. Ploverspage, Snipe, Pochard, Solan Goose, Puffin, Spoonbill, Purre, Stint, Razorbill, Stone Curlew, Redshank, Stonehatch, Reeve or Ruff, Summer Snipe, Roller, Tarrock, Sanderling, Teal, Sandpiper, Tern, Scout, Thick-knee, Sealark, Tystey, Seamew, Whaup, Sea-parrot, Whimbrel, Sea-swallow, Widgeon, Shearwater, Wild Duck, Shelldrake, Willock, Shoveller, Woodcock, Skua, Woodpecker. Smew, To have obtained this Act as a first instalment. towards wild bird preservation was most satisfac- tory, and to some of our rarer and more useful birds included in the Schedule, such as the Bee-eater, Cuckoo, Goatsucker, Nightingale, Oriole, Roller, &c., if the Act is enforced it has the effect of almost WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 19 absolute protection, these birds being summer mi- grants, arriving after the close season has com- menced and leaving us again in several cases before the close season ends. Many may ask, however, why such harmless and useful birds as the Flycatchers, the Robin, the Redstart, Blackstart, and other Warblers, the Wren, Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, Goldcrest, the Water Rail, and other Crakes, the Wagtails, and the whole of the Swallow tribe and the Swift have been omitted from the Schedule to this Act. But this defect has now, however, been met by the powers given to County Councils by subse- quent Acts as we shall see later on. The next piece of legislation taken up by Parlia- ment on behalf of our wild birds was the “ Sand- grouse Protection Act” (51 & 52 Vict. ¢. 55) which came into operation on the Ist February, 1889, for the absolute protection of Pallas’s Sandgrouse in the United Kingdom for three years, in order, as stated in the Act, “ that it may become acclimatised.” This law (although it came too late to have much, if any, practical effect on the Sandgrouse which visited this country in such numbers in 1888, as most of them had been shot down before the Act came into operation), was still a most valuable precedent é 20 WILD BIRD PROTECTION. for future bird legislation, as it was the first occasion on which absolute protection had been given to any species of wild bird in the United Kingdom for a term of years, except in the Isle of Man, where Sea Gulls are of so much value to the fishermen that the law there prohibits altogether the killing of Sea Gulls at any time of the year under a penalty of £5 for killing a Sea Gull or taking its eggs. Many of our rarer and more useful wild birds still continuing to diminish in numbers, several having entirely ceased to breed in many of their old haunts, it was felt that further legislation was necessary on their behalf. This produced the Wild Birds’ Protection ‘Act of 1894 (57 & 58 Vic., c. 24) to be construed as one with the Wild Birds’ Protec- tion Act of 1880, and whereby (Sec. 2) a Secretary of State may upon application of a County Council by order prohibit:— (1) The taking or destroying of wild birds’ eggs in any year or years in any place or places within that county, or (2) The taking or destroying the eggs of any specified kind of wild birds within that county or part or parts thereof as recommended by the said County Council and set forth in the said order. WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 21 (3) The application by the County Council shall specify the limits of the place or places or otherwise the particular species of wild birds to which it is proposed that any prohibition in the order is to apply and shall set forth the reasons on account of which the application is made. And by the next section— A Secretary of State may, on the representa- tion of a County Council, order that the Act of 1880 shall apply within such county or any part or parts thereof to any species of wild bird not included in the Schedule to that Act as if that species of wild bird were included in such Schedule, and on the making of such order that Act shall apply accordingly. By section 5— A penalty of not exceeding one pound is im- posed upon any person for every egg of any wild bird which any person shall take or destroy within any area specified in the order or for every egg of any wild bird named in such order. This Act applies to England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and has already been taken advantage of by a large number of County Councils, and the 22 WILD BIRD PROTECTION. orders already sanctioned by a Secretary of State will, with full details, be reproduced in this work, and will, I think, prove useful to Ornithologists and Egg Collectors for reference. Even these powers of protection were not found sufficient to save our feathered friends from the bird-catching fraternity during the winter months, especially in the neighbourhood of London and other large towns, and a further Act of Parliament. was passed in August, 1896 (59 & 60 Vic., c. 56), by which particular places may be reserved as bird sanctuaries or harbours of refuge. Section 1 of this Act provides that— A County Council may apply to a Secretary of State for an order prohibiting for special reasons mentioned in the application the tak- ing or killing of particular kinds of wild birds during the whole or any part of that period of the year to which the protection of wild birds under the Act of 1880 does not extend, or the taking or killing of all wild birds in particular places during the whole or any part. of that period. And in the case of a prosecution and conviction for an offence under the Wild Birds’ Protection Acts, the court may in addition to any penalty that may WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 23 be imposed order any trap, net, snare, or decoy-bird used by such person for taking any wild bird to be forfeited. We therefore may now hope that some of our use- ful and rarer wild birds may increase in numbers and delight us with their sweet songs and charm us with their beautiful plumage. Part II. MEDIAVAL BIRD LAWS. FTER having attempted to describe in the preceding part of this little book the state of the existing laws as to our wild birds, it may be interesting, as suggested by my friend, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, to compare, especially in this the sixtieth year of Queen Victoria’s reign, the laws on this subject passed during the reigns of our two most illustrious Queens. Various comparisons— whether by way of similarity or of contrast—are to be drawn between those most noteworthy epochs in English history when our ruler has been a Queen—and particularly when we take into account the Elizabethan age and compare it with the Victorian age under which we now live, and which we all hope will be prolonged for many years to come. In both epochs we have had legislation dealing with our native wild animals or birds, but from this point of view it is a contrast which has to be drawn. MEDIEVAL BIRD LAWS. 25 Legislation in our own days has had for its object the protection of our wild birds, whereas in the days of Elizabeth the legislation was for the destruction of many species—in many cases of the very species which we are now most anxious to preserve and protect. It is all a question of the balance of forces in nature, which man is always disturbing, either directly or indirectly, and the particular circum- stances of the case differ very materially in the two periods. We have now a teeming and constantly increasing human population, which is trenching more and more upon the space formerly occupied by the wild animals, whereas in former days it was vastly different. The Elizabethan population of England, which accomplished so much at a critical and note- worthy period in our history, cannot have been more than a fractional part of what our population is now, and consequently the wild animals having more room, must have been proportionally more numerous than now. There had been a steady decline in our native Fauna, long before Elizabeth’s time. The more for- midable animals, such as the wolf and the bear, had long been exterminated, being animals dangerous 26 MEDIZVAL BIRD LAWS. to human life, and the struggle between man and the lower animals was therefore confined to those smaller creatures from which he could entertain no personal fears, but which were believed to be injurious to him in a minor degree. So the era of the Forest Laws of a former age was succeeded by that of the laws for the protec- tion of grain and the extermination of the so-called vermin which man found to be in his way. It was in the reign of Henry VIII. that these Acts were first passed, Crows, Choughs, and Rooks being the first creatures against which statutes were promulgated. In the year 1533 was passed an “Act to destroy Crows, Choughs, and Rooks” (24 Hen. VIII, c. 10), the preamble of which set forth that Forasmuch as innumerable numbers of Rooks, Crows, and Choughs do yearly destroy, devour, and consume a wonderful and marvellous great quantity of corn and grain of all kinds; that is to wit, as well.in the sowing of the same grain and corn, as also at the ripening and the kernelling of the same,and do make a marvel- lous destruction and decay of the coverture of thatched houses, barns, reeks, and other such MEDLEVAL BIRD LAWS. 27 like,* so that if the said Crows, Rooks, and Choughs should be suffered to breed and con- tinue as they have been in certain years past they will undoubtedly be the cause of a great destruction and consumption of a great part of the corn and grain which hereafter shall be sown throughout this realm, to the great pre- judice, damage, and undoing of the tillers, husbanders, and sowers of the earth, within the same. Then the Act prescribes the remedies. It orders that every'owner and occupier of land should do as much as in him lay to kill and utterly destroy all Choughs, Crows, and Rooks coming, abiding, breed- ing, or haunting on his lands on pain of a grievous amerciament. Numerous other provisions were also made for their destruction. The inhabitants of every parish were bound for the next ten years to provide and set nets in which to capture the birds, and were made liable to a heavy fine of ten shillings for every day that such nets were wanting. * Probably on account of the grain having been only partly threshed out of the straw, and so the birds pulled the thatch to pieces in searching for food. 28 MEDLEVAL BIRD LAWS. A yearly meeting was to be convened of tenants, who were to survey the buildings and trees in their neighbourhood, and conclude by what means it would be easiest to destroy the young birds of the year. Any parish not complying with this regu- lation was to forfeit twenty shillings. Another section of the act gave power to any person “minding to destroy the said Choughs, Crows, and Rooks,” after request to the owner or occupier of the land to enter thereon and carry them away without let or hindrance by the owner or occupier. It would appear from this that the functions of Rooks as destroyers of insects were not recognized by the Englishmen of Henry VIIL’s time; and also that the Act did not diminish the birds to any great extent, as Rooks and Jackdaws (the bird meant by Chough) are still among our commonest birds. In 1566, in the eighth year of Elizabeth, and also in the fourteenth and thirty-ninth years of her reign, further Acts were passed which extended to other birds than Crows and Rooks, although they were, also included therein. The Act of 1566 of Elizabeth was styled an “Act for the preservation of Grain.” It revived the former provisions for MEDIEVAL BIRD LAWS. 29 keeping of “Crow nets,” but repealed the other parts of the Act of Henry VIII. But it made further provisions, and this statute remained in force for about three centuries, as pay- ments were made for the destruction of certain birds or their eggs down to the passing of the new Poor Law in 1835, and as regards Sparrows to even a later date. The Act set forth that the churchwardens by virtue of their office were associated with six other parishioners, who were to meet yearly on one of the holy days in Easter week,and at every other time when needful, tax and assess every land and tithe- owner within the parish to provide a fund for pay- ing for the destruction of noisome fowl and vermin. The fund was placed in the hands of two distribu- tors, who were authorised to make payments at a fixed rate according to the Schedule of the Act. They were to pay for the heads of every three old Crows, Choughs, Pies or Rooks, one penny. For the heads of every half-dozen young ones, one penny. For every six unbroken eggs, one penny. For every twelve Stares’ (supposed to be Starlings) heads, one penny. Cc 30 MEDIZVAL BIRD LAWS. The scale rose higher for other birds— Twopence each was to be paid for the head of every Merton, Hauke, Fursekite, Moldkite, Bussard, Scag, Carmerant, or Ringtail; and a penny for every two eggs of these birds. Fourpence was to be paid for every Iron (that is Eagle) or Ospraie’s head. A Penny for the head of every Woodwall, Pie, Jay, Raven, or Kite. This shows how common the Kite was in medizval England, as compared with other hawks, for which twopence was payable. Then for the head of every bird which is called the “ Kingsfisher,” a penny. For the head of every “ Bulfinsh” or other bird that devoureth the blouth of fruit, a penny. “All which said heads and egges shall be forthwith, after such account made in the presence of the sayd churchwardens and assessors or any three of them, burnt, con- sumed or cut in sunder.” As previously stated, these Acts doubtless con- tinued to be observed without further amendment for about three centuries, until finally repealed in 1863, by the Statute Law Revision Act of that year. Parr III. NESTING BOXES, Erc. eee first mention we find of providing nesting boxes for wild birds is that quoted in Yarrell’s “ British Birds,” 4 Edit., Vol. IV., p. 491, referring to the system by which the natives of Swedish Lapland and the North of Europe collect the eggs of the Goldeneye Duck (Fuligula clan- gula) and other birds by inducing them to lay in boxes. This account is taken from the “ Lachesis Lapponica” of Linneus where he says of the ‘Goosander (Mergus merganser): “The person that waylays the bird for her eggs places against a fir or a pine tree, somewhere near the bank of the river a decayed trunk with a hole in its middle; the bird enters and lays her eggs in it; presently the peasant comes and takes away the eggs, leaving, however, one or two. The bird returns and finding but a single egg, lays two or three more, she is again robbed as before—but a few are left at last for the increase of the family.” 32 NESTING ROXES, ETC. Frequent references to these nest boxes are also to be found in notes contributed by Wolley to Yarrell’s, Hewitson’s, and other ornithological works. Mr. Sutton Davies, who has recently travelled in Swedish Lapland, kindly informs me that it is the Goldeneye Duck for which these nest-boxes, called “Tylla” by the Finns and “Holkar” or “Knipa-ho” (Goldeneye-nest) by the Swedes, are in the main intended. Nest boxes observed by Mr. Sutton Davies at. Adolistrom in Swedish Lapland, in August, 1894, were nearly always placed in the vicinity of run- ning water, the Goldeneye always preferring such places. The sketch (Fig. 1) of an open nest box for the nidification of the Goldeneye duck was made on the spot by Mr. Sutton Davies. It was placed in close proximity to a large rapid which formed the outflow of a lake at Adolfstrom, the box being fixed in a fir tree about fifteen feet above the ground and thirty yards distant from the water, upon a bank above the river. The box had no top, but a bottom was loosely nailed on. Another box examined by Mr. Sutton Davies greatly resembled Fig. 1, but the bottom consisted NESTING BOXES, ETC. 33 Fic. 1.—Open Nest Box, provided for the nidification of the Goldeneye Duck, sketched by Mr. Sutton Davies at Adolfstrom, Swedish Lapland. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 35. of a flat stone secured by two strips of wood nailed across—this box also had no top. A third box (see Fig. 2) also sketched from nature by Mr. Sutton Davies, was of a somewhat different character, being closed in at the top. It was firmly fixed up in a fir tree, about eighteen feet above the ground, and some twenty feet distant from the first rapid of the Adolfstroom. This box was 386 inches long, and the entrance was very large, the whole structure being secured to the tree by a branch passing through a hole at the back, the top of the box being lightly nailed on. The box contained moss, dead juniper twigs, birch twigs, and a very little down. A fourth box was of the same size as No. 2, and placed about ten feet from the water, with the entrance hole facing inland; it was secured in position upon the tree by the stump of a branch passing through a hole at the back of the box; the bottom of the box was formed of bark, secured by strips of wood nailed across. Wolley in his celebrated note on the discovery of the Smew’s eggs, suggests “that the small com- parative size of the Ungilo’s (Smew’s) eggs, and the habit of the bird of turning out the Goldeneye 36 NESTING BOXES, ETC.. had made it little liked by the people, and that they used to catch it on the eggs and kill it, as they do Hawk Owls and Tengmalm’s Owls.” Mr. Sutton Davies remarks upon this that the Hawk Owl, Tengmalm’s Owl, Smew, Goosander, and Red-breasted Merganser are all considered more or less as intruders, and they frequently evict the rightful owners from the nest boxes and take up residence in them themselves. I have thought it well to give these interesting observations made by Mr. Sutton Davies to show what has been done, no doubt for generations, in Swedish Lapland, in order to encourage birds of the duck tribe to nest, although, of course, not so much with the desire to protect these birds and their broods, as to obtain their eggs for food. These careful observations show us how easily even some of our rarest birds might be induced to breed with us in suitable localities if appropriate nest boxes were provided for their use.. Then we read in the Second Series of those most interesting “Essays on Natural History,” by the late Charles Waterton, of that safe Retreat and Asylum for Wild Birds which he so successfully established in his Park at Walton in Yorkshire, and NESTING BOXES, ETC. 37 ee i) Fic. 2.—Closed Nest Box, prepared for the nesting of the Goldeneye Duck, observed by Mr. Sutton Davies at Adolf. strom, Swedish Lapland. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 39 the means he provided for the nesting of Owls, Starlings, and many other Wild Birds in the old Tower near the Hall. The success that attended his efforts towards Bird Protection appears clearly in the pleasure with which he writes (p. 192), “I have succeeded in getting the Barn Owl, the Brown Owl, the Heron, the Jackdaw, the Magpie, the Carrion Crow, the Mallard, the Pheasant, the Starling, the Wood- pecker, the Ox Eye Titmouse, the Waterhen, the Thrush, and the Blackbird to build their nests and take away their young in safety, at a stone- throw of each other.” Of recent years many of my friends have corres- ponded with me on the subject of nesting boxes, and while some have expressed surprise that Wild Birds should nest in boxes provided for their use, others have kindly given me their experience and success. The species of Wild Birds which I have known and heard of as having availed themselves of these artificial nesting places are, of course, such as usually nest in holes in trees, buildings, banks, &e., namely, the Barn Owl, Redstart, Robin, Wren, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Cole Tit, Nuthatch, 40 NESTING BOXES, ETC. Wryneck, Starling, Jackdaw, Stockdove, Tree Creeper, Tree Sparrow, Hedge Sparrow, Swift, Swallow, House Martin, Spotted Flycatcher, and House Sparrow. But we may also do more by providing, where space allows, thickets of shrubs, thorns, rank vegetation, and tall weeds, always attractive to our Warblers and the Thrush tribe; ivied walls for the Pied Wagtail, thick thorn fences for the Greenfinch, &ec., and holes in walls or decaying trees for the Tits, Redstarts, &c. . — Fic. 3.—Nest Box, as recommended by Rev. Julian Tuck, which has proved attractive to many species. As to the different shapes, sizes, and materials for our nesting boxes, I will first refer to the form 42 NESTING BOXES, ETC. (1) that a small perch should be placed out- side the entrance hole on which the parent birds may alight when going to and from the nest; and (2) that the whole of the exterior of the box be covered with rough oak bark, virgin cork, moss, or other material, so as to assimilate the box as nearly as possible to its surroundings. Fia. 5. Fic. 6. Fic. 5.—Size of Entrance Hole for Blue Tit. Fic. 6.—Size of Entrance Hole for Great Tit or Nuthatch. The two sizes of the entrance holes recommended by Mr. Tuck as most suitable for the various species which have hitherto been induced to nest in this form of box are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Mr. Tuck informs me that the species of birds which have been attracted by, and have nested in, this form of box are the Great Tit, Blue Tit, Cole NESTING BOXES, ETC. 43. Tit, Redstart, Nuthatch, Starling, House Sparrow, and Wryneck. Mr. C. Greaves writes me that he takes a deep interest in this subject and has had considerable success with his nesting boxes during the last two or three years. As to the pattern of boxes he uses, he says, “ My boxes vary in size a good deal, that is, the boxes intended for Tits and Tree- creepers are on an average about eight inches each way, some are longer than this and only four inches high, making a longer box and more like the natural holes in dead branches. Fic. 7.—Nesting Box, intended for the use of Stock- doves, Owls, Jackdaws, &c., and showing the alighting-board at the entrance. “The size I use for Starlings is about double the above size, that is about a foot each way, if oblong, say eighteen inches long and about tive inches high and broad. 44 NESTING BOXES, ETC. “The largest size, intended for the use of the larger birds, such as Owls, Jackdaws, and Stock- doves, is about two feet six inches long, one foot high, and one foot broad” (see Fig. 7). The forms of nesting boxes which I have myself hitherto adopted have been somewhat various. A single box and a form which has been used by Tits year after year is represented by Fig. 8. Fic. 8.—Small Nesting Box, to be nailed to tree-trunk, suitable for and freely made use of by Titmice, at Rosehill, Cheadle. It is about a foot high by four inches wide and deep, the entrance hole being at. the side and the. small alighting perch slightly lower, with large hinged door in front, secured by a lock or catch. Fig. 9, which is the family or compartment box, is a very convenient form for nesting boxes. It can be made about sixteen inches high by four NESTING BOXES, ETC. 45 inches wide and four inches deep, such a box containing four compartments, the entrance hole to each being varied both in shape and position. These boxes are made of rough deal, covered with oak bark. In winter they are regularly frequented by Wrens for shelter, and I have counted as many as five of these little birds com- ing out of one hole. Fic. 9.—Composite or Family Nesting Box, which is readily occupied by various small birds. Fig. 10 is another form, and one that I have found most attractive. It is made from a section of a bough of an oak tree in its rough state, say twelve inches in length, and about eight inches in dia- D 46 NESTING BOXES, ETC. meter. This box has the advantage of being covered with the natural bark of the tree. The section is hollowed out either for the whole or part of its length, so as to make it large enough to contain a nest. The end is closed by a circular lid or door, fastened by small catches at the sides and having the entrance hole for the birds in the centre. If preferred the upper portion only of the lid or door may be made removable, so as not in any way to disturb the nest. The outside of the lid or door should also be covered with bark. Fic. 10. — Nesting Box, made from a section of a branch, and successfully adopted at Rosehill, Cheadle. This form of box, if hollowed out for its entire length, may be utilized as a double box with division in the middle and a lid or door at both ends. Fastened outside the lid or door a small perch should be placed, upon which the birds may alight when entering or leaving the nest. A great advantage in this cylindrical form of nesting Plate III. THE WREN’s WINTER SHELTER. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 47 box is that it may be so easily wedged in the fork of a tree (see Plate iil.) and, to make quite secure in case of gales, a nail or two may be used as well. Generally it may be said that almost any strong rough boxes of the right sizes may be utilized for the purpose of bird’s nest boxes. One of my correspon- dents states that he uses the cartridge boxes, which are obtained from the gunmakers, for this purpose ; those boxes containing one hundred cartridges making good Tit boxes, and those containing two hundred being large enough for Jackdaws, and if covered with bark or virgin cork no doubt these boxes will answer well. I have read of cigar boxes being recommended as boxes for Tits, but I should be much afraid that they are of too flimsy a character to withstand the rain and gales. For the accommodation of the Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola), one of our most useful birds, and whose favourite nesting places are perhaps a ledge against a wall, a hinge of a door, a beam, a branch against the trunk of a tree, or a hole in a wall formed by the removal of the whole or part of a brick, I recommend a little wooden bracket or shelf placed in the angle of two walls under project- ing eaves or in the recess of a window frame or 48 NESTING BOXES, ETC. door way. Fig. 11 shows the shape of this bracket or shelf, of which the front ledge is semi-circular and about an inch-and-a-half in height, and should be covered with bark or moss; the holes show where the nails should be driven to support the Fic. 11.—Nesting Tray or Shelf, recommended as suitable for the nidification of Flycatchers and other birds. bracket—the sides should each be about four-and- a-half inches in length. Plate iv. is taken from a photograph of one of these ledges or brackets. in the recess of a window, upon which a Spotted Flycatcher nested last year and _ successfully reared her young. _ Another pair of the same species built their nest upon the top of a nesting box placed against the wall of my house for a Tit, and, this box being fixed only a few inches from a window, the hen bird could be seen sitting upon her eggs, and, later on, feeding her young, by any person in the room. Another most attractive nesting place for this bird, and one to which I have already referred, SHELF. G ESTIN sN we & = EB =< 5 F POTTED 1 E TH NESTING BOXES, ETC. 49 may be formed by cutting away half a brick out of a wall, say nine or ten feet from the ground. At a distance of say ten or fifteen yards from the nesting place of the Spotted Flycatcher should be placed a cross perch on a stick six or seven feet high, in an open situation, such as the centre of a lawn, as a further attraction for this bird; as it is well known to all bird observers that this bird always selects some bare twig, railing, or other open perch, to enable it to see more readily the flies and other insects flying around which form its staple food. Such a perch will be occupied by one of the parent birds all day long, and also affords a convenient place for the young when they first leave the nest. I have frequently seen three or four young Flycatchers sitting in a row on such a perch, whilst the mother bird continues to feed them. For our friends the Swallows much may be done in providing them with convenient shelves against beams and rafters in lofts, open sheds, and out- buildings, where these birds can obtain ingress and egress through an opening or window. These shelves or plain brackets, say, about 6 inches by 44 inches, may be placed in all sorts of positions on the inside timbers of an open roof, or against sheltered 50 NESTING BOXES, ETC, corners of walls under the eaves of a building, as suggested by the following sketch (Fig. 12). One of these shelves has also been used by a Wren whereon to build its nest. Fic. 12.—Section of a Building or Outhouse, showing the positions where Nesting Brackets or Trays may be most suit- ably placed. For House Martins, Mr. Sutton Davies informs me, little boxes of birch bark attached to the walls of a house are provided by the Lapps, and he saw one of these little boxes actually occupied by a nest of this bird. He also states that most houses in Plate V. Tur Repsrart’s Home iN Desp BircH TREE STUMP. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 51 Lapland have laths placed about 6 inches below the eaves for House Martins to rest the foundation of ° their thud nests upon. This is an excellent idea, and one which might be copied on many of our out- buildings, as an attraction to these birds to nest with us. For Swifts small holes under high projecting eaves or under the Barge board of a gable end of a building appear to be generally utilized, and they often appropriate the holes used by Bats, for breeding purposes. ' The Barn Owl, the greatest friend the farmer has, should especially be provided’ with entrance holes to roofs of houses and outbuildings, where it will soon repay this attention by clearing off the rats, mice, and voles in the immediate neighbourhood. Barrels or boxes may also be affixed in trees, an ivied tree of course being preferred, or on rafters or beams of open roofs of buildings, for this bird. An outside perch should be affixed to the barrel or box, on which the bird can alight, and a perch should also be affixed inside the barrel or box, rather below the entrance hole, leaving head-room above, and space for the nest below. Similar boxes will also find occupants in Jackdaws, but one of my correspondents states that Jackdaws 52 NESTING BOXES, ETC. are not to be encouraged, as they tease Owls in- cessantly if they once find them out, and ‘turn them out of their nesting boxes. Redstarts may be attracted to build in holes in rubble or brick walls, not too high up, or a favourite place for these birds to nest in is a hole three or four feet from the ground in a decaying tree. In the trunk of adead Birch tree I hollowed out a hole with chisel and mallet, and it was taken possession of by a pair of Redstarts within a few days, and they successfully reared their brood (see Plate v.). The same thing occurred in the decaying trunk of an Apple tree in-my garden, in which there is a large hole, but, by covering the entrance partially with a piece of rough board, leaving the entrance just large enough for the birds, Redstarts or Tits have now for many years annually nested there. Plate vi. is taken from a photograph of this nesting place. Starlings always appear to be able to find nest- ing accommodation in some nook or cranny about our houses or buildings, frequently stopping-up spouts, and bringing down on themselves, I fear, curses instead of blessings; but for all that they are most useful insect-destroying birds, as I think no one can deny. Plate VI. THE GREAT Tit’s FAVOURITE NESTING HOLE IN OLD APPLE TREE. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 53 If, however, it is wished to induce Starlings to nest in any special locality, these birds are easily attracted if they are regularly fed during the hard weather and in early spring; they then get ac- customed to the surroundings of the place, and their quick eyes soon detect any holes or nesting- boxes to which they can gain entrance. A disused pigeon-box in my yard, containing three storeys and twelve entrance-holes (see Plate vii.) has now for many years had almost every hole occupied by as many pairs of Starlings. The Pied Wagtail prefers ivy on houses or walls wherein to nest, often at a considerable distance from water. Many other suggestions as to forms of nesting- boxes might be given, but a careful observer of our wild birds and their habits will soon discover for himself what is the most successful device. Amongst other peculiar nesting-places which have been selected by birds are discarded kettles, old tin cans, upturned flower-pots, and book shelves, all of which situations have been appropriated by Robins. Wrens have been known to nest in old rags, and even on an old disused mop; Tits in letter-boxes and old pumps (Plates viii. and ix.); Wagtails in travelling railway waggons ; Swallows in an old hat ona shelf, 54 NESTING BOXES, ETC. and in a tea-cup!—so that really nothing seems to be “despised by birds, if only they can ensure security for their nest and young. Many of our bird lovers seem to consider that. success in attracting birds to nesting-boxes depends to a great extent on the aspect in which the boxes are placed, and probably a south or south-east aspect. is the best, as the birds then get more sun; on the other hand, I have frequently found Flycatchers. building against walls having a westerly and even northerly aspect, and Tits and Redstarts nesting in holes directly facing the north; so that it seems really to be of little moment in what direction a nesting-box or hole faces, if the bird finds the spot. sufficiently quiet to carry on its nesting and family duties and sufficiently sheltered from rain. In any case it seems desirable to perforate the bottom of nesting boxes and ledges with holes to allow of the escape of rain which may blow in, and even in the case of a hole in a tree it is well to have. asmall drain hole under the nest, in case of excess of moisture. Only last summer I lost a brood of Spotted Flycatchers through the rain during a westerly gale flooding the nesting bracket whereon the parent. birds had built their nest, and so drowning the young which had only been hatched a few days. THE STARLING’s Box. NESTING BOXES, ETC. 55 One most important point to which I would call the attention of those who provide boxes and other accommodation for nesting of wild birds is that care should be taken early every spring to clear all old nests away, as wild birds, probably from sanitary reasons, seldom adopt the old nest, or at all events not without pulling it to pieces and removing the old material. I have already referred to the use made by birds. of these nesting-boxes for purposes of shelter and roosting, and besides this I have had _nesting- boxes taken possession of in the spring. by queen wasps, which built their nests therein, and of course had to be evicted in favour of the rightful occu- pants. Other unusual occupants of bird boxes have been Squirrels, Dormice, and Humble Bees, all of which will I am sure be welcomed by the nature- lover, and will afford him an unusually good opportunity of observing their habits, instincts, and general life history. Mr. Sydney Buxton, M-P., informs me that some years ago his late father, Mr. Charles Buxton, M_P., made an attempt to acclimatise Parrots and Cockatoos in Norfolk and provided them with nesting boxes. At one time the flock of these birds comprised nearly fifty birds of a dozen different species. 56 NESTING BOXES, ETC. The attempt was partially successful, and the birds nested several times, and Mr. C. Buxton, in a paper read before the British Association in 1868, relates that a pair of Cockatoos made a nest in one of the boxes hung against a gable of the house, and the hen bird sat till September, but the eggs were addled. On several other occasions the Cockatoos nested with successful results, but most of the birds on straying from home got shot. Afterwards a pair of Green Parrots nested in a box and brought up one young one, but when nearly fledged it was murdered by one of the parents. The next year the same pair brought up two young ones, and it was a beautiful sight to see this family party flying about, always together, and on the most loving terms, but the mother bird and one of the young ones were both un- happily shot. Mr. C. Buxton narrates the following anecdote, showing the maternal instinct of a pair of Grey Parrots :—“ A cat made her lodging in one of the nest-boxes and brought up her kittens in it, and two of the Grey Parrots who had not been in- dustrious enough to lay eggs and have a family of their own were seized with the idea that these Plate VILL. Tiv’s Pump. LUE B THe NESTING BOXES, ETC. 57 kittens were their children. They kept up a con- stant warfare with the old cat, and whenever she left the box one of them used to get in and sit with the kittens and they were constantly in close atten- dance even when the mother cat was at home.” The spectacle of the Parrots’ breakfast when the snow was on the ground is one which Mr. C. Buxton describes as of exquisite beauty, the colours of the birds seeming peculiarly gorgeous. It is thus described:—“The Parrots’ breakfast having been put in a basket, a pair of White Cockatoos, who had been anxiously watching the proceedings from the tree above, swooped down and set instantly to work. A Bengal Paraquet with long, green wings presently comes skimming up and flutters for a few minutes almost perpendicularly in the air, exactly in the attitude so often represented by Mr. Gould in his book of Humming Birds, with the head and tail curved inwards and the wings extended. Two or three Rose-coloured Cockatoos follow and hang about on the tripod, but do not venture to take their places on the edge of the basket while their fiercer brethren are at work. But presently one of the huge White Cockatoos with yellow crest comes swinging heavily down over the lawn putting all the lesser ones to flight in a moment; but they soon gather round 58 NESTING BOXES, ETC. again, and a Lory, resplendent in red and green, darts through the air and lights on the top of the tripod, his burnished hues contrasting well with the pure white of the Cockatoo below, and the group is completed by a Cornish Chough, whose glossy blue-black plumage and orange beak and legs are not the least striking of the costumes. He always at once engages in a fierce strife with his rivals and his long beak gives him the advantage over them.” Mr. Buxton very forcibly shows the benefit of these having their freedom rather than being con- fined within the limits of a cage when he says:— “Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the plumage of the Parrots when they first come and its appearance after they have been flying about for a few weeks when it acquires a gloss and a glitter like that of burnished metal.” And so it is with all our wild birds which, to be seen in perfection, must have their freedom. As to nesting boxes, Mr. Sydney Buxton says :— “We cultivate the acquaintance of the wild birds, especially the smaller ones, by fixing nest boxes against the trees round about the house for them to build in. The boxes for the small birds are inside about thirteen inches long and three broad NESTING BOXES, ETC. 59 and deep, have an easily-fitting lid and in the front end a small round hole is cut. Boxes for the larger birds are proportionally bigger. The birds take very kindly to these artificial nests and the great majority of the boxes are annually used. If the lid be loose or the hole too large the box is avoided ; the birds seem to know that the small entrance is a protection against enemies. Four ‘different sorts of Tomtits—the Great, Blue, Marsh and Cole—Redstarts, Blackcaps (?), an occasional Nuthatch, the inevitable and ubiquitous Sparrow, _and one or two casual visitors are thankful for the accommodation provided. “Some pairs come, I think, year after year to the same box or rather to the same tree, for the boxes are shifted about. We provide nothing but the bare boxes, for we found if we supplied any nest- making materials that the birds cleared it all away as useless before beginning their nests. “Some birds, the Great Tit for instance, will allow one to lift the lid and watch it sitting on its eggs; its eye is kept sternly fixed on the intruder, while it often uses very strong language to express its disgust at being disturbed, and if it sees a finger being approached it is off in an instant. Other birds fly out of the box if they hear, even at a 60 NESTING BOXES, ETC. distance, a footstep approaching and flutter twit- tering about a neighbouring tree, very anxious in mind, till the cause of alarm has passed away. “A Wryneck laid its eggs in one of the boxes. A Redstart had built its nest_in a box with a large mouth and hatched its ugly little chickens, when one day we found the young about outside on the ground, dead or dying and the nest half pulled out. Thinking that some heartless boy had done the deed we restored the remnants to the box; but next day the whole of the nest was on the ground and all the young Redstarts dead.. A few days after a white egg was laid in the extreme corner of the box on the bare boards, and others followed before we ‘had found out what sort of a bird had laid them. Lifting the lid noiselessly one day, I found a Wryneck sitting on the eggs. On seeing me, she fled, using, I am sorry to say, extremely bad language as she retired. The young Wrynecks, when hatched, were queer little birds, with inordinately long necks, much longer than they could properly manage; and as the young birds moved about in the nest their necks became inextricably twisted and it was im- possible to tell which head belonged to which bird. As the bodies became larger the necks shortened and the tangle gradually unwound, so that before Plate IX. Ss FOR TITs, EL Lopaina Hovust Movt NESTING BOXES, ETC. 61 they had to leave the nest each bird was able, with- out mistake, to lay claim to his own head and neck. “T would recommend the use of these boxes to any lovers of birds, they are a great interest. At another place where similar boxes are used it was found one year that eggs were constantly being broken and the contents consumed. The depredator could not be discovered ; but one day two Tomtits were seen to be in great distress, flying wildly about the mouth of the box in which they had a fine clutch of eggs. The box was opened, and inside was found a squirrel asleep among the shattered shells of the burgled eggs. The squirrel was caught, soundly beaten and turned loose again, and I believe that from that time forth no more eggs were destroyed. I commend this anecdote to those who think that flogging has no deterrent effect.” As to the hindrances to be met with in our endeavours to protect our wild birds during the nesting season, perhaps the three most formidable are the small boy egg pilferer, the cat and the House Sparrow. The small boy, like the Squirrel mentioned by Mr. Buxton, should not give much trouble after being once caught in flagrante delicto, and having received a salutary chastisement. E 62 NESTING BOXES, ETC. The prowling cat, which, after having once dis- covered an accessible nest containing choice morsels for a meal, will not rest until he or she has encom- passed their destruction ; the only real cure for this hindrance seems to be the extinction of the quad- ruped from our bird asylum. The last, and perhaps the most destructive enemy to our nesting friends, is one of their own race, the: ubiquitous House Sparrow. Sad as it is to say so, still no doubt remains that he is a determined destroyer of the eggs of other small birds, and to the House Martin he is an inveterate plague, taking possession of its nest, and appropriating it to his own use. If the nests are accessible, the sparrows must be perseveringly evicted and their eggs taken and destroyed from time to time, until at last they give it up and allow the House Martins to rest in peace. The only other remedy is either to shoot or to otherwise destroy the sparrows themselves. > b Part IV. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS MADE BY A SECRETARY OF STATE, UNDER THE WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS, 1894 & 1896, RELATING TO ENGLAND AND WALES. BARROW-IN-FURNESS, 3rd February, 1897. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness to the follow- ing species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those Species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Swallow, Linnet, House Martin, Lesser Redpole, Sand Martin, Pied Wagtail, Swift, Grey Wagtail, Nuthatch, Yellow Wagtail, Creeper, Pied Flycatcher, 64 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Black Cap Warbler, Spotted Flycatcher, Garden Warbler, Thrush, Wood Warbler, Blackbird, Reed Warbler, Redbreast, Willow Warbler, Redstart, White Throat, Kestrel, Lesser White Throat, Hedge Warbler, Wren, Sedge Warbler, Gold Crested Wren, Merlin, Wheatear, Hobby, Stonechat, Buzzard, Whinchat, Heron, Long Tailed Tit, Stockdove, Dipper, Moorhen, Hawfinch, Pipits, Common Bunting, Ring Ouzel, Yellow Bunting, Tits. Blackheaded Bunting, BEDFORDSHIRE, 17th February, 1896, I. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the Administrative County of Bedford to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act:— Kestrel, Shrike or Butcher Bird, Merlin, Wheatear, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 65 Hobby, Nuthatch, Common Buzzard, Wryneck or Cuckoo’s Mate. Honey Buzzard, II. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Bedford :— Kestrel, Goldfinch, Merlin, Swift, Hobby, Nightjar, Goatsucker or Common Buzzard, Fern Owl, Honey Buzzard, Kingfisher, Owl, Woodpecker, Nightingale, Wryneck or Cuckoo’s Mate. Nuthatch, The time during which the taking and killing of Wild Birds is prohibited shall be extended within the County of Bedford so as to be from the first day of March to the twelfth day of August in each year, and, so far as regards the Kingfisher, this time shall be further extended so as to be from the first day of February to the thirty-first day of August in each year. BRADFORD, L4th January, 1897, The time during which the taking and killing of Wild Birds is prohibited within the County Borough of 66 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Bradford shall be extended so as to be from the first day of March to the eleventh day of August in each year, both days inclusive. BRECON, 2nd October, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Brecon, viz. :— Hobby, Shrikes, Spotted Flycatcher, Pied Flycatcher, Red Start, Wheatear, Grasshopper Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Nightingale, Blackcap, Wood Warbler, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Dartford Warbler, Tree Pipit, Wryneck, All Owls, Wood Lark, Tiandrail or Corncrake, Water Rail, All Woodpeckers, Nuthatch, Kite, Buzzard, Kestrel, Waterouzel, Creeper, Stonechat. Gold Crest, Whinchat, Longtailed Tit, Bearded Tit, Pied Wagtail, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Sand Martin, Swift, Nightjar, Turtledove, Quail, Dotterel, Sandpiper or Summer- snipe, II. 67 Yellow Wagtail, Goldfinch, Curlew, Kingfisher, Snipe, Teal, Widgeon, Wild Duck. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of Brecon to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :-— Hobby, Great Grey Shrike, Red-backed Shrike, Woodchat Shrike, Spotted Flycatcher, Pied Flycatcher, Red Start, Wheatear, Grasshopper Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Nightingale, Blackcap, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Wood Warbler, Willow Warbler, Roller, Barn Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin, Swift, Turtledove, Quail, Pied Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Rock Lark, Richard’s Lark, Sky Lark, Wood Lark, Landrail, Water Rail, Robin, 68 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Chiffchaff, Wren, Dartford Warbler, Gold Crest, Tree Pipit, Longtailed Tit, Hoopoe, Bearded Tit. BUCKINGHAM, 16th March, 1896. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of Buckingham to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Buzzard, Redstart (Redtail), Honey Buzzard, All Wagtails, including— Merlin, Pied Wagtail (Dishwasher), Hobby, Grey Wagtail, Kestrel (Red Hawk Yellow Wagtail, or Wind Hover), Thrushes, Stock Dove, Blackbirds, Turtle Dove, Ring Ouzel, Landrail (or Corncrake) Wren (Jenny Wren), Water Rail, Golden Crested Wren Quail, (Kinglet), Nuthatch (or Nut- § Wheatear (White-tail, jobber), Fallow Chat), Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Flycatcher (Beam Bird), Mate, Pea Bird Whinchat, or Snake Bird), Stonechat, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Tree Creeper, All Warblers, including— Chiffchaff, Whitethroat, Greater and Lesser (Nettlecreeper), Sedge Warbler (Fan- tail Warbler), Reed Warbler, Blackcap Warbler, Hedge Sparrow (Accentor, Dunnock), Garden Warbler, Willow Warbler ‘(Willow Wren), 69 Buntings—Common (or Corn) Bunting, Black-headed Bunting (Reed Sparrow), Cirl Bunting, Yellow Bunting (Yellow Hammer), Linnet, Siskin, Redpoles, Red-backed Shrike (or _ Butcher Bird) Long-tailed Tit (Bottle Tit or Bumbarrel), Bearded Tit (Reedling), Cole Tit, Marsh Tit (Blackcap), Wood Warbler Swallows, (Yellow Wren), Martins—Sand Martin, Grasshopper Warbler, House Martin, Robin (Robin Red- Swifts. breast), CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 23rd September, 1895. That the taking or destroying of Wild Birds’ Eggs within that part of the County of Cambridge known as 70 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Wicken Sedge Fen shall be prohibited for a period of three years from the seventh day of September 1895. CARNARVON, 26th May, 1896. The time during which the killing and taking of the following Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be extended in the County of Carnarvon so that it shall begin on the first day of March and end on the first day of October in each year :— American Quail, Auk, Avocet, Bee Eater, Bittern, Bonxie, Colin, Cornish Chough, Coulterneb, Cuckoo, Dotterel, Dunlin, Fern Owl, Fulmar, Gannet, Goatsucker, Oyster Catcher, Petrel, Phalarope, Ploverspage, Puffin, Purre, Razorbill, Redshank, Reeve or Ruff, Roller, Sanderling, Sandpiper, Scout, Sealark, Seamew, Sea Parrot, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 71 Godwit, Sea Swallow, Goldfinch, Shearwater, Grebe, : Shelldrake, Greenshank, Skua, Guillemot, Smew, Gull (except Black- Solan Goose, backed Gull), Spoonbill, Hoopoe, Stint, Kingfisher, Stone Curlew, Kittiwake, Stonehatch, Loon, Summer Snipe, Merganser, Tarrock, Marrot, Tern, Murre, Thick Knee, Nighthawk, Tystey, Nightjar, Whaup, Nightingale, Whimbrel, Oriole, Willock, Owl, Woodpecker. Oxbird, CHESTER, 10th July, 1895. I. The time during which the killing and taking of Wild Birds, or any of them, is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be extended in the County of Chester so as to be from the first day of March to the twelfth day of August in each year. 72 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. II. The Act of 1880, as extended by section I. of this Order, shall apply within the whole of the County of Chester to the Kestrel and Heron as if those species were included in the Schedule of that Act. II. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the Owl, Sheldrake, Bittern, Dunlin, Kingfisher, Blackheaded Gull, Kestrel, Common Tern and the Heron, Oyster Catcher shall be prohibited in the whole of the County of Chester. And I make the following further Order, which shall apply within the portion of the hundred of Wirral, coloured pink on the maps deposited in the Home Office and in the Office of the County Council, and embracing the low- lying Lands and Sandhills situate between the estuaries of the Rivers Dee and Mersey, of which the boundaries shall commence to the south at a point of the main © highway of the County of Chester 200 yards to the west of the Dock Cottages near “ Docks” Railway Station of the Wirral Railway, run along the main highway to Bidston Village, and then turn in a northerly direction and run to Bidston Railway Station of the same railway, then turn in a westerly direction and run along the Wirral Railway until it reaches the Meols Station of such railway, then run along the highway near to the Meols Railway Station in a northerly direction to the Irish Sea, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 13 then on the north along the margin of high-water mark of the Irish Sea to a point at New Brighton where the Yellow Noses join the said Irish Sea, and then run in a southerly direction to ‘‘ Warren drive” or road and along “Warren drive” to the most northerly house and grounds on the west side of such drive, then along the western boundary of the houses and premises situate along the western side of such drive or road toa point 100 yards or so from Grove Road, then turning in a westerly direction along the northern boundaries of the houses and premises in Grove Road, Wallasey, until it reaches the Wirral Railway, then turning in a southerly direction, along the Wirral Railway until it reaches the Wallasey Marsh, then along the edge of the marsh in a southerly direction until it reaches the Poulton Halfpenny Bridge, then turning in a westerly direction on the edge of the said marsh until it reaches along the edge of the marsh the main highway leading from Poulton to Meols ; such parts within the aforesaid boundaries as are market garden lands and are not coloured in the said maps are excepted from the operation of this Order. IV. The Act of 1880, as extended by section I of the . foregoing Order, shall apply within the above-named area to the following species of birds :— Red-backed Shrike, § Reed Bunting, Whinchat, Goldfinch, Spotted Flycatcher, Wheatear, 74 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Sedge Warbler, Chiffchaff, Blackcap Warbler, Golden-crested Wren, Grasshopper Warbler, Yellow Wagtail, Wood Warbler, Pied Wagtail, Garden Warbler, Water Wagtail, Mistle Thrush, Skylark, and Common Bunting, Titlark, as if they were included in the Schedule to the Act of 1880. V. The taking or destroying of the eggs of all Wild Birds shall be prohibited within the above-named area. CORNWALL, 12th December, 1894. That the taking or destroying of the eggs of the “Cornish Chough ” shall be prohibited in any part of the County of Cornwall. CUMBERLAND, 4th April, 1896. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Cumberland, viz. :-— WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 75 Goldfinch, Redshank, Kingfisher, Common Buzzard, Owls, Dotterel, Woodpeckera, Dipper, Black-headed Gull. Kestrel, Raven, Pied Flycatcher, Wild Ducks, Peregrine, Terns, Merlin. DERBYSHIRE, 5th March, 1896. I. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the County of Derby to the Heron and to the Kestrel in the same manner as if those birds had been included in the Schedule to the Act. II. The time during which the killing and taking of Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880 shall be extended throughout the County of Derby so as to be from the first day of March to the twelfth day of August in each year. III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Derby :— Owls (all species), Kestrel, Kingfisher, Goldfinch. 76 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. DEVON, 27th November. 1865. (See also next Order). I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species of Wild Birds is prohibited for the period from 1896 to 1900, both years inclusive, within the following areas :— G.) Lundy Island and the neighbouring islets. Gi.) Baggy Point district, situate in the parish of Georgeham, and bounded by the sea from the coast off Croyde Bay House to that off Vention Cottages, and thence by the roads passing near Croyde Village, by way of Vention-lane, Stentaway-lane and Moor-lane, to the coast off Croyde Bay House. Gi.) Lynton district, being the parishes of Lynton and Countisbury. (iv.) Slapton Ley and Start district, being the parishes of Stokenham, Slapton and Blackawton. II. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the entire County of Devon, viz. ;— Ring Ouzel, Green Woodpecker, Wheatear, Kingfisher, Whinchat, Hoopoo, Redstart, Barn Owl, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 77 Nightingale, Long-eared Owl, Black-headed Warbler, Tawny Owl, Garden Warbler, Marsh Hayrier, Dartford Warbler, Hen Harrier, Fire-crest, Montagu’s Harriers, Wood Warbler, Buzzard, Reed Warbler, Kite, Grasshopper Warbler, Honey Buzzard, Dipper, Peregrine Falcon, Nuthatch, Hobby, White Wagtail, Merlin, Golden Oriole, Kestrel, Pied Flycatcher, Osprey, Goldfinch, Gannet, Hawfinch, Little Bittern, Common Crossbill, Night Heron, Corn Bunting, Bittern, Cir] Bunting, Rock Dove, Reed Bunting, Quail, Rose-coloured Pastor, Oyster Catcher, Chough, Woodcock, Raven, Common Snipe, Woodlark, Dunlin, Nightjar, Green Sandpiper, Great-Spotted Wood- Lesser Black-backed Gull, pecker, Greater Black-backed Gull, Lesser Spotted Wood- Razorbill and pecker, Common Guillemot. III. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the county of Devon to the r WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Bearded Titmouse, Nutcracker, Nuthatch, Buzzard, Richard’s Pipit, Honey Buzzard, Water Pipit, Hobby, Mealy Redpoll, Merlin, Lesser Redpoll, Kestrel and Snow Bunting, Osprey, as if those species were included in the Schedule to the said Act. DEVON, 25th May, 1896. The time during which the killing and taking of the following Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be extended in the County of Devon, so as to be from the first day of February to the thirty-first day of August, both days inclusive, in each year :— Bearded Tit, Nightingale, Bittern, Nightjar (Fern Owl, Goat- Buzzard, sucker or Night Hawk), Cornish Chough, Nutcracker, | Curlew or Whaup, Nuthatch, Dotterell, Oriole, t Dunlin (Ploverspage, Osprey, Purre or Sealark), Owl, Gannet or Solan Goose, Oyster Catcher, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 79 Goldfinch, Grebe, Guillemot or Willock, Gull (except Black- backed Gull) or Seamew, Hobby, Hoopoe, Kestrel, Kingfisher, Kittiwake or Tarrock, Lapwing or Peewit, Lark, Plover, Puffin, Coulterneb or Sea Parrot, Razorbill, Reeve or Ruff, Richard’s Pipit, Sanderling, Sandpiper, Summer Snipe or Otterling, Snow Bunting, Stone Curlew or Thick Knee, Tern or Sea Swallow, Water Pipit, Lesser Redpoll, Whimbrel, Merlin, Woodpecker. DORSET, 16th April, 1896. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following Wild Birds, namely :— Dabchick or Little Grebe, Chough, Common, Lesser and Arctic Terns, Common Sandpiper, Pipits, Pochards, Raven, Redshank, Ringed Plover or Dotterel, Sheldrake, 80 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Coot, Stonechats, Curlew, Water Rail, Heron, Wheatear, Oyster Catcher, is prohibited within the following areas, namely :-- The district or area on the east of Wareham, bounded by the main road leading to Blandford as far as the junction thereof with the Poole and Dorchester main road, thence westwards, bounded by the said Poole and Dorchester main road for about three-quarters of a mile to a point at right angles to Stroud Bridge, on the Bere and Wareham main road, thence through Cold Harbour to Wareham, and also the district or area known as The Chesil Bank, together with the West and East Fleet, the coast of Portland Roads, from Portland Castle to Sandsfoot Castle, Lodmoor. The cliffs from White Nose to Lulworth Cove, the cliffs from St. Alban’s Head to Swanage, Studland Bay, Little Sea, and the coast from Studland to the entrance to Poole Harbour, and in each case a distance of two furlongs inland from the nearest point of highwater mark Poole Harbour, and an area situate within the following boundaries :—A line drawn from the coast opposite Little Sea, past Quay, to within one furlong of Neas Point, and thence to Wych, the road to Corfe Castle, through Wareham to Stroud Bridge, thence to Morden Mill, the road over Sherford Bridge to Sandford Bridge, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 81 thence to Keysworth and East Holton, thence to Lytchett Minster, through Upton to Bushels Mill, the main road to Longtleet and Poole, thence along the main road to the county boundary at Bournemouth, and along such boundary to the coast. The above areas are shown in pink on a map deposited with the County Council and sealed with the seal of this office. DURHAM, 27th February, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the follow- ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the Administrative County of Durham :— Blackheaded Gull, Martins (all species), Common Buzzard, Nightjar, Kestrel, Nuthatch, Merlin, Pied Flycatcher, Owls (all species), Peregrine Falcon, Bittern, Raven, Curlew, Ring Ouzel, Dipper, Snipe, Dotterel, Swallow, Dunlin, Treecreeper, Golden Plover, Water Rail, Goldfinch, Wagtails, 82 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Heron, Woodpeckers (all species), Hawfinch, Woodcock. Kingfisher, II. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply throughout the County of Durham to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as though those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Bearded Tit, Osprey, Buzzards (all species), Peregrine Falcon, Hobby, Swallow, Kestrel, Swift, Martins (all species), | Wryneck. Merlin, ESSEX, 6th February, 1896. I. The provisions of the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within so much of the County of Essex as is within the Metropolitan Police District to the followmg Wild Birds, in the same manner as if those birds were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Wryneck (Cuckoo’s —- Merlin, Mate or Snakebird), Hobby, Swallow, Buzzard, Martins Honey Buzzard, (Hirundo urbica), Osprey, (Hirundo riparia), Magpie, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Swift, Bearded Tit, Reedling, Reed Pheasant, Kestrel, II. 83 Shrikes (Lanius collurio), (Lantus minor), (Lanius excubitor). The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so much of the County of Essex as is within the Metro- politan Police District :— Nightingale, Goldfinch, Lark (Alauda arvensis), (Alauda arborea), Nightjar, Woodpeckers (Gecinus viridis), (Picus major), (Picus minor), Kingfisher, Cuckoo, Owls (Asio otus), (Strix flammea), (Syrnium aluco), Kestrel, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Merlin, - Hobby, Magpie, Wheatear, Stonechat, Whinchat, Redstart, Flycatchers (Muscicapa grisola), (Muscicapa atricapilla), Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Wood Warbler, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Longtailed Tit, Nuthatch, Wren, Golden-crested Wren, 84 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Osprey, Wagtails Wryneck (Cuckoo’s (Motacilla viridis), Mate or Snakebird), (Motacilla lugubris), Swallow, (Motacilla melanope), Martins (Motacilla rait), (Hirundo urbica), Hawfinch, (Hirundo riparia), Linnet, Swift, Buntings Bearded Tit, Reedling, (mberiza rustica), Reed Pheasant, (Emberiza melanocephala), Shrikes (Emberiza citrinella), (Lanius collurio), Starling, (Lunius minor), Landrail, or Corncrake, (Lanius excubitor), Coot. III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species of Wild Birds is prohibited within the following area :— The whole of the foreshore, including the shingle, sand hills, salt marshes, creeks, and other unen- closed lands, extending from high water mark to the first boundary of enclosed or cultivated lands separating the foreshore from them, between the following points on the coast, viz. :— From Harwich Lighthouse to Shoeburyness, such parts of the tidal river Blackwater as are above the town of Maldon, such parts of the river Colne as are above Wyvenhoe, and WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 85 such parts of the river Crouch as are above Battles Bridge, being excepted from the said area. GLAMORGAN, 11th March, 1896. That the taking or destroying of the eggs of the Kingfisher and Goldfinch shall be prohibited in any part of the County of Glamorgan. GLOUCESTERSHIRE, 3rd February, 1896. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throvghout the County of Gloucester, viz. :— Goldfinch, Nightjar (Goatsucker, Night Buzzard, Hawk or Fern Owl), Honey Buzzard, Nuthatch, Kestrel, Owls, Merlin, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe), Hobby, Woodpeckers, Osprey, Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Kingfisher, Snakebird). Nightingale, 86 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. HERTFORD, bth February, 1896. I. The time during which the killing or taking of Wild Birds is prohibited shall be varied throughout the County of Hertford so as to’ be from the 15th day of February to the 15th day of August in each year. IJ. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within so much of the County of Hertford as is within the Metropolitan Police District to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Shrikes, Merlin, Kestrel, Hobby, Wryneck, Buzzard, Swallow, Honey Buzzard, Martins (2), Osprey, Swift, Magpie. Bearded Tit, III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so much of the County of Hertford as is within the Metro- politan Police District :— Nightingale, Whinchat, Goldfinch, Redstart, Lark, Flycatchers (2), Nightjar, Sedge Warbler, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 87 Woodpeckers, Kingfisher, Cuckoo, Owls, Shrikes, Kestrel, Wryneck, Swallow, Martins (2), Swift, Bearded Tit, Merlin, Hobby, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Osprey, Magpie, Wheatear, Stonechat, Reed Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Wood Warbler, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Longtailed Tit, Nuthatch, Wren, Golden-crested Wren, Wagtails (4), Hawfinch, Linnet, Buntings (3), Starling, Landrail or Corncrake, Coot. IV. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so much of the County of Hertford as is not within the Metropolitan Police District :— Nightingale, Stone Curlew, Goldfinch, Grebes, Hawfinch, Heron, Wryneck, Crossbill, Treecreeper, Buzzard, Nuthatch, Honey Buzzard, Nightjar, Hobby, 88 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Woodpeckers, Merlin, Kingfisher, Kestrel. Owls, V. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within so much of the County of Hertford as is not within the Metropolitan Police District té the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Hawfinch, Buzzard, Wryneck, Honey Buzzard, Treecreeper, Hobby, Nuthatch, Merlin, Heron, Kestrel. Crossbill, HERTFORD, 8th December, 1896. The provisions of “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within so much of the County of Hertford as lies within the Metropolitan Police District to the Chaffinch, in the same manner as though the Chaffinch were included in the Schedule to that Act. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 8&9 HUNTINGDON, 26th June, 1895, I. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the whole of the County of Huntingdon to the Linnet, the Nuthatch, and the Swallow, as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act. II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the Kingfisher, the Nightingale, the Nuthatch, the Owl, the Wild Duck, and the Woodpecker, is prohibited within the whole of the County of Huntingdon. ISLE OF WIGHT, 27th March, 1896. I. The time during which the killing or taking of Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be varied throughout the County of the Isle of Wight, so far as regards the Birds in the Schedule to that Act and the Birds named in Paragraph II. of this Order, so as to be from the 15th.day of February to the 31st day of August in each year. II. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the County of the Isle of Wight to the 90 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. following species of Wild Birds, in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Peregrine Falcon, Common Bunting, Raven, Reed Bunting, Kestrel, Cirl Bunting, Heron, Wheatear, Red-backed Shrike, Chiffchaff, Whinchat, Golden-crested Wren, Spotted Flycatcher, Yellow Wagtail, Sedge Warbler, Pied Wagtail, Black Cap Warbler, Water Wagtail, Grasshopper Warbler, Wryneck, Wood Warbler, Swallow, Garden Warbler, Martin (2), Missel Thrush, Swift. III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within the ‘County of the Isle of Wight :— Peregrine Falcon, Nightjar, Raven, Kestrel, Owl, Kingfisher. IV. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of Wild Birds is prohibited within the following areas :— The Red Cliff and Culver Cliffs, between the west side of the Red Cliff Fort on the west, and the point of the Culvers forming the western boundary of Whitecliff Bay .on the east from the sea level to the Government WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 91 boundary ; the whole of the cliffs in the Parishes of Freshwater and Totland, from the westernmost point of Cave Bay, thence round the Coast to Sconce Point and a hundred yards inland from the top of such cliffs. KENT, 11th March, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of Wild Birds’ Eggs is prohibited within the following areas in the County of Kent for the space of two years from the 20th March, 1896 :— (i.) So much of the Isle of Sheppey (including there- in Elmley Island) as lies south of the road running from Queenborough through East- ehurch to Warden Point. (ii.) An area bounded on the west by so much of the Sittingbourne and Sheerness Railway as lies between Kingsferry and the Sittingbourne Railway Station, and bounded on the south by the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway from Sittingbourne Railway Station to Whitstable Railway Station, and bounded on the east by the main road from Whitstable Station to the sea, and bounded on the north by the Swale and Whitstable Bay. 92 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. (iii.) An area bounded on the west by the Minster and Deal Branch of the South Eastern Railway from Minster Railway Station to Deal Railway Station, and bounded on the south by the road from Deal Railway Station to Deal Pier, and bounded on the east by the sea, and bounded on the north by the South Eastern Railway from Minster Station to Ramsgate Station. (iv.) An area lying east and south of the main road from Walmer through Dover to Folkestone from the point where such road passes through the southern boundary of the Walmer Urban District to the point where such road enters the Borough of Folkestone, such area being bounded on the east and south by the sea, and on the north by the Walmer Urban District, and on the south by the borough of Folkestone. (v.) An area lying south and west of the main road which runs from Appledore Railway Station through Snargate, Brenzett, and Old Romney to New Romney Station, and thence to Little- stone-on-Sea, such area being bounded on the north-west by the Royal Military Canal from Appledore Railway Station to the Sussex Boundary, and bounded on the south-west by the Sussex Boundary, and on the south and east by the sea. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 93 II. he taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so much of the County of Kent as is not within the Metro- politan Police District :— Bearded Tit (Reedling Kingfisher, or Reed Pheasant), Martin, Buzzard, Merlin, Goldfinch, Nightingale, Golden Oriole, Osprey, Great Plover (Thick Owl (all species), Knee), Peregrine Falcon, Hawfinch, Swallow, Hobby, Swift, Honey Buzzard, Turtle Dove, Kentish Plover, Wryneck. Kestrel, III. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within so much of the County of Kent as is not within the Metropolitan Police District to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Bearded Tit (Reedling Martin, or Reed Pheasant), Merlin, Buzzard, Moorhen, Chaffinch, Osprey, Hawfinch, Peregrine Falcon, Hobby, Swallow, 94. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Honey Buzzard, Swift, Kentish Plover, Turtle Dove, Kestrel, Wryneck. IV. The time during which the killing and taking of Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall except as regards the Common Wild Duck, be varied throughout the County of Kent, so as to be from the Ist day of March to the 12th day of August in each year. V. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so much of the County of Kent as is within the Metropolitan Police District :— Nightingale, Whinchat, Goldfinch, Redstart, Lark, Flycatchers (2), Nightjar, Sedge Warbler, Woodpecker, Reed Warbler, Kingfisher, Blackcap, Cuckoo, Garden Warbler, The Owls, Wood Warbler, Shrike, Willow Warbler, Kestrel, Chiffchaff, Wryneck, Whitethroat, Swallow, Lesser Whitethroat, Martins (2), Longtailed Tit, Swift, Nuthatch, Bearded Tit, Wren, Merlin, Golden Crested Wren, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 95 Hobby, Wagtails (4), Buzzard, Hawfinch, Honey Buzzard, Linnet, Osprey, Buntings (3), Magpie, Starling, Wheatear, Landrail or Cornerake, Stonechat, Coot. VI. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within so much of the County of Kent as is within the Metropolitan Police District to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Shrike, Merlin, Kestrel, Hobby, Wryneck, Buzzard, Swallow, Honey Buzzard, Martins (2), Osprey, Swift, Magpie. Bearded Tit, LANCASTER, 16th May, 1896, “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the administrative County of Lancaster to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— 96 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin, Common Bunting, Yellow Bunting, Black-headed Bunting, Swift, Linnet, Nuthatch, Lesser Redpole, Creeper, Pied Wagtail, Black Cap Warbler, Grey Wagtail, Garden Warbler, Yellow Wagtail, Wood Warbler, Pied Flycatcher, Reed Warbler, Spotted Flycatcher, Willow Warbler, Thrush, White Throat, Blackbird, Lesser White Throat, Redbreast, Wren, Redstart, Golden-crested Wren, Kestrel, Wheatear, Hedge Warbler, Stonechat, Sedge Warbler, Whinchat, Merlin, Long-tailed Tit, Hobby, Dipper, Buzzard, Hawfinch, Heron. LEICESTER, L4th May, 1596, I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Leicester :— WILD BIRDS Blackcap Warbler, Buntings, Chiffchaff, Cole Tit, Ducks (Wild) all species, Flycatchers, Fire-crested Wren, Golden-crested Wren, Goldfinch, Lesser (Dab Chick) Grebe, Great Crested Grebe, Hawks, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Kestrel, Merlin, Hobby, Osprey, Kingfisher, Longtailed Tit (Bottle Tit, Peep), IL. PROTECTION ORDERS. Jack-o’-Bo- 97 Lesser Whitethroat, Marsh Tit, Martins, Nightingale, Night Jar(Goatsucker, Night Hawk or Fern Owl), Nuthatch, Owls, Rails (Land and Water), Redstart, Reed Warbler, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe), Shrikes (Butcher Birds), Sedge Warbler, Swallow, Swift, Tree Creeper, Wagtails, Willow Wren, Whitethroat, Woodpeckers, Wren, Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Snake Bird). “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of Leicester to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— 98 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Hedge Sparrow, Martin, Spotted Flycatcher, Swallow, Pied Flycatcher, Wagtails, Tree Creeper, Swift. Sand Martin, LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Lindsey), May 10th, 1898. (See also Next Order). The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds, namely :— The Sheldrake, Arctic, Common and Lesser Seapie or Oyster Terns, Catcher, Redshank, and Ringed Dotterel, Common Sandpiper, is prohibited within the following area within the Administrative County of the Parts of Lindsey, Lin- colnshire, namely :— The Sea Coast, Sandhills, Dunes, Waste Lands, Fitties, Foreshore, and Warrens, situate between the Sea and the Land side of the Sea-wall, Embankment, Ditch, Quick Fence, or other artificial boundary separa- ting the same from the cultivated land. The foregoing Order shall come into force on the 10th day of June, 1895. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 99 LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Lindsey), 24th March, 1896, I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of the Parts of Lindsey, Lincolnshire, to the following species of Wild Birds, in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Kestrel, Merlin, Hobby, Common Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin, Swift, Wryneck. II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the follow- ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the Administrative County of the Parts of Lindsey, Lincoln- shire, viz. :— Goldfinch, Kingfisher, Nightjar, Nightingale, Owls (all species), Ruff or Reeve, Woodpeckers of all kinds, Kestrel, Merlin, Hobby, Common Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin, Swift, Wryneck, Teal, Wild Ducks (all species). 100 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Kesteven), 26th December, 1896. I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of the Parts of Kesteven, Lincolnshire, to the following Wild Birds, Viz. -— Kestrel, Swallow, Merlin, House Martin, Hobby, Sand Martin, Common Buzzard, Swift, and Honey Buzzard, Wryneck, as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act. II. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following Wild Birds is prohibited within the Adminis- trative County of the Parts of Kesteven, Lincolnshire, Viz. -— Goldfinch, Common Buzzard, Kingfisher, Honey Buzzard, Nightjar, Swallow, Nightingale, House Martin, Owls (of all species), Sand Martin, Ruff or Reeve, Swift, Woodpecker, Wryneck, Kestrel, Teal, and Merlin, Wild Ducks (of all species). Hobby, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 101 LONDON (County of), 15th February, 1896. (See also next Order). I. The time during which the taking and killing of Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be extended throughout the County of London so as to be from the first day of February to the thirty-first day of August in each year. IJ. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the County of London to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Kestrel, Mate or Snakebird), Merlin, Swallow, Hobby, Martins Buzzard, (Hirundo urbica), Honey Buzzard, (Hirundo riparia), Osprey, Swift, Magpie. Bearded Tit (Reedling or Reed Pheasant), III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of London :— Nightingale, Magpie, Goldfinch, Wheatear, 102 Larks (Alauda arvensis), (Alauda arbore), Nightjar, Woodpeckers (Gecinus viridis), (Picus major), (Picus minor), Kingfisher, Cuckoo, Owls (Asio otus), (Stria flammed), (Syrnium aluco), Kestrel, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Merlin, Hobby, Osprey, Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Snakebird), Swallow, Martins (Hirundo urbica), WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS Stonechat, Whinchat, Redstart, Flycatchers (Muscicapa grisola), (Muscicapa atricapilla), Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Wood Warbler, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Longtailed Tit, Nuthatch, Wren, Golden-crested Wren, Wactails (Motacilla viridis), (Motacilla lugubris), (Motacilla melanope), (Motacilla raii), Hawfinch, (Hirundo riparia), Linnet, Swift, Bearded Tit (Reedling or Reed Pheasant), Shrikes (Lantus collurio), Buntings : (EHmberiza rustica), (Eimberiza melanocephala), (Emberiza citrinella), Starling, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 103 (Lantus minor), Landrail or Corncrake, (Lanius excubitor), Coot. LONDON (County of), 23rd November, 1896. The provisions of “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of London to the Chaffinch, in the same manner as though the Chaffinch were included in the Schedule to that Act. MIDDLESEX, 29th January, 1896. (See also Two next Orders). I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the County of Middlesex to the Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Shrikes, Mate or Snake Kestrel, Bird), Merlin, Swallow, Hobby, Martin (2), Buzzard, Swift, Honey Buzzard, Bearded Tit (Reed- Osprey, ling or Reed and Pheasant), Magpie, 104 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. as if those specfes were included in the Schedule to the said Act. II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following Wild Birds is prohibited within the County of Middlesex, viz. :— Nightingale, Wheatear, Goldfinch, Stonechat, Lark, Whinchat, Nightjar, Redstart, Woodpeckers, Flycatchers, Kingfisher, Sedge Warbler, Cuckoo, Reed Warbler, Owls, Blackcap, Kestrel, Garden Warbler, Buzzard, Wood Warbler, Honey Buzzard, Willow Warbler, Merlin, Chiffchaff, Hobby, White Throat, Osprey, Lesser White Throat, Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Long-tailed Tit, Mate or Snake Nuthatch, Bird), Wren, Swallow, Golden-crested Wren, Martins (2), Wagtail (4), Swift, Hawfinch, Bearded ‘Tit (Reed- Linnet, ling or Reed Phea- Buntings (38), sant), Starling, Shrikes, Landrail or Corncrake, Magpie, Coot. WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 105 MIDDLESEX, Sth August, 1896. “'Phe Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of Middlesex to the Chaffinch, as if that bird were included in the Schedule to the said Act. MIDDLESEX, 21st November, 1896. During the period from the Ist of September in any year to the 31st January following, the taking or killing of any of the following kinds of Wild Birds is prohibited. throughout the County of Middlesex :— Nightingale, Stonechat, Goldfinch, Whinchat, Lark, Redstart, Nightjar, Flycatchers, Woodpeckers, Sedge Warbler, Kingfisher, Reed Warbler, Cuckoo, Blackcap, Owls, Garden Warbler, Kestrel, Wood Warbler, Buzzard, Willow Warbler, Honey Buzzard, Chiffchaff, Merlin, White Throat, 106 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Hobby, Lesser White Throat, Osprey, Longtailed Tit, Wryneck ( Cuckoo’s Nuthatch, Mate or Snake Wren, Bird), Golden-crested Wren, Swallow, Wagtails (4), Martins (2), Hawfinch, Swift, Linnet, Bearded Tit (Reedling Buntings (3), or Reed Pheasant), Starling, Shrikes, Landrail or Corncrake, Magpie, Coot, Wheatear, Chaffinch. NORFOLK, Sth April, 1895. (See also next Order). I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species of Wild Birds is prohibited for a period of one year from the first day of May, 1895, within the following areas :— Hickling Broad, Whitesley and Heigham Sounds, Blackfleet Broad, Horsey Mere, Martham and Somertcn Broads, and the Rands, Skirts, and Walls thereof, and Fens and Reed Grounds appertaining thereto respectively, and the Islands WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 107 therein and the Dykes communicating therewith, including the Hundred Stream or Thurne River and ancient bed, and the Rands and Walls there- of from Heigham Bridge to the sea at Winterton, and all the marshes and low-lying uncultivated Lands, Fens, Reed Grounds, Warrens, Maram or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the line of High Water mark, in the several parishes of Waxham, Horsey, Potter Heigham, and Hickling, and such ‘part of the parish of Cattield as lies to the east of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway : The Warrens, Maram or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the line of High Water mark, in the parish of Winterton : And the series of Broads, known as Ormesby, Rollesby, Hemsby, Filby, and Burgh Broads, and the Rands, Skirts, and Walls thereof, and the Dykes communicating therewith, and the Fens, Reed Grounds, and low-lying Lands, Marshes and pastures adjacent thereto, including Lady Broad or Hard Fen Water in the parish of Filby, Brandyke Broad in the parish of Burgh St. Margaret, and Muckfleet Dyke and the Marshes and low-lying Lands, Marshes, and pastures near or adjacent thereto respectively. II. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species of Wild Bird is prohibited for a period of one year from 108 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. the first day of May, 1895, within the following areas :— The whole of the foreshore, including the Shingle, Sand Hills, Salt Marshes, Creeks, and other unenclosed lands extending from High Water mark to the tirst boundary of enclosed or culti- vated land separating the foreshore from them, from the Estuary Sluice at North Wootton to the Eastern Boundary of the parish of Cley-next-the- Sea. III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the entire County of Norfolk, viz. :— (1.) The Bearded Titmouse or Reed Pheasant (Panurus biarmicus). (2.) The Crossbill (Lowia curvirostris). (3.) The White or Barn Owl (Striz flammea). (4.) Wild Ducks and Teal of all species. (5.) The Norfolk Plover, Stone Curlew, or Thickknee (Gidicnemus scolopaz). (6.) Ruff or Reeve (Machetes pugnaz). (7.) The Ring Dotterel, Ring Plover, or Stone Runner (4igialitis hiaticula). (8.) Oyster Catcher or Sea Pie (Haematopus ostralegus). (9.) The Terns, Sea Swallows, Pearls or Dip-ears (Sterna), all species. (10.) The Great Crested Grebe or Loon (Podicipes cristatus). WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 109 IV. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the County of Norfolk to the Bearded Titmouse or Reed Pheasant and the Crossbill, as if these two species of Wild Birds had been included in the Schedule to the said Act. The foregoing Orders shall come into force on the first day of May, 1895. NORFOLK, 7th April, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of any species of Wild Bird is prohibited for a period of one year, from the Ist day of May, 1896, within the follow- ing areas :— Hickling Broad, Whitesley and Heigham Sounds, Blackfleet Broad, Horsey Mere, Martham and Somerton Broads, and the Rands, Skirts, and Walls thereof, and Fens and Reed Grounds appertaining thereto respectively, and the Islands therein, and the Dykes communicating therewith, including the Hundred Stream or Thurne River and ancient bed, and the Rands and Walls thereof from Heigham Bridge to the sea at Winterton, and all the marshes and low-lying and un- cultivated Lands, Fens, Reed Grounds, Warrens, H 110 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Maram, or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the line of High Water mark, in the several Parishes of Waxham, Horsey, Potter Heigham, and Hick- ling, and such part of the Parish of Catfield as lies to the east of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. The Warrens, Maram or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the line of High Water mark in the Parish of Winterton. And the series of Broads, known as Ormesby, Rollesby, Hemsby, Filby, and Burgh Broads, and the Rands, Skirts and Walls thereof, and the Dykes communicating therewith, and the Fens, Reed Grounds, and low-lying Lands, Marshes, and pastures adjacent thereto, including Lady Broad or Hard Fen Water in the Parish of Filby, Brandyke Broad in the Parish of Burgh St. Margaret, and Muckfleet Dyke, and the Marshes and low-lying Lands, Marshes, and pas- tures near or adjacent thereto respectively. II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of any species of Wild Bird is prohibited for a period of one year from the Ist day of May, 1896, within the following areas, ViZ. :— The whole of the foreshore, including the Shingle, Sand Hills, Salt Marshes, Creeks, and other unen- WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. lll closed Lands, extending from High Water mark to the first boundary of enclosed or cultivated land separating the foreshore from them, from Estuary Sluice at North Wootton to the eastern boundary of the Parish of Cley-next- the-Sea. NORTHAMPTON, 15th January, 1896. I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the whole of the County of Northampton to the Heron, Hobby, Hawks— Osprey, and Buzzard, Hen Harrier, Honey Buzzard, Nuthatch, Kestrel, Wryneck, Merlin, as if those species were included in the Schedule to that Act. II. ‘The time during which the taking and killing of Wild Birds is prohibited shall, so far as regards the Heron, be extended so as to be from the Ist March to the 1st September. 112 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the Goldfinch, Nightingale, Hawks— Nightjar (Goatsucker, Night Buzzard, Hawk, or Fern Owl), Honey Buzzard, § Nuthatch, Kestrel, Owls, Merlin, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe), Hobby, Woodpeckers, Osprey, Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Hen Harrier), Snake Bird), Kingtisher, is prohibited throughout the County of Northampton. NORTHUMBERLAND, 17th July, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species. of Wild Birds is prohibited on Holy Island. Il. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds, namely :— Arctic Tern, Puffin, Common Tern, Razor Bill, Cormorant, Ring Dotterel, Eider Duck, Roseate Tern, Guillemot, Sandwich Tern, Kittiwake Gull, Shag, Oyster Catcher, » is prohibited in any part of the Farne Islands. 2 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 113 III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the Administrative County of Northumberland :— Curlew, Peregrine Falcon, Golden-crested Wren, Golden Plover, Kestrel, Raven, Kingfisher, Snipe (all kinds), Merlin, Woodcock. Owl (all kinds), OXFORDSHIRE, 22nd March, 1895. That the taking or destroying of the Eggs of the Owl shall be prohibited in any part of the County of Oxford. PEMBROKE, 26th March, 1896. I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the County of Pembroke to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Buzzard, Hen Harrier, Honey Buzzard, Choughs, 114 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Merlin, Nuthatch, Hobby, Wryneck, Osprey, Water Ouzel or Dipper. Il. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County of Pembroke, viz. :— Goldfinch, Dabchick, Honey Buzzard, Dove (Turtle), Merlin, Wheatear, Hobby, Whinchat, Hen Harrier, Flycatcher, Kingfisher, Ring Ouzel, Nightingale, ‘Pipits, Nightjar (Goatsucker, Red-backed Shrike, Night Hawk or Tree Creeper, Fern Owl), Garden Warbler, Blackcap, Sedge Warbler, Reed Bunting, Willow Warblers, Cirl Bunting, Wood Warbler, Chiffchaff, Wagtails (all). SOMERSET, 27th July, 1895, “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the whole of the County of Somerset to WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 115 The Kestrel, The Buzzard, The Merlin, and The Hobby, The Osprey, as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act. SOUTHAMPTON, 7th September, 1895. That the taking or destroying of the Eggs of Common Buzzards, Nightingales, Honey Buzzards, Owls, Kingfishers, and Montagu’s Harriers, | Woodpeckers, shall be prohibited in any part of the County of South- ampton. STAFFORDSHIRE, 28th November, 1895. I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the entire County of Stafford, viz.:— The Goldfinch or All Owls, Thistlefinch, Nuthatch, 116 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Buzzard, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe), Merlin, All Woodpeckers, Kestrel, Wryneck (Cuckoo Bird, Hobby, Snake Bird), Osprey, Curlew or Whaup, Kingfisher, Great Crested Grebe or Loon Nightingale, or Diver. Nightjar (Fern Owl, Goatsucker, Night Hawk), II. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the whole of the County of Stafford to the Spotted Flycatcher, Martin, Pied Flycatcher, Swallow, Treecreeper, Wagtails, Sandmartin, Swift, as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act. SUFFOLK (EAST), 24th December, 1895. The taking or destroying of Wild Birds’ Eggs is pro- hibited in the years 1896, 1897, and 1898, in the follow- ing places within the Administrative County of East Suffolk, namely :— WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 117 The Sea Coast, Beach, Foreshore, Sandhills, Salt- ings, or Salt Marshes, situate between the Sea or Estuaries and the land side of the sea or Estuarial Wall, Embankment, Ditch, Fénce, or other artificial or natural boundary separating the same from the cultivated land from the north side of the River Blyth to Landguard Point (excluding the estuary of the Alde above the Ferry at Slaughden Quay, Aldeburgh). SUFFOLK (WEST), 7th February, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the follow- ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the Administrative County of West Suffolk :— Bittern, Kestrel, Teal, Hobby, Goldfinch, Hawfinch, Great Crested Grebe, Heron, Red Necked Grebe, Landrail, Sclavonian Grebe, Redpoll, Eared Grebe, Common Martin, Little Grebe (Dabchick),Sand Martin, Kingfisher, Swallow, Nightingale, Swift, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Nightjar (Goatsucker, Nuthatch, Night Hawk, Fern Ring Ouzel, Owl), Golden Oriole, Barn Owl, Tawny Owl, Long-eared Owl, Short-eared Owl, Stone Curlew, Thick- or Norfolk knee, Plover, Redshank, Common Snipe, Woodcock, Green Woodpecker, Great Spotted Wood- pecker, Lesser Spotted Wood- pecker, Great Bustard, Reed Bunting, Gadwall, Crossbill, Spotted Flycatcher. Marsh Harrier, Hen Harrier, Montagu’s Harrier Common Buzzard, Meadow Pipit, Tree Pipit, Quail, Redstart, Redbacked Shrike, Tree Creeper, Turtle Dove, Bearded Tit, Longtailed Tit, Marsh Tit, Coal Tit, Grey Wagtail, Pied Wagtail, White Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Grasshopper Warbler, Reed Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Water Rail, Golden-crested Wren, Wryneck, Cuckoo’s Mate, or Snake Bird. The provisions of the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the Administrative County of WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 119 West Suffolk to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those birds were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Great Bustard, Reed Bunting, Gadwall (Wild Duck), Crossbill, Common Buzzard, Kestrel, Hobby, Hawfinch, Hedge Sparrow, Heron, Landrail, Redpoll (Linnet), Common Martin, Sand Martin, Swallow, Swift, Nuthatch, Ring Ouzel, Meadow Pipit, Tree Pipit, Quail, Redstart, Robin, Red-backed Shrike, Tree Creeper, Spotted Flycatcher, Marsh Harrier, Hen Harrier, Montagu’s Harrier, Turtle Dove, Bearded Tit, Longtailed Tit, Marsh Tit, Coal Tit, Grey Wagtail, Pied Wagtail, White Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Grasshopper Warbler, Reed Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Water Rail, Golden-crested Wren, Wryneck, Cuckoo’s Mate or Snake Bird. 120 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. SURREY, 7th March, 1896. I. he time during which the killing or taking of Wild Birds is prohibited shall be extended throughout the County of Surrey so as to be from the first day of February to the thirty-first day of August in each year. Il. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within so much of the County of Surrey as is within the Metropolitan Police District to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Shrike, Wryneck, Martins (2), Bearded Tit, Hobby, Honey Buzzard, Magpie, Swallow, Kestrel, Merlin, Swift, Osprey. Buzzard, III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout so much of the County of Surrey as is within the Metropolitan Police District :— Nightingale, Whinchat, Goldfinch, _ Redstart, Lark, Flycatchers (2), Nightjar, Sedge Warbler, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 121 Woodpecker, Reed Warbler, Kingfisher, Blackcap, Cuckoo, Garden Warbler, The Owls, Wood Warbler, Shrike, Willow Warbler, Kestrel, Chiffchaff, Wryneck, Whitethroat, Swallow, Lesser Whitethroat, Martins (2), Longtailed Tit, Swift, Nuthatch, Bearded. Tit, Wren, Merlin, Golden Crested Wren, Hobby, Wagtails (4), Buzzard, Hawfinch, Honey Buzzard, Linnet, Osprey, Buntings (3), Magpie, Starling, Wheatear, Landrail or Corncrake, Stonechat, Coot. WARWICKSHIRE, 4th February, 1896. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the: County of Warwick, viz. :— : Willow Wren, Whitethroat, Blackcap, Chiffchaff, al i ly Spotted Flycatcher, Pied Flycatcher, Golden-crested Wren, (roldfinch, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Kestrel, Merlin, Hobby, Osprey, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe), Great or Ash-coloured Shrike, Red-backed Shrike, Shrikes or Butcher WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Big-spotted Woodpecker, Small-spotted Woodpecker, Green Woodpecker (Hickle), Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Snake Bird), Kingfisher, Lesser Whitethroat, Long-tailed Tit (Bottle Tit or Jack-o’-Bo-peep), Marsh Tit, Nightingale, Nightjar (Goatsucker, Night Hawk or Fern Owl), Nuthatch, Barn Owl, Long-eared Owl, Birds, Short-eared Owl, Sedge Warbler, Redstart, Tree Creeper, Reed Warbler. WESTMORLAND, 29th May, 1898. ‘That the taking or destroying of the eggs of the Barn Owl, Brown or Wood Owl, Long-eared Owl, Short-eared Owl, Peregrine Falcon, Kingfisher, Dotterel, Raven, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 123 Common Buzzard, Heron, Merlin, Bittern, Kestrel, Woodcock, Goldfinch, Dipper or Water-Ouzel, and Black-headed Gull, Golden Plover, shall be prohibited in any part of the County of West- morland. This Order shall come into force on the twenty-fifth June, 1895, and shall cease to be in operation after the twenty-fifth June, 1900. WILTSHIRE, 5th September, 1895. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the whole of the County of Wilts, to the Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Kestrel, Mate, Snakebird), Merlin, Swallow, Hobby, Martin (2 species), Buzzard, Swift, Honey Buzzard, and the Bearded Tit (Reedling, Osprey, Reed Pheasant), as if these species were included in the Schedule to the Act. . 124 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. WORCESTER, Lith July, 1896. I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout: the County of Worcester, viz. :— Redstart, Nightingale, Blackcap, Dartford Warbler, Golden-crested Wren, Willow Wren, Wood Wren, Reed Warbler, Marsh Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Grasshopper Warbler, Long-tailed Tit, Marsh Tit, Nuthatch, Red-backed Shrike, Spotted Flycatcher, Swallow, Martin, Sand Martin, Goldfinch, Woodlark, Swift, Nightjar, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Green Woodpecker, Wryneck, Kingfisher, Barn Owl, Long-eared Owl, Short-eared Owl, Tawny Owl, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard, Kestrel, Merlin, Hobby, Heron, Sandpiper, Great Crested Grebe, Sclavonian Grebe, Little Grebe. Il. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of Worcester to WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 125 the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Red-backed Shrike, Whinchat, Spotted Flycatcher, Pied Flycatcher, Sedge Warbler, Blackeap Warbler, Grasshopper Warbler, Wood Warbler, Garden Warbler, Mistle Thrush, Common Bunting, Reed. Bunting, Wheatear, Chiffchaff, Golden-crested Wren, Yellow Wagtail, Pied Wagtail, Water Wagtail, Skylark, Titlark, Tree Creeper, Sand Martin, Martin, Swallow, Swift, Heron, Cirl Bunting. YORKSHIRE (EAST RIDING), Ist April, 1895. (See also next Order). That the taking or destroying of Wild Birds’ Eggs on the Promontory of Spurn, including Kilnsea Warren, south of the line taken by the Road leading from the old Village of Kilnsea towards the site of the old Village of Kilnsea, shall be prohibited for a period of five years from the thirty-first March, 1895. I 126 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. YORKSHIRE (EAST RIDING), 10th May, 1895. The time during which the killing, wounding, and taking of Wild Birds are prohibited shall be varied in the Kast Riding of Yorkshire so as to be from the first day of March to the fifteenth day of August in each year. YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING), 7th April, 1896. (See also next Order). The time during which the taking and killing of Wild Birds is prohibited within the Administrative County of the West Riding of Yorkshire shall be extended so as to be from the first March to the eleventh August in each year, both days inclusive. YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING), 16th February, 1897. I. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall apply within the Administrative County of the West Riding of WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 127 Yorkshire to the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :— Martin (2), Kestrel, Swallow, Merlin, Swift, Hobby, Bearded ‘Tit (Reedling Buzzard, or Reed Pheasant), Honey Buzzard, Thrush, Osprey. Wryneck (Cuckoo’s Mate or Snakebird), II. “The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,” shall not apply within the Administrative County of the West Riding of Yorkshire to the House Sparrow. III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following species of Wild Birds is prohibited for a period of five years from the date of this Order, within the Administrative County of the West Riding of Yorkshire :— Avocet, Owls, Bearded Tit (Reedling Oxbird (Purre), or Reed Pheasant), Peregrine Falcon, Bee Eater, Pochard, Bittern, Purre, Blackcap, Redpole, Lesser, Butcher Bird, Redshank, Buzzard, Red Start, Honey Buzzard, Reed Warbler, 128 Chiffchaff, Coot, Curlew, Dipper, Divers, Dotterel, Dunbird, Dunlin, Falcon, Fern Owl (Goatsucker or Night Hawk), Garden Warbler, Goatsucker, Godwit, Golden Plover, . Goldfinch, Grebe, Greenshank, Heron, Hobby, Hoopoe, Kestrel, Kingfisher, Landrail or Corncrake, Linnet, Longtailed Tit, ' Mallard, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. Reeve and Ruff, Ring Ouzel, Roller, Sandpipers (Summersnipe), Sedge Warbler, Shearwater, Shelldrake, Shoveller, Shrike (Butcher Bird), Snipe, Stonechat, Stone Curlew, Stonehatch, ‘Summersnipe, Teal, Thick Knee (Thick-kneed Bustard), Tree Creeper, Water Rail, Wheatear, Whimbrel, Whinchat, Whitethroat, Whitethroat, Lesser, Widgeon, Wild Ducks, Willow Warbler, WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 129 Merganser, Woodcock, Merlin, Woodpeckers, Night Hawk, Wood Warbler, Nightjar, Wren, Nightingale, Wren, Golden-crested, Nuthatch, Wryneck. Oriole, 6 ry TAYLOR BROS., PUBLISHERS, LEEDS. ADVERTISEMENTS. i, THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL British Land and Freshwater Shells, By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A., Hon. Treasurer Conchological Society. Illustrated by Collotype and Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings, By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR. SECOND EDITION. Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties, with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facilitating the easy identification of the more critical species. : A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every species, including the results of the latest researches. Price, 8/- Plain and 10/6 Coloured, nett. A few copies with Duplicate Plates (Coloured and Plain) at 1és. per copy, nett. PosT FREER, 5d. PER Copy ExTRA. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Publishers, Sovereign Street. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,” January, 1897. «. . . The work now forms a handsome volume, containing 214 pages of text and eleven plates, the frontispiece being a beautifully-executed collotype plate, with enlarged and strikingly-pourtrayed figures of correctly-identified types of the British species of Pisidium. . . . Nine plates are devoted to the presentation of faithfully - coloured figures of all the British species, which can hardly fail to greatly aid the identification of doubtful shells, while Plate XI. contains a series of instructive figures explanatory of the more usual terms employed in connection with the animal and shell. The text may be broadly divided into an introductory part, a descriptive and systematic part, and a con- cluding section, dealing with the comital distribution of the various species. . . . Mr. Adams has also, with considerable ability and success, compiled with great care a series of six elaborate and thoughtfully-arranged synoptical tables, to facilitate comparison, and to shew at a glance the characters which distinguish the closely-allied species composing those perplexing genera, Avion, Hyalinia, Vertigo and Pisidium, and also tabulates the differences separating the various generic groups of slugs. In addition, the author has with great judgment collated and to some extent classified the chief variations to which each species is knqwn to be subject. . . . Following the systematic portion of the work is a very copious and accented glossary of the various scientific and technical terms used in the book, and the work is concluded by a comital census of the distribution of the various species, as verified by the referees of the society. . - In conclusion, we have much pleasure in recognizing this work as decidedly the best manual upon the subject, and as one which can hardly fail to act as a strong incentive to a more active prosecution of the study -£ -«« Innd and freshwater mollusca.” * ii, ADVERTISEMENTS. Part |. to IV. now ready. Part V. in the Press. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE INVITED FOR A MONOGRAPH OF THE Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH ISLES, BY Je. We AV EOR. Fils Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, ex-President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, late Editor of ‘‘ The Journal of Conchology,” etc., etc. Vol. I. is devoted to Anatomy, Physiology, Uses, and Distribution, &c., the first Part dealing with the Derinition or ConcHoLocy, History, CLASSIFICATION, NoMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated with numerous figures in the text and a plate in colours. The second part concludes the consideration of the variations and monstrosities to which the shell is subject, treating upon Sinistrorsity, Scalariformity, Hyperstrophy, Heterostrophy, etc., etc., and the Auxiliary Appendages of the Shell, and is richly illustrated by figures in the text and a plate in colours. The third part chiefly contains a detailed and fully illustrated account of a typical Gastropod and Pelecypod. The fourth part treats upon the Morphology, Anatomy, and Evolution of the animal inhabitant, and the various organs, Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3. g Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the Author, c/o TayLor Brotuers, Publishers, Leeps. A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work. ADVERTISEMENTS. iii. OPINIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS. “SCIENCE GOSSIP,” December ist, 1894, ‘‘ The first part of this long-expected work is at last before us, and we may candidly say it exceeds our expectations. Well considered, well arranged, well illustrated, and well produced, Part I. creates the impression that we have at last in view a standard work on this popular group of easily studied animals. It bids fair to be, for a long time to come, much the best and most complete work on the subject. The illustrations are excellent, specially the coloured plate . . . If the high character of this first part is as well maintained to the end of the work, and of this there is no reason for doubt, we shall have not only an useful, but a very handsome book indeed.” “THE ZOOLOGIST,” February, 1895. “This . . . new work on British mollusca . . . from the thorough mode of treatment adopted by the author and the excellent and numerous illustrations given, promises to eclipse all previous text-books on the subject, as far as Great Britain is concerned. The introductory matter . . . being admirably illustrated by explanatory figures . . . The typography is excellent, and the illustrations, which are numerous, are far superior to any figures of mollusca and their shells which we have seen . . . Indeed, so far as it is possible to represent forms and markings without the aid of color, we do not think the shells could be more correctly represented.” ‘STHE NAUTILUS,” June, 1895. “The first part well sustains the expectations excited by the prospectus . » . for it makes perfectly clear to the beginner in Conchology the whole jargon of descriptive terms, and by a well chosen illustration fixes it in his mind . . . Excellent illustrations are scattered freely throughout the text, illustrating at every point the statements made or peculiarities men- tioned ; and this is a new departure in Conchological treatises which can hardly be too warmly commended. The species will be illustrated with coloured plates, of which one accompanies this part. It is a really superb piece of colour printing.” OPINIONS UPON THE ILLUSTRATIONS. ‘*T have examined your very effective plate, which strikes meas really fine work, especially in the drawing. imax maximus is fairly gliding off the plate, and a very happy likeness.” R.D. DaRsisHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., etc. **T think it excellent. What struck me as most praiseworthy is the evident minute faithfulness with which the markings had been copied ; as works of art I think nothing more could be desired.” L. E. ADAMS, B.A.,, etc. “Tt is admirable and almost beyond criticism . . . The Aspersas, indeed everything, are wonderfully good and far beyond anything in English works,” Cuas. ASHFORD. “T think it (the plate of figures] is excellent in every way, and the more I inspect the more I admire it.” J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., etc. **T think your figures are admirable, free from that exaggeration of colour which so often spoils the best drawn figures.” Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.L.S., etc. iv. ADVERTISEMENTS. Annual Subscription from the Leeds Office, 6/6 post-/ree ; (5/- accepted if paid by the end of March in cach year). Single numbers, 6d, each, or by post 7A. THE NATURALIST: A MONTHLY JOURNAL of NATURAL HISTORY for the NORTH of ENGLAND. Conducted by W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.LS., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.LS., W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., M.B.0.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., FES, ALFRED HARKER, M.A., E.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S a \pae journal has been published under the above title at various times since 1837, and has appeared regularly since 1875. The scope of the journal has for its primary aim the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and physical features of the Northern Counties of England—including under that name Northumberland, Durham, Cum- berland, Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. 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