CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ENGLISH COLLECTION

THE GIFT OF
JAMES MORGAN HART

PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH

.-THE’ BIRDS

OF -

OLD. ENGLISH LITERATURE

‘BY’
CHARLES HUNTINGTON WHITMAN.
Fellow in English of Yale University.

REPRINTED FROM 2
“The Journal of Germante Philology, Vou. II, No. 2
4898 os

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THE BIRDS OF OLD gee SH LITERATURE.

: antes ‘ fom
" ‘HE scientific remains of the*Old English period are
not extensive, consisting chiefly of King Alfred’s
geographical insertions in the Ovosius, lists of plant-
names, and treatises on medicine and astronomy.

Natural History at that time had hardly attained the
dignity of a science, but there was some attempt, at least,
to explain natural phenomena, as in the following extract
from 4£lfric’s Hexameron :

‘The birds, indeed, that dwell in the waters, are web-footed by the provi-
dence of God, so that they may swim and seek food for themselves. Some
are long-necked, as are swans and ylfets, in order that they may reach their
food from the ground. And those (birds) which live on flesh are claw-
footed and sharp-billed, so that they may bite with short necks, and (they

are) swifter in flight, so that they may be adapted for obtaining their liveli-
hood.’

The entire body of Old English literature abounds in
references to birds, but the most fruitful source of material
is the lists of bird-names in the glosses, in some of which
there seems to be a rude attempt at classification. More-
over, the art of falconry (cf. sect. XX XVID, which was
introduced into England not later than the middle of the
8th century, and was very popular among the Anglo-
Saxons, presupposes a considerable knowledge of the
haunts and habits of birds.

My examination of Old English literature has brought
to light over 140 bird-names. Although several names
often refer to the same bird, it has been possible to iden-
tify some 67 species, which, there is reason to believe,
were then residents of Great Britain.

This article falls into three main divisions :

I. Indigenous wild species.
II. Domestic fowl.
III. General terms, foreign species, etc.

; A

2 Whitman, [Vol. II

In classification and nomenclature I have followed R.
Bowdler Sharpe’s Hand-Book of the Birds of Great Britain.

More exhaustive works on the subject are those of
Macgillivray, Yarrell, and Seebohm. I have attempted to
make use of all accessible material, though no doubt some
references have escaped notice, especially under the gen-
eral term fugol.

For the poetry the references are to the Grein-Wiilker
Bibliothek. The prose references are generally to page
and line, sometimes to section and line.

Most of the abbreviations require no explanation. The
following key will cover all cases which are likely to
cause difficulty.

&. Gi.

E. Gr.

Cp. Corpus Glossary, ed. Hessels.

Ae: Epinal { Glossary—Sweet's Oldest English Texts.

Zr, Erfurt

Lxod. Poem of Exodus.

Exod. Prose version of Exodus in Grein’s Bibliothek der Ags. Prosa.

Gen. Poem of Genesis.

Gen. Prose version of Genesis in Grein’s Bibliothek der Ags. Prosa.

Gu. Poem of Guthlac.

Hpt. Gi, Glosses in Haupt’s Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum, vol. 9
(1853).

Ld, Leiden Glossary, in Sweet’s Oldest English Texts.

St. Guth. Life of St. Guthlac, ed. Goodwin.

WW, Wright-Wiilker’s Old English Vocabularies. Second Edition.

ZdA. Glosses in Zettschrift fir deutsches Altertum, vol. 33.

The sign ~ is used to avoid repetition of the preceding word.

D is used for both p and 8.

t altric’s Grammatik und Glossar, ed. Zupitza.

I. Indigenous Wild Species.

Ord. Passeriformes. Perching Birds,
F. Corvide. Crows.
Sub. F. Corvine. True Crows.

Gen. Trypanocorax. Rooks.

I. hroc. Rook (¢rypanocorax frugilegus); of imitative
origin, meaning a croaker.

ME. rook, roc, rok; OHG. hruoh (cf. G. ruchert, a jack-
daw); Icel. Arokr ; cf. Goth. hrakjan, to crow.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 3

WW. 132.15: gracculus uel garrulus, hroc; 260. 10, 413. 33: grallus ~;
286.6: gralus ~ ; 518. 12, A. Gl. 307. 12; graculus ~; WW. 412. 40: grau-
culus ~ , Cp. G. 154, Ep. 469: grallus, hrooc; Er. 469: graculus ~ ; Ld, 201:
garallus ( graculus) hroc; Shrn, 29. 1: garula ~ ; ZdA. 240. 34: grallus, roc;
Spl. Ps. 146 10: se seld nytenum mete and briddum hroca cigendum hine;
4E, St. 1. 492. 14: and Ser flugon sona to hrocas and hremmas.

fTroc also appears in names of places: Cod. Dip. 6. 303.

Gen. Corvus. Ravens.

Il. 1. hrefn. Raven (corvus corvus) ; perhapsnamed from
its cry, from root seen in L. crepare.

ME. raven, reven; D. raven; OHG. hraban, hram, rabo;
G. rabe; Icel. hrafu.

E. Gl. 307. 2, AE. Gr. 28. 19: coruus, hremn; WW. 260.8: ~ hrefn; 365.
20: corax ~ ; Ch. C.735: ~ hraefn; Zr. 285: (myet?)corax, hraebn; AL. Gr.
I2. 14: miger coruus, hrem,; 19. 12: hie coruus, Ses hremn; ZdA. 240, 32:
coruus, hrem; AL. St. 1. 492. 14: and Ser flugon sona to hrocas and hremmas
and feala cynna fugelas; Th. Ps. 146. 10: hrefnes briddum; Vesp. Ps. 146.
g: briddum hrefna; Azo. 1801: hrefn blaca ; 2448: hrefne to hro@re ; 3024:
ac se wonna hrefn [sceall] fus ofer fegum fela reordian, earne secgan hu
him zt zte speow, denden he wid wulfe wel reafode; Gen. 1442: sweartne
....hrefn; 1449: sweartum hrefne; Gen. 8. 7: and asende ut enne hremn;
se hremn fleah 6a ut and nolde eft ongean cirran ; Jud. 206: se wanna hrefn,
welgifre fugel; Z/. 52: hrefen uppe gol, wan and welfel; 110: hrefen
weorces gefeah; Fizn.: 36: hrefen wandrode, sweart and sealobrun; Fates
of Men 36: Ser him hrefn nime® heafodsyne, slited salwigpad sawelleasne ;
Soul's Address, Ex. 54: se swearta hrefn; 74., Vere.: se swearta hrefen ;
Brun. 61: salowigpadan, Sone sweartan hrefn, hyrnednebban; Ay. 106:
hremmas wundon; Céron. 878: and Ser wes se gudfana genumen Ze hie
Hrefn heton ; Lk. 12.24: besceawiad Sa hrefnas; Lind. LA, 12.24: behaldad
Sa refnas; Beo. 2925: hrefna wudu; 2935: hrefnes holt; Zzst. Pol. 19:
hi lecead eallswa gyfre hremnas of holde dod; A. Past. Zp. 49: swa
swa gredige remmas; Lchdm. 3. 333: hrefnes fot; hrefnes leac; A. H.
2.46.15: nefd he na culfran Seawas, ac hf des blacan hremmes; 140.1:
sede giu wr Elian afedde Surh Sone sweartan hremm ; 144. 13: 6a woldon
hremmas hine bereafian zt his gedeorfum, gif hi dorston; 144. 19: hwet
da hremmas @a ricene flugon, ealle tosomne, ofer Sone sealtan brym; 144.
21: eft 3a sidan odre twegen swearte hremmas sidlice comon; 162. 21: 8a
wes sum wilde hrem gewunod det he deghwomlice fleah fram wuda to
mynstre; 162. 23: he 3a wearp Sam hremme Sone gezttrodan hlaf ;
St. Guth. 48.4: and hrefena crecetunge; 50. 1: Sa com Ser sum hrefen
in; 50.5: 8a geseah he done hrefen Sa cartan beran; 50. 9: ac swa se
hrefen Surh Sa fennas upp afliged, swa Su him efter row; 50. 22: waeron
on dam ylcan yglande twegen hrefnas gewunode; 54.1: ymb 9a glofan Se
da hreinas beron; 54. 17: 3a gesegon hi done hrefn mid Gan sweartan

4 Whitman, [Vol. II

nebbe 8a glofe teran uppe on anes huses Sace; 54. 19: he 8a sona se
halga wer Guthlac Sone hrefn mid his worde Sreade; 56.5: seedon Set heo
of anes hrefnes mude feolle ; 4d. and R. 202. 21: saga me for hwam si se
hrefen swa sweart, Se zer wes hwit; 202. 22: saga me for hwam se hrefen
Surh gehyrsumnisse gedingode Sat he er Surh modignisse agilte; 202. 24:
corvus se fugel, Set is se hrefen; Shvn. 50. 12: fedde hine an hreefn; 88. 16:
and him Seer beer hrefn mete.

For instances of 4rvefn in names of places, see Cod. Dip.
6. 302.

2. hrefncynn., Raven-kind.

Lev, 11,17: Ne [ete] nan [Sing] hrefncynnes.

3. welcéasega. Lit. ‘chooser of the slain’; <we/, the
slain + céosan, to choose; used of the raven.

Exod. 164: wonn welceasega.

4. lyftsceada. Lit. ‘robber of air’; <ly/t, air + sceada,
robber; applied to the raven.

Crafts of Men 39: ladum lyftsceadan.

Gen. Corone. Crows.

III. crawe. Crow; probably the carrion crow (corene
corone); <craéwan, to crow. The name is at present com-
monly applied to the carrion crow in England; in Scot-
land, Ireland and north of England to the rook.

ME. crawe, crow, Icel. kradkr, kraka; OHG. chrawa;
G. kriahe.

WW. 131. 37, 260. 9, 286. 4, Cp. C. 653, Z2A. 240.33: cornix, crawe; WW,
363.6: carula ~; 365.12: cornua ~; 412.39: garula~; Cp.G.14: ~ crauue ;
C. 178: carula ~; C. 652: cornacula ~; AE. Gl. 307. note: cornelia, crawa;
Cant. Ps. 146.9: se seld nytenum mete heora and briddum crawan cigendum
hine.

For crdwe in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 275.

Gen. Pica. Magpies.
IV. agu. Magpie (pica pica).
WW, 132. 11: pica, agu.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 5

Sub. F. Fregiline. Choughs.

Gen. Graculus. True Choughs.

V. céo. Chough (graculus graculus). ME. choughe,
cheo. The chough was formerly very abundant in Great
Britain, but of late years its numbers have become greatly
reduced. Cf. Hudson's British Birds.

WW, 260. 11, 367. 32: cornicula, cio; 286. 5; ~ cyo; ZdA. 240. 67: ~
tiope; Zp. 240: ~ cyae; Er.240: ~ ciae; A. Gl. 307. note: ~ cheo; WW,
132.4: gracculus uel monedula, ceo; AL Gr. 70. 16: hec cornix, Ses ceo.

F. Sturnidz. Starlings.

Gen. Sturnus. Typical Starlings.

VI. 1. ster. The word generally used in OE. for
starling (sturnus vulgaris).

ME. stare, ster; OHG. starra,; G. staar,; D. ster, Icel.
start, L. sturnus.

C.S. 526, Ep. 908: sturnus, staer; Zr. go8: ~ sterm; Ld. 203: ~ Ster
WW. 132. 8: stronus, ster; 286. 29: stirnus~; AR. Gl. 307.7: turdus~;
Lehdm, 2. 320.4: gebredne ster; Lind, Mt. to. 29, Lk. 12.6: staras; WW,

132.9: turdella, se mare ster; in commenting upon this Wright says, ‘One
would suppose that mare is an error for /essa.’

2. stern. Starling ; sometimes confounded with stearn,
a sea-bird.
WW, 132. 27: stronus, stern.

3. sterling. Starling; < ster, starling + ding. ME.
sterlynge, starling. This form is not recognized by the
Cent. Dict. or Skeat as an OE. word, yet it appears in an
t1th cent. gloss. Cf. Herrig’s Archiv 76. 215.

ZdA, 241. 54: sturnus, sterlinc.

F, Fringillide. Finches. _

VII. 1. fine. Finch. ME. finch, fynch; OHG. jincho;
G. fink, finke; W. pinc, a chaffinch. The word fue is
probably in imitation of the call note of the male chaffinch,
which is thought to sound like ‘fink’ or ‘pink.’

WW, 286. 12, 404. 14, Cp. F. 331, Zp.-Er. 423: fringella, finc; ZdA, 241.
49: fringilla~ ; WW. 380.17: cinctus~ ;, Ld. 219: fringella, umc.

Finc appears in the local name Fincesstapel: Cod. Dip.
6. 287.

6 Whitman, [Vol. II

2. ragufinc. A kind of finch; < ragu, lichen + jinc, finch.
In two instances this word has the same gloss as ceaffinc.

WW, 357. 38: barrulus, ragufinc; Cp. B. 58: bariulus~: WW, 260. 24:
scutacus, ragofinc ; 289. Ig: scutatis ~.

Sub. F. Fringilline, True Finches.

Gen. Fringilla. Chaffinches.

VIII. ceaffinc. Chaffinch (/rengilla celebs); < ceaf,
chatf + fine, finch; so called from its delighting in chaff,
or rather in grain. Cf.late L. name furfurio, from furfur,
bran. ME. chaffynche. Ceaffine is not recognized as an
OE. word by the M. &. Dict., the Cent. Dict. or Skeat,
but it appears once in an 11th cent. gloss. It is noted by
Zupitza in Herrig’s Arch 76. 206.

ZdA, 241.50: scutacis, ceaffinc.

Gen. Carduelis. Goldfinches.
IX. goldfinc. Goldfinch (carduels carduelis); < gold,
gold + finc, finch. ME. goldfinch.

WW, 132. 27,356 29. auricinctus, goldfinc ; 132.22: florentius ~; 132.27:
cintus uel frugellus ~; 260. 35, 405. 19: florulus ~,

Gen. Cannabina. Linnets.

X. 1. linete. Linnet (cannabina cannabina); < L. linum,
flax ; so called from its feeding on flaxseed. (Cf. F. d2nofte) ;
Cf. G. hinfling, linnet <hanf, hemp; ME. “inet, Lynet.

WW, 286. 21: cardelia, linece.

2. linetwige. Linnet; < “in, flax + twige, of uncertain
origin. In prov. English and Scotch, dntwhite, lintywhite ;
ME. lyntgquhite.

WW, 132. 29, 363. 2: carduelis, linetwige; WW. 404.7: fronulus ~; Cp.
F. 314: ~ linetuigle; C. 147: carduelis, linetuige; Zr. 309: ~ linaethuigae.

3. Oisteltwige. Linnet; < chistel, thistle + twige, of

unknown origin. Cf. G. distelfink.

WW. 260. 28: cardella, Sisteltwige; Cp. C. 122: ~ disteltuige; Zd. 220:
~ distyltige ; Z¢A. 241. 51: ~ Viseeltunga.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 7

Gen. Passer. Sparrows.

XI. 1. spearwa. Sparrow. ME. sparwe, sparuwe ;
OHG. sparwe ; Icel. spérr; Goth. sparwa.

WW. 260. 36, 318. 16, AL. Gr. 43. 14: passer, spearwa; WW. 402. 28:
Senus ~; Cp. F. 128, Zr. 435: ~ spearua; Zp. 435: ~ spearuua; WW. 286,
30: passer, spearewa ; ZdA. 241.57: ~ spearwe; 42 G/. 307.7: ~ spearewa
odde lytel fugel; Spl. Ps. 83.3, Cant. Ps. 83 4: spearwa; Vesp. Ps. 83.4:
speara; Th. Ps. 83.4: spearuwa; Vesp. Ps. 101. 7, Spl. Ps. lol. 7: spearwa ;

Cant. Ps. 101.7: spere; Th. Ps. 101.5: spearuwan; Vesp. Ps. 103.17, Th.
Ps.103. 16: spearwan ; Cant. Ps. 103. 17: speren; Spl. Ps. 103. 17: sperwan;
Vesp. Ps., Spl. Ps., Th. Ps. 10.1: spearwa; Cant. Ps. 10.1: spearwe; Vesp.
Ps. 123. 7, Spl. Ps. 123.6: spearwa; Cant. Ps. 123.7: sperewe; Met. 10. 29,
31: spearwan; Zé, 12. 6: spearwan; Z&. 12 7: spearwum; Chron. 1067:
an spearwa on gryn ne meg befeallan forutan his foresceawunge; Bede. Z.
#7. 2,13: cume an spearwa ond hredlice Sat hus Surhfleo.

2. néodspearwa, Sparrow.

Th. Ps. 123.6: swa swa neodspearuwa of grames huntan grine losige,
sicut passer erepta est de laqueo venantium.

3. hrondsparwa. Sparrow.

Lind. Mt. 10. 29: staras and hrondsparuas.

Sub. F. Emberizine. Buntings.
Gen. Emberiza. True Buntings.
XII. 1. seltna. Bunting.

Cp. R. 256: rudisca, saeltna.

2. seltra. Bunting.

WW, 260.17: rubesca, seltra.

3. amore. Yellowhammer (emberzza citrinella); not
found in ME. and Mod.E. except in compound. MHG.
amere; OHG. amero; G. ammer,; probably connected
with G. amsel and OE. dsle.

WW. 260. 27: scorellus, amore; Cp. S. 166: scorelus, omer; Ep.-Er. 909:
~emer; Ld, 208: ~ emaer.

8 Whitman, [Vol. II

F, Alaudide. Larks.

Gen. Alauda. Sky-larks.

XIII. lawerce. Sky-lark or laverock (alauda arvensis).
ME. larke,; Icel. devirki, G. lerche.

WW. 286.17: tilaris, lawerce ; 356.28: alauda ~ ; 431.38: laude ~; 260-
22, ZdA. 241. 47: tilaris, lauwerce; WW. 363.3: caradrion, lewerce; Cp. A.
497: allauda, lauricae; Cp.T.179: télares~; L. 31: laudae, laurice; C. 148:
caradrion, laurici; Zp. 1012: ¢ilaris, lauuercae; Zr, 1012: ztalaris, lauuercee ;
Ld, 211: tilavis, laurice; WW. 131. 28, AL. Gl. 307. 12: alauda, lauerce.

Lafercan beork occurs several times in charters; see
Cod. Dip. 6. 307.

F. Paride. Tits.
Gen. Parus. True Tits.
XIV. 1. mase. Titmouse. ME. mose, G. meise.

WW, 468. 16, Cp. P. 128: parula, mase; Zp.-Er. 806, Ld. 202: parrula,
masae.

2. spicmase. Titmouse. Cf. Icel. spzkz.
WW, 286.15. parrula, spicmase; Z7A. 241. 45: parta~.

3. frecmase. Titmouse; < frec, greedy + mése, tit-
mouse.

WW. 432. 14, Cp. L. 91: laudariulus, frecmase ; 286.13: sigatula~.

4. hicemase. Blue Titmouse (parus ce@ruleus),; called
in the Cornish dialect Aickmal or hekkymal.

WW. 132. 24: parrax, wrenna wel hicemase ; ZA. 241. 44: sigittula~.

5. colmase. Coal-titmouse (farus ater); also called
coalmouse or coaltit; <co/, coal + mdase, titmouse; socalled
from its glossy black head and throat.

ME. colmose, collemose; MHG. kolemeise ; G. kohlmetse.

WW. 131. 1, 361.15: bardioriolus, colmase; 260. 20, ZdA. 244. 46: par-
rula~ ; 286. 14: parra~,

6. cummase. Coal-titmouse; evidently for colmdse.

WW. 260. 19: parra, cummase,

4

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 9

F. Sylviide. Warblers.
Gen. Sylvia. True Warblers.

XV.1. sugga. Warbler; < sagan, to suck, though the
analogy is not clear. This word is variously interpreted
as titlark, wagtail, garden warbler, etc., but it was appar-
ently a name for the members of the genus Sy/uza. It is
glossed ficedula, which is the Ital. decafico, lit. fig-pecker,
sometimes identified with the pettychaps and blackcaps
of England. The Stand. Dict. says that sugga is an old
name for the garden warbler; the Dict. of Birds says ‘An
old name apparently for any small bird, that seems still
to survive in places for the hedge-sparrow.’

WW, 403. 18, Er. 422: ficetula, sucga; WW, 286. 18, Cp. F. 176, Ep. 422:
~ sugga; Ld. 218: ~ suca; Cod. Dip. 3. 437. 27: to sucgan graf,

2. swertling. Warbler. In the single instance in which
it occurs swertling is glossed the same as sugga, a warbler.
Sweet and Hall suggest titlark as a possible interpretation.

WW. 131.15: ficedula, swertling.

F. Turdide. Thrushes.
XVI. 1. Orysce. Thrush. ME. chrushe, thrusche ; OHG.
adrosca.

WW. 260. 30: trutius, Stisce; Z¢dA. 241.53: sturtius, Srysce; Cp. F. 314:
truitius, Sraesce.

2. Sryssce. Thrush. This form is defined as ostrich
by Bosworth-Toller, but it is undoubtedly a variation of
Srysce, in the gloss it follows Grost/e and scric, both mean-
ing thrush.

WW. 286. 23: strutio, Styssce.

Gen. Turdus. True Thrushes.

XVII. 1. Srostle. Throstle or Song Thrush (¢urdus
musicus). ME. thristidl, throstel. Cognate with the form
Srosle are OS. throssela, G. drossel.

WW. 260. 25, Z1A. 241. 52: turdella, Srostle ; Cp. T. 313: trita~; A.
Gl. 307. 4: merula~; WW.132.25: merula uel plara, Srosle ; Ep.-Er. 1011 :
turdella, throstlae; Za. 205: drostlae; A. 7. 2,156. 22: witodlice an blac
Srostle flicorode ymbe his neb ; Cod. Dip. 5. 345.3: of Sam lea on Srostlan wyl.

10 Whitman, [Vol. II

2. scric. Missel-thrush or mistletoe-thrush (¢urdus visci-
vorus) ; also called screech or screech-bird. This word is
given by Sweet asa shrike, but in OE. it is usually glossed
by the L. ¢urvdus, a thrush, and probably referred to the’
missel-thrush. In support of this supposition I quote the
following from the Dict. of Birds: ‘There can be little
doubt that the name scric, signifying a bird that screeches
or shrieks, applied originally to the mistletoe-thrush,
known to Carleton in 1688 as scredtch, and to Willughby
as shrite,a name it still bears in some parts of England,
to say nothing of cognate forms such as screech-bird and
Shirl,’

WW. 131. 36, 260. 29, 286. 22, Cp. T. 324, Zp. 1013: turdus, scric; Er.

1013, AL. Gl. 307. note: ~ screc; Ld. 213: ~ scruc; ZdA. 241. 65: structio,
scric.

3. stint. Thrush. Zupitza says this form is for scric.
ZdA. 241. 55: turdus, stint.

4. feldefare. Fieldfare (¢urdus pilaris), < feld, field +
faran,to go. ME. feldfare, feldefare. Not the same word
or bird, as often alleged, as the OE. felofor, a kind of
waterfowl, the derivation of which is uncertain (cf. Cent.
Dict.)

WW, 287.17: scorellus uel bugium, clodhamer and feldeware.

5. clodhamer. Fieldfare.

WW, 287.17: scorellus uel bugium, clodhamer and feldeware.

Gen. Merula. Blackbirds.

XVIII. Ssle. Blackbird (serula merula); also called
ouzel, ousel, and amzel. The long 6 stands for az or am.
ME. oseZ, OHG. amsala, amisala; G. amsel.

WW, 260. 26: merula, osle; Cp. M. 165: ~ osle; Zp.-E7. 665: ~ oslae.

Gen. Daulias. Nightingales.

XIX. 1. nihtegale. Nightingale (daulias luscinia) ; lit.
‘singer of the night’; < zzht, night + *gale, < galan, to
sing. Also very rarely night-raven.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature II

ME. nyghigale, nightingale; OHG. nahtigala, nahtagala ;
G. nachtigall; cf. Icel. netrgal.

WW. 344. 27: achalantis uel luscinia uel roscinia, nihtegale; Cp. A. 121:
~ nehtegale; Zf. 26: ~ nctigalae; Zr. 26: ~ nectegela; WW. 433. 24:
luscinia, nihtegale; Cp. L. 330: ~ naectegale; WW. 247. 11: fungalis,
luscinia, nihtegale; ZdA. 240. 39: ruscinia~;, WW, 260. 5: rusunia ~ ;
287. 11: philomella~; Ep. 857: roscinia (luscinia) nectaegalae; Er. 857:
~ necegle; Lad. 212: ruscinia, nectigalae; Zp. 673: noctwa, naecht(h)raebn,
ali dicunt nectigalae; Zr. 673: ~ necthraebn, nacthegelae.

2. heapene. Nightingale.

WW. 355.32: ardonee@, hearpen. ‘The L. word is here probably a cor-
ruption of the Greek, aydévec, nightingales’ (Wright).

3. geolewearte. Nightingale.

WW, 132. 23: luscinus, geolewearte.

4. frocx. Nightingale.
WW. 433. 25: luescinius, frocx.

Riddle 9 is interpreted as the nightingale; sometimes
also as the pipe.

Ic Surh mud sprece mongum reordum,
wrencum singe, wrixle geneahhe
heafodwoée, hlude cirme,

healde mine wisan, hleodre ne mive,
eald zfensceop, eorlum bringe
blisse in burgum, donne ic bugendre
stefne styrme: stille on wicum
sittad nigende. Saga, hwet ic hatte,
Se swa scirenige sceawendwisan
hlude onhyrge, heledum bodige
wilcumena fela woGe minre !

Gen. Erithacus. Redbreasts.

XX. 1. rudduc. Redbreast (erithacus rubecula) ; <rudu,
redness, with diminutive suffix -uc, E -ock. ME. ruddocke,
ruddok,; ci. W. rhuddog. ‘Ruddock continued long to be
the regular English word for the redbreast or robin; and
Iam not sure that it has entirely disappeared from our
local dialects’ (Wiilker).

Z.. Gl. 307. note: rubusca, ruduc; WW, 131. 26: rudisca, rudduc ; 286,
Ir: ~ salthaga we/ rudduc,

12 Whitman, [Vol. II

2. salthaga. Redbreast.
WW, 286. 11: rubisca, salthaga wel rudduc; Z@A, 241. 43: ~ salthaga.

3. redda. Redbreast; < réad, red.

Cp. R. 258: rudbisca, redda, rabisca.

F. Accentoride. Accentors.
Gen. Tharrhaleus. Hedge-Accentors.

XXI. hegesugge. Hedge-sparrow (tharrhaleus modu-
laris) ; <hege, hedge + sugge, a warbler, < ségan, to suck.
The bird is still called Aaysuck in Gloucestershire. E,
Dial. hazock, hazeck, hayjack ; ME. haisugge, hersugge, heysoge.

WW. 131. 34: cicada, uicetula, hegesugge; Zdd. 241. 48: ficitula, heg-
sugga.

F. Troglodytide. Wrens.
Gen. Anorthura. True Wrens.

XXII. 1. wr@nna. Wren (anorthura troglodytes); also
dial. wrax. ME. wrenne, wranne. The literal meaning is
‘the ‘lascivious bird.’ ‘The wren figures largely in Eng-
lish folk lore, and has a host of local, provisional, or
familiar names, with wren expressed or implied’ (Cezt.
Diuct.).

WW, 286. 16, ZdA. 241. 59: bitorius, wrenna; WW. 543.6: parrax ~;
132. 24: ~ wrenna, hicemase ; 131. 33: ditorius uel pintorus, wrenna; 195. 2:

bitorius, bitriscus ~~; 358. 12: bitorius, werna; Cp. B. 136: dirbicariolus,
werna; WIV. 361.16: diturius, wrenna,.

2. yrdling. Wren. This word is interpreted as cuckoo
by some lexicographers, because in two instances it is
glossed cucuzata. It is true that the verb cucusare is given
by Du Cange as the word properly belonging to the note
of the cuckoo, but in the OE. glosses it is also used to

- gloss lapwing. Moreover yrddng is usually glossed the
same as wrenna, wren.

WW, 260. 23, 367.33: cucuzata, irdling ; 260.31: dirdicariolus ~; 358.11:
~yrdling; 361. 14: derbigarulus uel tanticus ~ ; 286.26: birbicaliolus uel

tanticus, eordling ; 132. 31: fanticus, erdling ; Cp. B. 137: ditorious, erdling;
ZdA, 241. 56: birbiacaliolus, eordlinc.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 13

F.-Hirundinide. Swallows.

Gen. Clivicola. Bank-Martins.

XXIII. stedswealwe. Sand-martin (clivicola riparia) ;
<_st@d, bank + swealwe, swallow.

C. R. 195: ripariolus, steSsuualwe. Lchdm. 2.154.5: gif mon fundige
wid his feond to gefeohtanne, stedswealwan briddas geseode on wine, ete
Sonne zr.

Gen. Hirundo. Chimney-Swallows.

XXIV. swealwe. Swallow (hirundo rustica); also called
chimney-swallow.

ME. swalwe; Icel. svala; OHG. swalawa,; G. schwalbe.

WW. 260. 39: hirunda, swealwe ; 417.14: hirundo~; 470.9: progna ~ ;
@. P. 710: ~ suualuue; ©. Gr. 37. 7: irundo, swalowe; ZdA. 241. 58:
~ swealewe ; 4. Gl. 307.7: hirundo, swalewe; Cp. H. 106: ~ sualuue;
£p. 498: ~ sualuuae ; Z7. 498: ~ sualuae ; Zp. 828: progna, suualuae; Er.
828: progina, suualuuae; Vesp. Hy. 3. 10: swe swe swalwan; Lchdm. 2. 100.
18: swealwan nest; 3. 44.13: swolwan nest; 2. 306. 7: sec lytele stanas on
swealwan bridda magan; 2.156. 8: gif her to Sicce sie genim swealwan
gebzern under tigelan to ahsan and let sceadan 6a ahsan on; St. Guth. 52.7:
hu 8a swalawan on him seton and sungon. Twaswalewan....heora sang
upabhofan ... and hi setton on da sculdra Ses halgan weres Gudlaces.

For instances of swealwe in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6.
338. Riddle 58 is interpreted as the swallow, although
Bohn calls it the starling:

Deos lyft byred lytle wihte

ofer beorghleo@a, Sa sind blace swide,
swearte salopade. Sanges rofe
heapum ferad, hlude cirmad,

tredad bearonessas, hwilum burgsalo
nidéa bearna. Nemnad hy sylfe.

Ord. Piciformes. Picine Birds.
Sub. Ord. Pici. Woodpeckers.
F. Picide. True Woodpeckers.
Sub. F. Picine. True Woodpeckers.

XXV. 1. higera. Woodpecker. Cf. G. héher. The Eng,
forms hickwaw, hickway, heigh-hawe, and highawe can hardly
have come from anything but the Anglo-Saxon hugera,
meaning a laugher, doubtless referring to the cry of the
green woodpecker (gecinus viridis) cf. Dict. of Birds.

14 Whitman, [Vol. I

WW. 260.14, Z7A.241.41: picus, higere; WW.132.5: gata uel catamus~;
364. 10: cicuanus ~ ; 286.9: picus uel gagia, higera; Cp. P. 424: picus, higre,
fina; Zp. 156, Cp. B. 77: berna, higrae; Zr.156: ~ higre; G.C. 438: cicua-
nus, higrae; Cp. T. 315: traigis~ ; Ep.-Er. 808: picus, fina uel higrae; E.
Gl. 307. note: ~higera,

Riddle 25 is sometimes interpreted as the jay, but as the
name of the bird is formed by the runes G. A. R.O. H. I.
it must be Azgora, the woodpecker, although this bird is
not generally considered a mimic. The riddle follows:

Ic eom wunderlicu wiht, wraesne mine stefne:
hwilum beorce swa hund, hwilum blete swa gat,
hwilum grede swa gos, hwilum gielle swa hafoc,
hwilum ic onhyrge Sone, haswan earn,

gudfugles hleodor, hwilum glidan reorde

muse gemzne, hwilum mzwes song,

Ser ic glado sitte. .G. mec nemnad

swylce .A. and .R., .O. fullested,
-H.and.I.. Nu ic haten eom,

swa @a siex stafas sweotule becnad.

2. fina. Woodpecker.

WW, 286. 8, 444 32, ZdA. 240. 41, Cp. M. 35, Ep. 648: marsopicus, fina;
WW, 132. 14: picus~; 260. 13, 444. 22: mursopicus~; FE. Gl. 307. 8:
jicus ~; Cp. 8.577: sturfus ~~; P. 424: picus, higrere, fina; Zr. 648: marso-
picus, pina; Zf.-Er. 808: picus, fina uel higrae.

3. rindeclifer. Woodpecker; < rind, bark + clifrian,
to scratch ; i. e. a ‘ barkscratcher..’

WW, 427. 29: ibin, rindeclifre.

Ord. Coccyges. Cuculine Birds.
Sub. Ord. Cuculi. Cuckoos.
Sub. F. Cuculine. True Cuckoos,

Gen. Cuculus. True Cuckoos.

XXVI. géac. Cuckoo or gawk (cuculus canorus) ; per-
haps like cuckoo ultimately of imitative origin. ME.
gowke,; Icel. gaukr; G. gauch. Gawk is the common
name of the cuckoo in Scotland and north of England.

WW, 132. 6, 261. 1, 286. 25, 367. 35, ZdA. 240. 38: cuculus, geac; Cp. C.
948: ~ gec; Zr. 265: ~ gec; WW. 413.17: geumatrex, geac; Cp. G, 87:
geumatrix ~ ; Seaf.53: swylce geac monad geomran reorde, singed sumeres.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 15

weard ; Husb. Mes. 22: sidéan Su gehyrde on hlides oran galan geomorne
geac on bearwe ; Gu. 716: geacas gear budon.

The following Rzdd/e (10) has been interpreted as the
cuckoo:

Mec on dissum dagum deadne ofgeafun
feeder and modor: ne wes me feorh 8a gen,
ealdor in innan. Da mec [an] ongon

wel hold me gewedum Seccan,

heold and freodode, hleosceorpe wrah

swa arlice swa hire agen bearn,

oddet ic under sceate, swa min gesceapu weron
ungesibbum weard eacen geste.

Mec seo fridemeg fedde siddan,

oddzt ic aweox, widor meahte

sidas asettan: heo hefde swesra dy les
suna and dohtra, dy heo swa dyde.

Ord. Coraciiformes. Picarian Birds.

Sub. Ord. Halcyones. Kingfishers.

F. Alcedinidez. True Kingfishers.

Sub. F. Alcedinine. Fish-Eating Kingfishers.

Gen. Alcedo. Blue Kingfishers.
XXVII. 1. fiscere. Common kingfisher (alcedo ispida).

WW. 132. 30: rapariolus, fiscere.

2. isern. Kingfisher; < zs, ice + ern, eagle; cf. G. ezs-
vogel. This word is not recognized by the OE. diction-
aries as a name of the kingfisher, but it is noted by Dr.
Schlutter in Anglia 19. 462. Newton, in the Dect. of Birds,
says that in German the common term for kingfisher is
Eisvogel, ‘which finds its counterpart in the Anglo-Saxon
Lsern or Tsen.

ww. 348.5: alcion, isen; 350.7: alchior~ , Ep. 25: ~ isern; Er. 25:
~ isaern; Cp. A. 422: alcion, isern.

Ord. Striges. Owls.

XXVIII. 1. Glee. Owl. ME. owdle, oule; OHG. dla; G.
eule, Icel. ugla; L. ulula: ‘All probably based on an imi-
tation of the bird’s cry, and thus remotely related to howl’
(Cent. Dict.).

16 W hitman, [Vol. II

WW, 260. 15, 453. 11, ZA. 241. 60: noctua, ule: WW. 260.16: ululu~ ;
CO.N. 138: noctua, ulula~ ; 2B. Gl. 307. 11: noctua uel strix~ , WW. 543.
4: (noctua) uel strix, uel bubo ~ ; 286. 10: noctua uel sthix, uel cauanna~ ;
131.17: strix uel cauanna, uel noctua, uel ulula~ ; Cp. C. 119: cauanni, ulae ;
U. 238: ulula~; Lev, 11.16: ne ete ne ulan; WW, 373. 23, 514.13, Hpt.
Gl. 526. 62: cauannarum, ulena; WW, 287.9: budo, ule.

2. haf, uuf. Owl. The word occurs both in OE. and
OHG. with and without the initial 4, as OE. haf, af;
OHG. hawo, awo.

WW. 157. 28: sublinguium, huf; 358. 36, Cp. B. 206: bubo, uuf; £p.-Er.

142, Er. 161: dubu~; Ep, 161: bufo~; AE. Gr. 48. 17. notes hic vultur,
Ses uf.

Ord. Accipitres. Birds of Prey.
Sub. Ord. Pandiones. Ospreys.

Gen. Pandion. Ospreys.

XXIX. herefong. Osprey (pandion haliaétus); < here,
army + fong, booty.

The osprey formerly bred in England, but its numbers
have diminished so rapidly that it is now threatened with
extinction.

WW, 258. 8, 460. 18: ossifragus, herefong; ZdA. 241. 66: osigragus,
herhfong.

Sub. Ord. Falcones. True Raptorial Birds.

F, Vulturide. Vultures.

XXX. 1. earngéat. Vulture; < earn, eagle + géat,
goat. It is glossed arpa (harpe) = Gr, dprn, vulture.
Only two species of vulture have been known to occur in
England, the griffon vulture and the egyptian vulture.

WW. 284. 4, Zp. 40: arpa, earngeat; WW. 258. 4, 351. 14: ~ eargeat;
Cp. A. 759: ~ earngeot; ZdA. 239. 8: ~arngeat; WW. 117. 24: ~ eren-

geat; Zr. 40: ~ aerngeup; Ld. 207: ~ arngeus; Cp. A. 862: asapa, earn-
geat; WW. 132.19: wultur, earngeap.

2. giw. Vulture. Notwithstanding the fact that giw
is given in OE. dictionaries as a variation of ow, griffin,
the two words seem to have different significations in the
OE. glosses. ow is undoubtedly the griffin; it appears
under the head of animals (WW. 118. 37, 320. 4) with the

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 17

gloss griffus, fiderfote fugel. On the other hand giw with
its variations giz and giow, is found in the lists of birds, in
company with such words as earn, carngéat, herefong, etc.
Giw is glossed griphus, which is properly the L. for griffin ;
that it was also used as the name of a bird the following
extract from Cockayne’s S#rine is proof positive. Griphe-
gus aletum similem aquile, maior avis, minor tamen quam
ultor (vultur|. Only two species of vulture are known to
have existed in England, and they are rare visitants. It
is possible, however, that in OE. times vultures were
more common. The griffon vulture, whose total length
is 40 inches, answers well to the description of v/tur in the
Shrine: vultor [vultur| modico maior quam aqua [aguila ?].
“Just what bird is meant by grzphus is not clear. The only
member of the order accépitres which answers the descrip-
tion in respect to size is the female or young of the griffon
vulture.

WW. 413. 22: griphus, giu; 413. 21: grifem,~ ; 258. 7: griphus, giw;
284.5: ~ giow; ZdA, 239.6: iow, . . tps (gripus).

3. vultor. Vulture; < L. vultur; ME. vultur. -

Bt. 25.6: ond se vultor sceolde forletan Set he ne slat 8a lifre Tyties
. Ses cyninges.

F. Falconidez. True Raptorial Birds.
Sub. F. Accipitrine. Long-legged Hawks,

Gen. Astur. Gos-hawks.

XXXI. géshafoc. Goshawk (astur palumbarius) ; < gos,
goose + hafoc, hawk; the largest of the short-winged
hawks used in falconry. ME. goshawk, goshauk; OHG.
ganshapich; G. gansehabicht; \cel. gashaukr. The gos-
hawk, although now very rare in England, is believed to
have been formerly a common species. Its disappearance
may perhaps be due largely to the cutting down of the
ancient forests, in which it made its home. The deriva-
tion of the word would seem to imply that the bird was
flown at geese, and this theory is supported by statements
in the older works on Ornithology, such as the following
from Pennant’s Brit. Zool. ‘The Goshawk was in high

2

18 Whitman, [Vol. II

esteem among falconers, and flown at cranes, geese, pheas-
ants, and partridges.’ Some think it doubtful, however,
that the bird is powerful enough to attack birds of the
size of the goose and crane. On this point Newton says
in his Dict. of Birds: ‘Its Eng. name has possibly been
transferred to this species from one of the long-winged
hawks, or true falcons, since there is no tradition of the
goshawk, now so called, having been used in Europe to
take geese or other large and powerful birds.’

WW, 285.2: accipiter, goshafoc ; ZdA. 240. 14: ancipiter ~.

Genus Accipiter. Sparrow-hawks.

XXXII. spearhafoc. Sparrow-hawk (accipiter nisus) ;
one of the smaller hawks used in fowling; < spearwa,
sparrow + hafoc, hawk. ME. sparhauk, sperhauk; Icel.
sparrhaukr ; Sw. spar fhok.

WW. 132.26: accipiter uel raptor, spearhafoc ; 285.5: hetum ~ ; 287.15:
ismarus alietum ~ ; ZdA. 240.16: alietum~; WW. 259. 9: ~ spearhafuc;

ZE. Gl. 307. note: ~ sperhauac; WW. 351. 21: accipiter, speathafuc; Cp. A.
432: alietum, spearhabuc.

XXXIII. 1. hafoc. General term forhawk. Probably
from the root *haf of hebban, E. heave, in its early sense
of ‘take,’ ‘seize’ (cf. Cent. Dict.). ME. havek, havec, havoc >
OHG. habuch, habich; G. habicht; Icel. haukr.

ZE. Gr. 43.15: accipitres, hafuc; Ld. 51: ~ haefuc; WW. 95. 12: mid
hafoce; 95. 14: hefst Su hafoc; 95. 18: syle me znne hafoc; 95. 20:
hwylcne hafac; 95. 22: hu afest Su hafocas dine; Beo. 2263: ne god
hafoc geond sz] swinged ; Aid. 25. 3: hwilum gielle swa hafoc ; 41. 67: ic
meg fromlicor fleogan Sonne pernex odde earn, odde hafoc efre meahte;
Crafts of Men 81: sum bid fugelbona, hafeces creftig; Vesp. Ps. 103. 17:
heafuces; Fates of Men 86. sum sceal wildne fugel wloncne atemian
heafoc on honda; Cod. Dip..2. 380. 26: twegen hafoces; By. 7: he let him
8a of handon leofre fleogan hafoc ; Rid. 7.8: hafoc; Gu. Ver. Cot. 17: hafuc
sceal on glofe wilde gewunian; 4. G/. 307. 2: accipiter, hafoc.

Hafoc is often found in names of places; see Cod. Dip. 6.
205.

2. hafoccynn. Hawk-kind.

Lev, 11, 13: ne ete ge nan Sing hafoccynnes ne earncynnes,

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 19

3. hafocfugel. Hawk.

£cg. C. 38: Seah hafocfugel abite, etiamse accipiter ea momorderit.

4. heoroswealwe. Used as an epithet of Aafoc.

Fates of Men 86: sum sceal wildne fugel wloncne atemian heafoc on
honda, oddzt seo heoroswealwe wynsum weor®ded.

5. miishafoc. Lit. ‘mouse-hawk’; < mds, mouse +
hafoc, hawk; probably so called because of its feeding on
mice. It seems impossible to determine what species of
hawk bore this name in OE. The name now belongs to
the rough-legged buzzard (archibuteo lagopus), an irregular
winter visitant to England.

WW. 285.6: saricaricis, mushafoc ; ZdA. 240. 17: siracaricis,~; WW.
259. 10: suricaricis, mushafuc; Cp. S. 438: scoricartus, mushabuc; AL. Gi.
307. note: scuricaricus, mushauac.

6. bleripittel. Mouse-hawk; glossed the same as mas-
hafoc.

WW. 132. 38: scoricarius, bleripittel ; 287. 8: soricarius, bleria pyttel.

7, h&swalwe. Hawk. Although Sweet defines this
word as sea swallow, i. e. the tern, the L. gloss astur (It.
astore), properly goshawk, proves that it is a species of
hawk. For an instance of swealwe in a compound word,
meaning hawk, see heoroswealwe, used synonymously with
hafoc.

Cp. A. 864: astur, heesualwe.

Sub. F. Buteonine. Buzzards.

Gen. Buteo. True Buzzards.

XXXIV. tysca. Buzzard; probably common buzzard
(duteo buteo).

WW. 195. 4, 259. 12: ddzus, tysca.

Sub. F. Aquiline. Eagles.

XXXV. 1. earn. The original name of the eagle, now
chiefly poetical or dialectal. ME. ern, erne; OHG. arn;
Icel. rz; also, without the formative -~- OHG. aro, G.

20 Whitman, [Vol. II

aar; \cel. avi; Goth. ava; related to Gr. dps. At
present, two species of eagle are natives of Britain, the
golden eagle (aguila chrysaétus) and the white-tailed eagle
(haliaétus albicilla), both of which were probably known to
the Anglo-Saxons. In the Battle of Brunanburh, the eagle,
described as white behind (g/tan whit), is undoubtedly
the white-tailed eagle, but the war-eagle, usually called
dark-feathered (salowzgpada), is probably the golden
eagle, known in Scotland as the black eagle.

WW. 131. 10, 258. 3, 284. 3, 351. 12, AE. Gi. 307. 2, Zdd. 239. 7: aguila,
earn; . Gr.19. 14, 243. 15: haec aguila, Ses earn; Beo, 3026: se wonna
hrefn fus ofer fegum fela reordian, earne secgan; 3031: earnanes; Jud,
210; ac him fleah on last earn ztes georn, urigfedera, salowigpada, sang
hildeleod, hyrnednebba; £7. 29: urigfeSera earn sang ahof laSum on

- laste; 111: urigfedera earn sid beheold welhreowra wig; An. 863: Ba
comon earnas ofer yda wylm on flyhte federum hremige ; Sa/. 471: blodige
earnas; Ph. 235: he zerest bid swylce earnes brid, feger fugeltimber;
Ph, 238: he bid westmum gelic ealdum earne; Add. 25. 4: hwilum ic
onhyrge done haswan earn, gudfugles hleodor; 41. 67: ic meg fromlicor
fleogan, Sonne pernex odde earn ode hafoc zfre meahte; Brun. 63; Sone
hasopadan earn, zeftan hwit zses brucan, gredigne gudhafoc; By. 107:
earn zses georn; Seaf. 24: ful oft Sat earn bigeal urigfedera; Zchdm. 1.
128. 10: se earn; 3. I4. 24: earnes mearh; 3. 168. 20: Sonne him dynce
Set his earn ehte, Get bid dead; 3. 214. 11: gif Su gesihst earn fleon
wif din gegripan dead getacnad; Vesp. Hy. 7. 20: swe swe earn Seced
nest his and ofer briddas his geset; Vesp. Ps. Spl. Ps. 102. 5: earn;
Cant. Ps. 102.5: eern; Th. Ps. 102.5: earne; Mt, 24. 28, ZZ. 13. 17: beod
earnas gegaderode; #7. 7. 3: swa se earn Sonne he up gewit bufan da
wolcnu ; Deut. 32. 11: swa earn his briddas spzn® to flihte and ofer hig
flicerad, swa he tobredde his federu; Sa/. (Pr) 146. 10: bid se Pater Noster
on seolfrenes earnes onlicnisse; 146. 16: on gyldenes earnes onlicnisse;
Gosp. Nic. Bright’s Reader 133. 4: he wes hyne asceacende eal swa earn
Sonne he myd hraedum flyhte wyle ford afleon; A. A. 2. 138. 30: Sa fleah
sum earn ztforan him on side ; 138. 35: la hwat se Almihtiga God meg
foreade unc Surh @isne earn zt foresceawian; 140. 3: and efne se earn on
Sam ofre geset; 140. 5: yrn to Sam earne; 140.8: syle swa-deah sumne
dzl Gam earne to edleane his geswinces; 430. 24: feorde on earnes; 434.
8: and his neglas swa swa earnes clawa.

For instances of eavz in names of places, see Cod. Dip. 6.
282.

2. earncynn. Eagle-kind.

Lev. 11,13: ne ete ge nanding hafoccynnes ne earncynnes.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 21

3. gidfugel. Lit. ‘bird of war’; < gad, war + fugel,
bird ; used as an epithet of the eagle.
Rid, 25.5: Sone haswan earn, gudfugles hleodor.

4. gudhafoc. An epithet of the eagle; < gwd, war +
hafoc, hawk.

Brun, 64: earn zftan hwit, eses brucan, gredigne gudhafoc.

Gen. Milous. Kites.

XXXVI. 1. c¥ta. Kite (milous milvus). ME. kite or kete.
Once perhaps the most familiar bird of prey in Great
Britain, but now extinct in most of its former haunts. In
the Middle Ages it was very abundant in the streets of
London, where it fed upon offal and garbage.

WW, 131. 38: buteo, cyta; 196. 3: butium, cyta, frisca; 287. 7, 358. 35,
Cp. B. 199: butio~. ‘The L. dufio is properly a bittern, but doubtless duteo
is meant signifying a kind of falcon or hawk’ (Skeat).

2. glida. Kite, glede; also written gleed or glead.
ME. gilede; Icel. gleSa. < glidan, to glide, referring to
its gliding motion. Glede continued to be the usual Eng.
name for the kite until a comparatively late period, and
is not wholly obsolete. The term is sometimes applied
to related hawks, such as the common buzzard and the
marsh-hawk.

WW. 132. 16, 259. II, 285. 7, 443. 17, AL. Gl. 307. 2: mtluus, glida: Shrn.
29: milvus ~; AE. Gr. 243. 14: hic miluus, Ses glida; Cp. M. 201: ~ glioda;
ZdadA. 240, 31: ~ glide; Aid. 25. 5: hwilum glidan reorde mude gemene;
48. H. i. 586.6: se Se Surh reaflac gewilnad a Sing de he mid his eagum
widutan sceawad, se is glida, na culfre et his ehdyrlum; A. Z. i. 46. 16:
se Se reaflac lufad, he bid glida, and na culfre; A. Gr. 19. 13: hic miluus,
Ses glida; 28. 19: mz/uus, glida.

3. frysca. Kite. This word is called a bittern by Bos-
worth-Toller, probably because. its gloss éu¢zo is prop-
erly the L. word for bittern. Bzzzo occurs several times
in OE. glosses, but always, with this single exception, in
connection with cyfa, kite. It may possibly be intended
for duteo, a kind of hawk. The following gloss seems to
identify frysca with cyta.

WW. 196.3: butium, cyta, frisca; Cp. B. 227: dutio, frysca.

22 W hitman, : [Vol. II

Sub. F. Falconine. True Falcons.

Gen. Falco. Falcons.

XXXVII. wealhhafoc. Peregrine falcon (falco pere-
grinus ; < wealh, foreigner + hafoc, hawk, i. e. the foreign
or Welsh hawk; cf. OHG. waluchapuh. ‘In the A.S.
period the favorite hawk for falconry was obtained from
Wales’ (WW. 417). The falcon, on account of its bold
spirit and great strength, has always been considered the
best bird for falconry, a sport that was very popular
among our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. The exact date of
the introduction of falconry into England is not known,
but about the year 750 Winifred or Boniface, then arch-
bishop of Mons, sent Aithelbald, king of Kent, a hawk
and two falcons; and Hedilbert, king of the Mercians,
requested the same Winifred to send him two falcons,
which had been trained to kill cranes (cf. Warton’s Azs¢.
of Eng. Poet. 2. 40. note).

WW. 132. 36: falco uel capus, wealhhafoc; AE. Gl. 307. 11: falco uel
capun ~; WW, 406, 20, 514. 12: faleonum, wealhhafeca; 259. 8, 417. 10:
herodius, wealhhafuc; ZdA. 240.15: ~ wealhheafoc; Cy. H. 83: ~ walch-
habuc; F. 10: fal, walhhabuc; £%. 497: horodius, uualh[hjebuc; Zr. 497:
~ uualhhaebuc ; Za. 50: horodion, ualchefuc; Shrn. 29: erodionem [épodidv]
valuchebuc; Spl. Ps. 103. 19: weahhafoces hus lateow is heora, herodii
domus dux est eorum ; Nar. 16.13: 8a fugelas nocticoraces hatton weron in
wealhhafoces gelicnisse (wulturibus similes).

The falcon forms the theme of one of Cynewulf’s Riddles
(78), which appears in Grein’s Bibliothek as the 8oth:

Ic eom e@elinges eaxlgestealla,
fyrdrinces gefara, frean minum leof,
cyninges geselda. Cwen mec hwilum
hwitloccedu hond on lege,

eorles dohter, Seah hio eSelu sy.
Hzebbe me on bosme, Szt on bearwe geweox.
Hwilum ic on wloncum wicge ride
herges on ende; heard is min tunge.
Oft ic wodboran wordleana sum

agyfe efter giedde. Good is min wise
and ic sylfa salo. Saga, hwet ic hatte!

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 23

Ord. Pelecaniformes. Pelican-like Birds.
Sub. Ord. Pelecani. Pelicans.

XXXVIII. 1. pellican. Pelican; < L. pelicanus, < Gr.
menexavos; ME. pelican, pelycan; F. pelican; It. pellicano ;
D. pelikaan. The pelican does not now exist in England.
The following is taken from the Dict. of Birds: ‘Two
specimens of the humerus of as many Pelicans have been
found in the English fens (/éés. 1868), thus proving the
former existence of the bird in England at no very distant
period, and one of them being that of a young exampie
points to its having been bred in this country. It is pos-
sible from their large size that they belonged to Pelecanus
Crispus.’

Th. Ps. 101. 5: ic geworden eom pellicane gelic se on westene wunad.

2. stangella. Pelican; < stén, stone + gellan, to yell;
lit. a ‘stone-yeller.” In Rid. 25, gellan is used of the cry
of a hawk.

WW, 287. 10: pellicanus, stangella and wanfota; Spl. Ps. ror. 7: gelic

geworden ic eom dam stangillan westene, similis factus sum pellicano solitu-
donts.

3. wanfota. Pelican; < wan, lacking + fot, foot. Bos-
worth-Toller suggests it is derived from wann, dark + fot,
i.e. dark-footed.

WW, 287.10: pellicanus, stangella and wanfota.

4. diifedoppa. Probably a pelican, because it is glossed
by the L. fel/icanus, pelican, although it is given in the
Cent. Dict. as a general term for diving bird. < di#fan, to
dive + dopettan, to dip. It is preserved in Mod.E. didap-
per, divedappa, divedopper; the dife appears in Mod.E.
dove, and doppa in Mod.E. doppe, a dabchick. ME. ay-
doppar.

Lamb. Ps. 101.7: gelic geworden ic eom nihthrefne od3e dufedoppan
westennes, similis factus sum pellicano solitudinis.

5. dumle. Pelican. Given in Lye’s Dict. with the gloss
onocratallus. \t appears in the compound raradumie, bit-

tern.

24 Whitman, (Vol. I}

Sub. Ord. Phalacrocoraces. Cormorants.
Gen. Phalacrocorax. Cormorants and Shags.

XXXIX. screb. Cormorant. Cf. Icel. skarfr, prop-
erly the green cormorant; Shet. scarf; Scot. scart; G.
sharbe.

Cp.M. 199: merga, screb; Shrn, 29. 19: ibinem [’IBev], i. e. screb.

Sub, Ord. Sule. Gannets.
Gen. Dysporus. True Gannets.

XL. ganot. Gannet (dysporus bassanus),; also used asa
general term for sea-fowl, as ganotes b@5, the sea-fowl’s
bath (sea). In ME. the word is found only in the con-
tracted form, gant, gante. OHG. ganazza. < gan,seenin
gander and goose (G. gans) + suffix, -of, -e7.

WW, 259. 1, 284. 9, 404. 24, Z@A. 240. 24: fulix, ganot; Bl. Gl: fulice,
ganotes; Cp. F. 382: funix, gonot uel doppaenid; #p.-Er. 419: fulix, ganot
uel dopaenid; Prud. Gi. 398: cygnus, ganet; Beo. 1861, Run. 75: ganotes
bed; Chron. 975: and Sa weard eac adrefed deormod hzle@ Oslac of earde

ofer ySa gewealc ofer ganotes bed: Seaf.20: dyde ic me to gomene ganetes
hleodor; Th. Ps. 104. 35: fuglas comon of garsecge, ganetes fleogan.

Ord. Anseriformes. Geese, Swans, Ducks.
F. Anatide. Sub. F. Anserine. Geese.

XLI. 1. gis. Goose. ME. goos, gos; OHG. gans,; G.
gans,; cel. gas; L. anser; Gr. xnv.

WW. 131. 21, ZdA. 240. 11, A. Gr. 25.6, AL. Gl. 307. 8: auca, gos; Ine’s
Laws 70: gees; Cod. Dip. 1. 297. 2,1. 299. 21: x ges; WW. 284.6: ossigra
~ 3 349. 30: anser ~; Cp, A. 627, Hp.-Er. 117: ~ goos; Er. 1103: anser,
auca, gos; Lchdm. 3. 176. 6: gyf man mete Set he fela gosa hebbe, god
Set bid; 2. 196. 22: gose fidru; Aid. 25.3: hwilum grade swa gos.

For gés in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 291.

2. gosfugol. Goose.
Cod, Dip. 1. 312.9: sex gosfuglas,

3. gandra, ganra. Gander. ME. gandre; the same
word, but with different suffix, as MHG. ganzer, G. ganser.
4E. Gr. 43. 14, 4B. Gl. 307. 8: anser, gandra; WW, 131.23: ~ ganra; 284.

12: ~ uel ganra, hwitgos; Cod. Dif. 5. 166.6: on gandra dune; Lehdm. 3.
145. 24: ganran.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 25

4. hwitgés. White goose.

WW. 259.2: canta, hwitegos ; 351. 16; anser ~~; ZdA. 240.14: ~ hwit-
gos; WW, 284. 12: ~ uel ganra, hwit gos. ‘The words we/ ganra are
added in another hand.’

5. greggos. Gray goose, wild goose.

Er. 1104: anser silvatica, gregos; WW. 259.3: canta, greggos ; 284.13:
ganta uel auca~ ; Z@A, 240.13: ganta~; FE. Gl. 307. note» canta, grei gos;
WW. 415. 31: gans, gregegos.

6. wildegés. Wild goose.

WW, 413.6: gente, wildegos ; CG. G. 53, 68: ~ wildegoos ; C. 341: cente
~; WW. 364.1: ~ wildegos.

Riddle 11 is usually interpreted as the sea-furrow, but
Brooke believes that it describes _the barnacle goose
(ranta leucopsis):

Neb wes min on nearwe and ic neodan wetre
flode underflowen, firgenstreamum

swide besuncen, and on sunde awox

ufan ySum Seaht, anum getenge

ligendum wuda lice mine,

hefde feorh cwico, da ic of fesmum cwom.
brimes and beames on blacum hregle:
sume weron hwite hyrste mine,

Sa mec lifgende lyft upp ahof

wind of wege, siddan wide ber

ofer seolhbado. Saga, hwet ic hatte!

Sub. F. Cygnine. Swans.

Gen. Cygnus. True Swans.

XLII. 1. swan. Swan; doubtfully derived from the
root of L. sonare,to sound. ME. swan, swon; OHG. swan,
swana,; G. schwan; Icel. swanr, used only in a poetical
sense. At present three species of swans are found in
England. The most common species, the whistling or
wild swan (cygnus musicus), was known to the Anglo-Saxons,
as its peculiar song is described in Riddle 8. The mute
swan (cyguus olor) is said to have been introduced into
England by Richard I. towards the end of the 12th cent.
It now exists as a semi-domesticated species.

26 Whitman, [Vol. 1

WW. 131. 13, 459. 22, 274. 239.9: olor, Swan; 131.12: hervodius ~ ; 417.
16: holor~; 287.4: diomedia uel herodioe~ ; Lchdm, 2.196. 20: swan; CH.
H.134: olor, suan; £p.-Er.700: olor, suan; WW, 294. 4,459.22: ~ swon;
349. 16: aluor, swon odee ilfatu; Shrx. 29: cicnum, suon;, Beo, 200: swan-
rade; PA. 137: swanes fedre; WW. 284. 14: olor, swann; AB. Hex. 8.13:
sume béo®d langsweorede, swa-swa swanas and ielfetan, det hie aracean him
mzgen mete be Sem grunde.

For instances of swax in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 339.

2. ilfetu. Swan. Cf. Icel. a//t, swan.

WW. 349. 16: aluor, swon, 086e ilfatu ; 459. 22: olor, swan, ilfetu, swon;
131. 8, ciguus, ylfete; 318.12: olor uel cignus, ylfette; Ep. 718: olor, cignus,
eelbitu ; Z7A. 240. 10: cicnum, wluetu; Seaf. 19: hwilumylfete song: &,
Hex. 8.12: sume beod langsweorede, swa-swa swanas and ielfetan; Z/.
718: olor gr(a)ece, latine cignus, ebitu.

Riddle 8 describes the whistling swan (cyguus musicus) :

Hregl min swigad, Sonne ic hrusan trede
ode Ba wic buge odde wado drefe.
Hwilum mec ahebbad ofer heleda byht
hyrste mine and Seos hea lyft

and mec Sonne wide wolcna strengu

ofer folc byred: fratwe mine

swogad hlude and swinsiad

torhte singad, Sonne ic getenge ne beom
flode and foldan ferende gest.

Sub, F. Anatine. True Ducks.

XLIIL. 1. ened. Duck and drake. ME. ened, ende ;
OHG. anut, anit; G. ente; L. anas. Ened was the com-
mon name for duck in OE., dice being found only once.
Bones of the common wild duck (azas boschas) have been
found in Eng. peat bogs.

WW, 131. 24: anas, ened; 258.9: anatis ~; 258. I0, 318. 9, 349. 24,
ZE. Gr. 25. 6: anela ~; 258. 11, 434. 22: larax ~, Cp. A. 569: aneta,
enid ; £f.17: ~ aenid; £7.17: ~ aenit; Zd¢d. 240. 21, WW. 284.10: ~
wned; ZdA. 240. 22, WW, 284. 11: wel anax, ened; Lehdm. 2. 196. 20:
ened ; Cod. Dip. 1. 258.5: 08 enede mere; 5. 216. 35: to enedforda.

2. diice. Duck; found only in genitive; lit. ‘a ducker,’
< *ducan, to duck. In ME. there are three types: dukke,
duk, corresponding to Mod.E. duck; ddke, dook,; douke,
dowke.

&
No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 27

Cod, Dip. 3. 18.16, 17: andlang Osrices pulle Sat hit cymd on ducan
seade; of ducan seade Set hit cymd on Rischale; 3. 399. 18: ondlang
Osrices pulle, and swa Set hit cym®d on ducan seade; of ducan seade Set
hit cym@ on Rischale.

Ord. Ardeiformes. Herons, Storks and Ibises.
Sub. Ord. Ardez. Herons.
F. Arderide. True Herons.

Gen. Ardea. Grey Herons.

XLIV. hragra. Common heron (ardea cinerea); proba-
bly of imitative origin. MHG. vedger,; G. reiher; Icel.
hegrit. Bones of the common heron are frequently found
in East Anglian bogs. This bird is a favorite quarry of
the falcon, and when falconry was at its height, heronries
were protected by law in England and other European
countries. «

WW. 131. 14, 287. 3, 351. 25, 356. 30: ardea, hragra; A. Gl. 307.3: ~
hrahra ; Z¢A. 240. 30: ~ rahgre: Cp. A. 729: ardia et die perdulum, hragra ;
Ep.-Er. 42. ardea et dieperdulum ~ ; Ld. 214: die perdulum ~; Shrn. 29.18:
Jarum ~.

Gen. Nycticorax. Night-Herons.

XLV. 1. nihthrefn. Lit. ‘night-raven’; the common
-night-heron (xycticorax nycticorax), ME. nyghteraven;
OHG. nahthraban ; G. nachtrabe ; \cel. natthrafn.

This word has been variously interpreted as owl,
night-jar and night-heron, but the weight of evidence
seems to favor the last theory. Mhkthrefn is usually
glossed zicticorax, a word which presents some difficulties.
In the 15th cent. glossaries it glosses nyghtcraw (night-
crow) which is identical with the night-raven, according
to the Cent. Dict. Glanvil in his De Propriet. Rerum p.
430, says: ‘ The nighte crowe hyghte Wictzcorax and hath
that name for he louith the nyghte and fleeth and seeketh
hys meete by nyghte.’ The Cent. Dict. identifies both the
night-raven and night-crow with the night-heron, and
adds: ‘The common European bird to which the name
night-heron (and also night-raven) was originally applied
is ardea nycticorax of the older writers’ [identical with
nycticorax nycticorax above].

28 W hitman, [Vol. I

WW. 287.2: nocticorax, hrefn; 261. 12: ~nihtrefn; 453. 12: ~ niht-
hremn; Z2¢@A. 240. 35: ~ nihtrem; WW. 132. 3: nicticorax, nibtremn; £7.
674: ~ necthreebn ; Zp. 674: nycticorax, naechthraebn ; Cp. N. 145: noctua,
naehthraefn ; Za. 204: ~ necthtrefn; Z£f. 673: ~ naechthraebn, ali dicunt
nectigalae ; Zv.673: ~ necthraebn, nacthegelae; Cant. Ps, 101.7: nocticorax,
nihthrefn ; Vesp. Ps. tor. 7: nehthrefn; Th. Ps. tor. 5: nihthrefne ; Spl.
Ps. 101.7: nihtrefen; Shrn. 29: noctuam, necstrepin, standing for necctrefin
= nihthrefn, on the authority of Dr. Schlutter.

2. nihthroc. Lit. ‘night-rook’; < niht + hroc; used in
the same connection as mzhthrefn.

Lamb Ps. 101. 7: nycticorax, nihtroc.

Gen. Botarus. Bitterns.

XLVI. 1. raredumle. Bittern (dotarus stellaris); < rar-
zan, roar + dumle, pelican. G. rohrdommel. Long ago the
bittern ceased to breed in England, but before the recla-
mation of the bogs and fens, it was a very common bird,
and was regarded as a great delicacy for the table. It
makes a bellowing or booming sound that was once com-
monly believed to be produced by the bird thrusting its
beak and head beneath the water. This is described in
Thomson’s Seasons.

‘ The bittern knows his time, with bill submerged,
To shake the sounding marsh.’

This peculiar booming sound of the bittern offers a possi-
ble explanation of the following reference: Shrz. 29. 6:
raredumlz, onocratalum, avis que sonitum facit in aqua.
In 1544 Turner gave the name of miredromble to the bit-
tern, the first part mre meaning a bog.

WW. 195. 27: buban, raredumble; 260. 1, 460. 19: onocratarum ~; 285.
10: onagratulus, raredumbla; Zd@A. 241. 20: origratulus, radumbel.

2. felofor. Bittern. This word, variously glossed by
onocratalus, porphyrio, and torax (for thorax, breast) is evi-
dently a water-fowl. I have called it a bittern on the
strength of a reference in Cockayne’s Shrine, which places
it in the same gloss with raredumlae, bittern. There also
appears in the Shrine the following reference to porphyrio,
properly the sultana-hen: Porphirionem non fit in Brittania.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 29

Felofor is wrongly called fieldfare by Sweet, Hall and
Newton in the Dict. of Birds. Feldefare, appearing as
feldeware, is the OE. word for fieldfare. The derivation of
felofor is uncertain, although Newton says it = fallow-
farer, < fealo, fallow + faran, to fare.

Shrn. 29: onocratalum, raredumlae vel felofor; WW. 287.2: torax, feol-
ufor; 469. 22: porfyrio, fealfor; Zp. 807: ~ feolofor; Zr. 807: porfirio, fel-
usor; WW. 259.5: porphyrio, fealuor; Cp. O. 175; onocratallus, felufer ;
Cp. P. 517: porfyrio ~ ; T. 215: torax, felofeard ; Zp. 1027: ~ felofearth ;
Er. 1027: ~ felufrech,

Sub. Ord. Ciconii. Storks.
Gen. Ctconia. True Storks.

XLVI. store. Stork: no doubt the common white
stork of Europe (ciconza ciconia), which is a frequent visitor
to England. Only about thirteen records exist of the
presence of the black stork on the island. Giraldus Cam.
brensis, who visited Ireland in 1185, says, in his Zogo-
graphia Hibernica, that ‘Storks (ciconi@) are very rare
throughout the whole island, and they are black (2/¢e
nigre). From this one might infer that the black stork
was not unknown in England at that time. ME. stork ,;
Icel. storki; OHG. stork; G. storch. —

WW. 131. 25, 259. 13, 285. 3, 364. 13, Cd. C. 405, Er. 259, ZdA. 240. 19, ©.
Gr. 25.6, AE. Gl. 307. 4: ciconia, storc; Ld. 206: ~ storhc; AE. H. £. 404. 25,
Jer. 8.7: storc and swalewe heoldon Gone timan heora tocymes.

Ord. Gruiformes. Crane-like Birds.
Sub. Ord. Grues. True Cranes.

XLVIII. 1. cran. Crane. The name belonged origi-
nally to the common crane (grus grus), which, until the
seventeenth century, bred abundantly in the fen countries
of Great Britain, and was greatly prized as food. Now it
is an‘accidental visitor.

WW. 132. 21, 259. 14, 285.9, 413. 32, AE. Gl. 307. 3, A. Gr. 14. 3: gras,
cran; Z@A. 240. 18: crus, cran.

For instances of craz in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 274.

30 Whitman, (Vol. II

2. cranoc. Crane. Gr. yépavos; OHG. cranuh, G.
krantich ; \cel. trani (for krant).

Cp. G, 164: grauis, cornuc; G. 162: gras, gruis, cornoch.

Ord. Charadriiformes. Bustards and Plovers.
Sub. Ord. Charadrii. Waders.

F. Charadriidz. Plovers and Snipes.

Sub. F. Charadriine. True Plovers.

XLIX. hulfestre. Plover.
WW. 132.12: plevialis, hulfestre ; 287. 14: cuipella, hulfestran.

Gen. Vanellus. Lapwings.

L. lepewince. Lapwing (vanellus vanellus); < hléapan,
to run + weuce: the second part of the word is literally
a winker, but we must assign to the verb wink its original
sense which is preserved in G. wanken, to totter (cf.
Skeat’s Dzct.). Hence the word really means ‘one who
turns about in running,’ apparently referring to the bird’s.
irregular, twitching mode of flight. ME. lapwing ; Gower,
lappewinke.

WW. 260. 2, 367. 29: cucu, hleapewince; 285. 11, Z¢@A. 240. 26: cucurata
~; CG. C. 951: cucuzata, lepuuince; Er. 264: ~ laepzuince; Ld. 210. ~
lepiumce: AE. Gl. note: cucu, lapawinca,

Sub. F. Scolopacine. Snipes.
Gen. Scolopax. Woodcocks.

LI. 1. wuducoce. Woodcock (scolopax rusticula); <
wudu, wood + cocc, cock. ME. wodekoc.

WW. 258.5: acega, wuducocc; ZdA. 240. 28: ~ wudecocc; WW. 1332..
20: acegia, snite wel wudecoce.

2. wuduhona. Woodcock; < wudu, wood + hana, cock.

Cp. P. 183: pantigatum, uuduhona. :

3. holthana. Woodcock; < holt, wood + hana, cock.

WW. 344. 30, Bp. 41: acega, holthana; Cp, A.125: ~ holthona; Ev. 41:.
accega, holtana.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 31

4. wudusnite. Woodcock; < wudu, wood + snite, snipe.
Sweet calls this bird the woodcock, and the derivation
seems to bear it out. The woodcock is a bird of the
woodland, while the snipe frequents the marshes and fens.

WW, 363. 27: cardiolus, wudusnite ; Cp. C. 258: ~ uudusnite.

Gen. Gallinago. True Snipes.

LII. 1. snite. Snipe. ME. swzte, snyte; perhaps allied
to snort, probably having reference to the bird’s long bill.

WW, 285. 12, 344. 38, Cp. C. 138: acegia, snite; WW. 132. 20: aceta,
snite wes wudecocc.

2. heferbl#te. Snipe. This word does not appear in
ME. but is preserved in Mod.E. as hammer-bleat and
heather-bleat, a snipe. In the dictionaries it is variously
termed sea gull, bittern, and hawk. Once it appears as
hefenblete (‘haven-screamer,’ gull) but this is probably for
heferblete, the usual form; < hefer, a he-goat (L. caper) +
bletan, to bleat, lit. a ‘ goat-bleater.’ This seems to describe
accurately the male snipe, whose love song resembles the
bleating of a goat. Hence in many languages the snipe is
known by names signifying ‘flying goat,’ ‘heaven’s ram,’
as in Scotland the ‘ heather-bleater.’ Cf. Dict. of Birds.

WW. 260. 3, 358. 7: bicoca, heferblete; 116.41: ~ heferblate wel pur ;
361.17: dugium, heferblete; 131.29: ~ hefenblzte ; 194.17: dicoca, hefer-

bleta; Cp. B. 96: ~haebreblete; Zp. 124: ~hraebrebletae; Z7. 124:
~ hebrebletae ; 4. Gi. 307. note. dicoca, heuerbleta.

Gen. Pelidna. Dunliuns.

LIII. pir. Dunlin (pelidna alpina) ; also called purr or
purre. The dunlin like the snipe and most of his allies,
exercises himself in peculiar flights and makes a peculiar
whistling sound. The resemblance of the dunlin to the
snipe, both in appearance and habits, would seem to ex-
plain the following reference.

WW.116. 41: bicoca, heferblete wel pur ; 285.10: onagratulus, raradumla
Szet is pur.

32 Whitman, [Vol. II

Ord. Lariformes. Gulls.

F, Laride. Gulls and Terns.

Sub. F. Sternine. Terns,

LIV. stearn. This word has often been confounded
with the OE. ser and stern, starling, but its occurrence in
the Seafarer and the gloss gavza, gull (Er. 1116), prove that
it is a water bird. Grein interprets it as sea-swallow,
another name of the tern, and Sweet in his A. S. Reader
also calls ita tern. It seems very probable that the Mod.
E, starn and stern, used in England for the tern, are from
the OE. stearn. The following quotation from the Dict. of
Birds is suggestive: ‘Starn was used in Norfolk in the
middle of this century for the bird known by the book
name of black tern, thus confirming Turner, who, in 1544,
described that species as ‘xostrati lingua sterna appellata.’
In at least one instance the word has been confounded
with one of the old forms of the modern starling. To
Turner’s name we owe the introduction by Linnzus of
Sterna into scientific nomenclature. ‘J/kstern’ is another
Dutch form of the word.’ Dr. Schlutter (Azgdia 19. 461.)
identifies stearn with zsern, but the words are in no case
glossed the same. The meaning of the L. deacita is uncer-
tain.

WW. 358. 1, 260. 12, Cp. B. 61: deactta, stearn; WW.131. 11: beacita uel
sturnus~; Cp. F. 163: fida~; ZdA. 240. 29; beatita~; WW. 286, 7:
beatica, tearn; Ep. 125: beacita, stearno; Er. 125: diactta, stern; Zr. 1116:
gavia, avis qui dicitur, sterna sax; Seaf. 23: Ser him stearn oncwz® isig-
federa.

Sub. F. Larine. Gulls.

LV. méw. Mew or sea-gull. The word mew was
perhaps originally imitative of the mew or cry of the
bird. In the 15th cent. glosses the word semewe appears
for the first time. ME. mewe,; OHG. méh; G. méwe ;
Icel. mar.

WW. 131. 30: alcedo uel alcion, mew; 356.27: alcido ~~; HE. Gl. 307. 5,
ZdA, 240. 25, AL. Gr. 37.7: alcedo~ ; Cp. A.478: alcido, meau ; G.29: gabea
~; L. 50: larus~; Zp. 610: laris, men; Zr. 610: ~meu; Shran. 29. 2:
Jarum, meu uel meg; An. 371: se grega mew; Seaf. 22: mew singende

fore medodrince ; Rid. 25.6: hwilum mzwes song; Hush. Mes. 25: ongin
mere secan, mzwes e@el,

No, 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 33

Ord. Ralliformes. Rails.
F. Rallide. Rails and Water-Hens.
Sub. F. Rallinez. Rails.

Gen. Crex. Land-Rails.

LVI. secgscara. Corn-crake or land-rail (crex crex).
Cf. Icel. skarz, sea-mew.

WW, 287. 11: ortigometra, secgscara.

Hall calls seegscara a quail, but wrongly I believe.
Coturntx is the usual L. word for quail, while ortygometra
(8pTvE+ wnTHp) is properly ‘quail mother,’ a bird that leads
the quails in their migrations across the sea, i. e. the land-
rail or corn-crake. Moreover the first part of the OE.
word, secg (sedge), would seem to suggest the fondness of
the land-rail for the reeds of the fens and marshes.

Sub. F. Fulicine. Coots.

LVII. 1. dopenid. Common coot (/ulica atra),; < stem
of dopettan, to dip + enzd, duck: lit. ‘dipping duck.’

WW, 132.18: fulica, dopenid; Cp. F. 382: funix, gonot wel doppa enid;
£p.-Er. 419: fulix, ganot wel dopaenid; Cp. F. 397: fulice gen(us) auis

marinae.

2. iphebbe. Coot; < apahebban, to lift up, ‘tail-lifter.’
Found only in genitive.
Th. Ps. 103.17: fulicae domus, uphebbean hus.

LVIII. 1. dopfugel. Lit. ‘dipping fowl’; < dopettan,
to dip + fugel, fowl. Wiilker says, ‘the moorhen—still
called in Dutch doopvogel, but it seems to have been used
as a general term for diving fowl. It is glossed mergulus,
which is the didapper or little grebe in the 15th cent.
glosses.

Shrn. 29: mergulum, niger avis, mergit sub aquam pisces querere, i. €. dop-
fugel. The moorhen would hardly be described as a black bird (niger avis).
WW. 258. 14, ZdA. 240. 23: mergus, dopfugel; WW. 284.8: mergulus ~.

2. fugeldoppe. Diving fowl.

WW. 131. 20: mergulus, fugeldoppe.
3

34 Whitman, [Vol. I}

3. scealfor. Diving fowl.

WW. 258. 13: mergulus, scealfor; 287. 5: turdella~ ; 287. 6, 518. IO:
mergula ~ ; 444. 21: mergulis ~ 5 131. 19: mergus, scealfr: A. Gl. 307. 6:
mergus uel mergulus, scealfra; Cp. M. 160: mergulus, scalfur; Ep.-Er. 647:
~ scalfr; Hpt. G/, 418. 70: 8a geseah he swimman scealfran on flode, and
gelome doppetan adune to grunde, ehtende Searle Sara ea fixa. Da het
Martinus Sa wedleasan fugelas Ses fixnodes geswican, and to westene
sidian; and 8a scealfran gewiton aweg to holte hom; A. A. 2. 516. 6-12:
6a geseah he symman scealfran on flode, and gelome dopettan adune to
grunde, ehtende Searle Sere ea fixa. Da cwed se halga wer to his geferan.
‘Das fugelas habbad feonda gelicnysse, 3e gehwilce menn unwere beswicad,
and gredelice gripad to grimre helle.’ Da het Martinus 3a me®dleasan fuge-
las Ses fixnodes geswican, and to westene sidian; and Sa scealfran gewi-
ton aweg to holte.

Ord. Columbiformes. Pigeons.

LIX. culfre. The general term for dove; preserved in
Mod.E. culver, the name of the wood-pigeon in the
south and east of England. ME. culver, colfre, culfre.

WW. 260. 6, 286. I, 367. 30, AE. Gl. 307. 4, ZdA. 240. 36, AL. Gr. 25. 6:
columba, culfre; WW. 131. 30: ~ culfer; 360. 6: dariona, culfran sunu;
Lchdm, 1. 170. 12: culfron; 2. 196. 21, 246.1: culfrena briddas; 2.209. 13:
culfran scearne ; 3. 200. 18: culfran gesid sume unrotnysse getacnad ; Past.
Care 237. 21: beo ge....sua bilwite sua culfran; 237. 22, 23: Sere cul-
fran biliwitnesse; AE. St. I. 54. 73: and an scinende culfre scet of Sam
fyre; I. 58.127: anre culfran anlicnysse; 1. 58.130: culfran; Bd #.135.1,
se Drihtnes Gast ofer hiene astige on culfran onlicnesse; 157. 10: aris Su
...min culfre; 23. 27: ah twegen culfran briddas him geniht-sumedan ;
Gen. 1451: haswe culfran; 1464: 8a wes culufre eft of cofan sended ymb
wucan; 1477: 3a gyt se eadega wer ymb wucan Oriddan wilde culufran ane
sende; Gen. 8. 8, 10, 12: culfran; Th. Ps. 67. 13, Vesp. Ps., Cant. Ps., Spl. Ps.
67.14: culfran; Th. Ps., Spl. Ps. 54.6, Vesp. Ps. 54.7: culfran; Cant. Ps. 54,
7; culfre; A/¢. 3.16: culfran; Lind. Mt. 3.16: culfre; M¢. 10. 16: culfran:
Lind. Mt. 10. 16: culfre ; A/¢. 16.17: culfran bearn; JZ4%.1.10: culfran , Lind,
Mk. 1.10: culfre; LR, 2, 24: twa turtlan, odde twegen culfran-briddas; Lind.
Lk, 2, 24: culfras birdas; /z.1. 32: culfran: Lind, Jn. 1. 32: culfre: Lev. 1.
14: culfran briddas ; culfranmere occurs in Cod. Dip. 3.570; Vesp. Hy.3. 11:
ic smegu swe swe culfre; Zev. 5.7: twegen culfran briddas ; 5. rr: culfran;
Gen. 15. 9: geoffra me to lace... sume turtlan and sume culfran; 2. H.
I, 104. 21: 3a Sa se Halga Gast, on culfran hiwe, uppon him gereste; 140.
2; ane culfran; 140. 4, 15: twegen culfran-briddas; 142. 7: culfran sind
swide unscedige fugelas ; 320.1: on anre culfran anlicnysse; 320. 2: on
culfran hiwe ; 320, 12, 31: on culfran anlicnysse; 322.6: on culfran ; 368.
3: eadig eart Su, culfran sunu ; 368.4: on culfran anlicnysse ; 368.5: nu
gecigde se Hzlend Petrum culfran bearn ; 406, 18, 20: culfran; 412. 10: se

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 35

lareow bid culfran cypa; 444. 10: ic geseah 3a wlitegan swilce culfran
astigende ofer streamlicum ridum, and unascegendlic bred stemde of hire
gytlum ; 584. 28: hwet sind Sas Se her fleogad swa swa wolcnu, and swa
swa culfran to heora ehdyrlum; 584. 32: se witega.... gecigde hi culfran,
and fleogende wolcnu ; 584. 34: culfre is bilewite nyten; 586.1: sodlice da
halgan apostolas weron swilce culfran at heora eh-dyrlum; 586.6: seis
glida, na culfre et his eh-dyrlum; A. ZH. 2. 40.3: and Godes Gast com on
anre culfran hiwe ; 42.34: dada he wes gesewen on anre culfran anlicnysse ;
44.16: on culfran gelicnysse; 44. Ig: ac he com ofer Criste on culfran
hiwe ; 44. 24: we redad on bocum be Sere culfran gecynde; 44. 34: on
culfran; 46.1: Set he hebbe bilewitnysse Sere culfran; 46. 3, 4: swa swa
seo culfre is buton geallan, and ne begange nan reaflac, ne nanes mannes
ne ehte, Se ma de seo culfre ded; 46.14: nefd he na culfran Seawas, ac
hefd des blacan hremmes; 46. 16: se de reaflac lufad, he bid glida, and na
culfre ; 46.18: ne ded seo culfre na swa, ne leofad heo be nanum deaée;
46. I9: be Sere culfran gecynde; 46. 20: uton habban... dere culfran
unsczOdignysse ; 184. 17: sawle beedan to heofenan, on anre culfran hiwe;
210. 32: culfran we offriad ; Grein’s Bibl. A.S. Prosa 3. 130. 472: Sonne
sceolde culfre fleogan of Szre gyrde foreweardre up 09 Sone heofon; 3. 131.
506: Ser of sona fleah culfre; Sal. (Pr). 186. 29: ic Se secge, culfre is
selust, heo getacnad done Haligan Gast; Shrw. 54.14: on culfran hiwe.

F. Columbide. True Pigeons.
Gen. Columba. Wood-pigeons.

LX. 1. ciiscote. Wood-pigeon, ring-dove (columba
palumbus) ; still called cushat or cowshot in the northern
dialects and in Scotland. The word has no cognates
in the other Teutonic languages, and its etymology is
obscure. The element scote, scute, is apparently a deriva-
tive of sceotan, to shoot, and may mean a shooter, or
darter. (Cf. WV. Z. Dict.) ME. cowscot, couscot.

WW. 286.2: palumba, cuscote wel wuduculfre ; Z¢A. 240.40: ~ cuscote ;
Cp. P. 136: palumbes ~ ; WW. 260.7: pudumbra, cusceote; Ep. 829: palum-
pes, cuscutan ; Zr. 829: palumpes, cuscotae.

2. wuduculfre. Wood-pigeon.

WW. 286.2: palumba, cuscote uel wuduculfre; 4. Gl. 307.4: ~ wude-
culfre; WW. 131. 32: palumous, wudeculfre.

3. diife. Dove; a hypothetical form found only in the
compound dufedoppa, pelican.

36 Whitman, [Vol. II

F. Peristeridz. Ground-pigeons.
Sub. F. Tuturine. Turtle-doves.

Gen. Turtur. Turtle-doves.

LXI. 1. turtle. Turtle-dove (turtur turtur); a redupli-
cated form, prob. imitative of the cooing of a dove. ME.
turtle, also tortor ; G. turtel (taube) ; OF. turtre,; F. tourtre ;
It. cortora; L. turtur.

WW. 132. 1, 4. Gl. 307.11, 4. Gr. 14. 2: turtur, turtle ; AL. Gr. 48. 16:
hic turtur, Seos turtle ; Z¢A. 240.37: turtura, turtle; AL. A. 2. 210. 34: turt-
lan we offriad ; Cant. Ps. 83.4: turle; Th. Ps. 83.3: turtle; Spl. Ps. 83.3:
turtlah; ZA. 2, 24: twa turtlan; Zev. 1. 14: turtlan; A. H. 1. 140. 2: ane
turtlan; 140. 5: twa turtlan; 140. 15: Sonne sceole we him bringan twa
turtlan ; 140. 22: lytel wes an lamb, ode twa turtlan, Gode to bringenne ;
142. 12: 8a turtlan getacniad clennysse; 142. 16: Sonne geoffrad he Sa
turtlan; Gen. 15. 9: geoffra me to lace.... sume turtlan and sume culfran ;
Lev. 5.7: bringe [he] twa turtlan; 5. 11: turtlan.

2. turtur. Turtle-dove; < L. turtur.
.
Lind, Lk, 2. 24: tuoe tuturas; Surt. Ps. 83. 4, Vesp. Ps. 83. 3: speara
gemoeted him hus and tutur nest; B/. A. 23. 27: twegen culfran briddas
and twegen turturan gemzccan.

Ord. Galliformes. Game-Birds.
F. Phasianide. Partridges.
Sub. F. Perdicine.

Gen. Coturntx. Quails.

LXII. 1. erschen. Quail (coturnix coturnix); < erse,
stubble-field + hen.

WW. 132.10; coturnix, erschen ; 287.12: ~ erschen; A. Gi. 307.9: ~
erschen; WW. 460. 2: ortigomera ~; Spl. Ps. 104. 38. Marg. Ref.- hi
beedon and com erschen (coturnix) ; Exod. 16, 13: Drihten gesende swa
micel fugolcyn on hira wicstowe swilce erschenna, Set is on Lyden coturnix.

2. nihtlecan. Quail.

Cant. Ps. 104. 40: biddz@d flesces and kym®d dz nihtleczen hlaef hefones
gefylled hie.

3. edischen. Quail; < edisc, pasture + hen.

WW. 367. 34: ciaus, edischen; 260. 32: ~ edischenn ; 380. 18: coturnix,
edischen ; Vesp. Ps. 104. 40: ~ edeschen; CJ. O. 236; ortigometra, edi-
schen ; Zp. 714: ortigomera, edischen ; Z7. 714: ~ edischenim ; A. Gi. 307.
note: gaus, hedeshen: Spl. Ps. 104. 38: hi bedon and com edischeen (cotur-
nix).

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 37

4. wuduhenn. Quail; < wudu, wood + henn, hen.
Cp. C. 840: coturno, wodhe.

5. wihtel. Quail; a hypothetical form given by Sweet
and Hall. G. wachtel.

Sub. F. Phasianine. Pheasants.
Gen. Phasianus. True Pheasants.

LXIII. 1. worhana. Pheasant (phastanus colchicus). At
present the pheasant exists, in England, in a semi-domesti-
cated state. In regard to its introduction Hudson says
in his Brztish Birds, ‘When and by whom it was intro-
duced into England is not known. There is evidence
that the bird existed and was held in great esteem in this
country before the Norman Conquest; and the belief is
that it was brought hither by the Romans, who were
accustomed to introduce strange animals into the countries
they conquered.’

WW. 260. 4: fusianus, worhana; 285.13: fursianus ~ ; 402.3: fasianus
~; 2. Gl. 307. note: fusionus~ ; Cp. F. 22: fasianus, worhona; Zd@A. 240,

27: fursianus, morhana; Zp. 424: fasianus, uuorhana; Er. 424: fassianus,
uuorhana,

2. worhenn. Probably a pheasant. The gloss cracznus
is of uncertain meaning.

WW, 215. 1, 380. 18: cracinus, worhenn.

Il. Domestic Fowl.

LXIV. 1. capun. Capon; < L. cago, Gr. ndwov; ME.
capon, capun ; F. chapon.

WW. 132. 34, 286. 32: gallinaceus, capun ; 132. 32: capo ~.

2. cicen. Chicken. ‘Cuzcen is a diminutive, from A.S.

cocc, formed by adding ex and modifying vowel’ (Skeat).
ME. chiken, chekin; G. kiichlein.

38 Whitman, [Vol. II

WW, 132. 35, 260. 33: pullus, cicen; 184. 11; coguina uel culina~; HE,
Gl. 307.9: pullus, cicen od%e brid od%e fola; ZdA. 241. 64: ~ ciacen; 241.
63: coguina, ciacene; Hpt. Gl. 494. 17: culine, cycene, coguine ; AE. Gr. 273.
18: gallina congregat pullos suos sub alas, henn gegadera®d hire cicenu under
fiSerum ; AZ¢. 23. 37: cicenu ; 26., Lind.: cicceno; Lchdm. 3. 204.31: henne
mid cicenum ; 2. 312. 16: cicene mete.

3. coc, kok. Cock; male of the common domestic fowl
(gallus domesticus); ultimately imitative of the crowing or
clucking of the cock. ME. cock, cok, cocc; \cel. hokkr ;
Dan. ok; L. coco.

ZE. Gr. 28. 19: gallus, cocc; WW. 132. 33, 286. 31, A. Gl. 307.8: ~ coc;
283. 11: celina ~ ; 329. 27: cocus~; Hpt. Gl. 518. 13: pullorum, cocca;
Lchdm. 3. 6. 5: Sonne coccas crawan; M?¢. 26. 34: Set on Byssere nihte,
zrdam Se cocc crawe, Sriwa Su widsecst min; 26. 74: and hredlice creow
se cocc; 26. 75: se cocc crawe; Jz. 13. 38: crewd se cocc; CH. C. 954:
culinia, cocas; Past. Care 461.1: Ses cocces Seaw is Set he micle hludor
singd on uhtan donne on degred; 459. 29: hwa sealde kokke wisdom;
459. 31: eghwelc Gera halgena lareowa....habbad onlicnysse Sem
kokkum, Se on distrum niehtum crawad; 459. 32: swa swa kok on niht;
461.12: se kok... erdemde he crawan wille, hefé up his fidru, and wecd
hine selfne,

4. diice. Duck; see XLIII. 2.

5. diiceling. . Duckling; not recognized by the Cent.
Dict. or N. &. Dict. as an OE. word, but it occurs once in
an OE. charter; < déce, duck + dim., Zing.

Cod, Dip. 4. 92. 31: into duceling mere.
6. ened. Duck; see XLIII. 1.

7. fola. Young of domestic fowl.

ZE. Gl. 307.9: pullus, cicen ode brid ode fola; A. Gr. 28. 16: ~ fola
ode brid.

8. gandra. Gander; see XLI. 3:
g. g6s. Goose; see XLI. 1.
Io. gosfugol. Goose; see XLI. 2.

11. hamhenn. Hen; < ham, home + enn, hen.

Lehmd, 2. 244. 25: ham and wilda henna.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 39

12. hana. Cock; older Teut. name of the cock, which
appears in Goth. dana; OHG. hano,; G. hahn, cel. hani ;
lit. ‘a singer,’ < root of L. canere, to sing.

WW, 260. 37, 413. 34: gallus, hana; Lehdm. 3. 145.24: hanan; AE. H. 2.
246.4: se hana; /z. 13.38: se hona; Lind. Mt. 26. 34, 74,75: hona; AZ2.,
14. 68: se hana creow.

Riddle 43 is interpreted as the cock and the hen:

Ic seah wyhte wretlice twa

undearnunga ute plegan

hemedlaces: hwitloc anfeng

wlanc under wedum, gif Ses weorces speow,
femne fyllo. Ic on flette meg

Surh runstafas rincum secgan,

Sam de bec witan, bega ztsomne

naman Sara wihta. Der sceal Nyd wesan
twega oder and se torhta Asc

an an linan, Acas twegen,

Hegelas swa some, hwylc des hordgates
cegan crefte 3a clamme onleac, !
Se Sa redellan wid rynemenn

hygefeste heold heortan bewrigene
ordoncbendum. Nu is undyrne

werum zt wine, hu 3a wihte mid us
heanmode twa hatne sindon.

13. henn. Hen; fem. of mas. OE. “ana. Early Mod.
E. henne,; ME. hen; D. hen; OHG. henna; G. henne;
equiv. to D. oen; OHG. hain; G. huhn , Icel. hana.

ZE. Gr. 25. 5, 273. 17, ZE. Gl. 307.9: gallina, henn; WW, 286. 33: ~ hen;
286. 34: ornitha, henn; Ine’s Laws 70: henna; Ecg. P. 57: gif swyn ode
henna ete of mannes lichaman, slea man Set yrfe; Lchdm. 2. 38.6: henne
zeges geolocan; 2. 40. 10: genim henne rysele ; 2. 196. 21: hanne flesc ; 3.
174. 33: gif him Since det he feala henna geseo odde hezbbe ; Set bid god ;
3. 176.1: gyf man mete det he henne egeru hebbe, od%e Sicge ne deah
hym dzt; 3. 204. 30: henne egru lecgan gestreon mid carfulnysse ge [tac-
nad]; 3. 204. 31: henne mid cicenum gesid ceapas eacan ge [tacnad]; Zz.
23. 37: swa seo henn hyre cycenu under hyre fySeru gegaderad ; 74., Lind.-
henne.

Riddle 43 describes the cock and hen.
14. henfugol. Hen; lit. ‘hen-fowl.’

Chron. 1131: Sar after swulten 8a henne fugeles; Lehkdm. 1. 92. 16:
sumum henfugule; Cod. Dip. 1. 297. 2: xXx henfugla; 1. 299. 21: xx hen-
fuglas ; 1. 312.9: x hennfuglas ; 2. 355. 8: iiii henfugulas; 2. 356. 15: iiii
henfugeles.

40 Whitman, [Vol. II

15. wilda henn. Lit. ‘wild hen’; used to distinguish
-wild fowl from domestic fowl.

Lehdm, 2. 244. 25: ham and wilda henna.

Gen. Pavo. Peacocks.

16. pawa. Common peacock (favo cristatus) ; a native
of India, said to have been introduced into Europe by
Alexander the Great. L. favo; G. pfau.

ZE. Gl. 307.5: pauo, pawa; ZdA. 241. 68: ~ pawa; WW. 131. 9: pauo,
pauus, pawe; Cp. P. 131: pauo, pauua; £p.-Hr. 826: pavo~ ; A. Gr.g. 3:

~ pawe; Ph. 312: onlicost pean; Lekdm. 2. 196. 19: fuglas Sade heard
flesc habbaS, pawa, swan, zned.

Ill. General Terms.

The scheme of arrangement is as follows:

-_

. brid; flzogend,and compounds; fugol, and compounds.
. Foreign birds.

. Fabulous birds.

. Words wrongly interpreted as bird names.

5. Unsolved problems.

hw N

LXV. brid; bird, in Northumbrian. In OE. used only
as a general name for the young of any of the feathered
tribe. Now used generically in-place of the older term
fowl. ‘Found in literature down to 1600; still retained
in north. dial. as a ‘hen and her birds.’ ME. dryd, byrd.
There is no corresponding form in any other Teutonic
language, and the etymology is uncertain’ (cf. M. &.
Dict.).

Cp. P. 886: pullus, brid; AL. Gl. 307.9: ~ cicen od%e brid odde fola; A.
Gr. 28.16: ~ fola odSe brid; WW. 96. 2, Vest. Hy. 7. 21: briddas; PA.
235: Swylce earnes brid fagen fugel timber ; 372: Surh briddes had; Vesg-
Hy. 3. 10: swe swe brid swalwan ; Lchdm. 2. 306. 7: sec lytle stanas on
swealwan bridda magan ; 2. 306. 14: hit sculon beon micle briddas: ZA. 2.

24: twa turtlan ode twegen culfran briddas; ib., birdas; AL. H. 1. 250. 24:
seo modor siddan mid hihte bret Sat wig to bridde; 2. 144. 23: heora

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature AI

briddum to hleow%e ; Spl. Ps. 83. 3, Vesp. Ps. 83.4: briddas; Cant. Ps. 83.
4: bryddas ; Th. Ps. 146. 10: hrefnes briddum ; Vesp. Ps. 146.9: briddum
hrefna; Cant, Ps. 146.9: briddas crawan; Zev. 1.14: Sonne bringe he turt-
lan and culfran briddas, Past. Care 383. 29: fugla briddas.

LXVI. 1. fléogend. General term for bird; used in
one instance in place of fugules; < fléogan, to fly.

Vesp. Ps. 49. 11: Sa flegendan heofones; Cant. Ps. 49. 11: Ba flegende
and fugules hefones; Lind. Mz. 13. 32: heofnes flegende cymes; Lind. Lh.
g. 58: heofnes flegendo; 4. 4: flegendo cwomon; Lind. Mt. 8. 20: heofnes
flegende ; 13. 4: 3a flegendo cuomun.

2. lyftfléogend. Lit. ‘ flier in the air,’ a bird; < Jf,
air + fléogend, bird.
Sai, 289: lyftfleogendra.

LXVII. 1. fugol. General term for bird in OE., which
has now become specialized for certain kinds of poultry,
and by sportsmen for wild ducks and wild geese.

Early Mod.E. foul, foule; ME. foul, fowl, etc.; D.
vogel; OHG. fogal: G. vogel,; Icel. fugl; Goth. fugls, a
fowl, bird.

&. Gl. 307.1: auis uel uolatilis, fugel; WW. 61. 35: fugel ; 95. I0, II:
fugelas ; 88.6: wolatilis, fugeles ; 481. 28: alta, fuglas; AX. Gr. 48. 17:
aues cynnes fugel ; 56.8: haec auis, Ses fugel ; 77.13: ales,fugel; Sal. 218,
420: fugol; Azd. 37.9: na wes Set na fugul ana; Gen. 1983: sang se wanna
fugel; /wd. 207: welgifre fugel; 297: welgifrum fuglum to frofre; Crz. 636,
645: fugel; Souls Address 79: Su wurde et frumsceafte ~; Crafts of Men
85: sum sceal wildne ~ wloncne atemian ; Genz. 1460: se wilda ~; PA. 86:
~ fedrum strong; 100: ~ fedrum wlonc; 104: se edela~; 121: se
haswa ~; Wand. 81: sumne ~ odber ofer heanne holm; Sad. 254. an ~
sited on Filistina middelgemzrum; 279: se ~ hafad 4 heafdu; Cri. 639:
wes des fugles flyht feondum on eordan dyrne and degol; 654: 6a Ses ~
flyht; PA. 125: ~ geberu; Sal. 226: ne ~ flyht; Rid. 27.7: ~ wyn; 37. 11:
anna gelicness ~; Ax. 497: fugole gelicost; Met. Ps. 101. §: ~; Rid. 32.7:
~ gelice ; Beo. 218: fugle gelicost ; Dax. 5.13: fugolas; Pz. 352: fugelas
cyrrad; Finn. 5: ~ singad; Met. Ps. 77. 27, Met. 13.95: ~; Gen. 1299, 2088,
Dan. 507, Az. 140, Ph. 163, Met. Ps. 104. 35: fuglas ; Crt. 983, PA. 155, 159,
330, 335, Gz. 715, 889: fugla; Met. Ps. 78. 2, Met. 27. 21, Rid. 52.4,74.3: fu-
glum; Sad, 298: wildne fugel; Ovosius 15. 10: Sat gafol bid .. on fugela fed-
erum; B¢, 25.27: hi gehiran oderra fugela stemne ; 39. 8: he spyrad zlce
deg zfter fuglum ; Partridge 1: hyrde ic secgan gen bi sumum fugle wun-
dorlicne; A. Sé. 1. 376. 25: se lytla fugel; 2.124. 20: noldon znne fugel
acwellan ; Hpt. G/. 418. 70: 3a mz@ leasan fugelas; Ecg. C. 38: fugelas ;

42 Whitman, [Vol. II

Sal, (Pr): on etrenes fugeles onlicnysse; 178. 25: he gesceop fixas and
fugelas; Ad. and R. 204.5: saga me hu fela si fleogendra fugela cynna;
Past. Care 331. 17: fleogende fugel; 349. 21: 8a fuglas; 383. 29: fugla
briddas ; A, Sz, 1. 348. 7: swilce heaflice fugelas; 370. 11: be fugelum;
386. 31; god hinne afedde Surh fugela Senunga; 492.14: feala cynna fuge-
las; GEN. 2. 19: God... geledde... Sere lyfte fugolas; Deut. 4. 17:
ne nanes nytenes ne fugeles; GEN. 40. 17, 19: fugelas; Vesp. Hy. 8. 14:
fuglas; 7.48: fugla; GEN. 7.21: fugela; Zev. 1. 14: fugelum; Dewi. 28.
26; eallum fugelum ; GEN. 15.10: buton 8a fugelas he ne todelde; Zé.
13.34: swa se fugel ded his nest under his fySeru ; 26., Lind.: fugul ;
4E. H. 1.14, 28: fugelas; 140.6: Sas lessan lac, Set sind Sa fugelas; 142.
5: God het gelomlice Sas fugelas offrian on his lace; 142. 8: culfran sind
swide unsceddige fugelas ; 142.16: Sas twa fugel-cyn ne singad na, swa
swa odre fugelas; 160. 34: fugelas habbad nest; 250. 22: fugelas ne
tymad swa swa odre nytenu; 276. 3: fugelas he gesceop; 464. 24: far to
westene, Szr nan fugel ne flyhd; 470. 23: an lytel fugel ne befyld on dead
butan Godes dihte ; 522.7: mine gemastan fugelas ; 546.6: sumum Seno-
don englas, sumum fugelas; . 7. 2. 44. 25: heo is swide gesibsum fugel ;
44. 28: on Ses fugeles hiwe; 46.16: odre lytle fugelas sind laessan Sonne
heo sy; go. 15: and fugelas tobzron; go. 20: deoflu sind fugelas gecigede ;
go. 21: swa swa fugelas dod gesewenlice; 140. 7: sy lof 3am £|mihtigan,
Se unc Surh disne fugel fedan wolde; 144.18: gewitad aweg, welhreowe
fugelas; 144. 24: ac an dera fugela....fleah to his foton; 162. 26: se
fugol weard gehyrsum his hesum; 206. 28: fugelas ; 318. 28: ma Se enig
fugel his flyhtes gewylt; 462.24: behealda®d Sas fleogendan fugelas ; 462. 25 :
wacan fugelas; 576.35; gemestra fugela; 578.6: fugelum he smeade; 516.
I1: medleasan fugelas ; A/¢. 6. 26: behealda® heofonan fuglas ; 26., Lind.-:
fuglasheofnes ; A7¢. 13.32: heofn-fuglas cumad ; Z2.9.58: heofenes fuglas ;
Mk, 4. 4: fugelas comon; AZZ. 4. 32: heofnes fugelas; i3., Zind.- heofnes
fuglas; A7¢. 8. 20: heofenes fuglas; M¢. 13.4: fuglas comon and zton ;
Lchdm. 2. 244,25: fugelas: St. Guth. 48.5: mislice fugela hwistlunge ; 48. 12:
fugela; 50, 27: him Sa fugelas underdeodde weron; 52. 13: 3a fugelas ;
52.14: Sa wildan fugelas; 52.19: wilden fugelas ; 54. 21: swa fleah se fugel
west ofer zt westen; A. H.1. 14. 28, 250.22: fugelas; 250. 26: he bid fugel ;
Th. Ps. 83.4: fugelas ; Spl. Ps. 101. 7: fugele; Th. Ps. 103. 11: heofon-
fugelas ; Vesp. Ps. 103. 12: fuglas; Spl. Ps. 103.13: fugelas; Cazz. Ps. 103.
12: fugles; Vesp. Ps. Cant, Ps. 148. 10: fuglas; Spl. Ps. 148. 10: fugelas;
- Th. Ps. 8.9: fleogende fuglas ; Vesp. Pse8.9: fuglas heofenes ; Spl. Ps. 8.
8: fugelas; Vesp. Ps. 8.9: fugles; Cant. Ps. 78. 2: fuglas heuonas ;
Spl. Ps. 78. 2: fugulum heofonas ; Th. Ps, 78. 2: fuglum; Vesp. Ps. 78. 2:
fuglum heofenes; Th. Ps. 101. 5: fugele; Chron. 671: her wes Set mycele
fugla well; Met. 24.2: ic hebbe fedru fugle swiftran; A. Hex, 8. 8, 10:
fuglas; 8. 5: fuglum; . Gr. 70. 12: swa hatte an fugel on arabiscre
Seode: 70. 14: se fugel; A. Hex. 11. 25: fleogendum fugelum ; Me¢. 27.
48: swa swa fugl odSe Dior; Epes. Alex. (Anglia 4). 372: 3a cwoman Ba
fugelas ; 374: wzron hie 8a fugelas brunes hiowes and him weron 6a nebb
and @a clea ealle blace ; 375: 3a fuglas ymbszton eallne Sone ofer Ses
meres ; 376: 8a fuglas ; 652: ne cwome ne fugel; 737: heo liged unbe-

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 43

byrged in wege fuglum to mete and wildeorum; Shrn. 57. 1, 3: fuglas; 57.
2: blecfugel ; 65.31: fleogendra fugla ; 65. 34: fuglacynna; 65.34: fugal ;
148. 3: fugelas.

2. fugolcynn. Bird-kind.

Exod. 16. 13: micel fugolcynn, fugolcynne; ©. Hex. 8. 4, 18, 19: eall
fugolcynn; A. de. V. Test. 4. 42: fisccinn and fugelcynn; Th. Ps. 146. 10:
fuglacynn; ©. H. 1.14.14: fugelcynn; 1.20.25: and of fugelcynne symble
gemacan ; Ad. and R. 204. 33: saga me hu fela si fleodendra fugela cynna;
i. Hex. 11. 9: fugolcynn; Met. 27. 38: fugla cyn; Shrn. 65. 34: fugla
cynna.

3. fugoltimber. A young bird; < fugol, bird + timber,
material.

Ph, 236: swylce earnes brid, feger fugeltimber.

4. brimfugol. Sea-fowl; < drim, sea + fugol, bird.
Wand. 47: he gesihd badian brimfuglas bredan fedra.

5. heofonfugol. ‘Fow! of the air.’
Gen, 201: heofonfugla; 1515 : heofonfuglas.

See also fugol for allied forms.

6. herefugol. A bird that follows an army; raven, vul-
ture, eagle; < here, army + fugol, bird.

Exod. 161: on hwzl hreopon herefugolas hildegredige.

7. néfugol. A bird that feeds on carrion. The follow-
ing description of birds sitting under the cliffs gorged
with their prey, seems to be that of vultures.

Gen. 2188: ac nefuglas under beorhhleodum blodig sittad Seodherga wel
Sicce gefylled.

8. s#fugol. Sea-fowl. Sa/fugol, as a proper name,
occurs in the genealogy of Alle of Northumbria; see

Chron. 560.

g. tréowfugol. Forest-bird; < ¢réow, tree + Sugol, bird.
Gu. 707: treofugla tuddor.

44 Whitman, (Vol. II

10. wigole fugules. Birds that forbode by singing, etc.

WW. 133.2: oscines aues, wigole fugules.

11. wudufugol. Wood-fowl; < wudu, wood + fugol,
bird.

Bt. 25. 20: wudufuglas, Seah hi beon wel atemede, gif hi on 3am wudu
weordad, hi forseod heora lareowas and wuniad on heora gecynde; Aet. 13.
69: wudufuglas.

LXVIITI. geolna. On record only in WW. 132.17: 1bés,
geolna. It is probable that the Egyptian ibis is meant,
if we take into consideration the definition of ibis in
Cockayne’s Shrine 29: ibin, avis in affrica habens longum
rostrum.

LXIX. stryta. Ostrich; < L. struthio, as also OHG.
struz and G. strausz. Dryssce is also given as ostrich in
Bosworth-Toller, but it is obviously a variation of S7ysce,
thrush.

WW, 258.6. strutio, struta; Cp. 8.571: ~ stryta.

LXX. éow. Griffin, half lion, half eagle.
WW, 118. 37: griffes, eow, fiderfote fugel.

LXXI. fénix. The fabulous bird phoenix.

ZB. Gr. 70, 12: hic Fenix; 70. 15: hujus Fenicis; PA. 86: feger fugel
fedrum strong, se is Fenix haten; 218: Fenix byrned; 340: Fenix bid on
middum Sreatum bidrungen.

LXXII. beardléas. Wrongly given by Bosworth-Tol-
ler as a hawk or buzzard, on the strength of the reference
WW. 171.3: ephebus uel buteo, beardleas. Buzeo is the usual
L. word for hawk, but that it was sometimes used in OE.
for young man the following reference from the glossary
in ZdA. 33 is proof positive: probum buteonem, godne geon-
gan. Du Cange, in his Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat., also defines
buteo as juvents. Beardléas, then, in the above connection
is used in its literal sense of ‘ beardless,’ i. e. youth.

No, 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 45

LXXIII. cranohawe. Given by Bosworth-Toller and
Lye as crane-hawk, on the strength of a reference in Spel-
mann’s Glossary, 7. 18: Cranohari alias Commorsus gruar-
zus,i. Accipiter qui gruem mordet. There seems to be no
authority for changing cranohari into cranohawce, thus
making it an OE. word. Du Cange says it appears in
the MS. as cranthari, and adds ‘sed legendum censet Lin-
denbrogius Cranichapich.’ This, if accepted, would make
it a Germanic word, but certainly not OE.

LXXIV. pernex. A supposed bird; probably a mis-
understanding of L. peruix, quick.
Rid. 41.66: ic meg fromlicor fleogan Sonne pernex earn od%e hafec efre

meahte.

LXXV. huilpa. The name of a sea-bird, appearing
only in Seaf. 21:
dyde ic me to gomene ganetes hleodor and huilpan sweg fore hleator

wera,

LXXVI. réodmiida. The name of a bird which can-
not be determined with any certainty; < réod, red +
mioa, mouth.

On record in WW, 234. 24: faseacus, reodmu%a, nomen avis.

46

Whitman,

INDEXES.

1. OLD ENGLISH INDEX.

gened. XLIII. I.
agu. Iv.

amore. XII. 3.
beardléas. LxxXIl.

bird. Lxv.
bleripittel. XxXxIII. 6.
brid. Lxv.

brimfugol. LXvIlI. 4.
capun. LXIV. I.
ceaffinc, VIII.

céo. V.
cicen. LXIV. 2.
cio. V.

clodhamer. XVII. 5.
coc(c), LXIVv. 3.
colmase. XIV. 5.
cran, XLVIII 1.
cranoc. XLVIII. 2.
cranohawc. LXXIII.

crawe, Ill.
culfer. LIx.
culfre. LIx.

cummiase. XIv. 6.
cfiscote. LX. I.
cyo. v.

‘cyta, XXXVI. 1.
dopenid. LVII. I.
dopfugel. LVIII. 1.
diice. XLIII, 2.
diiceling. LXIV. 5.
dtife. Lx. 3.
diifedoppa. XXXVIII. 4.
dumle. XXXVIII. 5.
earn, XXXV.I.
earncynn. XXXvV. 2.
earngéat. XXX. I.

edischen. LXIl. 3.
ened. XLIII. I.

éow. LXxX.

erschen. LXII. I.
feldefare. XVII. 4.
felofor. XLVI. 2.
f€nix. LXxXI.

fina. XXvV. 2.

finc. VII. I.

fiscere. XXVII. I.
fléogend. LXVI. I.
fola. LXIVv. 7.
frecmase. XIV. 3.
frocx. XIX. 4.
frysca. XXXVI. 3.
fugel. LXVII I,
fugeldoppe. LVIII. 2.
fugol. LXVII. I. ;
fugolcynn. LXVII. 2.
fugoltimber. LXVII. 3.
fugul. LXVIL. I.
gandra. XLI. 3.

ganet. XL.
ganot. XL.
ganra, XLI. 3.
géac. XXVI.

geolewearte. XIX. 3.
geolna. LXVIII.
giw. XXX. 2.
glida. XXXVI. 2,
goldfinc. Ix.

gos. XLI. I.
gosfugol. XLI. 2,
goshafoc. XXxXI.
greggods.. XLI. 5.
gidfugel. xxxv. 3.

[Vol. IE

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature

gudhafoc. xxxv. 4.
heferbl#te. LII. z.
hzswalwe. XXXIII. 7.
hafoc, XXXIII. 1,
hafoccynn. XXXII. 2.
hafocfugel. XXXIII. 3.
hamhenn. LXIv. It.
hana, LXIv. 12.
heapene. XIX. 2.
hegesugge. XXI.
henfugol. LxXIv. 14.
henn. LXIv. 13.
heofonfugol. Lxvit. 5.
heoroswealwe. XXXIII. 4.
herefong. XXIX.
herefugol. Lxvit. 6,
hicemase. XIV. 4.
higera. XXV. I.
higora. XXV. I.
hlzpewince. 1.
holthana. LI. 3.
hona, LXIv. 12.
hrefn. If. 1.

hragra. XLIv.
href(e)n. 1. 1.
hrefncynn. I. 2.
hrem(n). In. 1.

hric. 1.
hrondsparwa. XI. 3.
hif. xxXvuiiI. 2.
huilpa. Lxxv.
hulfestre. XLIx.
hwitgds. XLI. 4.
ilfetu. XLU. 2.
isern. XXVII. z.
kok. LxIV, 3.
lepewince. L.
lawerce. XIII.
linete. x. 1.
linetwige. x. 2.
lytfléogend. LXvI. 2.
lyftsceada. I. 4.

mzw. LV.
mdse. XIV. I,
meu. LV.

mishafoc. XXXII. 5.
néfugol. LXvIi. 7.
néodspearwa. XI. 2.

nihtegale. x1x. 1.
nihthrefn. XLv. 1.
nihthrdc. xLv. 2.
nihtlecan. Lx1r. 2.
Osle. XvuII.

pawa, LXIVv. 16.
pellican. XXXvUI. 1.
pernex, LXXIVv.
pir. LI.

redda. XxX. 3.
ragufinc. VII. 2.
raredumle. XLVI. 1.
téodmiida. Lxxvi.
rindeclifer, xxv. 3.
rudduc. xx.1.
sefugol. LXvIt. 8.
selina, XII. I.
salthaga. xx. 2.
scealfor. LvIIt. 3.
screb. XXXIX.
Scric. XVII, 2.
secgscara, LVI.
seltra. XII. 2.
snite. LII. I.
spearhafoc. XXXII.
spearwa. XI. 1.
Sspicmase. XIV. 2.
ster. VI. I.
Sterling. VI. 3.
stem. VI. 2.
stedswealwe. XXIII.
siangella, XXXVIII. 2.
stearn. LIV.

stern. LIV.

Stint. XVII. 3.
storc. XLVII.
struta. LXIx.
stryta. LXIX.
suan. XLII. I.
sugga. XV. I.
swan, XLII. I.
swealwe. XXIII.
swertling. Xv. 2.
tréowfugol. LXVII. 9.
tearn. LIV,

turtle. LxI. 1.
turtur. LXI. 2.
tysca, XXXIV.

47

48 Whitman, [Vol. II
Sisteltwige. xX. 3. wilda henn. LXIV. 15.
Srostle. XVII. 1. wildegds. XLI. 6.
Srysce, XVI. 1. worhana, LXIII. I.
Sryssce. XVI. 2. worhenn, LXIII. 2.
file. XXVIII. I. wrenna, XXIL I.
tiphebbe. LvII. 2. wrenna. XXII. I.
uuf, XXVIII. 2. wuducoce. LI. I.
vultor. XXX. 3. wuduculfre. Lx. 2.
wanfdta. XXXVIII. 3. wudufugol. LXVII. II.
welcéasega. II. 3. wuduhenn. LXII. 4.
wealhhafoc. XXXVII. wuduhona, LI. 2.
wigole fugules. LXVII. Io. wudusnite. LI. 4.
wihtel. LXII. 5. yroling. xXxXu. 2.

2. LATIN INDEX.
accipiter. XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII. I, 3. | canta. XLI. 4.
acega. LI. I, 3. capo. LXIV. 1.
acegia, LI. 1, LII. 1. cardella, x. 1, 3.
achalantis. XIX. I. cardiolus. LI. 4.
alauda. XIII. carduelis. x. 2.
alcedo. LV. cauanna. XXVIII. 1.
alcido. Lv. cente. XLI. 6.
aicion. XXVII. 2. ciconia, XLVII.
alietum. XXXII. cignus. XLII. 2.
anas, XLIII. 1, columba. LIx.
aneta, XLIII. I. coquina, LXIv. 2.
anser. XLI. 1, 3, 4, 5. corax. IL
aquila, XXXV.1. cornicula. v.
ardea, XLIV. cornix. III, Vv.
ardonz. XIX. 2. coruus. II.
arpa. XXX. I. coturnix. LXII. I, 3.
astur, XXXIII. 7. cucu. L.
auca. XLI. 1. cuculus. XXVl.
auricinctus. IX. cucuzata, XXII. 2, L.
avis. LXVII. I. culina, LXIV. 3, 12.
barrulus. VII. 2. die perdulum. XLIv.
beacita. LIv. falco. XXXVII.
bicoca. Lil. z, LIII. faseacus. LXXVI.
birbicariolus. XXII. I, 2. fasianus. LXIII,
bitorius. XXII. I. ficedula. Xv. 2.
bizus. XXXIV. ficetula, XV. I, XXI.
bubo. XXVIII. I, z. fringella. VII. 1.
bugium. XVII. 4, 5. fulica, LVI.
buteo, XXXVI. I, LXXII. fulix. XL, LVII.
butio. XXXVI. 1, 3. 'fursianus, LXIII. 1,
butium. XXXVI. 1, 3. gallina, LXxIv. 13.

No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature

gallinaceus, LxIv. 1.
gallus. LXIVv. 3, 12.
gans. XLI. 5.

gracculus. 1, v.
grallus. 1.

griffes. Lxx.

griphus. XXX. 2.

grus, XLVIII. I, 2.
herodius. XXXVII, XLII. I.
-hirundo. xxiv.

ibis. XXV. 3, XXXIX, LXVIII.
larus. XLIV, LV.
laudariulus. XIV. 3.
luscinia. XIX. I.
luscinius. XIX. 4.
luscinus. XIX. 3.
marsopicus. XXV. 2.
merga. XXXIX.
mergulus, LVIII.
mergus. LVIII.

merula, XVII. I, XVIII.
miluus. XXXVI. 2.
mocticorax. XLV. I.
noctua. XXVIII. I, XLV. I.
nycticorax. XLV. I, 2.
olor. XLII. I.
onocratalum. XLVI. 2.
onocratarum. XLVI. I.
ortigometra. LVI. 3, LXII.
oscines aues, LXVII. Io.
ossifragus. XXIX.
palumba. Lx. I, 2.
pantigatum. LI. 2.
parra, XIV. 5, 6.

parrax. XIV. 4, XXII. I.

parrula, XIV. 1, 2, 5.
parula. xXIv. 1.
passer. XI. 1, 4.
pauo. LXIV. 16,

pellicanus, XXXVIII. 2, 3, 4.

pica. Iv.

picus. XXvV. 4, 2.
pluvialis. x11x,
porfyrio. XLVI. z.
progna, XXIV,

pullus. LxIV, 2, 7, LXv.
rapariolus. XXVIII.
vipariolus. XXIII.
roscinia. XIX. I.
yubesta. Xl. 2
rubisca. XII. I, XX. I, 2, 3.
scorellus. XVII. 4, 5.
scorelus. XII. 3.
scoricarius. XXXIII. 5, 6.
scutacis. VIII.
scutacus. VII. 2.

strix, XXVIII. £.
stronus. VI. I, 2.
strutio. XVI. 2; LXIX,
sturnus. VI. I, 3.
tanticus. XXII. 2.
tilaris. XIII.

torax. XLVI. 2,

trutius. XVI. I.
turdella. XVII. I, LVIII.
furdus, Vi. %, SVU. 2, 3.
turtur, LXI.

ulula, XXVIII. I.
whltur: kX, Tt,

vultur, XXVIII. z.

3. MODERN ENGLISH INDEX.

bird. LXV, LXVI, LXVII, I.
bittern. XLVI. I, 2.
blackbird. xvru.
blue titmouse. XIV. 4.
bunting. XII. 1, 2.
buzzard. XXXIV, LXXII.
capon., LXIV. 1.
chaffinch. vIIt.
chicken. LXIV. 2, 7.

4

chough. v.
coal-titmouse. XIV. 5, 6.
cock. LXIV. 3, 12.
coot, LVII.

cormorant. XXXIX.
corn-crake, LVI.
crane. XLVIII. I, 2.
crane-hawk. LXXIII
crow. III.

49

50 Whitman, The Birds of Old English Literature (Vol. 1}

cuckoo. XXVI.
diving fowl. LVIII. 1-3.
dove. LIX.

drake, XLIII. I, 2.
duck, XLII. 1, 2.
duckling. LXIV. 5.
dunlin. Litt.

eagle. XXXV.

falcon, XXXVII.
fieldfare. XVII. 4, 5.
finch. VII. I, 2.
gander. XLI. 3.
gannet. XL.

gawk. XXVI.
goldfinch. 1x.

goose. XLI. I, 2.
goshawk, XxxXI.
gray goose. XLI. 5.
griffin. Lxx.

hawk. XXXIII. I, 3, 7.
hedge-sparrow. XXI.
hen. LXIV. I1, 13, I5.
heron. XLIv.

ibis. LXVIII.
kingfisher. XXVII. I, 2.
kite. XXXVI. I-3.
land-rail. Lvl.
lapwing. L.
laverock. XIII.
linnet. xX. I-3.
magpie. Iv,

mew. LY.
missel-thrush. XVII. 2, 3.

mouse-hawk, XXXIII. 5, 6.

night-heron. XLV. I, 2.
night-raven. XLV. I, 2.
nightingale. xix. I-4.
osprey. XXIX.
ostrich. LXIXx.
ouzel. XVIII.

owl, XXVIII. I, 2.
peacock. LXIv. 16.
pelican. XXXVIII. I-5.
pheasant. LXIII.
phoenix. LXxI.
plover. XLIx.

quail. LxII. 1-5.
raven. II.

redbreast. XxX. I-3.
ring-dove. LX. I, 2.
rook. 1.

sand-martin. XXIII. ,
sea-fowl. LXvII. 4, 8.
sea-gull. Lv.
sea-swallow. LIV.
sky-lark. XIII.

snipe. LII. I, 2.

song thrush. XVII. 1.
sparrow. XI. I-3.
sparrow-hawk. XXXII.
starling. VI. I-3.
stork. XLVII.
swallow. XXIV.

swan. XLII. I, 2.

tern. LIV.

throstle. XVII. I.
thrush, XVI. I, 2.
titmouse. XIV. I~3.
turtle-dove. LXI. I, 2.
vulture. XXX. I-3.
warbler. XV. 1, 2.
white goose. XLI. 4.
wild goose. XLI. 5, 6.
wild hen. LxIv. 14.
woodcock. LI. I-4.
wood-fowl. LXVII. 9, II.
woodpecker. XXvV. I-3.
wood-pigeon. LX. I, 2.
wren. XXII. I, 2.
yellowhammer. XII. 3.

' CHARLES HUNTINGTON WHITMAN.

Yate University.

i iiing

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