Popular Official Guide TO = The New Bork Zoological Park WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. Director and General Curator MOUNTAIN SHEEP EDITION WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Pew Bork Zoological Society OnLy AUTHORIZED GUIDE Price 25 Cents COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031715729 Cornell University Library arV17441 i 4 031 715 729 olin, oe nA i] cs) = 8, », va “, ZW ee 3, Oy aS A\ *ALBIOOS WOIDOI0OZ “AN ‘L061 ‘LHOINADOD “ACN ‘O1WSSNB 'SHYOM dNYHLYON-GM3HLLVW SHL * ¢ ‘faviay yond OL “HO ‘emoqueag "Wl 'D oe) i ** FT ‘sosnoy] viqeZ F % a io eno “az ‘saad’ JIOMA 17" ‘sioq 2 oer wg ‘asnoy] 1007 €H €€ ‘PITA ‘SAoyINL, CHT uod lag 1 oa OT “Peel “100d eH BE POT WOOL ZI" FM’ tH iv cree St cH : 7 : ms yor? wy Ss TVALNII HYOA MIN 8 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 15 fort buildings, entrances, grading, excavating of large ponds and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for animal build- ings. Up to April 1, 1918, the Zoological Society had ex- pended, of its own funds, for plans, construction and live animals, about $593,444, which had been derived from its special subscription fund, and from the annual dues and fees of its members. Privileges.—Because of the fact that the Zoological Soci- ety has undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoolog- ical Park, the City of New York has agreed that all the revenue-producing privileges of the Park shall ke controlled by the Society. ; The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins at the Buffalo Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the ranges, corrals and buildings for Hoofed Animals, along the southern and western sides of the Park, to the Axis Deer Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor leaves Baird Court, going south. -The large, open pastures are called ‘‘ranges,’’ and the smaller fenced enclosures are known as ‘‘corrals.’’ The fences are chiefly of hard steel wire, so strong and elastic that the animals cannot break through them. 26 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. AMERICAN BISON: BULL. Warning.—Visitors must never stand close beside a wire fence or gate, because its elasticity between posts might enable a charging animal to strike a person so standing and inflict a serious injury, even though the fence or gate is not im the least affected by the blow. THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52. Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope House (No. 50), and from the Rocking Stone to the southern boundary, lies an open expanse of rolling meadow land, with a total area of about twenty acres. It is almost surrounded by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying strip of rich meadow, which les under the shelter of the rocky, tree- covered ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the higher plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. It is the first enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters the Park from West Farms by way of the Boston Road. On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking Stone, are the four corrals, and the Bison House. The latter is a rustic hillside barn, eighty feet in length, with a semicircular front, affording shelter and feed storage for thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo House is open to the public from the main walk, and has been speci- ally designed as a convenient lookout over the main range NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 27 EUROFEAN BISON: BULL. and corrals. There are other corrals, and a shelter shed, at the Buffalo Entrance. The American Bison, or Buffalo, (B. americanus), is the largest and the best known of all North American hoofed animals. What was once the universal herd, which occu- pied the whole pasture region of the West, was cut in twain in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental rail- way. The great ‘‘southern herd,’’ of several millions of animals, was destroyed by skin hunters during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, and the practical extinction of the northern herd was accomplished between 1880 and 1884. At present there are but two herds of wild bison in existence. The largest band, now containing by estimate about 300 individuals, inhabits a wide stretch of barren and inhospitable territory southwest of Great Slave Lake. About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more than nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaught- ered by poachers since 1890. There are now about 2000 bison alive in captivity, chiefly in large private game pre- serves. Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. Full maturity is not reached until the end of the seventh year, when the horns of the male—at first a straight spike— have attained their full semi-circular curve. Like all thick- haired animals of the temperate zone, the American bison 28 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage until October or November. The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as domestic cattle. In appearance, it is the most imposing of all bovine animals, and with two exceptions it is also the largest. In captivity its disposition is mild, though inclined to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull be- comes so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from the herd, and treat him as a dangerous animal. With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire bison herd is the gift of the late William C. Whitney, and the increase therefrom. The total number of head on hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two. In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the United States Government a herd of fifteen bison to serve as a nucleus for an independent National herd. The Government very promptly fenced an area of twelve square miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita. Forest and Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The plan was consummated during 1907. The effort has proven completely successful, and on April 1, 1913, the herd con- tained thirty-seven bison, all in fine condition. European Bison.—In a corral adjoining the Buffalo En- trance, on the Boston Road, are to be found two specimens of the rare and almost extinct European Bison, (Bos bona- sus). This species is the nearest living relative of the American bison, and the two specimens (male and female), now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession of the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were ac- quired from the small captive herd in the forest of the Prince of Pless, in Silesia, south-eastern Germany, and are the first living specimens of the species to be exhibited in America. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Nor- man James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. Leonard J. Sanford. The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter and less abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders than our bison, a tail densely covered with hair throughout its length, very long legs, and a short body. But for royal protection, this species would long ere this have become extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head were living, but in 1892 the total had decreased to 491. It NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 29 appears, however, that an increase can safely be announced. An estimate recently published (1906) places the total number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while in the captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless there are 46 more. About 700 of the survivors inhabit the forests of Bielowitza and Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Rus- sia, and are strictly protected by the Czar. Other bands still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes ranging up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, they live in scattered bands of from three to ten indi- viduals. All the survivors of this species are so jealously guarded that very few of the zoological gardens of Europe have been able to procure specimens. This animal is very often miscalled the ‘‘aurochs,’’ and from this error much confusion has arisen. The true aur- ochs, (Bos primigenius), was the wild progenitor of some of the existing breeds of domestic cattle, but it is now extinct. MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44. The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceed- ingly interesting group of animals. In form they are odd and picturesque, and in temper and mentality they are everything that could be desired. All the year round, deer are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle. Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man’s interest in them, and even when not fond of attention, they act sen- sibly when it is necessary to handle them. The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is one of the most interesting features of the Park. Mountain Sheep Hill is the first high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, and its northern end is very near the Bear Dens and Reptile House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite 500 feet long and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing animals that love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the slopes of bare rock, set in patches of hard, green turf, are almost ideal. In the eastern face of the ridge, rock excava- tions have been made, and five roomy caves have been con- structed in such a manner that they are cool in summer, warm in winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX. BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 31 the six wire enclosures on Mountain Sheep Hill contained the following species: Suleiman Markhor. Persian Wild Goat. Arcal Mountain Sheep. Himalayan Tahr. Mouflon. Aoudad: Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they do not thrive on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain Goat and Chamois are exhibited elsewhere. The former will be found near the Pheasant Aviary, and the latter at the Small-Deer House. Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that in winter, the Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep are exhibited an the Small-Deer House. The White-Fronted Musk-Ox, (Ovibos wardi, Lydekker), is represented in the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five of these animals were born in May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, and captured in that year by Paul J. Rainey and Harry C. Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth individu- al, a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Mel- ville Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph Bernier. Owing to the domineering temper of ‘‘Miss Mel- ville,’’ it is not possible to keep her with the animals a year younger than herself, because she resents their presence in her corral. The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting a small portion of the Arctic regions of the western hemi- sphere, up to the very northernmost points of land east of the Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger (Latitude 81°, 40’), its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and later on to Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands in a genus of its own (Ovibos), midway between the cattle and the sheep, but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to eall it a ‘‘musk-sheep.”’ An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the shoulders and is 6 ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen was a female, two vears old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in. in total length. Her entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine light brown hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long, straight hair specially designed to shed rain. The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern Canada north of Latitude 64° from Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay, Grant Land. and the northeast coast of Green- land from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70°) to the most 32 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. MOUFLON ARCAL SHEEP northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens have been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, by Swedish and Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary Arctic Club, of New York, presented to the New York Zoclogical Society a young calf which was captured by Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived only a few months. The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep, (Ozis canadensis), is exhibited in the Zoological Park, whenever it may be ob- tained. The efforts that have been made in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize the Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the ex- treme difficulty involved in keeping specimens of that species alive and in good condition anywhere in the Missis- sippi Valley, or on the Atlantic coast. The changes of at- 4 HIMALAYAN TAHR BURRHEL NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 33 CHAMOIS MARKHOR mosphere and temperature seem more violent than Ameri- can mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and thus far all specimens tried have died within a compara- tively few months. In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a bold, hardy and robust animal. He is high-headed, keen- sighted, and a sure-footed mountaineer. He dwells in the wildest and most picturesque country that he can find be- tween the ‘‘bad-lands’’ of western North Dakota and the line of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive cir- cling horns render his head a much-coveted trophy, and his flesh is most excellent food. A full-grown ram (Ovis cana- densis) stands 41 inches in height at the shoulders, and weighs 316 pounds. This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico to northern British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., a | AOUDAD PERSIAN WILD GOAT 34 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. reaches its finest development) in southeastern British Co- lumbia. In Northwest Alaska other related species occur. A female specimen from southeastern British Columbia was exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (Ovis nelsont) was also here. As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that have been kept in their home region until they are at least a year and a half old, they will be purchased and exhibited. The Mouflon, (Ovis musinion), or Wild Sheep of Sar- dinia, is represented by a fine pair of specimens presented by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of London, and a young male born in the Park. The female of the adult pair was cap- tured when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. Egerton. The ram of this species is handsomely colored, and this specimen is noted for his friendliness, and his fond- ness for admiration. The Arcal Mountain Sheep, (Ovis cycloceros), is one of the smallest mountain sheep of India of the ‘‘big-horn’”’ type (with circling horns). The fully adult male, with its long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and proud postures, is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and southern Persia. The Burrhel, or Blue Mountain Sheep, (Ovis burrhel), also of northern India, is of quite a different mould from the preceding species. Its countenance has almost a benign expression, and its curious out-pointing horns, of large size give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded as the most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it is not imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is not so hardy as the preceding species, and there may be periods when there are no specimens on exhibition. The Aoudad, or Barbary Wild Sheep, (Ovis tragelaphus), comes from the hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and it endures the cold, wet climate of New York in a manner sufficient to put to shame our American mountain sheep, goat and other western ruminants. The largest male Aou- dad of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is as fond of admiration as any peacock, and often poses in striking attitudes on the highest point of his rocks. He was born here on March 19, 1902. The Himalayan Tahr, (Hemitragus jemlaicus), is really a wild goat, of very odd and picturesque aspect, native of NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 35 the higher ranges of the Himalayas of northern India. Its horns are short and thick, and its body is covered with long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and precipices, just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest- loving animal. Its hair is the longest to be found on any member of the two subfamilies of goats and goat-like ani- mals. The pair on exhibition have bred here, and the young have been successfully reared to maturity. The young Tahr is very small, but remarkably nimble-footed and capable. The Chamois, (Rupicapra tragus), has usually been repre- sented in the hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its proper installation. Our individuals have not thriven on Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill soon after being placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small wire pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House (No. 833A), and there we keep them. This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related to the American Mountain Goat. It is a bold moun- taineer, and even to-day is pictorially represented as leap- ing ‘‘from crag to crag’’ across chasms apparently 200 feet wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, especially the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus Mountains. But it is not so exclusively a crag-dweller, as most persons have been led to suppose, for in many local- ities it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other moun- tain ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in winter they seek lower and more sheltered situations. They are exceedingly wary and agile, and sure-footed on danger- ous ground. THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50. The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on a high, tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological Park. The situation seems as if specially formed by Na- ture to be occupied by this building, and its outside en- closures. The drainage is quite perfect, and the yards are well-shaded. The building has been designed to meet the wants of giraffes and large African antelopes of all kinds, more especially those which require 60° of heat in winter. 36 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE. The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in ex- treme width. In architectural style it conforms with the other large animal buildings of the Park. Both for visitors and for its animals, it is roomy and well lighted, and in every way fitted to house and display a large and valuable collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 in- terior compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air yards for use in mild weather. This building was com- pleted and occupied on October 17, 1903, and with all its surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000. As the visitor will observe from the following enumera- tion of species, our collection of large and rare African and Asiatic antelopes is very rich. Unfortunately, until the completion of the Zebra House releases the apartments now occupied by the equines, a number of species which belong in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered else- where. The Nubian or Three-Horned Giraffes, (Giraffa camelo- pardalis), are at present the most important and interesting animals in the building. The pair came from German East Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve years old, and cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height, and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 37 animals, and have been in good health ever since their arrival. Their food consists of clover hay, broken forage- biscuits, an assortment of raw vegetables carefully cut into small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock salt. A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting con- ditions. According to the point of view, the total number of species and subspecies may be reckoned at any number from three to six, inclusive. According to the specimens in hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (Giraffa capen- sis), seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three- Horned Giraffe, (G. camelopardalis). Next, the Somali Gi- raffe, (G. reticulata), of the Lake Rudolph region and north- ern British East Africa, seems fairly separable. At first the Five-Horned Giraffe, of western Uganda, seemed quite distinct, but now British naturalists hesitate about accord- ing to it rank as a separate species, because of its inter- gradation with the Nubian form, (camelopardalis). Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that the Giraffes of to-day represent the midway stage of an effort to develop several species from the parent stock, the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the species here rep- resented. The existing forms, including all species and sub- species, intergrade and run together in a manner that is fairly bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain un- influenced by man for a sufficiently long period the prob- abilities are that the species now branching off would be clearly established. The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe is the three-horned species, found from central Uganda southward. The five-horned variety meets the former in Uganda, and occurs from that region westward to the edge of the great equatorial forest, and on westward even to Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in Uganda, Kahma’s country, and a few other protected dis- tricts, the Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the regions that are accessible to hunters. Thousands of these wonderful creatures have been killed by hunters, both white and black, solely for the sake of seeing them dead, and leaving them as prey to the hyenas and hunting-dogs. It seems to be beyond the power of most men who can shoot to see living wild animals, no matter how large or wonderful, without desiring to reduce them to carcasses, fit only for scavengers. 38 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. NUBIAN GIRAFFES. The Eland, (Taurotragus oryx), is the largest and most imposing of all antelopes. As might be inferred from its great size, it is now so nearly extinct that it has almost dis- appeared from the lists of dealers in wild animals. The fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at Woburn Park. The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair. Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of eastern and southern Africa, here represented, was once numerous on many of the fertile plains of the great plateau now known as Rhodesia, and in fact throughout nearly the whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the Cape to the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and modern firearms have reduced the countless thonsands of the great herds to numbers so small that the capture and exportation of Elands have practically ceased. Although a number of Elands have been born in cap- tivity, the number on public exhibition still remain very small. The only captive herd known to the writer is that of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England, which is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living wild animals. The White-Tailed Gnu, (Connochaetes gnu), once was abundant in South Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it has shared the fate of all the other large mammals of that NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 39 region, and only a few scattered bands still exist. Nearly all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in parks and gardens. Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and remarkable form. It has a _ nose of strange shape, its horns are curiously formed, the hair on its head and neck exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are oddly mod- eled. Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the “‘Horned Horse.”’ The White-Bearded Gnu, (Connochaetes albojubatus), is noticeably larger than the white-tailed species, and in some respects it presents a finer appearance. Its bulk is con- siderably greater, and its color is more pleasing. This spe- cies bears a strong resemblance to the third species, which is knuwn as the Brindled or Blue Gnu, (Connochaetes tau- rinus), from which the former is distinguished by its white mane and jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide intervals the White-Bearded species inhabits southern East Africa, from about 8. Lat. 23°, to the Albert Nyanza and Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast. In only one locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th me- ridian. To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa and the southern portions of Uganda. The Addax Antelope, (dAddar naso-maculatus), is a spiral- horned antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. Its extremely broad and spreading hoofs betoken a dweller upon sand, and are strongly suggestive of the snow-shoe hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is not to be taken without making a journey into the desert, with camels. The Leucoryx Antelope, (Oryx leucoryx), is the only member of its genus which has curved horns. Because of the length and very slight curvature of the horns, this species has by some writers been spoken of as the Sabre Antelope, and by a mischievous perversion that name has been turned into ‘‘Sable’’ Antelope, which refers to a totally different ereature, (Hippotragus niger). Anyone who places an order for the purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a Leucoryx instead of Hippotragus niger, is profoundly dis- appointed. This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert region of North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal coun- 40 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. BEATRIX ANTELOPE BLESSBOK try. It is breeding regularly here, and the offspring mature successfully. The largest Leucoryx horns on record meas- ure 395% inches. The Beisa Antelope, (Oryx beisa), is a good representative of the group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus Oryx. Of all the long-horned species, the two Beisas and the Gemsbok of Africa, and the Beatrix of Arabia, are the only species possessed of horns that are practically straight from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and most showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good second, however. The horns of all these antelopes grow to great length, and are excellent weapons for use in encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores. The largest horns of record measure 40 inches. The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin on the Red Sea southward to the Equator. The Beatrix Antelope, (Oryx beatrix), of the Arabian Desert, is one of the rarest antelopes to be found in cap- tivity, and at this date this interesting species is represented by a fine pair of specimens. The longest horns of record measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen this animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding for three years, and has reared two young. The Sable Antelope, (Hippotragus niger), is by many persons regarded as the handsomest of all the numerous species of African antelopes. In appearance it is very proud and high-headed; it has imposing horns that sweep backward in a semicircular carve; its large eyes and alert air betoken keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 41 LEUCORYX ANTELOPE WHITE-TAILED GNU white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native veldt it has now become a very rare species, and seldom is taken by sportsmen. The fine male specimen in the Park was presented by Miss Jean Walker Simpson. The Sing-Sing Waterbuck, (Cobus unctuosus), is a crea- ture of the lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall reeds that border many of the rivers of West Africa, above the great equatorial forest. In captivity it sometimes is one of the most insanely nervous and irrational creatures imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries. The Blessbok, (Damaliscus albifrons), is a small but hand- some purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly extinct. Formerly a number of herds were preserved on fenced farms in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, but it is feared that none of them survived the Boer War. This species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler described a vast plain as being ‘‘purple with Blessbok.’’ The Nilgai, (Portar tragocamelus), is the largest of the Indian antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high shoulders of a Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small horns give it, beside the large antelopes of Africa, a very commonplace and unfinished appearance. The males and females are as differently colored as if they belonged to different species. This animal inhabits the roughest portions of the central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to the Himalayas. In northern India it is found along the rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and barren tracts of ravines which in character and origin resemble our western **bad-lands.’’ 42 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer House, the next building in order. THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49. In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, an- telopes and gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that | are not too large. For such creatures, freedom in a large enclosure usually means early death from accident or ex- posure. The very important building called the Small-Deer House has been erected with special reference to the wants of the interesting little hoofed animals which are too small for the Antelope House and the large ranges. In winter it will shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats, which are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Moun- tain Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected here. The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to the Antelope House, and westward thereof. Of the build- ings of secondary rank, it is one of the most satisfactory, being roomy, well-lighted and capable of comfortably hous- ing and displaying a large and varied collection. The struc- ture is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains thirty compartments, each of which, under stress of ne- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 43 iS bas A A er PN LORS LIES aisha a SABLE ANTELOPE. cessity, can be partitioned, and formed into two. The in- terior compartments are each 10 feet wide by 10 feet deep. The building is surrounded by a series of 34 corrals, con- necting with the interior compartments, the average size of each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. All the fences are of wire, and were specially designed in the Park for this installation. It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of the living animals in this building which will permanently apply, and the best that can be attempted is an approxima- tion. Jt is an inexorable law of Nature that the smallest animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and in a zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day and gone to-morrow. In the following enumeration, men- tion will be made only of those species which are likely to remain longest on exhibition; and it may be observed that in this building there will be found various animals which are neither deer nor antelopes. Tue Smarty Deer. Osceola White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus virginianus os- ceola), is an interesting geographic race of the northern White-Tailed Deer which forms the parent stem of a group of six or seven subspecies. The robust and hardy northern type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually dimin- 44 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. See REDUNCA ANTELOPE. ishes in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a small and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers bearing only two or three small tines. The next form has so widely diverged from the original type that it is necessary to accord it rank as a full species. The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus sinaloae), is still smaller and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of specimens shown was obtained by Mr. and Mrs. C. William Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico, and are highly interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the Odocoi- leus chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species there are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main beam, curving over at the tip, and terminating in a rounded point. It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group, (Odocoileus), is very well represented in South America by O. weigmanni of the Guianas. The Marsh Deer, (Blastoceros paludosus), of eastern South America, is the largest South American deer. Our first specimen was obtained in 1904. Its antlers are strong- ly built but short, and in architecture resemble the antlers of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer, (Cervus schomburgki) ; but the latter has on each beam three double bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh Deer has very large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL. PARK. 45 seem have been developed by many generations of existence on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles along river banks, in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable length. This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it is by no means certain that it can constantly be exhibited here. There is another South American species, (Blastoceros campestris), which is a zoological understudy, or miniature, of the large Marsh Deer. The Black-Faced Brocket, (Mazama tema), whenever it can be obtained, will represent a group of American deer which is as little known in the United States as if it in- habited the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are smaller than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp- pointed spike of bone only three inches long. The adult animal is only 25 inches in shoulder height, which is about the size of the muntjac of India. Of the Brockets there are several species, mostly South American, but from skulls and horns received we now know that it is found as far north as the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that locality is constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for us, and no doubt will shortly succeed. For the reason that Wwe expect specimens in the near future, this species is in- cluded. The Hog Deer, (Cervus porcinus), which is very unlike a hog, and is libeled by its name, is a small species from India, which is provided with long and well-shaped antlers having a total of six points. Sometimes the adult males are spot- ted in summer, and sometimes they are not. This species stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well in captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal. The Molucca Deer, (Cervus moluccensis), is a thiek- bodied, scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the Malay sambar, (Cervus unicolor). Of all deer it is one of the least beautiful. Its hair resembles the bristles of a wild hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber brown. It belongs to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really marks, both geographically and in size, the farthest departure from the type species of the group. a The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer, (Cervus muntjac), is one of the most interesting of all species of small deer. In one respect it is unique. Its tiny antlers, which are only 4% inches in length, are placed high up on stems of solid bone, which sometimes rise 334 inches clear of the cranium. 46 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. SASIN ANTELOPE. These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to the burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are continued down the face to the nasal bones, and form the two sharply defined facial ridges which have given this creature one of its popular names. In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, the leopard, axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its numerous enemies by hiding behind logs, and scurrying through the thick underbush so swiftly that its pursuers can not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent food. From its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often ealled the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and its bright fawn color attracts to it much attention. The Musk Deer, (Moschus moschiferus), of northern In- dia, Tibet and Southern China is the creature which pro- duces the well-known musk perfume of commerce. The product is secreted by the male in the ‘‘rutting’’ season. This species is one of the smallest of the true deer. Its most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long and sharp canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which project far below the lower jaw. No horns are present in this animal. Being short-lived in captivity, and also diffi- cult to obtain, it must be classed as an intermittent exhibit. THe SMALL AFRICAN ANTELOPES. In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabit- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 47 ing Africa, of which many fine examples will be found in the Antelope House, there is an extensive series of small species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in antelopes, great and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia and Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like so many stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The fertile, grassy plains of the great Central African plateau have cradled scores of species, some of which have wandered into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile swamps, and there made their permanent homes. The Black-Buck, or Sasin Antelope, (Antilope cervicapra), of the central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest of the smaller antelopes. The horns of the male are long, strongly ringed, twisted spirally, and rise from the head in the shape of a V, sometimes to a length of 28 inches. At first the young males are fawn-colored, like the females, but as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a rich, brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers Ganges and Jumna, herds of Black-Buck live in densely pop- ulated agricultural regions, and one of the greatest difficul- ties attendant upon its pursuit lies in shooting an animal without also shooting the native. The Reedbuck, (Cervicapra arundinum), of South Africa, below Angola and Mozambique, is closely related to the larger and much more showy waterbucks, but is distin- guished from them by the pronounced forward curve of its horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals. The Common Duiker Antelope, (Cephalophus grimmt), or for that matter, any species of Duiker—may be regarded as the representative of a large group of very small African antelopes, of wide distribution. There are about twenty species in all, and the great majority of them are very modestly colored, in coats of oue or two colors only. The prevailing tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The horns of the various species of Duikers are all very much alike. With but one or two exceptions, their horns are straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In shoulder height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the major- ity are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species are strikingly colored. The Four-Horned Antelope, (Tetraceros quadricoriis) is a small creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far 48 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Epes RT x GREAT GRAY KANGAROO. from belonging to that genus. It is an inhabitant of the brushy plains of India, and enjoys the unique distinction of possessing two pairs of horns. In addition to the 4-inch pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller pair, usually only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area of the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope which possesses two pairs of horns. The Springbuck, (Antidorcas cuchore), is to South Africa as the ‘‘prong-horn’’ is to our great western plains. Once, both were abundant, and the first hoofed animal to greet the traveler who entered their respective domains. To-day, both species are so nearly extinct that the hunter must search long before finding even one. The Springbuck re- ceived its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of leaping high into the air when running—a habit which also is displayed by the black-buck of India. The Gazelles are found only in Asia and Africa, and the number of species is about 25. In general terms they may be described as dainty antelopes,—so slender and delicate in leg construction that it seems strange that such slender bones can support a tall animal without breaking. The Dorcas Gazelle, of Arabia, (Gazella dorcas), is the species which most frequently finds its way into captivity, and it will serve very well as a specimen species for the whole group. Despite its delicate and frail appearance, it NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 49 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT. is much more enduring in captivity than many animals which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park * in 1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite belies the reputation of the ‘‘gentle gazelle.’’ Although loyal and kind to his cage-mate, toward human beings gen- erally he has manifested a very savage disposition, and in one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of his own horns. The Indian Gazelle, (Gazella benncti),—frequently called in its home country Ravine ‘‘Deer,’’—is a habitant of the sterile, water-washed ravines of northern and central India, which are the oriental counterpart of our western ‘‘bad- lands.’’ This animal inhabits the same regions as the black- buck, but because of the religious scruples of the Hindoos against the taking of life, both species are secure from at- tack—until the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A full-grown Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. The females of this species possess horns, which are very slender, and vary in length from 4 to 8% inches. MisceELLANEouS MAMMALS. The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various mammals which are there shown because it is a practical impossibility to provide a separate building for each group. 50 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. The Wild Swine of the world are here represented by three noteworthy species: The Red River-Hog, (Potamochacrus pencillatus), of West Africa, is about the only handsome species of swine that Nature has produced. In form it is compact and well-turned, its long pencil-tipped ears are of pleasing pattern, and its hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of our specimen is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown ‘‘Clarence,’’ the East African Wart-Hog, (Phacochaerus aethiopicus), who is equally interesting, but in a different way. This species is very weird in form. The Collared Peccary, (Tagassu angulatum), beside it is more like the wild swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so dangerous as general reputation demands. The Kangaroos.—Seldom is there found in Nature a group of large-animal species whose members are so monotonously similar in general appearance as are the Kangaroos and Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are either gray or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in the big Red Kangaroo, (Macropus rufus). THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48. Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which ean exhibit even one living specimen of the White Moun- tain Goat. It is a very difficult matter to take an animal from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly un- accustomed. We have been successful in establishing here, on a breed- ing basis this rare and difficult animal, (Oreamnos mon- tanus). One kid was born in 1908 and another in 1910, and both have thriven, the former now being so large as to look like an adult specimen. For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these animals—like the chamois and mouflon quartered in small pens near the Small-Mammal House—do not thrive in any of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain Sheep Hill. They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been devoted a rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, according to the weather. To see them walking nonchalant- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 51 ly over the steep roof, or perching upon its peak, is one of the drollest sights of the Park. The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called ‘‘goat an- telope,’’ belongs to a smail group known as the Rupicaprines or rock antelopes. It inhabits many different kinds of ter- ritory, but usually the rugged sides and summits of high mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern Mon- tana and northern Washington, northward to the head of Cook Inlet on the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, with label.) The valley of the upper Yukon contains prac- tically no goats. They are most abundant in southeastern British Columbia, where in a very small area, in September, 1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted 239 individuals. Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were eaptured a few days after their birth, in May, 1905, about seventy miles north of Fort Steele, British Columbia. They arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to this date they have thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would have in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover hay obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their coats, in the spring, they are almost as white as snow, but with months of use, their pelage becomes soiled and slightly discolored. A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 inches in shoulder height, and weighs, on scales, from 258 to 300 pounds. THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. The Prong-Horned Antelope, (Antilocapra americana), is an animal in which Americans should now take special in- terest. Structurally, the Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has been found necessary to create for it a special zoological family, called Antilocapridac, of which it is the sole mem- ber. This is due to the following facts: (1) This is the only living mammal possessing hollow horns (grow- ing over a bony core) which sheds them annually; (2) it is the only animal possessing a hollow horn which bears a prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no ‘‘dew claws,’’ as other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed directly above the eye; (5) the long hair of the body and neck is tubular; and (6) that on the rump is erectile. Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our next large 52 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. AMERICAN PRONG HOLKNED ANTELOPE. species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the rate at which the bands have been disappearing during the last fifteen years, ten years more will, in all probability, wit- ness the extermination of the last individuals now struggling to exist outside of rigidly protected areas. It was the inten- tion of the Society to make liberal provision for the study of the species while it is yet possible to obtain living specimens, for fifty years hence our graceful and zoologically interest- ing Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo. Unfortu- nately, however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, there will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be temporarily absent from the Park. Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the whole of the great pasture region which stretches eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the western borders of Iowa and Missouri. Northward its range extended far into Mani- toba; southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it also ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada to southern California. Its chosen home was the treeless plains, where the rich buffalo grass and bunch grass afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the beau- tiful mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even lived contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its voluntary presence, coupled with the absence of water, con- stituted a problem which has puzzled the brain of many a desert traveller. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 53 BACTRIAN CAMEL. To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the antelope are not rigidly protected, they are going fast. Those in the Yellowstone Park are protected against man only to be devoured by the wolves which infest the Park. Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy animal. The kids are very difficult to rear; they are at all times easily hurt by accident, and even in a state of nature this species suffers more severely in winter than any other North American ruminant. Often the herds drift helplessly before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from freezing and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin and weak. THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39. Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more than an ordinary animal unit in a zoological park. On the high plains of central and southwestern Asia, and through- out the arid regions of Africa, it is an institution. Without it, many portions of the Old Warld would be uninhabitable by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it is a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints and objections; but remember that it goes so far back to- ward the foundations of man’s dynasty, that beside it the oldest American history seems but a record of yesterday. 54 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ALPACA. It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which could for fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse by man without being altered out of all resemblance to its original form. All races of mankind and all breeds of domestic animals save one, change and continue to change, indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on the same, forever. The Bactrian Camel, (Camcelus bactrianus), he of the long shaggy hair—when not shedding—and the two great humps, is the beast of heavy burden, the four-footed freight-car of the desert sands. He can carry 550 pounds of freight, for three or four days between drinks; but a swift pace is not for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species, from distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine weather offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand near the Large Bird-House. It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest pelage only in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, and camel-riding is out of the question. Promptly upon the approach of warm weather and a million visitors, it sheds its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if shorn by a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one of which will at all times be found regularly exhibited at the Camel House, close by the Crotona (southwest) En- trance. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 55 VICUNIA. The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel, (Camelus dro- medarius), is a smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter build, and therefore capable of much more speed in travel- ling. This species never is clothed with long hair. Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation for the nearest relatives of those species,—the Llamas, Gua- nacos and other cameloids of South America. THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38. Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster. The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four species of long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so closely related to the camels of the Old World that they are called cameloids. There are four species. The lama and alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are supposed to have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All of them might almost be described as small-sized, hump- less camels; and their tempers and mental traits are as odd as their forms. The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature ; but the exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the persistence of a bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like 56 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. lower incisors inflicts ugly wounds. At times a llama or vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks to destroy every living creature within its reach. Regardless of punishment, such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates, spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in most absurd fashion. Occasionally such individuals require to be completely isolated. The Llama, (Lama glama), is the largest and strongest member of the group. Its body is covered with a thick mass of long, wavy hair of fine texture, which may be either brown, white, white and brown, or almost black. The head and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco. From time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of burden, and in the Andes has played an important part in the mineral industry by carrying silver ore and bullion from the mines. The Alpaca, (Lama pacos), is bred for its wool. It is smaller than the llama, but more abundantly haired on the legs, neck and head. Its fleece is long, and lies in stringy tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or black, but oc- casionally a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the Zoological Park collection has blue eyes. The Guanaco, (Lama guanacus), is one of the most inter- esting and valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. Unfortunately, it is so stupid and incapable that it is easily killed. The natives of Terra del Fuego, themselves almost the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter Guanacos for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them to death. In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, and its shoulder height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and woolly, of a pale reddish color, and there are naked patches on the legs. This species is found on the Andes, from Ecua- dor to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most abundant in Patagonia. The Vicunia, (Lama vicunia), is the only member of the cameloid group which is not clothed with a mass of long hair. It is the smallest member of the group, comparatively short-haired, its color is a uniform light brown, its head is small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs. The Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to central Bolivia. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 57 NORTH AMERICAN DEER. Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose. The American members of the Deer Family will be found in the ranges situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl Pond, stretching from the Llama House northward to the Service Road. After several years of experiments, we must admit that to all the American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti white-tailed and mule deer, the climate of New York City is decidedly inimical. This densely humid and extremely sa- line atmosphere is about as deadly to the black-tail, caribou and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we have found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory herds of those species in the ranges available for them. In great tracts of forests, some of them might become acclima- tized; but, be that as it may, all experiments made thus far both here and in two of the great game preserves of New England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule deer, caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among the most difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere in the United States eastward of the great plains. Although the Zoological Society will continue its experi- ments with some of these preserve species, and will always strive to exhibit some of them, our original hopes regarding them have been abandoned. We are certain that the diffi- culty lies not in the food, but in climate conditions, that are beyond our control, and especially our very salty atmosphere. The American Elk, or Wapiti, (Cervus canadensis.) —Of all the numerous members of the Deer Family, this animal is second in size to the moose only; and in the autumn, when its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its sides well rounded, its massive antlers clean and held conspiculously aloft, the elk may justly be called the king of the Cervidae. It is well that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply of Elk, which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species for another century. Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in which is set a natural lakelet of real value. In October, when the splendid groves of beech, oak, and maple along the eastern ridge put on all the glorious tints of autumn, and the big thicket of sumaes, ash, and haw on the northern hill fairly blaze with scarlet—then are the elk also at their AMERICAN ELK. EUROPEAN RED DEER. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 59 best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a herd of elk in October, with such a setting of greensward, tree-trunk, and foliage. The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 inches, or thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus far is 927 pounds. The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted during the first six months. During the first year the ant- lers are merely two straight spikes, called ‘‘dag antlers.’’ As in all members of the Deer Family, the antlers are shed every year—which to many persons is almost beyond be- lief. Any person who visits a zoological garden in mid- summer will see that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, just below the burr, and that new antlers, covered with hair, soft, full of blood, and with club-like ‘“‘points,’’ have sprung up like mushrooms in place of the old ones. In supplying the great drain on the system necessary to support this re- markable growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurt- ing his tender young antlers makes him quite timid and in- offensive. He is no longer the tyrant of the herd, and a con- stant menace to his keepers. At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differ- ences between horns and antlers. A horn is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and except in the case of the prong-horned antelope, is never shed. Horns are worn by both sexes of all bison, buffaloes, cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats. An antler is of solid bone throughout, growing from the skull; it is shed every year close to the skull, and quickly renewed. Usually antlers have several branches. They are worn by nearly all male members of the Deer Family—moose, elk, caribou, deer, etc., and clso by the female caribou. The prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer’s age. Some of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve or fourteen points. During August and September the hairy covering, or ‘‘velvet,’’ of new antlers is rubbed off against trees and bushes. This period is quickly followed by the mating season, during which the neck of the bull becomes unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous. Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it also wandered far into the plains bordering the Rocky Mountains on the east—until driven from them by man. The ideal home of this animal is the timbered foothills of our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once 60 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from northern Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numer- ous only in and adjacent to the Yellowstone Park, in cen- tral Colorado, where it is well protected, and in western Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is variously estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger number. In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all Amer- ican deer, it is the most easy to acclimate and breed in captivity. Large herds are now being maintained and bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hamp- shire, New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. About 200 head have been released in the Adirondacks. The Mule Deer, (Odocoileus hemionus.—This fine animal is universally known throughout the Rocky Mountain re- gion, which constitutes its home, as the ‘‘Black-Tailed Deer.’’ Because of its very large ears, and the absence of a black tail, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer. Inasmuch as its tail is not black, the above more common name prop- erly applies to Odocoileus columbianus, the true black-tailed deer of the Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called the ‘‘Jumping Deer,’’ because when running at a gallop, it makes a series of stiff-legged jumps, or ‘‘bucks,’’ of great length. The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 pounds, and specimens have been known to reach 325 pounds. The antlers of the Mule Deer are larger and hand- somer than those of the white-tailed deer, and are much better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, they partake more of the set of an elk’s antlers, and many a ‘‘tenderfoot’’ hunter has mistaken a _ heavily-antlered Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers of a Mule Deer are easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed species by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be re- membered that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler bears three straight, perpendicular spikes. The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and bad lands so common along the creeks and rivers of the Rocky Mountain region, extending well eastward into the plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the most accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter in the rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. West of the Rocky Mountains is was formerly found along DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER. These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the time the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows the bull with the one antler gone—picture made early in March. Num- ber 6 shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. Number 6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This remarkable antler development takes place every year in the life of all male deer. 62 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. the whole Pacific slope, from Cape St. Lucas to British Columbia, although in northern California it is almost re- placed by the Columbian Black-Tail, (O. coluwmbianus). The White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), is the species most widely known throughout the United States, partly by reason of the fact that it was the first species with which the early settlers of America became acquainted, partly because of. its wide distribution, and also its persist- ence in holding its own. In various localities this animal is known under various names, such as ‘‘ White-Tailed Deer,”’ ‘‘Flag-Tailed Deer,’’ and ‘‘Fan-Tailed Deer.’’ Although not at all in need of it, quite recently it has received still an other name—American Deer. The small deer of Florida, and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted as a factor in the differentiation of species, the diminutive proportions of the proposed southern species are quite suffi- cient to establish their separate identity. The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United States is a fine animal—large, strong-limbed, heavily-ant- lered, and hardy. Between it and the deer of Florida the difference is as great as that between a setter dog and a mas- tiff. Thanks to the fact that this species is a born skulker and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its own throughout the forest regions of the South generally, Pennsylvania, the Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minne- sota, the Dakotas, Montana, and Colorado. In the West it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and river bot- toms. This species breeds readily in confinement, and when pro- tected in any large tract of brush or timber, increases rapidly. During the months of September, October, and November, the bucks are dangerous and untrustworthy. The peculiar formation of the antlers—three strong, spear- like points thrust straight upward from the beam—makes them dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck lowers his chin and drives straight forward with eight sharp spears of solid bone, and nearly three hundred pounds of weight to back them, he may well be considered a dan- gerous animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only because he is smaller. The Woodland Caribou, (Rangifer caribou).—The first hoofed animal to arrive at the Zoological Park was a young NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 63 female of this species, which was procured in Champlain County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society by one of our members, Mr. George 8S. Huntington. These animals, when present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclo- sure, because a large range containing an abundance of green grass is fatal to them. The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine, with many wide gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon River, in southern Alaska. The following localities are worthy of special men- tion: northern Quebee and Ontario; James Bay; the north- ern end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally) ; Lake of Woods, Minnesota; Oregon near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; northwestern Montana, and the mountains of British Co- lumbia. Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been added to our fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (Ran- gifer granti), one from the Kenai Peninsula (Rangifer sto- nei), and one from the Cassiar Mountains (Rangifer os- bornt). The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily bulk of its more northern congener, the Barren-Ground caribou. In a state of nature it lives on browse, reindeer moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves ice-covered lakes and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and wide spreading hoofs and enormously developed ‘‘dew-claws’’ have been specially designed by Nature to enable this ani- mal to run freely, as if on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, which to any small-hoofed deer would be quite impassable. The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small ant- lers, which, like those of the male, are shed and renewed annually. In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised to look for specimens of the Lapland Reindeer, (Rangifer tarandus), for we shall endeavor to keep this genus rep- resented. THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14. Although the main building of this installation has not yet been erected, the plan for the various buildings and corrals has been approved, and the main building will be begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. The three buildings, and the extensive corrals connecting with them, will, as a 64 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. GRANT ZEBRA. whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family Equidae, which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild horses of the world. The Prjevalsky Horses, (Equus prjevalskii).—Of all the wild equines which either now or hereafter may be seen in the Zoological Park, the strange little wild horses from western Mongolia are, and probably will remain, the most interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly speak- ing, they are the connecting link between the many-striped zebras, the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one side, and the domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These wild horses possess a narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in the winter pelage is scarcely visible, but in summer is plainly evident. A perfect specimen has an erect mane, no long forelock and no ‘‘chestnuts’’ on its legs. On the upper half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The win- ter coat of this animal is very long and shaggy. Mountain Zebra, (Equus sebra).—This species has been nearly exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. It inhabits the mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated that only 400 individuals remain, which now are carefully protected. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 65 PRIEVALSKY HORSES. Grevy Zebra, (Equus grevyi)—This picturesque species was discovered in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was presi- dent of France, and it was named in his honor. It is of large size, covered with very narrow stripes all over its body, head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form. This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British East Africa southward to the Tana River. Grant Zebra, (Equus burchelli granti)—Of all the zebras now seen in captivity, the great majority belong to what very properly may be designated as the group of Burchell Zebras. This group contains, besides the type species, which has practically no stripes on its legs, four subspecies, whose legs are more or less striped, and which may or may not possess ‘‘shadow stripes’’ on the hind-quarters. “Wyoming. 1 Syrian Bear.......... Ursus syriacus......... “Asiatic Turkey. 3 Brown Bears.......... Ursus arctos........... “Central Russia. 2 Hairy-Eared Bears....Ursus piscator......... ““N. W. Mongolia. 1 Himalayan Black Bear. Ursus torquatus........ “Japan. 1 Japanese Bear........ Ursus japonicus........ “Japan. 1 Sloth Bear............ Ursus labiatus......... “India. 2 Yezo Bears............Ursus ferow............ “Yezo, Japan. 1 Malay Sun Bear ..... Ursus malayanus....... “Borneo. 36 specimens, representing 18 species. The Malay Sun Bear, (Ursus malayanus), is the smallest bear in the world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered. When fully enraged, it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair is very short and close, and its head and feet seem to be too large for its body. This species inhabits Borneo, Sumatra. the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens will be found in the Small-Mammal House. THE RACCOON TREE. The Raccoon Tree.—A permanent installation for Rac- coons has been established near the southern end of the Bear Dens, where its inmates will be near their plantigrade relatives. At the foot of the steps leading down from the Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height, has been enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a sheet- metal overhang which is not negotiable by any Procyon. Inside the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all purposes, and the trunk of the tree is surrounded by a rustic shelter house, divided into ten warm and dry com- partments. Underneath the house is a clean and smooth wooden floor, on which the food is served. The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful and comforting to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so high that the animals can climb beyond the visual power of the visitor. THE BEAVER POND, No. 29. Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of virgin forest lies the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 129 so silent and primeval, that it seems like the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly im the lap of the granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank weeds. The seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the food-wood and the possibilities of the dam, all naturally suggested the beaver. In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would not raise the water level so high as to flood the roots of a number of fine forest trees and destroy them, two feet of soil was taken out of the swamp, and at the same time a broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron bars, with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about three acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several large forest trees—chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple— which have been protected by guards of wire and cor- rugated iron. The small maples, however, have been given over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and also in their dam-building operations. The Beaver Colony in our pond is in good working order, and its display of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit. The dam, about 40 feet long and 4 feet high, was built of poles and sticks which were cut, peeled, floated down and placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There is a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly con- structed. Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and trees have been cut down by the beavers and used up for food and building materials. For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J. Chisholm, who procured for it two specimens from Canada and three from Maine. The American Beaver, (Castor canadensis), is a remark- able animal. In original thought it is equalled by few ani- mals, and in industry by none. With the possible exception of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing animal in North America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful fur has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists. Unfortunately, the Beaver’s intelligence was directed chiefly to the building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring an abundant supply of food-wood, rather than in providing itself with means of escape from its arch enemy—the man with a steel trap. Because of the constant demand for its fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated throughout the United States that practically none remains save where 130 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. they are rigidly protected. At present the largest colonies known are those in the Yellowstone Park, although in Can- ada and the Northwest many still remain. The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner in which he builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for his timber-floating operations, and to afford him a sub- marine passage to his house. Give him a valley and a stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot sticks from which he has eaten the bark for food, and with these, and an abundance of mud, he will raise a good strong dam to a height of four feet, and a width on the ground of ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the bottom and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, be- tween his paws, with his front feet holding it against his breast. The sticks used in the dam are thrust endwise into the mud on top of the dam, and the mud used is patted down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a trowel, but in swimming it is the Beaver’s propeller. In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal. Like some human craftsmen, he positively declines to work under observation, and performs nearly all his tasks at night. He thinks nothing of gnawing down a tree a foot in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which he can handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food- wood of kinds of his liking, he eats little else. Besides building dams to create ponds in which he can take refuge when hard pressed, he constructs canals, and houses for winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks; but his entrances to his various homes always are under water. THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION. As an answer to a frequent question—‘‘Of what use are reptiles?’’—a new collection has been installed in the Reptile House. It is supplied with descriptive labels, and serves several purposes. In the first place there is presented an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or rodents, a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains a large series of those species of snakes that prey upon the destructive rodents,—thus presenting for observation the serpents of marked economic value. Finally, the entire series stands as a clear demonstration of the perfect logie of NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 131 BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE. Nature in which the production of all animal life is care- fully balanced; for a part of the exhibition is composed of representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon the serpents, thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller injurious creatures within bounds! During the past two years the collection of rodents has been steadily growing in importance. The following is a list of the species on exhibition at the close of the year 1912: RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. HARES AND RABBITS (Leporidae) Mexican Swamp Rabbit................... Lepus palustris. Cotton-Tail Rabbit.....................0.. Lepus palustris mallurus. Domestic Rabbits, various breeds.......... (Nursery stock.) SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS (Sciuridae) Thirteen-Lined Spermophile............... Spermophilus 13-lineatus. Desert Spermophile....................0.. Spermophilus leucurus. Richardson Spermophile................... Spermophilus richardsoni. Woodchuck: s:..ic.006 cs aicats setn mente onau drcetomys monav. Prairie: Do tigacas seat seats eee maenenaies Cynomys ludovicianis. European Squirrel..................2000.. Sciurus vulgaris. Mexican (Squirrel..sic tin wesc lee sacs Sate Sciurus aureogaster. Central American Squirrel................. Sciurus variabilis. Cuban: Squirrel sic ices sh see aaa cases Sciurus chrysurus. Variable: Squirrelicci.caccusan se tate eke ae Sciurus griseo-flavus. Gray ‘Squirrel:ccsiw. ols ace waeswe eee Sciurus carolinensis. Black Squirrelocsccu ss wakes swale a obs ee Sciurus carolinensis niger. 132 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. OR SQULPREL 3 cise sts fevtoniudcn sare ramenusen ae Sciurus ludovicianus. White-Headed Syuirrel..................4. Sciurus macrouroides. Malabar ‘Squirrel. io. 5 632.000 escasgenncees Sciurus malabaricus. Chi pin tine ie geass deci Srsains eA aL Ace Tamias striatus. African Ground Squirrel.................42 Xerus capensis. Flying Squirrelsiccc passer atone ete osteo es Sciuropterus volans. BEAVERS (Castoridae) American Beaver..............0000eeeeeue Castor canadensis. KANCAROO RATS (Heteromyidae) Kangaroo Rati iia aeniain ace aGauaticees Dipodomys merriami. POCKET GOPHERS (Geomyidae) Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher.............. Geomys hispidus. DoRMICE (Gliridae) Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse................. Myowus glis. Lesser Dormouse............ 0.000 ccc e vee Myowus dryas. English Dormouse...............20000e0008 Muscardinus avellanarius. MICE AND RATS (Muridae) Domestic Mousc—Unusual Color Phases.... Mus musculus. Japanese Waltzing Mouse................. Mus musculus. Blacks JRaltscuscerine tran eae semanas ssa Mus rattus. Black-and-White Rat..................05. Mus norwegicus. Gray-and-White Rat...................0.. Mus norwegicus. Poreupine: Mouse <1. cieshis eek oh Qh R oe Bocas Acomys cahirinus. Eryvptian: Gerbille tuiiccssak Suess Soeens Gerbillus pyramidum. WWUSk aly una terctanaima econ ae ald sane Fiber zibethicus. Cotton (Ratcsevig ccsceniss Benue e aces ieee Sigmodon hispidus. JERBOAS (Dipodidae) Greater’ Jerboa cn acereeg wom oelenes oes Dipus aegyptius. COYPU AND SPINY RATS (Octodontidae) Coypul Rats sccitoc oda Sa tesaaa tony. Myocastor coypu. Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat...................€ Japromys pilorides. Short-Tailed- Hutia. cn.csissyrcaseicasseeeas Capromys browni. PorcUPINES (Hystricidae) Canada Porcupine 2: p08 2 tea seeds Erethizon dorsatus. Brazilian: Porcupine ....5 jase eens oh ese Sphingurus prehensilis. Adrican. Porcupine): cc cescs ate ls esha ue Hystrix cristata. VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS (Chinchillidae) SWASCACHAL, guests aritrusticheainte Tacs AAI Ostend mene eee Lagostoma trichodactylus, acoutis (Dasyproctidae) Golden: Agoutt..sceus beets Vee Dasyprocta agouti Graye A SOutil ees. tenth omaled Sanal etme Dasyprocta prymnolopha. cavies (Caviidae) Domestic Cavy csgucicea in cause scene Cavia porcellus. Capy bara inant teat coat hanes Eau tu tent Neg aes Hydrochaerus capybara, Patagonian Cavy ............-. sees eens Dolichotis patagonica. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 133 MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS. SECTION II.—BIRDS. THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3. There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity, or which better repay their keep and their keepers, than the ducks, geese, swans and pelicans. The only drawback to the maintenance of large collections of these birds in this latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic winter. On account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken out of their aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with moderate warmth. For this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks of all species, and all species from the tropics, must neces- sarily be absent in winter from their summer quarters. For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of wild geese, an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and forty-three feet in width has been con- structed in the north end of Bird Valley. To secure as much space as possible, the entire width of the open valley has been taken into the enclosure. The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three islands, two of which are subdivided by low fences of wire netting into twelve separate enclosures. The collection of geese has become so large and important the original Duck 134 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will hereafter be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage. The Geese—The collection of wild geese, in the Goose Aviary, is unusually large, there being generally about twenty out of the thirty-five known species. Among these one of the best known is the Common Wild, or Canada Goose, (Branta canadensis). Once common throughout many parts of the United States, continual persecution by sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its numbers that now it is of comparatively rare occurrence. This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild specimens on November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fow]l Pond, a most interesting event. Seven of the birds, including a fine gander, through the artifice of a trap, were induced to re- main with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on the little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B. Frost. The African Spur-Winged Goose, (Plectropterus gamben- sis), although of large size, is more properly a duck than a goose. A long sharp spur arises from the bend of each wing, which the birds use in fighting with each other for their mates. The Gray-Lag Goose, (Anser anser), is, perhaps, the most interesting of all geese, as being the wild species from which our domestic birds are descended. The white color and large size are the chief differences between the domestic and wild birds. The White-Fronted Goose, (Anser albifrons), is worthy of special notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species of North American geese. The breeding grounds are far to the north, and in Alaska the nests are mere hollows in the sand, lined with moss and down. The Bar-Headed Goose, (Eulabia indica), inhabits the mountains of Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above the sea. It is perhaps the handsomest of all geese. The Swans.—Usually at least six out of the seven known species of swans may be seen on exhibition here. The Mute Swan, (Cygnus olor), is the commonest swan in captivity, and is the one made famous in European history and legend. It may always be known from the other spe- cies by the black knob at the base of the bill. It breeds freely in captivity and the young birds are known as eygnets. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 135 The Trumpeter Swan, (Cygnus buccinator), being the larg- est bird in the aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore the most conspicuous. Several fine specimens are shown on the North Island, living contentedly with other species. Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when young enough to take kindly to captivity. The Black Swan, (Chenopsis atrata), of South / istralia and Tasmania, is as glossy black, excepting its pi naries, as other swans are white. It is a large and handsome bird, and much sought by all persons who form collections of water fowl. The Coscoroba Goose, (Coscoreba coscoroba), is a fair con- necting link between the swans and the ducks, partaking about equally of the characters of each. In size and color it is very much like our snow goose, (Chen hyperborea), but it is peculiar in possessing very long legs of a bright pink color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its bill, also is pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The Coscoroba Goose is a native of southern South Aimerica, and a few years ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold for $300. THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4. This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the Zoologica: Park. It represents an attempt to do for certain large and showy water birds, precisely what has been done for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter, and other spe- cies—give them a section of Nature’s own domain. In this they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in real freedom. Near the lower end of Bird Vally, as a sort of climax for the Goose Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty, web-like structure, in the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is 55 feet in height, 75 feet wide, and 152 feet long. The whole structure consists of a series of steel-pipe arches and purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which wire-netting has been tightly stretched. The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind known as chain-netting, which offers the least possible obstruction to the eye. This cage is so large that a very respectable block of houses, three stories high and of ample dimensions, could stand within it without touching the wire. It completely encloses three forest trees of very consider- 136 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. CEREOPSIS GEESE. able size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool of water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance. The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not new, for there are in existence several other flying cages, somewhat smaller than this. The first was erected in the Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its Director, the late Dr. A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very successful. Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d’Acclimata- tion. The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of such large and showy water birds as are most inclined to fly about within it, and afford students and the public an opportunity to study their movements and attitudes. Save for such allowances as must be made for accidents and epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following note- worthy species, along with others of less importance: The American Flamingo, (Phoenicopterus ruber), is, in appearance, a connecting link between the herons and ducks, resembling the former in the great length of its legs, and the latter in the duck-like bill and webbed feet. When the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a beautiful searlet color throughout, ~xcepting the primaries, which are black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This bird is found in the Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Plor- ida, where once it was fairly numerous, it no longer exists. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 137 WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS. ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes kindly to captivity, and the Zoological Park is never without a good-sized flock. Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes render them unusually interesting to visitors. With the birds of the above species are shown a few speci- mens of the European Flamingo, (P. roscus), which is al- most white. The only parts which show the characteristic scarlet of this genus, are the wing coverts, which are pale red, or pink. The Scarlet Ibis, (Guara rubra), is for its size the most showy bird in existence, not even excepting the birds of paradise. Excepting the black primaries, every feather on the adult bird in perfect plumage is of a brilliant Chinese vermilion color, visible in nature for a long distance. The immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now it is found only from Cuba southward. They frequent the mud banks at the various mouths of the Orinoco, and not long since were quite abundant on the coast of British Guiana. The White-Faced Glossy Ibis, (Plegadis guarauna), is not a rare bird in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to maintain this species perpetually in the Flying Cage and Aquatic-Bird House. The Wood Ibis, (Tantalus loculator)—The Park obtains its supply of birds of this species from Florida, where they breed, in very greatly reduced numbers, on the headwaters of the St. Johns. This bird is a very satisfactory member of avian society. Although amply large to lord it over the 138 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peace- fully goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along the sandy bottom of the pool for something edible, or stand- ing in quiet meditation on the bank. Notwithstanding its common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a true stork. In its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird. Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are herons and egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very welcome tenant. The White Stork, (Ciconia ciconia), is as large as our wood ibis, which it strongly resembles in form and habits. This bird is literally the household bird of Germany, and its place in the family has now become of more importance than its place in nature. Throughout Holland, Germany, and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe, the White Stork is so prized and protected by the people that it has attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting places are prepared for it, usually near or even upon human habitations, and it enjoys an immunity from molestation quite like that of the adjutant in India. The Great Blue Heron, (Ardea herodias), is frequently called the ‘‘blue crane’’; but the latter name is a misnomer. It properly belongs to our sandhill crane (Grus canadensis). Just why so large a number of people should be so persis- tent in this error is a psychological problem; but the fact remains that people will not say ‘‘heron.’’ This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy bird of our northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it bears no desirable ‘‘plumes,’’ and its flesh is not edible, it has been permitted to live. When not molested, it becomes quite trustful, and when wading along a shore, fishing for minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera a very interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numer- ous in the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between Sandy Hook and Long Branch, and they are an unfailing source of interest to excursionists. It is sincerely to be hoped that the evil eye of ‘‘Dame Fashion’’ will not fall upon this bird, and cause its extermination. The Great White Heron, (Ardea americana), is taller than the great blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white herons and egrets. Like the whooping crane, it is now a bird of such exceeding rarity that the procuring of a speci- men may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In eight NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 139 years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens, all of which came from southern Florida. The Little Blue Heron, (Florida caerulea) —The imma- ture birds of this species are snowy white, and so closely resemble snowy herons of the same age, that only one well acquainted with both can distinguish between them. They are, however, separately recognized by the fact that the snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the legs and bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This species is still common in some parts of its Florida home, and occasionally a specimen strays as far north as Staten Island. The Louisiana Heron (4 ydranassa tricolor ruficollis), once very numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly reduced numbers. It ranges from Central America and the West Indies northward to the Gulf States, and occasionally to Long Island. The general coloring is dark blue, but a prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut brown on the sides of the neck. The Black-Crowned Night Heron, (Nycticorax nycticorax naevius), is one of the commonest herons about New York City and occasionally nests in the Park itself. It breeds in large colonies, and feeds chiefly at night. Its note is a hoarse quok, very much lke the bark of a dog. The Snowy Heron, or Snowy Egret, (Egretta candidis- sima), when fully adult, is the most beautiful white bird in all the avian world. Its form is the embodiment of sym- metry and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and the filmy ‘‘plumes’’ on its head and back are like spun glass. Its black legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness of its feathers. The vanity of woman has been the curse of the Snowy Egret. Its plumes are finest during the breeding season, and it was then that the hunters sought them, slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands (when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to die of starvation. If all women could know the price in blood and suffering which is paid for the accursed ‘‘aig- rettes’’ of fashion, surely but few could find any pleasure in wearing them. It is strange that civilized woman-—the tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the ever-compassion- ate—should prove to be the evil genius of the world’s most beautiful birds. In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by accident, and the ‘‘plume hunters’’ are pursuing this and 140 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ets Y BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS. the following species in Central and South America, to their most remote haunts, sometimes even at the risk of their lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go. The American Egret, (Herodias egretta)—Much to the misfortune of this species, it possesses about fifty ‘‘aigrette’’ plumes which droop in graceful curves from the middle of its back far beyond the tail and wing tips. For these beau- tiful feathers this bird has been pursued by plume hunters almost to the point of total extermination in the United - States. The White Pelican, (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), is one of the largest birds of North America and by reason of its size, its pure white plumage, its enormously long amber- colored bill and gular pouch, it is one of the most showy birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they stand pre- eminent among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are the sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the Society in southern Texas. The Brown Pelican, (Pelecanus occidentalis), when adult, is a handsome and showy bird, and one which not only is easily reconciled to life in a comfortable aviary, but posi- tively enjoys it. The specimens in our collection were col- lected for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida, and their interesting home life at that place may be studied from the series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatie Bird House. When their daily allowance of fish appears they NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 141 crowd around their keeper, and with wide-open pouches earnestly solicit contributions. THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5. This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old problem in a new way—the care of large migratory water birds in the most uneven winter climate on earth. In com- parison with the care in winter of flamingoes, large herons, egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of perching birds, birds of prey and the parrots, presents few difficulties. But the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone, and the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor and expense that have been involved in this building and its appointments. Practically all of the birds to be seen in this building in winter are mentioned elsewhere in this volume. THE OWL CAGES.—After the completion of the Eagle and Vulture Aviary, the ten large cages on the exterior of the Aquatie-Bird House, which have been occupied tempo- rarily by the birds of prey, will be used for the owl collec- tion. The Giant Eagle Owl, (Bubo bubo), is a true giant among the owls. It is found throughout continental Europe, keep ing mostly to the deep forests, and feeding on grouse, rab- bits, ete. It is unusually long-lived in captivity, and breeds freely. The Milky Eagle Owl, (Bubo lacteus), has the same gen- eral characters as its congener, but its feathers are of a beautiful, soft gray. It is very rare in collections. The Great Horned Owl, (Bubo virginianus).—These noc- turnal birds of prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feed- ing on mice, and poultry when it is obtainable. The bright yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns, and the appar- ently pivoted neck are curious features of these birds. Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their ex- ternal appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds. The Snowy Owl, (Nyctea nyctea), of the Arctic regions, migrating in winter to the northern United States, some- times remains for several seasons in succession so far north that no specimens are obtainable. During 1899, 1900, and the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be procured, but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration be- 142 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. GREAT HORNED OWL. SPECTACLED OWL. gan. On June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine speci- mens, one of which was almost pure white. During the three hottest months of summer, these birds would. suffer considerably, so during this period they are confined in a cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort throughout the year. The Screech Owl, (Otus asio).—This little horned owl is our commonest species, and frequents the neighborhood of dwellings and orchards. Being nocturnal it is more com- mon than is generally supposed, and its curious ery, which is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes, is the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two phases of plumage, red and gray, occur independently of sex, age or season. Its food consists of mice and insects. The Barred Owl, (Syrnium varium)—This owl is more diurnal than its nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey in bright moonshine. Its deep, penetrating call, ‘‘woo-o-o, whoo-o-o,’’ is one of the most weird and striking cries of the bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all owls, but more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the absolute- ly noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl permit it to wing its way through the air with as little noise as a falling leaf. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 1438 EARED VULTURE. LAMMERGEYER. THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11. The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, but well surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, be- tween the Aquatic Bird House and the new Zebra House. It is a commodious and pleasant installation, well adapted to exhibit the Society’s collection of rapacious birds. Its length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very large flight cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the great wire structure will stand a very comfortable brick building to serve as a winter shelter for the tropical birds of the collection; but it will not be open to the public. Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought to- gether, visitors will find that the collection is a large one, and contains many fine species. The Condor, (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), of the Andes, is the largest of the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over nine feet. It feeds entirely on carrion, rarely attacking liv- ing animals. In the male, the head is adorned with a large fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard cock. The So- ciety at present possesses several specimens of this great bird. The King Vulture, (Gypagus papa), is as its proud name implies, the one member of the Vulture Family which really 144 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. is clad in royal robes, and color-decked to match. Its range extends from Mexico and Central America to Trinidad and Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this gorgeously caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and head of orange, purple and crimson. Black Vulture, (Catharista urubiu)—These ill-favored but very useful birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domes- ticated, in some of our southern cities. This is due to the protection accorded them, because of their valuable services as scavengers. They are said to devour every particle of exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services are of more value than we in the north can realize. The Yellow-Headed Vulture, (Cathartes urobitinga), of northern South America, is a much handsomer bird than its two preceding relatives. It has much the same feeding habits, but is very rare and delicate in captivity. The California Condor, (Gymnogyps californianus).—This is one of the rarest, and to all Americans the most interest- ing, bird of prey in the Park. The species is confined to a very small area in the rugged mountains of southern and lower California, and beyond all doubt, the skin-collecting ornithologists will exterminate it within the next twenty years, or less. The Griffon Vulture, (Gyps pulvus), and the Kolbe Vul- ture, (G. kelbi), are Old World birds and although more closely related to the eagles than to the vultures of the New World, resemble the latter in general habits. Differing strongly from its congeners in general appear- ance, is the Eared Vulture, (Otogyps auricularis). This rare bird is a native of North Africa, where it feeds on such ecar- rion as it is able to find. Its bare, wrinkled head and neck and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome appearance. The Red-Tailed Hawk, (Buteco borealis) —The ‘‘Hen Hawk,’’ or ‘‘Chicken Hawk,’’ is one of our commonest birds of prey. It hardly merits its common name, as its favorite food is mice and other small mammals. This is the hawk seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks, sometimes of one hundred or more. One of the most splendid members of the collection is the Harpy Eagle, (Thrasaetus harpyia), of South America. The remarkably large legs and claws indicate the great strength which enables the bird to prey upon sloths, monkeys, and other fairly large animals. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 145 : em ane KING VULTURE. BLACK VULTURE. The Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture, (Gypaetus barba- tus), is now probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in parts of Asia. It feeds largely on lambs. A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the Golden Eagle, (Aquila chrysaetos). It is equally at home in the highlands of Scot- land and the mountains of North America, nesting on the | highest cliffs. The Bateleur Eagle, of Africa, (Helotarsus ecaudatus), has narrowly missed the distinction of being the most beautiful of all birds of prey. Its plumage is charmingly colored but it is out of proportion. Its tail is so absurdly short that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear as if altogether tailless. GRIFFON VULTURE. 146 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Bald Eagle, (Haliaétus leucocephalus)—The appearance of the adult Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its con- spicuous white head and tail, is familiar to all; but the im- mature birds, as shown by several of the specimens, lack the white in their plumage. These birds are found usually near water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity, they are watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their hard-earned prey. Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the White Gyrfalcon, (Falco islandus). A native of the far north, it descends to a more equable clime only when forced to do so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of wing that it is able to capture a duck in full flight. Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the White- Breasted Sea Eagle, (Haliaétus Icucogaster), of the East Indies, while the strikingly-colored Vulturine Sea Eagle, (Gypohterax angolensis), a native of Africa, feeds on fish, crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm. THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, Ne. 33. At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alli- gator Walk intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of an acre, of oak and hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, has been dedicated to the king of game birds. The Wild Turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), is a bird of magnificent size and presence, and the splendid me- tallic luster of his plumage—-a mixture of burnished bronze copper, lapis lazuli, and fire opal iridescence—backed up by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine to make this the finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern states as far west as Texas. Three other species of Melea- gris are now recognized—one in Florida, one in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the fourth in Mexico, extending to western Texas and Arizona. THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7. On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the larg- est and the most generously equipped home for perching birds now in existence. This is not an unnecessary boast, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 147 WILD TURKEY. but merely a brief statement of a fact which the visitor has a right to know. It was designed on our long-established principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to life, exercise and happiness. Our principle of very large cages, with many birds in each cage, is Just the reverse of the views that have prevailed in the older zoological gardens, even down to the present day. To an important extent, the cage equipment of this building represents a new departure. There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours who believe that small birds thrive better and live longer when installed in small cages, with only one or two birds in each. The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine birds, was developed on the strength of experiments pre- viously made in the Aquatic-Bird House, and in community cages outside. After three years’ experience with the new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases and death rates within it, we are able to state that this installation is a complete and gratifying success. The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an all-glass house in its angle. The main hall extends east and west, and it is 60 feet long by 50 feet wide. This great room contains the foreign song-birds, many tropical doves and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as the * 148 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. SECRETARY BIRD. great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers and hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is per- haps the most remarkable omnium-gatherum of small tropical birds—swimmers, waders, upland game birds and perch. ers—ever brought together in one cage. The bottom of ‘the L is the Parrots’ Hall, 65x30 feet. It contains the par- rots, macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species. In the angle of the main building stands a structure al- most wholly composed of metal and glass, which is known as the Glass Court. It was designed especially for North Amer- ican song-birds. The visitor should not overlook the fact that there are cages filled with birds all along both the east- ern and western sides of the Large Bird rouse. Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of the Main and Parrots’ Halls, are accessible from the back by passage-ways; a convenience that greatly facilitates the work of the keepers in caring for their various charges. The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged from the following memorandum of cages: APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE INDOORS. Main Hall...Central Flying Cage. .15x36x20 feet high.. 1 Side Cages 5x5x9 85 End Cages 5x12x9 2 NEW YORK ZOOLUGICAL PARK. 149 Parrot Hall..Side Cages 6x8x9 21 Glass Court. .West Cages 8x9x9 6 @ast & North Cages.5x6x8 16 OUTDOORS. Northeast Cages 7x12x10 2 East Cages 6x8x10 10 Southeast Circular Flight Cage 20x20x20 1 South Cages 6x8x10 3 Large Western Cages 15x15x15 3 Smaller Western Cages 6x9x10 14 Total*number ‘of -Ca@esiis.cc sess 4 Se ee Sa 114 Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in this building, the visitor must be left to judge for himself. It is only fair to state, however, that the death rate here and indeed amongst the birds of the Park generally, is very low. In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting the Large Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give more than a general outline of the groups and leading feat- ures of the collection. As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion House, he is greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing shrieks and squawks, joyous but very raucous, and at times too persistent. Loudest are the voices of the gorgeously- plumaged Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (Ara ararauna) ; the Red- and-Blue Macaw, (Ara macao), and.the Great Green Macaw. Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of mostly-green Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and the White Cockatoos all join in their voices, to the limit of their respective abilities, but against macaws which can be heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The members of the Order Psittaciformes (as above) have been beautifully colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely out of harmony with their plumage. The indoor cages along the western side of the Large Bird-House (both halls included), contain an extensive series of tropical Pigeons and Doves, which are well worth some attention. The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding Heart Pigeon (Phlogoenas Iluzonica), from the Philip- pines, whose creamy-white breast seems to have been recent- ly stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder that now and then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper, 150 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. GREAT CROWNED PIGEON. and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding from a wound in its breast. The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains a pool of running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, and the floor is covered with a comfortable layer of sand. Hopping or flying about, and perching on the trees, is a really remarkable medley of birds. There are the Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty Terns, several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots, Lapwings, Snipe, Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle, Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons and Doves, Skylarks, Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox, Tree, and other Sparrows and Weavers. The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscella- neous rare birds from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to which they belong. The largest are the Great Crowned Pigeons,—Victoria and Common,—the oddest are the Con- cave-Casqued Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species). The Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which, through lack of use for its wings, is rapidly losing the power of flight. The Giant Kingfisher is the ‘‘Laughing Jackass’’ of Australia, and its ery is strangely like the mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so con- firmed a murderer of birds smaller than himself, it is neces- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 151 SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO. TOCO TOUCAN. sary to quarter that species with other birds abundantly able to defend themselves against its attacks. On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found a very interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of the Bahamas, a fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, Canaries, Trogons, and other small species of foreign lands. Here also is the rare and beautifully-plumed Greater Bird of Paradise, (Paradisea apoda). The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain more than one species, the picture labels quickly furnish a key for identification of each. In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, Mr. C. William Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in the installation of the Order Passeres. The birds are ar- ranged by Families, and all of the twenty-one families of eastern North American perching birds are represented. These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows, Wrens, Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos, Waxwings, Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Warblers, Pipits, Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and Orioles, English Starling, Crows and Jays. It is only those who have attempted to form and install such a collection who can appreciate the effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties in- volved in the maintenance of so large a number of insect 152 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. eating birds. The birds in this section of the Bird-House are especially interesting to the teachers of pupils of the public schools of this city. The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the Glass Court, is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and Woodpeckers which winter there very comfortably, be- cause they are fed and watered, and sheltered from the worst storms. Along the western wall of the Large Bird-Ilouse, outside, fourteen large cages are filled with members of the Crow and Blackbird Families (Corvidae and Icteridac), such as the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies, Blackbirds, Meadow- larks, Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our old friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Wood- pecker. The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders of birds represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913: LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 19138. ORDERS. Species. Specimens. Rheiformes ......... RUD CAS: eset che ot eas ns 2 2 Struthioniformes ....Ostriches ............ 2 2 Casuariiformes ...... Emeus and Cassowaries 2 3 Tinamiformes........ TINAMOW 52504, eek ews 5 5 Galliformes ......... Quail and Pheasants... 88 204 Turniciformes ....... Hemipodes .......... 1 2 Ptericlidiformes .....Sand Grouse ........ 1 1 Columbiformes ...... Pigeons and Doves ... 57 183 Ralliformes ......... Coots and Gallinules.. 15 35 Lariformes .........Gulls and Terns ..... 17 54 Charadriiformes ..... Plovers and Sandpipers 18 48 Gruiformes ......... Cranes, Seriema ..... 13 30 Ardeiformes ........ Ibises, Storks and Her- ONG. sate re vee aracg pee sees 35 85 Palamedeiformes ....Screamers ........... 3 4 Phoenicopteriformes ..Flamingoes .......... 2 5 Anseriformes ....... Swans, Geese and DWC Sess ctey teeters 72 712 Pelecaniformes ...... New World Vultures. . 9 30 Cathartidiformes ....Cormorants and Pelicans. 24s. sees 8 : 27 Serpentariiformes ....Secretary Birds ...... 1 2 Accipitriformes ......Hawks and Eagles; Old World Vultures .... 28 48 Strigiformes ........ COTS ok el vote eae one 20 47 Psittaciformes .......Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos ......... 86 194 Coraciiformes ....... Kingfishers and Horn- bills: 42 ves es 12 15 Trogoniformes ...... TYOLONS 644k 5 paw bs 5 x L 1 Cuculiformes ........ Touracos and Cuckoos. 10 18 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 153 ORDERS. Species. Specimens. Scansoriformes ...... Toucans and Barbets.. 8 13 Piciformes .......... Woodpecker ......... 9 26 Passeriformes ....... Thrushes, Sparrows and all perching birds... 378 1242 MOCAYS co 3 cts m ts newied. ud Rees Bea tore eesti Se ca 903 3038 WILD-FOWL POND, Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammal Pond. As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the Duck Aviary, the interest of this exhibit is of special char- acter, and greatly enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is the nursery of the ducks and geese, where, in the tangle of long grass, briars and underbrush along the east side of the pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs are laid and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings are led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the summer, on the worms, bugs and insects so dear to the ap- petite of these amusing little fellows. Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of Canada geese, and sometimes as many as eight golden-col- ored goslings are hatched in one nest on the small island. The Mallard Duck, (Anas boschas), is one of our finest swimming birds, the joy of the sportsman who finds it in its haunts, the delight of the epicure who finds it on the bill of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the blood which does not beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild Mallards, free in Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this is one of the handsomest ducks of North America, and also one of the finest for the table. Its range covers practically the whole of the western continent down to Panama, and even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and northern India. The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid irrides- cent green of the head. The Green-Winged Teal, (Nettion carolinensis), and Blue- Winged Teal, (Querquedula discors), are very delicate birds, and therefore rather difficult to maintain in captivity. A flock of each will be found in the Flying Cage. The Pintail Duck, (Davila acuta), is specially commended to the notice of visitors because of its great beauty, both in color and form. Its colors form an exquisite harmony of 154 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND. soft brown and gray tones which fairly rival the more gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species is yet found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all other edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing. A large flock of these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond. The Gadwall, (Chaulelasmas strepera), is a handsome gray bird, well known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, but rarely seen along the Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding grounds are in the great marshes of central Canada. The Baldpate, (Mareca americana), on of the finest of water-fowl, is now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain speci- mens for exhibition. These birds are poor divers, but gain a good livelihood by feeding on floating sea lettuce, disturbed from the bottom by the better equipped canvas-backs and redheads. The bill of the Shoveller, (Spatula clypeata), has become so specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the shape of a shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of the bird’s body. The sides of the bill are equipped with bony plates, through which the mud is strained, the particles of food being caught and swallowed. The Canvas-Back (Aythya vallisneria), and the Red-Head, (A. americana), two prime favorites with the sportsman and epicure, are exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 155 a good-sized flock is shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are difficult to capture unhurt, and still more difficult to keep alive in captivity, and for these reasons the number exhibited always is very small. The Lesser Scaup, (Marila affinis), is one oe the sea ducks, and, like its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly on mollusks, which it finds in the mud, often at considerable depths under water The Paradise Sheldrake, (Casarca variegata), of Australia, is a striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between the ducks and geese. It is interesting to note that the fe- male is much more attractive than the male, the head and neck being pure white, in contrast with the more sombre body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity. The Ruddy Sheldrake, (Casarca casarca), is a bird of wide distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries to Japan, and also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of a uniform light chestnut, the male being distinguished by a black ring around the neck. The nest is always well sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log. The Common or Tadorna Sheldrake, (Tadorna tadorna), is a remarkably. colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to keep alive in this climate. It nests in holes in the ground, preferably in disused rabbit burrows. The Mandarin Duck, (Aix galericulata), is the Chinese counterpart of our beautiful Wood or Summer Duck, (4ir sponsa). Of all living ducks, the males of these two species are the most gorgeously colored and plumed, and they are also of elegant form. Although both species are much sought after, the number of available specimens continues to be limited to a comparatively small number. THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40. Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff. The Pheasant Aviary is a building lke a corridor 240 feet long with a cross pavilion at each end. The main structure is divided into 22 shelters connecting with a like number of wire enclosed outside runways, each of which is 8 feet wide, 24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end pavilions furnish 32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48 com- partments. The shelters are divided into two stories, the upper series being designed for pigeons, doves and perch- ‘dNOd TMOd CTIM AGNV AUVIAV LNVSVaHd NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 157 ing birds of various kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at every moment of his life choose according to his needs from the following series of accommodations that are available to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open front, or a closed room with one small door and a large window. This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long, with 48 runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the world, the largest group of birds of the Pheasant Family (Phasianidae), which in turn is one of the grand divisions of the sportsman’s own Order Gallinae, or upland game- birds. Of the whole Order Gallinae,—which includes the Grouse, Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea- Fowls, Jungle Fowl, Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and Guans—the group of the Pheasants can justly claim the dis- tinction of possessing the most beautiful birds. Indeed, I think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a group of game birds all the members of which, taken species by species, are so gorgeously apparelled as these. In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest pheasant collections in the world, it is not possible to do more than direct the visitors’ attention to its chief items of interest. It must be stated well in advance, however, that these are birds of very shy and retiring habit, which owe their existence as species to the success with which they retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and beast. These birds must not be forced to spend all the day- light hours in their runways; for some of them could not long survive such exposure and excitement. To preserve their lives, and keep them in health, they must have the privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they de- sire. But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a little effort in returning to them, the interested visitor will find no great difficulty in seeing all the species. There are few species of pheasants whose members are sufficiently peace-loving that many individuals can be kept together without deadly combats. Of most species save the golden, silver and ring-neck, the cocks are so quarrelsome that even two can not be kept together; and this fact con- stitutes a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrel- some male pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always pos- sible to fill the vacancy on short notice. Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in an enumeration based on beauty and luxuriance of plum- 158 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT. age—the Amherst, Reeve, golden, silver, impeyan, Argus or Soemmerring—it is difficult to choose. Each has its share of strong points, and it seems as if there is no ‘‘finest of all.’’ Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason of the changes so often necessary in the runways, it is in- expedient to attempt an end-to-end enumeration. The Golden Pheasant, (Chrysolophus pictus), is a uni- versal favorite; and it well deserves its wide popularity. Although small, it is as beautiful as the most entrancing sunset ever seen. It is very alert and chic, it is so good tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of seeing a whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To crown all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so com- petent a ‘‘rustler’’ in seeking food that under fair con- ditions it is easily transplanted from its native home in western and southern China. It has been introduced and acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon, Washington, southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and else- where. In the shooting season, the shops of the taxider- mists of Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gor- geous creatures, which appreciative sportsmen have found “‘too beautiful to eat.’? One might as well try to describe a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the wonderful com- bination of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and deep crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird. The Amherst Pheasant, (Chrysolophus amherstiac), is the NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 159 INDIAN PEACOCK. nearest relative to the golden species, and also a strong can- didate for first honors on the score of beauty. As far as you can see the cock bird, you can recognize it by its mar- vellous cape of pure white feathers marked with semicircles of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes far back upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its enor- mously long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicu- ously marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black laid on a light ground color. This bird is of small size, and fortunately for the public, it breeds in confinement with suffi- cient readiness that a good supply for exhibition purposes is thereby maintained. The Silver Pheasant, (Gennacas nycthemerus), of China, is Nature’s ‘‘running mate’’ for the golden pheasant, not only in the rocky hill forests of southern China, but in acclimatization, in captivity, and everywhere else. Wher- ever you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver also, with its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from its ears to its tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well to accentuate the whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger bird than the golden and Amherst pheasants, but it is so good tempered that every summer two or three cock birds are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In parks which are not visited by great numbers of people, * 160 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. both this species and the golden are eae! domesticated, and permitted to roam at will. The Reeves Pheasant, (Syrmaticus reevesi), of northern China, is a most beautiful species, closely related to the Japanese, Elliott, Hume and Soemmerring pheasants,—all of them fine, showy birds. Like the Amherst, the Reeves Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult or old male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you see in captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail, it is safe to assume that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves. The Soemmerring Pheasant, (Phasianus soemmerringit), sometimes very aptly called the Copper Pheasant, is a native of Japan, and a bird of which any country might well be proud. In size, form and length of tail it matches the com- mon ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors are found in the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail. The pattern of the latter reveals first a strong cross-bar of chocolate brown, above that a broad band of fawn-color, and this blends into a mottling of black on cream-color, edged across with black. The True Ring-Necked Pheasant, (P. torquatus), of China, brings to view a question that fr equently i is asked regarding the English Pheasant, (P. colchicus), which is the common species of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, and of Great Britain and other continental areas by introduction. We are asked, ‘‘Has the English Pheasant a white ring around its neck, or not?’’ The answer is, the true, purc-blooded English, or Common Pheasant, (P. colchicus), has no ring around its neck; but so many persons have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant, of China, with that species that in many flocks of the former species the majority of the individuals are of mixed breed, with necks perceptibly ringed, yet passing as English Pheas- ants. As a matter of fact, in the world to-day, pure-blooded English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and Ring- Necked species have been successfully introduced into sev- eral portions of the United States. While on this subject, we will here record the fact that the name Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring- Neck, is a misleading error. The real Mongolian Pheasant, of Turkestan, (P. mongolicus), is a species of such extreme rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in the United States A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at the Pheag. ant Aviary. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 161 The Argus Pheasant, (Argusianus argus), is a bird with a great reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological collections it does not always come up to expectations. Both its secondary feathers—which when fully developed are of enormous length—and its primaries, are extremely beauti- ful; but unfortunately those beauties are not visible until the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a manner very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the eyes on the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each primary is a dream in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a most elaborate pattern. The Argus Pheasants are most shy and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot and moist jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and are almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the Dyaks and Malays, and after the skin has been removed and carefully preserved for museum purposes, the flesh is as fine eating as the breast of a quail and quite as palatable. A few successful attempts have been made to breed this species in captivity. The Impeyan Pheasant, (Lophophorus impeyanus), is the neighbor of the Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and the markhor, and the delight of every sportsman who dares the rocks of ‘‘the Roof of the World’’ in quest of Himalayan big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic colors, and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is in the world’s most gigantic mountains, and it is not un- common for a bird that has flown out from a mountain-side and been shot on the wing to fall 2,000 feet, and beyond human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with Anglo- Indian sportsmen. The Pheasant Aviary is a double installation, and ‘as an aviary for Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is for Pheasants. During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants of the Old World were studied in their haunts by Mr. C. William Beebe, Curator of Birds. By reason of a cash gift to the Zoological Society made by Col Anthony R. Kuser, he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will be published in the near future. 162 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. THE CSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43. This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney. Originally it was our intention to devote this fine build- ing solely to the great ‘‘running birds,’’—Ostriches, Rheas, Emeus and Cassowaries; but the pressure for space has been so great that this intention never has been carried into effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so many cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds which appeal for space in these very pleasant and health- ful quarters, we have felt compelled to set our original plan half at naught. It seems probable that some of the feath- ered interlopers now in the Ostrich House will remain there, indefinitely—or at least until we erect a Crane Aviary. Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of the Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size and form, and connected by a handsome pavilion. Each building is 170 feet long, and 54 feet wide. The Ostrich House contains 13 cages, each 10x12 feet, by 8 feet in height. A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into these cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is no wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable par- titions were provided, so that a few of the cages might be subdivided whenever necessary. This provision has proven of much practical value. Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard, in which the big birds spend the warm months. The yards are enclosed by wire fences, and to the eye of the visitor they are open from three directions. The members of the Subclass Ratitae,—once called the Cursores, or the ‘‘running birds,’’—are the present-day giants of the avian world. We have reason to be glad that all these splendid birds did not disappear from the earth before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly, they mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the far-reaching destructiveness of civilized man has already put a period to the natural evolution of animal life. To-day, the preservers of wild life are engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle with the annihilators, over the preservation of a remnant for those who come after us. The African Ostriches are now very prominently in the public eye, not because of their relationship to the Dinornis and Aepyornis of the past, but by reason of the value of NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 163 ngs NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE. their plumes in enhancing the attractiveness of woman. And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted in a better cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume. crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost as much certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the United States, the most important plume-producing ostrich farms are situated in southern California and Arizona, where the industry is quite successful. So valuable are the adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens im- ported from Africa for less money than would be necessary to procure them in the United States. A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height, and weighs about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New York, before acclimatization and moulting into perfect plu- mage, is from $200 to $250. The female lays about 90 eggs in a year, each of which is equal to about 20 hen’s eggs. The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity only about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more than one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of immature birds and adult females is gray, but that of the adult male is black on the body, and white on the wings and tail. The South African Ostrich, (Struthio australis), differs from the species found in the north. The color of the naked skin of its neck and thighs, and the front scales on 164 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. RHEA. CASSOWARY. its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish, and dark. This is the species of the southern half of Africa, now so successfully farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual crop is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species which is kept on the ostrich farms of California and Arizona. The North African, or Sudan Ostrich, (S. camelus), is the species first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front metatarsal scales are of a decided pink color. Originally the range of this species extended from north Africa well into southwestern Asia, embracing Arabia, Syria and Meso- potamia. Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally cov- ered all the open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never inhabited the regions of dense forests. To-day their total inhabited range is small, and rapidly becoming more so. It is highly probable that within the life period of many per- sons now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from the earth. The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich, (Rhea americana), represents a group of ostriches much smaller than those of Africa, and found only on the open plans of Argentina and Patagonia, below the great equatorial forest belt. There are three species in the group. In general terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two- thirds the size of an adult African ostrich. It is with great difficulty that these birds are reared to maturity in the United States. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 165 EMEUS. The Common Emeu, (Dromacus novae-hollandiae), of Aus- tralia, is the neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in form is as odd as are the majority of the birds and mammals of that continent of strange creatures. Its body suggests a pile of gray-brown hay elevated on stilts, to one end of which a hay-covered neck and head have been attached. The bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortu- nately, in climates reasonably well suited to it—but not in -or near New York—it is possible to breed this bird in cap- tivity. In size the Emeu is next to the African ostrich. The Ceram Cassowary, (Casuarius casuarius), of the Island of Ceram, Malay Archipelago, represents a group which contains a number of well-defined species which are scattered through the northern cape of Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of Malay- ana east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their glossy purple or black body plumage—which looks far more like coarse hair than like feathers—their huge legs, and their helmeted heads. The differences between species are based chiefly upon the bright orange red and purple colors of their upper necks and wattles. In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the emeus. In captivity they are the best of all the large cursor- 166 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ial birds, and live longer than either ostriches, rheas or emeus. They are essentially birds of the thick forests rather than open plains, and can not bear the glaring light and heat of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich. In captivity they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other. Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.—At present these are so numerous and so important it is necessary to mention a few of them, even though the labels may be sup- posed to speak for them. They fall into several groups,— chiefly birds of prey and cranes. One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collec- tion is the Secretary Bird, (Serpentarius serpentarius). It is well known as a snake killer, its attacks being made with the feet alone, and never with the beak. Its long legs are re- markably powerful, and capable of dealing a crushing blow, always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it does not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance, it is in reality one of this group, and might well be described as a ‘‘hawk on stilts.”’ The snakes, frogs, small animals and birds which form its diet are generally swallowed en- tire. The long cockades of black feathers falling back- wards at each side of the head are said to have suggested the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a quill stuck behind the ear of a clerk. The Brush Turkey, or Telegalla, (Catheturus lathami), is a bird of the dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Aus- tralia. For many years it has been regarded as a zoological wonder, because of the remarkable manner in which it nests and produces its young. Instead of building a small, hol- low nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body, it pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot in the forest it builds a huge mound, and as the structure rises, it lays its eggs in the heart of it. Turning its tail to the mound-site, this absurd little bird—no larger than a barnyard hen—scratches about right and left, gathers a big footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good working order can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten feet. Usually the finished mound is about three feet high by ten feet in diameter on the ground, and contains two or three cart-loads of sticks, leaves and grass. The eggs are deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and each newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 167 LITTLE BROWN CRANE. DEMOISELLE CRANE. the eggs are incubated by the heat of the sun and the fer- mentation of the mass. When hatched, the young chicks are able to fly. THE CRANES. At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided between the Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and their environs. In summer there are exhibits of these birds in the outdoor yards adjacent to each of those buildings. Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized in the Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and sum- mer. The Whooping Crane, (Grus americana), is the largest, the handsomest and the rarest crane species in America. Its great size and its pure-white plumage—except its primar- ies—render it conspicuous from afar, and its voice will carry half a mile. The arched secondary wing feathers of the adult give the bird a very jaunty appeavance. This species is so rare that thus far we have been able in eight years to secure only three specimens. The Whooping Crane nests in summer in the Arctic regions, but in winter it ranges as far south as Mexico. Our specimens of this bird will in summer be found in the large paddock immediately north of the Aquatic Bird House, with the next species. The Sandhill Crane, (Grus mecvicana), is smaller than the preceding species, more common, and is frequently seen in 168 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ASIATIC WHITE CRANE. PARADISE CRANE. captivity. Its color is slaty-blue. It is found in the south- eastern United States, but once was fairly common through- out the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird often in- dulges in some very droll antics—at times actually dancing. The adult maies are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to attack those who go near them, and all visitors are warned not to go within striking distance of them. Children espe- cially should not be permitted to climb over the guard wires, and approach close up to the cranes’ fences. The Sarus Crane, of the plains and sand-bars of northern India, (Antigone antigone), greatly resembles our sandhill crane, but is a much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome species, and in captivity individuals are inclined to be cruel toward each other. The Asiatic White Crane, (Sarcogceranus leucogeranus), is like a modest understudy to our whooping crane, in all respects save the elevated tail-crest. It is a bird of wide distribution. The Paradise Crane, (Tetrapteryx paradisea), of the open plains of Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with a head so puffed out with side feathers that it looks almost reptilian. Its tail-feathers taper out to infinity, and grace- fully droop quite to the ground. The little African De- moiselle Crane, (Anthropoides virgo), is so diminutive, so dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its young- ladylikeness has been proclaimed in its name. Of all NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 169 WHOOPING CRANE. CROWNED CRANE. foreign species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure, and the most satisfactory to keep in collections. It never quarrels, it is very sociable in its habits, and thrives in captivity. The Crowned Crane, (Balearica pavonina), also of Africa, is, perhaps, the most beautiful of all living cranes. = It is of medium size, royally colored, and strikingly set off with a conspicuous crown of stiff, quill-like feathers that stand as erect and regular as the aigret of an Indian prince. ADJUTANT. JABIRU. MASTIGURE. OO, ee HORNED RATTLESNAKE. GECKO. TREE FROG. SECTION III—THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34. The Reptile House was the first large building erected in the Zoological Park. It represents an earnest effort to pre- sent carefully selected examples of the reptilian Orders, in a manner which may afford the visitor and the student a gen- eral view of the important groups of living reptiles. The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and its greatest width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mot- tled brick, combined with granite and Indiana limestone. In the ornamental cornice of terra cotta, reptilian forms modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the well-known ani- mal sculptor, constitute an important feature. The build- ing is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with its cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the edge of a forest of primeval oaks, very near the geograph- ical center of the Park. The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and at one end it opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sand- banks, through three huge arches, into the green, jungly mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical vegetation massed behind the pool—palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas, and the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection ferns, and butterfly orchids,—nearly the whole came from Florida, along with five alligators which were the first occupants of the pool. In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length, by 40 feet wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this building is, it would be an easy matter to fill all its avail- able space with the reptiles of North America alone, choos- ing only the handsome and showy forms. As we contem- plate the great number of species in our own reptilian fauna, the thought occurs, what can we do with the rep- tiles of the Old World? Manifestly, the only proper course is to choose from the reptiles of the world the forms which will make for our visitors and students the most instructive and attractive series of important types. 171 172 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA. On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the Reptile House: onDERs. CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES. LOCALITY. Alligator Turtle......... Louisiana. Snapping Turtle........ Zoological Park. Box Tortoise............ Zoological Park. TuntLes, or | Giant Tortoise.......... Galapagos Island. Chelonia. Gopher Tortoise........ Florida. Painted Turtle.......... New York. Green Turtle (marine)... New York. Soft-shelled Turtle...... Indiana. Alligator’ cca tis cee cies Florida. bapa he on Florida Crocodile....... Southern Florida. ‘s wTOeOdtas Broad-nosed Crocodile... Africa. ical Iguana (J. tuber- =| CUlALA). cece ccc eens West Indies. a Horned “Toad”......... Arizona. Fs Lizarps, or Green Lizard (L. fe \ Lacertilia. MANTOAS Viste co tax schey och ois ae Europe. MOnitors i00-hc dscns ote Ceylon. o “Glass Snake’’........... Florida. = Gila Monster........... Arizona. Ee Chameleon.............. Africa. A Regal Python........... Malay Peninsula. : Anaconda.............4. British Guiana. a Black Snake (B. a constrictor)........... Zoological Park. B SERPENTS, or Garter Snake........... Zoological Park. a Ophidia. Hog-Nosed Snake....... Zoological Park. Corali Snakeiccc conse Florida. “a Cobra de Capello....... India. ] 5 Diamond - Backed \ § Rattlesnake........... Florida. | & Water Moccasin......... Florida. At > THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES. The Order of Turtles, (Chelona), is so large that it has. been found necessary to devote to its representatives the whole central space of the main hall of the Reptile House, and also a specially designed Tortoise House of glass in the eastern end of the building. In the main hall are two feat- ures—one, a large square tank for large turtles; the other, a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and living plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means. of low, plate-glass partitions it is divided into ten cross sec- tions, each of which can very comfortably provide for the: wants of at least three species cf turtles of medium size. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 173 GIANT TORTOISE. With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for Old World forms, and the temptation to make this col- lection strictly Occidental, is almost too great to be resisted. For the sake of brevity and clearness, only six types have been chosen for special mention. The following species taken together fairly represent the different forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest: The Alligator Turtle, (Macrochelys lacertina), is the larg- est fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and temper it resembles the common snapping turtle of the North, and its home is in the Gulf States. The largest of the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs 115 pounds. The Snapping Turtle, (Chelydra serpentina), which is the most courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather pourly protected by its shell, and must therefore fight for its place in nature. The Painted Turtle, (Chrysemys picta), is a species of wide and common distribution, and fairly representative of the host of fresh water terrapins and turtles so common throughout the United States in ponds and streams of all sorts. The Box Tortoise, (Cistudo carolina), lives on land, and as a means of perfect protection has been enabled by nature completely to withdraw its head and legs within its shell, 174 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. and by means of a hinge across the middle of the plastron, or lower shell, to close it tightly. The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.—At the eastern end of the Reptile House is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening into a series of sandy yards. This installation is occupied by the collection of tortoises and the larger tropical lizards. These reptiles do better in captivity, and show to best ad- vantage, if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for exercise. The Giant Tortoises are among the most interesting of living reptiles. There are fourteen distinct species, all be- longing to the genus Testudo. These creatures appear to be survivors of the reptilian ages when reptiles attained colossal proportions. Fossil remains of the great tortoises show these creatures to have formerly inhabited the continents, but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit the Galapagos Islands in the Pacifie Ocean. Four are found in the Aldabra Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four in- habit the Mauritius-Rodriguez group of Islands. All the species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent expeditions to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant Tortoises now survive in those islands. The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The speci- mens exhibited consume great quantities of green food, which varies in kind according to the season’s supply. Dur- ing the summer months they feed largely upon melons. Among the species exhibited is Testudo vicina, repre- sented by our largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos Islands. It weighs slightly over two hundred and twenty- five pounds. Another example from the same islands repre- sents Testudo nigrita, a smaller and flatter species. Testudo elephantina, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing rapidly. The latter tortoise has a very high shell, and pro- portionately small head. The Gopher Tortoises, (Testudo carolina), are large, thick- shelled, clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the sandy southern regions where they live. Once they were common in southern Florida, but their edibility has resulted in a great decrease in their abundance. The South American Tortoise, (Testudo tabulata), is a good representative of the smaller tortoises from various parts of the world. It is common throughout tropical NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 175 South America and attains a maximum length of shell of about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish, each of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile. The Marine Turtles—At the New York Aquarium, sit- uated in Battery Park, and managed by the New York Zoological Society, will be found a fine collection of such large sea-turtles as the Loggerhead, Green Turtle and Hawksbill, which require salt water. The Soft-Shelled Turtle, (Aspidonectes ferox).—As to liv- ing relatives, this strange genus seems apropos of nothing. Like some of the marine turtles its shell is greatly reduced in weight, so that it can float more readily; instead of being solid bone, it terminates in a wide, thin edge of cartilage, which is so soft that when properly boiled it constitutes palatable food. THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS. The Order of Crocodilians——This important Order, the members of which are widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of the world, contains nineteen species. At this point it is well t» correct certain very general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians. Crocodiles are not confined to the Old World; at least three species being found abundantly in tropical America. The ‘‘movement”’ of a crocodile’s jaw differs in no man- ner whatever from that of an alligator. Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man. There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life through our common alligator. The Alligator genus embraces the American Alligator, (A. mississippiensis), of the southern United States and a small species found in China! The head of the Alligator is very flat and its sides are nearly parallel, while the head of a typical crocodile is nearly triangular. The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in the Reptile House, by several lusty specimens, all of which eat voraciously, are growing rapidly, and undoubtedly en- joying life. The largest specimen, a burly monster over twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in length since its arrival here in 1899. In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the Reptile House, is well stocked with alligators of various 176 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ALLIGATOR POOL, sizes, and it is there that visitors can secure most realistie impressions of the appearance of this species in a state of nature, and in abundant numbers. Under favorable conditions,—warm water and air, good light, plenty of room, and abundant food,—the Alligator grows rapidly. A specimen hatched in our Reptile House in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8 feet 3 inches long, and weighed 75 pounds. The Crocodile genus is widely represented throughout the world. Of the whole eleven species, the American con- tinent contains four—the Florida Crocodile, (Crocodilus acutus floridanus), attaining a length of 14 feet, which was discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W. T. Hornaday; the American Crocodile, (C. acutus) ; the Sharp- nosed Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodilus intermedius), found in South America; and the small Crocodilus rhombifer, which is found only in Cuba and the West Indies. Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and Africa three. Of the Asiatic species, one frequents salt water. The Florida Crocodile is now represented by two speci- mens nearly 9 feet long, from Madina Creek, southern Flor- ida, presented by Mr. Julian A. Dimock. It is to be recog- nized at a glance by its dark olive color and sharp-pointed head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 177 VENEZUELAN BOA. The Broad-Nosed Crocodile, (Osteolaemus tetraspis), of Africa, is represented by two specimens. This species is characterized by the broad, bony-looking head. It is one of the smaller crocodilians attaining a maximum length of five feet. THE LIZARDS. The Tropical Lizards.——Several families of lizards are represented among the specimens occupying the Reptile House, the Tortoise room and outside runways. Among these are the Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors. Among the Iguanas are several large and interesting liz- ards. The largest of these is the Rhinoceros Iguana, (Cy- clura cornuta), found in Hayti. Contrary to the general belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly carnivorous, though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This species receives its name from the presence of three well- defined horns upon the snout. The Mexican Iguana, (Ctenosaura acanthura), looks unique in the possession of rings of sharp spines about the tail. Most specimens are jet black when adult, but very young examples are pale green. The South American Iguana, (Iguana tuberculata), may be readily distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of 178 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. erect spines which rise along the back-bone of male speci- mens, and also by the presence of a rounded tubercle or plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly colored Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than spe- cies of the allied genera. A large male specimen is seven feet long, but much of this length is taken up by the grad- ually tapering tail. In South America—on the Orinoco, at least—this species is considered edible, and the writer can tesify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent. The very popular Horned ‘‘Toad,’’ (Phrynosoma), of the southwestern states, of which there are eight or nine species, should be mentioned if for no other reason than to place it where it belongs—with the lizards, and not with the toads. The Tegus, (genus Tupinambis), are powerful lizards, growing to a length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical South America. They are fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous and very quarrelsome. It is impossible to keep any but the larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond of eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the con- tents by means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will also eat raw beef. The Australian Monitor, (Varanus gouldii), is a good rep- resentative of a genus of large and powerful lizards con- fined to the Old World, where they occur in India, Malaysia, Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a length of eight feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow entire an animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are fond of eggs, swallowing them without breaking the shell, which is soon dissolved by the powerful gastric juices. Other Lizards.—Within the main halls of the Reptile House will be found various representatives of the smaller Lizards, a few of which may be mentioned. The beautiful, emerald-colored Green Lizard, (Lacerta viridis), of Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is also one of the most satisfactory to keep in a vivarium—a good feeder and always posing. The famous Glass ‘‘Snake,’’ (Ophiosauris ventralis), is im- portant because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect it is generally mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 179 is not, however, a ‘‘connecting link’’ between the lizards and the serpents. - Our well-known Gila Monster, (pronounced He-la) (Helo- derma suspectum), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the southwestern deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it has the appearance of being covered all over with dark- brown-black, and yellow: beads, such as Indians use in their bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous that it in- flicts a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal. The Chameleon of the Old World, (Chamaelco vulgaris), because of its color phases and its remarkable form, is truly a great ‘‘curiosity’’; but it should not be confused with our so-called American Chameleon, which belongs to another Family,,and is also less interesting. THE SERPENTS. The Order of Serpents, (Op/idia)—The large glazed cases along the northern side of the main hall of the Reptile House are devoted to the larger serpents, while the smaller species are provided for along the south wall, and in the adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the management of a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that often the most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together. Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Rep- tile House, ten are chosen as fairly representing the prin- cipal groups. The Regal Python, (Python reticulatus), here represented by a fine specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds, is the best representative of the rock pythons of Asia and Africa. The island of Borneo is its center of distribution. None of the constrictors is venomous, but their crushing power is almost beyond belief. The Rock Python, (Python sebae), of Africa, is a light- colored species with a very small head, and is frequently seen in the hands and around the necks of snake-charmers. The Anaconda, (Eunectes murinus), is one of the largest constrictors of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic habits. It is a handsome serpent, being of a rich green color, marked with large black spots. The Black Snake, (Bascanium constrictor), a common spe- cies in the eastern United States, is probably the highest 180 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. r , "aSgew' Taha ea ce are ha i a aN appr, | RHINOCEROS VIPER. type of the harmless snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor and activity in running, climbing, and swimming; it pos- sesses great courage, and seeks prey of many kinds in all kinds of situations. The Garter Snake, (Eutaenia sirtalis), is more frequently seen in the eastern United States than any other serpent. Although the warfare waged against it is perpetual, regard- less of the fact that it is as harmless as a fly, its numbers do not sensibly diminish. The Hog-Nosed Snake, ‘‘Puff Adder,’’ or ‘‘Sand-Viper,’’ (Heterodon-platyrhinus), represents a large and important Family, and, despite its dangerous appearance and terrify- ing names, it is quite harmless. It represents one of Na- ture’s methods for protecting harmless and inactive crea- tures, by making them resemble others which are dangerous. Venomous Reptiles.—Because of the number of species of rattlesnakes which have found lodgment in the United States, and the trouble they have caused in a few localities, we are specially interested in all serpents which are danger- ous to man. The species named below represents the deadly genera which civilized man has most cause to fear. The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake, (Elaps fulvius), represents a genus which contains many species, though but few of them occur in America. The King Cobra, (Naja bungaris), from the Malay Penin- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 181 COBRA-DE-CAPELLO. sula, often called Snake-Eating Cobra, is the most dangerous of all serpents, because it is the largest and the most ath- letic of the venomous species, and for its bite there is no effective antidote. It feeds only on living snakes. The fine specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length. The Cobra-de-Capello, (Naja tripudians), of which some fine specimens are shown, is the terror of India, where it kills between 18,000 and 20,000 people annually! This is the most deadly of all serpents. For its bite, science has thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although Dr. Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively in this direction, has secured partially successful results. The most vicious snake in North America, and one of the ugliest in appearance, is the Water Moccasin, (Ancis- trodon piscivorus),—closely related to the beautiful Copper- head, (4. contortrix). It is more dreaded in the South than the rattler, because it strikes on the slightest provocation, and without the rattler’s timely warning. Its colors are dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be disliked. The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake, (Crotalus adamanteus), is too handsome, too showy, and too large to be chosen as the best average type of the genus Crotalus; but he is king of his kind, and cannot be ignored. Three species shown side 182 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. by side in our Reptile House afford striking examples of protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the checkers of sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands under the palmetto leaves. THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS. Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more in- teresting than those forms which serve to connect the great groups of vertebrate animals, by bridging over what other- wise would seem like impassable chasms. Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird, called the Archeopteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard- like tail, which is covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis, a water bird with teeth, but no wings, which inhabited the shores of the great western lake which has already yielded to American paleontologists a great number of most remark- able fossil forms. Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful chain of living links by which those two Classes of verte- brates are so closely and unbrokenly united, and by such an array of forms, that they constitute an independent Class, the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the transition from water to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs, Nature has made some strange combinations. In some instances the fins, legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several notable misfits have resulted, and in some cases we see gills and legs going together, while in other lungs and fins are associated. The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of Amphibians, and it is reasonaly certain that this number will be maintained and increased. They are to be found in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south side and eastern end of the Main Hall. The Bullfrog, (Rana catesbiana), is a fair representative of the Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land- going reptiles. During the early stages of its existence it is in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole with no legs, a short-tailed tad- pole with a pair of front legs, a shorter-tailed tadpole with four legs, and finally a fully-developed, land-going frog with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of the genus Rana, there are five species in the eastern United States, several of which inhabit the Zoological Park. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 183 The Wood Frog, (Rana sylvatica), is frequently seen in moist valleys in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate brown back so closely matches the color of the dead leaves and moist earth; it is difficult to find, save when it takes one of its flying leaps. The specimens shown were taken near the Beaver Pond. The Tree Frog, (Hyla pickeringi), is the commonest of the queer little tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, and so difficult to find. In spring their voices are the first to be heard in the swamps. The Zoological Park is full of Hylas, and their cheerful piping is heard at all seasons, especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds gather and promise rain. The Common Toad, (Bufo lentiginosus), is found in the Zoological Park, though not in such abundance as the two preceding species. Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile House are the specimens of Smooth-Clawed Frog, (Xenopus laevis), from Africa and The Surinam Toad, (Pipa americana). Both of these species are strictly aquatic and have broadly palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from Dutch Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male col- lects the eggs and places them on the female’s back where they are engulfed in large folds of the skin, which form cells in which the metamorphosis occurs. The Spotted Salamander, (Salamandra maculosa), because of its broad, bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a rich, dark-brown body color, is one of the most showy of all Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and being much prized in collections, it frequently passes through the hands of dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, which gives the creature the appearance of having been varnished. This is the creature which is supposed to be able to withstand fire—a belief which is purely imaginative. The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl, (Amblystoma tigrinum), is a widely different creature from the preceding. It is found throughout the greater portion of the North Amer- ican continent, and as far south as Central Mexico. Thir- teen other species of the genus Amblystoma are found in North America and Mexico. In the matter of ‘‘harmoniz- ing with environment,’’ the Amblystoma is one of the most remarkable creatures in existence. In its larval stage (corresponding with the tadpole stage of a frog), this ani- 184 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG. mal possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in appear- ance, and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like the tail of an eel. So long as this larval creature remains in water, its ex- ternal gills remain and do duty, and the larval stage con- tinues indefinitely. Remove it from water, or let its home pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry up, its tail loses its fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on land, breath- ing air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills. The ‘‘Water-Dog’’ or ‘‘Hellbender,’’ (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis), is a salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 inches long when adult, found more frequently in Penn- sylvania than elsewhere. They are said to be very tena- cious of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on worms, minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of the fisherman in quest of that most repulsive of all Amer- ican fishes, the cat-fish. Between cat-fish and water-dog there would seem to be small choice. Mr. William Frear offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of this creature: ‘*One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain on the ground exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was brought to the museum, and left lying a day longer before it was placed in alcohol. The day following, desiring to NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 185 note a few points of structure, I removed it from the alcohol in which it had been completely submerged for at least 20 hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it began to open its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and fro, and give other undoubted signs of vitality.’’ The Congo Snake, or Amphiuma, (Amphiuma means), is a creature which closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. A close examination, however, discloses a tiny pair of front legs; and far back, well toward the end of the tail, a small pair of hind legs appear. These are about as valuable to the animal as the tiger’s clavicle is to him. There are but two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which are found in the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. Still lower than the amphiuma, is The Mud Eel, (Siren lacer- tina), of the southeastern quarter of the United States, which possesses small external gills, and only one pair of legs, which are in front. The Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy, (Necturus maculatus), possesses external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of the rivers of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes and also the lakes of northern New York. It is often taken in fisherman’s nets. _ THE INSECT COLLECTION.* A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibi- tion during the early summer of 1910. While this first exhibit was not elaborate, it excited such interest that it was decided to enlarge it, by taking advantage of the sea- son which then was at its best for insect collecting. A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion between the Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, and thirty-five glass-fronted cages, together with a row of aquaria for aquatic specimens, were installed. A number of collecting trips were made into the country within a radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked success, that by the middle of July the collection was pro- nounced by a number of visitors to equal in interest any exhibition of the kind heretofore attempted in this country, or in Europe. In view of the marked interest created by this display, the insect collection will hereafter be a perma- nent feature of the Park. *This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and other members of the Department of Reptiles. 186 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Ceca: GIANT CENTIPEDE. There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living in- sects that it is difficult to select groups to feature for the summer. Our efforts were first directed toward exhibiting a series of the different insects that sing, and also a series of species injurious to the interests of the agriculturists, together with a number of the insects that prey upon the noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a marked success and will hereafter be continued each summer. We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, a fine collection of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will be shown on panels, and inasmuch as a number of the moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit should be instruc- tive. During the winter the insect collection is made up largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the large bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even though these creatures are not to be classified as true insects. The collection of singing insects of the past summer was composed of the meadow locust, greater and lesser cone- headed locust, the Katy-did, broad-winged locust, field ericket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged cricket and two species of the tree crickets. There were about five hundred specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made by them was so great that visitors had to shout to one an- other to make their own voices audible. The sounds coming from this collection varied according to the time of day. It was late in the afternoon, when the larger locusts com- menced their singing (which continued throughout the night), and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet active, the insect chorus was quite vociferous. It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects are collected. The best time to capture them is at NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK 187 TARANTULA. RED-WINGED LOCUST. HERCULES BEETLE. night, when the collector stalks the loudest singers, and by approaching within definite investigating distance, can ac- curately locate the insects by bringing into use an electric flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes the insect to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, provided the movements of the collector’s arm are performed outside the rays of light. If the locust has become silent and cannot be detected when the light is thrown upon it, the collector simply switches off the light and remains quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, when its exact location is again determined. In this way the night songsters of a big meadow are collected, one by one, and the collector leaves behind him a silent field that a few hours before resounded with the stridulations of the insect chorus. Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our series are to be found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, the huge red-winged locust of the South, the Egyptian scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and South America, and broods of silk worm. The life history’ of the mosquito will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and ad- joining these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests. The insect collection is supplied with interesting descrip- tive labels. During the latter part of spring it is removed from the Reptile House, where, during the winter the num- ber of its cages are much reduced, and replaced in the quarters occupied during the summer. Access, means of, 16 Admission, 17 Aix galericulata, 155 Sponsa, 155 Agouti, 111 Alpaca, 54, 56 Amblystoma tigrinum, 183 Amphiuma means, 185 Anaconda, 179 Anas boschas, 153 Ancistrodon contortrix, 181 piscivorus, 181 Anser anser, 134 albifrons, 134 Ant-eater, great 113 Antelope, addax 39 beatrix 40 beisa 40 duiker 47 prong-horned 51 sable 39, 40, 43 sabre 39 sasin 46, 47 Antelopes, small African, 46 Anthropopithecus calvus, 81, Anthropoides virgo, 168 Antidorcas, 48 Antigone antigone, 168 Antilocapra americana, 51 Antilocapridae, 51 Antilope cervicapra, 47 Antlers, development of, 59, 61 Aoudad, 34 Ape Barbary, 86 black, 86 Aquila chrysaetos, 145 Arctictis binturong, 108 Ardea americana, 138 herodias, 138 Argusianus argus, 161 Armadillo, nine-banded, 112 six-banded, 112, 114 three-banded, 112 Ass, Persian Wild, 66 Aurochs, 29 Aviary, eagleand vulture, 143 goose, 133 pheasant, 155 Axis axis, 67 Axis deer, 67 Aythya americana, 154 vallisneria, 154 Baboon, 85 golden, 86 hamadryas, 86 long-armed yellow, 86 Bactrachians, 182 Badger, American, 110 European, 110 Balearica pavonina, 169 Bascanium constrictor, 179 Bear, Admiralty, 124 Andean black, 125 black, 124 brown, 125, 127 hairy-eared, 126 Himalayan black, 126 Isabella, 126 Japanese black, 127 Peninsula, 123 INDEX. Bear, Polar, 120, 121, 122 sloth, 127 spectacled, 125, 126 Syrian, 125 Yakutat, 122 Beaver, American, 110, 129 Big-horn, 32 Binturong, 108 Birds, list of, 152 Bison, American, 26, 27 European, 27 ranges, 26 Black buck, 47 Blastoceros paludosus, 44 Blessbok, 41 Bos americanus, 27 primigenius, 29 Bradypus tridactylus, 114 Branta canadensis, 134 Brocket, black-faced, 45 Bubo bubo, 141 lacteus, 142 virginianus, 142 Bufo Ae 183 Burrhel, 32, Buteo borealis, 4a Cage, flying, 135, 136 Camel, bactrian, 53, 54 Camelus dromedarius, 55 Cameloids, Canis azarae, 109 dingo, 109 latrans, 99 mesomelas, 108 nubilis, 98 Capybara, 111 Caribou, woodland, 62 Barren-Ground, 63 Casarca casarca, 155 variegata, 155 Cassowary, Ceram, 165 Custor canadensis, 110, 129 Cat, common civet, 107 jungle, 106 Malayan, 107 margay, 106 wild, 107 yaguarundi, 106 Catharista urubu, 144 urobitinga, 144 Cebus hypoleucus, 81 Cephalophus grimnu, 47 Cercocebus collaris, 81, 87 Cervicapra arundinum, 47 Cervus canadensis, 57 canadensis asiaticus, 70 duvauceli, 70 elaphus, 71 eldi, 69 equinus, 70 maral, 71 moluccensis, 45 muntjac, 45 porcinus, 45 schomburgki, 44 unicolor, 45, 70 Chameleon, 179 Chamois, 33, 35 Cheetah, 77 Chelydra serpentina, 173 188 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. Chelonia, 172 Chen hyperborea, 185 Chenopsis atrata, 135 Chimpanzee, 81, 84 Choloepus hoffmani, 114 Chrysemys picta, 173 Chrysolophus amherstiae, 158 Chrysolophus pictus, 158 ‘Chrysothrix sciurea, 81, 88 Ciconia ciconia, 138 Cistudo carolina, 173 Coati-mundi, 109 red, white-nosed, 109 Cobra-de-capello, 181 king, 180 Cobus unctuosus, 41 Collections, arrangement of, 11 census of, 11 Connochaetes gnu, 38 albojubatus, 39 Condor, “alifornia, 144 South American, 143 Corvidae, 152 Coscoroba coscoroba, 135 ‘Coyote, 99, 100 Crane, Asiatic, white 168 crowned, 169 demoiselle, 167, 168 little brown, 167 paradise 168 sandhill, 138, 167 sarus, 16. whooping, 167, 169 Crocodile, American, 176 broad-nosed, 177 Florida, 176 sharp-nosed Orinoco, 176 Crocodilus acutus, 176 acutus floridanus, 176 intermedius, 176 osteolaemus tetraspis, 117 Crotalus adamanteus, 181 Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, 184 Ctenosaura acanthura, 177 Cyclura cornuta, 177 Cynomys ludovicianus, 118 Cygnus buccinator, 135 olor, 134 Dama vulgaris, 68 Damaliscus albifrons, 41 Dasyprocta, 111 Dasypus sexcinctus, 112 Deer, axis, 67, 68 barasingha, 70 Columbian black-tailed, 62 Eld, 69 European red, 71 fallow, 68 hog, 45 horse-tailed, 70 Japanese sika, 67 jumping, 60 maral, 71 marsh, 44 Molucca, 45 mule, 60 musk, 46 Osceola, white-tailed, 43 rib-faced, 45 Indian sambar, 70 Deer, Malay sambar, 70 Schomburgk, 44 Sinaloa white-tailed, 44 swamp, 70 white-tailed, 62 Dens, bear, 119 fox, 101 wolf, 98 Dingo, 109 Dog, Australian, 109 Azara, 109 raccoon, 109 Dromedary, 55 Dromaeus novae-hollandiae, 165 Duck, canvas back, 154 lesser scaup, 155 mallard, 153 mandarin, 155 pintail, 153 red-head, 154 shoveller, 154 wood, 155 Duiker, antelope, 47 Eagle, bald, 146 bateleur, 145 golden, 145 harpy, 144 vulturine sea, 146 white-breasted, 146 Egret, American, 140 snowy, 139 Egretta candidissima, 139 Eland, 38, 42 Elaps fulvius, 180 Elephant, Indian, 91, 92 Sudan African, 92,93 West African, 93 Elephas, capensis, 92 cyclotis, 92, 93 indicus, 91 knochenhaueri, 92 oxyotis, 92 Elk, American, 57 Entrances, 17 Equus burchellii chapmant, 66 burchelli granti, 65 grevyi, 65 onager, 66 persicus, 66 prjevalskii, 64 zebra, 64 Erethizon dorsatus, 110 Eulabia indica, 134 Eunectes murinus, 179 Falco islandus, 146 Fallow Deer, 68 Felis bengalensis, 106 concolor, 78 Felis nebulosa, 105 onca, 76 pardalis, 106 serval, 105 tigrina, 106 uncia, 77 yaguarundi, 106 Florida caerulea, 139 Forests, 23 Four-horned antelope, 47 Flamingo, American, 136 European, 137 189 190 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Fox, Arctic, 108 black, 101 blue, 108 cross, 101 gray, 102 kit, 101, 108 large-eared swift, 102 New Mexico, desert, 108 red, 101, 103 silver, 101 swift, 101, 102, 108 Frog, smooth-clawed, 183 tree, 183 wood, 183 Gazella benneti, 49 Gazelle, dorcas, 48 Gennaeas nycthemerus, 159 Gibbon, 84 Gila monster, 179 Giraffa camelopardalis, 36, 37, 38 capensis, 37 reticulata, 37 Giraffe, five-horned, 37 Nubian, 36, 38 two-horned, 37 Gnu, brindled, 39 white-tailed, 38, 41 Goat, Persian wild, 33 Rocky Mountain, 33, 49, 50 Goose, African spur-winged, 134 bar-headed, 134 Canada, 134 coscoroba, 135 gray-lag, 134 snow, 135 white-fronted, 134 Grounds, physical aspect of, 21 Grus americana, 167 mexicana, 167 Guara rubra, 187 Guanaco, 56 Gymnogyps californianus, 144 Gypaetus barbatus, 145 Gypagus papa, 143 Gypohierax angolensis, 146 Gyps pulvus, 144 Haliaétus leucocephalus, 146 leucogaster, 146 Hapale jacchus, 81, 88 Hawk, red-tailed, 144 Hellbender, 184 Helotarsus ecaudatus, 145 Hemitragus jemlaicus, 34 Heron, black-crowned, 139 great blue, 138 great white, 138 little blue, 139 Louisiana, 139 snowy, 139 Herodias egretta, 140 Herpestes ichneumon, 108 Hippopotamus, 96, 97 Hippotragus niger, 39, 40 Hog Deer, 45 Horned ‘‘toad,’’ 178 Horse, Prjevalsky, 64, 65 House, antelope, 35, 36 aquatic-bird, 141 camel, 53 elephant, 89 large bird, 146 House, lion, 71, 72 Hama, 55 ostrich, 162 primate, 80 puma and lynx, 115 reptile, 171 small-deer, 42, 44 small-mammal, 104 zebra, 63 Hydrochaerus capybara, 111 Hylobates leuciscus, 81, 84 Hystrix cristata, 110 longicauda, 110 Ibis, scarlet, 137 white-faced, 137 wood, 137 Ichneumon, African, 108 Icteridae, 152 Iguana, Mexican, 177 rhinoceros, 177 South American, 177 tuberculata, 177 Income, sources of, 13 Insects, 185 Jackal, black-backed, 108 Jaguar, 76 Jungle cat, 106 Lacerta viridis, 178 Lama glama, 56 guanacus, 56 pacos, 56 vicunia, 56 Lammergeyer, 145 Liama, 56 Leopard, black, 77 Leopard, 76 clouded, 105 hunting, 77 snow, 75, 77 Lemur catta, 81, 89 ring-tailed, 81, 89 ruffed, 89 slow, 81, 89 varia, 89 Leucoryx antelope, 39, 41 Lion, 73 Barbary, 74 mountain, 78 Lizards, 177 Location of Park, 15 Lophophorus impeyanus, 161 Lutra canadensis, 10% Lynx, bay, 107 Canada, 116 spotted, 107 Macacus entellus, 81, 86 fuscatus, 81, 86, 88 nemestrinus, 81, 86, 88 rhesus, 81, 86 Macaws, 149 Macropus rufus, 50 Mammals, 25 burrowing, 116 egg-laying, 115 toothless, 112 Manadrill, 85 Margay cat, 106 Markhor Suleiman, 31, 33 Marmoset, 81, 88 Marsh deer, 44 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 191 Mazama tema, 45 Meleagris gallopavo silvestris, 146 Meles taxus, 110 Molucca deer, 45 Monkey, black spider, 87 entellus, 86 gray spider, 87 green, 87 howling, 87 mona, 87 pig-tailed, 86, 88 rhesus, 86 squirrel, 88 Moschus moschiferus, 46 Moufion, 32, 34 Mountain sheep, big-horn, 32 Mud eel, 185 puppy, 185 Muntjac deer, 45 Musk deer, 46 Musk-ox, 31 Myopotamus coypu, 104 Myrmecophaga jubata, 113 Nasua rufa, 109 Naja bungaris, 180 tripudians, 181 Necturus maculatus, 185 Nettion carolinensis, 153 Nilgai, 41 Nyctea nyctea, 142 Nyctereutes procyonoides, 109 Ocelot, 106 Odocoileus columbianus, 60, 62 hemionus, 60 sinaloae, 44 virginianus, 62 virginianus osceola, 43 Onager, 66 Ophidia, 179 Ophiosauris ventralis, 178 Orang-utan, 83, 84 Oreamnos montanus, dU Oryx, beatrix, 40 beisa, 40 leucoryx, 39 Otter, American, 103 Otus asio, 142 Ounce, 77 Ovibos wardi, 31 Ovis burrhel, 34 canadensis, 32 cycloceros, 34 Ovis musimon, 34 tragelaphus, 34 Owl, barred, 142 giant eagle, 141 great horned, 141 milky, eagle, 141 screech, 142 snowy, 141 Papio babuin, 81, 85 hamadryas, 81, 86 mormon, 81, 85 Paradoxure, black, 108 Malayan, 108 white-whiskered, 107 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, 108 leucomystax, 107 niger, 108 Passeres, 151 Pelicans, 140 Pelicanus occidentalis, 140 erthrorhynchos, 140 Peccary, collared, 50 Phacochaerus aethiopicus, 50 Phasianus colchicus, 160 mongolicus, 160 soemmerringii, 160 torquatus, 160 Pheasant, Amherst, 158 Argus, 161 copper, 160 English, 160 golden, 158 impeyan, 161 Mongolian, 160 Reeve, 160 ring-necked, 160 silver, 159 Soemmerring, 160 Pheonicopterus ruber, 136 roseus, 137 Phrynosoma, 178 Pigeon, bleeding-heart, 149 great crowned, 150 Pipa americana, 183 Plegadis guarauna, 137 Porcupine, African, 110, 111 Brazilian tree,131 Canada, 110 Indian crestless, 110 Portax tragocamelus, 41 Potamochaerus pencillatus, 50 Prairie ‘‘dog”’ village, 118 Primates, 81 Puma, 78, 116 Python, regal, 179 rock, 179 reticulatus, 179 sebae, 179 Querquedula discors, 163 Rabbit family, 11% Rana catesbiana, 182 sylvatica, 183 Rangifer, caribou, 62 granti, 63 osborni, 63 stonei, 63 tarandus, 63 Rat, coypu, 104 Rattlesnake, diamond-back, 181 Red river-hog, 50 Reedbuck, 47 Reindeer, Lapland, 63 Reptiles, 171 synopsis, 172 venomous, 180 Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 19 Rhea, 164 Rhinoceros, African two-horned, 94 Indian, 95 white, 96 square-mouthed, 96 bicornis, 94 unicornis, 95 Rodents, list of, 131 Rodent-Reptile collection, 130 Rocking Stone, 23 Rupicapra tragus, 25 Sable antelope, 40, 43 Salamander, spotted, 183 tiger, 183 192 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Sapajou, 87 Sarcogeranus leucogeranus, 168 Sasin antelope, 47 Seal, harbor, 80 Sea-lion, California, 78 Secretary bird, 166 Serpentarius serpentarius, 166 Serval, 105 Sewellel family, 117 Sheep, arcal, 32, 34 arcal mountain, 34 Barbary wild, 34 blue mountain, 34 Sheldrake, paradise, 155 ruddy, 155 tadorna, 155 Siamang, 89 Siren lacertina, 185 Sloths, 114 Snake, black, 179 coral, 180 garter, 180 harlequin, 180 hog-nosed, 180 Springbuck, 48 Squirrels, 117 Statistics, 10 Stork, white, 138 Struthio australis, 168 camelus, 164 Suricate, 108 Swan, black, 135 mute, 134 trumpeter, 135 Syrmaticus reevesi, 160 Syrnium varium, 142 Tadorna tadorna, 155 Tagassu angulatum, 50 Tahr, Himalayan, 32 Tamandua, 112, 114 Tantalus loculator, 137 Tapirs, 97, 98 Tapirus indicus, 98 Tapirus terrestris, 97 Tatu novemcinctum, 112 Taurotragus oryx, 38 Taxidea americana, 110 Tegu, 178 Telegalla, 166 Testudo, carolina, 174 elephantina, 174 nigrita, tabulata, 174 vicina, 174 Tetraceros quadricornis, 47 Tetrapteryx paradisea, 168 Thrasaetus harpyia, 144 Thylacinus cynocephalus, 103 Tiger, 75 Toad, common, 183 surinam, 183 Tortoise, box 173 giant, 173, 174 gopher, 174 South American, 174 Turkey, brush, 166 wild, 146 Turtle, alligator, 173 marine, 175 painted, 173 snapping, 173 soft-shell, 175 Ungulates, summary of, 25 Urocyon virginianus, 102 Ursus, americanus, 121, 124 arctos, 125 dalli, 120, 122 emmonst, 121 eulophus, 120, 124 floridanus, 121 gyas, 120, 123 horribilis, 121, 124 horribilis horriaeus, 121 japonicus, 127 kermodet, 121 labiatus, 127 luteolus, 121 maritimus, 120, 121 middendorffi, 120 ornatus, 125 ornatus, thomasi, 125 Ursus, piscator, 126 richardsoni, 121 torquatus, 126 Varanus gouldti, 178 Vervet, 87 Vicunia, 55, 56 Viverra malaccensis, 107 zibetha, 107 Vulpes fulvus, 101 fulvus argentatus, 101 fulvus decussatus, 101 macrotis, 102 macrotis neomexicanus, 108 lagopus, 108 velox, 101 Vulture, bearded, 145 black, 144 eared, 144 griffon, 144 king, 143 yellow-headed, 144 Walrus, Atlantic, 79 Wapiti, Altai, 70 American, 57 tashkent, 70 Wart-hog, 50 Waterbuck, sing-sing, 41 Waterfall, 22 White-tailed deer, 43 Wichita Game Reserve, 28 Wild-fowl pond, 153 Wolf, gray, 99 prairie, 99, 100 Tasmanian, 103 Yenopus laevis, 184 Yaguarundi cat, 106 Zalophus californianus, 78 Zebra, Chapman, 66 Grant, 64, 65 Grevy, 65 mountain, 64 v % i Membership in the Zoological Society _ Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested in the objects of the organization, and desire to contribute toward its support. The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder to admission to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the collec- tions to the best advantage. Members are entitled to all the Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten complimentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution. Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the Paeeee of $200- A subscriber of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000, a Benefactor. Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in_the Zoological Park; Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City, or forwarded to the General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street, New York City. PUBLICATIONS Reports and Publications of the Zoological Society are for sale at prices affixed below: Annual Report: NOs Deca seteteciie ic aes isa oav wove nse eo anaae weesere Paper $ .40 s ee ee , EEE SOE ELAS eee SS ee ee os -75 Cloth $1.00 “ Se Sand 4, each............ceeeee y -40 ee .60 #8 xe ee SS EA TIGER: ise As SRE Ata le ns 75 we 1.00 a a os Mee ie Byte deans hires sa tusk Pores cmos S a 1.00 - 1.25 ne Bt 7 DEO G, Se keh Seid erect a tava Ey 1.25 ea 1.50 oi ‘ “11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, each..... re 1.00 zs 1.25 Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) postpaid......... “ 1.65 Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday)... ‘ 15 Notes on Mountain Sheep of North America (Hornaday) ‘“ -40 The ‘Caribow (Grant): -....4a0565 case eandecees aoe < 40 a .60 The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America (Grant)...... 0.0.00: eee ee eee eee ie 1.00 The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant)................08 * 1.00 Zoologica Vol. 1. Nos. 1-11 inclusive, set............. ae 2.30 Sea-Shore Life (Mayer) ........ 0... cece cee eee eee eee ae 1.20 The National Collection of Heads & Horns (Hornaday) Large Quarto. Parts land 2,each................ a4 1.00 Bulletin Nos: 14nd 6)... 3 sc.gc0 05s nie eee SOO eee eee eee Out of Print Bulletins—Bi-montbly ................00008 20c, each; Yearly by Mail ‘‘ 1.00 Bulletin Nos. 5 to 23 inclusive (15 cents each), Set, cloth bound,........... 5.00 Popular and Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (Hornaday).. .25 Souvenir Books: Series No. 2, 36 pages, 514 x 7% inches, 33 full page illustrations in: -COlOrS acco seek Shae ORO eae e ae ice, 25c.; postage 3c. Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7x9 inches, 73 illustrations from four color plates. Price 50c., postage 3c. Souvenir Postal Cards: Series of 72 subjects in colors, sold in sets of 24 cards, : assorted subjects, for 25 cents; postage 2 cents per set. Photogravures: Series of 12 subjects in sepia. Animals and views in the Zoo- logical Park. Splendid pictures for framing. Sold in sets of 2 subjects. Price 25 cents per set; sent postpaid. Souvenir Map Fan: A novel fan and map of the Zoological Park. An ingenious arrangement makes it possible to instantly locate any building or installation....... Price 10 cents, postage 2 cents. Panorama of the Zoological Park in colors. Reproduced from an original drawing in perspective. Sold in folder form, or flat, suitable for framing. This wonderful drawing gives a vivid recollection of the World's greatest Zoological Park...... Price 20 cents; postage 2 cents. Address al? inquiries and orders to H. R. MITCHELL, Manager of Privileges, Zoological Park, 185th St. & Southern Boulevard, New York City. Le ROCKING-STONE RESTAURANT NEAR THE BEAR DENS Open every day the year round, during park hours Service a la Carte Popular Priced Lunch Room in North Pavilion BOAT HOUSE RESTAURANT ON BRONX LAKE 182nd STREET AND BOSTON ROAD (Opposite Boston Road Entrance) Open every day and evening the year round Service a la Carte Table d’hote dinner served Sunday and holiday evenings BOATING ON BRONX LAKE Sunday and Holiday Rates Round Bottom Steel Row-Boats - 50 cents per hour Flat Bottom Wood Row-Boats - 35 cents per hour Week Day Rates Round Bottom Steel Row-Boats = 35 cents per hour Flat Bottom Wood Row-Boats - 25 cents per hour Special Rates for Season Tickets Coupon Tickets good except Sundays and Holidays throughout the season, at rate of 15 cents per coupon goodfor one hour. Any boat not more than two adults Electric Launches Electric Launches make regular trips between the Boat House and Bronxdale Landing. Fare for the round trip, adults 10 cents: children 5 cents. Address all Inquiries to H. R. MITCHELL, Manager of Privileges Phone 953 Tremont NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK HARPY EAGLE